Physics for Advanced level

NECTA SOLVED QUESTIONS

FORM 5&6

Sir.Datius Didas
Physics for Advanced level
Table of Contents
FLUID DYNAMICS ....................................................................................................................... 3
1. Streamline Flow and Continuity ..................................................................................... 3
The Equation of Continuity .................................................................................................... 5
WORKED EXAMPLES....................................................................................................... 6
NECTA QUESTION WITH ANSWERS ............................................................................. 11
NECTA 2017 .................................................................................................................... 11
NECTA 2019. ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
NECTA 2020 .................................................................................................................... 15
NECTA 2021 ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS FOR FLUID DYNAMICS ...................................................... 19
ANSWERS .......................................................................................................................... 22
MORE QUESTIONS WITH ITS SOLUTIONS .................................................................. 22
VIBRATIONS AND WAVES ................................................................................................ 22
MECHANICAL VIBRATION ............................................................................................. 23
WAVES MOTION ............................................................................................................... 26
Questions and their solutions ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Example 04 (NECTA 2017,Qn 2(b) .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Example 05 (NECTA 2019 Qn.2 (a)) .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Example 06 (PRE-N ECTA 2022, MTWARA, Qn.2(c)) .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
STATIONARY WAVE ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
STATIONARY WAVE ON STRING FIXED AT BOTH ENDS........................................ 31
MOCK CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS................................................. 36

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Physics for Advanced level
FLUID DYNAMICS
Summary notes
For this topic we concentrate on Streamline Flow and Continuity,
Bernoulli’s Principle, Viscosity and Turbulent Flow.
REVIEW OF KEY CONCEPTS, LAWS AND FORMULAE

1. Streamline Flow and Continuity

Fluid dynamics; is the study of fluid in motion.

Fluid; is any matter that flow such as liquid and gaseous. Or is a

substance that cannot maintain its own shape but takes the shape of its
container.

Ideal liquid is an incompressible and non-viscous liquid. In actual

practice there is no liquid which is ideal liquid. That is why Fluid laws
assume idealized fluids that cannot be compressed.
FLUID FLOW

Turbulent flow
Laminar flow

Steady flow Irregular flow Unsteady flow

Regular flow

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Steady Flow; is the fluid in which velocity at any point is constant all the
time,

Non- steady; is the fluid in which velocity at any point varies with time.

Streamlined flow; is the Flow in which the fluid flow in parallel layer
such that there is no intermixing of the layer and the velocity of fluid at
each point are constant with time.

Streamline flow some time is called laminar flow

Streamline; is the path taken by a fluid at constant velocity with respect

to time

Turbulent flow; is the flow in which a fluid undergo irregular fluctuation.

Thus the velocity of fluid flow are varying according to time as shown
in figure below

Critical value; are value in which the fluid flow change from smoothly to
turbulent. When the velocity of flow exceeds the critical velocity, the
flow is no longer streamlined and it becomes turbulent
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Physics for Advanced level

The Equation of Continuity

Consider a steady, irrational flow of an ideal fluid through a tube of
varying cross-section. If A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas at points
P and Q, respectively, and V1 and v2 are the respective velocities then

P Q

AV=constant or A1 v1 =A2 v2 …………..(i)

Thus, at any time the fluid entering the region A1 are equal to the fluid
leaving the regionA2 , hence the rate of flow are constant as shown in
equation (i)

The equation (i) above is called the equation of continuity and its
principle state that ‘for steady incompressible flow the speed of fluid varies
inversely with the cross-sectional area’.

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Physics for Advanced level
WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1.

A garden hose with an internal diameter of 1.9 cm is connected to a lawn

sprinkler that consists of 24 holes, each of diameter 0.13 cm. If the water
in the hose has a speed of 0.91 m/s, at what speed does it leave the
sprinkler holes?

Solution

Data given

Let A1 be the area of hose, A2 be the area of hole and n be the number
of hole
𝜋𝑑12 𝜋𝑑22
Thus A1 = and A2 = × 𝑛 , v1 =0.91 m/s v2=?
4 4

From A1 v1 =A2 v2
1 1.9 2
𝑉2 = ( ) ×0.91=8.09m/s
24 0.13

Example 2.

The plunger of a hypodermic syringe has cross-section area of

approximately 0.5cm2 , whereas the attaching needle has a cross section
of 0.005cm2 . If a doctor push in the plunger at a speed of 0.3cm/s, what
will is the flow speed of medicine through the needle

Solution

Let A1 be the cross section area of plunger, v1 be the speed of plunger,

A2 be the cross section area of needle and v2 be the speed of medicine in
the needle

Thus

A1 =0.5cm2 v2 =?

A2 =0.005cm2 v1 = 0.3𝑚/𝑠
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Physics for Advanced level
From

A1 v1 =A2 v2
A1 v1 0.5×0.3
v2 = = = 30𝑚/𝑠
A2 0.005

The speed of medicine in the needle is 30m/s

1. Bernoulli’s Equation
Consider two cross-sections P and Q of a tube of
flow at heights h1 and h2 , respectively. Let v1 and
v2 be the respective fluid velocities at these cross
sections and let p1 and p2 be the respective fluid
pressures. If 𝜌 is the density of the fluid then it can
be shown that

This is called Bernoulli’s equation for steady flow of an ideal fluid. It is a

consequence of the law of conservation of energy

Application of Bernoulli’s

a) Venturi Meter
It is a device to measure the flow
velocity of a liquid a pipe. It
consists of a manometer
connected as shown. Suppose a
liquid of density 𝜌 is flowing
through a pipe of cross-sectional
area A with a speed v. Let 𝐴′ and
𝑉 ′ be the cross sectional area and

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speed respectively at the constriction. If p and 𝑃′ are the respective
pressures then

1 1
Bernoulli’s equation gives P + ρV 2 = 𝑃′ + ρV 2
2 2
And equation of continuity are given by Av=A′ v ′
Hence, if 𝜌𝑚 is the density of the manometer liquid and h is the
difference of heights of the manometer liquid in the two limbs, then
P-𝑝′ = ℎ(𝜌 − 𝜌𝑚 )g
2ℎ(𝜌−𝜌𝑚 )g
Then v=𝐴′ √
𝜌(𝐴2 −𝐴′2 )

The Venturi principle, states that “the pressure is lower at the constricted
portion when a fluid flows through a pipe” has many other applications,
e.g insecticide sprayer, carburettor of a car etc.
b) Dynamic Lift
Dynamic lift is the force that acts on a body due to its motion through
a fluid. Important examples of objects that experience dynamic lift are
an airplane wing (airfoil) and a spinning ball.
i. Spinning Ball. Consider Figure below shows the streamlines around a
non-spinning ball moving through air, or equivalently, air flowing past
a non-spinning ball. The streamlines are symmetrical and, therefore, the
speed of air above and below the ball is the same. Therefore, the
pressures on both sides are equal

ii. Airfoil. An airfoil is so designed that its upper surface is more curved and
hence longer than the lower surface. When it moves through air or
equivalently, air flows past it, then in the same time interval, the air
molecules above the airfoil have to travel a longer distance than the
molecules below the airfoil. Thus the air flows faster over the upper
surface than underneath. Therefore, according to Bernoulli’s equation,
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the pressure below an airplane wing is more than that above, resulting
in a net upward thrust

c) Torricelli’s Theorem
Torricelli’s Theorem state that ‘the velocity of efflux of a liquid
from an orific is equal to the velocity which the liquid acquires
in falling freely from the free surface of the liquid to the orifice”
Velocity of efflux v = √2𝑔ℎ
d) POISEUILLE’S FORMULA
The volume of liquid flowing per second through a horizontal capillary
𝜋𝑃𝑟 4
tube of length l is given by Q=
8𝜂𝑙

Where

P- Pressure difference between two ends of the tube

r- Radius of the tube and

𝜂 − Viscosity of liquid.

Example 3.

Water is floating through a tube having one end at the ground floor and
the other end at the first floor which is at a height of 5 m. The diameter
of the end at the ground floor is 4 mm and that of the end at the first
floor is 2 mm. Find the velocity and the pressure at the first floor if the
corresponding values at the ground floor are 1.0 m/s and 2 × 105 N/m2,
respectively

From A1 v1 =A2 v2

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4
v2 = 1( )2 = 4𝑚/𝑠
2
The velocity v2 = 4𝑚/𝑠
Also from Bernoulli equation

1 1
P + ρ𝑣12 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃′ + ρ𝑣22 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2
2 2
1 1
P + ρ𝑣22 − ρ𝑣12 + 𝜌𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 𝑃′
2 2
1 1
𝑃′ = P + ρV 2 − ρV 2 + (ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝜌𝑔
2 2
1
𝑃′ =2 × 105 + 1000(42 − 12 ) + (0 − 5) × 1000 × 10
2

𝑃′ = 1.57 × 105 𝑁/𝑚2

Example 4.

Calculate the velocity of water in a tube of radius 1.0 cm so that the

flow is streamlined. Given viscosity of water is 0.001 kg 𝑚−1 𝑠 −1 and
NR = 1000.

Solution

Given that viscosity of water (𝜂) = 0.001 kg 𝑚−1 𝑠 −1

Radius (𝑟) = 10𝑐𝑚 = 1 × 10−2 𝑚2 and NR = 1000 D=2 × 10−2 𝑚2

𝜌𝑉𝐷 𝜂𝑁𝑅
From Reynolds number NR= ThusV= But D=2r
𝜂 𝜌𝐷

0.001×1000
V= = 0.05𝑚/𝑠
1000×2×10−2 𝑚2

The velocity of water in the tube are 0.05𝑚/𝑠

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NECTA QUESTION WITH ANSWERS

NECTA 2017
(a) (i) state Bernoulli’s theorem for the horizontal flow
(ii) on which principle does Bernoulli’s theorem is based
(iii) a pipe is running full of water, at a certain point A, it tape
from 30 cm diameter to 10 cm diameter at B ,the pressure
difference between points A and B is 100 cm of water column.
Find the rate of flow of water through the pipe
(b) (i) what is terminal velocity
(ii) Derive an expression for the terminal velocity of spherical
body falling from rest through a viscous fluid.
(c) Two capillaries of the same length and radii rating of 1 : 2 are
connected in series and the liquid flows through the system
under stream line conditions, If the pressure across the two
extreme ends of the combination is 1 m of water what is the
pressure difference across the first capillary
Answer
(a) (i) The bernoullis theorem of horizontal flow states that ‘
for steady flow and non-viscous fluids the sum of the
pressure energy and kinetic energy per unit volume at
every point in the flow is always constant’
1
Thus, p + ρ𝑣 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2

(ii) The bernoullis theorem based on the principle of

conservation of energy states that ‘In a steady flow, the
sum of all form of energy in a fluid is the same at all
points that are free of viscous force’
(iii) Data given
𝜋𝑟12 𝜋𝑟22
Thus A1 = and A2 = , v1 =v1 , v2=?
4 4

r1 = 30𝑐𝑚, r2 = 10𝑐𝑚
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From A1 v1 =A2 v2
1 10
𝑉1 = ( ) 2 v2
24 30

v2 = 9v1

Since the pipe lie horizontally, by using bernoullis equation

1 1
P + ρ𝑣12 = 𝑃′ + ρ𝑣22
2 2
1 1
P − 𝑃′ = ρ𝑣22 − ρ𝑣12
2 2
1
P − 𝑃′ = (𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )𝜌
2
But

P − 𝑃′ = ρgh And v2 = 9v1

1
ρgh = (81𝑣12 − 𝑣12 )𝜌
2
1
gh = (81 − 1)𝑣12
2

𝑔ℎ 9.8 × 1
𝑣1 = √ = √ = 0.49𝑚/𝑠
40 40

𝑣1 = 0.49𝑚/𝑠
Also
From𝜗 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 , 𝐴1 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜗 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑣1
𝜗 = 𝜋 × (0.15)2 × 0.49
𝜗 = 0.035𝑚3 /𝑠
The rate of flow of water 𝜗 = 0.035𝑚3 /𝑠

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(b) (i) Terminal velocity; is the maximum velocity attained
by an object falling through a fluid. Example rain drops
(ii) Derivation of terminal velocity in a fluid

Consider
Fviscosity FBuoyancy

Fgravity
At equilibrium

Fgravity (𝑊 )= FBouyancy (𝐹𝐵) + FViscosity(𝐹𝑉)

4
The volume of spherical body is given by 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3

Fgravity (𝑊 )=𝜌𝑠 𝑔𝑉

FBouyancy (𝐹𝐵) = 𝜌𝑙 𝑔𝑉 FViscosity(𝐹𝑉) = 6𝜋η ∩ 𝑟𝑣𝑇

Then

𝜌𝑠 𝑔𝑉 = 𝜌𝑙 𝑔𝑉 + 6𝜋η ∩ 𝑟𝑣𝑇

𝜌𝑠 𝑔𝑉 − 𝜌𝑙 𝑔𝑉 = 6𝜋η ∩ 𝑟𝑣𝑇
(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑙 )𝑔𝑉 = 6𝜋η ∩ 𝑟𝑣𝑇
4
(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑙 )𝑔 × 𝜋𝑟 3 = 6𝜋η ∩ 𝑟𝑣𝑇
3
2
(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑙 )𝑔𝜋𝑟 3 = 3𝜋η ∩ 𝑟𝑣𝑇
3
2(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑙 )𝑔𝑟 2 = 9η ∩ 𝑣𝑇

2(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑙 )𝑔𝑟 2
𝑣𝑇 =
9η

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Where 𝜂 − coefficient of viscocity of the fluid
𝑣𝑇 −Terminal velocity

r- Radius of spherical body

𝜌𝑙 −Density of liquid

𝜌𝑠 −Density of spherical body

(c) Consider

By using poisellis formula

𝜋𝑃1 𝑟14 𝜋𝑃2 𝑟24
𝑄1 = And 𝑄2 =
8𝜂𝑙 8𝜂𝑙

For horizontal pipe 𝑄1 = 𝑄2

𝜋𝑃2 𝑟24 𝜋𝑃1 𝑟14
=
8𝜂𝑙 8𝜂𝑙
𝑟1 4
𝑃2 = ( ) 𝑃1
𝑟2
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑟1 : 𝑟2 =1: 2
1 4
𝑃2 = ( ) 𝑃1
2
𝑃1
𝑃2 =
16
Also we have given 𝑃2 + 𝑃1 = 1
𝑃1
+ 𝑃1 = 1
16
16
𝑃1 = 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
17
The pressure across the first capillary is 0.94m of water

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NECTA 2020
1. (a) State two factors that determine the magnitude of viscous force.
In part
b) The candidates were required to identify two limitations and
three importance of applying Stoke’s law in fluid motion.
c) A venture meter consists of two identical wide tubes A and B
connected by a narrow tube C. The liquid enters through the
wide tube A, and after passing through the narrow tube C leaves
through the other wide tube B. The entire arrangement was as
shown in the following figure.

d) use Bernoulli’s theorem at points 1 and 2 to show that the

expression for the rate of flow of the liquid is given by
2𝑔ℎ
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝐴2 √ , where all symbols carry their usual meaning.
𝐴21 −𝐴22

e) A cylindrical tank of radius 1 m resting on a platform 5 m high

and initially filled with water to a height of 5 m. if the plug of
area 10−4 𝑚2 m is removed by the orifice on the side bottom,
calculate the initial speed with which the water ;
(i) Flows from orifice
(ii) strikes the ground
Solution
a) factor that determine the magnitude of viscous force are
(i) radius of the body
(ii) terminal velocity
(iii) nature of fluid
b) limitation of stokes law are
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(i) a spherical body falling must be smoothly and rigid
(ii) a body must be falling in a fluid of infinite extent
(iii) it cannot be used in case an object are not spherical
(iv) when a spherical body falling with low speed
c) consider

Where, 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝′ -pressure at the wide tube and narrow tube

respectively.
𝐴1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴2 -area at wide and narrow tube respectively
𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑉2 –Velocity at wide and narrow tube respectively
ℎ−height different between two tubes
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
1 1
P + ρ𝑣12 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃′ + ρ𝑣22 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2
2 2
But ℎ1 = ℎ2 =h Then
1 1
P + ρ𝑣12 = 𝑃′ + ρ𝑣22 … … … … … … … … 𝑖
2 2
(i) Also from principle of continuity
𝐴1 𝑉1
A1 v1 =A2 v2 , 𝑉2 = … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . 𝑖𝑖
𝐴2
Substitute eqn ii into eqn i
1 1 1
P − 𝑃′ = ρ𝑣22 − ρ𝑣12 = ∆𝑝 = ρ(𝑣22 − 𝑣12 )
2 2 2
2
1 𝐴1 𝑉1
∆𝑝 = ρ (( ) − 𝑣12 )
2 𝐴2
1 2 𝐴1 2
∆𝑝 = ρ𝑣1 (( ) − 1)
2 𝐴2
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Physics for Advanced level
𝜋𝑃𝑟 4
𝜗=
8𝜂𝑙
8𝜂𝑙𝜗 1
𝑃= this mean that 𝑃 ∝
𝜋𝑟 4 𝑟4
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠
𝑃′ 𝑟4 1 4
= =( )
𝑃 (0.92𝑟)4 0.92
′
1 4
𝑃 =( ) 𝑃
0.92
𝑃′ = 1.396𝑃
This means that the pressure difference will increased by
1.396 times
(ii) Mode of action of pitotic- static tube
Pitot tube; is a device used to measure the velocity the
velocity of a moving fluid.
Also it used to measure the relative speed of airplane.
Consider

When the fluid enters in the tube through C ,their

velocity of fluid are zero which cause static pressure at C
and in dynamic tube there is changing of velocity which
cause stagnation at point A. Hence pressure at A is called
stagnant pressure
Thus , according bernoullis theorem
1
P + ρ𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡,
2
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Physics for Advanced level
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ = 0
1
P + ρ𝑣 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2
so, the total pressure at A = static pressure at B
1
𝑃𝑇 = P + ρ𝑣 2
2
1
𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃 = ρ𝑣 2
2
Where, 𝑃𝑇 -total pressure, P-static pressure,
1
ρ𝑣 2 -dynamic pressure
2

2(𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃)
𝑉=√
ρ
2(𝑃𝑇 −𝑃)
The velocity of liquid flow is 𝑉 = √
ρ
(a) (i) the assumption made for torricells theorem to be applied
are
 The fluid must be ideal
 Incompressible
 Non- viscous and
 Has lamina flow
(ii) Q=AV
𝜋𝑑2
𝑄= 𝑉
4
Where, v=14m/s, Q=0.44m3/s
4𝑄 4 × 0.44
𝑑=√ =√ = 0.2𝑚
𝜋𝑉 𝜋 × 14
The diameter of circular hole is 0.2m≈ 20𝑐𝑚

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OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS FOR FLUID DYNAMICS

1. The rate of leak from a hole in a tank is :
(a) independent of its height from the bottom
(b) more if situated near the bottom
(c) more if situated near its top
(d) more at midway between top and bottom.
2. An ideal fluid flow throug a horizontal tube of variable diameter. The
pressure is lowest where the
(a) velocity is highest
(b) velocity is lowest
(c) diameter is largest
(d) Diameter is smallest
3. Bernoulli’s equation is applicable in the case of
(a) streamlined flow of compressible fluids
(b) streamlined flow of incompressible fluids
(c) turbulent flow of compressible fluids
(d) turbulent flow of incompressible fluids
4. Bernoulli’s theorem is based on the conservation of
(a) mass (c) energy
(b) Momentum (d) all of the above
5. Bernoulli’s theorem is applicable to
(a) flow of liquids (c) surface tension
(b) viscosity (d) static fluid pressure
6. The velocity of flow of a liquid through an orifice at the bottom of a
tank depends on the
(a) density of the liquid
(b) area of the cross-section of the orifice
(c) height of the liquid above the orifice
(d) accerelation due to gravity
7. An ideal fluid is flowing in a tube of varying cross section. At some
point the radius of the tube is r and the velocity of flow is v . The velocity
𝑟
of flow at another point, where the radius is , is
2
𝑣
(a) (c) 2v
4
𝑣 (d) 4v
(b)
2
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8. An application of Bernoulli’s equation for fluid flow is found in
(a) dynamic lift of an aeroplane
(b) viscosity meter
(c) capillary rise
(d) hydraulic press.
9. A water tank of height 10 m, completely filled with water, is placed on
a level ground. It has two holes, one at 3 m and the other at 7 m from its
base. The water ejecting from
(a) both the holes will fall at the same spot
(b) upper hole will fall farther than that from the lower hole
(c) upper hole will fall closer than that from the lower hole
(d) more informaation is required
10.Water stands at a height H in a large tank whose sides are vertical. A
hole is made in one of the walls of the tank at a depth h below the surface
of water. The distance R from the foot of the wall where the emerging
stream of water strikes the floor is

(a) √ℎ(𝐻 − ℎ) (c) 2√ℎ(𝐻 − ℎ)

(b) √ℎ𝐻 (d) 2√ℎ𝐻
11.The study of properties of fluid in motion is
(a) Fluid (c) Fluid dynamics
(b) Fluid statics (d) None of the above
12.The equation of 𝐹 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣 is called
(a) Newtons law (c) Ohms law
(b) Stokes law (d) Lenzs law
13.The dimensions of coefficient of viscocity are
(a) ML1 T −1 (c) ML−1 T −1
(b) M 2 L1 T1 (d) M 2 L−1 T −1
14. When weight of an object fall freely become equaal to the drag force,
the the body will move with
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(a) Increase speed (c) Constant speed
(b) Decrease speed (d) None of the above
15.The maximum constant velocity of an object falling vertically down is
called
(a) Final velocity
(b) Terminal velocity
(c) Initial velocity
(d) Average velocity

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Physics for Advanced level
ANSWERS
1. B 2. A/D 3. B
4. C 5. A 6. C/D
7. D 8. A 9. A
10. C 11. C 12. B
13. B 14. D 15. C

MORE QUESTIONS WITH ITS SOLUTIONS

1. a)(i) A passenger lowered the window of the car while
moving. An empty plastic bag he was holding flied out the
window. Give the reason. (3 marks)
(ii) According to Bernoulli’s theorem, the pressure of water
should remain uniform in a pipe of uniform cross section. But
actually it goes on decreasing. Why? (2 marks)
(b) (i) Under what circumstance does poiselleus’s formula
apply? (2 marks)
(ii) Under a given pressure head, the rate of flow of
liquid through a pipe is Q. If the lenght of the pipe is
doubled and the diameter of the pipe is halved, what
will be the rate of flow? (4 marks)
(c) (i) If water in one flask and glycerine in the other are
violently shaken and kept on the table, then which one
will come to rest earlier? Why? (2 marks)
(ii) In giving patient blood transfusion the bottle is
setup so that the level of blood is 1.3m above the
needle which has an internal diameter of 0.36mm and
3cm in length. If 4.5 cm3 of blood passes through the
needle in one minute, calculate the viscosity of
blood. The density of blood is 1020kgm – 3 . (7
marks).

VIBRATIONS AND WAVES

WAVES

22 ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVE

MECHANICAL WAVE

 Radio wave
 Micro wave
Transverse wave  Infrared wave
Physics for Advanced level

 Mechanical vibration
 Wave motion
 Sound
 Electromagnetic wave
 Physical optics
 Interference
 Diffraction
 Polarization
 Dipper effect

MECHANICAL VIBRATION
Vibration; is a continuously and rapidly displacement of a given
system from its equilibrium position.
23
Physics for Advanced level
TYPES OF VIBRATIONS
There are two types of vibrations which are;
(i) Natural / free vibration
(ii) forced vibration
qn1. Distinguish between free vibration and Forced vibration
Answers
FORCED VIBRATION FREE VIBRATION
(i) It is produced by an external Is the type of vibration of the system
periodic force of any frequency which occur in absence of external
force
(ii) the frequency produced has The frequency produced has
different amplitude as shown in constant amplitude as shown in
figure below figure below
Displacement
Displacement

Time
Time

(iii) The frequency of vibration The frequency of vibrations remain

changes with change in constant
frequency of the applied force
(iv) There is energy transfer There is no energy transfer between
between the vibrating object and vibrating object and the surrounding
the surrounding
(v) Example when guitar is Example are pendulum bob, a spring
played, with mass displaced from means
position etc

DAMPING
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Physics for Advanced level
Is the phenomenon where by a given system losses energy during
vibration.
TYPES OF DAMPING
There three types of damping which are
(i) Critical damping
(ii) Under damping
(iii) Over damping
Critical damping; is the type of damping where by the system
losses energy within a short period of time
Under damping; is the type of damping where the system losses
energy slowly and the amplitude decrease slowly
Over damping; is the type of damping where the system losses
energy progressively and the amplitude decrease progressively but
the system looks as if it has no oscillation.
The following diagram show three type of damping as illustrated
below; Displacement
Under damping
Over damping

Critical damping

Time

Question
With aid diagram differentiate between critical, under and over
damping

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Physics for Advanced level

WAVES MOTION

Wave; is the periodic disturbance that transfer energy from one point
to another. Example of wave are sound wave, seismic wave, water
wave, radio wave, ultra-violent ray, etc
WAVE TERMINOLOGIES

1. Amplitude: Is the maximum displacement of the wave from the

equilibrium position. It is represented by letter A. Its SI unit is meter
(m). Other unit are nanometer (n.m), angrostron (𝐴)̇ micrometer (𝜇𝑚)
Thus 1n.m=10−9 m
1𝐴=̇ 10−10 m
1 𝜇𝑚 = 10−6 𝑚
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Physics for Advanced level

Displacement

A A

Time
A

1. The woman creates two waves every second by shaking the toy
spring up and down. (a)What is the period of each wave? (b) If
each wave travels 0.7 meters after one complete wave cycle, what
is the velocity of wave propagation?
Solution
a) Frequency(𝑓) = 2𝑠 −1
1 1
𝑇 = = = 0.5HZ
𝑓 2
The period of wave was 0.5Hz
(b) Wavelength (λ) = 0.7𝑚
Frequency(𝑓) = 2𝐻𝑍
Wave velocity (vw ) =?
From vw = λf = 0.7m × 2Hz = 1.4m/s
The velocity of wave is 1.4m/s

EXAMPLE 01
A wave travelling a long a string is described by 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) =
3.3 sin(2.7𝑡 − 72.1𝑥 )in which y is in millimeter (mm),x is in
meters(m) and t is in second (s).calculate (i)amplitude (ii) wavelength
(iii) period (iv) frequency and (v) velocity of the wave .
Solution
Given
27
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 3.3 sin(2.7𝑡 − 72.1𝑥 ) …………………………………..(a)
Physics for Advanced level
From
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 )…………………………………….(b)
By comparing equation (a) and (b) ,thus

𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 3.3 sin(2.7𝑡 − 72.1𝑥 )

{ ↑ = ↑ ↑ ↑↑ ↑
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 )

(i). Amplitude (A)=3.3m

(ii). Wavelength (λ)
2𝜋
From 𝜆 = , k=72.1
𝑘
2𝜋
Then 𝜆= = 0.087𝑚
72.1
Wavelength (λ) =0.087m.
(iii). Period (T)
2𝜋
From 𝑇 = , 𝟂=2.7 then
𝜔
2𝜋
𝑇= = 2.33𝑠𝑒𝑐
2.7
Period (T) =2.33sec
(iv). Frequency (f)
1 1
From 𝑓 = = = 0.43𝐻𝑍
𝑇 2.33𝑠𝑒𝑐
Frequency (f) =0.43Hz
(v). Velocity of the wave (v)
From wave equation
𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓 = 0.087𝑚 × 0.43𝐻𝑧 = 0.0374𝑚/𝑠
Velocity of the wave (v) =0.0374m/s

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Physics for Advanced level
Example 02
The equation of certain progressive wave is given by
𝑡 𝑥
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 2 sin 2𝜋 [ − ]
0.01 30
Where x and y are in centimeter (cm) and t is in second (s). Find the
following
(i). The amplitude of the wave
(ii). The wavelength
(iii). Frequency of the wave
(iv). The sped of a given wave
Solution
Given
𝑡 𝑥
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 2 sin 2𝜋 [ − ]
0.01 30
By comparing with
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 )
2𝜋 2𝜋
So A=2, 𝟂= ,𝑘=
0.01 30
Hence
(i). Amplitude(A) =2cm
(ii). Wavelength (λ)
2𝜋 2𝜋
From 𝜆 = , k=
𝑘 30
2𝜋×30
Then 𝜆= = 30𝑐𝑚
2𝜋
Wavelength (λ) =30cm.
(iii). Frequency (f)
2𝜋 2𝜋
Period (T) = , 𝟂= then
𝜔 0.01
2𝜋 × 0.01
𝑇= = 0.01𝑠𝑒𝑐
2𝜋

1 1
From 𝑓 = = = 100𝐻𝑍
𝑇 0.01𝑠𝑒𝑐
Frequency (f) =100Hz
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Physics for Advanced level
Example 07
The Stationary waves are set by the superposition of two waves given
by𝑦1 = 0.05sin(5𝜋𝑡 − 𝑥 )) and 𝑦2 = 0.05sin(5𝜋𝑡 + 𝑥 )
Where x and y are in m and t in sec. Calculate the displacement of a
particle at x = 1m
Solution
Given that

𝑦1 = 0.05sin(5𝜋𝑡 − 𝑥 )
𝑦2 = 0.05sin(5𝜋𝑡 + 𝑥 )
According to superposition principle
𝑌 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑌 = 0.05sin(5𝜋𝑡 − 𝑥 ) + 0.05sin(5𝜋𝑡 + 𝑥 )
𝑌 = 2[0.05 sin 5𝜋𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
The amplitude of stationary wave 𝐴 = 2(0.05𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) but x=1m

𝐴 = 0.1 cos 1 = 0.1 × 0.540 = 0.054𝑚

Amplitude (A) =0.054m

Example 08
The transverse displacement of a string (clamped at its two ends) is
2𝜋𝑥
given by 𝑌 = 0.06 sin ( 𝑥) cos(120𝜋𝑡)Where x, y are in m, and t
3
in second. Answer the following:
a) Does the function represent a travelling or a stationary wave?
b) Interpret the wave as a superposition of two waves travelling in
opposite directions. What are the wavelength, frequency and
speed of propagation of each wave?
Solution
30 a) It represent stationary wave
Physics for Advanced level

SOUND WAVE

STATIONARY WAVE ON STRING FIXED AT BOTH ENDS

Factors affecting the frequency of a vibrating string

(i). Length (L) of stretched string (Wire)
When the length of the string is changed, it will vibrate with
a different frequency. The shorter strings have higher
frequency and therefore higher pitch. Example when a
musician presses her finger on a string, she shortens its
length .The more fingers she adds to the string, the shorter
she makes it and the higher the pitch will be. Hence the
frequency of a stretched string is inversely proportional
𝟏 𝑲
to its length, thus 𝒇 ∝ , 𝑭 =
𝑳 𝑳
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒌 = 𝒇𝒍; 𝒇𝟏 𝒍𝟏 = 𝒇𝟐 𝒍𝟐

(ii). Tension (T) of the stretched string

Tension refers to how tightly the string is stretched
 Tightening the string gives it a higher frequency while loosening
it lowers the frequency. Example when string players tighten or
loosen their strings , they are altering the pitches (Frequencies) to
make them in tune Therefore: The frequency of a vibrating
string is directly proportional to the square root of the
tension: thus 𝑓 ∝ √𝑇 = 𝐹 = 𝐾 √𝑇
𝐹
𝐾=
√𝑇
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
√𝑇1 √𝑇2

(iii). Mass per unit length, μ (diameter and density)

This includes the thickness (diameter) and heaviness (density)
of a string Thus the thicker and heavier a string is, the lower is
its frequency for a given length and tension and vice versa
31 Example a thin string with a 10 mm diameter will have a
Physics for Advanced level
frequency twice as high as one with a larger, 20 mm diameter;
The frequency is inversely proportional to the square root of
the mass per unit length, μ
′
1′ 𝑘
Thus, 𝑓 ∝ ,𝑓 =
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑘 = 𝑓√𝜇 = 𝑓2 √𝜇2 = 𝑓1 √𝜇1
√𝜇 √𝜇
Then, when combine three factor we will get the formula
as shown below
𝐾 𝑇
𝑓= √
𝐿 𝜇
Fundamental mode or the first harmonic; is the lowest
possible natural frequency of a system.
QUESTIONS
1. Show that the frequencies of stationary wave in stretched string
are quantized
Answer
Consider the string with length (L) is stretched and clamped at
its two ends. The tension in the string is denoted by T.
When a string is plunked and released, two wave are generated
which move in opposite direction along the string. Both of these
are reflected back from the clamped ends of string with opposite
phase to generate stationary wave on the string.
The first harmonic can be illustrated as

𝜆
The relation between (NODE-NODE) is 𝑁𝑁 = = 𝑙
2
Then 𝜆 = 2𝑙
𝑇
32 From 𝑣 = 𝑓0 𝜆 and 𝑣 = √
𝜇
Physics for Advanced level
1 𝑇 1 𝑇
𝑓0 = √ = √
𝜆 𝜇 2𝑙 𝜇

1 𝑇
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 , 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑓0 = √
2𝑙 𝜇
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 (𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 )

𝜆 𝜆
Thus 𝐿 = 𝑁𝑁 + 𝑁𝑁 = + = 𝜆
2 2
1 𝑇
Then 𝑓1 = √ 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜆 = 𝑙
𝜆 𝜇

1 𝑇
𝑓1 = √ = 2𝑓0
𝑙 𝜇
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑠
𝑓1 = 2𝑓0
Third harmonic (2nd overtone)
Consider

𝜆 𝜆 𝜆 3𝜆
Thus 𝐿 = 𝑁𝑁 + 𝑁𝑁 + 𝑁𝐴 = + + =
2 2 4 2
1 𝑇 2𝑙
Then 𝑓2 = √ 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜆 =
𝜆 𝜇 3
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Physics for Advanced level
3 𝑇
𝑓2 = √ = 3𝑓0
2𝑙 𝜇
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑠
𝑓2 = 3𝑓0
For nth mode vibration
The frequency was given by 𝑓𝑛 = (𝑛+1)𝑓0 where n=1, 2, 3, 4,
5…….
Hence stationary wave is said to be quantized.

Example 10
A string have the length of 18m and a mass of 140kg bring a tension in
a string about 70N. Calculate the velocity of wave in a string and find
a frequency for fundamental node and fourth harmonic
Solution
Given that
Length (L) =80m, tension (T) =70N, Mass (m) =140kg, velocity (V) =?
From
𝑇 𝑇𝑙 70 × 18
𝑣=√ =√ =√ = √9 = 3𝑚/𝑠
𝜇 𝑚 140

Velocity (V) =3m/s

Fundamental frequency (𝑓0 ) =?

𝑣 3𝑚/𝑠
𝑓0 = = =0.08Hz
2𝑙 2×18

Fundamental frequency (𝑓0 ) = 0.08Hz

Forth harmonic (𝑓3 )=4𝑓0 = 4 × 0.08 = 0.32𝐻𝑧

Question
Find the speed of EM-in a medium if the relative permeability and
permittivity are 1.0× 10−7 𝐻/𝑚 and 2.25× 10−12 𝐹/𝑚 respectively.
34 Solution
Physics for Advanced level
Permeability (𝜇0 )=1.0× 10−7 𝐹/𝑚,
Permittivity (𝜀0 )=2.25× 10−12 𝐻/𝑚
From
1 1
𝑐= = = 2.0 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
√𝜇0 𝜀0 √(1 × 2.25) × 10−19

The speed of electromagnetic wave is 2.0 × 108 𝑚/𝑠

PHYSICAL OPTICS
Optics; is the branch of physics which deal with the study of properties
and behavior of light including the interaction with matter.
Since light its electromagnetics wave hence this physical optics it deal
with the properties and behavior of electromagnetic wave and their
interaction with matter. So it will concentrate on
(a) interference
(b) diffraction and
(c) polarization
INTERFERRENCE
Interference; refer to any situation in which two or more wave
overlap to each other in spaces.
Question
What are condition for interference of light to occur?
Answer
The following are necessary condition for interference of light
to take place which are
(a) The two sources of light waves must be monochromatic
and the source are coherent, this means that the light
waves must have the same frequency of nearly or equal
amplitude.

Example 17

A monochromatic light of 𝜆=52000𝐴̇ in young’s double slit experiment

give 14 fringes is 1.2cm on a screen at 1.6m. Find out the distance
between coherent sources of light
35
Solution
Physics for Advanced level
Given that
D=0.6m, y=? 𝜆=52000𝐴̇ = 52000 × 10−10 𝑚, n=14,
a=1.2cm=1.2 × 10−2 𝑚?
From
−10
𝑛𝜆𝐷 14×52000×10 𝑚×0.6𝑚
𝑦= = −2 = 3.64 × 10−2 𝑚
𝑎 1.2×10 𝑚
The width of fringes is 𝟑. 𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎

Example 18
In young’s double slits experiment the distance the screen from the two
slits is 0.2m.when light of wavelength 6000𝐴̇ is allowed to fall on the
slits of the width of the fringes obtained on the screen is 4mm.
determine
(i). the distance between two slits
(ii). the width of the fringes if the wavelength of the incident light is
3000𝐴̇

Solution
Given that
D=0.2m, y=4mm=4 × 10−3 𝑚, 𝜆=6000𝐴̇ = 6000 × 10−10 𝑚,
n=1,a=?
From
𝑛𝜆𝐷
𝑦= ,
𝑎
−10
𝑛𝜆𝐷 1×6000×10 𝑚×0.2𝑚
𝑎= = −3 = 3 × 10−5 𝑚
𝑦 4×10 𝑚
The distance between two slit a=3 × 10−5 𝑚

Example 23
The lens has a radius of curvature about 100cm, it is placed in contact
with a flat glass plate, a newton’s ring was observed normally with
reflected right of wavelength 1.5× 10−7 m. calculate the radius of
fourteenth bright fringes
Solution
36
Physics for Advanced level
Wavelength (𝜆) =1.5× 10−7 m, Radius of curvature (a) = 1m
Radius of 14th bright ring (𝑟𝑛 ) =?
Number of ring (n) =14
From formula for bright fringes
1 𝑟2 1
𝜆(𝑛 + ) = , 𝑟 2 = 𝜆𝑎(𝑛 + )
2 𝑎 2

1
𝑟 = √(𝑛 + )𝜆𝑎 = √1.5 × 10−7 × 14.5 × 1
2
= 1.47 × 10−3 𝑚
Radius of 14th bright ring (𝑟𝑛 )1.47 × 10−3 𝑚
Example 24
Calculate the radius of curvature of a convex lens used to produce a
newton’s ring with a flat glass plate, if the diameter of the tenth dark
ring is 7.5mm, viewed normally with the light having wavelength of
5× 10−7 m
Solution
Given that
Wavelength (𝜆) =5× 10−7 m, Radius of curvature (a) = ?
7.5
Radius of 10th dark ring (𝑟10 ) = = 3.75𝑚𝑚 = 3.75 × 10−3 𝑚
2

Number of ring (n) =10

From formula for dark fringes
𝑟 2 (3.75 × 10−3 )2
𝑎= = = 2.8𝑚
𝜆𝑛 10 × 5 × 10−7
Radius of curvature (a) is 2.8𝑚
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