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Classes By Prof. G.K. Kharbanda XI- IIT/AIEEE Class/Home Assignment 1
3-D Geometry
(1) Co-ordinates and Direction cosines: We take the XY-plane as the plane of paper and

We have already studied the two-dimensional the line Z' OZ as perpendicular to the XY-plane [See

geometry. We learnt that two mutually perpendicular Fig.].

lines called co-ordinate axes divide the whole plane into

four quadrants. Now we will generalize the study to

three-dimensional geometry and consider points lying

in space. We wi1l take three mutually perpendicular

lines defining three mutually perpendicular planes If the plane of the paper is considered as
horizontal, then the line ZOZ will be vertical. If the
which, in turn divide the space into eight parts known
distance measured from the XY-plane is upwards in the
as octants and the lines are known as co-ordinate axes.
direction of OZ then it is positive and those measured
As the position of a point in plane is determined by an downwards in the direction of OZ are taken as

ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers, we shall show that negative. Similar are the other cases. The three co-
ordinate planes divide the space into eight parts [shown
the position of a point in space is determined by an
in figure] knows as octants. These octants could be
ordered triad (x, y, z) of real numbers named as XOYZ, XOYZ, XOY Z, XOYZ, XOYZ ,

Consider three planes intersecting at a point O XOY Z and XOYZ

Note: - Signs of Co-ordinates of a Point in Various
called origin such that these three planes are mutually
Octants
perpendicular to each other. (see Fig.). These three

planes intersect in the lines X'OX, Y'OY, and Z'OZ

called the

x-axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively. We may note that

these lines are mutually perpendicular to each other.

These are called rectangular co-ordinate system.

The plane containing x-axis and y-axis is called XY

2.The distance between two points
plane which is also called XOY plane.

Similar are the other planes. The XY, YZ.and ZX-planes

are known as co-ordinate planes.

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Classes By Prof. G.K. Kharbanda XI- IIT/AIEEE Class/Home Assignment 2
3-D Geometry
m1 x 2  m 2 x1
(m1, m2 > 0) then x = ;
m 1 m 2

P (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) in space is given by m1 y 2  m 2 y 1 m z  m2z1
y= ;z= 1 2 (divides internally)
m 1 m 2 m 1 m 2
PQ = (x 2  x1 )²  (y 2  y 1 )²  (z 2 z 1 )²
m1 x 2  m 2 x1 m y  m2y1
x= ;y= 1 2 ;
Cor. 1. Distance of (x1, y1, z1) from origin = x1 ²  y 1 ² z 1 ² m 1 m 2 m 1 m 2

Ex Planes are drawn parallel to the co-ordinates planes m1 z 2  m 2 z 1

z= (divides externally)
m 1 m 2
through the points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) find the
Cor. 1. If R (x, y, z) divides the join of P (x1, y1, z1) and
length of the edges of the parallelepiped so formed.
Q (x2, y2, z2) in the ratio  : 1 then
Sol.: Here PA, PB and PC are the lengths of the edges

of the parallelepiped as shown in figure. x 2  x 1 y 2  y 1 z 2  z 1

x= ;y= ;z=
 1  1  1

positive sign is taken for internal division and negative

sign is taken for external division.

Cor.2. The mid point of PQ is

 x1  x 2 y 1  y 2 z 1  z 2 
Clearly, PBEC, QDAF are parallel planes yz-plane such  , , 
 2 2 2 
that their distance form yz-plane are x1 and x2
4. Centroid of a Triangle: The centroid of a triangle
respectively. So,
ABC whose vertices are A (x1, y1, z1), B (x2, y2, z2)
PA = distance between the planes PBEC and
and C(x3, y3, z3) are  x 1  x 2  x 3 , y 1  y 2  y 3 , z 1  z 2  z 3 
 3 3 3 
QDAF.  PA = x2 – x1
5. Centroid of Tetrahedron:
PB = distance between the planes PAFC and
The centroid G of a tetrahedron
BDQE which are parallel to zx-plane and are at
ABCD whose vertices are
distances y1 and y2 respectively, from xz-plane
A(x1, y1, z1), B (x2, y2, z2) ,
 PB = y2 – y1 Similarly, PC = z2 –z1.
Where G1 is centroid of the
C (x3, y3, z3) and ∆ ABC and G the centroid of
3. Section formula: If R (x, y, z) divides the join of the tetrahedron divides DG1
D (x4, y4 z4) are in the ratio 3 : 1
P (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) in the ratio m1 : m2

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3-D Geometry
 x1  x 2  x 3  x 4 y 1  y 2  y 3  y 4 z 1  z 2  z 3  z 4  Similarly the d.c.’s of y and z axis are (0, 1, 0) and
 , , 
 4 4 4 
(0, 0, 1) respectively.
6. Direction Cosines (D.C.’s): If a line makes angles
Cor. 2. If ℓ, m, n be the d.c.’s of a line OP and OP = r,
, ,  with positive directions of x, y and z axis then
then the co-ordinates of the point P are (ℓr, mr, nr).
cos , cos  and cos  are called the direction cosines
Cor. 3. ℓ² + m² + n² = 1 or cos²  + cos²  + cos²  = 1.
(or d.c.’s) of the line. Generally direction cosines are
Cor. 4. sin²  + sin²  + sin²  = 2.
represented by < ℓ, m, n >.
7 Direction ratios (d.r.’ s):

Direction ratios of a line are numbers which are

proportional to the d.c.’s of line.

Direction ratios of a line PQ,

(where P and Q are (x1, y1, z1)  (x2, y2, z2)

respectively, are x2 – x1, y2 – y1, z2 – z1)

8. Relation between the d.c.’s and d.r.’s : If a, b, c

OR
are d.r.’s and ℓ, m, n are d.c.’s then

a b
ℓ=  ,m= ,
(a²  b²  c²) (a²  b²  c²)

b
n=
(a²  b²  c²)

Note: If a, b, c are the d.r.’s of AB then d.c.’s of AB are

given by the +ve sign and then those of BA by – ve
sign.
Then angles , ,  are called the direction angles of the 9 If P (x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2), then the projection of

line AB  the direction cosines of BA are [PQ] on a directed line L with direction cosines

cos (π – ),cos (π – ), cos (π – γ) <, m, n> is | (x2 – x1) + m (y2 – y1) + n (z2 – z1)|
= – cos , – cos , – cos . Q

Cor. 1. The direction cosines of the x-axis are

90°
P
cos 0, cos π/2, cos π/2 i.e., 1, 0, 0. θ
R

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3-D Geometry
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 0
14
6. If ,, be the direction angles of a vector and cos   ,
15
1
cos   then cos  =
= | (x2 – x1) + m (y2 – y1) + n (z2 – z1)| (from (i)) 3
2 1
(a)  (b)
Cor.1. If P is point (x1, y1, z1) then the projection of 15 5
1
(c)  (d) None of these
15
OP on a line whose direction cosines are ℓ1, m1, n1 is 7. All the points on the x- axis have
(a) x  0 (b) y  0
|ℓ1x1 + m1y1 + n1z1| where O is origin. (c) x  0, y  0 (d) y  0, z  0
8. Distance of the point (1, 2, 3) from the co-ordinate axes are
Cor.2. The projections of PQ (a) 13, 10, 5 (b) 13 , 10 , 5
Y Q(x2, y2, z2)
1 1 1
(c) 5 , 13 , 10 (d) , ,
13 10 5
9. If the centroid of triangle whose vertices are (a,1, 3), (– 2, b, –5) and
(4, 7, c) be the origin, then the values of a, b, c are
(a) – 2, –8, –2 (b) 2, 8, –2
(x1, y1, z1) P
(c) –2, –8, 2 (d) 7, –1, 0
10. Which of the following set of points are non- collinear
(a) (1, –1, 1), (–1, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1)
(b) (1, 2, 3), (3, 2, 1), (2, 2, 2)
(0,0,0)O X (c) (–2,4, –3), (4, –3, –2), (–3, –2, 4)
x2 – x1 (d) (2, 0, –1), (3, 2, –2), (5, 6, –4)
11. If a line makes angles of 30 o and 45 o with x-axis and y-axis,
then the angle made by it with z  axis is
Z (a) 45 o (b) 60 o
(c) 120 o (d) None of these
Cor.3. If projections of PQ on AB is zero then PQ is 12. If the co-ordinates of the points P, Q, R, S be (1, 2, 3), (4, 5,
7), (– 4, 3, – 6) and (2, 0, 2) respectively, then
perpendicular to AB. (a) PQ|| RS (b) PQ  RS
(c) PQ  RS (d) None of these
SOLVED EXAMPLES 13. If the co-ordinates of the points A, B, C , D be (2, 3, –1), (3, 5,
– 3), (1, 2, 3) and (3, 5, 7) respectively, then the projection of AB
1. If the points (0, 1, 2), (2, –1, 3) and (1, –3, 1) are the vertices of a on CD is
triangle, then the triangle is (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) Right angled (b) Isosceles right angled
(c) Equilateral (d) None of these (c) 2 (d) 3
2. If the points (–1, 3, 2), (–4, 2, –2) and (5, 5, ) are collinear, then 14. If the co-ordinates of the points P and Q be (1, –2, 1) and (2, 3, 4)
and O be the origin, then
=
(a) OP  OQ (b) OP  OQ
(a) – 10 (b) 5
(c) – 5 (d) 10 (c) OP || OQ (d) None of these
3. The point dividing the line joining the points (1, 2, 3) and 15. If the projections of a line on the co-ordinate axes be 2, –1, 2,
(3,  5, 6 ) in the ratio 3 :  5 is then the length of the lines is
(a) 3 (b) 4
 25 3   25 3 
(a)  2, ,  (b)   2, ,  1
 2 2  2 2  (c) 2 (d)
2
 25 3  16.
(c)  2, ,  (d) None of these If the co-ordinates of A and B be (1, 2, 3) and (7, 8, 7), then the
 2 2 projections of the line segment AB on the co-ordinate axes are
4. From which of the following the distance of the point (1, 2, 3) is (a) 6, 6, 4 (b) 4, 6, 4
(c) 3, 3, 2 (d) 2, 3, 2
10
17. The co-ordinates of the point P are ( x , y , z ) and the direction
(a) Origin (b) x-axis
(c) y-axis (d) z-axis cosines of the line OP when O is the origin, are l, m, n . If OP  r ,
5. If ,  ,  be the angles which a line makes with the positive then
(a) l  x, m  y, n  z (b) l  xr , m  yr , n  zr
direction of co-ordinate axes, then sin 2   sin 2   sin 2  
(c) x  lr, y  mr , z  nr (d) None of these
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3-D Geometry
18. A line makes angles  ,  ,  with the co-ordinate axes. If From z-axis  14  5 .
    90 o , then   a24 1b 7
9. (c) 0  a  2, 0   b  8
(a) 0 (b) 90  3 3
(c) 180  (d) None of these
and 0  3  5  c  c  2 .
19. The co-ordinates of a point which is equidistant from the points 3

Check option (c), 4  (2)  3  4

(0, 0, 0), (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c) are given by
10. (c)
a b c  a b c 34  2  (3)
(a)  , ,  (b)   , , 
2 2 2  2 2 2 Therefore, this set of points is non-collinear.
a b c  a b c 3 1 1
(c)  ,  ,   (d)   , ,   11. (d) cos   1   , which is not possible.
 2 2 2   2 2 2  4 2 4
20. The projection of the line segment joining the points (–1, 0, 3) and 12. (d)Find angle between the lines PQ and RS, we
(2, 5, 1) on the line whose direction ratios are 6, 2, 3 is get that neither PQ || RS nor PQ  RS . Also
10 22
(a) (b) PQ  RS .
7 7
18
13. (a) Since AB and CD are perpendicular, therefore
(c) (d) None of these projection of AB on CD is 0.
7
1 1 
14. (b) a1 a2  b1 b 2  c1 c 2  0, so OP OQ .
21. If  , , n  are the direction cosines of a line, then the value of n
2 3  15. (a) r  4  1  4  3 .
is 16. (a) Here, x 2  x1  6 , y 2  y1  6 , z 2  z1  4 and d.c's
23 23 of x, y, z -axes are (1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0, 0, 1)
(a) (b)
6 6
respectively.
2 3
(c)
3
(d)
2
Now projection = (x 2  x1 )l  (y 2  y1 )m  (z 2  z1 )n
22. If the co-ordinates of the points A, B, C be (1, 3, 2), (2, 3, 5) and  Projections of line AB on co-ordinate axes
(3, 5,–2) respectively, then A  are 6, 6, 4 respectively.
(a) 0 (b) 45  17. (c) It is obvious.
(c) 60  (d) 90  18. (b) Here, cos 2   cos 2 (90  )  cos 2   1
23. The number of straight lines that are equally inclined to the three
dimensional co-ordinate axes, is  cos 2   sin 2   cos 2   1
(a) 2 (b) 4  cos 2   1  1    90 o .
(c) 6 (d) 8
SOLUTIONS 19. (a) Let point be (x, y, z), then x 2  y 2  z 2
= (x  a)2  y 2  z 2  x 2  (y  b)2  z 2  x 2  y 2  (z  c)2
1. (b) Here a  4  4  1  9, b  1  4  4  9 and a b c
Therefore x  ,y and z  .
2 2 2
c  1  16  1  18 .Obviously it is a right
20. (b) The reqd. projection
angled and isosceles triangle. 6 2 6
= [2  (1)]  [5  0]  [1  3]
2. (d) 4  1  2  3  2  2 or   2  12 or   10 . 7 7 7
54 52 2
18  10  6 22
= = .
3. (b) x  5  9  2, y  5 (2)  3 (5)  25 7 7
2 2 2
1 1 
z
5 (3)  3 (6) 3
 .
21. (a) If  , ,n are the d.c’s of line then,
2 3 
2 2
2 2
1 1
4. (c) Distance from origin  1  4  9  14 and     n 1
2
 n2 
23
 n
23
.
2 3 36 6
from y-axis  1  9  10 .
x 1 y  3 z  2
5. (a) Since cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1   sin 2   3  1  2 . 22. (d) Equation of AB is   …..(i)
3 0 3
6. (a) cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1 x 1 y  3 z  2
and that of AC is   .....(ii)
 14  1
2 2
8  196  2 4 2 4
 cos   1           .
 15  3 9  225  15  12  0  12 
Hence A  cos 1    90 o .

7. (d) It is obvious.  9  9 16  4  16 

8. (b) From x-axis  y2  z2  4  9  13 23. (b) Since       cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1

 1 
From y-axis  1  9  10    cos 1   
 3 
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So, there are four lines whose direction cosines are 1
 1 1 1    1 1 1   1  1 1   1 1  1 
(c) 3 (d) .
 3
 3 , 3 , 3 ,  3 , 3 , 3 ,  3 , 3 , 3 ,  3 , 3 , 3  .
     

Class/Home Assignment 1 1 1
Q6. If the direction cosines of a line are < , , >
c c c
Q1. In a three dimensional i.e. xyz space the equation then
x² - 5x + 6 = 0 represents (a) c > 0 (b) 0 < c < 1
(a) points (b) planes . (c) c = ± √3 . (d) c > 2
(c) curves (d) pair of straight line Q7 In a three-dimensional space, the equation
Q2. The equation |x| = p, |y| = p, |z| = p in xyz space 3x– 4y = 0 represents
represent (a) a plane containing Z-axis .
(a) cube . (b) rhombus (b) a plane containing X-axis
(c) sphere of radius p (d) point (p, p, p) (c) a plane containing Y-axis

Q3. If a line makes angles , β, γ with OX, OY and OZ (d) None of these

respectively, then cos 2 + cos 2β + cos 2γ Q8 The co-ordinates of the foot of perpendicular from

(a)1 (b) – 1 . the point A(1, 1, 1) on the line joining the points

(c)2 (d) 0 B(1, 4, 6) and C(5, 4, 4) are

Q4. The projections of the segment PQ on the (a) (3, 4, 5) . (b) (4, 5, 3)

co-ordinate axes are –9, 12, – 8, respectively. (c) (3, – 4, 5) (d) (– 3, – 4, 5)

The direction cosines of the line PQ are Q9 The co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular

9 12 8 from the point A(1, 8, 4) to the line joining B(0, –1, 3) and
(a) < , , > (b) < – 9, 12, – 8>
17 17 17
C(2, – 3, – 1) is
 9 12  8  9 12  8
(c) < , , > (d) < , , > .  5 2 19   5 2 19 
289 289 289 17 17 17 (a)   ¸ ,  . (b)  ¸ , 
 3 3 3 3 3 3 
Q5. The plane XOZ divides the join of (1, –1, 5) and
5 2 19 
(c)  ¸ – ,  (d) none of these
(2, 3, 4) in the ratio λ : 1, then λ is 3 3 3

1 Q10. The points (1, 2, 3), (–1, – 1, – 1) and (3, 5, 7) are

(a) – 3 (b) –
3
the vertices of

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(a) an equilateral triangle 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) < , , > . (d) < , , >
3 3 3 2 2 2
(b) an isosceles triangle
Q15. The points A(5, – 1, 1), B(7, – 4, 7), C(1, – 6, 10)
(c) a right triangle
and D(–1, – 3, 4) are the vertices of
(d) none of these .
(a) Rhombus . (b) Square
Q11. A line making angles 45° and 60° with the
(c) Rectangle (d) none of these
positive directions of the axis of x and y makes with the
Q16. The ratio in which the line joining (2, 4, 5),
positive direction of Z-axis, an angle of
(3, 5, – 4) is divided by the YZ-plane is
(a) 60° (b) 120°
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2
(c) 60° and 120° . (d) none of these
(c) – 2 : 3 . (d) 4 : – 3
Q12. The co-ordinates of the point which divides the
Q17 The area of the triangle whose vertices are
line segment joining the points (5, 4, 2) and
(1, 2, 3), (2, 5, – 1) and (– 1, 1, 2) is
(– 1, – 2, 4) in the ratio 2 : 3 externally is
(a) 150 sq. units (b) 145 sq. units
 13 8 14 
(a)  , ,  (b) (17, 16, – 2)
 5 5 5  155 155
(c) sq. units . (d) sq. units
2 2
 17 16  2 
(c)  , ,  (d) none of these .
 5 5 5  Q18 The area of the triangle whose vertices are

Q13. The angle between a line with direction ratios (0, 0, 0), (3, 4, 7) and (5, 2, 6) is

2 : 2 : 1 and a line joining (3, 1, 4) to (7, 2, 12) 3 65

(a) 65 . (b)
2 3
 2  3
(a) cos–1   . (b) cos–1  
 3  2 3
(c) (d) none of these
74
 2
(c) tan–1    (d) none of these
 3 Q19. If , β, γ are angles which a line makes with the

Q14. The direction cosines of a line equally inclined to axes, then the value of sin²  + sin² β + sin² γ is equal to

the +ve directions of axes are (a) 1 (b) 2 .

1 1 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
(a) <1, 1, 1> (b) < , , >
3 3 3
Q20. The locus of the point P(x, y, z) which moves in

such a way that x = a and y = b is a

Created by Prof. G. K. Kharbanda
 Ashirwad Academy
Mathematics Classes
Classes By Prof. G.K. Kharbanda XI- IIT/AIEEE Class/Home Assignment 8
3-D Geometry
(a) plane parallel to xy-plane  26 15 17   26  15 17 
(a)  , ,  (b)  , ,  .
 7 7 7  7 7 7
(b) line parallel to x-axis
 15 26  17   26 17  15 
(c)  , ,  (d)  , , 
(c) line parallel to y-axis 7 7 7   7 7 7 
(d) line parallel to z-axis . Q26.Three right angled triangles with perpendicular

Q21. If the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC is sides (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 3) in cms are welded together so

(2, 2, 5/2), where A, B and C are (a, 2, 3), (1, b, 2) and that the sides of equal lengths come together, then the

(2, 1, c) respectively and O is the origin, then the volume of water this can hold is

distance of P(a, b, c) from origin is equal to (a 10 cm³ . (b) 20 cm³

(a) 45 (b) 53 . (c) 40 cm³ (d) 5 cm³

(c) 11 (d) none of these Sol.: Three right triangles with perpendicular sides

given (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 3) in cms, when welded we get in
Q22 If cos , cos β, cos γ are directional cosines of a
three dimensions O(0, 0, 0), A(4, 0, 0), B(0, 3, 0),C(0, 0, 5)
 cos ² 
line then value of is
 sin ²  and the triangles as AOB, AOC, BOC
(a) 2 (b) 1/2 .
and ∴OABC is tetrahedron.
(c) –2 (d) –1/2
Now Volume of tetrahedron
Q23 If (ℓ, m, n) are direction cosines of line, what is the
= (1/3)(Area of base)  height
value of (ℓ + m – n)² + (m + n – ℓ)² + (ℓ + m + n)² + (n + ℓ – m)²
(a) 0 (b) 1 = (1/3) (1/2 × 3 × 4) × 5 = 10 cm³.
(c) 4 . (d) 4(ℓm + mn + nℓ)
Q24 The distance of the point (1, 2, 3) from the
coordinate axes are A, B and C respectively. Now
THE END
consider the following equations:
1. A² = B² + C² 2. B² = 2C²
3. 2A²C² = 13B²
Which of these holds true?
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3
(c) 1 and 2 (d) 2 and 3 .
Q25. The reflection of the point (2, – 1, 3) in the plane
3x – 2y – z = 9 is

Created by Prof. G. K. Kharbanda