AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL

CHAPTER
Three Dimensional
22 Geometry

Chapter Highlights
Origin 1, Coordinate axes 1, Distance formula 2, Distance of a point from coodinate axes 2, Vector form 2,
Direction cosines 3, Angle between two lines 4, Projection 6, Vector form 6, Straight line 6, Angle between
two lines 7, Intersection of two lines 7, Perpendicular from a point to a line 7, Skew lines 8, Vector form 8,
Point of intersection of a line and a plane 10, Image of a point in a plane 11, Image of a line about a plane
12, Sphere 16, Equation of a sphere 16, Section of a sphere by a plane 17.

ORIGIN The three co-ordinate planes divide the space into eight
parts and these parts are called octants.
Let X ′ O X, Y ′ O Y, Z ′ O Z be three mutually perpendicular
lines which intersect at O. Then O is called the origin.
Coordinates
Let P be any point in space. Draw PL, PM, PN perpendic-
ulars to the xy, yz and xz planes, then
1. LP is called the x-coordinate of P.
2. MP is called the y-coordinate of P.
3. NP is called the z-coordinate of P.

Fig. 22.1

COORDINATE AXES
X′OX is called the x-axis, Y′OY the y-axis, Z′OZ the z-axis
and taken together these are called the coordinate axes.
Fig. 22.2

Coordinate Planes These three, taken together, are known as coordinates of

P.
1. X OY is called the xy-plane.
2. Y O Z is called the yz-plane.
3. Z O X is called the zx-plane. Sign of co-ordinates of a point
These three, taken together, are called the coordinate The signs of the co-ordinates of a point in three dimension
planes. follow the convention that all distances measured along or
22.2 Chapter 22
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
parallel to OX, OY, OZ will be positive and distances moved
along or parallel to OX′, OY′, OZ′ will be negative.

TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

 Coordinates of any point on x-axis are of the form
(a, 0, 0). Similarly, the coordinates of any point on the
y-axis are of the form (0, b, 0), while those of points on
z-axis are of the form (0, 0, c).
 Coordinates of any point in the xy plane are of the form Fig. 22.3
(a, b, 0). Similarly, the coordinates of any point in the yz
plane are of the form (0, b, c), while those of any point in Section Formula
the zx plane are of the form (a, 0, c).
1. The coordinates of the point dividing the line joining
 The equation of xy plane is z = 0. Similarly, the equations P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) in the ratio m1: m2 inter-
of yz plane and zx plane are x = 0 and y = 0 respectively.
nally are
 m1 x2 + m2 x1 m1 y2 + m2 y1 m1 z2 + m2 z1 
 , , 
DISTANCE FORMULA  m1 + m2 m1 + m2 m1 + m2 

1. Distance formula: The distance between two points 2. The coordinates of the point dividing the line joining
A(x1, y1, z1) and B(x2, y2, z2) is given by P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) in the ratio m1: m2 exter-
nally are
AB = [( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 + ( z2 − z1 ) 2 ]  m1 x2 − m2 x1 m1 y2 − m2 y1 m1 z2 − m2 z1 
 , , 
2. Distance from origin: Let O be the origin and P(x, y,  m1 − m2 m1 − m2 m1 − m2 
z) be any point, then 3. The coordinates of the mid-point of the join of (x1, y1,
z1) and (x2, y2, z2) are
OP = ( x2 + y2 + z2 )
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
 2 , 2 , 2 
 
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S
 VECTOR FORM
 For any point P(x, y, z), the position vector r of P is
given by r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ. Conversely, the coordinates of 1. Internal Division: If the point R divides the join of

any point whose position vector is r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ are

PQ internally in the ratio of m : n, then position vec-
P(x, y, z). tor of R ( r ) is

 The distance of any point P(x, y, z) having position vector  
 mr + nr1
r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ from the origin is x 2 + y 2 + z2 which r= 2

 m+n
is equivalent to the modulus of the vector PQ .
2. External Division: If the point R divides the join of
PQ externally in the ratio of m : n i.e., internally in
the ratio m : (–n), then the position vector R ( r ) is


DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM COODINATE

 
 mr − nr1
r= 2
AXES m−n
Let P(x, y, z,) by any point in the space. Let PA, PB and PC 3. If is the point R is the mid point of the line joining
be the perpendiculars drawn from P to the axes OX. OY and PQ, then m : n = 1 : 1, therefore the position vector
R ( r ) is

OZ respectively.  
 r+ r
r= 1 2
Then, PA = ( y 2 + z 2 ) 2

PB = ( z 2 + x 2 ) Coordinates of the general point

The co-ordinates of any point lying on the line join-
PC = ( x 2 + y 2 ) ing points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) may be taken as
 Three Dimensional Geometry 22.3
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
 kx2 + x1 ky2 + y1 kz2 + z1  , which divides PQ in the  a
2
 a
2
 k +1 , k +1 , k +1  =  a −  + 02 +  0 − 
   2  2
ratio k : 1. This is called general point on the line PQ.
a
= .
Centroid of a triangle 2
The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle ABC, whose
vertices are A(x1, y1, z1), B(x2, y2, z2) and C(x3, y3, z3), are
 x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 z1 + z2 + z3 
 , , 
 3 3 3 

Centroid of a Tetrahedron
If (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2), (x3, y3, z3) and (x4, y4, z4) are the
vertices of a tetrahedron, then its centroid G is given by DIRECTION COSINES
 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 z1 + z2 + z3 + z4  If a line makes angles α, β, γ with the positive directions
 , , 
 4 4 4  of x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively, then cosα, cosβ,
cosγ are called its direction cosines.
The direction cosines are generally denoted as l, m, n
i.e., l = cosα, m = cosβ, n = cosγ.
The angles α, β, γ are known as direction angles.

Direction Ratios
Three numbers a, b, c proportional to the direction cosines
l, m, n of a line are known as the direction ratios of the line.
Thus a, b, c are the direction ratios of a line, provided
Fig. 22.4
l m n
= =
a b c
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Useful Results on Direction Cosines and
1. If P ( p), Q( q ), R( r ) and S ( s ) be four points such that
    Direction Ratios
3 p + 8q = 6 r + 5s , then the lines PQ and RS and
   
If P(x, y, z) is a point in space such that r = OP has direc-
(A) skew (B) parallel tion cosines l, m, n, then
(C) intersecting (D) none of these (a) x = l | r |, y = m | r |, z = n | r |
Solution: (D) (b) l | r |, m | r |, n | r | are projections of r on OX, OY, OZ
Given: 3 p + 8q = 6 r + 5s
    respectively.
(c) r =|r| (liˆ + mjˆ + nkˆ ) and rˆ =liˆ + mjˆ + nkˆ
3 p + 8q 6 r + 5 s
   
⇒ = (d) l 2 + m 2 + n2 = 1.
8+3 5+6
⇒ The point which divides PQ in the ratio 8 : 3 is the (e) If r = ajˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ, then
same as the point which divides RS in the ratio 5 : 6. (a) a, b, c are the direction ratios of r.
Hence, the lines PQ and RS intersect. (b) Direction cosines of r are given by
2. The edge of a cube is of length ‘a’ then the shortest a b
l= ,m = ,
distance between the diagonal of a cube and an edge 2
a +b +c 2 2
a + b2 + c2
2

skew to it is c
(A) a 2 (B) a n=
a2 + b2 + c2
(C) 2 /a (D) a/ 2
(f) Direction ratios of the line joining two points P(x1,y1,
Solution: (D) z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are x2 – x1, y2 – y1, z2 – z1, and its
Requaried distance = KL direction cosines are
22.4 Chapter 22
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
, , cos θ =
| PQ | | PQ | | PQ | a + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
2
1
(g) The direction
 cosines of
(a) OX
 are (1, 0, 0) TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
(b) OY
 are (0, 1, 0) The two line are orthogonal if
(c) OZ are (0, 0, 1)
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
and parallel if
CAUTION
a1 b1 c1
= =
Direction cosines of a line are unique but direction ratios of a2 b2 c2
a line are not unique and can be infinite.

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES SOLVED EXAMPLES

If θ is the angle between two lines whose direction cosines 3. A vector r is inclined at equal angles to OX, OY and
are l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 , then OZ. If the magnitude of r is 6 units, then r is equal to
cosθ = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 and
(A) 3(lˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) (B) − 3(lˆ + ˆj + kˆ )
sinθ = ( m1n2 − m2 n1 ) 2 + ( n1l2 − n2 l1 ) 2 + (l1m2 − l2 m1 ) 2
(C) 2 3(lˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) (D) −2 3(lˆ + ˆj + kˆ )

TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Solution: (C, D)

Let r be inclined at an angle α to each axis, then
 If l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0, then two vectors r1 and r2 having
direction cosines l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are orthogonal.
l = m = n = cosα
1
 If =
l1 m1 n1
= then two vectors are parallel. Since l 2 + m 2 + n2 =1 ⇒ 3 cos 2α = 1 ⇒ cos α = ±
l2 m2 n2 3
 Any vector equally inclined to all the three axes have 1
direction cosines as If α is acute : =
l =
m= n = :| r | 6
3
 1 1 1 
± ,± ,±  r= | r | (liˆ + mjˆ + nkˆ )
 3 3 3
If any line makes angles α, β, γ, d with four diagonals of  1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
k  = 2 3 (iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ).

= 6 i+ j+
a cube, then  3 3 3 
4
cos2α + cos2 β + cos2γ + cos2δ = 1
3 If α is obtuse l = m = n = − :| r | = 6
 If l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the d.c.′s of two concur- 3
rent lines, then the d.c.′s of the lines bisecting the angles r= | r | (liˆ + mjˆ + nkˆ )
between them are proportional to l1 ± l2, m1 ± m2, n1 ± n2.
 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
 The angle between any two diagonals of a cube is = 6− i− j− k
 1  3 3 3 
cos −1   .
3 =−2 3(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ).
 The angle between a diagonal of a cube and the diagonal
 2 4. If the projection of a line segment on x, y and z axes
of a face of the cube is cos −1   .
 3 are respectively 3, 4 and 5, then the length of the line
 If the edges of a rectangular parallelopiped be a, b, segment is
c, then the angles between the two diagonals are (A) 3 2 (B) 5 2
 ± a2 ± b2 ± c 2 
cos −1  2 2 
. (C) 5 2 (D) none of these
 a +b +c 
2

Solution: (D)
Let l, m, n be the d.c’s of the given line segment PQ.
Angle in terms of Direction Ratios ∴ l = cosα, m = cosβ, n = cosγ
If θ is the angle between two line having direction ratios a1, where α, β, γ are the angles which the line segment
b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2, then PQ makes with the axes.
 Three Dimensional Geometry 22.5
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Suppose length of line segment PQ = r. 8. The locus of a point, such that the sum of the squares
Thus, projection of line segment PQ on x-axis of its distances from the planes x + y + z = 0, x – z = 0
= PQ cosα = rl. and x – 2y + z = 0 is 9, is
Also the projection of line segment PQ on x-axis (A) x2 + y2 + z2 = 3 (B) x2 + y2 + z2 = 6
= 3 (given) (C) x + y + z = 9
2 2 2
(D) x2 + y2 + z2 = 12
∴ lr = 3 Solution: (C)
Similarly, mr = 4, nr = 5.
Let the variable point be (α, β, γ ), then according to
Now squaring and adding these equations, we get
the question
(lr)2 + (mr)2 + (nr)2 = 32 + 42 + 53 2 2 2
⇒ r2(l2 + m2 + n2) = 9 + 16 + 25  |α + β + r |   |α − γ |   |α − 2 β + γ | 
⇒ r2 = 50 ( l2 + m2 + n2 = 1)
∴   +  +  =9
 3   2   6 
⇒ r = 50 = 5 2 ⇒ α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 = 9.
So, the locus of the point is x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.
5. A vector r is equal inclined with the coordinate axes. If
the tip of r is in the positive octant and | r | = 6, then r is 9. Perpendicular distance of the point (3, 4, 5) from the
y-axis, is
(A) 2 3(lˆ − ˆj + kˆ ) (B) 2 3( −lˆ + ˆj + kˆ )
(A) 34 (B) 41
(C) 2 3(lˆ + ˆj − kˆ ) (D) 2 3(lˆ + ˆj + kˆ )
(C) 4 (D) 5
Solution: (D) Solution: (A)
Let l, m, n be the DC’s of r. Then l = m = n (given). Distance of (α, β, γ) from y-axis is given by
1
∴ l 2 + m 2 + n2 = 1 ⇒ 3l 2 = 1 ⇒ l = =m=n d = α2 +γ 2
3
∴ Distance (d) of (3, 4, 5) from y-axis is
 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
∴฀= r | r | (liˆ + mjˆ +=
nkˆ ) 6  i+ j+ k d = 32 + 52 = 9 + 25 = 34
 3 3 3 
= 2 3(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) 10. The number of straight lines that are equally inclined
to three dimensional coordinate axes, is
6. Equation of the line passing through (1, 1, 1) and par- (A) 2 (B) 4
allel to the plane 2x + 3y + z + 5 = 0 is (C) 6 (D) 8
(A) x − 1 = y − 1 = z − 1 Solution: (B)
1 2 1
x − 1 y − 1 z −1 If α, β, γ are the angles made by the line with x, y, and
(B) = = z-axis respectively, then
−1 1 −1
cos2α + cos2β + cos2γ = 1
x −1 y −1 z −1
(C) = = Given α = β = γ, ∴ 3cos2α = 1
3 2 1
1
x −1 y −1 z −1 or cos α = ±
(D) = = 3
2 3 1  1 1 1 
Solution: (B) Possible direction cosines are  ± ,± ,± .
 3 3 3
If the direction ratios of the line are l, m, n then it is
perpendicular to the normal to the plane.  1 1 1 
Different sets of Dc’s are  , , ,
∴ 2l + 3m + n = 0  3 3 3 
And the only values of l, m, n that satisfy this equation  1 1 −1   1 −1 1 
are –1, 1, –1.  , ,  , , , 
∴ (B) is the correct answer. 3 3 3  3 3 3

7. The locus of x2 + y2 + z2 = 0 is  −1 1 1 
and  , , 
(A) a circle (B) a sphere 3 3 3
(C) (0, 0, 0) (D) none of these Thus, four lines are equally inclined to axes.
Solution: (C) 11. The direction ratios of the line x – y + z – 5 = 0 = x – 3y
x2 + y2 + z2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. – 6 are
22.6 Chapter 22
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
(A) 3, 1, –2 (B) 2, –4, 1 STRAIGHT LINE
3 1 −2 2 −4 1
(C) , , (D) , , The vector equation of a straight line passing through a
14 14 14 41 41 41
given point with position vector a and parallel to a given
Solution: (A) vector b is
If l, m, n are the d.c’s of the line, then r = a + λb
1⋅l–1⋅m+1⋅n=0 where λ is a scalar.
and 1⋅l–3⋅m+0⋅n=0
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
l m n
∴ = = The position vector of any point on the line is taken as a
0 + 3 1 − 0 −3 + 1


+ λb.
Hence the d.r’s of the line are 3, 1, –2.
 r is the position vector of any point P(x, y, z) on the line.
Therefore, r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ.
PROJECTION
Cartesian Form The equation of a straight line with
Projection of a line joining the points P(x1, y1, z1) and
direction ratios a, b, c and passing through a fixed point
Q(x2, y2, z2) on another line whose direction cosines are
(x1, y1, z1) is
l, m and n : Let PQ be a line segment where P ≡ (x1, y1,
z1) and Q ≡ (x2, y2, z2) and AB be a given line with d.c.′s x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
as l, m, n. If the line segment PQ makes angle θ with the a b c
line AB, then
Projection of PQ is P ′Q′ = PQ cosθ NOTE
= (x2 – x1)cosα + (y2 – y1)cosβ + (z2 – z1)cosγ
 The equation of a line whose direction cosines are l, m, n
= (x2 – x1)l + (y2 – y1)m + (z2 – z1)n
and which passes through the point (x1, y1, z1) is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
l m c
 The coordinates of any point on the line
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 are given by
= =
a b c
(x1 + aλ, y1 + bλ, z1 + cλ), where λ is a real number.
 Equation of x-axis:
Fig. 22.5 x−0 y −0 z−0
= = or y = 0, z = 0
1 0 0
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Equation of y-axis:
For x-axis, l = 1, m = 0, n = 0 x−0 y −0 z−0
or x = 0, z = 0
= =
Hence, projection of PQ on x - axis = x2 - x1. 0 1 0
Similarly, projection of PQ on y - axis = y2 - y1 and projection Equation of z-axis:
of PQ on z-axis = z2 - z1. x−0 y −0 z−0
= = or x = 0, y = 0.
0 0 1
VECTOR FORM
Vector Equation of a line Passing through
1. To get
 the projection of vector a along the direction

of b then take the dot product of a

with the unit
two Points

vector along b The vector equation of a line passing through two points
∴ Projection of a on b = a.bˆ
 
with position vectors a and b is


2. If r = ajˆ + bjˆ + ckˆ is any vector, then the projection

 r = a + λ( b – a)
of r on a line whose direction cosines are (l, m, n) is Cartesian Form The equation of a line passing through


| r | cos q − r .(liˆ + mjˆ + nkˆ ) = al + bm + cn

  two given points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is given by

where, liˆ + mjˆ + nkˆ is the unique unit vector along x − x1

=
y − y1
=
z − z1
the line whose direction cosines are given. x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
 Three Dimensional Geometry 22.7
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Changing unsymmetrical form to Step IV: To obtain the coordinates of the point of intersec-
symmetrical form tion, substitute the value of λ (or m) in the coordinates of
general point (s) obtained in step 1.
The unsymmetrical form of a line ax + by + cz + d = 0, a′x
+ b′y + c′z + d′ = 0 can be changed to symmetrical form
as follows: PERPENDICULAR FROM A POINT TO A LINE
bd ′ − b′d da′ − d ′a Let the equation of the line be
x− y−
ab′ − a′b = ab′ − a′b = z x−a y−b z −c
bc′ − b′c ca′ − c′a ab′ − a′b = = = r (say )
l m n
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
Vector Form The angle between the two lines
r = a1 + λb1 and r = a2 + mb2
b1 ⋅ b 2
is given by cos θ =
| b1 | | b 2 |
Cartesian Form The angle between the two lines Fig. 22.6
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 and A(α, β, γ ) be the given point. Then,
= =
a1 b1 c1 1. the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular from
x − x2 y − y2 z − z 2 A on the given line are
and = = P(lr + a, mr + b, nr + c)
a2 b2 c2
2. length of perpendicular (AP) is
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
is given by cos θ = (lr + a − α ) 2 + ( mr + b − β ) 2 + ( nr + c − γ ) 2
a + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
2
1
3. equation of the perpendicular is given by
x −α y−β z −γ
INTERSECTION OF TWO LINES = =
lr + a − α mr + b − β nr + c − γ
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 where r = (α – a)l + (β – b)m + (γ – c)n
Let the two lines be = = (1)
a1 b1 c1
x − x2 y − y2 z − z 2 Vector Form
and = = (2)
a2 b2 c2 Length of the perpendicular from a point A(r1) upon the
Step I: Write the coordinates of general points on (1) and line r = a + λb is given by
(2). The coordinates of general points on (1) and (2) are | (a − r1 ) × b |
=
given by |b|
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = =λ
a1 b1 c1 Alternate Method
x − x2 y − y2 z − z 2 Find the foot of the perpendicular from the point (1, 6, 3)
and = = =µ
a2 b2 z2 to line.
x y −1 z − 2
respectively. i.e., (a1λ + x1, b1λ + y1 + c1λ + z1) and (a2 m + = =
x2, b2 m + y2, c2 m + z2). 1 2 3
Also, find the length of the perpendicular and the equa-
Step II: If the lines (1) and (2) intersect, then they have a
tion of the perpendicular.
common point. x y −1 z − 2
a1λ + x1 = a2 m + x2,b1λ + y1 = b2 m + y2 Any point on the line = = can be taken as
and c1λ + z1 = c2 m + z2 (λ, 1 + 2λ, 2 + 3λ). 1 2 3
Let this point be P, the foot of perpendicular from A(1,
Step III: Solve any two of the equations in λ and µ
6, 3) to the line is
obtained in step II. If the values of λ and m satisfy the third
equation, then the lines (i) and (ii) intersect, otherwise they x y −1 z − 2
= =
do not intersect. 1 2 3
22.8 Chapter 22
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Direction ratios of the given line are 1, 2, 3. Direction
ratios of AP are I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S
λ – 1, 1 + 2λ – 6, 2 + 3λ – 3 There is one and only one line perpendicular to each of
i.e., λ – 1, 2λ – 5, 3λ – 1 lines l1 and l2.

Shortest Distance Between two Skew Lines

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
Let the two skew lines be = = and
l1 m1 n1
x − x2 y − y2 z − z 2
= =
l2 m2 n2
Therefore, the shortest distance between the lines is
Fig. 22.7 given by
Since, AD is perpendicular to the given line x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
∴ 1(λ – 1) + 2(2λ – 5) + 3(3λ – 1) = 0 l1 m1 n1
⇒ λ – 1 + 4λ – 10 + 9λ – 3 = 0 l2 m2 n2
⇒ 14λ – 14 = 0 ⇒ λ = 1 d= .
Thus, coordinates of P are (1, 1 + 2, 2 + 3), i.e., (1, 3, 5) ( m1n2 − m2 n1 ) 2 + ( n1l2 − l1n2 ) 2 + (l1m2 − m1l2 ) 2
∴ Foot of perpendicular is (1, 3, 5).
Length of perpendicular is VECTOR FORM
AP = (1 − 1) 2 + (3 − 6) 2 + (5 − 3) 2
Shortest distance between the lines
= 0 + 9 + 4 = 13 r = a1 + λb1 and r = a2 + mb2 is
Equations of perpendicular, i.e., equations of AP are | (a 2 − a1 )⋅ (b1 × b 2 ) |
d=
x −1 y − 6 z − 3 | b1 × b 2 |
= =
1−1 3 − 6 5 − 3
x −1 y − 6 z − 3
i.e., = =
0 −3 2

SKEW LINES
Fig. 22.9
Two straight lines which are not parallel and which do not
intersect, are known as skew lines. Clearly, two skew lines TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
are never coplanar.  Shortest distance between two parallel lines r = a1 + λ b
and r = a2 + m b is
|(a − a1) × b |
d= 2
|b |
 Two lines r = a1 + λb1 and r = a2 + mb2 will intersect
provided d = 0, i.e., when
(a2 – a1) · (b1 × b2) = 0

The Plane
Fig. 22.8 Plane It is a surface such that if any two points on it are
taken, then every point of the line joining them lies on it.
Line of Shortest Distance General Equation of a Plane The general equation of a
If l1 and l2 are two skew lines, then the straight line which plane is
is perpendicular to each of these two non-intersecting lines ax + by + cz + d = 0
is called the “LIne of shortest distance.” where a, b, c, are not all zero.
 Three Dimensional Geometry 22.9
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Cartesian Form The equation of a plane passing through
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S a given point A(x1, y1, z1) and normal to the plane having
direction ratios a, b, c is
 a, b, c are the direction ratios of the normal to the plane
ax + by + cz + d = 0.
a(x – x1) + b(y – y1) + c(z – z1) = 0
 Equation of yz-plane is x = 0 Equation of a Plane in Intercept Form
 Equation of zx-plane is y = 0
 Equation of xy-plane is z = 0 If a plane makes intercepts of lengths a, b, c with x-axis,
 Equation of any-plane parallel to xy-plane is z = c.
y-axis and z-axis respectively, then the equation of the
Similarly, planes parallel to yz-plane and zx-plane are x = plane is
x y z
c and y = c respectively. + + =1
a b c

Equation of a Plane in Normal Form Equation of a Plane Passing through Three

Points
Vector Form If n̂ be a unit vector normal to a given plane
and p be the length of perpendicular from the origin to the Vector Form The equation of a plane passing through
plane, then the equation of the plane is given by, three points having position vectors r1, r2 and r3 is [ r – r1r
r⋅ n̂ = p – r2 r – r3] = 0
Cartesian Form The equation of a plane passing through
Cartesian Form If l, m, n be the direction cosines of the
three given points A(x1, y1, z1), B(x2, y2, z2) and C(x3, y3, z3)
normal to a given plane and p be the length of perpendicu-
is
lar from origin to the plane, then the equation of the plane
is lx + my + nz = p. x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
x − x2 y − y2 z − z 2 = 0
x − x3 y − y3 z − z3

Equation of a Plane through Two Given

Points and Parallel to a Given Vector
Fig. 22.10
Vector Form The equation of a plane through two given
Transformation of General Form to Normal Form To points having position vectors r1 and r2 and parallel to a
reduce the general equation ax + by + cz + d = 0 to normal given vector m is
form, we follow the following working rule: (r – r1) ⋅ [ (r2 – r1) × m ] = 0
(a) Write the terms containing x, y and z on left hand side Cartesian Form The equation of a plane passing through
and the constant term on the right hand side. the points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) and parallel to a line
(b) If the constant term on the right hand side is not posi- having direction ratios a, b, c is
tive, make it positive by multiplying both sides by –1. x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
(c) Divide each term by a 2 + b 2 + c 2 , we get x − x2 y − y2 z − z 2 = 0
ax by cz a b c
+ +
2 2 2 2 2 2
± a +b +c ± a +b +c ± a + b2 + c2
2

d Equation of a Plane Passing through a

= Given Point and Parallel to Two Given
± a + b2 + c2
2
Vectors
where + sign is to be taken if d > 0 and – sign is to be taken
if d < 0. Vectors Form The equation of a plane passing through
a point having position vector a and parallel to two given
Equation of a Plane Passing through a vectors b and c is
Given Point r = a + λb + mc, where λ and m are scalars
or (r – a) ⋅ (b × c) = 0 or r ⋅ (b × c) = a ⋅ (b × c)
Vector Form The vector equation of a plane through a Cartesian Form The equation of a plane passing through
given point r1 and perpendicular to n̂ is a point (x1, y1, z1) and parallel to two lines having direction
(r − r1 ) ⋅ nˆ =
0 ratios a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 is
22.10 Chapter 22
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
a1 b1 c1 = 0 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
 If the line = = is parallel to the plane
a2 b2 c2 a1 b1 c1
a2x + b2y + c2z + d = 0, then a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.
Planes Parallel to a Given Plane
Cartesian Form Equation of a plane parallel to the plane POINT OF INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND A
ax + by + cz + d = 0 is ax + by + cz + k = 0, where k is a
constant to be detemined by the given condition.
PLANE
Vector Form The equation of a plane parallel to the plane r Working rule for finding the point of intersection of a line
. n = d1 is r . n = d2, where d2 is a constant to be determined and a plane:
by the given condition. Step I: Write the coordinates of any point on the line in
terms of some parameter r (say).
Angle between Two Planes Step II: Substitute these coordinates in the equation of the
Angle between two planes is the angle between their nor- plane to obtain the value of r.
mals. Step III: Put the value of r in the coordinates of the point
Vector Form The angle between the planes r . n1 = d1 and in step I.
r · n2 = d2 is given by,
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
n ⋅n
cos θ = 1 1 The ratio in which the line segment PQ, joining P(x1, y1, z1)
| n1 | | n 2 | and Q(x2, y2, z2). is divided by plane
Cartesian Form The angle between the planes  ax + by1 + cz1 + d 
a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0 ax + by + cz + d = 0 is, −  1 .
 ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d 
and a2x + b2 y + c2z + d2 = 0 is given by
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
cos θ =
a + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
2 Planes Bisecting the Angles between Two
1
Planes
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING Cartesian Form The equations of the planes bisecting the
 If a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0, then the planes are perpendic- angles between the planes a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x
ular to each other. + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 are
a1 b1 c1
 If = = , then the planes are parallel to each ( a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 ) ( a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 )
a2 b2 c2 = (1)
other. 2
a +b +c 2 2
a22 + b22 + c22
1 1 1

Vector Form The equations of the planes bisecting the

Angle between a Line and a Plane
angles between the planes r . n1 = d1 and r . n2 = d2 are
The angle between a line and a plane is the angle between
|r.n1 − d1 | |r.n 2 − d 2 |
the line and the normal to the plane. =
Vector Form If θ is the angle between the line r = a + λb |n1 | |n 2 |
and the plane r . n = d, then d1 d
or r ⋅ (nˆ 1 ± nˆ 2 ) = ± 2
b ⋅n | n1 | | n 2 |
sin θ =
|b| |n|
Bisector of the Angle Containing the Origin After
Cartesian Form If θ is the angle between the line
making the constant term in both the equations positive,
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 the positive sign in (1) gives the bisector of the angle which
= =
a1 b1 c1 contains the origin.
a2x + b2y + c2z + d = 0, then
Bisector of Acute/Obtuse Angle
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
sinθ = (a) Write the equations of the given planes such that
a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22 their constant terms are positive.
 Three Dimensional Geometry 22.11
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
(b) If a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 > 0, then origin lies in obtuse Condition for a Line to Lie in a Plane
angle and hence positive sign in (1) gives the bisector
of the obtuse angle. Vector Form If the line r = a + λb lines in the plane r ·
(c) If a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 < 0, then origin lies in acute angle n = d, then
and hence positive sign in (1) gives the bisector of the b ⋅ n = 0 and a ⋅ n = d.
acute angle. x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
Cartesian Form If the line = = lies
l m n
Distance of a Point from a Plane in the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0, then
(a) ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d = 0, and
Vector Form The length of the perpendicular from a point
(b) al + bm + cn = 0.
having position vector a to the plane r . n = d is given by,
|a.n − d | Condition for the Two Lines to be
p=
|n| Intersecting (Coplanar) and the
Cartesian Form The length of the perpendicular from a Equation of the Plane Containing Them
point P(x1, y1, z1) to the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is given
Vector Form If the lines r = a1 + λb1 and r = a2 + mb2 are
by,
| ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d | intersecting (coplanar), then
p= [a1 b1 b2] = [a2 b1 b2]
a2 + b2 + c2
and the equation of the plane containing the two lines is
Distance between Two Parallel Planes [r b1 b2] = [a1 b1 b2]
Vector Form The distance between two parallel planes r . or [r b1 b2] = [a2 b1 b2]
n = d1 and r . n = d2 is given by, x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
Cartesian Form If the lines = = and
|d −d | l1 m1 n1
p= 1 2 x − x2 y − y2 z − z 2
|n| = = are intersecting (coplanar)
l2 m2 n2
Cartesian Form The distance between two parallel planes
a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a1x + b1 y + c1z + d2 = 0 is, x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
given by, then l1 m1 n1 = 0
| d1 − d2 | l2 m2 n2
p=
a12 + b11 + c12 and the equation of the plane containing the two lines is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
Planes Passing through the Intersection of
Two Planes l1 m1 n1 = 0
l2 m2 n2
Vector Form The equation of a plane passing through the
intersection of the planes r . n1 = d1 and r . n2 = d2 is x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
(r . n1 – d1) + k(r . n2 – d2) = 0 or l1 m1 n1 = 0
or r . (n1 + kn2) = d1 + kd2, l2 m2 n2
where k is an arbitrary constant.
Cartesian Form The equation of a plane passing through IMAGE OF A POINT IN A PLANE
the intersection of planes
a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 is Let P and Q be two points and let π be a plane such that
(a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1) + k(a2x + b2 y + c2z + d2) = 0, where (i) Line PQ is perpendicular to the plane π, and
k is an arbitrary constant. (ii) Mid-point of PQ lies on the plane π.
Then either of the point is the image of the other in the
Two Sides of a Plane plane π.
The two points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) lie on the same To find the image of a point in a given plane, we pro-
side or the opposite sides of the plane ax + by + cz + d = ceed as follows
0 according as ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d and ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d (i) Write the equations of the line passing through P and
have the same sign or the opposite signs. normal to the given plane as
22.12 Chapter 22
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 13. The equation of the plane through the points (2, 3, 1)
= = and (4, –5, 3) and parallel to x-axis is
a b c
(A) x – z – 1 = 0 (B) 4x + y – 11 = 0
(C) y + 4z – 7 = 0 (D) none of these
Solution: (C)
Any plane parallel to x-axes is by + cz + d = 0.
If it passes through (2, 3, 1) and (4, –5, 3), then
3b + c + d = 0 and – 5b + 3c + d = 0,
b c d b c d
i.e., = = i.e., = =
1 − 3 −5 − 3 9 + 5 1 4 −7
Hence, the plane parallel to x-axis is y + 4z – 7 = 0.
Fig. 22.11 14. The equation of the plane perpendicular to the yz-plane
(ii) Write the co-ofdinates of image Q as and passing through the points (1, –2, 4) and (3, – 4, 5)
(x1 + ar, y1 + br, z1 + cr) is
(iii) Find the co-ordinates of the mid-point R of PQ. (A) y + 2z = 5 (B) 2y + z = 5
(iv) Obtain the value of r by putting the coordinates of R (C) y + 2z = 6 (D) 2y + z = 6
in the equation of the plane. Solution: (C)
(v) Put the value of r in the coordinates of Q. Let the plane be
ax + by + cz + d = 0, (1)
IMAGE OF A LINE ABOUT A PLANE The yz-plane is x = 0 or l.x + 0.y + 0.z = 0. (2)
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 Since (1) and (2) are perpendicular to each other, we
Let the line be = = and the plane be have
a1 b1 c1
a · 1 + b · 0 + c · 0 = 0, i.e., a = 0.
a2x + b2y + c2z + d = 0
∴ The plane (1) reduces to
Find point of intersection (say P) of the line and the
plane. Find image (say Q) of point (x1, y1, z1) about the by + cz + d = 0.
plane. Line PQ is the reflected line. Now since it passes through (1, –2, 4) and (3, – 4, 5),
we get – 2b + 4c + d = 0
and – 4b + 5c + d = 0
SOLVED EXAMPLES b c d
giving = =
−1 −2 6
12. The direction ratios of a normal to the plane through Thus the plane is y + 2z = 6.
π
15. The point in which the line x + 1 = y − 12 = z − 7 cuts
(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), which makes an angle of ⋅
with the
plane x + y = 3 are 4
−1 5 −2
(A) 1, 2 ,1 (B) 1, 1, 2 the surface 11x2 – 5y2 – z2 = 0 is
(C) 1, 1, 2 (D) 2 , 1, 1 (A) (2, –3, 1) (B) (2, 3, –1)
(C) (1, 2, 3) (D) (1, 2, –3)
Solution: (B)
Solution: (A, C)
Any plane through (1, 0, 0) is
A(x – 1) + B(y – 0) + C(z – 0) = 0 (1) x + 1 y − 12 z − 7
Let = = = r.
It contains (0, 1, 0) if – A + B = 0 (2) −1 5 2
Also, (1) makes an angle of π with the plane x + y = Any point on the line is (– r – 1, 5r + 12, 2r + 7) for
4
⋅

every value of r.
π | A + B| If this point lies on the surface 11x2 – 5y2 + z2 = 0,
3, therefore, cos = then
4 A + B 2 + C 2 12 + 12
2
11(– r – 1)2 – 5(5r + 12)2 + (2r + 7)2 = 0
⇒ (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + C 2 ⇒ 2AB = C 2 (3) i.e., 110r2 + 550r + 660 = 0,
From (2) and (3), C = 2 A
2 2
⇒ C = ± 2A i.e., r2 + 5r + 6 = 0
i.e., (r + 3) (r + 2) = 0, i.e., r = –3, –2
Hence A : B : C :: A : A : ± 2 A. For these two values of r, the two points in which the
∴ Direction ratios are 1 : 1 : ± 2 given line cuts the surface are (2, –3, 1) and (1, 2, 3).
 Three Dimensional Geometry 22.13
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
16. The equation of the plane through the line x + y + z + 3 where 2a – b + 4c = 0 (2)
= 0 = 2x – y + 3z + 1 and parallel to the line x = y = z If this plane is perpendicular to x + 2y + z = 12, then
is 1 2 3 their normals are also perpendicular to each other.
(A) x – 5y + 3z = 7 (B) x – 5y + 3z = –7 ∴ a + 2b + c = 0 (3)
(C) x + 5y + 3z = 7 (D) x + 5y + 3z = –7 a b c
From (2) and (3), = = ,
Solution: (A) −1 − 8 4 − 2 4 + 1
a b c
Any plane through the given line i.e., = =
−9 2 5
2x – y + 3z + 1 + λ(x + y + z + 3) = 0 ∴ plane (1) becomes
(From S + λS′ = 0) –9 (x – 1) + 2(y + 1) + 5(z – 3) = 0
x y z i.e., 9x – 2y – 5z + 4 = 0
If this plane is parallel to the line = = , then the
1 2 3 19. The position vectors of points A and B are iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ
normal to the plane is also perpendicular to the above
line or and 3iˆ + 3 ˆj + 3kˆ respectively. The equation of a plane
(2 + λ)1 + (λ – 1)2 + (3 + λ)3 = 0 is r.(5iˆ + 2 ˆj − 7kˆ ) + 9 =0. The points A and B
(From l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0) (A) lie on the plane
3 (B) are on the same side of the plane
This gives λ = − and the required plane is (C) are on the opposite side of the plane
2
(D) none of these
x – 5y + 3z – 7 = 0
Solution: (C)
17. The equation of the plane containing the line The position vectors of two given points are
x +1 y − 3 z + 2
= = and the point (0, 7, –7) is a = iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ and b = 3iˆ + 3 ˆj + 3kˆ and the equation
−3 2 1
of the given plane is r ⋅ (5iˆ + 2 ˆj − 7kˆ ) + 9 = 0 or r ⋅ n
(A) x + y + z = 2 (B) x + y + z = 3 + d = 0.
(C) x + y + z = 0 (D) none of these
We have, a ⋅ n + d = (iˆ − ˆj − 3kˆ ) ⋅ (5iˆ + 2 ˆj − 7kˆ ) + 9
Solution: (C) = 5 – 2 – 21 + 9 < 0
x +1 y − 3 z + 2 and b ⋅ n + d = (3iˆ + 3 ˆj − 3kˆ ) ⋅ (5iˆ + 2 ˆj − 7kˆ ) + 9
Any plane containing = = is
−3 2 1 = 15 + 6 – 21 + 9 > 0
a(x + 1) +b(y – 3) + c(z + 2) = 0 (1) So, the points a and b are on the opposite sides of the
where – 3a + 2b + c = 0 (2) plane.
If the plane through (0, 7, –7), then 20. Lines r = a1 + tb1 and r = a2 + sb2 lie on a plane if
a + 4b – 5c = 0 (3)
a b c (A) a1 × a2 = O (B) b1 × b2 = O
From (2) and (3), = = , (C) (a2 – a1) . (b1 × b2) = O (D) none of these
−10 − 4 1 − 15 −12 − 2
a b c Solution: (C)
i.e., = = Lines lie in a plane if
1 1 1
Hence the plane (1) becomes (a2 – a1) ⋅ (b1 × b2) = 0
∴
(x + 1) + (y – 3) + (z + 2) = 0, i.e., x + y + z = 0 b1 × b2 is a vector ⊥ to b1, b2.
18. The equation of the plane passing through the straight 21. A square ABCD of diagonal 2a is folded along the
line x − 1 = y + 1 = z − 3 and perpendicular to the diagonal AC so that the planes DAC and BAC are at
2 −1 4 right angle. The shortest distance between DC and AB
plane x + 2y + z = 12 is is
(A) 9x + 2y – 5z + 4 = 0 2a
(A) 2a (B)
(B) 9x – 2y – 5z + 4 = 0 3
(C) 9x + 2y + 5z + 4 = 0 2a  3
(D) none of these (C) (D)   a
5  2 
Solution: (B) Solution: (B)
Any plane through the given line is When folded coordinates will be D(0, 0, a); C(a, 0, 0);
a(x – 1) + b(y + 1) + c(z – 3) = 0 (1) A(–a, 0, 0); B(0, –a, 0)
22.14 Chapter 22
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Equation of DC is, Solution: (C)
x y z−a The distance between the parallel planes
= =
a 0 −a r ⋅ (2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ ) =4
Equation of AB is,
13
x+a y z and r ⋅ (2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ ) =−
= = 3
a −a 0
2a ∵ r ⋅ (6iˆ − 3 ˆj + 9kˆ ) + 13 = 0
∴ Shortest distance = .  
3  so r ⋅ (2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ ) + − 
13
 3 
22. The equation of the plane containing the line
r = iˆ + ˆj + t (2iˆ + ˆj + 4 kˆ ) , is  −13 
4− 
(A) r ⋅ (iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ ) = 3  3   |d − k |
is ∵ Reqd. distance = 
2 + ( −1) + 3
2 2 2
 |n| 
(B) r ⋅ (iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ ) = 6
(C) r ⋅ ( −iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ ) =3 13 25
4+
3 25
(D) none of these = = 3 = .
Solution: (A)
4 +1+ 9 14 3 14
The position vector of any point on the given line is 25. The ratio in which the plane r ⋅ (iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ ) =
17
iˆ + ˆj + t ( 2iˆ + ˆj + 4 kˆ ) = (1 + 2t )iˆ + (1 + t ) ˆj + 4tkˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
divides the line joining the points −2i + 4 j + 7k and
This lies on r ⋅ (iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ ) = 3 3iˆ − 5 ˆj + 8kˆ is
if (1 + 2t) ⋅ 1 + (1 + t) ⋅ 2 + 4t (–1) = 3 (A) 3 : 5 (B) 1 : 10
i.e., if 1 + 2t + 2 + 2t – 4t = 3. i.e., if 3 = 3 which (C) 3 : 10 (D) 1 : 5
is true. Solution: (C)
Hence, the plane r ⋅ (iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ ) =
3 contains the given
Let the plane r ⋅ (i – 2j + 3k) = 17 divide the line join-
line.
ing the points
23. The line of intersection of the planes r ⋅ (3iˆ − ˆj + kˆ ) =
1 – 2i + 4j + 7k and 3i – 5j + 8k in the ratio t : 1 at the
and r ⋅ (iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ ) =2 is parallel to the vector point P.
(A) −2iˆ + 7 ˆj + 13kˆ (B) 2iˆ + 7 ˆj − 13kˆ 3t − 2 −5t + 4 8t + 7
∴ P is i+ j+ k
t +1 t +1 t +1
(C) −2iˆ − 7 ˆj + 13kˆ (D) 2iˆ + 7 ˆj + 13kˆ
This lies on the given plane,
Solution: (A) 3t − 2 −5t + 4 8t + 7
∴ ⋅1 + ( −2) + (3) = 17
The line of intersection of the planes t +1 t +1 t +1
r ⋅ (3iˆ − ˆj + kˆ ) =1 and ⇒ 3t – 2 + 10t – 8 + 24t + 21 = 17t + 17
r ⋅ (i + 4 j − 2 k ) =
ˆ ˆ ˆ 2 is ⊥ to each of the normal vectors 6 3
∴ 20t = 17 − 21 + 10 = 6 ⇒ t = =
20 10
n1 = 3iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and n2 = iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ ∴ Reqd. ratio is 3 : 10.
∴ It is parallel to the vector
26. A plane is parallel to lines whose direction ratios are
n × n = (3iˆ − ˆj + kˆ ) × (iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ )
1 2 (1, 0, –1) and (–1, 1, 0) and it contains the point (1, 1,
1). If it cuts coordinates axes at A, B, C then the vol-
=−2iˆ + 7 ˆj + 13kˆ
ume of the tetrahedron OABC is
24. The distance between the planes r ⋅ (2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ ) =4 (A) 9/5 cu units (B) 9/4 cu units
(C) 9/2 cu units (D) none of these
and r ⋅ (6i − 3 j + 9k ) + 13 =
ˆ ˆ ˆ 0 is
Solution: (C)
5 10
(A) (B) Let the equation of the plane through (1, 1, 1) be
3 14 3 14
a(x – 1) + b( y – 1) + c(z – 1) = 0
25 Since it is parallel to the straight lines having dr’s (1, 0,
(C) (D) none of these
3 14 –1) and (–1, 1, 0), therefore
 Three Dimensional Geometry 22.15
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
a – c = 0 and –a + b = 0 29. The equation of the plane containing the two lines
⇒ a=b=c x − 1 y + 1 z and x y − 2 z + 1 is
= = = =
Therefore, equation of plane is x – 1 + y – 1 + z – 1 = 0 2 −1 3 2 −1 3
x y z (A) 8x + y – 5z – 7 = 0
or + + =1
3 3 3 (B) 8x + y + 5z – 7 = 0
Its intercepts on coordinate axes are A(3, 0, 0), B(0, 3, (C) 8x – y – 5z – 7 = 0
0) and C(0, 0, 3). Hence, the voluem of tetrahedrron (D) none of these
OABC. Solution: (A)
1
= [a b c ] Equation of any plane through the first line is
6
a(x – 1) + b( y + 1) + cz = 0 (1)
3 0 0
1 27 9 where 2a – b + 3c = 0 (2)
= 0 3 0 = = cu. units. It will pass through the second line if (0, 2, –1), a point
6 6 2
0 0 3 on the second line lies on it
x −1 y +1 z − 3 i.e., if – a + 3b – c = 0 (3)
27. Gives the line L : = = and the plane π Solving (2) and (3), we get
3 2 −1
: x – 2y = 0. Of the following assertions, the only one a b c a b c
= = or = =
that is always true is −8 −1 5 8 1 −5
(A) L is ⊥ to π (B) L lies in π Hence equation of required plane is
(C) L is parallel to π (D) none of these 8(x – 1) + (y + 1) – 5z = 0 ⇒ 8x + y – 5z – 7 = 0.
Solution: (B) 30. If the straight lines x = 1 + s, y = –3 – λs, z = 1 + λs
Since 3(1) + 2 (–2) + (–1) (–1) = 3 – 4 + 1 = 0, t
and x = , y = 1 + t , z = 2 − t with parameters s and t
∴ given line is ⊥ to the normal to the plane i.e., given 2
line is parallel to the given plane. respectively, are co-planar, then λ equals
Also (1, –1, 3) lies on the plane x – 2y – z = 0 if (A) 0 (B) –1
1 – 2 (–1) – 3 = 0 i.e., 1 + 2 – 3 = 0 (C) − 1 (D) –2
which is true ∴ L lies in plane π. 2
28. The distance between the line Solution: (D)
r = 2iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ (iˆ − ˆj + 4 kˆ ) and the plane
The given lines are
r ⋅ (iˆ + 5 ˆj + kˆ ) =
5 is
y + 3 z −1
10 10 x −1 = = =s (1)
(A) (B) −λ λ
9 3 3 z−2
10 and 2x = y −1 = =t (2)
(C) (D) none of these −1
3
The lines are coplanar, if
Solution: (B)
The given line is r = a + tb 0 − ( −1) −1 − 3 −2 − ( −1)
where a = 2i – 2j + 3k, b = i – j + 4k and given plane is 1 −λ λ =0
r ⋅ n = p, 1
where n = iˆ + 5 ˆj + kˆ, p = 5 1 −1
2
Since b·n=1–5+4=0 Operate C2 → C2 + C3
∴ given line is parallel to the given plane ∴ the dis-
tance between the line and the plane is equal to length
of the perpendicular from the point a = 2i – 2j + 3k on 1 −5 −1
the line to the given plane. 1 0 λ =0
( 2i − 2 j + 3k ) ⋅ (i + 5 j + k ) − 5 1
∴ Reqd. distance = 0 −1
1 + 25 + 1 2
2 − 10 + 3 − 5 10  λ
= = . ⇒ 5  −1 −  = 0 ⇒ λ = −2
27 3 3  2
22.16 Chapter 22
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
31. A straight line r = a + λ b meets the ;lane r . n = 0 in
    
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S
P. The position vector of P is
   
 a⋅n   a⋅n  The equation of a sphere with centre at origin and radius k is
(A) a +   b (B) a −   b
b⋅n b⋅n x2 + y2 + z2 = k2.
 
(B) a − a ⋅ n b
 
(D) none of these
b⋅n General Equation of a Sphere
Solution: (C) The general equation
x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
    
The straight line r = a + λ b meets the plane r ⋅ n = 0
in P for which λ is given by represents a sphere with centre (–u, –v, –w) and radius
  equal to u2 + v2 + w 2 − d
   a⋅n
( a + λ b) ⋅ n = 0 ⇒ λ = −  
b⋅n Equation of a Sphere through Four Points
Thus, the positive vector of P is Equation of a sphere passing through four non-coplanar
 
  a⋅n  points (x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2), (x3, y3, z3) and (x4, y4, z4) is
r = a−   b
b⋅n x2 + y2 + z2 x y z 1
x12 + y12 + z12 x1 y1 z1 1
SPHERE x22 + y22 + z22 x2 y2 z2 1 =0
A sphere is the locus of a point which remains at a constant x32 + y32 + z32 x3 y3 z3 1
distance from a fixed point. The constant distance is called x42 + y42 + z42 x4 y4 z4 1
the radius and the fixed point is called the centre of the
or
sphere.
(a) Assume the equation of the sphere to be
x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 (1)
EQUATION OF A SPHERE (b) Put the coordinates of four given points in Eqn. (1) to
obtain four equations in u, v, w and d.
Vector Equation The vector equation of a sphere of radius (c) Solve the four equations obtained in Step (b) to get the
a and centre having position vector c is | r – c | = a values of u, v, w, and d.
(d) Put the values of u, v, w and d obtained in Step (c) in Eqn.
(1) to obtain the required equation of sphere.
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S
Equation of a Sphere, the Extremities of
The vector equation of a sphere of radius a with centre at Diameter Being given
the origin, is | r | = a.
Cartesian Form The equation of a sphere described on the
join of two points
Cartesian Equation The equation of a sphere with centre P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2)
(a, b, c) and radius k is given by as diameter is given by
(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 + (z – c)2 = k2 (x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) ( y – y2) + (z – z1) (z – z2) = 0.

Fig. 22.13
Vector Form The vector equation of a sphere, described
on the join of two points P and Q, having position vectors
Fig. 22.12 a and b, as diameter, is given by
 Three Dimensional Geometry 22.17
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
(r – a) . (r – b) = 0 Solution: (C)
or | r2 | – r. (a – b) + a . b = 0 The sphere | r | = 5 has centre at the origin and radius 5.
or | r – a |2 + | r – b |2 = | a – b |2 Distance of the plane
r ⋅ (iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) =3 3 from the origin.
Condition of Tangency
3 3 3 3
Vector Form Condition for the plane r . n = d to touch the = = = 3.
| i + ˆj + kˆ |
ˆ 1 + 12 + 12
2
sphere |r – c| = a is
|c.n − d |
= a
|n|
Cartesian Form Condition for the plane lx + my + nz =
p to touch the sphere x2 + y2+ z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d =
0 is (ul + vm + wn + p)2 = (l2 + m2 + n2) (u2 + v2 + w2 – d).
Thus, in figure
SECTION OF A SPHERE BY A PLANE OP = 5, ON = 3.
∴ NP2 = OP2 – ON2 = (5)2 – (3)2 = 16, ∴ NP = 4
Consider a sphere intersected by a plane. The set of points Hence, the radius of the circular section = NP = 4.
common to both sphere and plane is called a plane section
of a sphere. The plane section of a sphere is always a circle. 33. The equation of the sphere whose centre has the posi-
The equations of the sphere and the plane taken together tion vector (3iˆ + 6 ˆj − 4 kˆ ) and which touches the plane
represent the plane section. r ⋅ (2iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ )| =
10 is
Let C be the centre of the sphere and M be the foot (A) | r − (3iˆ + 6 ˆj − 4 kˆ )|=4
of the perpendicular from C on the plane. Then M is the
centre of the circle and radius of the circle is given by (B) | r − (3iˆ + 6 ˆj + 4 kˆ )| =
4
PM = CP 2 − CM 2 . (C) | r − (3iˆ + 6 ˆj − 4 kˆ )| =
2
(D) none of these
Solution: (A)
The centre of the sphere has the position vector
3iˆ + 6 ˆj − 4 kˆ.
Radius = The distance of the centre whose position
vector
Fig. 22.14 a = 3iˆ + 6 ˆj − 4 kˆ from the plane
The centre M of the circle is the point of intersection of the r ⋅ (2iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ )| =
10
plane and line CM which passes through C and is perpen- |a ⋅ n − d |
dicular to the given plane. =
|n|
Centre: The foot of the perpendicular from the centre of
the sphere to the plane is the centre of the circle. |(3iˆ + 6 ˆj − 4 kˆ ) ⋅ (2iˆ − 2 ˆj − kˆ ) − 10|
=
(Radius of circle)2 = (Radius of sphere)2 – (Perpendicular 22 + ( −2) 2 + ( −1) 2
from centre of sphere on the plane)2
| 6 − 12 + 4 − 10 | | − 12 | 12
Great Circle: The section of a sphere by a plane through = = = =4
the centre of the sphere is a great circle. Its centre and 4 + 4 +1 3 3
radius are the same as those of the given sphere. Centre = (3, 6, – 4); Radius = 4.
Required equation of the sphere is
| r − (3iˆ + 6 ˆj − 4 kˆ )| =
4
SOLVED EXAMPLES
34. The equation | r |2 − r ⋅ (2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ ) − 10 =0 rep-
32. The radius of the circular section of the sphere | r | = 5 resents a
by the plane r ⋅ (iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) =3 3 is (A) circle (B) plane
(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) sphere of radius 4 (D) sphere of radius 3
(C) 4 (D) none of these (E) none of these
22.18 Chapter 22
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Solution: (C) 1
= 3d 2 + 2d + 3
Since the equation | r |2 – 2 (r ⋅ a) + λ = 0 represents a 2
sphere of radius | a |2 −λ , therefore 4 × 3 × 3 − ( 2) 2 32 8
Now 3d 2 + 2d + 3 ≥ = =
| r |2 − r ⋅ (2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ ) − 10 =0 represents a sphere of 4×3 12 3
1 8 2
radius = | iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ |2 +10 = 6 + 10 = 4. ∴ radius ≥ × =
2 3 3
35. The radius of the circle x2 + y2 + z2 = 49,
37. Radius of the circle r 2 + r ⋅ (2iˆ − 2 ˆj − 4 kˆ ) − 19 =0
2 x + 3 y − z − 5 14 = 0 is
r ⋅ (iˆ − 2 ˆj + 4 kˆ ) + 8 =0
(A) 6 (B) 2 6
(A) 5 (B) 4
(C) 4 6 (D) none of these (C) 3 (D) 2
Solution: (B) Solution: (B)
The sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 49 has centre at the origin (0, Given circle is intersection of sphere
0, 0) and radius 7. x2 + y2 + z2 + 2x – 2y – 4z – 19 = 0 (1)
and plane x – 2y + 2z + 8 = 0 (2)
Centre of sphere is (–1, 1, 2).
p = Length of the ⊥ from, (–1, 1, 2) upon (2)
−1 − 2 + 4 + 8 9
= = =3
1+ 4 + 4 3
R = Radius of the sphere = 1 + 1 + 4 + 19 = 5
Distance of the plane 2 x + 3 y − z − 5 14 = 0 from the Radius of the circle = R 2 − p 2 = 25 − 9 = 16 = 4.
origin.
38. The position vector of the centre of the circle
2(0) + 3(0) − (0) − 5 14 −5 14 5 14
= = = = 5. | r |= 5, r ⋅ (iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) = 3 3 is
22 + 32 + ( −1) 2 14 14 (A) 3(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) (B) iˆ + ˆj + kˆ
Thus in Fig.
OP = 7, ON = 5 (C) 3(iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ) (D) none of the above
NP2 = OP2 – ON2 = (7)2 – (5)2 = 49 – 25 = 24 Solution: (A)
∴ NP = 2 6. The equation of ON is r = λ(i + j + k) (1)
Hence the radius of the circle = NP = 2 6.
36. The smallest radius of the sphere passing through (1,
0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) is

(A) 2 (B) 3
3 8
5 5
(C) (D) Since it passes through the origin and is parallel to the
6 12 vector (i + j + k), any pt. on it is λ(i + j + k). If this pt.
Solution: (A) lies on the plane r ⋅ (i + j + k ) = 3 3
Let the sphere be x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 then λ (i + j + k ) × (i + j + k ) = 3 3
It passes through (1, 0, 0) ⇒ 1 + 2u + d = 0 (1)
It passes through (0, 1, 0) ⇒ 1 + 2v + d = 0 (2) or λ (1 + 1 + 1) = 3 3
It passes through (0, 0, 1) ⇒ 1 + 2w + d = 0 (3) ∴ λ= 3
1+ d Putting the value of λ in (i), we get the position vector
∴ u=v=w=−
2 N i.e., centre of the circle as 3(i + j + k ).
Radius of the sphere = u 2 + v 2 + w 2 − d 39. The coordinates of a point which is equidistant from
1 the points (0, 0, 0), (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c) are
= 3(1 + d ) 2 − 4 d
2 given by
 Three Dimensional Geometry 22.19
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
 − a −b c  1 2
(A)  , , 
a b c (A) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 (B) a + b2 + c2
(B)  , ,
 2 2 2  2 2 2  (C) a2 + b2 + c2 2
(D) none of these
a −b −c − a b −c 
(C)  , ,  (D)  , , Solution: (B)
2 2 2   2 2 2 
Let the foot of the perpendicular from the origin on
Solution: (A) the given plane be P(α, β, γ). Since, the plane passes
Sphere passing through (a, 0, 0) (0, b, 0) (0, 0, c) and through A(a, b, c).
(0, 0, 0) is x2 + y2 + z2 – ax – by – cz = 0. Its centre ∴ AP ⊥ OP ⇒ α(α – a) + β(β – b) + γ (γ – c) = 0
 a b c  is equidistant from given points. Hence, the locus of (α, β, γ )is
 , ,  x(x – a) + y(y – b) + z(z – c) = 0
2 2 2
⇒ x2 + y2 + z2 – ax – by – cz = 0,
40. A plane passes through a fixed point (a, b, c). The 1 2
locus of the foot of the perpendicular to it from the
which is a sphere of radius a + b2 + c2
2
origin is a sphere of radius

EXERCISES
Single Option Correct Type

1. The equation of the plane through the points (2, 3, 1) 6. The position vector of the centre of the circle | r | = 5, r
and (4, - 5, 3) and parallel to x-axis is · (i + j + k) = 3 3 is
(A) x - z - 1 = 0 (B) 4x + y - 11 = 0 (A) 3(i + j + k ) (B) i + j + k
(C) y + 4z - 7 = 0 (D) none of these (C) 3(i + j + k) (D) none of the above
2. The edge of a cube is of length ‘a’ then the shortest 7. Perpendicular distance of the point (3, 4, 5) from the
distance between the diagonal of a cube and an edge y-axis, is
skew to it is
(A) 34 (B) 41
(A) a 2 (B) a
(C) 4 (D) 5
(C) 2/a (D) a/ 2
8. A plane passes through a fixed point (a, b, c). The
3. A square ABCD of diagonal 2a is folded along the diag- locus of the foot of the perpendicular to it from the
onal AC so that the planes DAC and BAC are at right origin is a sphere of radius
angle. The shortest distance between DC and AB is
(A) a2 + b2 + c2
(A) 2a (B) 2a/ 3 1 2
(B) a + b2 + c2
(C) 2a/ 5 (D) ( 3/2)a 2
(C) a2 + b2 + c2
4. The line of intersection of the planes r ⋅ (3i - j + k) = (D) none of these
1 and r · (i + 4j - 2k) = 2 is parallel to the vector
(A) -2i + 7j + 13k 9. The direction ratios of the line
(B) 2i + 7j - 13k x - y + z - 5 = 0 = x - 3y - 6 are
(C) -2i - 7j + 13k (A) 3, 1, -2 (B) 2, -4, 1
(D) 2i + 7j + 13k 3 1 −2 2 −4 1
(C) , , (D) , ,
5. The smallest radius of the sphere passing through (1, 14 14 14 41 41 41
0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) is 10. A straight line r = a + λb meets the p lane r ⋅ n = 0 in
P. The position vector of P is
2 3
(A) (B) a⋅n a⋅n
3 8 (A) a + b (B) a − b
b⋅n b⋅n
5 5 a⋅n
(C) (D) (C) a − b (D) none of these
6 12 b⋅n