wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<&

13 jk fY%aKsh
lDIs úoHdj

mßYS,k .%ka:h

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;j

=
úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

i
lDIs úoHdj
mrsYS,k .%ka:h
13 jk fY%aKsh

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m%:u uqøKh 2012

ISBN

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u'

uqøKh(

ii
 fmrjok

oaú;Shsl mdi,aj, 12-13 fY%aKs i|yd 2009 j¾Ifha isg lDIs úoHdj kj úIh
ks¾foaYhla y÷kajd fok ,o kuq;a tu úIh b.ekaùfuys ksr; ù isák .=re Nj;=ka
i|yd fuka u úIh bf.k .kakd isiq isiqúhka i|yd mßYS,kh lsÍug isxy,
NdIdfjka rpkd lrk ,o mrsYS,k .%ka: fidhd .ekSu b;du;a wiSre lreKls' fuu
wmyiq;dj u.yerùfï uQ,sl mshjrla f,i lDIs úoHdj úIhhg wod< j isxy,
NdIdfjka rpkd lrk ,o mrsYS,k .%ka:hla t<s oelaùug ,eîu i;=gg lreKla
fjhs'

21 jk ishjfiys YS>f
% hka j¾Okh jk lDIs úoHdj ms<n
s | j kj;u f;dr;=re
we;=<;a fuu .%ka:h mßYS,kh lsÍu u.ska úIh oekqu mßmQ¾K lr .ekSug muKla
fkdj kj ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ f,djla i|yd wjYH jk l=i,;d j¾Okh lr
.ekSug o" isiqkg wjia:dj Wod jk nj udf.a ye`.Suhs'

oekqu flakøa h
S wd¾Òl ixj¾Ok udj;l .uka lrk" YS>% wd¾Òl ixj¾Okhla
b,lal lr .;a Y%S ,xldfõ udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh i|yd fujka kj ;dlaIK
oekqï iïNdrhla wjYH jk wjoshl" fuu wjYH;dj hï m%udKhlska fyda bgq lsÍu
i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhys úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGfha" ;dlaIK wOHdmk
fomd¾;fïka;=j yd f,aLl uKav,h tu .%ka:h rpkd lsÍu i|yd f.k we;s
m%hka;h fuys oS b;d w.h fldg i,lkq leue;af;ñ'

uydpd¾h ví,sõ'tï' wfír;ak nKavdr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iii
 ix{dmkh

w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& lDIs úoHdj úIhh ioyd mrsYS,k .%ka:hla cd;sl

wOHdmk wdh;kfha úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh u.ska t<s oelaùug ,eîu ms<sno j
i;=gq fjñ' lDIs úoHdj yodrk ¥ orejkaf.a wOHdmk wfmalaIdjka idlaId;a
jk mßÈ fuu .% k a : h ;= < úIhh lreKq we;= < ;a j ;s f í' m<s f nda O
l<ukdlrKfhka werfUk fuu mrsYS,k .%ka:hg miq wiajkq ;dlaIKh"
ù j.dj" i;a;aj md,kh yd lDIs wd¾Òl úoHdj we;=<;a j we;' mßir ys;ldó
lDIsl¾uh" wdydr yd fmdaIKh" f.j;= j.dj jeks oE kQ;kfha w;HjYH bf.kqï
w;aoelSï jkq ksh; h' fujka jgmsgdjla ;=< Ôj;a jk orejka iodpdrd;aul
hy.=Khkaf.ka imsß wNsudkj;a mrmqrla f,i iudchg fhduq lsÍu i|yd
fuka u kQ;k f,dalfha /lshd i|yd iQodkï ore msßila iudchg odhdo lsÍfï
NdrOQr j.lSu wOHdmkh i;=j we;' fuu l%shdj,shg ilS%h ohl;ajh ,nd §u

i|yd wjeis u. fmkaùu lDIs úoHdj úIhh ;=<ska bgqfõ hhs wfmalaId lrñ'

tï't*a'tia'mS' chj¾Ok
iyldr wOHCI ckrd,a$úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iv
WmfoaYkh(
uydpd¾h ví'tï' wfír;ak nKavdr wOHlaI ckrd,a" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

tï't*a'tia'mS chj¾Ok iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a" úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

wëlaIKh(
ã'tï' lS¾;sr;ak wOHlaI" ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ie,iqu yd jHdmD;s kdhl;ajh(

tka'ta' .=Kj¾Ok m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" ;dlaIK wOHdmk
fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIhud,d lñgqj(
tka'ta' .=Kj¾Ok m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
fla'Ô'ví'fla' lgql=rekao m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
tï'fla'ã' foaYm%sh m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
î't,a'ã' nd,iQßh wOHdmk wOHlaI ^lDIsl¾u&" lDIsl¾u yd mßir
wOHdmk YdLdj" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
ví'ta' u,a,sld ks'w'w' ^lDIsl¾u&" lDIsl¾u yd mßir wOHdmk
YdLdj" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
à' uosjokka .=re WmfoaYl ^lDIsl¾u&" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
ms<shkao,'

f,aLl uKav,h(
uydpd¾h mS't,a'ta'Ô' w,aúia lDIsl¾u mSGh" reyqKq ú'ú'
wdpd¾h ks,ka;d o is,ajd fcHIaG lÒldpd¾h" lDIsl¾u mSGh" reyqKq ú'ú'
wdpd¾h wekagka fmf¾rd fcHIaG lÒldpd¾h" lDIsl¾u mSGh" reyqKq ú'ú'
wdpd¾h tï'ta'fÊ'jxYmd, fcHIaG lÒldpd¾h" jHjydßl úoHd mSGh"
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h
wdpd¾h wd¾'ta'hQ'fÊ' udrmk fcHIaG lÒldpd¾h" jHjydßl úoHd mSGh"
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h
ã"ta'î'tka' wurfialr fcHIaG lÒldpd¾h" lDIsl¾u mSGh" reyqKq ú'ú'
ta't,a' ikaosl fcHIaG lÒldpd¾h" lDIsl¾u mSGh" reyqKq ú'ú'
fla'tï' pkaøfiak úÿy,am;s" i;a;aj md,k mqyqKq uOHia:dkh"
fldgfokshdj
tï'tï'mS'tï' uqKisxy f.dúm< hdka;%sl WmfoaYl"
osia;%sla lDIs mqyqKq uOHia:dkh" fydaud.u'
wNh fifkúr;ak ysgmq ksfhdacH wOHlaI" cd;sl weiqreï uOHia:dkh
mS'ù'tia'ã' isßj¾Ok ks'w'w' ^lDIsl¾u&" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
.ïmy'

v
 bkaødks wfíúl%u ks'w'w' ^lDIsl¾u&" niakdysr m<d;a wOHdmk
fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U'
tka'Ô' reúks oSmdks i'w'w ^lDIsl¾u&" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" l¨;r
Ô'ta'ta' is,ajd i'w'w'^úoHd$lDIs& l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
l¨;r
wd¾'mS'wd¾' iqNdIsKS .=re WmfoaYl ^lDIsl¾u&" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
ñkqjkaf.dv'
whsrdx.kS wfífldaka .=re WmfoaYl ^lDIsl¾u&" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
.ïmy'
.S;dks pkaøodi .=re WmfoaYl ^lDIsl¾u&" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
fydaud.u'
B'ta'pïmsld ksYdka;s fmf¾rd .=re fiajh" úYdLd nd,sld ú" udfld<'
ã'tia'B' fyar;a .=re fiajh" fcdaYma jdia ú'" fjkakmamqj'
fla'ta'tï' l=iquldka;s .=re fiajh" Y%S fïOxlr u'u'ú'" fydrK'
mS'mS'tia' ñials; .=re fiajh" fâúâ o is,ajd l'ú'" ñkqjkaf.dv'
wd¾' iqO¾ud r;ak;s,l .=re fiajh" fydaud.u u'u'ú'" fydaud.u'
ta'mS'Ô'mS' wurisxy .=re fiajh" .euqKq u'ú" bka.rojq,'
l=iqï úodk.uf.a .=re fiajh" l¨;r nd,sld u'ú'" l¨;r'

ixialrKh(
uydpd¾h fla'fla'ã'tia' rKùr wxY m%Odk" wdydr úoHd yd ;dlaIK wOHhkdxYh"
YS% chj¾Okmqr ú'ú'
wdpd¾h t,a'tï' wfíúl%u wxY m%Odk" lDIs wd¾Òl úoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j"
reyqKq úYajúoHd,h
wdpd¾h î' rKùr fcHIaG lÒldpd¾h" lDIsl¾u mSGh" jhU ú'ú'

mß.Kl ;dlaIKsl ieliqu(

ldka;s talkdhl f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

mß.Kl joka ieliqu(

fïkld m$NdIskS i|ud,s ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
iydh ld¾h uKav,h(
È,skS m%sho¾YkS ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
hQ'ã' fm%auodi ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

msg ljrh(
tka'mS' fi,xld" tia' m;srK 13 fY%aKsh" úYdLd nd,sld úoHd,h" udfld<'

vi
 ye|skaùu

w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& lDIs úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< úIhh iSudjka

jvd;a meyeos,s j oelaùug;a" lDIsl¾uh ms<sn| oekqu hdj;ald,Sk lsÍug;a"
ixlS¾K ixl,am jvd;a ir, j oelaùug;a fuu mrsYS,k .%ka:h ilia lr we;'
lDIs úoHdj úIh yodrk YsIHhkag fuka u .=rejrekag o úIh oekqu ,nd .ekSu
i|yd l,l mgka mej;s wvqjla fuu fmd; t<s oelaùu;a iu. ke;s jkq we;'

jHjydßl úIhhla jQ lDIs úoHdj" ;dlaIK oshqKqj;a iu. osfkka osk

úúO fjkiaùïj,g Ndckh fõ' tneúka" fuu mrsYS,k .%ka:hg muKla iSud
fkdù úIh wdY%s; fjk;a uq,dY% o wOHhkh l< hq;= h' úfYaIfhka u lDIsl¾u
lafIa;%hg iïnkaO rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wdh;k u.ska jßkajr ksl=;a lrk w;a
m;%sld iy úúO iÕrd wOHhkh;a" ta yd iïnkaO fjí wvúj,g msúiSu;a u.ska
wu;r oekqula ,nd .; yels h'

lDIsúoHdj úIh ks¾foaYhg wkql+, jk mßos fuys wka;¾.;h fm<

.iajd we;' tfia u .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfhys i|yka l%shdldrlïj,g
wjYH kHdhsl wjfndaOh fuys wvx.= úIh lreKq wdY%s; j ,nd .; yels h'

lDIs úoHdj úIh i|yd fujeks mrsYS,k .%ka:hla bosßm;a flfrkqfha

m%:u jrg h' bosß ixj¾Ok lghq;= i|yd lDIsl¾u .=rejrekaf.ka yd isik
q f
a .ka
fï ms<sn| j ,efnk ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd w.h lrñ' fuu mrsYS,k .%ka:h
ilia lsÍug iyNd.s jQ lDIs úoHd .=rejreka" lDIs .=re WmfoaYljreka" lDIs
wOHdmk ks,OdÍka" úYajúoHd, lÒldpd¾hjreka iy wfkl=;a ks,OdÍka we;=¨
ish¨ fokdg u fuhska ia;+;s lrñ'

vii
 mgqk

msgqj

fmrjok iii

ix{dmkh iv

úIhud,d lñgqj v

ye|skù
a u vii

úIh wka;¾.;h

11' m<sfndaO l<ukdlrKh 01

12 miq wiajkq ;dlaIKh 65

13' f.j;= j.dj yd ù f.dú;ek 94

14' i;a;aj md,kh 132

15' wdydr yd fmdaIKh 279

16' mßir ys;ldó lDIsl¾uh 351

17' lDIs wd¾Òl úoHdj 370

viii
 11' m<sfndaO l<ukdlrKh

11'1 m<sfndaO
m<sfndaO hkq ñksidg fyda ñksid úiska we;s lrkq ,nk i;l=g" j.d lrkq ,nk
fnda.hlg" .nvd lrk ,o ksIamdokj,g fyda ñksid úiska mßyrKh lrkq ,nk hï
øjHhlg wd¾Òl jYfhka ydks isÿ lrk Ôùka fldÜgdihls'
m<sfndaO m%Odk ldKav ;=kls'
1' lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk i;=ka
2' j,a me<Eá
3' frda. ldrl Ôúka

m<sfndaO ;;a;aj we;s ùu

iajdNdúl mßir moaO;shl mj;sk úúO i;a;aj yd Ydl .yk tu mßir moaO;sh
;=< isÿ jk úúO wka;¾ ls%hd u.ska iu;=,s; uÜgul mj;ajd .kshs' fuh iajdNdúl
iu;=,;s ;dj (natural balance) f,i ye|skf
a õ' fuu iajdNdúl iu;=,;s ;dj mj;ajd .ekSug
wdydr" foaY.=Ksl ;;a;aj" Ôùka w;r ;r.h" Ôúka w;r isÿ jk wka;¾ ls%hd wdosh jeo.;a
fõ' Ôùka w;r isÿ jk wka;¾ ls%hd f,i mrfmdaIs;dj" úf,damSh;dj" iyÔù;dj"
jHdêckl;dj wdosh oelaúh yels h'
by; i|yka tla idOlhl fyda lsym s hl n,mEu u.ska hï Ôúhl=f.a .yk >k;ajh
wvq fyda jeä jqjfyd;a wfkl=;a idOlj, n,mEu fya;=fjka ál ld,hl oS fuh kej;
iu;=,s;;djg meñfKa' fuh úNj iu;=,s;;dj (Potential Equilibrium Level - PEL) f,i
ye|skafõ' lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, oS by; oela jQ iajdNdúl iu;=,s;;dj ì|S f.dia we;eï
Ôù .yk wêl f,i jeä ùu;a" we;eï Ôù .yk widudkH f,i wvq ùu;a isÿ fõ' tfia
.yk >k;ajh jeä jk Ôùka lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, oS ydksodhl jkafka kï Tjqka
m<sfndaO njg m;a úh yels h'

m<sfndaO ;;a;aj we;s ùug fya;= jk lreKq lsysmhla

• j.d lghq;= i|yd iajdNdúl Ydl .ykh bj;a lsÍu' tu.ska mßirfha iajdNdúl
iu;=,s;;dj we;s lrk Ôùkag jdiia:dk wysñ ùu
• f.dúfmd< ;=< ffcj úúO;ajh wvq ùu ksid iajdNdúl i;=rka ysÕ ùu
• j.d ìïj, ;ks fnda.hla fyda f;dard .;a fnda. j¾. lsysmhla muKla j.d lsÍu
• kej; kej; tl u fnda.h j.d lsÍu
• mdrïmrsl fnda. j.dfjka wE;a ùu
• Ydl yd i;=ka m%jdykh

m<sfndaO ydksh uekSfï oS jeo.;a jk .yk uÜgï

Ôúhl= m<sfndaOfhl= oehs ;SrKh lsÍfï § tu Ôúhdf.ka isÿ jk ydksfha uÜgu
y÷kd .; hq;= h' ta i|yd jeo.;a ks¾Kdhlhla f,i Ôúhdf.a .yk >k;ajh fhdod .kS'
.yk >k;ajh hkq tall j¾.M,hla ;=< Ôj;a jk Ôùka ixLHdj hs'
Wod ( j¾. ógrhg Ôùka 10la kï .yk >k;ajh j¾. ógrhg 10 ls'
.yk >k;ajh wkqj m<sfndaO y÷kd .ekSfï oS iSudj f,i fhdod .kakd l,ams;
.yk uÜgï wOHhkhg 11'1 m%ia;drh fhdod .kS'

1
 jix.; ;;a;ajh

m<sfndaO .yk >k;ajh

wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgu
wd¾Òl foay,Sh uÜgu

ld,h
m%ia;drh 11'1 # m<sfndaOj, .yk úp,;d oelafjk l,ams; m%ia;drh

EIL EIL
.yk >k;ajh

.yk >k;ajh
PEL

ld,h
ld,h
a - úNj iu;=,s;;dj b - m<sfndaO fkdjk
.yk >k;ajh

.yk >k;ajh

EIL EIL

ld,h ld,h

c- l,d;=rlska m<sfndaO úh yels d- W.% m<sfndaO úh yels

m%ia;drh 11'2 ( úúO m<sfndaO .yk uÜgï

wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgu (Economic Injury Level - EIL)

hï fnda.hlg wd¾Òl jYfhka ydkshla isÿ lsÍug mgka .kakd wju m<sfndaO
.yk >k;ajh tu m<sfndaO .ykfha wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgu f,i y÷kajhs' wd¾Òl
ydksodhS uÜgfï oS m<sfndaO .ykh md,khg hk úhou m<sfndaO ydksh ksid isÿ jk
w,dNhg iudk fõ' t ksid hï m<sfndaO .ykhla md,kh lsÍu wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgug
meñKSug fmr isÿ l< hq;= h' wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgug meñKs miq m<sfndaO md,k l%u
wkq.ukh lsÍfï oS ta i|yd hk úhou m<sfndaO ydksh ksid wiajekak wvq ùfuka isÿ jk
ydkshg jvd jeä h' tksid th wd¾Òl j w,dNodhl fõ' wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgu fnda.
j¾.h" fnda.fha j¾Ok wjosh" foaY.=K ;;a;ajh" m<sfndaO jeks lreKq u; fjkia fõ'

wd¾Òl foay,Sh uÜgu (Economic Threshold Level - ETL)

hï m<sfndaO .ykhla wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgug <Õd ùu je<elaùu i|yd m<sfndaO
md,k l%u werôh hq;= Wmßu .yk >k;ajh wd¾Òl foay,Sh uÜgu f,i ye|skafõ' fuh
wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgug jvd wvq .yk >k;ajhls' wd¾Òl foay,Sh uÜgu ;SrKh lsÍfï
oS wiajekafka jákdlu" m<sfndaO kdYl i|yd hk úhou" iajdNdúl i;=rka wvq ùfuka
isÿ jk ydksh hk lreKq ms<sn| j ie,lsh hq;= fõ'

2
 by; 11'2 a yd b m%ia;drj,ska oelafjkqfha m<sfndaO fkdjk .yk fõ' fuys oS
md,k l%u fhoSu wjYH fkdfõ' mßir moaO;shl mj;sk fujeks Ôù .yk fnda.
m<sfndaO fkdfõ' c j,ska oelafjkqfha l,d;=rlska m<sfndaO njg m;ajk Ôù .ykhls'
fuu .yk idudkHfhka m<sfndaO fkdjk uÜgfï mj;sk w;r l,d;=rlska we;s jk
;;a;aj wkqj m<sfndaO njg m;a fõ' tneúka fujeks .yk m<sfndaO ;;a;ajhg t<öu
je<elaùu i|yd wjYH wjia:dj, oS md,k l%u fhoSu jeo.;a fõ' m%ia;drfha d j,ska
oelafjkqfha W.% m<sfndaO njg m;a jk Ôù .ykhls' fuu .yk fndfyda úg wd¾Òl
ydksodhS uÜugg jvd by<ska mj;S' Ôù .ykhla fuu ;;a;ajhg m;a jQ miq md,kh wiSre
fõ' ;j o tu .ykh md,khg úYd, úhoula oeÍug isÿ fõ' tksid ksrka;r wjOdkfhka
isg fuu ;;a;ajh we;s ùu j<lajd .; hq;= h'

m<sfndaO jix.; ;;a;aj

hï m<sfndaO .ykhla flá ld,hla ;=< oS wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgu blaujd j¾Okh
ù nrm;, f,i wd¾Òl ydks isÿ l< yels uÜgug m;a j we;a kï th jix.; ;;a;ajhla
f,i y÷kajhs' fujeks wjia:dj, oS m<sfndaO md,kh b;d wmyiq jk w;r ta i|yd wêl
úhoula oeÍug isÿ fõ'
• fjk;a mßirhlska w¨;a lDñ úfYaIhla kj mßirhg we;=,a ùu
• úlD;s u.ska m<sfndaO Ôùkaf.a m%pKav udos,s we;s ùu
• wêl fmdfydr Ndú;h ksid Ydl fldgia uDÿ yd udxY, ;;a;ajhg m;a ùu fya;=fjka
ta u; hefmk Ôùkaf.a .ykh jeä ùu
• jeä wiajkq ,nd fok we;eï m%fNao m<sfndaOj,g wvq m%;sfrdaê;djla oelaùu
• wl%uj;a f,i m<sfndaO kdYl fhoSu" tlu ldñkdYlh fkdlvjd Ndú; lsÍu jeks
kqiqÿiq f.dúfmd< md,k lghq;=j,ska lDñkdYlj,g m%;sfrdaë Ôùka YS>%fhka fnda
ùu
• m<sfndaO lDókag ys;lr foaY.=K ;;a;aj mej;Su ksid YS>%fhka fnda ùu
• lDIs ridhk øjH Ndú;h fya;=fjka m<sfndaOhkaf.a úf,damslhka yd mrfmdaIs;hka
úkdY ùu wdoS fya;+ka ksid hï mßirhl isák Ôùka b;d blaukska j¾Okh ù
m<sfndaO jix.; ;;a;ajhlg m;a fõ'
j.=j 11'1 ù j.djg ydkslr lDóka lsysm fofkl=f.a wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgï
m<sfndaOhd ydksh lrk wjia:dj wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgu
ÿUqre me< j¾Ol wjosh m÷re 25 l fyda ñá ^w;g yiq jk m%udKh& 25 l
lSvEjd lSvEjka 125 la fyda Bg jeä .Kkla
m%ckl wjosh m÷re 25 l fyda ñá 25 l lSvEjka 200 la fyda Bg
jeä .Kkla
f.dla ueiaid j¾Ol wjosh m÷re 25 l fyda ñá 25 l iqÿ f.dn 25 la fyda Bg
jeä .Kkla
fld< j¾Ol yd m%ckl m;% ;,fha wvlg jeä ydkshla yd mK we;s o<Uqjka
yl=<k wjos 25 la iys; m;% 25 la fyda Bg jeä .Kkla m÷re fyda
o<Uqjd ñá 25 l ;sîu
mqrela j¾Ol yd m%ckl wf;a os.ska ,l=Kq jk wv lj fldgia 10 l i,nhska
mKqjd wjos 20 la fyda ì;a;r leo,s 20 la ;sîu
f.dhï mSfok yd lsß josk wf;a os.ska ,l=Kq jk wv lj fldgia 10 l ueiaika
ul=Kd wjos 20 la fyda jeä .Kkla isàu
me< uelald j¾Ol wjosh w¨;ska we;s jQ m;%fha Nd.hlg jeä fldgilAA yels<S
ly meye ù ;sîu

3
11'2 fnda. j.dfõ oS jeo.;a jk lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk i;a;aj m<sfndaO
fnda. j.djg ydks isÿ lrk i;a;aj m<sfndaO úYd, ixLHdjla we;' fudjqka
w;=ßka b;d jeä m<sfndaO ixLHdjla lDñ i;=ka h' thg wu;r j my; ldKavj,g wh;a
iuyr i;=ka o fnda. m<sfndaO f,i ls%hdldÍ fõ'
• uhsgdjka • lDka;lhska
• uDoajxYSka ^fud¨ialdjka& • mlaISka
• laISrmdhSka

lDñ m<sfndaO
fnda. j.djkag ydks isÿ lrk zwd;%fmdavd (Arthropoda)z jxYfha zbkafilagd (Insecta)Z
j¾.hg wh;a Ôùka lDñ m<sfndaO f,i y÷kajhs'
ixhqla; wei iam¾Ylh ysi
mQ¾j mshdm;
mQ¾j mdoh

mQ¾j Wri
uOH Wri
wmr mshdm; mYapd;a Wri
uOH mdoh

Worh wmr mdoh

Wor LKav

rEmh 11'1 # o¾YSh lDñhl=f.a ndysr rEmdldrh

o¾YSh lDñhl= ie,l+ úg Wf.a YÍrh" ysi" Wri yd Worh f,i m%Odk fldgia
;=klg fnoS we;' ysfiys ixhqla; weia hq.<la" iam¾Yl hq.,la iy fu!L Wmdx. msysgd
we;' Wri m%Odk LKav ;=klska iukaú; fõ' tajd mQ¾j" uOH yd wmr Wri f,i y÷kajhs'
fïjdg iïnkaO j mdo hq.< ;=kla msysgd we;' mshdm;a hq.< folla fyda tlla msysáh yels
h' iuyr wjia:dj, mshdm;a fkdue;sj o isà' Worh LKav 10 - 14 la muK ;sìh yels
w;r lDñ j¾.h wkqj fuh fjkia fõ' Wor LKav ;=< wdydr ud¾. moaO;sh" m%ckl
moaO;sh wdosh msysghs' ì;a;r oeóu i|yd .eyekq
i;=kag äïn ksOdhlhla we;'
ì;a;r
lDókaf.a rEmdka;rKh
rEmdka ; rKh wkq j lDñka m% O dk ldKa v
follg fnosh yels h'
1' iïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh
lSghd
lDñhdf.a Ôjk pl%h ;=< oS ì;a;r" lSghd" iqyU
q ,
q d
ms<jd iy iqyqUq,d hk wjos ish,a, u .; lrk
Ôùka fuhg wh;a fõ' mßKdufhka by< lDñka
;=< fuu ;;a;ajh oelsh yels h' Wod ( ly mqrela ms<jd
mkqjd" foys iuk,hd" flfi,a .=,a,d" b,a ueiaid
11'2
# iïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh

4
2' wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh
ì;a;r
lDñhdf.a Ôjk pl%h ;=< oS ì;a;r" YsYj
= d"
iqyqUq,d hk wjos muKla .; lrhs' iqyqUq,d iy
YsY=jd w;r YÍr m%udKfha fjki yer úYd, YsYj
= d
fjkialula oelsh fkdyels h'
Wod ( f.dhï ul=Kd" me< uelald"
m;x.hd iqyU
q ,
q d
rEmh
lDIsld¾ñl j jeo.;a lDñ f.da;% lsysmhla 11'3 ( wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKh

1' f,msfvdmafgrd ^Lepidoptera&& f.da;%h

• iuk<hska iy i,nhka fuu f.da;%hg wh;a fõ' i,nhskaf.a lSg wjia:d fndfyda
úg m<sfndaO f,i ls%hdldÍ fõ'
• úYd, Y,aluh mshdm;a hq.<ls'
• úúO iuk< úfYaIj, úúO j¾Kj,ska hq;a Y,alj,ska mshdm;a wdjrKh ù we;'
• mQ¾j mshdm;a hq.< wmr mshdm;a hq.<g jvd úYd, fõ'
• iqyqUq,a i;=kaf.a uqL Wmdx. uOq hqI Wrd îu i|yd i¾ms,dldr j o`.r .eiqKq
Y=Kavdjla njg m;a ù we;'
• mQ¾K rEmdka;rKhla olajhs'
• lSghka o<Uqjka f,i y÷kajhs' Wrfia mdo hq.< ;=kla iy Worfha mdo hq.< y;rla
we;' YÍrfha fl|s we;'
• lSghkag imk yd úlk uqL Wmdx. we;'
j.=j 11'2 f,msfvdmafgrd f.da;%hg wh;a m<sfndaO iy ydksfha iajNdjh
m<sfndaOh
ydks lrk fnda. iy ydksfha iajNdjh
i,nhd (Maruca testulalis) uqx" lõms" f;dar mßmamq wd§ rks, fnda.j, lr,aa
úoSu
lSghd ù fnda.fha m;% odr tlg ne| kd<dldr
f.dhï fld< yl=¿jk o<Uqjd
fldmqjla iodf.k ta ;=< isg m;% uOHfha mgl
(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)
;Sre jYfhka iQrd lhs' ydksh me;sÍ we;s úg l=Uf
q ¾
;eka ;ekaj, iqÿ meyehg yereKq yels¿K m;% oelsh
yels h'
foys iuk<hd o<Uqjka foys" fodvï jeks Ydlj, <má m;% ld
(Papilio demoleus) oeóu
f.dhfï m;% u; i,nhd leo,s jYfhka ì;a;r
ly mqrela mKqjd ouhs' thska msg jk lSghka m;% mdo ;=<ska l|
(Scirpophaga incertulus) we;=<g f.dia j¾Ok m%foaYh wdydrhg .ksñka jefâ'
fï ksid mSoSug fmr f.dhï Ydlj, ydks isÿ
ùfuka me<fha ueo we;s <má m;%h ñh hhs' fuh
u< yoj; (dead heart) ;;a;ajh f,i y÷kajhs'
mSoSug wdikak f.dhï Ydlj,g ydks l< úg yg
.kakd lr,a iqÿ meyehg úh<S .sh ;;a;ajhla
fmkajhs' fuh iqÿ lr,a mSoSu (white head) f,i
y÷kajhs'

5
 rEmh 11'4 ( rEmh 11'5 ( rEmh 11'6 ( rEmh 11'7 (
Maruca testulalis Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Papilio demoleus Scirpophaga incertulus

2' flda,sfhdmafgrd f.da;%h (Coleoptera)

• l=reñKshka iy .=,a,ka fuu f.da;%hg wh;a fõ'
• mshdm;a hq.< folls' bosß mshdm;a hq.< >k ù mlaIdjrKhla (elytra) njg m;a j
we;'
• mlaIdjrKh tl u; tl fkdmsysgk mßos Worh jefik fia uOH wkajdhdu
f¾Ldfõ oS tlsfkl fya;a;= ù mj;S'
• wmr mshdm; mg,uh fõ' mshEöug wjYH n,h fu u.ska ,nd .kS'
• mQ¾K rEmdka;rKhla olajhs' lSghka C yeve;s lïì,s mKqjka fõ' Wrfia mdo
hq.< ;=kls' Wor mdo ke;'
• lSghskag yd l=reñKshkag imd lk uqL Wmdx. we;s w;r .=,a,kag úosk uqL Wmdx.
we;'
j.=j 11'3 ( flda,sfhdmafgrd f.da;%hg wh;a m<sfndaO yd ydksfha iajNdjh
m<sfndaOh ydks lrk fnda. iy ydksfha iajNdjh
fmd,a l¿ l=reñKshd iqyqUq,a i;=ka fmd,a f.dnhg ydks isÿ lrhs' m;%
(Oryctes rhinoceros) újD; jQ úg ,dlaIKsl lemqï i,l=Kq olakg we;'
iqyqUq,d Èrdm;a jk ldnksl øjH u; ì;a;r ouhs'
lSghd Èrdm;a jk wldnksl øjH wdydrhg f.k
ms,d wjÈh mfia .; lrhs'

tms,elakd l=reñKshd l=l¾ìfÜisfha l=,fha Ydl m;%j,g ydks isÿ lrhs'

(Epilachna spp) lSghka iy iqyU
q ,
q kaf.ka ydks isÿ fõ' Ydl m;%fha
kdrá b;sß lr ld oeóu ksid m;% oe,l iajNdjhla
.ksh's

flfi,a l| .=,a,d lSghka iy iqyqUq,ka flfi,a Ydl l| ld oeóu

(Odoiporus longicollis) ksid Ydl lvd jeàu isÿ fõ'

wjq,lfmdard l=reñKshd lSghd t<j¨ fnda.j, uq,aj,g ydks lrk w;r

(Aulacophora spp) iqyqUq,d m;% ld ouhs' m;%j, isÿre we;s jk fia ld
ouhs'

r;= fmd,a .=,a,d lSghd fmd,a l| úo lfoa w.%ia:fha jQ <má mgl

(Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) ld ouhs' l| isÿre lrk Yíoh msg;ska wefia'

n;, w, .=,a,d n;, w,h ;=< Ôj;a jk lSghka th isÿre lrñka

(Cylas formicarius) wdydrhg .ekSu isÿ lrhs'

6
 rEmh 11'8 # fmd,a l¿ l=reñKshd yd ydksh rEmh 11'9 # tms,elakd yd ydksh

rEmh 11'10 # flfi,a l| .=,a,d yd ydksh

rEmh 11'11 # r;= fmd,a .=,a,d yd ydksh

rEmh 11'12 # wjq,lfmdard ydksh rEmh 11'13 # n;, w, .=,a,d yd ydksh

3' ämafgrd (Diptera) f.da;%h

• ueiaika iy uÿrejka wh;a fõ'
• iqyqUq,a ämafgrdjkag mg,uh mshdm;a hq.<la we;' fojk hq.<h laISk ù
iunr;dj /lSu i|yd f;da,l hq.<la njg úlrKh ù we;'
• uÿrejkag úo hqI Wrd fndk uqL Wmdx. o ueiaikag f,j lk fyda f;; ud;a;= lrk
wdldrfha uqL Wmdx. o we;'
• mQ¾K rEmdka;rKhla olajhs'
• lSghka mdo fkdue;s w;r k,shk p,k olajhs'
• ms,d wjia:dj fldaIhla ;=< fyda ksoyia j .; lrhs'

7
 j.=j 11'4 ( ämafgrd f.da;%hg wh;a m<sfndaO yd ydksfha iajNdj
m<sfndaOh ydksfha
fha iajNdjh
f.dhï f.dla ueiaid lSghd f.dhï Ydlfha j¾Ok w.%hg ydks isÿ l< úg iqÿ
(Orseolia oryzae) meye;s Ækq fld<hla jeks f.dnhla we;s fõ' Ydlh ;j
ÿrg;a j¾Okh fkdfõ' fuu ßoS f.dnh (silver leaf) miqj
fld< meyehla .kakd w;r lSghd iqyqUq,a ;;a;ajhg m;a jQ
miq f.dnfha w. fl<jr isÿrla idod f.k msg j hhs'
m,;=re ueiaid iqyqUq,a i;=ka wU" fmar jeks M, isÿre lr ta ;=< ì;a;r
(Bactrocera dorsalis) oeóu ksid bÿKq M, ;=< mKqjka isàfuka tajd l=Kq ùu
isÿ fõ'
b,a ueiaid jegfld¿" mf;da," lrú, jeks l=l¾ìfÜisfha l=,fha
(Bactrocera cucurbitae) M,j,g ydks lrhs'
fndaxÑ ueiaid lSghd l=vd rks, Ydlj, lf|a mdoia: fldgi ld ouhs'
(Ophiomyia phaseoli)

rEmh 11'14 # f.dhï f.dla ueiaid iy ydksh rEmh 11'15 # fndaxÑ ueiaid
id iy ydksh

rEmh 11'16 # m,;=re ueiaid yd ydksh rEmh 11'17 # b,a ueiaid yd ydksh

4' yhsfufkdmafgrd (Hymenoptera) f.da;%h

• l=yqUqjka" ó ueiaika" fonreka" nUreka fuu f.da;%hg wh;a fõ'
• mg,uh mshdm;a hq.< folla we;' miq mshdm;a hq.< bosß mshdm;a hq.< iu. fldl=
fma<shla u.ska tlsfkl iïnkaO ù mshEöfï oS ;ks jHqyhla f,i ls%hd lrhs'
• l=yqUqjkag úlk iy ymk j¾.fha uqL Wmdx. o ó ueiaikag úlk iy f,j lk
j¾.fha uqL Wmdx. o we;'
• Worfha isyska jQ fm%dfmdaähu ^jDka;h& úfYaI ,laIKhls'
• iïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKhla olajhs' lSghkag mdo fkdue;' ysi meyeos,s j we;'
• fndfyda lDóka ys;lr i;=ka jk w;r j¾. lsysmhla muKla m<sfndaO fõ'
• fndfyda úfYaI >kdjdiS f,i Ôj;a fõ'

8
 j.=j( 11'5 # yhsfudfkdmafgrd f.da;%hg wh;a m<sfndaO yd ydksfha iajNdjh
m<sfndaOh ydksfha iajNdjh
l=yqUq úfYaI w¾;dm,a" Ækq jeks Ydlj, uq,a ld oeóu
(Solenopsis spp) msá ul=Kka me;sr ùu
osñhka uE jeks Ydlj, u,a ld oeóu
(Oecophylla smaragdina) Ydl m;% f.dgq ne|Su

5' ´f;dmafgrd (Orthoptera) f.da;%h

• mshdm;a hq.< 2 ls' mQ¾j mshdm;a hq.< taldldr j >k j we;' th ge.añkd
(tagmina) f,i y÷kajhs' mshEöug WmldÍ fkdfõ'
• wmr mshdm;a hq.< mg,uh hs' mshEöug WmldÍ fõ'
• iuyr lDñkag mshdm;a ke;'
• iuyr lDñkaf.a miq mi mdo úYd, ù we;' mekSu i|yd th wkqj¾;kh ù we;'
• imd lEu i|yd uqL Wmdx. YsY=jdg yd iqyqUq,dg we;'
• fndfyda úg ksYdpr hs' iuQy jYfhka ydks isÿ lrhs'
• w¾O rEmdka;rKhla olajhs'

j.=j( 11'6 ( ´f;dmafgrd f.da;%hg wh;a m<sfndaO yd ydksfha iajNdjh

m<sfndaOh ydksfha iajNdjh
ìï W!rd ù iy wfkl=;a fnda. Ydlj, uq,a ld oeóu
(Gryllotalpa orientalis)
m;x.hd (Locust) ish¨u fnda. Ydlj, m;% ld oeóu
(Aularches miliaris)

rEmh 11'18 # ìï W!rd yd ydksh rEmh 11'19 # m;x.hd yd ydksh

6' fydafudmafgrd (Homoptera) f.da;%h

• mshdm;a hq.< folls' mQ¾j mshdm;a hq.< taldldr j >klï we;' wmr mshdm;a
hq.<h mg,uh hs'
• wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKhla olajhs'
• iqyqUq,ka iy YsY=jkag úo hqI Wrd fndk uqL Wmdx. we;'

9
 j.=j( 11'7 fydafudmafgrd f.da;%hg w h;a m<sfndaO yd ydksfha iajNdjh
wh;a
m<sfndaOh ydksfha iajNdjh

ÿUqre me< lSvEjd hqI Wrd îu ksid lSvE ms<i

s i
a u
S we;s fõ' YsYj
= kag mshdm;a
(Nilaparvata lugens) fkdue;s ksid tu i;=kaf.ka ydks isÿ jkqfha hdno
me<j,g h' tksid l=Uqf¾ ;ekska ;ek lSvE ms<siaiqu
oel .; yels h' ydksh jeä ùu;a iu. .ia ueÍ hdu isÿ
fõ'
l=ä;a;d (Aphid) hqI Wrd îu fya;=fjka úlD;s fldgia we;s fõ' jhsri
frda. jdylhka h' .ykh wêl jQ úg Ydlfha
j¾Okh nd, fõ'
fnda. Ydlj,ska hqI Wrd îu yd jhsria frda. me;sr
iqÿ ueiaid (Bemisia tabaci) ùu
wkakdis msá ul=Kd fnda. Ydlj,ska hqI Wrd îu yd jhsria frda. me;sr ùu
(Dysmicoccus brevipes)
fldrfmd;= lDóka
(Aspidiotus destructor) m,;=re iy t<j¨ Ydlj,ska hqI Wrd îu

rEmh 11'20 # ÿUqre me< lSvEjd iy ydksh rEmh 11'21 # l=ä;a;d iy ydksh

rEmh 11'22 # iqÿ ueiaid iy ydksh

rEmh 11'23 # wkakdis msá ul=Kd rEmh 11'24 # fldrfmd;= lDóka

10
7' fyñmafgrd (Hemiptera) f.da;%h
• mshdm;a hq.< folls' mQ¾j mshdmf;a wúÿr ;=fkka foll muK fldgi >k ù
we;s w;r" wfkla fl<jr mg,uh fõ' wmr mshdm; mg,uh fõ'
• wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKhla olajhs' YsY=jka yd iqyqUq,kag úo hqI Wrd fndk uqL
Wmdx. we;' fuu uqL Wmdx. Ndú; fkdlrk úg mdo hq.< ;=k w;r r|jd .kS'
• úfYaI wdfõKsl .kaOhla ksl=;a lrhs'

j.=j 11'8( fyñmafgrd f.da;%hg wh;a m<sfndaO yd ydksfha iajNdjh

m<sfndaOh ydksfha iajNdjh
. f.dhï ul=Kd lsß josk ù wegj,ska iqyqUq,ka yd YsY=jka hqI Wrd
(Leptocorisa acuta) îu ksid fnd,a îc we;s fõ' ù weg úh<S ;o njg
m;a jk úg ydksh l%ufhka wvq ù hhs'
fld< meye;s mia uq`M ul=Kd rks, fnda.j, <má lr,aj,ska hqI Wrd îu
(Nezara viridula)
r;= lmq ul=Kd lmq" nKavlald jeks lr,aj,ska hqI Wrd îu
(Dysdercus cingulatus)
l¿ meye;s mia uq¿ ul=Kd f.dhï Ydlfha lf|ka hqI Wrd îu
(Scotinophara lurida)

rEmh 11'25 # f.dhï ul=Kd rEmh 11'26 # r;= lmq ul=Kd

rEmh 11'27 # l¿ meye;s mia uq¿ ul=Kd rEmh 11'28 # fld< meye;s mia uq¿ ul=Kd

11
8' ;hsifkdmafgrd (Thysanoptera) f.da;%h
• b;d l=vd lDñka fõ'
• mshdm;a b;d mgq jk w;r odrfhys os.á oeä fl|s we;' iuyr úfYaIj, g
mshdm;a ke;'
• wiïmQ¾K rEmdka;rKhla we;'
• uqL Wmdx. iQrd hqI Wrd îug yev .eiS we;'
• YsY=jka yd iqyqUq,ka j.djkag ydks isÿ lrhs'
• uDÿ YÍr we;'
• Worh fl<jr fla;=jl yevh .kS'
j.=j(11'9 ;hsifkdmafgrd f.da;%hg wh;a m<sfndaO iy ydksfha iajNdjh
m<sfndaOh ydksfha iajNdjh
f.dhï me< uelald YsY=jd iy iqyqUq,d ù m;% iQrd hqI Wrd fndhs' ydks
(Stenchaetothrips biformis) isÿ l< m;%j, os.á iSreï ,l=Kq oel.; yels h'
h, lkakfha m%udo ù j.d lsÍu;a" l=Uqrej, c,h
wvq ùu;a fuu ydksh nyq, ùug fya;= fõ'
Ækq me< uelald Ækq fld<fha wmsp¾uh iQrd bka msg jk hqI Wrd
(Thrips tabaci) îu' ydks l< m;%j, iqÿ meye;s iSreï ,l=Kq ;sîu
oreKq ydksodhl wjia:dj, § m;% weUÍ u,dksl ùu'

rEmh 11'29 # f.dhï me< uelald iy ydksh

rEmh 11'30 # ÆKq me< uelald iy ydksh

lDñ fkdjk m<sfndaO i;=ka

• uhsgdjka
lDñka iy uhsgdjka fjka lr y÷kd .ekSug
fudjqkaf.a úfYaI ,laIK Wmfhda.S lr .kS'

rEmh 11'31 # uhsgdfjla

12
 j.=j( 11'10 ( lDñka iy uhsgdjka fjka lr y÷kd .ekSug jeo.;a jk ,laIK
lDóka uhsgdjka
iudk;d
1' ndysr iels,a,la we;' ndysr iels,a,la we;'
2' ikaos mdo we;' ikaos mdo we;'
3' yej ye<Sula we;' yej ye<Sula we;'
wiudk;d
1' YÍrh m%Odk fldgia 3 ls ' YÍrh m%Odk fldgia 2ls'
^ysi" Wri" Worh& ^YS¾fI!ri - Worh&
2' mdo hq.< 3 ls mdo hq.< 4 ls'
3' wfOdaykq iys; uqL Wmdx. we;' wfOda ykq ke;' ioxY YDx.h yd
uDY mdodx.h iys; uqL Wmdx. we;'
4' fndfyda lDókag mshdm;a we;' lsisúgl mshdm;a ke;'
5' iam¾Yl we;' iam¾Yl ke;'

uhsgd ydksh i|yd WodyrK

• fld< fldv ùu ^Wod# ñßia&
fudjqka ñßia Ydlj, m;%fha
há me;af;a isg hqI Wrd fndhs'
fï ksid ñßia m;% há w;g frda,a
ùu isÿ fõ'
úúO uhsgd úfYaI u.ska fmd,a"
f;a" weka;+ßhï wd§ j.djkag
ydks isÿ lrhs'
rEmh 11'32 # uhsgd ydksh
• lDka;lhska
fudjqka frdfvkaIshd (Rodentia) f.da;%hg wh;a l=vd laISrmdhS i;=ka fõ' <Eá .Eu
u.sska ydks isÿ lrhs' Wod ( óhka" b;a;Ejka" W!re óhka" f,akqka
• fj,a óhd .ia lmd oeóu;a" lr,a lmd îc wdydrhg .ekSu;a isÿ lrhs'
• .nvd lr we;s ù iy fjk;a îc j¾.j,g óhkaf.ka ydks isÿ fõ'
• b;a;Ejka" W!re óhka jeks i;=ka w, fnda.j,g iy Ydl uq,aj,g ydks isÿ lrhs'
f,akqka m,;=re j¾.j,g ydks isÿ lrhs'
• uDoajxYSka
f.d¨fn,a,ka" yxf.d,a,ka jeks i;=ka fuhg wh;a fõ' l=vd t<j¨ me< lmd oeóu"
u,a iy úis;=re m;s%l Ydlj, yd fjk;a fnda. me<j, <má m;% ld oeóu fuu i;=ka
isÿ lrhs'
• mlaISka
.srjqka" ù l=re,a,ka" fudkreka jeks mlaISyq fnda.j,g ydks isÿ lr;s' fudjqyq OdkH
fnda. iy udI fnda. lr,a ld oeóu úYd, jYfhka isÿ lr;s'
• laISrmdhska
uqjka" f.dakqka" j,a W!rka" jjq,ka wdoS laISrmdhS i;ajfhda fnda.j,g ydks isÿ lr;s'
jjqf,da m,;=rej,g ydks isÿ lr;s' uqjka" f.dakqka jeks i;a;= jefvk fnda. me<
wdydrhg .kshs' j,a W!frda w, fnda.j,g úfYaIfhka ydks isÿ lr;s'

13
11'3 lDñ m<sfndaOhkaf.a uqL Wmdx.j, iajNdjh
lDñ m<sfndaOj, uqL Wmdx.j,
ol=Kq wfOda ykqj jï wfOda ykqj
iajNdjh wkqj fmdaIK ú,dYh fjkia
fõ' ta wkqj úúO uqL Wmdx. my; mrsos
fõ'
ol=Kq ykql
uDYh iys; ykql jï ykql
• imk yd úlk uqL Wmdx. Wmdx. uDYh iys;
ykql Wmdx.
imk iy úlk wdldrhg ieliqKq
lDñ m<sfndaOhkaf.a wfOdaykq b;d
meyeos,s f,i Ydl fldgia imd fyda
úld wdydrhg .; yels wdldrhg ilia wOÍh uDY iys; mQ¾fjdaIaGh
ù we;' wOrh

fujeks uq L Wmdx. m<Õeáhka " rEmh 11'33 # imk iy úlk uqL Wmdx. iys;
m;x.hka" ;Kfld< fm;a;ka jeks ´f;dmafgrdjkaglDñhl= " fõhka
f.a jeks whsfidmafgrdjkag"
ysil rEmhla
flda,sfhdmafgrd iqyqUq,ka iy lSghkag yd f,msfvdmafgrd lSghkag msysgd we;'

imd lk uqL Wmdx. iys; lDñkaf.ka isÿ jk ydks

• m;% fldgia ld oeóu fyda lmd oeóu u.ska m%NdixYaf,aIK lafIa;%M,h wvq lsÍu
Wod ( wjq,lfmdard l=reñKshka (Aulacophora spp.)
fmd,a l¿ l=reñKshd (Oryctes rhinocerus)
;Kfld< fm;a;ka (Melanoplus spp.)
• mqIam yd M, fldgia wdydrhg .ekSu
Wod ( ìì,s l=reñKshd (Blister beetle) (Epicauta spp.)
• wxl=r iy <má me< ld oeóu
Wod ( lsh;a mKqjka (Spodoptera litura)
• l| isÿre lr wNHka;r fldgia ld oeóu
Wod # flfi,a w, .=,a,d (Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar))

rEmh 11'34 # ;Kfld< fm;a;kaf.a ydksh rEmh 11'35 # lsh;a mKqjkaf.a ydksh

14
• úo hqI Wrd fndk fu!L Wmdx.
• fuu ldKavfha lDñ m<sfndaO-
hkaf.a ysfia WorSh me;af;ka ìys
jk úo hqI Wrd îug úlrKh jQ pQIlfha
;=Kavhla we;' udxY fmaYS
• fuu ;=Kv a h wOrh úlrKh ù iEoS
we;s w;r th ;=< ;shqKq lgq jeks pQIlh wkakfi%d;
a h
lS,l hq.<la we;' lS,l iEoS
we;af;a ykql Wmdx. iy wfOdaykq
lS,lh
úlrKh ùfuks'
• wfOda ykqfjka iEÿKq lS,lh mgl Ydl
u;=mg
s
isÿre lsÍug WmldÍ fõ' ykql
Wmdx.fhka iEÿKq lS,lh ;=< ishï q
kd< folla we;' bka tla
kd<hlska fÄgh mgl ;=<g fmdïm lrk w;r wfkla kd<fhka
rEmh 11'36 ( úo hqImgl
Wrd is
avdÿfÄg
fndk
Y=K re lr
fldmq j hqIh
Wrd .ekSu isÿ lrhs' ;==Kavfha fldmqj wdOdrlhlafu!L
f,iWmdx.
ls%hd iys
lrhs ' fujeks
; lDñ ysila.%kÓ
a m<sfndaO
wh;a jk m%Odk ldKavh jkafka fyñmafgrd f.da;%h hs'

úo hqI Wrd fndk fu!L Wmdx. iys; lDókaf.ka isÿ jk ydks

l+ä;a;ka" msá ul=Kka" iqÿ ueiaika hqI Wrd îu u.ska fujeks ydks we;s fõ'

rEmh 11'37 # m;% odrh há w;g rEmh 11'38 # M, u; rEmh 11'39 # m;% ;,fha mDIaàh me;a;
l¿ ÿUqre meye;s ,m u; l¿ meye;s mqia j¾Okh ùu'
yels<u
S ^uOq meKs u; hefmk l`M mqia (sooty
we;s ùu
mould) ksid fuu ;;a;ajh we;s fõ&

iQrd hqI Wrd fndk lDñkaf.a fu!L Wmdx.

rEmh 11' 40 # ffjria frda. rEmh 11'41 # foys Ydlj, m%frday rEmh 11'42 # ldIaÁh l|ka iys;
jHdma; ùu w.%ia:h isyska ù j¾Okh ùu Ydlj, w.%ia: m%frday ue<ùu yd
ueÍ hdu

15
 mQ¾fjdaIagh >
< ykql uDIh
ykql Wmdx.h >
< wOrh
wfOda ykqj >
lS,l
iQrd hqI Wrd fndk fu!L Wmdx. iys; lDñkaf.ka isÿ jk ydks
rEmh( 11'43 # iQrd hqI Wrd fndk lDñhl=f.a fu!L Wmdx.j, o¾YSh fmkqu
iQrd hqI Wrd fndk wdldrfha fu!L Wmdx. ;hsifkdmafgrd f.da;%fha me< uelaldg
we;' iqyqUqf,da yd YsY=fjda ydks isÿ lr;s' fudjqkaf.a ;=Kavh b;d flá jk w;r fla;=
yevh .kS' ;=Kavfha b;d flá lS,l we;' ykql uDY ukd j j¾Okh ù we;' me< uelald
Ydl mgl u;=msg muKla iQrd u;=msg ffi, hqIh u; fmdaIKh fõ'

11'4 lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk i;a;aj m<sfndaO md,k l%u

lDñ m<sfndaO .yk iajdNdúlj u hï md,khlag hg;a jqj o" we;eï wjia:dj,
fuu iajdNdúl md,kh wNsnjd tu .yk j¾Okh ùug mgka .kshs' lDñ .ykj,
j¾Okh uev meje;aùug iajdNdúl md,kh wfmdfydi;a jk fujeks wjia:dj, oS lD;%su
md,k l%u fhoSug isÿ fõ' fïjd ñksidf.a n,mEu hgf;a isÿ jk md,k l%u fõ' tu
md,k l%uj, iajdNdjh wkqj tajd my; wdldrhg j¾. l< yels h'
• hdka;s%l l%u ^fN!;sl l%u&
• YIH úoHd;aul l%u ^lDIsld¾ñl l%u&
• ffcj úoHd;aul l%u
• jHjia:dms; l%u
• ridhksl l%u
• m%fõKs úoHd;aul md,k l%u
• taldnoaO lDñ m<sfndaO md,k l%u
fN!;sl l%u
my; i|yka l%u fuhg wh;a fõ'
• w;ska tl;= lr úkdY lsÍu
lDñ i;=ka" lSghka" ì;a;r leoe,s wdosh;a f.d¨fn,a,ka jeks i;=kq;a w;ska fyda
w;x.=jlska tl;= lr úkdY lr oeñh yels h' f.j;= fyda l=vd mßudK j.dj, oS fuu
l%uh fhdod .; yels h'
• fN!;sl ndOl fhoSu
m<sfndaO ;ekska ;ekg .uka lsÍu je<elaùug WÑ; ndOl fhoSu fuys oS isÿ lrhs'

• Ydlj, M, wdjrKh lsÍfuka m<sfndaO tajdg isÿ lrk ydks j<lajd .ekSu'
Wod ( mf;da," lrú, jeks M, fmd,s16;Skaj,ska wdjrKh lsÍfuka b,a ueiaidf.ka
jk ydksh j<lajd .ekSu
 • j.d ìfï by<ska fmd,s;Ska má weoSfuka tys we;s jk Yíoh ksid mlaISka m,jd
yeÍu
• j.d ìfï udhsu jgd 75cm la muK Wig iqÿ fmd,s;skaj,ska wdjrKh lsÍu ksid
j.d lafIa;%hg óhka we;=¿ ùu md,kh lsÍu
• mf;da," lrú," jegfld¿ jeks j.djkays fhdod we;s mkao,ug brgq bj;a lrk
,o fmd,a w;= fhoSfuka b,aueiaidf.a meñKSug ndOd lsÍu
• W.=,a fhoSu
• myka W.=,a fhoSu' fu u.ska wdf,dalhg ,eos lDñi;=ka úkdY l< yels h'
Wod ( mqrela mKq i,nhka" f.dhï ul=Kka" lSvEjka
• ó l;=re Ndú;h' j.d ìfï ó l;=re wegùfuka óhka md,kh
l< yels h' l=vd mßudK j.dj, oS fuh fhdod .; yels h'
• lgq w;= weoSu
ù j.dfõ m;% yl=¿jk o<Uqjka md,khg fuu l%uh fhdod .kS'
tu.ska f.dgq
ne| we;s m;% leã o<Uqjka j;=rg jegqKq úg Tjqka úkdY ùu isÿ rEmh
fõ' 11'44 ( myka W.=,

• ÿïu, kQ,a weoSu

ù jeks j.dj, ÿïu, ;ejrE kQ,a weoSfuka tajdfha ier iqj|g lDñka meñKSu
je<fla'

• l=¨ .Eu
mrK l=,a,l fodrK f;,a yd o`Mla lsß ñY%Kh fyda
fldfyd,a,E ;jrd tyd fuyd jekSfuka lDñ i;=ka
tys we,Su isÿ fõ'

• osh fyd,auk
glh jeks Yío Wmfhda.S lr f.k mlaISka jeks
m<sfndaO m<jd yeÍu

YIH úoHd;aul l%u ^lDIsld¾ñl l%u$ frdamK l%u&

rEmh 11'45 ( osh fyd,auk
fnda. j.dfõ oS wkq.ukh lrk l%u u.ska m<sfndaO .ykh wju jk f,i lghq;=
lrhs' fuys oS úúO l%u fhdod .kS'
• l%udkql+, j ìï ms<sfh, lsÍu
j.d lghq;= i|yd l%udkql+, j ìï ms<sfh, lsÍfuka mfia isák m<sfndaOhkaf.a
ì;a;r" lSg" ms,d wjos mi u;=msgg meñKSfuka mlaISkag f.dÿre ùu" ysre t<shg úh<S
hdu wdoS l%uj,ska úkdY ùu isÿ fõ'
• hdh tlg j.d lsÍu
j.d lsÍfï oS uq¿ hdhu tlg j.d lsÍu ksid m<sfndaO ydks wju fõ'
Wod ( hdh tlg j.d l< úg f.dhï me< wjosfha oS ydks isÿ lrk f.dla ueiaid
jeks m<sfndaOj,g tla ld, iSudjl oS hemSug wjYH Ydl wvq ùu ksid
Tjqkaf.a .ykh md,kh fõ' kuq;a jßka jr j.d l< fyd;a Tjqkag wjYH
wdydr lafIa;%h ;=< os.g u mj;sk neúka tu lDñ .ykh os.gu wdrlaId ù
mj;S'

17
• kshñ; ld,fha oS fnda. j.d lsÍu
úfYaIfhka u ù jeks fnda. j.d lsÍfï oS kshñ; ld, iSudj ;=< îc jemsÍu
fyda me< isgqùu l< hq;= hs' tfia fkdjQ úg lDñkaf.a j¾Okhg ys;lr mdßißl
idOl iu. fnda.fha j¾Ok wjos .e<mS lDñ ydks nyq, fõ' ta ksid tu ;;a;ajh
j<lajd .ekSug kshñ; ld,fha oS fnda. j.dj weröu l< hq;= h'
• ks¾sfoaYs; fmdfydr kshñ; m%udKhg fhoSu
Ydlhg fhosh hq;= fmdfydr m%udKh wvq jQ úg j¾Okh nd, ùu ksid
m<sfndaOj,g Tfrd;a;= oSfï yelshdj wvq ùfuka isÿ jk ydksh wêl fõ' fmdfydr
Ndú;h jeä jQ úg Ydlj, j¾Ok fõ.h jeä ù Ydl udxi, ùfuka m<sfndaO
ydksj,g myiqfjka f.dÿre fõ' tksid ks¾foaYs; fmdfydr kshñ; m%udKhg Ndú;h
b;d jeo.;a fõ'
• ukd c, md,kh
fnda. j.djg imhk c,h fya;=fjka wjg mßirfha idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj by<
hhs' fuu ;;a;ajh ksid iuyr lDñ m<sfndaO .yk by< hdu isÿ fõ' tjeks
wjia:dj, osk lsysmhla úh<s ;;a;ajfhka j.d lafIa;%h ;nd .; hq;= fõ' ;j;a
iuyr wjia:dj, oS j.d ìï c,fhka hg lsÍfuka lDñ m<sfndaOj, ms,d wjos" ì;a;r
wdosh mfiys mj;sk úg tajd úkdY l< yels h' ìx W!rka" fj,a óhka jeks i;=kaf.a
ydks md,khg o j.d ìïj, c,h r|jd ;eìh yels h' fuu wdldrhg j.d ìïj, c,
md,kh ukd f,i isÿ lsÍfuka m<sfndaO md,kh isÿ l< yels h'
• j.dj msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSu
fnda. wjfYaI úkdY lsÍfuka lDókaf.a Ôjk pl%fha iuyr wjia:d úkdY
fõ' j,a me< úkdY lsÍfuka lDókaf.a úl,am Odrl Ydl u; hemSu je<elafõ' j.dj
msßisÿ j ;eîfuka lDóka ì;a;r ouk ia:dk ke;s ù hhs'
• fnda. udrej
tl u fnda.hla wLKav j j.d lrk úg m<sfndaO .ykh o l%ufhka jeä fõ'
tksid tl u lafIa;%hl fjkia l=,j,g wh;a fnda. lkakfhka lkakhg udre lr
j.d lsÍfuka m<sfndaO md,kh lr .; yels h'
• ñY% fnda. j.dj
tl u lkakhl oS jqj o ;ks fnda. j.d lsÍu fjkqjg iqÿiq f,i ñY% fnda.
j.d lsÍu u.ska m<sfndaO .ykh wvq l< yels h'
Wod ( fida.ï yd lõmS ñY% fnda. j.dfjka fida.ï l| ydrk mKqjdf.a ydksh wvq
jk w;r lõms lr,a úosk o<Uqjdf.a ydksh o wvq jk nj fidhd f.k we;'
• j.dfõ me< w;r kshñ; mr;rh ;eîu
j.dfõ id¾:l wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug me< w;r kshñ; mr;rh ;nd .ekSu
jeo.;a fõ' me< w;r mr;rh wvq ùfuka me< w;r laIqø mßirfhys f;;ukh jeä
w÷re ;;ajhlaa we;s ù iuyr m<sfndaO .yk jeä ùug fya;= fõ' tksid ks¾foaYs;
mr;rhg fnda. jeùfuka m<sfndaO .ykh hï m%udKhlg wvq fõ'

• m%;sfrdaë m%fNao Ndú;h$m%fNaod;aul m%;sfrdaë;dj

hï m<sfndaOhl=g fyda m<sfndaO lsym
s hlg m%;f
s rdaê;djla olajk m%fNao m%;f
s rdaë
m%fNao f,i y÷kajhs' lDñ ydksj,g wvqfjka md;%jk fyd| wiajkq fok m%fNao

18
 jeùu fyd| m<sfndaO md,k Wml%uhls' fï i|yd w;sf¾l Y%uh fyda øjH wjYH
fkdfõ' fuh wd¾Ólj o ,dNodhS h' mßir ys;ldó o fõ' m<sfndaO ydksj,g
Tfrd;a;= fok" Wiia wiajekakla ,nd fok m%fNao j.d lsrSfuka m<sfndaO md,kh l<
yels h' Wod ( f.dla ueiaidf.a ydksh nyq, m%foaYj, thg m%;sfrdaê;djla olajk Bg
450" Bg 276-5 jeks ù m%fNao j.d lsÍu u.ska ydks wvq lr .; yels h'
• W.=,a fnda. j.dj
fuys oS hï fnda. j.djla wdrïN lsÍug fmr l=vd lafIa;%hl tu fnda.h j.d
lr thg m<sfndaO lDñka tla /ia jQ úg Tjqka úkdY lr bka miqj uq¨ lafIa;%fha u
wod< fnda.h j.d lrhs' Wod ( lmq j.djg ydks lrk r;= lmq ul=Kd md,kh lsÍu
i|yd lafIa;%fha hï fldgil nKavlald j.djla isÿ lr tys lr,a fïÍug bv yßhs'
bka miq tu lr,aj,ska hqI Wrd îug r;= lmq ul=Kka tl;= jQ úg tu i;=ka úkdY lr"
miqj lmq fnda.h j.d lrhs'
• úl¾Il fnda. j.dj
fnda. j.d lafIa;%fha ;ekska ;ek lDñ úl¾Il fnda. j.d lsÍfuka tu
lafIa;%hg m<sfndaO lDóka meñKSu je<fla' Wod ( odia fm;shd" iQßhldka; jeks Ydl
fndfyda lDñkag úl¾Il Ydl f,i l%shd lrhs' r;= Ækq Ydlh f.d¨fn,a,ka i|yd
úl¾Il Ydlhls'
ffcj úoHd;aul l%u
m<sfndaO .ykh md,kh lsÍug fjk;a Ôúfhl= fyda Ôù ldKavhla fhdod .ekSu
ffcj md,khhs' fuys oS m<sfndaO Ôùkaf.a úf,damslhka" mrfmdaIs;hka iy jHdêcklhkaa
fhdod .kS'
• mrfmdaIs;hka
hï Ôúhl=f.a foayh ;=< fyda u;=msg fyda isg tu Ôúhdf.a foayh u; hefmñka
fmdaIKh jk Ôùka mrfmdaIs;hka fõ' fuys oS wdl%uKhg Ndckh jk Ôúhd Odrlhd
f,i o" wdidokh lrk Ôúhd mrfmdaI;
s hd f,i o ye|skfa õ' idudkHfhka mrfmdaI;
s hka
;u Odrlhdg jvd m%udKfhka l=vd h'
YS% ,xldj ;=< m<sfndaO .ykh md,kh lsÍu i|yd mrfmdaIs;hka fhdod .;a wji:d
lsysmhla my; oela fõ'
• fmd,a m<sfndaOhl= jk Opisina arenosella lDñhd md,khg yhsfufkdmafgrd
f.da;%hg wh;a Bracon úfYaI fhdod .ekSu
• lerfmd;a;d u¾okhg Tetrastichus hagenowii hk yhsfufkdmafgrdjka
Ndú;h
• úf,damslhka
úf,damslhka hkq ;u wdydr m%Njh f,i fjk;a Ôùka w,a,d nqosk i;=ka fõ' Wod(
lDóka" wd;%fmdavdjka ^Wod( ul=¿jka&' iuyr mDIaGjxYSka ^Wod( u;aiHhka" ueähka"
lgqiaika" mlaISka" laIsrmdhska& o úf,damslhka f,i ls%hd lrhs'
• jHdê cklhka
m<sfndaOhka úúO laIqø Ôùkaf.ka we;s jk fkdfhl=;a wdidokj,g f.dÿre ù
urKhg m;a fõ' fuu frda. ldrl jHdê cklhka f,i y÷kajk w;r m<sfndaO
md,kfhys ,d jeo.;a jk jHdê cklhka jkqfha nelaàßhd" jhsri iy os,Sr"
fm%dagfidajdjka yd fkufgdavdjka fõ'
jHdê cklhka u.ska md,kh lrk ,o m<sfndaO wdldr lsysmhla i|yd WodyrK my;

19
 oela fõ'
• fmd,a j.dfõ l¿ l=reñKshka (Oryctes rhinoceros) md,khg jhsria fhdod f.k
we;'
• Bacillus thuringiensis keue;s nelaàßhdj f,msfvdmafgrd lSghka md,khg b;d
id¾:l j fhdod f.k we;'
• nv bßÕ= lr,a úosk lDñhd (Ostrinia nubilalis) md,kh i|yd Beauveria bassiana
os,Srh fhdod f.k we;'
ffcj úoHd;aul md,kh id¾:l ùug ta i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk Ôùka ;=< my;
,laIK ;sìh hq;= h'
• Odrl úYsIag;dj ;sîu
• wêl m%ckk YS>%;djla iy j¾Okh úfï yelshdjla mej;Su
• nyq l,,;dj we;sùu
• m<sfndaO Ôùka y÷kd .ekSfï úfYaI yelshdjla ;sîu
ffcj md,kfha jdis
• Odrl úYsIag;dj ksid wjYH Ôúhd muKla md,kh ùu
• lafIa;%fha wjfYaI fkdue;s ksid mrsirhg wys;lr n,mEï fkdue;s ùu
• m<sfndaO md,kh os.= ld,Sk j mej;Su
• iajdNdúl ffcj iu;=,s;;djg ndOd we;s fkdùu
• w¨;ska m<sfndaO udos,s fyda úfYaI we;s fkdùu
• lDñ kdYl fhoSug fkdyels wjia:dj, oS úfYaIfhka jeo.;a ùu
Wod( fmd,a yd f;a j.dj, oS
ffcj md,kfha wjdis
• mßirhg fhda.H mßos i;=ka f;dard .; hq;= ùu
• Odrl úYsIag;dj ksid tla m<sfndaOhl= muKla úkdY ùu
• fhdod .kq ,nk Ôùka m<sfndaO Ôjk pl%fha l=uk wjia:djg n,mdhs o hkak oek
isáh hq;= ùu
jHjia:dms; l%u$ksfrdaOdhk l%u
kS;suh f,i m<sfndaO md,k fuys oS isÿ flf¾' kùk .ukd .uk l%u oshqKq ùu
;a iu. t<j¨" m,;=re" îc" u,a iy wfkl=;a Ydl øjH rgj,a w;r m%jdykh YS>%fhka
jeä ù we;' fuu Ydl øjH u.ska rgj,a w;r frda. iy m<sfndaO me;sÍug yelshdjla we;'
Wod( fldams j.dfõ u,lv frda.h" fmd,a j.dfõ fm%dful=;sld l=ñx.s (Promecothica
cumingi) m<sfndaOh
fuu ksfrdaOdhk kS;s m%Odk wdldr fol ls'
i ndysr ksfrdaOdhkh
rglska rglg frdamK øjH f.k hdfï oS wkq.ukh l< hq;= kS;s ksfrdaOdhk
kS;s fõ' fu u.ska rglska rglg w¨;a frda. yd m<sfndaO we;=,a ùu je<fla' YS%
,xldfõ oekg ls%hd;aul jkafka 1924 wxl 24 ork me<Eá ixrlaIK mk; hs' 1955
wxl 22 ork ifYdaOkh wkqj YS% ,xldj ;=<g frdamK øjH fyda i;=ka f.k tafï
oS iy tjeks øjH ráka neyer lsÍfï oS lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ksfrdaOdhk
wxYh u.ska iy;slhla ,nd .; hq;= h'

ii'' wNHka;r ksfrdaOdhkh ^me;sÍu je<elaùfï kS;s&

iuyr m%foaYj, iuyr fnda. j.d lsÍu ;ykï lsÍu" jix.; ;;a;aj mj;sk
úg fnda. fyda fnda. fldgia rg ;=< m%jdykh ;ykï lsÍu" iuyr iD;=j, iuyr
m%fNao j.d lsÍu ;ykï lsÍu fuu kS;s u.ska isÿ fõ' Wod ( 1972 oS fmd,a l=reñKshd
20
 me;sÍu md,kh lsÍug uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, isg rg ueo m%foaYhg fmd,a m%jdykh
kS;sfhka ;ykï lsÍu
ridhksl l%u
m<sfndaO md,kh lsÍug ridhksl øjH Ndú; lsÍu fuys oS isÿ lrhs' fuys oS
m<sfndaOh ksjeros j y÷kd f.k ta i|yd iqÿiq m<sfndaO kdYl Ndú; l< hq;= h'
ffcj ridhksl l%u
fmrfudak Ndú;fhka m<sfndaO md,kh fuys oS isÿ lrhs' fuys oS m<sfndaO lDñ
i;=ka ksl=;a lrk fmrfudakj,g iudk ridhksl øjH Ndú; lr lDñka i|yd W.=,a
wegùfuka tu m<sfndaO md,kh isÿ l< yels h' fjf<|fmdf<a we;s ó;hs,a bhqðfkda,a
^g%emsfkda,a& kï ridhksl øjH g%hslaf,dafrda*daka jeks
lDñ kdYlhla iu. ñY% fldg ilia l< W.=,a lafIa;%fha
;ekska ;ek ;eîfuka msßñ ueiaikaf.a .ykh wju lr
.ekSug;a" fmdÿfõ m,;=re ueiaikaf.a .ykh ms<sn|
wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug;a mq`:jk'
.eyekq ueiaikaf.a .ykh wju lr .ekSu i|yd
úúO weu fhdod .; yels h' lDñ kdYl ñY% l< weu
lafIa;%fha ;ekska ;ek ;eîfuka fuh isÿ l< yels h'
m,;=re hqI iy iSksj,ska ilia l< úúO weu fï i|yd
ilia lr .; yels jqj;a fm%daàk weu fhdod .ekSu u.ska rEmh 11'46 # fmrfudak fhdod
id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd .; yels h' wU jeks Ydlj, u,a yg .ekSug i;s hlg
ilia l<muK
W.=,lafmr isg
fuu fmrfudaka W.=,a ;eìh hq;= h' i;s 2 lg jrlaj;a fmrfudak w¨;a l< hq;= h'
wiajekak fk<d wjika jk ;=re fuh lafIa;%fha ;eìh hq;= h'
m%fõKs úoHd;aul md,k l%u
´kEu Ôúhl=f.a mßirh ndysr yd wNHka;r f,i fldgia follska hqla; fõ'
m<sfndaOhdf.a fuu mßir fjkia lsÍu u.ska W! yeisrùug mq¿jk' wNHka;r mßirh
yeisrùu isÿ lrkqfha m%fõKs úoHd;aul md,kfha oS h' m%fõKs úoHd;aul md,kfha oS
m%fõKs ixhq;sh fjkia lrk ,o m<sfndaO lDóka m¾fhaIKd.dr ;=< uyd mßudKfhka
fnda lr" j,a o¾Y .yk isák iajdNdúl mßirhg Tjqka ksoyia lrkq ,efí' ta wdldrhg"
j| msßñ i;=ka ksoyia lsÍfï l%u iy ridhksl jkaOH ldrl Ndú; lsÍu u.ska m%fõKs
úoHd;aul m<sfndaO md,kh isÿ l< yels h'
m%fõKs úoHd;aul l%ufha jdis
• úfYaI oekqula yd m<mqreoaola we;s úfYaI{hka úiska lrkq ,nk neúka jeros fyda
w;miq ùï fndfyda fihska wvq ùu
• m%fõKs úoHd;aul md,kh Odrl úYsIag;dj fmkakqï lrk neúka th mßirfha
wfkla Ôùkag n, fkdmdhs'
• ldñkdYl Ndú;fha oS fuka úIodhl wjfYaI øjH mßirfha b;sß ùula isÿ fkdfõ'
• b,lal jQ m<sfndaO .ykfha >k;ajh l%ufhka wvq jk úg m%fõKs úoHd;aul md,k
l%uj, ld¾hlaIu;dj l%ufhka jeä fõ'
• m%fõKs úoHd;aul md,k l%u jrla ia:dms; jQ miq tajd kej; kej;;a ls%hd;aul lsÍu
wjYH fkdfõ' m<sfndaOh iïmQ¾Kfhka u u¾okh fõ'

21
taldnoaO lDñ m<sfndaO md,kh
m<sfndaO .ykh wd¾Òl ydksodhS uÜgug my<ska mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd ridhksl
øjH wju f,i yd wksl=;a m<sfndaO md,k l%uj, ixl,khla WÑ; wjia:dj, § fhdod
.ksñka m<sfndaO md,kh lsÍu taldnoaO m<sfndaO md,kh f,i y÷kajhs' fuu l%uh
u.sk"a
• lDIs ridhksl øjHj,g m%;sfrdaë udos,s we;s ùu wju lr .; yels h
• m<sfndaO kdYl u.ska isÿ jk mßir wiu;=,s;;dj wju fõ
• ys;lr Ôùka úkdY ùu wju lr .; yels fõ
• m<sfndaO md,k úhou wvq fõ
• mßir ¥IKh wju fõ

11'5 lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk m<sfndaO i;=ka md,kh g Ndú; lrk

ridhksl øjH
m<sfndaO md,kh lsÍu i|yd ridhk øjH Ndú;h wfkl=;a m<sfndaO md,k l%uj,g
jvd myiq ùu;a blauka m%;sM, ,eîu;a ksid f.dùka w;r ckms%h j mj;S' kuq;a fuu
ridhksl øjHj,ska wk¾:ldÍ m%;sM, rdYshla ,eîu ksid tajd Ndú;fha oS b;d ie,ls,su;a
úh hq;= h'
lDñ kdYl
fnda. j.djg ydks lrk i;a;aj m<sfndaO w;=ßka b;d úYd, ixLHdjla isákqfha
lDñ i;=ka h' tu i;=ka md,khg fhdok ridhksl øjH lDñ kdYl f,i y÷kajhs'
lDñ kdYlj, OQ,l;dj ^LD50 w.h&
m<sfndaO kdYlhl OQ,l;dj hkq tys úI iajNdjhhs' m<sfndaO kdYlh wkqj
tajdfha OQ,l;dj fjkia fõ' m<sfndaO kdYl ñksid we;=`M laISrmdhS i;=kag o úI iys;
neúka tys úI Wiia Ôùkag n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn| f;dr;=re oek isàu jeo.;a h' fuys
oS óhka" ydjqka" n,a,ka jeks i;=ka fhdod f.k ta i|yd m¾fhaIK isÿ lrhs' fuys oS fhdod
.;a i;=kaf.ka 50] la ueÍu i|yd wjYH jk ridhksl øjHfha ud;%dj ^foay nr 1kg la
i|yd wjYH jk ridhksl øjH mg m%udKh& .Kkh lrhs' fuh LD50 (Lethal Dosage)
w.h f,i olajhs' uqLh u.ska m<sfndaO kdYlh wê.%yKfha oS wjYH jk úI m%udKh
LD50 (oral) f,i o" iu ;=<ska wjfYdaIKh lsÍfï oS wjYH jk úI m%udKh LD50 (dermal)
jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,nhs'
j.=j 11'11 # f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh u.ska ks¾foaYs; m<sfndaO kdYl j¾.SlrKh
^óhka i|yd LD50 w.h ^foay nr mg/kg j,ska&

uqLh u.ska iu u.ska

úI ;;a;ajh mka;sh >k øj >k øj
W.% úI IA 5 20 10 40
úI iys; IB 5 - 50 20 - 200 10 - 100 40 - 400
ydkslr II 50 - 500 200 - 2000 100 - 1000 400 - 4000
m%fõYï úh hq;= III 500 - 5000 2000 - 20000 1000 -10000 4000 - 40000

22
 m<uq mka;shg wh;a m<sfndaO kdYl W.% úI iys; hs' tajdfha LD 50 w.h wvq h'
tkï m¾fhaIKhg n÷ka l< i;a;aj .ykfhka 50] la ueÍu i|yd wjYH ridhksl øjH
m%udKh b;d wvq h' fujeks úI iys; øjHj,g úI fkdue;s øjH ñY% lsÍu u.ska tajd
Ndú;hg iqÿiq wdldrhg ilia lr .; yels h' hï wjia:djl oS wêl úI iys; m<sfndaO
kdYl wjYH kï tys wys;lr ;;a;ajh i,ld n,d Ndú;h iSud l< yels h' tfuka u
ksYaÑ; fnda. i|yd muKla Ndú; lsÍug wjir oSu iy wdkhkh iSud lsÍu u.ska
mßirhg isÿ jk ydks wju lr .; yels h'
f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh u.ska m<sfndaO kdYlj, úI iys; nj wkqj lr we;s
j¾.SlrKh y÷kd .ekSu myiq jk mßos f,an,fha hg odrh j¾K .kajd we;' ta wkqj b;d
W.% úI iys; ixfhda. 1A yd 1B ldKavhg j¾. lr we;s w;r tajdfha f,an,fha my<
odrfha r;= mdg ;Srejla j¾K .kajd we;' uOHu úI iys; m<sfndaO kdYlj, f,an,fha
my< odrh ly mdg ;Srejla o" wvq úI iys; m<sfndaO kdYl f,an,fha ks,a mdg ;Srejla
o b;d wvq úI iys; 111 ldKavfha m<sfndaO kdYl f,an,aj, fld< mdg fyda iqÿ mdg
;Srejla o fhdod ;sìh hq;= h'

lDñ kdYl j¾.SlrKh

• fN!;sl iajNdjh wkqj j¾. lsÍu
• ødjK ^Solution&
ls%hdldÍ ix>glh c,fha fyda ldnksl ødjlhl osh lr we;'
• ff;f,dao idkaøKh ^Emulsion concentrates&
c,fha osh fkdjk ix>gl" ff;f,dao ldrl tl;= l< ldnksl ødjlhl osh lr
fuu lDñ kdYl ksmojd we;' ff;f,dao ldrl we;s ksid c,h fhdod ;kql lr
lafIa;%hg fhosh yels h' Wod( tkafvdi,amdka 35] Ec" vhisfkdaka 50] Ec"
vhsfuf;dtaÜ 40] Ec
• f;;a l< yels l=vq ^Wettable powder&&
c,fhka f;;a l< yels ishqï wls%h l=vq ^Wod( ueá& iu. ls%hdldÍ ix>gl ñY% lr
we;' fujeks lDñ kdYl fhoSfï oS ødjKh ks;r le,e;sh hq;= fõ' Wod( ldnß,a
85] WP
• c, ødjH l=vq ^Soluble powder&&
c,fha osh jk l=vq f,i fuu lDñkdYl we;'
• l=vq ^Dust&&
fuys oS o ls%hdldÍ ix>gl ishqï wlS%h l=vq j¾. iu. ñY% lr we;' fïjd l=vq f,i
u lafIa;%hg fhdokq ,efí' fndfyda úg îc iu. ñY% lsÍug Ndú; fõ' Wod(
welag,sla
• leg ^Granule&&
lsßueáj,g ls%hdldÍ øjH kshñ; m%udKhg leùfuka fyda tjeks leg u;=msg
ls%hdldÍ øjH ;ejÍfuka ksIamdokh lrhs' leg f,i fjf<|fmdf< ys olakg
,efí' fhoSu myiq h' fndfyda úg mßixl%uK lDñ kdYl fuf,i mig fhdokq
,efí' ueiaika jeks ys;lr lDókag jk ydksh wvq h' Wod( ldfnd*shqrdka 3G
• weu ^Bait&&
fuys oS lDñka wdl¾IKh lrk øjH iu. lDñkdYl fhdod ilia lr we;' tksid
fuhg wdl¾IKh jk lDóyq th wdydrhg f.k ñh h;s' Wod( fuge,aäyhsâ

23
 • OQu ldrl
blaukska jdIam jk øjH iu. lDñ kdYl ñY% lr jdhqjla f,i ilia lr mSvkhlg
hg;a j wiqrKj, .nvd lr we;' fkdi,h újD; lsÍfuka jdhqjla f,i lDñ
kdYlh ksoyia l< yels h'
• ls%hdldrs;ajh wkqj j¾. lsrSu (Mode of action)
• wdudY .; úI
wdydr øjH iu. YÍr.; jk fuu ridhk øjH wdydr ud¾. moaO;sfhka YÍrhg
Wrd .ekSu ksid úI fõ' ymdlk uqL fldgia iys;" hqI Wrd fndk yd f,j lk
uqL Wmdx. iys; lDóka u¾okhg fhdod .kS' Wod# äh,aä%ka" mdidkï j¾.
• iam¾Y úI
fuys oS m<sfndaO kdYl YÍrfha iam¾Y ùfuka úI ùu isÿ fõ' iakdhq moaO;shg yd
Yajik bkaøshkag úI fõ' l=vq yd oshr f,i we;'
• Yajik úI
OQu ldrl f,i mj;sk m<sfndaO kdYl Yajik ud¾.fhka YÍrhg we;=,a ù úI ùu
isÿ fõ' .nvdj,g ydkslrk lDóka yd mfiys ydkslr fkufgdavdjka u¾okhg
fhdod .efka' Wod# fu;s,a fn%dauhsâ ^CH3Br), fmdiamSka
• ixia:dksl úI
fuu m<sfndaO kdYl Ydlfha ikd, moaO;sh osf.a .uka lr uq,a" l|" m;%" M, wdoS
ia:dkj, me;sÍu isÿ fõ' túg Ydlfha l=uk fyda fldgila wdydrhg .;a úg
m<sfndaO kdYlh YÍrhg we;=,a ùu ksid úI ùu isÿ fõ' Wod( vhsfuf;dtaÜ
• fN!;sl úI
fuys oS l=vq jYfhka mj;sk m<sfndaO kdYl ke;fyd;a lDókag Yajik wmyiq;d
we;s lrk w;r f;,a j¾. lDñhdf.a wmsp¾uh iEoSu j<lajhs'
• lDñhdf.a j¾Okh je<elaùu
iuyr fyda¾fudak ^Juvenile hormones& lDñhdf.a j¾Okh j<lajd iqyU
q ,
q a wjia:djg
m;a ùu j<lajhs'
• ridhksl iajNdjh wkqj j¾. lsrSu
m<sfndaO kdYlj, wvx.= ridhksl øjHj, iajNdjh wkqj tajd my; wdldrhg
j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
• wldnksl ixfhda.
fïjd ridhksl ixfhda.j,ska ksmojd we;'
Wod ( fidaähï wdikhsÜ
*a¨fjdßka ixfhda. - *a¨fjd fndaf¾g
*a¨fjd is,sflag
riosh ixfhda. - HgCl2
• Ydl ksiaidrl (Pyrethroids)
fïjd Ydlj, mj;sk neúka iajdNdúl lDñkdYl f,i o ye|skafõ' fïjdfha
laISrmdhS OQ,l;dj wvq jk w;r wjfYaIl OQ,l;dj o b;d wvq h'
Wod ( ksfldáka - ÿïfld< Ydlfhka ksmojd .kS'
mhsfr;s%ka - lmqre u,aj, idrfhka ksmojd .kS'
fráfkdka - l, je,a (Derris caliptica) idrfhka ksmojd .kS'

24
 • ldnksl laf,darska ixfhda. (Organochlorines) $ laf,daßkSlD; yhsfv%dldnka
fuu ixfhda. wKqj, laf,daßka mrudKqjla mej;Su úfYaI ,laIKh fõ' fïjd
iam¾YSh iy wdudYhsl úI jYfhka ls%hd lrhs' fïjd w;=frka fndfyduhl
wys;lr wjfYaI mßirfha /f|k neúka we;eï j¾. Ndú;h ;ykï lr we;'
fïofha ødjKh jk ksid i;=kfa .a YÍr ;=< ;ekam;a ù wdydr odu Tiafia idkaøKh
úh yels h'
Wod ( DDT, DDD jeks ixfhda.' we,aä%ka" laf,dafrdfâka" tkaä%ka tkafvdi,a*dka
jeks ridhksl ixfhda.
• ldnksl fmdiamria ixfhda. (Organo phosphates)
fmdiafmaÜ wvx.= ldnksl ixfhda. fõ' mßirfha os.= l,la fkdmj;S' ysre t<ssfhka
úfhdackh fõ' fuu ixfhda. iam¾YSh úI fyda iakdhq moaO;shg úI we;s lrk
wdldr fõ' fuu ixfhda. u.ska flda,ska tiagf¾ia tkaihsufha ls%hdldß;ajh
ksfIaOkh lsÍfuka iakdhq wdfõ. iïfma%IKhg ndOd muqKqjhs' fuu ixfhda.j,
wjfYaIl OQ,l;dj wvq jkafka tajd b;d YS>%fhka úfhdackh jk neúks' tfia jqj
o fuu ixfhda.j, laISrmdhS OQ,l;dj wêl h' ldnksl fmdiamria m<sfndaO
kdYl j¾. wiQjla muK we;'
Wod ( ue,;shka" mer;shka" f*ksfg%d;shka" vhsñf;dataÜ" vhisfkdka"
fudfkdfl%dgmia" laf,dafrdmhsßfmdia" fu;ñäfmdia" laúk,afmdia
fudfkdfl%dgmia o oekg wdkhkh lsÍu ;ykï lr we;' 1998 oS l,amsáh m%foaYfha
we;s jQ fmd,a uhsgdjka md,kh lsÍu i|yd iSñ; f;d.hla wdkhkh lsÍug wjir
oS we;'
• ldnfïg ixfhda. (Carbamates)
ldnksl wï,fha jHq;amkak fõ' ldnksl fmdiamria ixfhda.j,g fïjdfha b;d
lsÜgq iïnkaO;djla we;' fïjdfha o wjfYaI ls%hdldß;ajh wvq h'
Wod ( ldfnd*shqrdka" ldnß,a" ldfndi,a*dka" weuhsfkdaldí
• lD;%su mhsfrf;%dhsv
fïjd iajdNdúl j mj;sk mhsfr;s%ka j¾.j,g iudk jk wdldrhg lD;%su f,i
ilia l< ixfhda. fõ' mhsfrf;%dhsv j¾. fnfyúka ld¾hlaIu jk w;r tajdfha
laISrmdhS OQ,l;dj wvq h' Tlaiscka jdhqjg yd ysre t<shg ksrdjrKh jQ úg
YS>%fhka wlS%h ùu fuys wjdishls' Wod ( α wef,;s%ka" β wef,;s%ka" mhsfr;s%ka"
tianfhd;s%ka" m¾fu;s%ka
• kj ixfhda. ^;=ka jk mrmqf¾ lDñ kdYl&
uE; ld,fha ksmojd we;s m<sfndaO kdYl fõ' fuu ixfhda.j, OQ,l;dj wvq h'
= mßirhg isÿ jk ydks wvq h'
Wod ( yej ye,Sfï ksfIaOl
fh!jk fyda¾fudak
j¾Ol hdul - Wod ( we*af,daâ" wegfn%dka"
laf,daka *a¨iqixfrdaka
,sx.sl f*rfudak - Wod ( ó;hs,a bhqðfkda,a
lhsàka ksfIaOl
ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl - Bacillus thuriengenisis vertcillum spp.
we*af,daâ - j¾Ol hdulhls' lSvEjka iy iqÿ ueiaika
mßK; ùu j<lajhs'

25
 ó;hs,a bhqðfkda,a - fu u.ska m,;=re ueiaika" b,a ueiaika jeks
lDókaf.a msßñ i;=ka W.=,j
a ,g yiq lr .ekSu
u.ska .eyekq i;=ka j| ì;a;r ouhs' t u.ska
lSghka we;s ùu isÿ fkdfõ'

lDñka fkdjk fjk;a m<sfndaO md,khg Ndú; lrk ridhksl øjH

lDñ fkdjk m<sfndaO md,khg úúO ridhksl øjH Ndú; lrhs'
• welß kdYl
uhsgdjka md,kh lsÍug fhdod .kS' Wod ( fl,af;aka ^f;a j.dfõ oS nyq, j Ndú;
fõ'&" i,a*¾ l=vq
• lDka;l kdYl
óhka jeks lDka;lhska keiSug fhdod .kS' fndfyda úg fuys oS i;=kag wdydrhg .;
yels øjH iu. ridhk øjH ñY% lr zzweuZZ f,i ilia lr we;'
Wod ( l=urska ixfhda.
• f.d¨fn,s kdYl
f.d`Mfn,a,ka" yxf.d,a,ka jeks i;=ka md,khg fhdod .kS' fuys oS i;=ka wdydrhg
.kakd øjHj,g úI ridhksl øjH ñY% lr tu i;=ka .ejfik ia:dkj, zzweuZZ f,i
;nhs' rd;S% ld,fha oS fïjd ;eîu lrhs' fuu zzweuZZ jgd f.d¨fn,a,ka úYd, jYfhka
tl;= ù tajd wdydrhg f.k ñh hdu isÿ fõ' Wod ( fug,aäyhsâ

11'6 j,a me<Eá

• Ydl fmdaIl" c,h" bvlv iy wdf,dalh i|yd fnda. iu. ;r. lrñka tys meje;aug
ndOd muqKqjk me<Eá j,a me<Eá f,i ye¢ka fõ'
• wkjYH ia:dkhl jefvk ´kEu me<Eáhla fyda
• ´kEu wjia:djl oS j.dfjka bj;a úh hq;= hhs yef`.k ´kEu me<Eáhla j,a me<Eáhla
f,i ye|skafõ'
j,a me<j,ska ,efnk m%fhdack
• mdxY= Ldokh je<laùu
• mdxY= c,h jdIamSlrKfhka wdrlaId lsrSu
• j,a me< osrdm;a ùfuka mig ldnksl øjH tla ù mfia mdxY= ,laIK oshqKq ùu
• .jhd" t`:jd jeks frdaudka;sl i;=kag wdydr f,i fhdod.; yels ùu
• jy< fiú,s lsÍug fhdod.; yels ùu' Wod ( b¨la
• T!IO jYfhka m%fhdackj;a ùu
• lDñ Wjÿre u¾okh ùu
• mfia khsg%cka ;sr lsrSu' Wod # ksosl=ïnd" f;dar" ms,
• wdydr yd fl|s ,nd .ekSug fhdod.; yels ùu
• N+ñ w,xlrKh i|yd fhdod.; yels ùu yd úúO úis;=re øjH ielish yels ùu
• cdk iïm;A f,i wNsckk lghq;= i|yd fhdod.; yels ùu

26
j,a me<Eáj,ska isÿ jk ydks
• fnda.j, j¾Okh wvq lsÍu u.ska fnda. wiajekak wvq ùu
j,a me< Ydl fmdaIl" mdxY= c,h" bvlv yd ysre t<sh i|yd fnda. iu. ;r. lrhs'
tajd ld¾hlaIu f,i Ydl fmdaIl yd c,h mfika Wrd f.k tajd fnda.hg jvd Wig
jeãu ksid m%NdixYaf,aIKhg wjYH ysre t<sh fnda.hg fkd,eîfuka ksIamdokh wvq
fõ' j,a me< ksid fnda. wiajekak wvq ùu ksj¾;k l,dmSh rgj, nrm;, m%Yakhls'
YS% ,xldj we;=`: wdishd;sl rgj,a 5 l lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj,g wkqj j,a je<
md,kfhka ù j.dfõ wiajekak 45] lska jeä jk nj fidhd f.k ;sfí'
• fnda. wiajekafka .=Kd;aul Ndjh wvq ùu
fndfyda úg fld< t<j¿ ^m<d j¾.& iu. j,a me< ñY% ùu ksid wiajekafka
.=Kd;aul Ndjh yd fjf<|fmd< ñ, my< niS' ù jeks OdkH fnda. iu. j,a îc
ñY% ùu ksid o fuu ;;a;ajh u we;s fõ' iuyr úg úI iys; j,a me<Eá fldgia
wdydr fnda. iu. ñY% ùfuka fi!LH .eg¨ o we;s úh yels h'
• j.d l< yels fnda. ixLHdj iSñ; ùu
iuyr N+ñj, j,a me< wêl j jeùu ksid tu j,a me< iu. ;r. l< fkdyels"
tfy;a wêl fjf<|fmd< jákdlulska hq;a fnda. j.d lsÍug fkdyels fõ' tu ksid
f.dúhdg j.dj i|yd f;dard .; yels fnda. m%udKh iSñ; fõ' Wod( b¨la jeù we;s
lafIa;%hl u[af[dlald jeùfuka w,j,g ydks we;s fõ'
• frda. yd m<sfndaO md,khg hk úhou jeä ùu
fndfyda j,a me< m<sfndaO yd frda. ldrlhka i|yd úl,am Odrlhka f,i ls%hd
lrhs' fnda.h lafIa;%fha fkdue;s ld,fha oS fuu m<sfndaO j,a me< u; ;u Ôjk
pl%h f.jd kej; fnda.h lafIa;%fha ixia:dmkh l< miq wdl%uKh lrhs' fï ksid
jißka jir frda. yd m<sfndaO md,khg hk úhou jeä fõ'
• N+ñfha jákdlu wvq ùu
nyq jd¾Isl j,a me< wêl f,i fnda jQ úg tu N+ñh j.djg kqiqÿiq fyda iqÿiq nj
wvq N+ñhla fyda njg m;a fõ' fufia N+ñfha M,odhs;dj wvq ùu ksid N+ñfha uq,Huh
jákdlu my; jefÜ'
• f.dúhdf.a ld¾hlaIu;dj wvq ùu
j,a me< lafIa;%fha we;s úg Y%ufha ld¾hlaIu;dj úúO fya;= ksid wvq fõ' lgq
iys; j,a me< ksid f.dúhdg ;u j.d lghq;= lr f.k hdug fN!;sl wmyiq;d we;s
fõ' ;j o iuyr j,a me< wf;a .EjqKq úg leiSula" oeú,a,la yg .kS' túg Y%ufha
ld¾hlaIu;dj wvq fõ' ;j;a iuyr j,a me< úI iys; h' tu.ska f.dúhd frda.S ùug
mjd bv ;sfí'
• c, ud¾. wjysr ùu
c,c j,a me<Eá ksid jdß c,h iemhSfï oS yd c, jykh lsÍfï oS úYd, .eg¨
mek kef.a' j,a me< ksid c, ud¾. weysÍ c, .e,Sï mjd we;s úh yels h' fidfrdõj
jeks c, md,k jHQyj,g j,a me<Eáj,ska ndOd meñKSu ksid wjYH ;rug jdß c,h
iemhSug fkdyels jk w;r" iuyr wjia:dj, oS jeõ neïu mqmqrd hdug mjd bv ;sfí'
c,c j,a me<Eá ksid c,dYj, fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlug o ydks fõ'

27
• iuyr j,a me<Eá f.dúfmd< i;=kag iy fnda.j,g úI ùu
úYd, f.dúfmd<j,a yereKq úg" iq`: f.dùkaf.a f.dúfmd< i;=ka ksoe,af,a W,d
ld Ôj;a jk nj wms oksuq' tksid iuyr úI j,a me< fuf,i W,d lk f.dúfmd<
i;=kag úI ùug bv ;sfí' iuyr j,a me< fokqkaf.a lsßj, j¾Khg o n, mE yels
h' Wod ( wefgdard (Panicum repens)
meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSug j,a me<Eá i;= wkqj¾;k
• wys;lr ld, ;rKh lsrSfï yelshdj - iqma;;dj mej;Su ksid we;eï j,a îcj,
ld,;rK yelshdj we;s w;r N+.; fldgia ksid o wys;lr ;;a;aj hgf;a os.=
ld,hla cSj;a ùfï yelshdj we;'
Wod ( • ms%ïfrdaia Ydlh (Oenother biennis) îc jir 60 la j< ,d ;nd .;a miqj
24] m%frdayK m%;sY;hla olajd we;'
• j,a ynr,j, N+.; fldgia fndfyda ld,hla wls%h j ;sî hym;a mßirhla
,enqKq úg kej; j¾Okh ùfï yelshdj we;'
• îc b;d úYd, ixLHdjla jrlg ksmoùu - fï ksid lafIa;%fha fkdkeiS mej;Sfï
yelshdj mj;S'
• iuyr j,a me<Eá flá Ôjk pl% ;sîfuka o iS>%fhka fnda ùu
Wod ( l+r ;ïm,d jeks Ydl jrlg îc b;d úYd, ixLHdjla ksmojk neúka o
flá Ôjk pl% iys; neúka o mßirfha meje;au ;yjqre fõ'
• we;eï j,a me< ,sx.sl yd w,sx.sl hk l%u foflka u m%pdrKh isÿ ùu
Wod ( j;=md¿" wegjrd" l,d`ÿre
• iuyr j,a me<Eá YS>% j¾Okhla fmkaùu' Wod ( cmka cnr" j;=md¿" ie,aùkshd
• îc jHdma;sh i|yd ld¾hlaIu jHdma;s l%uhla iys; ùu - iq<Õ" jdß c,h" i;=ka"
ldnksl fmdfydr" lïlrejka jeks úúO l%u fuhg odhl fõ'
Wod ( iq<Õ u.ska - fudkrl=vqïìh
i;=ka u.ska - wem," lr,a yen
• lgql mßirh ;=< uekúka j¾Okh ùfï yelshdjla ;sîu yd frda. m<sfndaO ydksj,g
Tfrd;a;= oSu'
• iuyr j,a me< îc wdf,dalhg ixfõoS ùu' t ksid N+ñh Y=oaO l< miq mi u;=msgg
meñK tajd m%frdayKh fõ'

28
 j.=j 11'12 # YS% ,xldfõ nyq, j,a me<Eá
jHjydr kduh WoaNso úoHd;aul kduh
;DK
wdor ;K (Love grass) Eragrostis tremula
weÕs,s ;K Digitaria adscendens
wegjrd Panicum repens
ncß Echinochloa glabrescens
ne, ;K Eleusine indica
ngoe,a, Isachne globasa
osh ;K Brachiaria mutica
.sks ;K Panicum maximum
f.dvudrela Ischaemum rugosum
yd ;K Paspalum conjugatum
l=l=,a wegjrd Cynodon dactylon
l=fõKs ;K Cenchrus echinatus
uhqr ;K Chloris barbata
mqgq ;K Dactyloctenium aegyptium
W!re ù Oryza rufipogon
fj,a udrela Echinochloa crus - galli

mka
fndremka Eleocharis dulcis
ye,amka Cyperus haspan
ySka fldlafudg Fimbristylis tetragona
l<d`ÿre Cyperus rotundus
l=vueÜg Fimbristylis miliacea
uy l=vueÜg Fimbristylis dichotoma
fudÜgq ;K Cyperus kyllingea
;=ky
a ß
s h Schoenoplectus grossus
;=keiai Cyperus iria
fj,aysßh Cyperus difformis

m<,a m;%
weUq,a weô,sh Oxalis corniculata
wem, Urena lobata
wiajekak Alysicarpus vaginalis
we;afyd`v Heliotropium indicum
n¨ k.=g Stachytarpheta indica
osú myqre Ipomoea pes-tigrids
osh lrdnq Ludwigia decurrens
osh ishU,d Aeschynomene indica
.,a l+r Corchous alitorious
.ia neì, Sida acuta
.ia ksosl=ïnd Mimosa invisa
f.| Portulaca oleracea
.eg ;=U Leucas zeylanica
f.dka lelsß Coccinia indica

29
 ySka .srdm,d Commelina diffusa
ySka Wÿmsh<sh Desmodium triflorum
yq<x;,d Ageratum conyzoids
l`Mlïfíßh Solanum americanum
lemqïlSßh Euphorbia hirta
l;=rems, Tephrosia purpurea
lS lsrs|sh Eclipta prostrata
lsUq,ajekak Polygonum barbatum
l+r ;ïm,d Amaranthus viridis
l=reKE., fâis Tridax procumbens
¨Kqú, Bacopa monnieri
uÿre;,d Ocimum sanctum
fudÜgq Physalis angulata
uqvuyk Sphaeranthus indicus
fkfrxPs Tribulus terrestris
ksosl=ïnd Mimosa pudica
meKs f;dar Cassia occidentalis
fm;s f;dar Cassia tora
msg iqÿ m,d Boerhavia diffusa
msgjlald Phillanthus debilis
j,a lrdnq Ludwigia octovalvis
j,a ;e,afld< Ipomoea triloba
j,a rn¾ Euphorbia heterophylla
j,a fld;a;u,a,s Scoparia dulcis
j,a m;amdv.ï Hedyotis corymbosa
j,a rdcfmdfydÜgq Celosia aslatica
j;=md`M Mikania cordata
fnfy;a t`vre Ricinus communis

c,c j,a me<Eá

osh f.dajd Limmocharis flava
osh ynr, Monochoria vaginalis
cmka cnr Eichornia crassipes
ie,aùkshd Salvinia molesta

30
rEmh 11'47 ne, ;K rEmh 11'48 # wefgdar rEmh 11'49 # fj,a udrela

rEmh 11'50 rEmh 11'51 rEmh 11'52 rEmh 11'53

fldla fudg ;=keiai l=vueÜg fj,aysrsh

rEmh 11'54 # j,a lrdnq rEmh 11'55 # j;=md`M rEmh 11'56 # fkfrxý

rEmh 11''57 rEmh 11''58 rEmh 11''59 rEmh 11''60

osh ishT,d n¨k.=g j,a fld;a;u,a,s fudÜgq

31
wd.ka;=l wdl%uKYS,S j,a me<Eá (Alian Invasive Weeds)
wkdosu;a ld,hl isgu rglska rglg fyda lsishï m%foaYhlska m%foaYhlg Ôú
úfYaI y÷kajd oSu ñksid úiska isÿ lrk ,o ld¾hhls' ;ukag m%fhdackj;a hehs yeÕ=Kq
Ydl yd i;=ka ;uka .uka lrk fyda mosxÑ jk ish¨ ia:dkj,g f.k hdug ñksiqka
W;aidy ord we;' ;ukag wdydr i|yd m%fhdackj;a Ydl" úis;=re Ydl" i;a;aj wdydr f,i
fyda fjk;a ld¾hhla isÿ l< yels Ydl m%foaYhlska ;j;a m%foaYhlg y÷kajd ÿka úfYaI
w;rg tla ù we;'
tla rgl" mßir moaO;shl ckauh ,nd" fjk;a rgl ta yd iudk mßir moaO;shla
fj; meñK tys j¾Okh ù" tu mßir moaO;shg yd ffcj úúO;ajhg ydks muqKqjk
´kEu Ydlhla wd.ka;=l wdl%uKYS,S Ydlhla f,i ye|skaúh yels h'
• ffcj úúO;ajhg n,mEu
hï mßir moaO;shl wdl%uKsl Ydl j¾Okh ùu fya;=fjka wfkla Ydl ÿ¾j, j
f.dia tajd ñh hdu isÿ fõ' ld,hla .; jk úg wdl%uKsl Ydl tu m%foaYh mqrd
me;sfrk w;r wfkla Ydl mßirfhka ;=rka fõ' fï fya;=j ksid ffcj úúO;ajh
wvq fõ' th mßirhl meje;aug ;¾ckhls'
• lDIsld¾ñl n,mEu
wdl%uKsl Ydlj, n,mEu ksid lDIs ìïj, j.d lghq;= wmyiq ùu" j.d ìïj, fnda.
Ydl j¾Okhg n,mEï we;s lsÍu iy ta fya;=fjka fnda. wiajkq wvq ùu wdosh isÿ fõ'
• wd¾Òl n,mEu
wdl%uKsl Ydl u.ska lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j,g" mßir moaO;sj,g" udkj fi!LHhg
úúO n,mEï we;s lrhs'

wdl%uKsl Ydl jHdma; jk l%u

• úis;=re Ydl f,i fhdod .ekSu
f,dalfha wdl%uKsl Ydl w;=ßka ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla ta ta rgj,g y÷kajd oS
we;af;a úis;=re Ydl f,i h' fuu Ydl iajdNdúl mßirhg ksoyia ùfuka miq
iajdNdúllrKh ùu iu. tu kj mßirfha wdl%uKsl yeisÍï oelaúh yels h'
Wod ( YS% ,xldjg y÷kajd oS we;s .|mdk (Lantana camara) Ydlh yd cmka cnr
(Eichornia crassipes) jeks Ydl
• lDIsl¾uh yd jk j.d i|yd fhdod .ekSu
lDIsl¾uh yd jk j.d i|yd fhdod .ekSu msKsi rglg wdkhkh lrkq ,nk Ydl
j¾. wdl%uKsl ;;a;ajhg m;a jq wjia:d jd¾;d fõ'
Wod ( yjßkq. ^.sksl+re& ^hlv urx& - (Alstonia macrophylla)
• ixpdrlhka u.ska me;srSu
fjk;a rgj, fyda ;u rg ;=< u ixpdrfha fhfok ixpdrlhka yd Tjqkaf.a NdKav
iu. wdl%uKsl Ydl îc jHdma; úh yels h' oekqj;a j fyda fkdoekqj;a j fu f,i
jHdma; jk îc wdl%uKsl ;;ajhg m;a ùfï yelshdjla we;'
• weñKS .uka lsÍfuka
we;eï wdl%uKsl Ydl îc fjk;a ia:dkj,g meñK we;af;a jdykhl" WmlrKhl
oejàu fyda weñKSu u.sks' fhdaO ksosl=ïnd (Mimosa pigra) fï wdldrfhka meñKs
njg úYajdi flf¾'

32
 j.=j 11'13 (
YS% ,xldfõ mj;sk oekg y÷kdf.k we;s wd.ka;=l wdl%uKYS,S Ydl úfYaI lsysmhla
jHjydr kduh WoaNso úoHd;aul kduh
lsUq,a uql=Kqjekak Alternanthera philoxeroides
lg l¿ fndaúáhd Clidemia hirta
fhdaO ksosl=ïnd Mimosa pigra
lÜg l=uxc,a Myroxylon balsamum
md;skshï Parthenium hysterophorus
ie,aùkshd Salvinia molesta
cmka cnr Eichhornia crassipes
msiaáhd Pistia stratiotes
lgq mf;dlA Opuntia dillenii
.|mdk Lantana camara
j,a wfkdaod Annona glabra
Gorse Ulex europaeus

rEmh 11'61 # lsUq,a uql=Kqjekak rEmh 11'62 # lg l¿ fndaúáhd rEmh 11'63 # fhdaO ksosl=ïnd

rEmh 11'64 # md;skshï rEmh 11'65 # j,a wfkdaod rEmh 11'66 # lÜg l=uxc,a

rEmh 11'67 # ie,aùkshd rEmh 11'68 # cmka cnr rEmh 11'69 # osh f.dajd

33
11'7 j,a me<Eá j¾.SlrKh
j,a me<Eá j¾.SlrKfha m%Odk wruqKq f,i j,a me< y÷kd .ekSu yd iqÿiq md,k
l%u ;SrKh lsrSu oelaúh yels h' hï j,a me<Eáhla jefvk ia:dkh" Ôjk pl%fha os."
rEmdldrh" jHdma;s l%uh jeks ,laIK oek .;a úg th md,kh lsÍu myiq fõ' j,a me<Eá
j¾.SlrKh wdldr lsysmhlg isÿ l< yels h'
• Ôjk pl%fha os. wkqj
• rEmdldrh wkqj
• jefvk mßirh wkqj

Ôjk pl%fha os. wkqj j,a me< j¾. lsÍu

Ôjk pl%fha os. wkqj j,a me<Eá ldKav ;=klg fnosh yels h'
• jd¾Isl j,a me<Eá
tla j¾Ihla ;=< fyda thg wvq ld,hla ;=< fyda Ydlfha j¾Okh ksu lr mqIam yd
îc yg .ekSfuka miq ñh hdu isÿ jk j,a me<Eá fuhg wh;a fõ' mqIam msmSug fmr
fuu me<Eá úkdY lsÍfuka j,a me< .ykh md,kh l< yels h' Wod ( fudkr
l=vqïìh (Vernonia cinerea)" l=mamfïkshd (Acalipha indica) " lvqmyr (Emilia
sonchifolia), .srdm,d (Commelina benghalensis)

rEmh 11'70 rEmh 11'71 rEmh 11'72

fudkr l=vqïìh l=mamfïkshd .srdm,d

• oaú jd¾Isl j,a me<Eá

fïjdfha Ôjk pl%h tla j¾Ihlg jvd jeä kuq;a j¾I 2 lg jvd wvq h' m<uq
j¾Ih ;=< j¾Ol j¾Okh isÿ jk w;r fojk j¾Ifha oS mqIam yg f.k îc
ksmoùfuka miq ñh hdu isÿ fõ' mqIamSlrKh isÿ jkqfha tla jrls'
Wod ( we;a wä (Elephantopus scaber) " j,a fykaosßlald (Mirabilis jalapa), lr,a
yen (Achyranthes aspera)

rEmh 11'73 # we;a wä rEmh 11'74 # j,a fykaosßlald rEmh 11'75 # lr,a yen

34
• nyq jd¾Isl j,a me<Eá
wjqreÿ 2 lg jvd jeä ld, iSudjla Ôj;a jk j,a me<Eá fuhg wh;a fõ' fuu Ydl
hï uÜgula olajd j¾Okh jQ miq jdr lsysmhla mqIamSlrKh ù îc ksmojhs' Ydlfha
j¾Okh o os.ska os.g isÿ fõ' fïjdfha Ydl m%pdrKh îc u.ska muKla fkdj
Ydlfha j¾Ol fldgia u.ska o isÿ úh yels h' Wod ( udkd (Cymbopogon
conifertiflorus)" .|mdk (Lantana camara)" l,d÷re (Cyperus rotundus)

rEmh 11'76 # udkd rEmh 11'77 # .|mdk rEmh 11'78 # l,d÷re

rEmdldrh wkqj j,a me< ldKav lsÍu
• m<,a m;% j,a me<Eá
fuu ldKavhg wh;a j,a me<Eáj, m;% m<,a h' cd,dldr kdrá we;' msgjlald" osh
ishU,d jeks Ydlj, l=vd m;% ;snqK o fuu ldKavhg wh;a fõ'
• ;DK j¾.
fuu Ydl ish,a, fmdtaisfha ^Poacea) .a/ñfka (Graminae) l=,hg wh;a fõ' m;%
isyska h' iudka;r kdrá we;' mqIam ixhqla; taldlaI wdldrhls' l| is,skavrdldr
h'
• mka j¾.
fïjd ihsmf¾isfha (Cyperaceae) l=,hg wh;a fõ' ;DK j¾.j,g fndfyda ÿrg
iudk fõ' kuq;a Ydl oKav ;s%fldaKdldr fõ' mqIam yevh o fjkia fõ' m;%h m;%
;,hlska muKla iukaú; hs' m;% fldmqjla ke;'
jefvk ia:dk wkqj j,a me< j¾. lsÍu
• f.dv ìu jefjk j,a me<Eá
fïjd Wia ìï lafIa;%j, oelsh yels h' fïjd j¾Okhg wjYH c, m%udKh wvq h'
Wod ( l=mamfïksh" fudkrl=vqïìh
• ufvys jefvk j,a me<Eá
fïjd iïmQ¾K c,c me<Eá fkdjqK;a uv iys; mfiys jefâ' l=Uqre" ´úá jeks
ia:dkj, jefâ'
Wod ( j,a lrdnq" nðß" ;=keiai" osh ishU,d" udrela" fldlafudg" .srdm,d
• c,c j,a me<Eá
fïjd iïmQ¾Kfhkau c,fha ksu.akj" w¾O ksu.akj fyda md fjñka jefâ' c,h
wêl .eUqre c,dY" jdß ud¾. jeks ia:dkj,g lrorldÍ fõ'
Wod ( ie,aùkshd" yhsä%,a,d" cmka cnr" osh f.dajd

35
11'8 j,a me< md,kh
j,a me<Eá ksid fnda.j,g we;s jk wys;lr ;;a;aj uÕ yrjd .ekSu i|yd j,a
me< md,kh ls%hd;aul fõ'

j,a me< md,kh i|yd Ndú; jk l%u

• hdka;s%l l%u
fï i|yd Ndú; jk l%u lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
• j,a me< w;ska Wÿrd oeóu
fnda. Ydlj,g lsisÿ ydkshla isÿ fkdjk f,i j,a me< w;ska Wÿrd oukq ,efí'
fndfyda úg ñY% fnda. j.dfõ oS yd jákdlñka jeä fnda. j.dj, oS fï l%uh
Ndú; flf¾' fuys oS j,a me<Eáh yd fnda. me<Eáh w;r we;s rEmdkq úoHd;aul
fjki ms<sn| j oekqula j,a me< md,kh lrkq ,nk mqoa.,hdg ;sìh hq;= h'
• ìï ieliSu
ìï ieliSfï m%Odk wruqK fnda. j.djg WÑ; ;;a;ajhg mi m;a lr .ekSu jqj
o ta u.ska ks;e;ska u j,a me< md,kh isÿ fõ' iS iEfï oS .e,jqKq j,a me< kej;
mig hg fõ' jvd id¾:l j,a me< md,khla i|yd fojrla iS idkq ,efí' m<uq
iS iEfï oS mi hg ;snQ j,a îc mi u;= msgg meñK tajd m%frdayKh isÿ jQfha kï
fojk iS iEfï oS tu j,a me< mig hg flf¾' tajd Ô¾Kh ùfuka mig ldnksl
øjH ,efí' tfia u mfia fN!;sl ,laIK oshqKq fõ' ìï ieliSu u.ska j,a me<
md,kfha id¾:l;ajh j,a me<Eá j¾.h wkqj fjkia fõ' jd¾Isl" oaú jd¾Isl yd
.eUqre uQ, moaO;shlska f;dr nyq jd¾Isl j,a me<Eá ìï ieliSu u.ska myiqfjka
md,kh l< yels h'
fuys oS nEjqï iys; N+ñj, mdxY= Ldokh fõ.j;a jk ksid wjdisodhl ;;a;aj o
we;s úh yels h' .eUqre uQ, moaO;shla we;s Ydl ;yjqre jQ miq uq,aj, wdydr ixÑ;
wêl neúka fï u.ska tjeks j,a me<Eá u¾okh lsÍu wmyiq fõ' túg fï l%ufha
id¾:l;ajh wvq h' N+ñfha j.d lrk ;Sj%;dj wêl kï N+ñh ia:dms; jQ nyq
jd¾Isl j,a me<Eáj,ska f;dr fõ' j.d ;Sj%;dj wvq ;;a;ajj, oS kej; j.d
lsÍug fmr lafIa;%fha j,a ìys ùu ksid N+ñh ieliSug wêl úhoula yd fjfyila
oeÍug isÿ fõ' w;=reh;a .Eu u.ska o j,a me< md,khla isÿ fõ'
• j,a me<Eáj, jdhj fldgia bj;a lsÍu
fuys oS WmlrK ^Wod( Woe,a," úis le;a;& Ndú;fhka j,a me<j, jdhj fldgia
jßka jr lmd bj;a lrhs' jdhj fldgi bj;a l< miq kej; ,sh,d tk ksid uq,a
yd ffrfidau jeks N+.; fldgiaj, ;sfnk wdydr ixÑ; wjidk fõ' túg
wys;lr foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajhkag md;% jQ úg myiqfjka ñh hhs'
wêl f,i md,kh lsÍug wmyiq b¨la" udkd jeks nyq jd¾Isl j,a me<Eáj,ska
lafIa;%h msÍ we;s úg ìï ieliSug wmyiq ;;a;aj we;s lrk ksid jdhj fldgia
lsysm jrla is| oeóu u.ska j¾Okh nd, lrkq ,efí' ks;r ks;r îc we;sjk j,a
me<Eá m%fNaoj, u,a msmSug m<uq j jdhj fldgi bj;a lsÍu jvd WÑ; fõ'
• .sks ;eîu
N+ñfha j.djka fkdue;s úg j,a me< md,kh i|yd ld¾hlaIu l%uhls' wêl j
j,a ìys ù we;s N+ñ i|yd o iqÿiq fõ' j,a me<Eá îc" frda. yd m<sfndaO iu. u
fuys oS ms<siafia' fyaka f.dú;ek i|yd N+ñh ilia lsÍug fmr fuu j,a me<

36
 md,k l%uh Ndú; flf¾' fï i|yd úh<s ld,.=Khla ;sìh hq;= w;r iaÒr j,a
me< md,khla i|yd fo;=ka jrla .sks ;eìh hq;= h' .sks ;eîu u.ska mig
fmdgEishï whk (K+) tl;= jk kuq;a fuu l%ufha wjdis lsysmhla we;' .sks
;eîu ksid mfia we;s ldnksl øjH" ys;lr laIqø Ôùka úkdY úh yels h' tfia
u fuh mßir ys;ldó l%uhla fkdjk w;r fnda. j.d l< N+ñ i|yd j,a me<
md,khg WÑ; fkdfõ'
• jiqka fhoSu
fnda. j.d lrk lafIa;%fha myiqfjka imhd .; yels øjH u.ska mi wdjrKh
lsÍu jiqka fhoSu f,i y÷kajhs' fuys oS j,a me<Eáj,g m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd
wjYH wdf,dalh fkd,eîfuka j,a me<Eá md,kh fõ' fï i|yd foaYSh j fldyq
n;a" ,S l=vq" msÿre" fmd,a w;= jeks jiqka Ndú; l< yels h' bá fros jeks øjH Ndú;
l< yels jqj;a mßir ys;ldó fkdjk w;r tajd Ndú; lsrSug wêl ñ,la jeh fõ'
fuys oS jiqka i|yd Ndú; lrk øjH j,a me<Eá îcj,ska f;dr ùu jeo.;a fõ'
• c,fhka hg lsÍu
lafIa;%h c,fhka hg lsÍu ksid we;sjk ks¾jdhq ;;a;ajfhka j,a me<Eá md,kh
isÿ fõ' we;eï j,a me<Eá muKla fï l%uh u.ska md,kh l< yels w;r ù j.dfõ
oS fuu l%uh nyq, j Ndú; flf¾' os.= l,la N+ñh iïmQ¾Kfhka c,fhka hg lr
;nk ksid j,a me<j,g wjYH O2 fkd,eî hhs' laIqø Ôùkaf.a ks¾jdhq Yajikh
ksid j,a me<j,g wys;lr ;;a;aj we;s fõ' túg j,a me< ueÍ l=Kq ù hhs'
b;d úYd, c, m%udKhla" lafIa;%h hg lsÍu i|yd wjYH ksid c,h wmf;a hdu
fuys oS wjdisodhl ;;a;ajhls' tfiau we;eï j,a me<Eá îc ks¾jdhq ;;a;ajfha os.=
l,la iqma; j ;sîug yels ksid fuu l%uh t;rï ld¾hlaIu úh fkd yels h'
• mi iQ¾h ;dmhg Ndckh lsÍu
f;;a mila úksúo fmfkk fmd,s;Skaj,ska wdjrKh lr i;s 4 - 6 la muK
ld,hla iQ¾hdf,dalhg ksrdjrKh lsrSfuka id¾:l j,a me< md,khla isÿ l<
yels h' fuys oS iQ¾h ;dmh mfia we;s c,h u.ska mi mqrd m;=rjkq ,nk ksid
mfia WIaK;ajh 10 - 150c muK by< ke.Sfuka mfia we;s j,a îcj, ÔjH;dj
ke;s fõ' fï l%ufha wjdisodhl ;;a;ajh jkafka fmd,s;Skaj, ñ, wêl ùu iy
fmd,s;Ska mßirhg tl;= ùu ksid we;s jk mßir ¥IKh hs'
YIH úoHd;aul l%u
fuys oS fnda. j.dj N+ñfha ixia:dmkh jQ od isg wiajkq fk<k wjia:dj olajd isÿ
lrk ls%hdj,s ish,a, u j,a me<Eá md,kh i|yd osYdNsuqL lrkq ,efí' fï i|yd Ndú;
jk l%u lsysmhla my; oela fõ'
• msßisÿ frdamK øjH Ndú;h
j,a me<Eá îcj,ska f;dr" iy;sl l< msßisÿ îc Ndú; lsÍu u.ska lafIa;%fha j,a
me<Eá we;s ùu j<lajhs' tfiau fnda.fha fhda.H m%fNaohla f;aÍu u.ska blauka
j¾Okh" kshx yd frda. m%;sfrdaë nj wkqj f;dard .ekSfuka o fnda.h iu. j,a me<
;r.h wvq ùug fya;= fõ'
îc m%;sldr lsÍu o j,a me<Eá md,khg wdOdr fõ' Wod( ;o îcdjrKhla we;s
îcj,g yd j¾Ol øjHj,g m%;sldr lr isgq ùu u.ska j,a me< îcj,g idfmalaIj
YS>%fhka fnda. me< j¾Okh isÿ ùu ksid j,a me< md,kh isÿ fõ'

37
• ksjeros j fmdfydr Ndú;h
fnda.hg wkjYH mßos jeämqr fmdfydr fhoSu ksid" j,a me<Eá tu fmdfydr Wrd
.ksñka ukdj j¾Okh fõ' ta ksid fnda.hg wjYH wjia:dfõ" ks¾foaYs; fmdfydr
m%udKh fnda.fha uQ, moaO;sh me;sÍ we;s ia:dkhg fhoSu u.ska j,a me<Eá md,kh
l< yels h' tfia u j,a me<Eá îcj,ska f;dr ldnksl fmdfydr fhoSu o jeo.;a fõ'
• fnda. udrej
tl u lafIa;f % ha tl u fnda.hla j.d fkdlr kshñ; j.d ie,eiaulg wkqj lkakfhka
lkakhg úúO l=,j,g wh;a fnda. udre lsÍfuka j,a me< md,kh l< yels h' tlu
fnda.hla os.ska os.g u j.d lsÍu u.ska"
• tu fnda.h iu. ;r. l< yels j,a me<Eá lkakfhka lkakh g me;sÍu isÿ fõ'
• frda. yd m<sfndaO j¾Okh fõ.j;a ùfuka fnda.h lafIa;%fhka bj;a jk ^ñh
hk& ksid tu bv m%udKh j,a me< w;am;a lr .kS'
fnda. udrejl oS fjkia l=,j, fnda. j.d lrk ksid úfYaIfhka u ìu me;sÍ jefvk
fnda. yd Wig jefvk fnda. udrefjka udrejg j.d lsÍfuka j,a me< md,kh jvd
id¾:l fõ'
• ñY% fnda. j.dj
tlsfklg fjkia j¾Ok rgd iys; fnda. ñY% j tlu N+ñfha j.d lsÍu ñY% fnda.
j.dj f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' úúO .eUq/;s uQ, moaO;s fnda. j.dfõ mj;sk ksid o"
úúO Wig jevqKq jdhj fldgia ksid ysre t<sh ld¾hlaIu j fnda.h Ndú; lrk ksid
o fnda. j¾Okh YS>% j isÿ ùfuka j,a me< we;s ùug bv fkdue;s fõ'
• w;=re fnda. j.dj
m%Odk fnda.hg wu;r j fjk;a fnda.hla lafIa;%fha j.d lsÍu w;=re fnda. j.dj hs'
fuys wruqK jkafka tall N+ñhl m%Yia; Ydl .ykhla we;s lr Wmßu wiajekakla
,nd .ekSu h' w;=re fnda. j.dfõ oS N+ñh fnda.j,ska wdjrKh jk ksid j,a me<Eá
md,kh isÿ fõ' w;=re fnda.hla f,i lõms" OdkH fyda u[af[dlald jeks fnda.hla
iu. fh¥ úg tajd blaukska jeã j,a me<Eá iu. ;r. lrhs'
• läka lv fnda. j.dj
fnda. lSmhla hï rgdjlg wkqj läka lv j.d lsÍfuka o j,a me<Eá md,kh l<
yels h' u[af[dlald iu. bßÕ= jeùu o wêl úNjhla iys; fnda. ixfhdackhls'
bßÕ=j, wiajkq fk<Sug uilg muK fmr bßÕ= fma<s w;r u[af[dlald jeúh yels
h' bßÕ=j, wiajkq fk<Sfuka lafIa;%fha b;sß jk fldgia mig jiqkla f,i ls%hd
lsÍfuka o j,a me< md,kh lrhs'
• i;a;aj fnda. udrej
hï f.dúfmd<l i;a;aj fnda. udrej ls%hd;aul lsÍu u.ska o j,a me< md,kh isÿ fõ'
• wdjrK fnda. Ndú;h
m%Odk fnda.hg wu;r j mi idrj;a lrk wdjrK fnda.hla j.d lsÍu u.ska o j,a
me< md,kh ld¾hlaIu j isÿ l< yels h' fuh nyq jd¾Isl fnda. j.dfõ nyq, j
Ndú; fõ' Wod ( rn¾ j.dfõ § mshqf¾ßhd fmaisfhdf,dhsâ (Pureria phaseoloids) j.d
lsru
S
fnda. isgqùfï oS kshñ; mr;r ;nd isgqùfuka N+ñhg wdf,dalh fkd,efnk ksid o
j,aj,a me< we;s ùu wvq fõ'

38
ffcj úoHd;aul j,a me< md,kh
j,a me<Eá md,kfha oS ffcj úoHd;aul l%ufha uQ,O¾uh jkafka mrfmdaISka"
úf,damslhka yd jHdê cklhka hkdoS Ôúka fhdod f.k j,a me<Eá .ykh j.djg
;r.ldÍ fkdjk uÜgula olajd tkï wd¾:sl ydksodhl uÜgug jvd wvq lr oeóu hs'
fuh mßir ys;ldó l%uhla jk w;r ,dNodhS yd myiq l%uhla o fõ'

ffcj úoHd;aul j,a me< md,kfha mshjr

• hï j,a me<Eáhla md,kh i|yd WÑ; ldrl f;aÍu
• fhda.H ffcj ldrlhd f;dard.;a miq mÍlaIKd.dr ;;a;j
a hgf;a mÍlaIKj,g Ndckh
lsÍu
• fuu ffcj ldrlhd ms<sn| j lreKq lafIa;% mÍlaId u.ska weia;fïka;= lsÍu
• w¨;a mßirhlg y÷kajd fokafka kï tu m%foaYfha isák iajdNdúl i;=rkag ffcj
ldrlhd f.dÿrla fõ oehs fidhd ne,Su
• Odrl úYsIag;dj ms<sn| j yd wfkl=;a wd¾Òl fnda.j,g fuu ffcj ldrlhd u.ska
isÿ jk ydks we;s oehs fidhd ne,Su
• fufia f;dard.;a ffcj ldrlhd mÍlaIKd.dr ;=< we;s lsÍu yd kv;a;= lr wjYH
mßirj,g y÷kajd oSu
ffcj úoHd;aul md,kh i|yd fhdod .kakd iajdNdúl i;=rka my; whqre m%Odk
ldKav 3lg fnosh yels h'
i. úf,damslhka
m%NdixYaf,aIK fldgiaj,g ydks isÿ lsÍu u.ska j,a me<Eá md,kh lsÍu fuys oS isÿ
lrhs' fndfyda úg lDóka fï i|yd Ndú; fõ' Tjqka uqL fldgia u.ska úlSu" úo fyda
hqI Wrd îu u.ska j,a me<Eá fldgiaj,g ydks isÿ lrhs'
mßirhg úf,damsl lDñhl= y÷kajd oSfï oS ksoyia lsÍug m%:u j my; oelafjk
lreKq ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
• wruqKq lr .;a j,a me<Eá j¾.h u; muKla úfYaIs; úh hq;= h'
• fjk;a mrfmdaIs;hkaf.ka yd úf,damslhkaf.ka tu lDñhd ksoyia úh hq;= h'
• wêl m%ckk úNjhla ;sìh hq;= h'
j,a me< md,kfha oS úf,damsl lDóka Ndú; jk wjia:d lsysmhla my; oela fõ'
• .|mdk (Lantana camara) md,kh i|yd fg,sfhdaksñhd ialDmshqf,daid
(Teloenemia scrupulosa) kue;s lDñhd y÷kajd oS we;'
• lgq mf;dla (Opuntia dellenii) md,kh i|yd lelafgdí,diaáia lelafgdarï
(Cactoblastis cactorum) kue;s i,nhd y÷kajd oS we;'
• cmka cnr (Eichhornia crassipes) md,kh i|yd ksfhdapeákd Bfldakshd
(Neochatina eichhorniae) .=,a,d fhdod f.k we;'
• ie,aùkshd (Salvinia molesta) md,kh i|yd meõ,skshd welshqñkdgd (Paulinia
acuminata) c,c m;% lSvEjd fhdod f.k we;'
fuhg wu;r j u;aiHhka" mlaISka yd .jhka jeks i;=ka u.ska o j,a me< md,kh
isÿ fõ'
ii. jHdê cklhka
jHdê cklhka fhdod f.k j,a me<Eáj,g frda. iEoSu u.ska j,a me< md,kh isÿ
lrhs' tys oS tkaihsu u.ska ffi, mßydkshg m;a lsÍu" úI øjH ksmoùu" ikd,
moaO;shg ydks isÿ lsÍu" ldhsl úoHd;aul ls%hdj,sj, jHdl+,;dj we;s lsÍu u.ska j,a
me<Eáh u fyda fldgila ñh hhs' jHdê cklhka j,a me< md,kh i|yd fhdod
.ekSfï oS lD;s%u udOHj, Wka frdamKh lr mßirhg ksoyia lrkq ,efí'

39
 j,a me< md,kfha oS jHdê cklhka Ndú; jk wjia:d lsysmhla my; oela fõ'
• lgq mf;dla (Opuntia dellenii) md,kh i|yd lelafgdí,diaáia lelafgdarï
(Cactoblastis cactorum) kï lDñhd y÷kajd ÿka miq uDÿ l=Kq ùu we;s lrk nelaàßhd
yd .a,sfhdiafmdaßhï ,efkagï (Gloeosporium lanatum), mSf,diaálagd fldkaflajd
(Phyllosticta concava) hk os,Sr y÷kajd oSfuka miq YS>% j j,a md,kh fõ'
• l=Uqrej, olakg ,efnk biaÑfkdañfkda weußldkd (Aeschynomene americana)
md,kh i|yd .a,sfhdiafmdaßhï (Gloeosporium spp.) os,Srh fhdod .ekSug mq`Mjk'
• yhsä%,a,d iy fjk;a ksu.ak j,a me<Eá fndfyduhlg iafla,dfrdaáhï frd,a*ais
(Sclerotium rolfsii) yd ms;h
s ï úfYaI (Pythium spp) frda. we;s lr Ydl md,kh lrhs'
iii'' mrfmdaIs;hka
j,a me<Eá iu. Ôj;a fjñka" tajdhska fmdaIKh ,nd .ksñka j,a me<Eá md,kh lsÍu
fuys oS isÿ fõ'

jHjia:dms; l%uh
jHjia:dms; l%uh hkq kS;suh jHjia:duh kshuhka u.ska wdl%uKYS,S j,a me<Eá
j.d ìug we;=,a ùu je<elaùu hs' fï i|yd Ydl ksfrdaOdhk l%u Ndú; flf¾' ksfrdaOdhkh
wdldr follg j¾. l< yels h'
1' wNHka;r ksfrdaOdhkh
2' ndysr ksfrdaOdhkh
wNHka;r ksfrdaOdhkh hkq rg ;=< j,a me<Eá me;sÍu je<elaùuhs' WodyrK f,i
kS;s u.ska YS% ,xldfõ ie,aùkshd Ydlh rg ;=< ;ekska ;ekg m%jdykh lsÍu ;ykï
lsÍfuka th me;sÍu md,kh lr we;' ndysr ksfrdaOdhk kS;s u.ska úfoia rgj, isg j,a
me<Eá rg ;=<g we;=`M ùu j<lajd .ekSu wfmalaId flf¾'
ridhksl l%uh
j,a me< md,kh i|yd ridhk øjH Ndú; lsÍu ridhksl l%uh f,i ye|skafõ'
j,a me<j,g úI iys; ùu;a m%Odk fnda.hg úI iys; fkdùu;a ksid o myiqfjka ,nd
.ekSug yd fhoSug yels ùu ksid o f.dùka w;r ckms%h l%uhls' fuh mßirhg b;du;a
ydkslr l%uhla jk w;r fuu l%uh Ndú;d l< hq;af;a wfkla l%u ish,a, id¾:l fkdjQ
úg oS h'

taldnoaO j,a me< md,kh

mßirhg jk ydksh wju jk fia" wd¾Òl ydksodhl uÜgug my<ska j,a me<
.ykh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd l%u ukd ixl,kfhka hq;= j Ndú; lsrSu
taldnoaO j,a me< md,kh f,i ye|skafõ'
taldnoaO j,a me< md,kfha oS msßisÿ îc Ndú;h" WÑ; j.d l%u yd kj m%fNao
Ndú;h" j.d lrk ld,h" me< w;r mr;rh" fnda. udrej" mi wdjrKh lsÍu" c,
md,kh" fmdfydr Ndú;h" ffcj úoHd;aul md,kh hk ish¨ l%u ukd ixl,khlska
hq;= j Ndú; l< hq;= w;r fuu ish¨ l%u fhoSfuka miqj;a j,a me<Eá .ykh wd¾Òl
ydksodhl uÜgug jvd by<ska mj;S kï muKla ridhk øjH Ndú; l< hq;= h'
j,a me< ish,a, bj;a lsÍu u.ska mßir ;=,s;;djg we;s jk n,mEu wju lsÍu
u.ska iajdNdúl ;=,kh mj;ajd .ekSug wdOdr l< hq;= h' ta ksid lafIa;%h iïmQ¾Kfhka
j,a me<Eáj,ska f;dr mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu fjkqjg wd¾Ól ydksodhl uÜgug j,a
me< .ykh meñKSu je<elaùu wfmalaId flf¾'

40
11'9 j,a kdYl j¾.SlrKh
j.d lghq;=j, oS j,a me< md,kh i|yd j,a kdYl f;dard .ekSfï oS my; lreKq
ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
• lafIa;%fha we;s j,a me< j¾.h
iuyr j,a kdYl u.ska ish¨ u j,a me< úkdY fõ' ;j;a iuyr j,a me< kdYl u.ska
m<,a m;% j,a me< muKla úkdY fõ' tneúka lafIa;%fha nyq, j we;s j,a me< j¾.h
wkqj j,a kdYlh f;dard .; hq;= h'
• j,a me<j, jhi
iuyr j,a kdYlj,ska id¾:l j md,kh l< yelafla fkdfïrE j,a me< muKs'
tjeks j,a kdYl ksis wjia:dfõ oS fhosh hq;= hs' Wod ( 3'4" DPA " 2'4-D jeks j,a
kdYl Ndú; l< yelafla i;s 2 la muK jhi j,a me< i|yd muKs'
• j,a kdYlh fhosh hq;= wjia:dj
fuys oS j,a kdYl fhdod .; yels wjia:d ;=kla meyeos,s j oelaúh yels h'
• ìï ieliSug fmr
• îc isgqjd me< u;= ùug fmr
• j,a me< u;= ùfuka miq j
l%udkql+, j j,a kdYl f;dard .ekSfuka id¾:l j j,a me< md,kh l< yels w;r t
u.ska mßir .eg¨ yd fnda.j,g isÿ úh yels ydks wju lr .; yels h'

j,a kdYl j¾.SlrKh

j,a kdYl úúO l%u wkqj j¾.SlrKh l< yels h' bka m%Odk l%u ;=kla fuys oS
i,ld n,hs'
• jrKSh;ajh (Selectivity) wkqj j¾. lsÍu
fuys oS j,a kdYlh m%Odk ldKav follg fnfoa'
1' ish,a, kik j,a kdYl
fïjd Ydlj,g úI f,i ls%hd lrhs' Ydlfha Yajikh" m%NdixYaf,aIKh jeks ls%hd
k;r lrhs' tneúka f;aÍulska f;dr j Ydl ish,a, u úkdY lrhs' Wod (
merfldÜ" .a,hsfmdfiaÜ" vhs khsfg%d mSfkda,a" fmkagd laf,dfrd *SfkaÜ
(PCP)
11' f;dard kik j,a kdYl
fïjd fndfyda úg lD;s%u Ydl fyda¾fudak fyda j¾Ol hdul fõ' we;eï úg hï
úI ixfhda.hla ;sìh yels h' hï fnda. Ydlhl we;s iqúfYaI ridhksl øjHhla
ksid tu fnda.hg úI fkdùu o úh yels h'
Wod ( f.dhï Ydl i|yd - fu;s,a laf,dfrd*Sfkdlais weisála wï,h (M.C.P.A)
2.4 vhslaf,dfrd msfkdlais weisála wï,h (2 - 4 . D)
3.4 vhs laf,dfrd fm%dmsfhdkeks,hsâ (3-4 D.P.A.)

j,a kdYlj, jrKSh;ajhg fya;= lsysmhla we;'

• j,a me<fha rEmdldrh iy iajNdjh - j,a me<j, we;s nQj" m;% l|g iú ù we;s
fldaKh jeks ,laIK wkqj hï j,a kdYlhla lsishï lafIa;%hlg fh¥ úg iuyr
me<Eá fkdueÍ b;sß úh yels h'

41
 • hï lafIa;%hlg iam¾Y j,a kdYlhla fh¥ úg tys we;s N+.; fldgia fkdue;s j,a
me< ñh hk w;r N+.; ixÑ; wjhj we;s l,d÷re" wefgdard jeks j,a me< fkdueÍ
b;sß fõ'
• Ydlfha ldhsl úoHd;aul ls%hdldß;ajh ksid tu Ydlhg j,a kdYlh úI fkdùu'
Wod ( 3'4 DPA l=Uqrlg fh¥ úg ;DK yd m<,a m;% j,a me< ñh hhs' kuq;a f.dhï
Ydlfha we;s úfYaI ridhksl øjH ksid tu Ydlh ñh fkdhhs'
• j,a me<j, jhi wkqj n,mEu fjkia ùu - idudkHfhka f.dhug 3'4 -D.P.A.
jeks jrKSh j,a kdYl fhosh hq;af;a osk 21 g jvd wvq jhfia oS h' fï jk úg
j,a me< fkdfïrE wjoshl mj;sk ksid ñh hdu isÿ fõ' kuq;a fuhg jvd j,a
me<Eáh jhi jqjfyd;a tu j,a kdYlhg j,a me< Tfrd;a;= fok w;r j,a kdYlh
idkaøKh jeä lr fhÿjfyd;a f.dhug o ydks fõ'
• ls%hdldß;ajh (mode of action) wkqj j¾.SlrKh
fuu l%uhg j,a me< kdYl ldKav follg fnosh yels h'
1' iam¾Y j,a kdYl
fïjd Ydlh iu. iam¾Y jQ úg j,a kdYlh th ls%hd lrk ia:dkhg .uka lr
j,a me<Eáh úkdY lrhs' tfy;a Ydlh ;=<ska .uka fkdlrk ksid j,a kdYl
fkd;ejreKq fldgi b;sß fõ' tksid fuu j,a kdYl fhosh hq;af;a N+.; l|ka
fkdue;s j,a me< i|yd muKs' Wod ( merfldÜ" fmkagd laf,dfrd*SfkaÜ
11' mßixl%uK j,a kdYl
fïjd Ydlhg Wrd f.k Ydlh ;=<ska .uka lrhs' m;%j,g fh¥ úg N+.; fldgia
mjd úkdY fõ' tneúka mßixl%uK j,a kdYl N+ .; ixÑ; wjhj we;s j,a me<
i|yd iqÿiq fõ' Wod ( .a,hsfmdfiaÜ ^l,d÷re" wefgdard" mKq w," j,a ynr, jeks
j,a me< md,khg iqÿiq fõ'&" M.C.P.A

• fhdok wjia:dj (Time of Application) wkqj j¾.SlrKh

fuu moku wkqj j,a kdYl ldKav follg fnosh yels h'
1' mQ¾j ks¾.uk j,a kdYl
fïjd ls%hdldÍ jkafka m%frdayKh fkdjQ fyda m%frdayKh fjñka mj;sk îc u;
h' fïjd u.ska îc m%frdayKh mud lsÍu fyda k;r lsÍu isÿ lrhs' tneúka fïjd
fhdokq ,nkafka fnda. îc isgq ùfuka miq mi u;g h' túg oekgu;a m%frdayKh
ù we;s fnda. îchg ydks fkdjk w;r j,a me< îc m%frdayKh i;s 6 l muK
ld,hlg m%udo fõ' fïjdhska m%frdayKh jQ j,a me<j,g ydks fkdfõ' Wod (
m%frdayKh lrk ,o ù îc l=Uqf¾ jemsÍfuka miq tu lafIa;%hg uÖÜ j,a kdYlh
fhoSfuka j,a me< îc m%frdayKh m%udo fõ'
lafIa;%fha nv bß`.= îc isgq ùfuka miq isuiSka" weg%iSka" ,efidaa jeks j,a kdYl
fhoSu isÿ lrhs' tu.ska j,a me< îc m%frdayKh i;s 6 lg muK m%udo fõ'
11
11' mYapd;a ks¾.uk j,a kdYl
fïjd m%frdayKh jQ j,a me< u; muKla n,mEï we;s lrhs' îc m%frdayKh
flfrys n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs' Wod ( merfldÜ" 2.4 D, 3.4 DPA
tl u j,a kdYlh úúO j¾.SlrKj, oS tlsfklg fjkia ls%hd i|yd WodyrK
f,i oelafjk neúka tajdfha ls%hdldß;ajh ksjeros j wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h'
Wod( merfldÜ - ish,a, kik" iam¾Y" mYapd;a ks¾.uk j,a kdYlhls'
.a,hsfmdfiaÜ - ish,a, kik" mßixl%uK" mYapd;a ks¾.uk j,a kdYlhls'

42
 mQ¾j ks¾.uk Wod( fnka;sfhda ldí
ìhqglaf,da¾
iam¾Y
mYapd;a ks¾.uk Wod( merfldÜ
ish,a, kik
^id¾j&
mQ¾j ks¾.uk - Wod ( we,laf,d¾
j,a me< mßixl%uK
kdYl ^ixia:dksl&

mYapd;a ks¾.uk - Wod .a,hsfmdfiaÜ

mQ¾j ks¾.uk - Wod( uÖÜ

43
iam¾Y
mYapd;a ks¾.uk - Wod 3.4.D.P.A
f;dard kik
^jrKSh&

mßixl%uK mQ¾j ks¾.uk

mYapd;a ks¾.uk - Wod 2.4 D

MCPA

igyk( 11'1 j,a me< kdYl j¾.SlrKh

11'10 Ydl frda.
hï idOlhla ksid uq`M Ydlfha u fyda Ydl fldgil fyda idudkH ;;a;ajfhka
isÿjk wm.ukhla f,i j¾Okfha yd m%ckkfha fjkila we;s ùu Ydl frda.hla f,i
ye|ska fõ' Ydlj,g frda. we;s lrk idOlh fya;=fjka Ydlfha we;s jk fN!;sl yd
ldhsl fjkialï frda. ,laIK f,i ye|skafõ'
frda. ;%f
s ldaKh
frda. ldrlhd

mrsirh jdylhd

Ydl frda. j¾.SlrKh

my; wdldrhg Ydl frda. m%Odk wdldr follg j¾. l< yels h'
• wffcj idOl ksid we;s jk frda.
Ôù fkdjk wfkl=;a ish¨ u idOl ksid we;s jk frda. Ydl ldhsl frda. f,i kï
flf¾' Ydl ldhsl frda. m%Odk ldKav follg fnod oelaúh yels h'
I fmdaIl W!k;d frda. yd fmdaIl úIùï ksid we;s jk ldhsl frda.
Ydl j¾Okh yd m%ckkh m%Yia; whqßka mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd wjYH fmdaIH
mod¾: wvq ùu ksid Ydlj, we;s jk widudkH ;;a;ajhka h' Ydl fmdaIl W!k;d
frda. f,i y÷kajk w;r Ydl fmdaIl m%Yia; m%udKhg jvd jeämqr ,eîu ksid
Ydlj, we;s jk ;;a;ajhka Ydl fmdaIl úI ùï f,i ye|skafõ'
II. jdhj yd mdxY= mßir idOlj, fjkia ùï ksid we;s jk ldhsl frda.
my; olajd we;s jdhj yd mdxY= mßir idOlj, fjkia ùï ksid Ydlj, we;s jk
mßjD;a;Sh úIu;djka fuys oS ie,fla'
• WIaK;aj úIu;d • wl=Kq .eiSu
• wdf,dalfha úIu;d • mdxY= c, iq,N;dfõ úp,khka
• iuyr jdhqkaf.a n,mEu
• ffcj idOl ksid we;s jk frda.
ffcj idOl hkq úúO frda. ldrl fõ' Ydl frda. we;s ùug n,mdk Ôùka Ydlhg
we;=,a jQ úg fyda iïnkaO jQ úg tu Ydlfhka fmdaIKh ,eîu fya;=fjka" ffcj
ls%hdj,Ska wvmK lsÍu ksid Odrl Ydlhl frda. we;s lrhs' Ydl frda. we;s lrk
ffcj idOl my; whqßka oelaúh yels h'
• jhsri • os,Sr
• nelaàßhd • jg mKqjka
• mhsfgdma,diaud • mrfmdaIS imqIam Ydl
jhsri frda.
jhsrihla Ydl ;=<g we;=`M ù .=Kkh ùu ksid wdidokhla we;s fõ' wdidokh
fmkaùug Ydlh ;=< lsishï jhsri idkaøKhla we;s úh hq;= h' fuu idkaøKh jhsri
j¾.h wkqj fjkia fõ' fuu ld,h osk 03 isg i;s 05 olajd fjkia úh yels h' jhsri
we;=,a ùu ksid Odrl ffi,fha mßjD;a;Sh ls%hdj,s widudkH ùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka
we;s jk ldhsl fjkialï fyda ldhsl widudkH;d frda. ,laIK jYfhka fmkakqï lrhs'

44
 jhsri frda. iqj l< fkdyels ksid wdidos; Ydl uq,skqmqgd oud úkdY lsÍu l<
hq;= h' tu frda.h wfkla Ydlj,g o fnda ùu je<elaùu fuys
wruqK hs'
jhsria frda.j, fmdÿ ,laIK
• yß;laISh ßIag (Chlorotic lesions)
m;% wdYs%; j we;s fõ' fïjd ly mdg ,m jk w;r" tys
meyehg fya;=j tu m%foaYfha yß;laIh hs' m%udKfhka
fuu ,mj, úIalïNh 1-4mm muK úh yels h' yß;laIhg
fya;j
= yß; m%o ì| jeàu fyda yß; m%o ixYaf,aIKh fkdùu
hs'
rEmh 11'79 # yß;laISh
• fklafrdiSh $ms<siaiqï ßIag (Necrotic
ßIalesions)
g we;s jQ m;%hla
Odrl ffi, jhsrij,g wê ixfõoS jQ úg ffi, ueÍ
hdu ksid ÿUqre$;o ÿUqre fyda r;g yqre u,lv
meyfhka hq;a ,m we;s
fõ' m%udKfhka ;s;l
iajrEmfha isg 3mm
olajd úYd, úh yels
h'

rEmh 11'80 # ms<siaiqï ßIag

we;s jQ m;%hla

• uqÿ ,m (Ring spot)

yß;laISh ,m fyda fklafrdaiSh ,m jgd fklafrdiSh uqrEmh ly# mefmd,a
ÿ fyda11'81 meye;s uquqÿÿmqj,hka
,a,s
jhsri frda.h
tlla fyda lSmhla ;sîuhs' Wod ( mefmd,a uqÿ mq,a,s jhsri frda.h (Papaya ring spot virus)
• úÑ;%h (Mosaic)
fld< mdg Ydl m;%h mqrd wl%uj;a rgdjlg ly iqÿ
fyda <d fld< meye;s m%foaY ^ÿ¾j, me,a,ï& ;sîu úÑ;%h
f,i y÷kajhs' fï ÿ¾j¾K m%foaY wdidos; ia:dk jk
w;r ta fya;=fjka tu ia:dkj, yß;m%o î|S jeàu fyda
wvqfjka ksmoùu ksid fuh isÿ fõ' Wod ( TMV u.ska
ÿïfld<j, we;s lrk úÑ;%
frda." PRSV

rEmh 11'82 # ÿïfld<j,g

je,|S we;s úÑ;% frda.

• m;% ly meyeùu$m;% yß;laIh (Leaf Yellowing/chlorosis)

yß;laIh ksid m;% ly mdg ùu o" úÑ;%h ;rï nyq, jhsri
frda. ,laIKhls' uq¿ m;% ;,h u ly meye ùu ly frda.h
(yellows disease) f,i y÷kajk w;r khsg%cka W!k;dfjka
myiqfjka fjka fldg y÷kd .; yelafla ly frda.fha oS w¨;ska
os. yefrk <má m;% mjd ly meye jk w;r" N W!k;dfõ oS
rEmh 11'83 wka;¾ kdrá
fuh isÿ jkafka fïrE m;%j, h'
yß;laIh

45
 Wod ( • Beet yellows virus u.ska m;% ;,h fld< meyefhka ;sìh os kdrá
muKla ly meye ùu kdrá yß;laIh (Veinal chlorosis) kï fõ'
• (Ageratum yellow vein virus ) u.ska yq<x;,dj, we;s lrk kdrá
yß;laIh kdrá w;r m%foaY muKla ly
meye ùu wka;¾ kdrá
yß;laIh (Interveinal chlorosis) kï fõ'
• m;% we;=<; fyda msg;g keóu (Leaf roll)
Wod ( Potato leaf roll virus u.ska w¾;dm,aj, we;s
lrk m;% keóu
• m;% /<s .eiS fldv ùu (Leaf curl)
Wod ( Beet leaf curl virus u.ska îÜj, we;s lrk m;%
/,s .eiSu"
ñßiaj, fld< fldv ùu
rEmh 11'84
• m;% fyda lf|a bß ;sîu (Streak) fld< fldv ùu

Wod ( Maize streak virus u.ska bß`.=j, we;s lrk bß

rgd Rice stripe virus u.ska f.dhïj, we;s lrk bß
rgd Banana streak virus u.ska flfi,a m;%j, we;s
lrk bß
rEmh
11'85 # m;%j, bß rgd
by; i|yka l< frda. ,laIK nyq, j olakg ,efnk w;r" ta tl tlla iu. Bg
wu;r j m;% yevh úlD;s ùu" ixhqla; m;%j, kï LKaäld ixLHdj wvq ùu" LKaäld
im;a;= f,aia wdldrhg laISK ùu hkdosh nyq, j olakg ,efí' fuhg wu;r j my;
i|yka frda. ,laIK o jhsrij,g wdfõKsl fõ'
• l| bosóu
• lr,a$M,$îc l=vd ùu" úlD;s ùu
• Ydl l=re ùu (dwarf) fyda b;d flá ùu (stunt)
• m;%j, úúO j¾K we;s ùu (pigmentation)
• j¾Kj;a uql=gfha j¾Kh ;ekska ;ek ke;s ùu (colour break or petal break)
• uq,aj, .eg yg .ekSu (tumours)
• lf|a w.%h ms<siaiSu (apical necrosis)
jhsria ffi, mshú weig fkdfmk neúka tajd bf,lafg%dak wkaùlaIhlska
muKla ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' YS% ,xldfõ olakg ,efnk jhsria frda. lSmhla my;
oelafõ'
• ÿïfld< m;% úÑ;% frda.h
• fndaxÑ m;% úÑ;% frda.h
• msms[a[d úÑ;% frda.h
• nKavlald lyjka kdrá frda.h
• flfi,a j| msoSfï frda.h
• mefmd,a uqÿ mq,a,s jhsria frda.h
• foys l=,fha Ydlj, we;s jk isÜg%ia á%iafgid (citrus tristeza) jhsria frda.h
• flfi,a bß jhsria frda.h

46
os,Sr frda.
m%NdixYaf,aIKhg wjYH yß;m%o keu;s fld< meye;s j¾Klh fkdue;s Ôùka
fldgilg os,r S hhs lshkq ,efí' os,r
S uDf;damÔù iy mrfmdaI;
S fmdaIK l%uhla wkq.ukh
lrhs' uDf;damÔù os,Sr u< Ydl mgl u; muKla hefmk w;r mrfmdaIS os,Sr iÔù mgl
u; hefmñka Ydlj,g frda. we;s lrhs'
mrfmdaIS os,Sr ffjl,ams; mrfmdaIS iy wksjd¾h mrfmdaIs; f,i ldKav follg
fjka l< yels h' ñka ffjl,ams; mrfmdaIS os,Srj,g iÔù mgl fkdue;s wjia:dj, u<
Ydl mgl u; hemS kej; iÔù mgl we;s úg tajdg we;=¿ ù frda. we;s l< yels h'
wdidos; Ydl fldgia idudkHfhka úh<s l=Kq ùula fmkakqï lrhs'
os,Sr frda.j, ,laIK
• m%dfoaYsl mq,a,s (Localized spots)
m%dfoaYsl mq,a,s f,i y÷kajkqfha ksfrda.S mglj,ska f.ka jg jQ uereKq mgl iys;
m%foaYhka h' fndfyda úg fuu uereKq mgl jgd lyjka fld< mdg fyda ly mdg
j¾Kfhka hq;= odrhla we;s fõ' fuh /ia j<,a,la f,i osia fõ' fuu mq,a,s ljdldr"
wlaIs wdldr" f¾Ld wdldr yd oKavdldr wdoS úúO yev .kS'
Wod ( w¾;dm,a mQ¾j wx.udrh (Alternaria solani)
ñßia fld< mq,a,s frda.h (Cercospora spp)
ù j, ÿUqre mq,a,s frda.h (Helminthosporium spp)

rEmh 11'86# mQ¾j wx.udrh rEmh 11'87 # fld< mq,a,s rEmh 11'88 # ÿUqre mq,a,s frda.h
• je,÷Kq
ms<sld Ydl m;%hla frda.h je,÷Kq Ydl je<÷Kq Ydl m;%hla
Ydlfha fmd;af;a úYd, m%foaYhla m;% hla jk f,i
wh;a m%dfoaYsl j we;s ù wiajdNdúl
ffi, .=Kkh u.ska mgl fkrd f.dia msmsreKq fldgiaj,g ms<sld hhs lshkq ,efí'
Wod ( fldfldajd ms<sld frda.h (Phytophthora palmivora)
• l=Kq ùu
os,Srj,ska i%djh lrk úúO tkaihsu ksid mgl fldgia l=Kq ù hhs' fuf,i udxi,
mgl l=Kq jQ f;;a iajNdjhla .kakd w;r tajd uDÿ l=Kq ùu f,i ye|ska fõ' ;o
fyj;a ldIaÁh mglj, we;s jk l=Kq ùï úh<s l=Kq ùï f,i ye|ska fõ'
Wod # fmd,a yd mqjlaj, f.ä l=Kq ùu (Phytophthora palmivora)
• wx.udrh
m;% yd m%frday úh<S f.dia ueÍ hdu wx.udrh f,i ye|skafõ'
Wod ( w¾;dm,a mYaÑu wx.udrh (Phytophthora infestans)

47
• ue,ùu
m%Odk jYfhka we;s jkafka mi u.ska jHdma; jk os,Sr u.sks' uQ, moaO;sh yd lf|a
mdoh wdl%uKh lsÍu ksid Ydlh c, yd fmdaIl W!k;djlg md;% ù ue, fõ' ikd,
l,dm wdl%uKh lrk os,Sr u.ska o fujeks ;;a;aj we;s fõ'
Wod ( oshu,x lEfï frda.h (Pythium spp)

rEmh 11'89 # rEmh 11'90 # w¾;dm,a rEmh 11'91 # mqjlaj, rEmh 11'92# oshu,ka lEfï
fldfldajd mYaÑu wx.udrh frda.h f.äj, l=Kq ùu
f.äj, frda.h je,
je,÷ ÷Kq Ydl
ms<sld frda.h je,÷Kq w¾;dm,a
je,÷
je,
je,÷÷Kq M, hla
M,hla

nelaàßhd frda.
nelaàßhd hkq ishqï wkaùlaISh Ôùka fldÜGdihls' nelaàßhd úúO fmdaIK l%u
wkq.ukh lrhs' ñka mrfmdaIs; nelaàßhd Ydl frda. we;s lrhs' Ydl frda. we;s lrk
nelaàßhd .K lsyms hla oelsh yels h' bka ishf
q vdfudkdia (Pseudomonas)" iekaf;dfudkdia
(Xanthomonas) hk .K m%Odk fõ' wdidos; Ydl fldgia idudkHfhka f;;a l=Kq ùula
fmkakqï lrhs' ÿ¾.kaOfhka hqla; h'

nelaàßhd frda. ,laIK

• uDÿ l=Kq ùu
w¾ùkshd lefrdfgdfjdrd (Erwinia carotovora) jeks
iuyr frda. ldrl nelaàßhd Odrl mglj, uDÿ l=Kq
ùu we;s lrhs' frda. ldrlhd úiska m%Odk jYfhka
i%djh lrkq ,nk fmlaáfkaia tkaihsu ksid frda.hg
f.dÿre jQ mgl î|S uDÿ oshdre ialkaOhla njg m;a fjhs'
t<j¨ yd m,;=rej, olakg yels h'
Wod ( lerÜ uDÿ l=Kq ùu (Erwinia carotovora)

rEmh 11'93 # lerÜ

uDÿ l=Kq ùu
• fld< mq,a,s
c,fhka f;;a jD;a;dldr m%foaYsl mq,a,s" m;%j,;a
M,j,;a we;s fõ' fld< mq,a,s iuyr úg l=vd kdrá
w;rg iS u d ù mj;s k ks i d ieka f ;dfudkdia
fid,fkaishdrEï (Xanthomonas solanacearum) u.ska
lmqj, we;s jk fld< mq,a,s fuka fldaKdldr yevhla
olajhs' m;%j, mq,a,s úfYaIfhka u fïrE wjia:dfõ oS
rEmh 11'94 # f.dhïj,
ly mdg odrhlska fyda /ia j<,a,la jeks fldgilska jg fjhs' frda.S fldgia fndfyda
Tf¾kaÊ m;% frda.h
úg fld<j,ska jeà hdu ksid tu fld<j, isÿre we;s fjhs' Wod( f.dhïj, Tf¾kaÊ
m;% frda.h (Xanthomonas oryzae)

48
• ikd, ue,ùu
uq,a wdl%uKh lrk os,r
S ksid we;s jk ue,ùfï ,laIKhg
iudk h' frda.S me< lyjka ù" l=re ù" nd, ù f.dia
wjidkfha oS ue,ù ueÍ hhs' ikd, mgl ;=< ixLHdfjka
jefvk nelaàßhd u.ska tu m%foaYfha ÿ¾j¾Khla yd iuyr
úg mglj, l=Kq ùula we;s lrhs' nelaàßhd fN!;sl j
ikd, mglhka wjysr lr tys c, .ukhg ndOd lrhs'
iuyr nelaàßhdjka Odrlhdg ydkslr tkaihsu yd úI
j¾. ksmojhs'
Wod ( Pseudomonas solanacearum ksid ;lald,sj,
we;s jk ikd, ue,ùu yd w¾;dm,aj, ysgq rEmh 11'95 # w¾;dm,aj,
ueÍu ysgq ueÍu
• .eg
nelaàßhd ksid we;s jk .eg" m%udKfhka fjkia jk w;r iuyr
úg fikaá óg¾ lSmhl úIalïNhlska hqla; fõ' fïjd wl%uj;a h'
u;= msg yel=¿Kq iajdNdjhla we;' we.frdnelaàßhï áhqñf*aikaia
(Agerobacterium tumefacians) ks i d we;s jk .eg fujeks
,laIKj,g WodyrKhls' lf|a mdoh wi, fyda jdhj w;=j, fuu
.eg we;s úh yels h' nelaàßhd ksid ffi, úYd, ùug W;af;ackhla
we;s jk nj fidhd f.k ;sfí' ikakdhl mglh fndfyda úg leã
î|S hhs'
Wod ( frdai uqÿka .eg frda.h
rEmh 11'96 # frdai
uqÿka .eg frda.h
fnda.hla nelaàßhdjlska wdidokh ù we;a oehs ne,Sug ir, mÍlaIKhla #
wdidos; Ydlhl l| fldgila" msßisÿ c,h iys; úksúo fmfkk ùÿre n÷klg
oud fkdfi,ajd ;enQ úg thska iqÿ meye i%djhla (bacterial ooze) msg fõ' thska
nelaàßhd wdidokhla njg ;yjqre lr .; yels h'

jg mKqjka ^fkufgdavdjka&
fkufgdavd fyj;a jg mKqjka jeo.;a Ydl frda. ldrl
laIqø Ôùka fldgils' Ydl jHdê ckl jg mKqjka Tjqkaf.a
fmdaIK ú,dYh wkqj wNHka;r mrfmdaIs;hka" w¾O wNHka;r
mrfmdaIs;hka yd ndysr mrfmdaIs;hka f,i m%Odk ldKaav 3 lg
fjka l< yels h' óg wu;r j fldaIaG idok jg mKqjka yd
fldaIaG fkd idok jg mKqjka f,i o j¾.SlrKh l< yels
h' fldaIaG idok jg mKqjkaf.a .eyekq i;d f.da,dldr fyda
fmar f.ähl yevhg fldaIaGhla njg m;a ù ta ;=< ì;a;r 500
la muK ord isà' fuu ì;a;r >k ì;a;shlska hqla; jk w;r
wys;lr ;;a;ajj,g Tfrd;a;= foa' mfia fndfyda ld,hla Odrl
Ydlhla rys; j ld, ;rKh l< yels neúka fldaIaG idok jg rEmh 11'97 #
mKqjka md,kh b;du;a wiSre h' fkufgdavdfjla
fndfyda úg fkufgdavdjka uq,aj,g we;s lrk ;=jd, ;=<ska mfia we;s jHdê ckl
nelaàßhd we;==,a ù nelaàßhd fkufgdavd ixlS¾Khla iEoSu ksid Ydl frda. ;;a;ajh
W;aikak fõ'

49
jg mKqjka ksid we;s jk frda. ,laIK
• Ydl u,dksl ùu
• m;% ly jka ùu
• miq ueÍu (die back)
w;=j, yd <d m%frdayhkaf.a w. isg ueÍ hdu
• uq,aj, .eg we;s lsÍu
uQ, moaO;sfha úYd, iy l=vd bosuqKq fldgia fyj;a
.eg we;s ùu
rEmh 11'98 (
Wod ( f;a j, uq,a .eg jg mKq frda.h fkufgdavd wdidok
(Meloidagyne brevicauda)
• uq,a l=Kq ùu
Wod ( ùj, uq,a l=Kq ùfï frda.h (Harushmania orazae)

mhsfgdma,diaud (Phytoplasma)
b;du l=vd cSùka ldKavhls' 450nm isÿre we;s fmryklska mjd fmrS hhs' iQ
kHIaál ffi, orhs' RNA fyda DNA hk kHIaál wï, iys; foayh ;ks ia;rhla iys;
mg,hlska wdjrKh ù we;' m%udKh 0'1 - 1 µ la muK fõ' fuu frda. ldrlhd ridhksl
kdYlhlska fyda fjk;a wdldrhlska úkdY l< fkdyels h' jhsri yd iudk lsh
% dldß;ajhlaa
olajhs'
mhsfgdma,diaud frda. i|yd WodyrK
• Witches Broom : Alfaalfa, rglcq jeks Ydlj, j¾Okh weK ysà' b;d wdikakfha
^m¾j w;r ÿr wvq h'& we;s jk md¾Yaúl wxl=r úYd, m%udKhla ksid w.%ia:h bo,l
fmkqu f.k foa' m;% l=vd fõ'
• Little leaf frda.h # ngq" ñßia jeks fnda.j, j¾Okh nd, fõ' w;=j, m¾j ÿr wvq fõ'
fï ksid Ydlh l=re fõ' m;% yd M, l=vd fõ' u,a fïÍug fmr ye,S hhs' m;%
/,s .eiSu yd lyjka ùu isÿ fõ'
• fmd,aj, uq,a l=Kq ùfï frda.h (Weligama root wilt disease)

rEmh 11'100 # Little leaf disease rEmh 11'101 :

rEmh 11'99 : Witches Broom
Weligama root wilt disease

mrfmdaIS imqIam Ydl

fïjd Wiia Ydl fõ' tfy;a fuu Ydl wfkl=;a Ydl fuka iajhxfmdaIS fkdfõ'
;j;a Ydlhlg iïnkaO ù mrfmdaIS j Ôj;a fõ' ;j Ydlhlg iïnkaO ùu i|yd fuu
Ydl fYdaIl keue;s jHQy orhs' fuu mrfmdaIS Ydl Odrl Ydlh u; iú ù ffi,uhg yd
maf,dahuhg fYdaIl we;=,a lr fmdaIKh ,nhs' túg Odrl Ydlhg ,efnk fmdaIKh wvq
ùu ksid Odrl Ydlh nd, ùu isÿ fõ'

50
fujeks mrfmdaIS Ydl foj¾.hla oelsh yels h'
1' mQ¾K mrfmdaIS Ydl
fuu Ydl iïmQ¾Kfhka u Odrl Ydlh u; hefma'
uq,a fkdorhs' fld< mdg m;% ke;' Ydl foayh <d
ly mdg" ;eô,s mdg kQ,a cd,djla jeks h' mQ¾K
mrfmdaIS Ydl Odrl Ydlh u; fj,S ffY,uhg
fYdaIl we;=,a lsÍfuka c,h yd Lksc ,jK;a
maf,dahuhg fYdaIl heùfuka ldnksl wdydr;a ,nd
.kS' fuu Ydl fndfyduhla fnda. Ydl wl%uKh
lr tajdg ydks we;s lrhs'
Wod ( w. uq, ke;s je, (Cuscuta spp.)
2' w¾O mrfmdaIS rEmh 11'102 # w. uq, ke;s je,
Ydl
fïjdfha fld< meye;s m;% we;s ksid m%NdixYaf,aIKh
lr ldnksl wdydr ksmoúh yels h' tfy;a c,h yd
Lksc ,jK ,nd .kafka Odrl Ydlfha ffY,uhg
fYdaIl heùfuks' tu ksid Odrl Ydlfha j¾Okh
nd, fõ'
Wod ( ms<s, (Loranthus) - wU" kdrx" fodvï" fn,s
jeks Ydl u; mrfmdaIS fõ'

rEmh 11'103 # ms<s,

Ydl frda. me;srSfï úúO l%u

Ydl frda. me;sÍu m%Odk jYfhka wdldr mylg isÿ fõ' tkï"
1' mfika fnda jk frda.
2' jd;fhka fnda jk frda.
3' îcj,ska fnda jk frda.
4' frda. jdyl u.ska me;sfrk frda.
5' WmlrK u.ska me;sfrk frda.

mfika fnda jk frda.

mfia Ôj;a jk laIqø Ôùka Ydl uq,aj,ska myiqfjka Ydlj,g we;=,a úh yels h'
uq,aj, we;s jd isÿre ;=<ska iy uq,aj, ;=jd, jQ ia:dkj,ska fufia we;=,a fõ' ;j o îc
mfia isg jQ úg îcj,g we;=,a ùu o isÿ úh yels h' úfYaIfhka îc m%frdayKh ùfï oS
îcjrKh me<Su isÿ fõ' wfOdafN!u m%frdayKh fmkajk îcj, îc mi ;=< ?f|k
ksid;a" tajdfha jeä ixÑ; wdydr m%udKhla wvx.= ksid;a tajdg myiqfjka mdxY= laIqø Ôùka
we;=,a úh yels h' fufia mfika fnda jk frda. mdxY= ckk frda. f,i o ye|ska fõ'
mfika fnda jk frda.j,g WodyrK
• ysgq ueÍfï frda.h ^;lald,s" ngq" ñßia" ÿïfld<j,g je<f|a'& Pseudomonas
solanacearum nelaàßhdj
• f;a l¿ uq,a frda.h ^Rosellinia arcuata& os,Srh
• f;a uq,a .eg frda.h ^Meloidogyne brevicauda jg mKqjd&
• w¾;dm,a l`M fldr< frda.h ^Rhizoctonia solani os,Srh&
• ;jdka me< osh u,ka lEfï frda.h ^Phythium spp, Rhizoctonia spp,Fusarium
spp jeks os,Sr&
• rn¾ iqÿ uq,a frda.h ^Fomes lignosus os,Srh&

51
jd;fhka fnda jk frda.
jdhqf.da,fha we;s laIqø Ôùka Ydlfha jdhj fldgiaj,g we;=,a ùfuka me;sfrk
frda. jd;fhka fnda jk frda. f,i ye|+ska fõ' jdhqf.da,fha fndfyduhla os,Sr j¾.j,
îcdKq mj;S' tajd Ydlj,g ;=jd, jQ ia:dkj,ska wmsp¾óh" mQáld" jd isÿre jeks isÿrej,ska
iy Ydlfha WÉp¾uh isÿre lsÍfuka Ydlj,g we;=¿ ù Ydl frda. we;s lrhs' nelaàßhd
Ydlj,g we;=,a jkafka Ydlj, ;=jd, isÿ jQ ia:dkj,sks' Ydl isÿre lr f.k we;=,a ùu
isÿ fkdfõ'
jd;fhka me;sfrk frda.j,g WodyrK
• lmqj, nelaàßhd wx.udrh (Xanthomonas malvacearum)
nelaàßhd jeys ìxÿ yryd me;sÍ hhs'
• f;a ìì,s frda.h (Exobasidium vexans) os,Sr îcdKq jd;h yryd me;sf¾'
• fldams u,lv frda.h (Hemileia vastatrix) os,Sr îcdKq jd;h yryd me;sf¾'

îcj,ska iy m%ckk j¾Ol fldgiaj,ska me;sfrk frda.

j.d lsÍug .kakd îcj, fkdfhl=;a frda. ldrlhska iy Tjqkaf.a îcdKq ;sìh
yels h' tjeks îc j.d l< úg j.dfõ oS îc me<j,g myiqfjka frda. je<|sh yels h'
fufia îcj, frda. ldrlhd fyda frda. ldrlhdf.a fldgia ;sî j.d l< úg me<j,g tu
frda.h je<oSu îcj,ska ckkh jk frda. f,i ye|ska fõ' fndfyduhla os,Sr frda. fï
wdldrhg îc u.ska me;sf¾'
îcj,ska iy m%ckk j¾Ol fldgiaj,ska me;sfrk frda.j, g WodyrK
• fida.ïj, weg ÿUq,a frda.h (SMUT)
• fidahd fndaxÑ úÑ;% jhsria frda.h (Soyabean mosaic virus)
• u[af[dlald úÑ;% jhsria frda.h (Indian cassava mosaic virus)
• Banana bract mosaic virus frda.h
• Sweet potato feathery mottle virus
• mefmd,a uqÿ mq,a,s jhsria frda.h
• w¾;dm,a mYaÑu wx.udrh
frda. jdylhla u.ska me;sfrk frda.
Ydlj, hqI Wrd fndk lDñka u.ska frda. ldrlhka Ydlj,g we;=,a úh yels h'
fufia jdyl lDñka u.ska fnda jkafka jhsri frda. muKs' fuu jdylhska frda. ldrlhka
YÍrh ;=< mj;ajd f.k .=Kkh lrk yd tfia YÍrh ;=<g we;=,a lr fkdf.k uqL Wmdx.
;=< muKla ;nd .kakd f,i j¾. 2 lg fnosh yels h'
frda. jdylhka u.ska fnda jk frda.j,g WodyrK
• iqÿ ueiaid - ñßia fld< fldv ùu" ;lald,s úÑ;% frda.h
• me< lSvEjka - ùj, ;DKdldr l=re ùu" flfi,a j| mSoSfï frda.h
• l+ä;a;ka - ñßiaj, fld< fldv ùu" je,a fodvïj, úÑ;% jhsri frda.h" uE
úÑ;% jhsri frda.h
• msá ul=Kd
WmlrK u.ska me;sfrk frda.
hdka;s%l WmlrK f,i noaO msysh" filáh¾" lmamdÿ l;=re jeks WmlrKj,ska
Ydl lemSfï oS Ydl hqI yryd jhsri ksfrda.S Ydlj,g me;sf¾'

52
11'11 Ydl frda. md,kh
Ydl frda. id¾:l j md,kh lsÍug tu frda. ldrlhdf.a Ôjk pl%h" Odrl
Ydlfha m%;sYla;s iajNdjh" frda.hg ys;lr mßir idOl jeks ;;ajhka ms<sn| ksjeros
wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= h' Ydl frda. jHdma; ùug n,mdk lreKq /ila we;'
• fnda. j.d lsÍu i|yd meyeos,s f,i iSud jQ lkakhka wkq.ukh fkdlsÍu
• frda. jix.;hkag ys;lr wêl wd¾ø ld,.=Kh
• ;ks fnda.hla f,i j.d lsÍu
• kshñ; mr;rhg jvd <x j fnda. isgqùu
• wl%uj;a f,i lD;s%u fmdfydr Ndú;h
Ydl frda. md,k l%u
• hdka;s%l l%u
• frda.S Ydl .,jd bj;a lsÍu fyda úkdY lsÍu
frda.hg ,la ù we;s Ydl .,jd úkdY lsÍfuka lafIa;%fhka frda. ldrl bj;a ùu
isÿ fõ' tu.ska frda. ;;a;ajh md,kh fõ'
Wod ( flfi,a j| mSou S " jïngq ysgq ueÍu" nKavlald úÑ;% jhsria" fndaxÑ nelaàßhd
wx.udrh
• frda.S Ydl fldgia bj;a lsÍu
frda. md,kh lsÍfï tla l%uhla f,i frda.S w;= ßls<s lmamdÿ lsÍu oelaúh yels
h' fuu lmamdÿ l< fldgia mq¨iaid oeófuka frda. ;;a;ajh md,kh l< yels h'
Wod ( fodvï Ydlj, rla; mg, frda.h
• fnda. wjfYaI lafIa;%fhka bj;a lsÍu
wiajekak fk<d b;sß jk Ydl fldgiaj, mj;sk frda. ldrlhkaf.ka Ydl frda.
bosßhg;a me;sÍu isÿ úh yels neúka fnda. wjfYaI bj;a lsÍu l< yels h'
Wod ( fndaxÑ u,lv frda.h" fndaxÑ fld< mq,a,s frda.h jeks frda. md,khg
fuu l%uh fhdod .; yels h'
• mi bj;a lsÍu fyda ms,siaiSu
nelaàßhd ysgq ueÍu jeks frda.hlg ,la jQ Ydlhla jefvk ia:dkfha mi ;=< frda.
ldrl mj;S' tu mi bj;a lsÍu fyda tu ia:dkh ms<siaiSfuka frda. ;;a;ajh
md,kh l< yels h'

• YIH úoHd;aul l%u

• ksfrda.S frdamK øjH Ndú; lsÍu
isgqùug .kakd îc" o`vq len,s wdosh ksfrda.S uõ Ydlj,ska ,nd .ekSfuka ,efnk
me< o ksfrda.S fõ' tu.ska Ydl frda. md,kh fõ'
• îc ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu
îcdjrKh fyda mi ;=< isák frda. ldrl laIqø Ôùkaf.ka me;sfrk frda. wju
lr .ekSug îc ÔjdKqyrKh isÿ lrhs' fndfyda úg os,Sr u.ska we;s jk frda.
md,kh fu u.ska isÿ lrhs' fuys oS isgqùug .kakd îc os,Sr kdYl oshrhl .s,ajd
bka miq isgq ùu lrhs'

53
• úl,am Odrl Ydl úkdY lsÍu
fndfyda úg j.d ìul mj;sk j,a me<Eá ;=< Ydl frda. ldrl mj;S' lafIa;%fha
fnda.h fkdmj;sk úg frda. ldrlhka fuu j,a me<Eá u; hefmñka fkdkeiS
mj;S' B<Õ lkakfha fnda. j.d l< úg Ydl ;=<g fuu frda. ldrlhka we;=,a ù
Ydl frda. we;s lrhs' tksid fuu ;;a;ajh md,kh lsÍug úl,am Odrl Ydl jk
j,a me<Eá lafIa;%fhka bj;a l< hq;= h'
Wod ( • ;lald,s Ydlfha fld< fldv ùu md,khg lafIa;%fha mj;sk fudkr
l=vqïìh jeks frda. Odrl j,a me<Eá md,kh lsrSu
• ù j.dfõ ÿUqre mq,a,s frda.h md,khg ù jemsÍug fmr kshrj, jefvk
l=l=,a wegjrd jeks Odrl j,a me< md,kh lsrSu
• Ydl wNsckkh u.ska m%;sfrdaë Ydl we;s lsÍu
Ydl wNsckkh u.ska frda. m%;sfrdaë Ydl ìys lrf.k we;' kùk ;dlaIKsl l%u
fhdod f.k m%;sfrdaë cdk y÷kd f.k tajd Ydl ;=<g we;=,a lsÍfuka frda. i|yd
m%;sfrdaë Ydl we;s fõ'
• j.d ìï msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSu
j.d ìïj, mj;sk frda.S Ydl fldgia" j,a me<Eá fnda. wjfYaI wdosh l%udkql+,
j bj;a lr j.d ìï msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSfuka Ydl frda. wju lr .; yels h'
• fnda. udrej
j.d ìul tl u fnda. ldKavhla tl os.g j.d lrk úg tu Ydlj,g frda. we;s
lrk ldrl fkdkeiS mj;sk neúka Ydl frda. we;s ùu wLKav fõ' fuu ;;a;ajh
md,kh lsÍu i|yd tl u l=,hg wh;a fkdjk fnda. lkakfhka lkakhg udre
lr j.d lsÍfuka Ydl frda. wju lr .; yels h'
Wod ( ;lald,s" w¾;dm,a jeks Ydlj, ysgq ueÍfï frda.h fuu wdldrhg md,kh
l< yels h'
• l%udkql+, j fmdfydr fhoSu
j.d lafIa;%hkag wl%uj;a f,i fmdfydr fhoSfuka iuyr fmdaIl nyq, ùu;a"
iuyr fmdaIl ysÕ ùu;a ksid myiqfjka frda. .%dyS fõ'
Wod ( f.dhï Ydlfha fld< md`: frda.h khsg%cka wêl mfiys oreKq f,i
oelsh yels h'
wjYH muKg fmdaIl iemhSfuka fuu ;a;a;aj md,kh l< yels h'
• mfi ys c, jykh oshqKq lsÍu
ks;r f;;a j mj;sk mfiys oshu,kA (damping off) fya;= jk ms;shï w,aáuï
(Phythium ultimum)" rhsfidlafgdakh
s d fid,khs (Rhizoctonia solani)" *hsfgd*af;dard
merisáld (Phytopthora parasitica) jeks os,Sr j¾Okh fõ' fuu ;;a;ajh md,kh
lsÍug mfiys c, jykh oshqKq lsÍu" ;jdka md;a;sj, mdxY= c, m%udKh wvq lsÍu
l< yels h'
• mfia pH w.h ksj/os lr .ekSu
mi l wdï,sl;dj mj;sk úg tu mfiys f.dajd nrjd frda.h (dub root disease)
jHdma; fõ' tjeks mil wdï,sl;dj wvq lr .; hq;= h' NdIañl mfiys w¾;dm,a
lfnd¨ frda.h jHdma; ùu isÿ fõ' tjeks mil NdIañl;dj wvq lsÍfuka frda.
;;a;ajh md,kh l< yels h'

54
 • ìï mqrka lsÍu
ìï mqrka lsÍu fndfyda úg ls%hd;aul lsÍu wmyiq fõ' kuq;a mfika we;s jk
frda. md,kh lsÍug fuh isÿ l< yels h'
Wod ( flfi,a mkdud frda.fha frda. ldrlhd jk *shqfiaßhï Tlaisiafmdaßhï
(Fusarium oxysporum) os,Srh c,fhka hg l< mqrka ìïj, ueÍ hk nj y÷kd
f.k we;' YS% ,xldfõ flfi,a j.d lrk ìïj, Wia my;a Ndjh;a" jdß ud¾.
c,h wjYH m%udKhg ,nd .ekSug fkdyels ùu;a ksid fuh m%dfhda.sl f,i
fhdod .ekSu wmyiq ù we;'
• mi ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu
mfika yg .kakd frda. md,kh lsÍug mi ÔjdKqyrKh l< yels h' fuh úYd,
lafIa;%j,g m%dfhda.sl j isÿ lsÍu wmyiq neúka ;jdka md;a;s ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍfuka
;jdka me<j,g je<f|k oshu,ka lEu" ysgq ueÍu jeks frda. ;;a;aj md,kh fõ'
• me< w;r kshñ; mr;rh ;eîu
me< b;d <x j j.d lrk úg tajd w;rg m%udKj;a iQ¾hdf,dalhla fkd,efí' me<
w;r wd¾ø;dj jeä fõ' tjeks mßirhl os,Sr u.ska me;sfrk frda. jeä fõ' tksid
kshñ; mr;rhg fnda. j.d lsÍu u.ska frda. md,kh isÿ l< yels h'
Wod ( flfi,a fld< mq,a,s frda.h
• ffcj md,k l%u

• frda. jdyl lDñka u.ska ffcj md,kh isÿ lsÍu

fndfyda jhsria frda." jdyl lDñka úiska Ydlfhka Ydlhg jHdma; lrhs' fuys oS
jdyl lDñka ffcj md,khg k;= lsÍu wkshï f,i Ydl frda. md,kfha ffcj
l%u f,i oelaúh yels h'
Wod ( ù j.dfõ ;DKdldr l=re ùu" Tf¾kaÊ fld< frda.h jeks jhsria frda.
lSvEjka u.ska me;sÍu isÿ fõ' fuu frda. ;;a;ajh md,kh lsÍug lSvEjka ffcj
úoHd;aul j md,kh lsÍu i|yd Tjqkaf.a mrfmdaIs;hka fyda úf,damslhka fhdod
.; yels h' u.ska Tjqka md,kh lrhs' Wod ( n;a l+rka lSvEjkaf.a úf,damslhka
fõ'
• ' mrd rlaIKh (Cross protection)
fuu l%ufha oS f.dùkag îc me< ksl=;a lsÍug fmr tu fnda.hg ydkslr m%pKav
jhsrihla mj;S kï tu jhsrifha fi!uH udos,shla tu me<j,g wduql+,kh lrhs'
túg lafIa;%fha oS fuu me<j,g m%pKav jhsriaj,ska fojkqj isÿ úh yels wdidok
je<fla' fko¾,ka;fha iy tlai;a rdcOdksfha ;lald,s j.dj TMV m%pKav
udos,sj,ska wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd;a *af,dßvdys fodvï l=,fha Ydlj, Ttristiza
jhsrifhka Ydl wdrlaId lr .ekSug;a fuu l%uh wkq.ukh lrhs'

jHjia:dms; l%u u.ska Ydl frda. md,kh

rgj,a w;r Ydl øjH yqjudrefõ oS ydkslr Ydl frda. o rgj,a w;r me;sr hd yels
h' fuys oS tu rfgys l,ska fkd;snQ w¨;a frda.hla rg ;=<g we;=,a ù ixia:dmkh jqjfyd;a
tu.ska fnda.j,g úYd, f,i ydks isÿ fõ'
Wod ( YS% ,xldfõ fldams j.djg je<÷Kq fldams u,lv frda.h meÕsß l=,fha á%iafgid
(Ttristiza) jhsria frda.h jeks frda.j,ska YS% ,xldfõ tu j.djg úYd, f,i ydks
isÿ úh'

55
 fujeks fya;= ksid frda. yd m<sfndaO" rglska rglg we;=,a ùu je<elaùu i|yd
fkdfhla kS;s iïmdokh lr we;' fuys oS iuyr Ydl fldgia wdkhkh ;ykï lsÍu
fyda iSud lsÍu" ksfrdaOdhk l%u fhdod .ekSu yd Ydl fldgiaj,g m%;sldr lsÍu hk ls%hd
ud¾. fuhg we;=<;a lr we;' 1924 wxl 10 ork me<Eá ixrlaIK mk; u.ska úfoaYSh
frda. rg ;=<g we;=¿ ùu je<elaùu i|yd my; ls%hd ud¾. f.k we;'
• úfoaYSh rgj,ska Ydl øjH f.kaùu ;ykï lsÍu fyda iSud lsÍu
• ksfrdaOdhk l%u fhoSu yd Ydl fldgiaj,g m%;sldr lsÍu
wdkhkh ;ykï lr we;s Ydl yd Ydl fldgia
me<Eá ixrlaIK mk;g wkqj wdkhkh ;ykï lr we;s Ydl øjH i|yd my;
WodyrK oelaúh yels h'
• ksj¾;k l,dmSh wefußldkq rgj,ska rn¾ Ydlfha lsisu fldgila fyda îc f.kaùu
;ykï lsÍu' tu.ska ol=Kq wefußldkq fld< frda.h md,kh lsÍu
• n;, Ydlfha fldgia u.ska me;sfrk jhsria frda. md,kh i|yd whsf*dañhd .Kfha
îc yer wfkla fldgia f.kaùu ;ykï lsÍu
• úfoaYSh rgj,ska fmd,a me< f.kaùu ;ykï lsÍu' tu.ska ms,smSkh jeks rgj,
mj;sk fmd,a Ydlj, jhsria frda. jHdma; ùu md,kh
• lsisu f.dhï me<hla fyda m%frdayKh úh yels ù îc f.kaùu ;ykï lsÍu' os,Sr yd
jg mKq frda. ù îc ud¾.fhka me;sÍu je<elaùu fu u.ska isÿ lrhs
by; Ydl j¾.j,g wu;r j"
• isgqùu i|yd w¾;dm,a w, fyda j¾Ol fldgia
• isgqùu i|yd Wla Ydl fldgia
• mia yd fldïfmdaiaÜ jeks øjH o rg ;=<g f.kaùu ;ykï lr we;'

wdkhkh iSud lr we;s Ydl yd Ydl fldgia

• l¾udka; i|yd fldfldajd îc yer" fldfldajd Ydl" f.ä yd îc f.kaùu ;ykï
lsÍu'
• ;lald,s weg f.kaùfï oS úI îc kdYkh l< fyda frda.j,ska f;dr njg iy;sl l<
îc muKla f.kaùu
• wdkhkh lrkq ,nk Ydl yd Ydl fldgia lDIsl¾u wOHlaIf.a n,m;%h fkdue;s
j YS% ,xldjg we;=`M lsÍug bv fkdoSu
YS% ,xldfõ Ydl ksfrdaOdhk kS;sj,g wkqj furgg wdkhkh lrk Ydl fyda Ydl
fldgia wdkhkh isÿ l< yelafla fld<U jrdfhka" ;f,hsukakdrï f;dfgka iy
fld<U yd lgqkdhl .=jka f;dgqm<ska muKs' fuys oS msgrgj,ska f.kajk nvq ndysrdosfha
ys wdkhkh ;ykï lr we;s øjH we;a oehs mÍlaId lrhs' YS% ,xldjg f.kaùug wjir oS
we;s Ydl fldgia fld<U OQudh;khg hjd Ydl frda. yd m<sfndaO we;a oehs mÍlaId lr
tajdg OQulrKh wjYH jqjfyd;a f.kajkakdf.a úhoñka OQulrKh fyda laIQÞ cSùka
kdYkh lrhs' fïjd OQulrKh fyda laIQø cSùka kdYkh u.ska msßisÿ l< fkdyels kï
tajd úkdY lr oeóug OQudh;kfha mÍlaIljrhdg n,h we;'
fuhg wu;r j wNHka;r ksfrdaOdhk l%u u.ska rg ;=< frda. me;sr hdu uev
meje;aùu isÿ lrhs' fuys oS me<Eá ixrlaIK mk; u.ska frda. Wmøj iys; Ydl úkdY
fkdlrk f.dùkag úreoaO j kvq mejÍu l< yels h' ´kEu Ydl ksfrdaOdhk
mÍlaIljrhl=g fujeks m<sfndaO fyda frda.hkag f.dÿre jQ Ydl mÍlaId lr tajd úkdY
lrk f,i f.dùkag ,shú,a,lska oekaúh yels h' tfiau jix.; ;;a;j a mj;sk m%foaYj,ska
tu fnda.j, fldgia wfkl=;a m%foaYj,g m%jdykh ;ykï lsÍu o .eiÜ ksfõokhla
u.ska isÿ flf¾'

56
ridhksl øjH u.ska Ydl frda. md,kh
frda. ldrlj,ska Ydl wdrlaId lr .ekSug ridhk øjH Ndú; l< yels h' fuys
oS os,Sr kdYl" m%;sÔjl yd jg mKq kdYl nyq, f,i fhdod .kS'
Ydl È,Sr frda. md,kfha § nyq,j fhdod .kakd os,Sr kdYl wdldr lsysmhla my;
oelafõ'
1' ;U wvx.= os,Sr kdYl
Wod ( 1' fndafvda ñY%Kh
2' l=mardúÜ
3' fldm¾ iekafvdaia
4' fI,a fldm¾
2' f.kao.ï os,Sr kdYl
Wod ( 1' ,hsï i,am¾
2' f;;a l< yels f.kao.ï l=vq
3' ldnksl os,Sr kdYl
Wod ( 1' ;srdï ^fgg%d ó;hs,a ;hshqrï vhsi,a*hsâ&
2' *¾nEï ^f*ßla vhsó;hs,a vhs;fhda ldnfïÜ&
3' isfkí ^iskala t;s,ska äiavhs;fhda ldnfïÜ&
4' uefkí ^ueka.kSia t;s,ska äiavhs;fhda ldnfïÜ&

taldnoaO frda. md,kh

j.d N+ñh ieliSfï isg fnda. wiajkq fk<Su olajd ld, iSudj ;=< frda. md,kh
i|yd ridhksl l%u wju f,i fhdod .ksñka wfkl=;a frda. md,k l%u WÑ; f,i
ixl,kh lrñka fnda. md,kh lsÍu taldnoaO frda. md,kh hs'
frda.S ;;a;ajh wfkl=;a l%u u.ska md,kh l< fkdyels wjia:dj, oS muKla
ridhksl øjH Ndú; lrhs' tu.ska mßirhg isÿ jk ydks wju lsÍu m%Odk wruqK hs'

11'12 m<sfndaO md,kfha oS Ndú; jk WmlrK

m<sfndaO kdYl bisk WmlrK my; whqre j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'

m<sfndaO kdYl bisk WmlrK

jdyk ^g%elag¾ u.ska& ñksiqka u.ska .=jka hdkd u.ska

- oshr - oshr
- l=vq - yqud,h

w;ska l%shdlrjk n,fõ. bisk

- wê mßud
oshr bisk l=vq úiqreï - wvq mßud
- msiagka wdldr - w;ska l=vq bisk
- w;sYh wvq mßud
- m%dÖr wdldr - n,fõ. l=vq bisk
- Tfgda fldïfm%Ika wdldr

57
 by; whqßka úúO wdldrfha m<sfndaO kdYl bisk WmlrK ;snqK o" msiagka
wdldrfha w;a bisk ^kemaiela bisk hka;%& yd kemaiela mxld wdldrfha ^n,fõ.& bisk
hka;% ms<sn| j muKla fuysoS idlÉPd flf¾'

kemaiela msiagka wdldrfha bisk hka;%hl fldgia yd tajdfha ld¾hhka

9'

10'
2'

8'

11' 1'

7'
6'

4'
3' 5'

rEmh 11'104 # msiagka wdldrfha bisk hka;%hl fldgia

1' oshr gexlsh ( m<sfndaO kdYlh ;nd .ekSu
2' fmrkh ( gexlshg ouk m<sfndaO kdYlj, wmøjH fmrSu
3' msiagkh yd
4' is,skavrh ( is,skavrh ;=< msiagkh ls%hd lrùfï oS gexlsfhka oshrh
weo .ekSu yd mSvk l=àrhg heùu
5' ye~,h ( is,skavrh ;=< msiagkh tyd fuyd p,kh lrùu
6' we;=,a uqj lmdgh ( gexlsfha oshrh is,skavrhg tafï oS th újD; ùu yd
bkamiq jeiSu
7' á%.¾ lmdgh ( wjYH úg m<sfndaO kdYl biSug ie,iSu fyda th
keje;aùu
8' iafm%a ,dkaih ( oshr fkdi,h olajd f.k hdu
9' fkdi,h ( oshr b;d l=vd ì|s;s f,i úiqrejd yerSu
10' mSvk l=àrh ( iïmSvkhg ,lajk jd;h yd oshr .nvd lsÍu
11' msg uqj lmdgh ( is,skavrfha isg m<sfndaO kdYl Èhrh mSvk l=àrhg
hdfï § th újD; ùu yd bkamiq jeiSu
oshr biSfï oS isÿjk hdka;%Kh
oshr ñY%Khla u.ska oshr gexlsh mqrjd wk;=re j tys uQäh jid" bka miq j msig
a kh
ls%hd lrjk ye~,h l%ñl j by<g tiùu yd my<g f;rmSu lrkq ,efí' ye~,h by<g
tiùfï oS thg iïnkaO lr we;s msiagkh my<g fhduq fõ' ta wkqj we;=¿ uqj lmdgh
újD; ù" ta Tiafia oshr is,skavrh ;=<g we;=¿ fõ'
oshr m%udKh we;=¿ jQ laIKfhka tu lmdgh jeiS hhs' kej; ye~,h my<g
f;rmSfï oS msiagkh by<g .uka lrk w;r is,skavrh ;=< jQ oshrh msg uqj lmdgh újD;
lr f.k mSvk l=àrh ;=<g .uka lrhs' mSvk l=àrh ;=<g oshr meñKs jydu tlS lmdgh
jeiS hhs' fï wdldrfhka ye~,h jdr 12 - 15 la w;r m%udKhla by<g yd my<g fhduq
lsÍfï oS oshr gexlsh ;=< we;s oshr ñY%Kfhka hï m%udKhla mSvk l=àrh ;=< yd á%.¾
lmdgh olajd jQ k<h ;=< msSvkhlg hg;a j tla /ia fõ' fufia oshr ñY%Kh mSvk l=àrh

58
;=<g we;=,a lsÍfï oS tys we;s jd;h iïmSvkhg Ndck ù mSvk l=àrfha by< m%foaYfha
/|S mj;S' mSvk l=àrh ;=< uq`Mukskau oshr mSvkhg m;a ùu u; ;j ÿrg;a ye~,h ls%hd
lrùug fkdyels ;;a;ajhlg m;a fõ' fuu wjia:dfõ oS á%.¾ lmdgh újD; l< fyd;a
mSvkhg Ndck ù oshr ñY%Kh ,dkaih Tiafia .uka lr keisks ;=<ska l=vd ì|s;s f,i
t<shg úi¾ckh fõ' oshr ñY%Kh taldldÍ j úi¾ckh ùu i|yd mSvk l=àrh ;=<
iïmSvkhg m;a jQ jd;fha m%idrKh ^úia;drKh& WmldÍ fõ' fufia oshr ñY%Kh úi¾ckh
ùfï oS kej; jrla ye~,h fmr mßos ls%hd lrjd oshr ñY%Kfhys hï m%udKhla kej;;a
mSvkhg m;a l< yels fõ' fï wdldrfhka wLKav j oshr úi¾ckh lsÍu l< yels fõ'
kemaiela n,fõ. wdldrfha bisk hka;%hl fldgia yd tys ls%hdldß;ajh

rEmh 11'105 # kemaiela n,fõ. wdldrfha bisk hka;%h ^mxld wdldrh&

1' ridhk øjH gexlsh 8' p,kh l< yels k<h

2' bkaOk gexlsh 9' fid~ k<h iú lrk w,a¨j
3' txðu 10' iqkuH fid~ k< fldgi
4' mxld ldurh 11' N+.; jhrh
5' w,a¨ 12' md,l ,Sjrh
6' iDcq f,day mhsmamh ^k<h& 13' ;ajrK ,Sjrh
7' kejqKq mhsmamh ^k<h&
fujeks hka;%hla u.ska oshr" l=vq yd l=vd leg wdldrfha ´kEu øjHhla úi¾ckh
lsÍfï yelshdj we;' øj fyda øjH u.ska ridhksl øjH ouk gexlsh mqrjd wk;=re j tys
uQäh jikq ,efí' bka miq bkaOk gexlsh g 25 ( 1 wkqmd;hg fmÜg%,a yd ,sysis f;,a ^2T&
ñY% lr wjYH m%udKhg oud tys uQäh o jid" hka;%hg wod< l=vd txðu mK .kajkq ,efí'
ta wkqj thg iïnkaO jQ mxld ;eáh u.ska iq<x Odrd Wmojkq ,efí' tu iq<x Odrd úYd,
iqkuH fid~ k<hg fhduq lr we;' tfiau w;sf¾l l=vd k<hla u.ska iq<x Odrdjla
ridhk øjH ouk gexlshg o fhduq lr we;' ^fuu iq<x Odrdj u.ska tys we;=<; jQ
øj$øjH le,;Su yd fmr mSvkhlg Ndck flf¾'& ;ajrK ,Sjrfha ^throttle lever& ia:dkh
fjkia lsÍfuka txðfï fõ.h wvq jeä lr .; yels w;r ta wkqj mxldfjka Wmojk iq<x
Odrdfõ fõ.h o wvq jeä fõ' tfia u md,l ,Sjrfha ^shutter lever & ia:dkh fjkia
lsÍfuka jrl oS gexlsfhka msg;g .,k ridhksl øj$øjH m%udKh wvq jeä lr .; yels
fõ' fï wkqj ridhk øjH ouk gexlsfha isg meñfKk øj$ isyska k<hla yd á%.¾
lmdghla Tiafia k<fha uqj fj;g fhduq lr we;' tfia u øjH ^leg fyda l=vq& ridhk
øjH ouk gexlsfha isg ;rula úYd, k<hla u.ska fid~ k<fha by< fl<jrg fhduq
lsÍug i,iajd we;' ^tlu jr oshr úi¾ckh lsÍu fyda l=vq fyda leg úi¾ckh lsÍu l<
fkdyels h'&
fid~ k<fha keiskak úi¾ckh l< hq;= øjHfha iajNdjh ^oshr" leg fyda l=vq&

59
wkqj fjkia lr .; yels h' tfiau fid~ k<fha os. o iïu; idudkH os.g jvd óg¾
1'5 - 2' w;r m%udKhlska wu;r k< fldgia Ndú; lr wjYH mßos os.= lr .; yels h'
bisk hka;%hla wxl fYdaOkh lsÍu
bisk hka;%h i|yd Ndú; jk keisksj, iajNdjh wkqj;a ridhk øjH wkqj;a
fylaghdrhlg fhosh hq;= ridhk øjH oshrh fjkia fõ' talSh lafIa;%M,hlg fhosh hq;=
ilS%h øjH m%udKh ksh; úh hq;= h' fï ksid bisk hka;%hla wxl fYdaOkh jeo.;a fõ'
ta i|yd my; o;a; ,nd .; hq;= fõ'
• bisk hka;%fha gexlsfha Odß;dj
• fylaghdrhg wjYH ilS%h ridhk øjH m%udKh
• fylaghdrhlg fhdok oshr m%udKh
• gexlshlg ñY% l< hq;= ridhk øjH m%udKh
n bisk hka;%fha Odß;dj m<uqj fidhd .; hq;= fõ' th Alit hhs is;uq'
n fylaghdrhg fhosh hq;= ridhk øjH ,Sgr .Kk" ridhk øjH weiqrefï
olajd we;' th B lit/ha hhs is;uq'
n B <Õ mshjf¾ oS fhdokakd úiska fylaghdrhlg fhdok oshr m%udKh
fidhd.; hq;= h' ^fhdok YS>%;dj& th C lit/ha hhs is;uq'
n ta wkqj jrl oS gexlshg ñY% l< hq;= ridhk øjH m%udKh fiúh yels
h' th Q lit hhs is;uq'
ta wkqj" B lit/ha x A lit
Q lit = Clit / ha
fylaghdrhlg oshr fhdok YS>%;dj fiùu
mshjr 1 - bisk hka;%fha úi¾ck YS>%;dj fiùu (Discharge rate)
• bisk hka;%fha gexlshg c,h msrùu
• úkdähg 15 j;djla muK fõ.fhka ,Sjrh úkdähl ld,hla Wia my;a lr
keiskafkka msg jk c, m%udKh Ndckhlg tl;= lr uek .ekSu
• fuh jdr 3 la muK lr tys idudkH w.h ,nd .ekSu
• th ñks;a;=jg ,Sg¾ x hhs is;uq' ^x lit/min &
mshjr 2 - úkdähla ;=< oS wdjrKh jk j¾. m%udKh fiùu (SWATA)
• keiskak u.ska oshr bisk m<, uekSu' th ógr ' W ' hhs is;uq' (Wm)
• úkdähla ;=< oS bisk hka;%h ls%hdlre
weúosk ÿr uek .ekSu' th óg¾ ' L '
hhs i;s uq'(L m)
• ta wkqj úkdähla ;=< oS bisk hka;f% hka
m
W

oshr bisk j¾. m%udKh fidhd .; hq;=

h' (WL m2)
• fylaghdrhla i|yd oshr biSug .;
jk ld,h fiùu' th ñks;a;= T hhs is;uq' Lm
2
1 min x 10,000 m
T min =
WL m2
• ta wkqj fylaghdrhlg fhosh hq;= oshr m%udKh my; f,i fiúh yels h'

fhosh hq;= oshr m%udKh = C lit = Xml

x T min
1 min

60
bisk hka;% kv;a;= lsÍu
l=uk wdldrhl bisk hka;%h la jqj o" mßyrKh lsÍfï m<uq wjia:dfõ isgu wLKav
j kv;a;= l< hq;= fõ' fkdtfia kï tajd blaukska wlS%h ;;a;ajhg yd úkdY uqLhg m;a
fõ' wju jYfhka mßyrKfhka miq j msßisÿ c,h yd inka Ndú; lr wNHka;r j yd
ndysr j fidaod msßisÿ lr ysre t<sfhka úh<d .; hq;= fõ'
j.=j 11'14 - kemaiela msiagka wdldrfha bisk hka;%hla yd
n,fõ. bisk hka;%hla kv;a;= lsÍu

fodaIh fya;=j l< hq;= ms<shu

• ,Sjrh ls%hd;aul l< o • msiagkhg ine|s iuk, • tu weKh ;o lsrSu
oshr msvkh fkdùu weKh nqre,a ùu
• úh<s nj ksid msiagkhg • bj;g f.k t~re
wod< f,or yels<S ;sîu f;,aj, nyd uDÿ njg
m;a lr kej; iú lsÍu
yd w¨f;ka .S%ia msrùu
• pQIK lmdgh ;=< fnda,h • .,jd bj;g f.k tu
isr ù ;sîu ia:dkfha" /|S we;s wmøjH
Y=oaO lsÍu yd th kej;
iú lsÍu
• mSvk l=àrh ;=< oshr • pQIK yd msgdr fnda, • tu ia:dk fol Y=oO
a mú;%
mSvkh fkdùu lmdg ks i s mßos ls % h d lr msgdr fnda, lmdg
fkdlsÍu ia:dms; lsÍu
• keiskafkka úi¾ckh • keiskak ;=< fyda á%.¾ • tu fldgia .,jd bj;a
ùfï m%udKh wvq ùu lmdgh ;=< wmøjH ne|S lr msßisÿ lr h<s iú lsÍu
;sîu

• bka O k ;s n q K o mK • mq < s Õ = fma k q f õ ldnka • mq<sÕ= fmakqj .,jd Y=oaO

.ekaùug wmyiq ùu ne|Su lr kej; iú lsÍu
• mq<sÕ= fmakqfõ • tu mr;rh 0.6mm
bf,lafg%dav w;r m%udKhg ieliSu
mr;rh jeä ùu • úÿ,sh W;amdokh lrk
• m<sÕ= fmakj q i|yd úÿ,sh CDI fyda TCT vhr leä
fkd,eîu' lsÍfï kï tajd ms<silr
lsÍu
• ldìhqf¾grhg bkaOk • k< wjysr ùu • bkaOk .,k k< ud¾.h
fkd,eîu msßisÿ lr kej; iú lsÍu
lsÍu
• bkaOk gexlsfha lrduh • tu lrduh .,jd Y=oO
a lr
wjysr ùu kej; iú lsÍu

• txðu jrla mK.eka ù • jdhq fYdaOlh ÿ¾j, ùu • jdhq fYdaOkh .,jd tys
kej; k;r ùu fmryk inka ñY%
c,fhka fidaod wk;=re j
ms ß is ÿ c,fhka fida o d
úh<d iú lsÍu

61
11'13 m<sfndaO kdYl mßyrKh
fnda. fyda i;=kag ydks isÿ lrk frda. ldrlhka" lDñ yd fjk;a i;=ka o"
fnda.j,g ydks lrk j,a me<Eá o md,khg fhdod .kakd ridhksl øjH m<sfndaO kdYl
f,i y÷kajhs'
fuu m<sfndaO kdYl mßyrKh yd Ndú; lrkakka wdrlaId lsÍug ish¨ u m<sfndaO
kdYl YS% ,xldfõ m<sfndaO kdYl ,shdmosxÑ lsÍfï fr.=,disj,g hg;a lr we;' ta wkqj
m<sfndaO kdYl Ndú;fha oS wdrlaIl mshjr wkq.ukh l< hq;= w;r tu.ska ñksia Ôú;
yd mßir ¥IKh j<lajd .ekSu m%Odk jYfhka isÿ l< yels h'

ridhksl m<sfndaO kdYl Ndú;fha jdis

• hï lafIa;%hl isák m<sfndaO b;d blaukska md,kh fõ'
• ydksfha iajNdjh wkqj wjYH m<sfndaO kdYlh fjf<|fmdf<ka ñ, oS .; yels h'
• hï m<sfndaOhla jix.; ;;a;ajhg m;a j we;s úg th md,kh l< yels h'
• Ydlj, wNHka;r fldgiaj, isák m<sfndaO md,kh l< yels h'
• tlu m<sfndaO kdYlhlska m<sfndaO Ôùka lsysm fokl= md,kh l< yels h'
• m<sfndaO md,khg jeh jk Y%uh wvq hs'

ridhksl m<sfndaO kdYl Ndú;fha wjdis

• mßir iu;=,s;;dj ì| jeàu
fuys oS b,lal m<sfndaOh muKla fkdj wfkla Ôùkag o ydks isÿ jk neúka mßir
iu;=,s;;dj ì| jefÜ'
• ys;lr lDóka yd laIqø Ôùka úkdY ùu' Wod ( ul=`:jka" .evú,ka
• wdydr odu u.ska ñksia fyda i;=kaf.a YÍr ;=<g we;=`M jk m<sfndaO kdYlj,ska ms<sld
jeks frda. ;;a;ajhka we;s ùu
• c,dYj,g fyda jdhq f.da,hg tl;= jk m<sfndaO kdYlj,ska tajd ¥IKh ùu
• ffcj úúO;ajhg ydks we;s ùu
• m<sfndaO kdYlj,g m%;sfrdaë lDñ udos,s we;s ùu
• m<sfndaO fkdjk Ôùka m<sfndaOhka njg m;a ùu
• m<sfndaO jix.; njg m;a ùu

m<sfndaO kdYl mßyrKfha oS wkq.ukh l< hq;= wdrlaIl ms<sfj;a

• m<sfndaO kdYl f;dard .ekSu iy ñ, oS .ekSfï oS wkq.ukh l< hq;= ls%hd
• wod< m<sfndaOh y÷kd .ekSu
• ydksfha iajNdjh ksjeros j y÷kd .ekSu
• wjYH m%udKhg muKla kshñ; m<sfndaO kdYlh f;dard .ekSu
• wkqu; fjf<| ie,lska ldkaÿ ùu fkdue;s uq,a weiqreï iys; m<sfndaO kdYl
ñ,oS .ekSu
• m<sfndaO kdYl m%jdykh yd .nvd lsÍfï oS
• wdydr øjH iu. m%jdykh fkdlsÍu
• weiqreï m`:ÿ fkdjk wdldrhg m%jdykh lsÍu
• l=vd <uqkag yd iqr;,a i;=kag yiq fkdjk fia wdrlaIs; ia:dkhl .nvd lsÍu
• uq,a weiqreu iu. u .nvd lsÍu
• wdydr øjHj,ska ÿria j .nvd lsÍu

62
• m<sfndaO kdYl lafIa;%hg fhoSfï oS
• f,an,h lshjd tys Wmfoia ms<smeoSu
• ksjeros biskh f;dard .ekSu' Wod( j,a kdYlj,g n,fõ. biskh iqÿiq fkdfõ'
• fhoSug fmr WmlrKh ls%hd lrkafka o hkak mÍlaId lsÍu" oshr ldkaÿ jk
biskhla Ndú; fkdlsrSu' fodaI we;a kï biSug fmr w¨;ajeähd lr .ekSu
• iqÿiq ñkqï WmlrK Ndú; lr m<sfndaO kdYl ñY%Kh l%udkql+, j ilia lr
.ekSu
• ñY% lsÍu i|yd msßisÿ fldagqjla Ndú; lsrSu
• bisk hka;%fha ksjeros fkdi,h Ndú; lsÍu
Wod ( j,a kdYl i|yd zzfmd,sfcÜZZ fkdi,h fhdod .ekSu
• mßyrKfha oS wdrlaIl we÷ï lÜg,hla we| .ekSu' uqL wdjrK" w;a wdjrK" ysia
jeiqï me<|sh hq;= hs'
• úI wêl m<sfndaO kdYl fhoSfï oS ;j;a mqoa.,hl=f.a iydh ,nd .ekSu' wêl
úI iys; m<sfndaO kdYl fhoSfï § tla mqoa.,hl= meh 2 - 3 lg iSud l< hq;= hs'
• meyeos,s wyila we;s oskhl Woh fyda ijia ld,fha m<sfndaO kdYl fhoSu' ;o
iq<x" iev ysre /ia fyda jeis iys; wjia:dj, m<sfndaO kdYl biSfuka je<lsh hq;=
H'
• iq<x osYdjg ,ïnl j m<sfndaO kdYl biSu'
• bisk wjia:dfõ oS wdydr mdk .ekSfuka" nq,;a úg lEfuka fyda ÿï îfuka
je<lSu'
• fkdi,h wjysr ùul oS lg ;nd msöfuka je<lSu' ta i|yd ishqï flkaola fhdod
.ekSu fyda fkdi,h c,fhka fidaod msßisÿ lr .ekSu l< hq;= h'
• fhdok w;r;=r oyäh msi oeófuka je<lSu'
• m<sfndaO kdYl fhoSfuka miq
• ysia m<sfndaO kdYl weiqreï kej; Ndú; l< fkdyels jk fia ;,d fmdä lr
.eUqßka j< oeñh hq;= h'
• biSu wjika jQ ú.i Ndú; l< WmlrK ukd j fidaod tu c,h c,dYj,g tl;=
fkdjk fia j<lg oeñh hq;= h'
• bisk wjia:dfõ oS we| isá we÷ï fidaod YÍrh o inka .d msßisÿ lr .; hq;= h'
• jeroSulska fyda m<sfndaO kdYl wefia ;ejreK fyd;a lsysm jrla msßisÿ c,fhka
fiaÈh hq;= h'
• bisk wjia:dfõ fyda bka miqj fyda ysiroh" jukh" la,dka;h jeks YdÍßl
wmyiq;djla oekqK fyd;a m<sfndaO kdYl weiqreu o /f.k jydu frday, fj;
f.k hd hq;= h'
m<sfndaO kdYl f,an,hl wvx.= úh hq;= f;dr;=re
1980 wxl 33 ork m<sfndaO kdYl md,kh lsÍfï mk; hgf;a m<sfndaO kdYl
f,an,hl i|yka úh hq;= f;dr;=re w;=ßka mdßfNda.slhdg jeo.;a jk lreKq iuyrla
my; olajd we;'
• lDIs ridhk øjH wf<ú lrk fjf<| ku
• fjf<| kug háka tu øjHfha fmdÿ ku
• fjf<| ku wi,ska zzjiZZ hkqfjka i|yka lsÍu
• m<sfndaO kdYlfha ils%h øjH wvx.= m%udKh
• m<sfndaO kdYlfha iajNdjh yd idkaøKh
Wod ( laf,dfrdmhsßfmdia 40]EC Wod ( ldfndmshqrdka 3]G
• weiqrefï wvx.= m<sfndaO kdYl m%udKh iy tys ñ,

63
• ksIamdos; oskh yd ils%h ld,h ( idudkHfhka ils%h ld,h ksIamdokh l< osk
isg wjqreÿ folla fõ'
• Ndú;h ms<sn| Wmfoia
• wiajekak fmrd;=j ^fmr wiajkq ld,h& ( wiajekak fk<Su l< hq;af;a wka;su
jrg m<sfndaO kdYlh biSfuka fldmuK osklg miqj o hkak
• wdrlaIdldÍ úê
• yosis úI ùul oS osh hq;= m%:udOdr
• úI kdYlh ( fuh ffjoHjrhdg jeo.;a fõ'
• zz,shdmosxÑ lr we;ZZ hkqfjka f,an,fha hg i|yka l< hq;= h'
• úI Ndjhg wod< j¾K ;Srej iys; hg odrfha
wêl úI iys; m<sfndaO kdYlj, - wk;=re iys; hs
uOHia: úI iys; m<sfndaO kdYlj, - ydksodhl hs
iq`M úI iys; m<sfndaO kdYlj, - wjodkï iys; hs
hkqfjka i|yka l< hq;= h'
• fuu m<sfndaO kdYlj, wvx.= ish¨ f;dr;=re isxy," bx.S%is yd fou< NdIdj,ska
igyka lsÍu l< hq;= h'

64
 12' miq wiajkq ;dlaIKh

12'1 Ys% ,xldfõ nyq, j j.d lrk lDIs fnda.

oekg lDIsl¾u lafIa;%hg wod< j wm yuqfõ mj;sk m%Odk wNsfhda.h jkafka wdydr
ksIamdokfhka rg iajhxfmdaIs; lsÍuhs' fuys oS nyq, j j.d lrk fnda." ldKav lSmhlg
fnod oelaúh yels h'
• OdkH fnda.
• udI fnda.
• w, fnda.
• t<j¨ fnda.
• m,;=re fnda.
• l=¿ nvq fnda.
by; fnda. ldKavj,g wh;a jk fnda.j, wiajkq jYfhka .kakd fldgia fjkia
jk w;r u fnda.hkag wjYH jk mdßißl wjYH;djka o fjkia fõ' b,a¨u wkqj j.d
lrk N+ñ m%udKh o ks;r fjkia úh yels h' ^ù iy lafIa;% fnda. lSmhl j.d jmißa
12'1 yd 12'2 j.=j, oela fõ'&

OdkH fnda.
YS% ,xldfõ j.d lrk OdkH fnda. w;rg ù" l=rlalka" nv bßÕ=" fufkaß" fida.ï yd
;K yd,a .; yels h' fuu fnda. ish,af,a u wiajkq f,i .kq ,nkafka lrf,ka fjka
lr .kakd ,o îc fõ'
• YS% ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, ù j.dj isÿ l< yels w;r YS% ,xldfõ jeä u
N+ñ m%udKhl j.d lrk m%Odk u OdkH fnda.h o fuh fõ' l=Uqre ìï fylaghd¾
9 100 000 la muK ù j.d lrhs' fuhska uy lkakfha oS fylaghd¾ 591 000la o h,
lkakfha oS fylaghd¾ 319 000 la o muK j.d lrhs'
• óg wu;r j l=rlalka" nv bßÕ=" fufkaß" úh<s yd w;rueos l,dmj, j.d l< yels
OdkH fnda. fõ' fuu j.djka nyq, j uy lkakfha oS isÿ lrhs'

udI fnda.$rks, fnda.

• uqx" lõms" W`ÿ" f;dar mßmamq" fidahd fndaxÑ" rg lcq nyq, j j.d lrk udI fnda. fõ'
fuu ish¨ u fnda.hka ys lr,ska fjka lr .kakd îc wiajkq f,i .kS'
• udI fnda. j.dj i|yd YS% ,xldfõ jvd;a iqÿiq m%foaY jkafka úh<s yd w;r ueos l,dm
fõ'
• udI fnda. lr,aj, meyeh l¿ fyda msÿre meye jk úg wiajkq fk<d .kS'
• udI fnda.hla jk uqx îcj, 24] la fm%daàka wvx.= w;r m%Odk jYfhka uy lkakfha
j.d lrkq ,efí' kshñ; ld,hg isgqùfuka ckjdß ui wjidkh;a fmnrjdß ui
uq,a ld,h;a w;r wiajkq ,nd .; yels h'
• W÷ yd f;dar mßmamq kshÕhg Tfrd;a;= osh yels fnda. neúka h, yd uy folkakfha
u j.d l< yels h'

65
 j.=j 12'1 ( - l,dm yd osia;s%lal wkqj ù j.dj isÿ lrk
N+ñ m%udKh iy ,nd .;a ksIamdokhka
66

uQ,h ( ck f,aLk yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j - 2008

 j.=j 12'2 ( lafIa;% fnda. lsysmhl j.d ìï m%udKh iy ksIamdok m%udKhka

`¿Ekq
67

uqx weg

r;= Ækq

uynexl= jd¾;dj - 2008

 j.=j 12'3 ( f;a" rn¾" fmd,a iy wfkl=;a wmkhk lDIs fnda.j, ksIamdokh
68

uynexl= jd¾;dj - 2008

w, fnda.
wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj i|yd jvd;a jeo.;ajk fnda. ldKavhls w¾;dm,a" n;,"
bkak," lsß w," u[af[dlald nyq,j u wdydr i|yd j.d lrk w, fnda. fõ' fuu
Ydlj, wdydr ;ekam;a jk N+.; fldgia wiajkq f,i ,nd .kS'
• kqjrt<sh" nÿ,a," je,suv" hdmkh jeks m%foaYj, w¾;dm,a nyq, j j.d flf¾'
w¾;dm,a wiajekak ckjdß w. isg fmnrjdß ud¾;= olajd ,nd.; yels h'
• n;, f;;a l,dmfha lkak fofla u j.d lrk w;r úh<s l,dmfha uy lkakfha
muKla j.d lrhs' h, yd uy j¾Idj wdrïNh;a iu. fuu j.dj wdrïN l< hq;= h'
• bkak, my; rg iy ueo rg f;;a yd w;rueos l,dmj,g wh;a m%foaYj, j.d lrkq
,efí' YS% ,xldfõ fylaghd¾ 1"000 l muK bkak, j.d lrhs' jir mqrdu bkak,
j.d l< yels uq;a wiajkq ,efnkafka fkdjeïn¾ ui isg ud¾;= olajd ld,h ;=< oS
muKls'
• u[af[dlald kshÕhg Tfrd;a;= fok w, fnda.hls' WÉp;ajfhka jeä YS; foaY.=Kl
s
l,dmj, yer wfkla iEu m%foaYhl u j.d l< yels h' úh<s l,dmfha jd¾Isl
fnda.hla f,i j.d lrhs'
• lsß w, lkak fnda.hla fkdfõ' jif¾ ´kEu ld,hl" úh<s yd w;rueos f;;a
l,dmfha j.d l< yels h' flfi,a iu. w;=re fnda.hla f,i o fijk ;;a;aj
hgf;a o j.d l< yels h'

t<j¨ fnda.
j.=j 12'4( YS% ,xldfõ j.d lrk t<j¨ fnda. j¾. lsysmhl f;dr;=re
fnda.h wiajkq f,i j.d lrk m%foaY yd wiajkq ,efnk ld, jljdkq
.kakd fldgia
nKavlald lr,a ^fïÍug Wvrg f;;a l,dmfha yer wfkla ´kEu foaY.=Ksl
fmr& l,dmhl j.d l< yels h' uy lkakfha foieïn¾
- ckjdß udij,;a h, lkakfha oS cQ,s - wf.daia;=
udij,;a wiajkq ,efí'
jïngq f.ä uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg óg¾ 1300 olajd m%foaYj, isgqúh
yels h' h, yd uy lkakfha wêl j¾Idj;a iu.
isgjkq ,efí'
f.dajd f.ä$fld< YS; foaY.=Khg fnda.h jvd;a Tfrd;a;= foa' úh<s
l,dmfha o j.d l< yels h' ^hdmkh yd my; rg
úh<s l,dmh& l,dm wkqj foieïn¾ - fmnrjdß
w;r ld,fha wiajkq fk<sh yels h'

fndaxÑ nÿ,a," kqjrt<sh" ud;f,a" uykqjr osia;s%lal yd

lr,a
n<kaf.dv m%foaYj, j.d lrhs' uy lkakfha oS
fmnrjdß - ud¾;= j ,;a h, lka k fha cQ , s -
wf.daia;=j,;a wiajekak ,efí'

;lald,s Wvrg f;;a l,dmfha yer wks l = ; a is h ¨ lDIs

f.ä
foaY.=Ksl l,dmj, j.d l< yels h'

69
 fnda.h wiajkq f,i j.d lrk m%foaY yd
.kakd fldgia wiajkq ,efnk ld, jljdkq

,Slaia uq¿ Ydlh u Wvrg f;;a l,dmh yd w;rueos l,dmh hk m%foaYj,

j.d l< yels h'
l;=re uqrex.d u,a $ m;% YS% ,xldj mqrdu j.d l< yels h' u,a yg .ekSu
wf.daia;= - foieïn¾ ld,j, oS isÿ fõ'
fld< m;% uql=Kqjekak" f.dgq fld<" lxl=x" idrK" kSruq,a,sh"
t<j¨ l;=re uqrex.d" ;ïm,d" ksú;s" fldys, m%Odk fld<
t<j¨ fõ' kqjrt<sh jeks YS; m%foaY yer wfkl=;a
iEu m%foaYhl u j.d l< yels h'
msms[a[d f.ä fuu fnda.h uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg óg¾ 1"000 muK Wia
jQ m%foaYj, jir mqrdu j.d l< yels h'
jÜglald f.ä uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg óg¾ 500 olajd jQ m%foaYj, úh<s yd
w;rueos l,dmfha j.d l< yels fnda.hls'
jegfld¿ lr,a my; rg úh<s" w;rueos" f;;a l,dmfha" ueo rg
f;;a yd w;rueos l,dmhka ys j.d l< yels h'
rdnq uqq¿ Ydlh u YS% ,xldfõ ish¨ u lDIs foaY.=Ksl l,dmj, j.d
l< yels h'
îÜ rEÜ uqq¿ Ydlh u YS% ,xldfõ ish¨ u lDIs foaY.=Ksl l,dmj, j.d
l< yels h'
ud`: ñßia lr,a uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg óg¾ 1500 olajd jQ m%foaYj, jir
mqrd u j.d l< yels h' kuq;a YS% ,xldfõ ish¨ u
lDIs foaY.=Ksl l,dmj, j.d l< yels fnda.hls'

m,;=re fnda.
m,;=re fnda. úYd, ixLHdjla we;s uq;a ish,a,f.a u wiajkq f,i .efkkafka
Ydlfhka fjka lr .;a M, fõ' flfi,a" wkakdis" mefmd,a" wU" rUqgka" fodvï iy kdrx"
w,s.eg fmar" flduvq" osjq,a" fmar" fo¿ï" fmhd¾ia yd ños YS% ,xldfõ j.d lrk m,;=re
fnda. fõ' fuhg wu;r j W.=/iai" kñkx" f,dú" ysUqgq" ox wdosh o YS% ,xldfõ jefjk
m,;=re fõ'
• flfi,a" wkakdis" wU" mefmd,a jHdxck f,i o ilid wdydrhg .; yels h'
• m,;=re fnda. wdYs%; j w;=re ksIamdok rdYshla ilid .kq ,efí'
Wod ( cEï" fldaäh,a" áka l< m,;=re
• wU" rUqgka" w,s.eg fmar" osjq,a" uex.=iaáka" fmhd¾ia oS¾> ld,Sk m,;=re fnda. fõ'
• wkakdis" flfi,a" iafg%dafnß flá ld,Sk m,;=re fnda. fõ'
• flfi,a" wU" w,s.eg fmar YS% ,xldj mqrd u j.d l< yels m,;=re fnda. jk uq;a osjq,a"
flduvq" úh<s l,dmfha o fmhd¾ia" iafg%dafnß Wvrg f;;a l,dmfha o j.d l< yels
m,;=re fnda. fõ'
• ¥ßhka" rUqgka" uex.=iaáka" jirl oS fndfyda úg tla lkakhla muKla wiajkq ,nd
fok uq;a fmar" flfi,a" wkakdis" flduvqj, wiajkq jir mqrdu ,nd .; yels h'

70
 j.=j 12'5 ( YS% ,xldfõ j.d lrkj l=`Mnvq fnda. j¾. lsysmhl f;dr;=re
fnda.h wiajkq f,i j.d lrk m%foaY yd wiajkq ,efnk ld, jljdkq
.kakd fldgia

ñßia lr,a uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg óg¾ 1 500la olajd Wia m%foaYj,
j.d l< yels w;r j.d lsÍug jvd iqÿiq úh<s l,dmh
fõ'
r;= Ækq n,an hdmkh" uQ,;sõ" ;s%l=Kdu,h" mq;a;,u" uvl,mqj
m%foaYj, mdrïmßl j j.d lrk fnda.hls' kuq;a
fuu fnda . h r;a k mq r " yïnka f ;dg" nÿ,a , "
fudKrd.," wkqrdOmqrh hk osi;a l
%s l
a fj; o jHdma;
ù we;'

f,dl= Ækq n,an úh<s l,dmfha oUq,a,' wkqrdOmqrh" fmdf<dkakrej

jeks m%foaYj, úYd, f,i j.d flf¾'

l=re÷ fmd;=$fld< uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg óg¾ 350la olajd Wia m%foaYj,
l=re÷ j.d l< yels h' isgqjd jhi wjqreÿ 2 - 3 w;r
ld,hl oS wiajkq fk<d .; yels h'
Wi óg¾ 1 200 my< m%foaYj, j.d l< yels h'
.ïñßia îc Tlaf;dan¾ - ckjdß ld, w;r wiajekak fk<d .;
yels h'

• fnda. j.d lsÍfï oS j.d lrk m%foaYhg iqÿiq fnda.fha m%fNao j.d lsÍfuka by<
.=Kd;aul wiajekakla ,nd .; yels h'
• kùk ;dlaIK l%u wkqj wdrlaIs; Ydl .Dy ;=< fn,a fmm¾ jeks fnda. j.d lrkq
,efí' fuys oS lDIs foaY.=Ksl l,dmh jeo.;a idOlhla fkdfõ'

wiajkq fïÍfï o¾Ylh (Maturity index)

fnda. wiajekafkys mßK;Ndjh hkq tu wiajekak mdßfNda.slhdf.a hï lsis
wjYH;djlg iß,k mßos j¾Okh ù we;s wjia:dj f,i ir, j ye|skaúh yels h'

j.=j 12'6( YS% ,xldfõ lDIs fnda. lsysmhl wiajkq fïÍfï o¾Yl

fnda.h fïÍfï o¾Ylh

jïngq - me< lsÍfuka Èk 75 lg miq nr 175-300g la ùu
M,fha úIalïNh 6-8cm g jvd jeä fkdùu'
M,fha È. 18-22cm la ùu
meyeh l`M$;o oï$oï ùu ^m%fNaoh wkqj fjkia fõ'&
msg; wdjrKh iqÿ bß iys; §ma;su;a È,sfik
iajNdjhlska hqla; ùu ^îc fïÍug fmr&

71
f.dajd - f.äh wju jYfhka 1'5 - 2'5kg la j;a nr ùu
;o jQ fld< iys; f.ä ùu
f.äfha j¾Kh <d fld< $;o fld< meye ùu
u;= msg m;% frda,a ùu'
isgqjd osk 62 - 110 ^my;rg m%foaYj,& lg miq ùu
isgqjd osk 82 - 125 ^Wvrg m%foaYj,& lg miq ùu
lerÜ - uqf,a úIalïNh 1'25 - 3'75cm ùu
uqf,a os. wju jYfhka 12'5cm ùu
me< lsÍfuka osk 75 - 90 lg miq ùu
lefvk iq¨ iajNdjfhka ;sìh hq;= ùu ^ldIaÁh ùug fmr&
`MEkq - me< lsÍfuka osk 90 - 100 lg miq ^î `MEkq&
me< lsÍfuka osk 80 - 90 lg miq ^r;= `MEkq&
r;= `MEkqj, úIalïNh 3 -4cm ùu
uqÿka 15cm Wi wjia:dj
uqÿka lvd jeàfï m%;sY;h
- WKqiqï ld,.=Kfha oS 25] ùu
- isis,a ld,.=Kfha oS 50] ùu
r;= meye j¾Kl jeä oshqKq jQ úg wdfõKsl ier .;sh
we;s ùu
fndaxÑ - lrf,a úIalïNh 1cm ùu
os. 12-15cm ùu
lrf,a fl|s m%udKh wvq ùu
îÜ - uqf,a úIalïNh 2'5 - 7'5cm olajd ùu
fld< 10 - 15cm os.lska hqla; ùu
me< lsÍfuka osk 75 - 90 lg miq ùu
lrú, - me< lsÍfuka osk 60 - 75 lg miq ùu
u,a msmS osk 12 - 14 lg miq ùu
lrf,a os. Wmßu wjia:djg m;a jk úg ùu
îc uDÿ úh hq;= ùu'
i,do fld< - me< lsÍfuka osk 60 - 70 lg miq ùu
m%udKh 7'5 - 15cm úIalïNhlska hqla; ùu
m;% oeä ùug fmr
rih ;s;a; ùug fmr
mqIam jDka;h mek ke.Sug fmr
.i Wmßu m%udKhg jevqKq miq
jegfld`M - lrf,a jeá w;r iamkaPsuh iajNdjhg m;a jk wjia:dj
lrf,a os. Wmßu wjia:djg m;a jQ miq

72
uql=Kqjekak - me< lsÍfuka udihlg miq

jÜglald - me< lsÍfuka osk 40- 60 lg miq

M,djrKh uDÿ úh hq;= ùu' kuq;a weÕs,a,l mSvkh oeßh
yels úh hq;= h'
M,h fkdfïrE wjia:dj ùu
msáuh mg,hla iEoS ;sìh hq;= ùu
f,,a, ;o ;eô,s meyehla .; hq;= ùu

rdnq - fl|s iys; ùug fmr

uDÿ yd lefvk iq¨ iajNdjhla ;sìh hq;= ùu

mf;da, - me< lsÍfuka osk 60 - 75 lg miq ùu

fld< meyeh - msáuh iqÿ meyehg j¾K fjkia ùu
lrf,a os. Wmßu wjia:djg m;a ùu

nKavlald - me< lsÍfuka osk 50 - 55 lg miq

lrf,a os. 10 - 12cm úh hq;= ùu ^wmkhkh i|yd&
lr, Wmßu os.g m;a ùug osk follg fmr
lr,a fkdfïrE wjosfha yd uDÿ iajNdjfhka yd
fld< meyefhka ;sìh hq;= ùu
lr,a myiqfjka lefvk iq`M ùu
fl|s iys; fkdùu

w,s.eg fmar f.äfha nr 150 - 200g w;r úh hq;= ùu' u;=msg j¾Kh
fld< - oï meye olajd fjkia jk wjia:dj ^oï meye j¾.j,&
f.ä m%udKfhka úYd, úh ùu' u;=msg os,sfik iajNdjh
ke;s j hd hq;= hs' îch ÿUqre meye yd udxi,h lS%ï meye ùu'

flfi,a - u,a yg f.k i;s 12 lg miq f.äfha úIalïNh 3 - 3'7cm la

ùu' f.äfha nr 50 - 75g w;r ùu' f.äj, fldaKdldr nj
ke;s jk wjia:dj m;% úh<S hdu' f.ä fld< meye wjia:dj'
mqIamd.%fha lefvk iq¨ iajNdjh

¥ßhka - fld< meyeh - ly meyeh olajd j¾K fjkia jk wjia:dj

w;ska ;o l< úg LKav 5 lg fnosh yels jk úg' wdfõKsl
.kaOh ksmojk wjia:dj" f.äh uDÿ jk wjia:dj'

ños - ødjH >K øjH ] yd wdï,sl;dj w;r wkqmd;h 20 ( 1 wjia:dj"

f.äh jgd lhsákSuh msg isúh iEfok wjia:dj" kgqfõ
j¾K fjkia ùu fld<-ÿUqre úh hq;= hs'
fmar - ;o fld< isg <d fld< meyeh olajd j¾K fjkia jk
wjia:dj'

73
jrld - wdfõKsl iqj| ksmojk wjia:dj' M,hg we`.s,af,ka ;Ügq
l< úg fnd,a y~la ke.Su' kgqfõ wjidk m;%h ly meye
jk wjia:dj

wU - u,a yg f.k i;s 10 - 13 miq ødjH >K øjH 12] iy M,fha

Wrysiaj, biaiSula isÿ jk wjia:dj' ^lïuq,a msÍ hdu& fld<
meyeh - ly meyeh olajd j¾K fjkia jk wjia:dj fmd;af;ys
os,f
s ik iajNdjh ke;s j hdu' M,fhka jEiafik lsß m%udKh
wvq ùu' îcfha fl|s j¾Okh ù ;sîu'

uex.=iaáka - j¾Kh ÿUqre - oï olajd fjkia jk wjia:dj ^75] oï meyeh&

rEmh 12'1 ( wkakdis M,hla fïÍfï úúO wjia:d

74
 12'2 miq wiajkq ydksh

miq wiajkq ydksh hkqfjka ye|skafjkafka lDIs fnda.j, wiajkq fk<Sfï isg
mdßNda.slhd w;g m;a ùu f;la úúO wjia:dj, oS wiajekakg isÿ jk m%udKd;aul yd
.=Kd;aul ydksh hs'

j.=j 12'7 ( fnda. lsmhl miq wiajkq ydks wiajekafka m%;sY;hla f,i

fnda.h ydksh ]
flfi,a 20
wU 41
.ia ,nq 46
ñßia 25
îÜ 30
;lald,s 40
jï ngq 20
,Slaia 20
wkakdis 18

12'7 j.=j wkqj fmkS hkafka wiajekak f.dúhdf.a isg mdßfNda.slhd lrd hEfï
oS úYd, jYfhka ydks isÿ jk njhs' idudkHfhka YS% ,xldfõ m,;=re$ t<j¨ wiajekak
fk<Sfuka miq 40] la yd OdkH wiajekafkka 12] la muK Ndú;hg fmr wmf;a hhs'
fuu ydks wju lr .ekSu i|yd miq wiajkq ;dlaIKh Ndú; l< yels h'

miq wiajkq ;dlaIKh

wiajekak fk<Sfï isg mßfNdackh olajd wiajekafka .=Kd;aulNdjh wdrlaId
lrñka yd jeä oshqKq l< yels wjia:dj, jeä oshqKq lrñka" .=Kd;aul yd m%udKd;aul
ydks ùï wju lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk Ys,amSh ;dlaIKsl ls%hdj,s iuQy" miq wiajkq
;dlaIKh f,i ye|skaúh yels h'

miq wiajkq ;dlaIKfha jeo.;alu

• w;sßla; wiajkq we;s wjia:dj, oS yd wjdrhg m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd wdrlaId lr
.; yels ùu'
• fjf<|fmd< ñ, md,kh i|yd WmldÍ ùu'
• krla jk iq¨ fnda. wiajkq l,a ;nd .ekSug yels ùu'
• wiajkq úúOdx.SlrKh l< yels ùu'
• ÿr neyer yd úfoia fjf<|fmd< olajd wiajkq m%jdykhg iqÿiq f,i ieliSug yels
ùu'
• B <Õ lkakhg îc f,i .ekSug yels ùu
• wiajekafka .=Kd;aulNdjh wdrlaId l< yels ùu
• wiajkq ydksh$kdia;sh wju lsÍu l< yels ùu

75
wiajkq j¾.SlrKh
j.dfõ oS ,efnk wiajekak oelsh yels ,laIK wkqj m%Odk fldgia follg
fnosh yels h' tkï l,a ;nd .; yels fnda. ^Durable crops& iy l,a ;nd .; fkdyels
fnda. ^Perishables& jYfhks' OdkH yd udI fnda. l,a ;nd .; yels wiajkq ldKavhg
wh;a jk w;r wêl c, m%;sY;hla wvx.= wiajkq jk m,;=re yd t<j¨ l,a ;nd .;
fkdyels wiajkq ldKavhg wh;a fõ'
j.=j 12'8 ( l,a ;nd .; yels yd fkdyels wiajkq w;r fjkialï
l,a ;nd .; yels wiajkq l,a ;nd .; fkdyels wiajkq
• fk<d .ekSfuka wk;=re j ilia lr • fk<d ilia lsÍfuka miq flá ld,h;a
os.= ld,hla ;nd .; yels h' ;nd .; yels h'
• wiajekafka f;;ukh wvq h' • wiajekafka f;;ukh jeä h'
• fuhg wh;a jkafka m%udKfhka l=vd • wiajekafka m%udKh yd nr jeä h'
wiajkq h'
• msg wdjrKh >klï h' wNHka;rhg • msg wdjrKh uDÿ h' wNHka;rhg ydks
wdrlaIdj ,nd foa' úh yels h'
• os.= ld,hla tla ia:dkhl .nvd lr • iajdNdúl j .nvd lr ;nd .; yelafla
;nd .; yels h' tla ia:dkhl osk fyda i;s lSmhla
• .nvd lr ;nd .ekSfï oS m%Odk muKs'
jYfhka ndysr ls%hdldrlï • .nvd lr ;nd .ekSfï oS m%Odk jYfhka
fya;=fjka wiajekak úkdY úh yels ydks úh yels wdldr folls'
h' Wod ( f;;ukh" l=vd i;=ka" óhka 1' wNHka;r úkdY ùu - m%jdykfha oS"
frda. ldrl u.ska
2' ndysr úkdY ùu - i;a;aj ydks" l=Kq ùï

tfukau m,;=re" miq wiajkq ld,h ;=< tajdfha isÿjk úm¾hdih wkqj wka; Wmßuh
fkdjk (Non climacteric) iy wka; Wmßuh jk (Climacteric) f,i wdldr follg fnod
oelaúh yels h'
j.=j 12'9 m%Odk m,;=re ldKav fol w;r fjkialï
wka; Wmßuh (Climetric) jk wka; Wmßuh (Non - Climetric)
ldKavh fkdjk ldKavh
• levQ m,;=rej, Yajik fõ.h by< hhs' • Yajik fõ.h os.gu wvq fõ'
• t;s,Ska jdhqj jeä jYfhka ksmojhs' • t;s,Ska jdhqj w,am jYfhka ksmo fõ'
• t;s,Ska jdhqj lD;S%u f,i iemhSfuka • t;s,Ska iemhSfuka m,;=frys t;s,Ska
m,;=frys t;s,ska ksIamdokh úYd, f,i ksIamdokh jeä l< fkdyels h'
jeä fõ' boSu W;af;ackh fõ'
• levQ miq boSu isÿ fõ' • levQ miq boSu isÿ fkdfõ'
Wod(- flfi,a" w,s.eg fmar" wU" fmar Wod(- ños" fpß" iafg%dafnß" lcq

76
 tu fjkialï w;=ßka m%dfhda.sl jYfhka jvd jeo.;a jkafka wiajekak fk¿E miq
boSfï $fkd boSfï yelshdj hs' tneúka la,hsfuá%la fkdjk ldKavfha m,;=re wiajekak
fk<Su isÿ l< hq;af;a .fiaoS u Wmßu ;;ajhg fïrE miq j muKls'

miq wiajkq ydksfha wdldr

• fN!;sl$hdka;s%l ydks - ;e,Sï" iSßï" m¨ÿ ùï" lemSï hkdosh fuys oS

oelsh yels h' fï ksid ldhsl ls%hdj,skaf.a
fjkia ùï is ÿ ùu" frda . yd m<s f nda O
ydksj,g md;% ùu" miq wiajkq Ôj ld,h wvq
ùu isÿ fõ'

• ridhksl fjkialï - rih wvq ùu" úI ùu" meyeh fjkia ùu" uqvq
ùu" " u;=msg mDIagfha meyeh fjkia ùu
^flfi,a& wdoS ydks fuys oS oelsh yels h' ;j
o uqvq ùu fuys oS oelsh yels ;j;a ,laIK h'
miq wiajkq ydksj,g n,mdk idOl
• wNHka;r idOl
ldhsl ls%hdj,s ksid we;s jk ydks - lDIs fnda.hl wiajekak fk<d .ekSfuka miqj
o ta ;=< Yajikh" W;aiafõokh wdoS Ôj ls%hd wLKav j isÿ fõ' fï ksid ld,h;a iu.
tajd mßfNdackhg kqiÿq iq ;;ajhg m;a fõ' bosóu" ue<ùu" yels<u
S " jhkfha fjkialï
fuys oS oel .; yels h'
• ndysr idOl
wiajekak whym;a foaY.=Ksl ;;ajhkag Ndckh ùu" lDóka ydks lsÍu" frda. yg
.ekSu" ksj/os fkdjk mßyrK úê u.ska ndysr j wiajekakg ydks isÿ fõ'
• fmr wiajkq ydks
j.d ìfï oS kshñ; ld,fha § fmdfydr fkdfh§u" l%uj;a c, iemhqula ,nd fkd§u
hk lreKq ksid Ydlj, yg.;a ldhsl W!k;d frda. yd i;a;aj ydks jeks fmr wiajkq
idOl ksid wiajekakg ydks isÿ fõ'

miq wiajkq ydks isÿ úh yels wjia:d

• wiajkq fk<Sfï oS
• msßisÿ lsÍfï oS
• weisÍfï oS
• .nvd lsÍfï oS
• m%jdykfha oS
• ieliSfï oS
• wf<úfha oS
• mßyrKfha oS

77
wiajkq fk<Sfï oS isÿjk ydks
kshñ; mßK; wjia:dfõ oS t<j¨ yd m,;=rej, wiajkq fk<Su b;d jeo.;a fõ'
fmdÿfõ fïÍfï o¾Yl f,i"
• wiajkqj, mßK;sh
• kshñ; m%udKh (Size)
• meyeh fjkia ùu i,lkq ,efí'
wia j eka k mßK; ùug fmr fk<d
.ekSfuka t<j¨ yd m,;=rej, nr"
,dlaIKsl j¾Kh" iqj| yd rih wvq ùu"
îc fuda r d fkdue;s ùu wdoS lreKq
fya;=fjka myiqfjka yd b;d blauKska
laIqø Ôù ydksj,g f.dÿre fõ' th
f.dúhdg fuka u mdßfNda . s l hdg o
wys;lr f,i n,mdhs' kshñ; mßK;
wjia:dj miq ùfuka ;ka;=uh nj ^fl|s
iys; nj& jeä fõ' OdkH j¾.j, wiajkq ye<SurEmh 12'2 # is
" me<ùu wia
ÿjúh
ekakyels
fk<Sh'
fï tu oS hdka
ks;i%sld wdydrh
ydks
.ekSug fkdyels fõ' isÿù we;s whq r e

wiajekak ìug leãu ^fk<Su& fyda ìug tl;= lsÍu ksid ydks isÿ fõ' ;e,Su"
iSÍu jeks ydks ksid u;=msg yd wNHka;r ydks isÿ fõ' fmdf<dj u;=msg tl;= lsÍu u.ska
fkdfhla frda. yd m<sfndaO ydksj,g Ndckh úh yels h'
• wiajkq Ydlfhka fjka lr .ekSfï oS iEu úg u ta i|yd iqÿiq WmlrK Ndú; fkdlr
w;ska lvd .ekSug hdfï oS fndfyda úg Ydlhg yd wiajekak hk fofldgig u
ydks isÿ fõ'
• M,h yd Ydlh iïnkaO jk fldgi ^kgqj& m%udKj;a os.lska fkd ;nd wiajkq
fk<Su u.ska o wiajkq ydks isÿ fõ'
• wiajkq fk<Sfuka miq ysre t<shg ksrdjrKh jk fia ;eîu u.ska tu c,h bj;a ù
ue< ù wiajekakg ydks isÿ fõ'
wiajekak fk<Sfï oS jvd jeo.;a jkafka wiajekak fk<k oskfha iajNdjh hs' wêl
jeis oskhl fyda wêl ysre /ia we;s úg wiajekak fk<Sfuka ydks isÿ fõ' ;j o
wiajekak fk<k úg tajd ;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd weiqreï øjH o m%udKj;a mßos ;sìh
hq;= h'

wiajekak msßisÿ lsÍfï oS isÿ jk ydks

• c,fhka fiaoSfï oS isÿ jk ydks
wmsßisÿ c,fhka fiaoSu ksid wiajekakg wkjYH ydkshla isÿ fõ' ^Wod( úI øjH
tl;= ùu" frda. ldrl tl;= ùu& wiajekak
kshu wdldrfhka msßisÿ lsÍu i|yd wjYH
WIaK;ajh fkd;sîu ksid o ydks isÿ fõ' ;j
o c,fhka fidaod msßisÿ fkdl< hq;= fnda. o
c,fhka fia o S f uka wia j kq ydks is ÿ fõ'
c,fhka fiaoSfuka miq msi oeóu fkd lsÍfuka
frda. yd m<sfndaO ydks we;s úh yels h'
ks i s h dldr j fkd fia o S f uka la I q ø Ôù
wdidokj,g f.dÿre fõ' Wod( wU" .ia ,nq"
wdoS m,;=rej, lsß ;ejÍï bj;a fkdùu ksid
rEmh 12'3 ( msßis÷ lsÍfïoS isÿ j we;s
wiajkq ydks
78
 os,Sr ydks we;s fõ'
• wkjYH fldgia bj;a lsÍfï oS isÿ jk ydks
wiajekak iu. Ydlfha fldgia o tl;= úh yels h' tu ksid tu fldgia wiajekafkka
bj;a l< hq;= h' fuys oS WmlrK Ndú; fkdlsÍfuka wiajekak ;e,Su fyda kgqj
iu. wiajekafka fldgia bj;a ùu isÿ úh yels h' wmsßisÿ WmlrK Ndú;fhka yd
WmlrK m%fõYïldÍ j Ndú; fkdlsÍfuka o wiajekakg ydks isÿ fõ' t<j¨
j¾.j, wkjYH fldgia bj;a lsÍfï oS wêl f,i Y=oaO lsÍu ksid fkdoekqj;aj u
wiajekak blaukska ;e,Su fyda krla ùu isÿ úh yels h'
• weisÍfï oS isÿjk ydks
weisÍfï oS frda. yd m<sfndaO ydks we;s wiajkq o wiajekak iu. ñY% j weisÍfuka
wfklajdg ydks isÿ úh yels h' tla tla wiajkq j¾. i|yd fhda.H weiqreï øjH
Ndú; fkdlsÍfuka o" weiqreïj, m%udKh blaujd wiajekak weisrSfuka o wiajkqj,g
ydks isÿ fõ' ;j o tla weiqreula ;=< wiajkq j¾. lSmhla .nvd lsÍfuka o wiajkq
ydks fõ' ^Wod ( w¾;dm,a" ;lald,s iu. weisÍfuka ;lald,s ;e,Su isÿ ùu'&
.nvd lsÍfï oS wiajekakg isÿ jk ydks
.nvd lsÍfï oS .nvd lrk wdldrfhka yd .nvd mj;sk ;;a;ajhka u; hk lreKq
foflka u wiajekakg ydks isÿ fõ'
• .nvdfõ WIaK;ajh jeä ùu ksid îcj, Yajik fõ.h jeä ù ixÑ; wdydr wvq ù
wiajekafkys nr wvq fõ'
• .nvd iy weiqreï ksis mßos msßisÿ ;;a;ajfha fkd ;sîu ksid lDñ yd m<sfndaO ydks
isÿ fõ'
• wl%uj;a f,i ilid we;s .nvdjl .nvd lr we;s wiajekak wys;lr ld,.=Ksl
;;A;ajhka ksid úkdY ù hd yels h' ^Wod ( j;=rg hg ùu" f;óu" m<sfndaO ydks we;s
ùu" WIaK;aj md,k Wml%u fkdue;s ùu'&
• .nvd lsÍfï oS weiqreï m%udKh blaujd tl u; tl ;ekam;a lsÍu ksid hg u msysá
weiqreïj, we;s wiajkq úkdY ù hd yels h'
• tl <Õ fyda tlg .nvd fkdl< hq;= fnda. tlg .nvd lsÍu'
^Wod ( meIka *DÜ iu. tlg fndaxÑ" ,Slaia jeks t<j¨ .nvd lsÍu&'
m%jdykfha oS wiajekakg ydks isÿ jk ydks
• m%jdykh isÿ lrk jdykfha m%udKh blaujd
jd;dY%h fkd,efnk fia .nvd lsÍfuka ;e,Su yd
wiajkq ;eïîu isÿ fõ'
• m%jdykh lrk fldgfia wdjrK fkdue;s ùfuka
oeä ysre t<shg yd j¾Idjg ksrdjrKh ùu ksid
wiajekak úkdY fõ'
• jdykhg megùu yd nEu m%fõYfuka f;dr j isÿ
lsÍfuka wiajekak úkdY fõ'
• jdykh wmÍlaIdldÍ f,i yd r¿ f,i meoùu"
m%jdykhg os.= fõ,djla .; úu iy ÿ¾j, ud¾.
moaO;sh ksid wiajkq ydks isÿ fõ' rEmh 12'4 # újD; jdykhl wiajkq u;
• m%jdykh lrk wiajkq u; ñksiqka ys| .ekSu yd fjk;a ñksWÑ; fkdjk
iqka ys oE megùu
| f.k hdu
u.ska o wiajkq ;e,Sug ,la fõ'
• m%jdykh lsÍu i|yd ilik wiajkq m%jdykhg fhda.H weiqreïj, wiqrd fkd ;sîu
ksid wiajkq ydks isÿ fõ'

79
ieliSfï oS wiajekakg isÿ jk ydks
OdkH" t<j¨ yd m,;=re fjf<|fmd<g fhda.H yd is;a weo .kakd wdldrfhka
ilia lsÍu i`oyd wêl f,i weUÍu ^OdkH j¾.&" fmd;= .eiSu" Tm oeóu yd lmd oeóu"
fldgia bj;a lsÍu ksid úYd, jYfhka wiajekakg ydks isÿ fõ' OdkH j¾. lrf,ka
fjka lr .ekSfï oS úYd, jYfhka îc leã hdu isÿ úh yels h' ;j o îc msßisÿ lsÍu
i|yd iq<x Odrd Wmfhda.S lr .ekSfï oS o .id f.k f.dia kej; wm øjH tl;= ùula fyda
wiajekafkka bj;a ùula isÿ úh yels h' ieliSfuka miq fhda.H fkdjk weiqreï ;=<
weisÍfuka o wiajkq ydks isÿ fõ'
j.=j 12 ' 10 ( OdkHj, miq wiajkq ydks

ls%hdj ydksùfï m%;sY;h

fk<Sfï oS 1-3]
îc fjka lsÍfï oS 1-2]
msßisÿ lsÍfï oS 0'2]
úh<Sfï oS 0'3]
.nvd lsÍfï oS 4-6]
;eïîfï oS 1-2]
iy,a njg m;a lsÍfï oS 2-3]

wf<úfha § wiajekakg isÿjk ydks

ysre t<sh" ;o iq<Õ" ¥ú,a, yd ÿï wdoshg ksrdjrKh ùu wdoS fN!;sl ydks u.ska
ndysr fmkqu" j¾Kh fjkia ùu wdosh fuys oS isÿ fõ' tfuka u wiajekak .nvd lr ;nd
.ekSfï oS yd r¿ mßyrKfha oS ;e,Sï" leãï yd m¿ÿ ùï isÿ úh yels h' túg isÿ jk
ydks ksid wiajkq l,a ;nd .ekSu wmyiq jk w;r frda. yd lDñ ydks je<oSfï wjodku
jeä h' fjf<|fmd< ;=< lDIs fnda. wiajkq wl%uj;a j yd ukd jd;dY%hla fkd ,efnk
fia weisÍfuka o úúO fnda. wiajkq tl <Õ fyda tlg weisÍfuka o wiajkq ydksh wêl
fõ' mdßfNda.slhd wiajkq ñ,§ .ekSfï § wkq.ukh lrk ms<sfj;a ksid o wiajkqydks isÿ
fõ' Wod( m,;=re w;ska f;rmSu" fi,ùu ^w,sfmar&
ñ,oS .kakd lDIs ksIamdok ksjfia .nvd lrk f;la jk ydks
• mdßfNda.slhd ñ,oS .kakd t<j¨" m,;=re" OdkH j¾. ish,a, tl u u,a,la ;=<g
oeófuka t<j¨" m,;=re ;e,Sï yd leãïj,g ,la fõ' ;j o hqI ;ejreï wdosh ksid
miqj wfklajd o úkdY fõ' ^Wod ( ;lald,s&
• úYd, nvq m%udKhla u¨ ;=< /f.k hdu ksid yd os.= ld,hla ;eîu ksid ;eïîug
,la úh yels h'
• t<j¨" m,;=re /f.k tau i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrKj, r¿ iajNdjh ksid o tajdg
hdka;s%l yd fN!;sl ydks isÿ úh yels h'
Wod ( jdykhl tkaðu wi< t<j¨ yd m,;=re ;ekam;a lsÍu - wêl riakh yd
ÿï jeoSu u.ska ;eïîu
tl u; tl megùu u.ska ;e,Su
• ksjfia ffoksl wjYH;djg jvd wdydr øjH f.k tau ksid o" tajd l,a ;nd .ekSug
wjYH m%udKj;a myiqlï fkdue;s ksid o" tu wdydr l=Kq ùug yd úh<S hdug n÷ka
ù bj; oeóug isÿúh yels h'

80
• ksjfia mj;sk .nvd lsÍfï myiqlï wl%uj;a kï wdydr øjH i;=kag ydks lsÍug
yels ùfuka yd wys;lr ld,.=Ksl ;;ajhkag ,la ùfuka úkdY ù hd yels h'
• weiqreïj, wiqrd .nvd lr fkd;eîfuka ;eïîu yd l=Kq ùïj,g ,la úh yels h'
msiSfï isg wdydrhg .kakd f;la isÿjk ydks
• wêl f,i fiaoSfï os osh ùu" .id f.k hdu" u;=msg fmdaIl ia;rh bj;a ùu u.ska
ydks isÿ fõ'
• lemSfï oS u;=msg wdjrKh iu. úYd, wdydr m%udKhla fkdie,ls,su;a f,i bj;a
flf¾'
• msiSfï ls%hdj,sfha os wêl WIaK;ajhg ,la ùfuka úYd, fmdaIl ydkshla isÿ fõ'
• wdydr msiSfï os ksjfia m%udKh blaujd wdydr msiSu ksid o msisk ,o wdydr ksis f,i
msßisÿj jid fkd ;eîu ksid i;=ka ydks lsÍfuka o bj; oeóug isÿ fõ'
• úúO W;aij wjia:djkays oS lEu fïih w,xlrKh i|yd wdydr øjH Ndú;h ksid o
wdydr wmf;a oeóu isÿ fõ'
mdßfNda.l
s hdf.a ñ:Hd úYajdi" fkd oekqj;alu" wld¾hlaIu;dj" fkdie,ls,u
s ;alu
ksid yd wrmfriaiï fkdue;s nj ksid wiajekafka úYd, m%udKhla wmf;a hhs' fï wkqj
wiajekak j.d ìfï isg ksji olajd tafï oS f.dúhdf.a isg mdßfNda.slhd olajd thg
iïnkaO ish¨ fokd miq wiajkq ydkshg úúO whqßka odhl fj;s' ieu fokdf.a oekqj;a
ùula ;=<ska fuu ydksfha úYd, fldgila wvq lr .; yels h'

miq wiajkq frda.

• os,Sr yd nelaàßhd u.ska frda. we;s lrhs'
• wiajekakg frda. ldrlhka we;=¨ ùu wdldr
follg isÿ fõ'
• wls%h we;=¨ ùu
• ils%h we;=¨ ùu

• wls%h we;=¨ ùu
M,h fk<Sfuka miq m¨ÿ ùï yd ;=jd, yryd
frda. ldrl we;=¨ ùu isÿ fõ'
rEmh12'5 ( w,s fmarj, kgq w. l=Kq ùu
• ils%h we;=¨ ùu
lafIa;%fha oS frda. ldrl we;=¨ ù wls%h j isg
miq wiajkq ld,fha oS ls%hdldÍ fõ'

wiajekakg .nvdfõ oS ydks lrk m<sfndaOlhka yd ydksfha iajNdjh

1' lõms .=,a,d (Callosobruchus maculatus)
.nvd lr we;s lõms" uqx" fndaxÑ" mßmamq iy îc isÿre lr tajd ;=<g we;=¨ ù
wNHka;r fldgia ld ouhs' lSgfhda ydksh isÿ lr;s'
2' r;= msá .=,a,d (Tribolium castaneum)
lSgfhda ù" rg lcq yd OdkH fnda.j, îc len,s" îc l=vq jeks fldgia wdydrhg
.ks;'s
3' ù bmshd (Sitotroga cerealella)
lSghd OdkH j¾. isÿre lr ta ;=< hefmñka ydks lrhs'

81
4' ù .=,a,d (Sitophilus oryzae)
lSghd OdkH îc isÿre lr th ;=< hefmñka ydks isÿ lrhs'
5' OdkH .=,a,d (Rhyzopertha dominica)
lSghd OdkH îcj,g ydks lrhs' ^nv bßÕ=&

rEmh 12'6 ( lõms .=,a,d rEmh 12'7 ( r;= msá .=,a,d rEmh 12'8 ( ù .=,a,d

12'3 wiajkq ydks wju lr .ekSfï Wml%u

YS% ,xldfõ j.d ìïj,ska ,efnk wiajkqj,ska 40-50] muK ydks jkafka l%uj;a
wiajkq l<ukdlrKhla fkdue;s ksid nj iólaIKj,ska fy<s ù we;' úYd, wdfhdackhka
isÿ lr fufia wiajkq wmf;a hdfuka f.dúhdg úYd, mdvqjla isÿ fõ' fnda. wiajkq
wmf;a hdu i|yd fmr yd miq wiajkq ydks n,mdk ksid N+ñfha fnda. isgqùfï isg
mdßfNda.slhd m%fhdackhg .kakd f;la úúO Wml%u Ndú; lr wiajkq ydks wju lr .;
hq;= h'
fmr wiajkq ydks wju lr .ekSu
fnda.hla lafIa;%fha ixia:dmkh l< wjia:dfõ isg wiajkq fk<k ;=re fnda.h g
n,mdk idOlj, wksis n,mEu ksid wiajekakg isÿ jk ydksh fmr wiajkq ydksh fõ'
fmr wiajkq ydksfha n,mEï miq wiajkq ydkshg o fya;= fõ' tu ksid fnda.hl Wmßu miq
wiajkq .=Kd;aulNdjhla ,nd .; yelafla fmr wiajkq i|yd n,mdk úúO idOl y÷kd
.ekSu yd tajd ksis mßos kv;a;= lsÍfuks' fï i|yd N+ñfha fnda. isgqùfï oS yd id;a;=
lsÍfï oS my; wjia:djka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
• .=Kd;aul frdamK øjH Ndú;h
• ks¾foaYs; m%fNao wod< l,dmj, j.d lsÍu
• j.djka i|yd N+ñfha mj;sk fhda.H nj
• ksis mßos wdf,dalh yd fijk md,kh
• jiqka fhoSu yd kshu ;;a;ajj, oS c, iïmdokh
• m<sfndaO md,kh
• c, jyk moaO;s ie,iqï lsÍu
• l%udkql+, j fmdfydr fhoSu
• M, ;=ks lsÍu
• kshñ; mr;rhg fnda. isgqùu yd WÑ; wjia:dj, § lmamdÿ lsÍu
• fnda. ikSmdrlaIdj

82
miq wiajkq ydksh wju lr .ekSu
miq wiajkq ydks wju lsÍu wiajkq fk<Sfï isg u wdrïN l< hq;= ls%hdoduh ls'

wiajkq fk<Sfï oS ydks ùu wju lr .ekSu

• wiajkq fk<k fõ,dj
kshñ; mßK; wjia:djg m;a jQ t<j¨" m,;=re" m<d j¾. yd w, j¾. wdosfh ys wiajkq
fk<Su i|yd iqÿiq Wfoa ld,h hs' túg .nvd wdhq ld,h os.= lr .; yels h' fuu
ld,h fnda. j¾. wkqj fjkia fõ' ta i|yd WodyrK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
• t<j¨ wiajekak fk<Su jvd;a u iqÿiq Wofha msks ys÷Kq miq h' fld< t<j¨
j¾.j, wiajekak Wfoa jrefõ fk<d .ekSu jvd;a iqÿiq h' tu fõ,dfõ WIaK;ajh
wvq ksid Yajikh jeks ldhsl ls%hd fõ.j;a j isÿ fkdfõ'
• flfi,a wiajkq fk<d .ekSug jvd;a iqÿiq ld, iSudj fm'j' 10'00 g fmr iy m'j'
3'00 g miqj h' fuys oS o wjg mßirfha WIaK;ajh t;rï by< w.hl fkdue;s ksid
tajdfha miq wiajkq ydks wju fõ'
• Woh jrefõ wU wiajkq fk`ME úg wU f.ä ;=< we;s lsßj, wdi%e;s mSvkh jeä ksid
lsß iEu ;eku úisÍ hdu isÿ fõ' fï ksid msg fmd;af;a we;s jk ms<siaiSï wiajekak
nd, lrhs' meÕsß j¾.j, wiajkq Wfoa jrefõ fk<Sfuka msg fmd;af;a we;s ff;,
.%kaÒ f;rmSfuka jdIamYS,S øjH ^meÕsß& msg;g meñfKa' túg o fmd;af;a ms<siaiSï
we;s fõ' fuu wU iy meÕsß j¾.j, wiajkq fk<Sug jvd;a iqÿiq fõ,dj fm'j'
10'00 ;a m'j' 3'00 ;a w;r ld,hhs'
wiajkq fk<Sfï m%Odk l%u folls'
• w;ska wiajkq fk<Su
wiajkq w;ska fk<d .ekSfuka ydksfhka f;drj
Wiia ;;ajfha wiajkq ,nd .; yels h' fuys oS b;d
ksj/os j mßK; wjia:dj f;dard .ekSug yels ksid
ksje/os f;aÍula o wiajkq fk<k wjia:dfõ oSu isÿ
l< yels h' fï ksid wiajkq mßyrKh lrk jdr
.Kk wvq fõ' túg isÿ jk ydksh o wju lr .; yelsrEmhh' 12'9 ( w;ska wiajkq
fk<k whqre
• w;ska wiajkq fk<Sfï oS filáhrla fydaa msyshla Ndú;h jvd;a myiqfjka
wiajkq fjka lr .; yels h'
• hka;% yd WmlrK Ndú;fhka wiajkq fk<Su
• Wia .iaj, iEfok m,;=re fk<Su i|yd úfYaIs; fk<Sfï WmlrK Ndú;h
jvd;a iqÿiq h' tu.ska hdka;s%l ydks wju lr .; yels h' wU wiajkq fk<Sfï
os kgqfõ by< fl<jßka lmd fjka lr .ekSfuka jEiafik lsß m%udKh wju
lr .; yels h'
• ù wiajekak fk<d .ekSu i|yd hka;% Ndú;h o wfma rgg fndfyda .e<fma'
tu.ska wiajkq fk<Su fõ.j;a fõ' kuq;a jeros f,i hka;% ls%hd lrùfuka
fk<k ,o wiajekakg ydks isÿ úh yels h'

83
 rEmh 12'10 ( wiajkq fk<Sug fhdod .kakd úfYaIs; fk<Sfï WmlrK yd hka;%
• fk<k ,o fnda. wiajkq mia iu. .eàug ie,eiaùu iqÿiq ke;' tu.ska fkdfhla
j¾.fha frda. ldrl os,Sr yd nelaàßhd tajdg we;=¨ ùug mq¿jk' th je<elaùug
l+vhlg wiajkq fk<d .; hq;= fõ'
• wiajkq fk<k úg u tajd ;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd weiqreï Ndú; l< yels h' j.d
ìfï oS wiajkq fk<Sfï oS ldâfndaâ fmÜá" ma,diaála mksÜgq jeks ;djld,sl
weiqreï l< yels WmlrK Ndú; l< yels h'

• w;ska fyda WmlrK rEmhu.s

12'11 ( weiq
ka wia jkqreïfk<s ysmhla uÜgfï we;s fnda. Ydlj,
j¾.h lsfkdyels
wiajkq tl;= l< hq;af;a ìu jegqKq miqj h' wiajkq ìu m;s; jk ld,fha oS
fmd,s;Ska fyda fjk;a øjH .i hg t,d ;eîfuka wiajkq iu. wmøjH yd frda.
ldrl tla ùu md,kh l< yels h'
• fk<d .kakd ,o wiajkq ysre t<sfha ksrdjrKh jk fia fkd;eìh hq;= h'
wiajkq msßisÿ lsÍu
wiajkq fk<d .;a miq tajdfha we;s wmøjH
bj;a lr msßisÿ lsÍfuka wiajekafka .=Kd;aulNdjh
jeä lr .; yels h'
ù iy fjk;a OdkH j¾. iu. ñY% ù we;s
.,a" je,s wdoS wmøjH bj;a lsÍu i|yd i,a,v Ndú;
l< yels h' fuys oS OdkH wegj,g jvd l=vd isÿre
iys; i,a,v Ndú; lrhs' ;j ÿrg;a wmøjH bj;a
lsÍu i|yd l=,af,ka fyda w;ska weys|Su l< yels h'
fï i`oyd kùk hka;% o Ndú; lrhs'
rEmh 12'12 ( OdkH j¾. iu.
ñY% ù we;s wmøjH
bj;a lsÍug fhdod .kakd i,a,vhla
t<j,q" m,;=re yd w, j¾. u; o mia yd fjk;a wd.ka;=l øjH ;sìh yels h' tajd bj;a

84
l< hq;= h' ta i|yd úúO l%u Ndú; lrhs'
Wod( • uereKq m;% fldgia" uq,a fldgia bj;a lsÍu
• frda. yd m<sfndaO ydks isÿ jQ fldgia bj;a lsÍu
• fiaoSu$WKq c, m%;sldrh - mefmd,a " wU jeks m,;= r ej,g
je<f|k weka;%elafkdaia iy kgq w. l=Kq
ùfï frda. md,kh lsÍu i|yd WKq c,
m%;sldrh lrkq ,nhs' fuys oS m,;=re
WKqiqï c,fha kshñ; fõ,djla .s,ajd
;eîfuka ta j dg je<f|k os , S r frda .
iuyrla md,kh lr .; yels h'
m,;=rej,g WKq c, m%;sldrh lsÍfuka
miq bj;g f.k msßisÿ fros lvlska msi
oud .ekSu l< hq;= h'

rEmh 12' 13 m,;=re fiaoSu

j.=j 12'11 ( WKq c, m%;sldrh i|yd wjYH ;;a;ajhka

m,;=re j¾.h c,fha WIaK;ajh (0C) ld,h ^úkdä&

wU 52 - 55 3
w,s fmar 50 - 55 5 - 10
mefmd,a 52 - 55 2 - 3

w¾;dm,aj, we;s mia msßisÿ c,fhka

fiaoSfuka bj;a l< yels h' tu.ska wmøjH
bj;a ùu fuka u kejqï nj wdrlaId ùu o isÿ
fõ' fuys oS msßisÿ lsÍug .kakd c,fha msßis
ÿnj ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a ùu jeo.;a fõ' tu
c,h" ydkslr laIqø Ôúkaf.ka yd ldnksl
øjHj,ska f;dr úh hq;= h'

wiajkq msßisÿ lsÍug .kakd c,hg ikSmdrlaIl

oshrla ^Wod ( laf,daÍka& tl;= lsÍfuka laIqø
rEmh 12' 14 ( w¾;dm,aj, mia bj;a lsÍu
Ôúkaf.a ydks wju lr .; yels h'
wiajkq f;aÍu$fYa%Ks.; lsÍu u.ska wiajkq ydks wju lr .ekSu

wiajkq msßisÿ lsÍfuka miq fYa%Ks.; lsÍu lrkq ,efí'

• fuys oS wiajkqj, kshñ; nr" yevh" meyeh iy jhkh fjkia ùï wkqj j¾. lrhs'
tu.ska wiajekafka .=Kd;aulNdjh by< kexúh yels w;r by< ñ,la ,nd .ekSug
o yels fõ'
• frda. yd m<sfndaO ydks isÿ jQ wiajkq o fuys oS bj;a lsÍu isÿ lrhs' tu.ska ydks
fkdjQ wiajkqj,g o frda. ydks me;sÍ hdu j<lajd miq wiajkq ydks wju lr .;
yels h'

85
l%uj;a j weisÍu rEmh 12'15 ( wiajkq f;aÍu$fYa%Ks.; lsÍu
fï i|yd fkdfhl=;a weiqreï j¾. iy l%u Ndú; l< yels h' ksj/os l%u yd
WmlrK Ndú; lr weisÍu u.ska
• wiajkq ndysr idOl iu. .eàu wju lrhs'
Wod( wêl WIaK;ajh" wdf,dalh" laIqø Ôúka" jdhq iy c, jdIam" lïmk iy ;o ùï
• m%jdykfha oS yd .nvdfõ oS ydks ùu je<flhs'
• jdIamYS,S øjH bj;a ùu wju lrhs'
• fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u jeä lrhs'
tu.ska miq wiajkq ydks úkdY ùu wju lr .; yels h'
weisÍï j¾. m%Odk jYfhka foj¾.hls'
• m%d:ñl weiqreu ^ksIamdok iu. iDcq j .efgk&
Wod( lsß melÜgqfõ lsß msá wvx.= ljrh
• oaú;shsl weiqreu ^ksIamdok iu. iDcq j fkd.efgk&
Wod( lsß melÜgqfõ msg; ldâfndaâ wdjrKh
wiajkq weisÍï i|yd Ndú; lrk øjH
• >k - oej" ùÿre" f,day
• uOHia: >k - we¨ñkshï" iuyr ma,diaála j¾." ldâfndaâ
• ieye,a¨ - we¨ñkshï m;% ojgk" ma,diaála
wdydr weiqreul ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx.
weiqreï lrk wiajekafka j¾.h wkqj weiqreu f;dard .; hq;= h' tfia fkdjqj
fyd;a wiajkq úkdYhg weiqreu fya;= fõ'
• úI rys; ùu iy kshñ; wdydrh i|yd iqÿiq ùu
• fi!LHdrlaIs; nj iy wdl¾IKSh ùu
• f;;ukhg yd fïohg frdaOl ùu
• >Ügk i|yd m%;sfrdaë ùu iy újD; lsÍug we;s myiq nj
• iqj|$jdhq yd WIaK;ajhg m%;sfrdaë ùu
• wvq msßjeh

nyq, j Ndú; jk weiqreï øjH

• áka wdf,ams; ;yvq • ùÿre
• we¨ókshï ;yvq • fif,daf*aka

86
• fmd,s t;s,ska
fïjd j¾. folla we;'
• >k;ajh wvq fmd,s t;s,Ska (Low Density Poly Ethylene)
• >k;ajh jeä fmd,s t;s,Ska (High Density Poly Ethylene)
• fmd,s fm%dms,Ska (PP)
• fmd,s t;s,Ska fgÜrd;ef,aÜ (PET)
• ,eñfkagâ ma,diaála
• lvodis $ ldâfndaâ
• iajdNdúl $ iïm%odhsl weiqreï øjH - ng l+v" fld< m;a" mka u¨

rEmh 12'16 ( úúO weiqreï øjH

l%uj;a j .nvd lsÍu
t<j¨ yd m,;=re ksishdldr j .nvd fkd lsÍfuka fnda. wiajekafkys ie,lsh hq;=
m%udKhla wmf;a hdu isÿ fõ' t<j¨" m,;=re jeä wd¾ø;djla iy wvq WIaK;ajhka hgf;a
jeä ld,hla .nvd lr ;nd .; yels h' ukd jd;dY%hla ,efnk fia bvlv iys; j tajd
.nvd lr ;eîu iqÿiq h' tla tla wiajkq .nvd l< hq;= WIaK;aj mj;S' th fjkia ùfuka
ydks ^YS;k Wmøj& isÿ úh yels h'
j.=j 12' 12 ( t<j¨ yd m,;=re fnda. .nvd lr ;eîu i|yd
m%Yia; WIaK;aj mrdi yd idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj
t<j¨ fyda WIaK;ajh ^oC & idfmalaI ;nd .; yels
m,;=re j¾.h wd¾ø;dj ^]& ld,h ^osk&
flfi,a 12 - 13 80 - 85 30
wU 12 80 - 85 25
w,sfmar 5 - 12 80 - 85 20 - 28
mefmd,a 07 80 - 85 20 - 25
fodvï 4 - 8 85 - 90 28 - 56
wkakdis 7 - 13 85 - 90 14 - 36
ños 32 85 56 - 180
f.dajd 32 98 - 100 90 - 180
fndaxÑ 37 - 41 95 7 - 10
nKavlald 7 - 10 90 - 95 7 - 14
jÜglald 10 - 16 50 - 75 84 - 160
n;, 13 - 18 85 - 90 120 - 210
;lald,s 16 - 20 90 - 95 7 - 28
msms[a[d 10 - 13 95 10 - 14
jïngq 8 - 13 90 - 95 10 - 14
îÜ 0 - 2 98 - 100 90 - 150

87
wvq WIaK;ajfha .nvd lsÍu
• lDIs ksIamdokj, ;;ajh wdrlaId lsÍfï id¾:l u l%uh wvq WIaK;ajfha .nvd
lsÍuhs' Wod ( rih yd jhkh wdrlaId fõ'
• c,h bj;a ùu wvq h'
• miq wiajkq frda. me;sÍu wvq h'
• t;s,Ska u.ska wiajkqj,g lrk ydks wvq lrhs' ^boSu md,kh&
• wvq WIaK;ajfha .nvd lsÍfï oS o iqÿiq weiqreï Ndú;h u.ska wiajkq ydks wju lr .;
yels h'
wiajkq m%jdykfha oS isÿ jk ydks wju lr .ekSu
• kqiqÿiq weiqreï Ndú;h u.ska m%jdykfha § wiajkq úkdY fõ'
• m%jdykfha oS weiqreï jYfhka iqug mDIag iys; uekúka jd;dY%h ,efnk ma,diaála
$,S fmÜáj, weisÍfuka ydks wju lr .; yels h'
• weisÍfï oS t<j¨ iy m,;=re r¿ f,i mßyrKh
fkdl< hq;= w;r wkjYH f,i ;o lr weisÍu fkdl<
hq;= h'
• weiqreï msßisÿ lr weisÍug .; hq;= h'
• weisÍfï oS m,;=re tlsfkl .eàu je<elaùu i|yd
f.ä fjk fjk u t;Su fyda f.ä w;rg isyska j brk
,o m;a;r lene,s jeks oE oeóu jvd;a wdrlaId iys; h'
bÿKq m,;=re iu. t<j¨ m%jdykh lsÍu iqÿiq ke;'
thg fya;=j bÿKq m,;=re u.ska msg jk t;s,Ska jdhqj rEmh 12'17( lvodisj,
t;+ mefmd,a
ksid t<j¨ o boSug ,la ùu h'
• wiajkq m%jdykh i|yd megùfï oS m%fõYfuka /f.k hd hq;= h' fï i|yd fg%d,shla
Ndú; lsÍu jvd;a fhda.H fõ' megùu i|yd r:h ;=<g ke.Sug md mqjrejla we;a kï
th jvd;a wdrlaId iys; h'
• Woh ld,fha oS fyda rd;S% ld,fha oS m%jdykh lsÍfuka wêl j WIaK;ajh by< hdu
j<lajd .; yels h' oyj,a ld,fha m%jdykh isÿ lrhs kï ta i|yd YS;d.dr myiqlï
we;s jdyk Ndú; l< yels h'
• jdykhg Tfrd;a;= fok m%udKhg mgjd m%jdykh lsÍfuka fnda.j,g isÿjk hdka;l %s
ydks fuka u WIaK;ajh by< hdfuka isÿjk ydks o j<lajd .; yels h'
• wiajkq mgjd jdykh iqug f,i meoùfuka o m%jdykfha oS isÿ jk ydks wvq lr .;
yels h'
• wiajkq megùu fuka u nEu o m%fõYfuka l< hq;= h' fï u.ska wiajkq ydksh wju
lr .; yels h'
• f,dßj, fiajlhskag lsis úgl;a wiqrk ,o u¨ u; jdä ù fyda ys|f.k hdug bv
fkdosh hq;= h'
wiajkq ieliSfï oS isÿ jk ydks wju lr .ekSu
fjf<|fmd< i|yd wiajkq ieliSfï oS fkdie,ls,su;a f,i mßyrKh ksid
wiajekakg m%udKd;aul j yd .=Kd;aul j úYd, f,i ydks isÿ fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ nyq,j
j.d lrk OdkH fnda.h jk ùj, wiajkq fjf<|fmd<g ieliSfï m%Odk mshjr y;rls'
1' ;eïîu 11' flàu 111' fYa%Ks .; lsÍu 1v. weisÍu fõ'
fuu tla tla mshjr ;=< oS wiajkq ydks wju lr .ekSu i|yd my; mshjr wkq.ukh
l< yels h'

88
• ù ;eïîu i|yd c, jdIamfhka ;eïîfï l%uh Ndú;h ^fndhsf,are Ndú;h&
• ysre t<sfha fõ<k úg oS yd,a weg rn¾ moug ^f;;ukh 20]& meñKs úg f.dv .id
meh 2 la muK jid ;eîfuka moï lsÍu l< hq;= h' fu u.ska iy,a lefvk m%udKh
wvq lr .; yels h'
• meh 2 g miq w;=rd úh<s l< hq;= h' jßka jr ñY% lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= h' hg ;Ügqfõ
ù úh<Su tys oS isÿ fõ'
• ù flàfuka miq fmd,sIa lsÍfï oS wêl f,i ksjqvq bj;a lsÍfuka .=Kd;aulNdjhg
ydks jk ksid th md,kh l< hq;= h'
• rks, fnda.j, fmd;= weÍfï yd msh<s lsÍfï ls%hdj,sfha oS wêl f,i îc leãug
,la fkdjk fia th isÿ l< hq;= h'
• m,;=re yd t<j¨ j¾. ieliSfï oS ;j ÿrg;a wkjYH fldgia we;a kï bj;a lr
fYa%Ks.; lsÍu jvd;a fhda.H fõ'
• miq wiajkq ydks wju lr .ekSug wdydr mßrlaIK l%u Ndú; l< yels h'

wf<úh isÿjk wjia:dfõ oS wiajkq ydks wju lr .ekSu

fjf<|fmd< ;=< oS lDIs fnda. wf<ú lsÍfï oS iEu úg u wdjrKh l< fjf<|
ie,la ;=< fnda. wf<ú lsÍfï oS wiajkq ydks wju lr .; yels h' fjf<| ie< ;=< fnda.
weisÍfï oS wiajkq j¾. fjka fjka jYfhka weisßh hq;= h' tu.ska tla fnda. wiajekakla
u.ska wfkla fnda. wiajekakg jk ydks j<ld .; yels h' ;j o ukd jd;dY%hla ,efnk
f,i weisßh hq;= w;r mßyrKh m%fõYfuka isÿ lsÍfuka ydks wju lr .; yels h'
fjf<| ie< i|yd f.dvke.s,s .nvd myiqlï" YS; .nvd myiqlï ,nd oSu u.ska wiajkq
ydks j<lajd .; yels h'
fjf<|fmdf<ka ñ, oS .kakd wdydr fnda. ksjfia mßyrKfha oS wiajkq ydks wju
lsÍug mshjr .; yels h'
• ksjig m%udKj;a yd .nvd lr ;nd .; yels m%udKhg ñ, oS .ekSu
• /f.k hdug we;s myiqlï wkqj ñ, oS .ekSu
• wdydr ilia lsÍfï oS yd msiSfï oS ie,ls,af,ka lghq;= lr .=Kd;aul ydks wju lr
.ekSu
• wdydr fõ,g m%udKj;a ;rug muKla wdydr msiSu hkdÈh fuys oS m%uqL fõ'

miq wiajkq frda. ksjdrKfha uQ,O¾u

1' îcdKq wju lsÍu
2' lafIa;% wdidok wju lsÍu yd je<elaùu
• fnda. udrej
• fmdaIl l<ukdlrKh
• lafIa;%fha msßisÿlu
• os,Sr kdYl fhoSu
• wdjrK fhoSu
3' m¨ÿ ùï yryd isÿ jk wdidok je<elaùu
• os,Sr kdYl fhoSu
• WKq c, m%;sl¾u

89
4' frda. j¾Okh yd me;sÍu je<elaùu
• WIaK;ajh
- wvq WIaK;ajfha .nvd lsÍu
- .nvd lsÍfï oS wdidos; fldgia bj;a lsÍu
- fjkia fkdjk taldldÍ WIaK;ajfha ;eîu
• ikSmdrlaIdj
• os,Sr kdYl Ndú;h
OdkH fnda. i|yd miq wiajkq ;dlaIKh
• wiajkq fk<Su
OdkH wiajkq fk<Su m%Yia; mßK; wjêfha oS isÿ l< hq;= h' tu.ska wiajkq
fk<Sfï oS isÿjk ydks wvq fõ'
• îc fjka lsÍu
wjYH;dj u; fjka lsÍfï l%uh f;dard.; hq;= h' frdamK øjH f,i Ndú;
lrkafka kï hdka;s%l ydks we;s ùu wju l< hq;= h' ñksiqka u.ska mE.Sfuka
hdka;s%l ydks wju fõ' fld< uäk hka;% u.ska hdka;s%l ydks we;s ùfï bvlv
jeä h'
îc fjka lsÍfï oS wiajkq fk<Sfuka miq f.dhï f.dv .id ;eîu iqÿiq ke;' túg
ÿUqre ùfï m%;sls%hdj we;s ù îcj,g ydks isÿ úh yels h' ù j.dfõ fujeks
ld¾hhka /ila i|yd ixhqla; wiajkq fk,kh Ndú; l< yels h'
• wiajkq msßisÿ lsÍu
OdkH fkdjk fjk;a øjH bj;a lsÍu ñka woyia lrhs'
fuyso"S
• m%udKfha (size) fjki
• nr (Weight) fjki wkqj wmøjH fjka lsÍu isÿ l< yels h'
uQ,slj wmøjH bj;a lsÍug iajNdúl iq,Õ Ndú; lrkq ,efí' Bg wu;rj mxld
(Fans) fyda isÿre iys; WmlrK (Separators) fhdod .kS' fïjd jdKsc uÜgñka
Ndú; fõ' tfiau wiajkq ieliSfï iEu mshjrloSu msßisÿ lsÍu l< hq;= h'
• wiajkq úh<Su
idudkHfhka os,Srj,ska isÿjk ydksh úh<Su u.ska wju lr .; yels h'
Wod(- ù 14] f;;uk m%;sY;hla olajd wvq lsÍfuka os,Sr ydks we;sùu j<lajd .;
yels h'
• ù ;eïîu
ù ;eïîfï wruqKq yd jdis
• ,efnk iy,a m%udKh jeä ùu
• fmdaIK ix>gl wdrlaId ùu
• ydkshg ,la jQ îc ;j ÿrg;a ydks ùu je<elaùu
• OdkH fmd;a; bj;a lsÍfï myiqj
• OdkH wegh lefvk m%;sY;h wvq ùu
• fm%daàk yd Lksc wdosh OdkH ;=<g wjfYdaIKh ùu
• msiq n; fnß ùfï yelshdj wvq ùu
• lDñ ydks wvq ùu
• WIaK;ajh jeäjk úg ,hsf*aia tkaihsu úkdY fõ' túg uqvq ùu wvq fõ'
tu.ska l,a ;nd .ekSu jeä h'

90
 ù ;eïîfï oS iy,a wegh ;=< we;s l=vd msIag lKsld fc,ákSlrKh ù ;ks msIag
lKsldjla njg m;a fõ' fuu fc,àlrK ls%hdj fya;=fjka iy,a wegh ì|S hdu j<lS'
tfiau ydks jQ OdkH ;sfí kï ;ks jHqyhla njg m;a ù ;j ÿrg;a ydks ùu wvq fõ'
ù ;eïîfï ls%hdj,sh m%Odk mshjr 3 lska hqla; h'
• fm`.ùu
• yqud,fhka ;eïîu
• úh<Su

fm`.ùu

fm`.ùug fmr msßisÿ lr wmøjH bj;a lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= h' wmøjH bj;a lsÍfuka
iy,aj, ,efnk ksñ M,fha ÿ¾j¾K ùï je<elaúh yels h' Bg wu;r j w¾O j msreKQ îc
yd l¨ weg bj;a l< hq;= h' wmøjH bj;a l< miq c,fha nyd fm`.ùu isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
tys oS ÿ¾.kaOh we;sùu je<elaùu i|yd meh 12 lg jrla c,h udre l< hq;= h'
j.=j 12'13 ( c,fha WIaK;ajh yd ù m%fNaoh wkqj ù fmd`.jd ;nk ld, iSud
c,fha WIaK;ajh os. ù flá ù
issis,a c,h meh 48 - 60 meh 36 - 48
uo WKqiqï c,h meh 18 meh 12
700C c,h meh 04 meh 3"1$2

yqud,fhka ;eïîu
f,day gexlshl ù u¨ 35la muK nyd miq j yqud,fhka úkdä 20 - 30 muK
ld,hla ;ïnkq ,enhs' ù fm`.ùu" ;eïîu" úh<Su iy ish¨ lghq;= i|yd Ndú; l< yels
hka;% ksmojd we;'
• fmd;= bj;a lsÍu fyj;a iy,a njg m;a lsÍu ^mEySu&
;eïnQ ù iy,a njg m;a lsÍu i|yd fmd;= bj;a lsÍu l< hq;= h' fmd;= bj;a lsÍu
i|yd fmd;= bj;a lrk hka;% Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
• .nvdfõ îc .nvd lsÍug fmr wkq.ukh l< hq;= ls%hd ms<sfj;a
• .nvdfõ jgmsgdj t<s fmfy<s lr l=Kq mq¿iaid oeóu
fu u.ska m<sfndaOlhska meñKSu md,kh l< yels h'
• .nvdj w;= .d ish¨ u wmøjH bj;a lsÍu
fu u.ska .nvdj ;=< we;s lDñka" frda. ldrl wdosh bj;a l< yels h'
• ì;a;sj, yd msg lvf;d¨ we;a kï iqÿ yqKq ñY% nodufhka jeiSu
isÿrej, ieÕ ù isák m<sfndaO u¾okh fuys§ isÿ lrhs'
• ì;a;sj, iqÿ yqKq wdf,am lsÍu
.nvdj ;=< WIaK;ajh md,kh lsÍu i`oyd fhdod .kS'
• l,ska wiajkq .nvd lsÍug .;a f.daks wdosh we;akï WKq c,fhka fidaod
úh<d .ekSu
l,ska .nvd .; wiajkqj,g ydks l< frda. úI îc u¾okh fuys § isÿ fõ'
• wiajkq .nvd lrk ;Ügq mÍlaId lr osrdm;a ù we;a kï bj;a lsÍu
fõhka we;sùu je<elaùu i`oyd fuh isÿ lrk w;r fõhka isà kï
ridhk øjH Ndú;fhka md,kh l< hq;= h'

91
wdrlaIs; .nvdjl ;sìh hq;= wx.

1' neïu
3' f¾,a mS,a,
5' jd ljq¿
2' wdrlaIl odrh
4' fodrgq
6' jy, uÜgu
olajd jq ì;a;sh

rEmh 12'18 ( OdkH .nvdjl ndysr fmkqu

• m<,a fodrj,a" .nvdfõ by< yd my< ljq¿ - wjYH wjia:dfõ oS WIaK;ajh iy
wd¾ø;dj md,kh lsÍu i|yd
• .nvdfõ W,aosh tau je<elaùu i|yd fldkalS%Ü oeóug m%:u fmd,s;ska we;sÍu -
.nvd ìu fmdf<dfjka 75cm muK Wäka iEoSu
• .nvdfõ fmdf<dfõ 22cm muK m<,g újD; j fkrd we;s neïu ^ ó .eÜg&
ieliSfuka óhkaf.ka wdrlaId fõ'
• ì;a;sh jy, uÜgu olajd ne|Su yd jy, yd ì;a;s w;r bv fkd;eîu - j¾Id c,h
we;=<g tau je<elaùug
• .nvdjg 90cm muK bosßfhka f¾,a mS,a,la jeks jdfka ndOlhla fhoSu - jdyk
u.ska .nvdjg jk ydksh wju lsÍu i|yd
• îc u¨ wÜá .eiSu i|yd ilia l< fõosld ;sîu

rEmh( 12'19 ( îcu¨ wÜá wdik fõosld lsysmhla

• wiajkq wÜá .eiSfï oS oeßh yels nr m%udKh blaujd tl u; tl ;eîu je<lsh hq;=
h' tu.ska wiajkq ydks isÿ úh yels h'
wiajkq .nvd lsÍu yd .nvd lsÍfuka miq md,kh l< hq;= ;;a;aj
• .nvd lrk úg wÜá w;ßka jd;h ixirKh jk mßos wÜá .eish hq;= h'
tuÕska WIaK;ajh u.ska jk ydks j<lajd .; yels h'

92
 rEmh 12'20 ( jd;khg myiq f,i wÜá .eiSu
• wÜá fkdfi,ajk fia .nvd l< hq;= w;r wiajkq .nvd lr we;s weiqreï ;=<g
wjYH kï lD;%su j jd;h iemhsh yels h'
• ndysr mrssirfha wd¾ø;dj jeä jk úg ish¨ u jd ljq¿ jid oeñh hq;= w;r .nvd
mßirfha WIaK;ajh jeä jk úg ish¨ u jd ljq¿ újD; l< hq;= h'
• lDñ yd m<sfndaO ydks ms<sn| j wjOdkfhka isáh hq;= w;r ydks mj;S kï lDñ
u¾okhg lDñ kdYl Ndú; l<
hq;= h'
Wod ( welag,sl"a fmdiamk
S a idudkH
.nvd ;;a;aj hgf;a lDñ
ydks wju lsÍu i|yd OdkH
îcj,g fldfydU f;,a "
foys " ks l " bhq l e,s m a g ia
wdosfha m;% fhdod .; yels
h' rks, îcj, lDñ ydks
wju lsÍu i|yd iqÿ mdg
oyhshd w¿ OdkH f;d.fha
nßka 5] muK fhoSu'

rEmh 12'21 ( kùk .nvdjl

we;=<; yria lvla

93
 13' f.j;= j.dj yd ù f.dú;ek

13'1 f.j;a;

ksjig hdno j mjqf,a úúO jQ iudÔh"

fN!;sl" ksIm
a dok yd wd¾Ól ld¾hhkag Wrfok
ffoksl Ôjk jgmsgdj f,i f.j;a; iudc
úoHd;aul j ks¾jpkh l< yels h' tfia u
fidnd oyfï uQ , O¾uhka g wkq j mjq f ,a
idudðlhkaf.a Ôjk jgmsgdj f,i o f.j;a;
y÷kajd Èh yels h'
f.j;a;la jvd iqúfYaIS j jeo.;a jkqfha
jir mq r d u mjq f ,a fmda I Kh yd wdydr
iqrlaIs;;dj imqrd,Sug by< yelshdjla we;s rEmh 13'1 ( f.j;a;la
j.d mßirhla f,i h' fuhg fya;= jkafka" bvlv" ysre t<sh mi yd c,h kï jQ iajNdúl
iïm;a fkd wvqj thg ,efnk ksid h' fuu iajdNdúl iïm;aj, iSudldÍ nj" ;r.ldÍ
nj yd wdka;sl nj ksid f.j;= mßirhl § jdKsc j.djl fuka úNj wiajekakla ,nd
fkdfoa' tkï fï yeu idOlhla u f.j;= mßirhl § mq¾K f,i fkd,efí' ta wkqj
fndfyda úg f.j;a;lska ,efnkqfha hemqï m%;s,dN muKs' th ;sridr njlska hqla; h'
tfia u f.j;a; f.j;= wdo¾Yhlska meyeÈ,sj u fjkia fõ' mdi,a f.j;a; f.j;=
wdo¾Yhla i|yd ksoiqkls'
f.j;a;lska ,efnk m%;s,dN
• mjq,lg iDcqj ,efnk m%;s,dN
1' mjqf,a m%Odk fkdjk úúO jQ fmdaIK wjYH;d wLKav j iemhSu'
Wod( f.j;a;lska n;a fyda mdka ,nd fkdfok uq;a wfkl=;a úúO wdydr wjYH;d
imhhs'
2' m%Odk wdydr fõ,a i|yd wdfoaYlhla iemhSu'
fï u.ska wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj ;yjqre lrhs'
Wod( fldia" fo,a" w, j¾.
3' w;sßla; ksIamdok wf<úh u.ska" f.j;af;ka ,nd.; fkdyels wjYH;d imqrd
.ekSug wdodhï Wmojhs'
Wod( iSks" ¨qKq
4' mjqf,a yd f.j;af;a kv;a;=j i|yd wdodhï Wmojk fjk;a l=vd jHjidhhka i|yd
iydh fõ' Wod( ó ueis md,kh" iq`M mßudK ksñ we÷ï l¾udka;
5' .=Kd;aul núka hq;= ^ji úI f;dr& kejqï" msßisÿ" úYajikSh nj ;yjqre lrk ,o
wdydr ,eîu'
6' fjf<|fmd< i|yd .; lrk ld,h yd úhoï wju lr.; yels ùu'
• iudc m%;s,dN
1' f.j;= ixj¾Okh lsÍu u.ska fmdaIKSh fuka u wd¾Ólj o iudchla ÈhqKqj lrd
fhduq lsÍu' Wod( cd;sl uÜgfï j.d jHdmD;s
2' .=Kd;aul wdydr ,eîu ksid ksfrda.S ck;djla ìys ùu' fuh wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha
iqNodhS i<l=Kls'
3' — f.j;a; ˜ iudc.; jkdka;rhls' ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKhg odhl fõ'
4' úfõl ld,h yrj;a fohla fjkqfjka fhoùug iudch fhduq lrùu'

94
 5' .;g jHdhdu;a" ukig úkaokh;a ,ndfoñka ksfrda.S ck;djla ìys ùu' ^WoHdk
Ñls;aidj&
6' ksfjia wjg isis,a" w,xldr" iqjodhS mßirhla ks¾udKh ùu'
7' f.j;= ld¾hhka ys kshe<Su tl wruqKl is; r|jk neúka udkisl ixj¾Okfhka
by< ck;djla ìys lsÍu'
8' id¾:l f.j;=" mrmqfrka mrmqrg yd wi,ajeishkag lDIsld¾ñl oekqu ,nd fohs'
9' ie,iqï iy.; f.j;a;la l,d;aul ks¾udKhls' fnda. weiqßka N+ñ w,xlrKhg
msúiquls' ^mdßfNdackh i|yd WoHdk w,xlrKh - Edible landscaping)
úêu;a f.j;a;l ,laIK
1' fyd¢ka ixj¾Okh jQ f.j;a;la" wLKav ksIamdokhla Wfoid" iajNdúl iïm;a
Wmßu mßyrKhla i|yd ie,iqï iy.; jQ" mq`M,a mrdihl ffcj úúO;ajhla
mj;sk iu;=,s; mßir tallhls' fï ksid u úúO wiajkq wLKav j ,nd fohs'
tfia u ie,iqï iy.; f.j;a;la lDIs jk j.djl wdlD;shla orhs'
2' id¾:l f.j;a;la ish¨ f.j;= Wmdx. ifudaOdksl j tlsfkl iyÔjk moaO;shla
f,i ls%hd lrhs'
Wod( fnda. j.dj" i;a;aj md,kh" u,a j.dj" ó ueis md,kh
3' ir, yd wju ;dlaIK fhojqï u.ska jeä ksIamdokhla ,eîu'
Wod( úúO j.d rgdjla mj;sk ksid ^úúO .eUqrg úysfok uQ, moaO;Ska& ta u.ska
iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j Ndú;h isÿ fõ'
4' mjqf,a ld,h yd Y%uh" iudÔh yd wd¾Ól ld¾hhka yd fkd.efgk f,i ie,iqï
ùu'
5' iSñ; ksIamdok idOl wvx.= mßirhlg ukdj yev .eiqKq foaYSh fnda. ;yjqre
ù ;sîu'
6' mdßißl yd ffcj úúO;ajh ksid frda. md,kh iajNdúl j isÿ ùu'
f.j;a;l ie,iqu
f.j;a; ld,h yd bvlv w;r wka;¾ls%hdjla ksrka;rfhka isÿjk mßirhls' tfia u
mßirh" foaY.=Kh" iudÔh miqìu ^kd.ÍlrKh" Ôjk uÜgu yd /lshdj& mj;sk bvlv"
j.d rgd jeks idOl wkqj f.j;= tlska tl fjkia fõ' fï ksid f.j;a;lg fmdÿ
ie,eiaula bÈßm;a lsßu wmyiq h'
f.j;=
1' .%dóh f.j;a; - iïm%odhsl f.j;a;
fuys ;sria j.dj m%uqL h'
2' kd.ßl f.j;a;
isria j.dj m%uqL h'
3' w¾O kd.ßl f.j;a;
f.j;= wdldrh l=ula jqjo" N+ñh" c,h" bvlv" mi yd ysre t<sh jeks iïm;aj,ska
Wmßu m%fhdack .; yels jkfia ir, ;dlaIKh fhdodf.k ks¾udKYS,S j f.j;a;la
ie,iqï l< hq;= h'
f.j;a; i|yd uQ,sl ie,eiau
´kEu f.j;a;l úúO jQ ld¾hhkaf.ka hq;= meyeÈ,s jgmsgdjka ;=kls'
1' iudÔh jgmsgdj - ñÿ,
2' Wmfhda.s;d jgmsgdj - uq`M;ekaf.h wjg m%foaYh
3' ksIamdok jgmsgdj - j.dj mj;sk m%foaYh

95
fuu jgmsgdjka yd tajdfha ld¾hhka iEu f.j;a;l §u tlsfklg w;s msys; j mj;S'
tkï wjYH;djka bgqlr .ekSfï § iqÿiq mßÈ fuu jgmsgdjka m%fhdackhg .ekSu isÿ l<
yels h'
f.j;a;la ie,iqï lsÍfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
1' f.j;af;a ld,Sk ksIamdok f;dr;=re oek .ekSu
f.j;af;a oekg mj;sk lDIsld¾ñl úNj ^mi" c,h" ysre t<sh" bvlv wd§&"
fnda. yd i;=ka" md,k ;;a;aj yd oekg mj;sk ksIamdok wdÈfha f;dr;=re oek
.ekSu
2' by; f;dr;=re wdYs%; j mj;sk .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu
Wod( mdxY= ;;a;ajj, .eg¨" mdxY= Ldokh" wvq wiajekak" bvlv wvq ùu
3' .eg`M úi£u i|yd wjYH úl,am ;dlaIK yd fhojqï y÷kd .ekSu
úNj ksIamdok f;dr;=re" .eg¨ y÷kd.;a miq mj;sk fhojqï$iïm;a ukd f,i
l<ukdlrKh lrñka ksIm
a dok wruqKq lrd <Õd ùug iqÿiq ;dlaIK Wmdh ud¾. wkq.ukh
l< hq;= h'
fhdod .kakd ;dlaIKhka my; lafIa;% l<ukdlrK i|yd ÈYdNsuqL l< hq;= h'
iïm;a l<ukdlrKh
fnda. l<ukdlrKh
ld, l<ukdlrKh
iïm;a l<ukdlrKh
mi
c,h
ysre t<sh
fjk;a - f.j;af;a yd ksjfia bj;,k oE
^ldnksl øjH" fnda. wjfYaI" fíiï" nd,aÈ yd fjk;a øjH&
mdxY= l<ukdlrKh
iEu úg u mi wdrlaId lsÍu l< hq;= h' mi ixrlaIKh i|yd fhÈh yels Wml%u
fhdoñka mi fia§u je<elaúh hq;= h'
Wod( fmdf<dj wdjrKh jk fnda. isgqùu
• .,a yd mia jeá fh§u
• ñY% fnda. j.dj$ nyq fnda. j.dj$ nyq ia;r j.dj
ldnksl fmdfydr ksrka;r j tl;= lrñka mi fmdaIKh l< hq;= h' fï u.ska mdxY=
ire nj /fla'

ldnksl fmdfydr
>
mdxY= ridhksl ,laIK ÈhqKq lsßu mdxY=
mdxY= fN!;sl ,laIK ÈhqKq lsÍu ire
mdxY= laIqø Ôù ls%hdldÍ;ajh nj
ÈhqKq ùu
>

96
 rEmh 13'2 ( f.j;af;a mdxY= ixrlaIK luhla rEmh 13'3 ( .evú,a Èhr ksiaidrKh

• .evú,a Èhr jeks oE mig tl;= lsÍu' .evú,d wmøjH m%;splS%hlrKh lrk w;r"
ridhksl øjH úfhdaclfhka iy ffcj W;afma%rlhl= f,i ls%hd lrhs'
• ,jK;dj" ÿ¾j, c,jykh jeks .eg¨ iys; N+ñ ksIamdokhg odhl lr .ekSu
Wod( ta i|yd iqÿiq fnda. f;dard .ekSu" n÷ka.; j.dj" ks¾mdxY= j.d l%u
wkq.ukh lsÍu
• kd.ßl f.j;= md,kfha § bvlv yd mdxY= mßirh iSñ; úg ta i|yd ks¾mdxY= j.d
l%u" n÷ka .; j.dj yd isria j.d l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu
c, l<ukdlrKh
wvq c, iemhqulska Ydl ÿ¾j, j¾Okhla fmkajk w;r ñh hdug o bv we;' ks;r
c,h fh§u o Ydl oeä ùug ndOd lrhs' úh<s ;;a;ajhl § mdxY= c, ixrlaIK l%u
wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'

rEmh 13'4 ( f.j;af;a c, ixrlaIK l%u lsysmhla

• ysñÈßfha fyda iji c,h iemhSfuka c,h jeä fõ,djla mi ;=< /f|a' oyj,a ld,fha
§ jdIamSlrKh jeä h'
• ir, ;dlaIK l%u u.ska ìkaÿ c, iïmdok l%u wkq.ukh lsÍfuka o c,h wmf;a
hdu j<lS'
• l%udkql+, j j,a u¾okh lsÍfuka" je,ame< u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrk c,h o fnda.h
i|yd fhfoa'
• .eUqre uQ, moaO;shla we;s ùfuka kshÕhg Tfrd;a;= foa'
• ksjfia uq`M;ekaf.h yd kdk <sxj,ska bj;g hk c,h" fnda.j,g iemfhk fia
ie,iqï lsÍfuka c, m%;splS%hlrKh isÿ fõ'
• jiqka fh§u u.ska c,h jdIamSlrKh j<lsk w;r j,a u¾okh o isÿ fõ' ldnksl øjH
u.ska mfia c, wjfYdaIK Odß;dj o jeä fõ'

97
 j.=j 13'1 ( jiqka i|yd Ndú; l< yels ldnksl øjH
fnda. wjfYaI khsg%cka fmdiamria fmdgEishï
msÿre xx x x
ù fmd;= xx x x
ì;a;r lgq x x x
msydgq xxx x x
flfi,a l| xx xx xxx
flfi,a fmd;= x xx xxx
flfi,a fld< x xx xxx
.a,sßiSähd xxx xx x

xxx - fyd| m%Njhls'

xx - ;rula fyd| m%Njhls
x - fmdaIl wvqfjka imhk m%Njhls
ysre t<sh l<ukdlrKh
• ysre t<sh Wmßu f,i m%fhdackhg .; yels j.d rgd yd me< isgqùfï l%u wkq.ukh
lsÍu' Wod( nyq ia;r fnda. j.dj" u[af[dlald w;rg fjk;a w;=re fnda. fh§u
• ,efnk ysre t<sfha ;sj%;dj yd ld, iSudj u; ;ekg iqÿiq fnda. f;aÍu
fï i|yd my; l%ufõoh wkq.ukh l< yels h'
• j,dl=`Mj,ska f;dr ysre t<sh jefgk Èkhla f;dard .ekSu
• mßudKhg ÈYd olajñka f.j;af;a o< ie,eiaula we£u
• f;dard.;a Èkfha fm'j' 8'00 $ 9'00 isg mefhka mehg f.j;a;g wdf,dalh jefgk
ia:dk j¾K lSmhlska is;shfï i,l=Kq lsÍu
• fuys § N+ñhg jeäfhka wf,dalh ,efnk ia:dkj, jeä jdr .Kkla rjqï
i,l=Kq fõ'
• ta wkqj wdf,dalh jeämqr ,efnk yd wvqfjka ,efnk ia:dk ;SrKh lr ta wkqj
lafIa;%hg iqÿiq fnda. f;dard .; yels h'
j.=j 13'2 ( wdf,dalh ,efnk meh .Kk wkqj f;dard.; hq;= fnda. ldKavh
wf,dalh ,efnk meh .Kk j.d l< yels fnda. ldKavh
meh 6- - 8 wf,dalh ms%h lrk" M, yg .kakd"
m,;=re jeks fnda.
meh 4 - -6 m<d j¾.
meh 2 - 4 fijk ms%hlrk Ydl ^Wod( weka;+ßhï&

fjk;a øjH
f.j;af;a ckkh jk wmøjH fldïfmdaiaÜ yd ldnksl fmdfydr ;ekSug fhdod
.; yels h' bj;,k n÷ka j.d i|yd fhdod .ekSfuka ^wmøjH kej; Ndú;h u.ska&
mßir ¥IKh j<lS' Wod( jeys mS,s - j.d rdlal iE§u'

98
fnda. l<ukdlrKh
f.j;af;a bvlv" fnda.h i|yd ,efnk bvlv" mdxY= ;;a;aj yd c, iemhqug
.e,fmk mßÈ fnda. f;aÍu l< hq;= h' f.j;= j.djl § mjqf,a wdydr wjYH;d iïmQ¾K
lsÍug kï tu f.j;a; jir mqrd u fnda.j,ska iukaú; úh hq;= h' j.d lrk iEu
fnda.hla i|yd u wjYH jk bvlv" ysre t<sh" c, iemhqu wjYH mßÈ ,ndÈh hq;= h' fï
i|yd fnda. ie,iqïlrKh wjYH fõ'
fnda. ie,iqïlrKh
tla tla fnda.h mßK; ùug .;jk ld,h" j.d lkakh yd fnda. tlsfkl flfrys
olajk wka;¾ ls%hdj,g wkqj" tu fnda.h j.d l< hq;= ld,h" ia:dkh yd j.d lrk
wdldrh ;SrKh lsÍu fnda. ie,iqïlrKh hs' fuys § fnda. udrej yd fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh
jeo.;a fõ'
fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh
fkdfhla j¾.fha fnda. j.d lsÍu fuys § isÿ flf¾' fï u.ska mjqf,a ish¨ u wdydr
wjYH;d iemsfrk w;r jir mqrd u wiajkq ,nd .ekSug o yels fõ'
j.=j 13'3 ( fnda. udrej jevigyk
j.d lkakh
md;a;s 1 2 3 4
1 fld< t<j¨ w, rks,
2 t<j¨ fld< rks, w,
3 w, rks, fld< t<j¨
4 rks, w, t<j¨ fld<

fnda. jegla u.ska fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh fuka u j.d ìu fjka lsÍu i|yd jegla
o ks¾udKh fõ' fï i|yd úúO ia;rj, Ydl isria f,i me;sÍ hk mßÈ fnda. ie,iqï
lrhs' fnda. jefg ys by< uÜgu wdjrKh lrk f,i l;=reuqrex.d" uqrex.d" fo,a" fldia"
fmar" .ia,nq" w,s.egfmar jeks Ydl o uOHu uÜgu wdjrKh i|yd ñßia " u[af[dlald"
nv bß.= jeks m÷re fia jefjk Ydl o" my< u l,dmfha fijk ms%h lrk fnda. j¾.
yd je;sÍ jefvk je,a j¾." wkakdis" bß.=" lsß w," lxl=ka" n;, jeks fnda. o j.d l<
yels h'
f.j;a;l isgqúh yels fnda. ldKav
1' kshÕ $ fijK$ c,h ms%h lrk fnda.
2' ñ;=re fnda.
3' flá" ueo" È.=ld,Sk fnda.
4' T!IO" rildrl yd úis;=re Ydl
5' fld< fmdfydr yd wdjrK fnda.
6' f.j;= mßirhg yev .eiqKq foaYSh fnda.
7' oej yd ;DK

99
fnda. úYaf,aIKh
j.=j 13'5 ( flá l,lska wiajkq ,ndfok fnda.
fnda.h j.dfjka miq wiajkq ,efnk ld,h
wn Èk 110 - 117
rdnq Èk 45- 60
ksú;s Èk 60

j.=j 13'5 ( fijk ms%h lrk fnda.

fnda.h ysre t<sh wjYH;dj
b.+re 50] ysre t<sh wjYHh
lsßw, fijK 50] olajd ord.; yels h
ksú;s" ie,aÈß ;rula fijK
msms[a[d
i,do" f.dajd uo fijk
lerÜ uo fijk ord.; yels h'

ñ;=re fnda. yd m%;sjd§ fnda.

iuyr fnda. j¾.j, wjYH;d tlsfklg iudk h' tajd tlsfklg hym;la isÿ
lrhs' Wod( frda. ms<sn| md,kh fujeks fnda. j.d lsÍu jdisodhl h' m%;sjd§ fnda. tlg
jeùu iqÿiq fkdfõ'
j.=j 13'6 ( ñ;=re yd m%;sjd§ fnda. j¾.
fnda.h ñ;=re fnda. m%;sjd§ fnda.
nKavlald ;," lxl=ka" jÜglald" rdnq -
msms[a[d nv bßÕ=" fmdf<dka uE" nKavlald w¾;dm,a
lrú, fndaxÑ" oU, lerÜ" w¾;dm,a
uE lerÜ" rdnq" msms[a[d r;= `MEkq
fndaxÑ msms[a[d" nv bßÕ= " w¾;dm,a r;= `MEkq" iqÿ `MEkq
f.dajd w¾;dm,a" îÜ" r;=`MEKq" iqÿ`MEkq ie,aÈß" fndaxÑ" i,do
mjqf,a fnda. n;," fmdf<dx uE
;lald,s MEkq" i,do" n;," lerÜ" w¾;dm,a
îÜ" lxl=ka" jÜglald f.dajd
lsßw, n;," lxl=ka

T!IO fnda. - yd;djdßh" mdjÜgd" ksl

rildrl fnda. - rïm" lrmsxopd
úis;=re fnda. - weka;+ßhï" frdai
fld< fmdfydr - j,aiQßh ldka;" .a,sßisähd
wdjrK fnda. - W÷msh<sh
foaYSh fnda. - wd,x." ,nq" meKs oU,
oej - fldia" f;alal" uefyda.kS
;DK - f.!;ud,d

100
 c,h ms%h lrk fnda. - fldys," uql=Kqjekak" lxl=x
flá ld,Sk fnda. - wkakdis
uOH ld,Sk - flfi,a" mefmd,a
È.= ld,Sk - wU" rUqgka" ¥ßhka

kshÕhg Tfrd;a;= fok$ kshx m%;sfrdaë fnda.

fnda.h kshÕh ord .ekSfï yelshdj

rglcq" fida.ï" ljqms by< hs'
jïngq" l=rlalka
u[af[dlald" n;," ;ïm,d ;rula ÿrg we;'
uqx" nKavlald

lafIa;%h ms<sfh, lsÍu

kshñ; ld,hg" kshñ; whqßka N+ñh ms<sfh, lsÍu u.ska Wiia fnda. wiajkq ,nd .;
yels h' j,ame< bj;a fldg 20-30cm muK .eUqrg mia nqre,a fldg .,auq,a wd§ rM fldgia
bj;a lr leg fmdä lr mi ishqï j ilid .; hq;= h'
c, jykh ÿ¾j, f;;a l,dmSh mia i|yd Wia md;a;s o" úh<s l,dmh i|yd .s,a jQ
md;a;s o iqÿiq h' tfia u fnda.h wkqj o md;a;s fjkia úh yels h' m,;=re jeks nyq jd¾Isl
Ydl i|yd 60x60x60cm ;ks j.dj,a ilid tajd u;=msg mia yd ldnksl fmdfydr ñY%Khla
mqrjd fnda. isgqùu iqÿiq h'
fnda. ixia:dmkh
md;a;s ieliSula iys; j fyda rys; j îc fyda me< isgjkq ,efí' fnda. isgqùfï §
kshñ; mr;rh ,nd §u jeo.;a h' l=rlalka" ;," fufkaß jeks m%Odk fkdjk fnda.
isgqjkafka kï îc jemsÍu l< yels h' tÈfkod w;HjYH fnda. uq`M;ekaf.h wjg fyda
fjku fmdaIKSh fldrgqjl msysgqúh hq;= h' È.= ld,Sk fnda. f.j;af;a W;=re fl<jrg
jkakg isgqùfuka ysre t<sh ukd f,i l<ukdlrKh l< yels h' f.j;af;a udhsï
y;rg È.= ld,Sk fnda. isgqùfuka je<lsh hq;= h' fnda. isgqùu i|yd bvlv iSñ; úg"
isria j.d l%u" fmdaÉÑj, j.dj" ks¾mdxY= j.dj" j.d l=`MKq" j.d rdlal jeks l%u fhdod
.; yels h' iqÿiq j.d rgd" ^ñY% fnda. j.dj$ nyq fnda. j.dj$ nyq ia;r fnda. j.dj& yd
úúO fnda. ixl,k Ndú; l< yels h'
t<j¨ i|yd iajhx îc ksIamdokh
isgqùu i|yd frdamK øjH ^ îc fyda me<& ;ukag ilia lr .ekSu jvd iqÿiq h'
• mj;sk j.dfõ ksfrda.S" irejg jevqKq .ia$je,a f;dard .ekSu'
• j.dfõ m<uqfjka u yd j.dj wjidkfha yg .kakd lr,a fyda f.ä fuka u frda.
md;%S lr,a fyda f.ä f;dard fkd.ekSu'
• fuu lr,a fyda f.ä .fia ;sìh § u fïÍug bv yeÍu'
• fnda. wkqj îc fjkalr .kakd l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu'
• fidaod.;a îc msßisÿ frÈlvl f;; fífrk ;=re ál fõ,djla ;eîu'
• f;;ukh wvq jkfia ysre t<sfha meh 1-2 la muK fõ,Su'
• miqj Èk lSmhla mjfka úh<d úh<s isis,a ;;a;aj hgf;a .nvd lsÍu

101
îc l,a;nd .ekSu
• uE" fndaxÑ" oU," jegfld`M jeks fnda.j, fïrE úh<s lr,a fyda fjka lr.;a îc
.nvd lsÍu fyda ÿï ueiafia ;eîu l< hq;= h'
• nKavlald fïrE $ meiqKq lr,a lvd Èk folla muK wõfõ ;nd lr,a mqmqrd weg fyda
úh<s lr,a f,i ;nd .; yels h'
• iqÿiq weiqreul ojgd ^fmd,s;ska" ùÿre$ ma,diaála fnda;,a& jd;dY%h we;s ;ekl .nvd
l< yels h'
• msßisÿ l=vd ueá n÷kla f.k 13'5 rEmfha mßÈ îc wiqrd ^msßisÿ lvodis fyda frÈ
len,sj,& isis,a úh<s ia:dkhl .nvd l< hq;= h'

îc

13'5 ( îc l,a;nd .ekSfï ir, wegjqula

• YS;lrKhl ;nd o îc l,a;nd .; yels h'

frdamK øjH ieliSu

;jdka i|yd úl,am l%u f.j;af;a § Ndú; l< yels h'

Wod( fmd,af,,s" fhda.Ü fldamam" fmd,s;ska n÷ka" ;eá ;jdka fyda fjk;a ´kEu iqÿiq
n÷ka ;jdka
kv;a;= lsÍu
c, iïmdokh
kshñ; ld,dka;rhl § c,h iemhSfuka .eUqre uq, moaO;shla j¾Okh fõ' fï ksid
me< kshÕhg Tfrd;a;= foa' me< l=vd wjÈfha § Èkm;d c,h iemhSu iqÿiq jk w;r" me<
ixia:dmkh jQ miq Èk 2-3 jrla c,h iemhSu iEfya'
j,a u¾okh
u,a yg .ekSug fmr j,a me< md,kh l< hq;= h'
fmdfydr fh§u
yels;dla ÿrg ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú; lsÍu iqÿiq h' ridhksl fmdfydr fhdokafka
kï ldnksl fmdfydr iu. ñY% lr fh§u jvd iqÿiq h' wjYH ldnksl fmdfydr f.j;af;a
u ksIamdokh lr .ekSfuka mßir .eg¨ o úifoa'

102
frda. yd m<sfndaO md,kh
ys;lr j.d l%u Ndú;h" yels iEu úg u iajdNdúl l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu ^iajdNdúl
m<sfndaO kdYl$ fmdfydr& yd wiajekak iq/lSu u.ska .=Kd;aul wiajkq ,nd .; yels h'
fï i|yd my; mßÈ iqÿiq taldnoaO frda. m<sfndaO md,k l%ufõo wkq.ukh l< yels h'
• ldnksl øjH jeä ksfrda.S mila idod .ekSu
• m%foaYhg yd lkakhg iqÿiq fnda. f;dard .ekSu
• .eg¨ wju fnda. uQ,sl j f;dard .ekSu
• ksfrda.S yd Èßu;a îc yd me< isgqùu
• mi" f;;ukh" ysret<sh yd iq<Õ ;;a;aj wkqj ;ekg iqÿiq fnda. msysgqùu
• iqÿiq me< .ykh mj;ajd .ekSu
• wjYH wjia:dj, me< lmamdÿj" mqyqKq lsÍu yd m÷re md,kh
• ldnksl fmdfydr u.ska me<Eá Yla;su;a lsÍu
fï u.ska frda. m<sfndaO i|yd m%;sfrdaë njla f.dvkef.a'
• fnda. udrej" iqÿiq fnda. ixl,k mj;ajd .ekSu
Wod( ñ;=re fnda.$ nyqfnda.
• ksrka;r mÍlaIdj u.ska frda. m<sfndaO ydks bj;a lsÍu
• ys;lr lDñ yd ul=`M .yKh jeälr .ekSug ux ie,iSu
Wod( ys;lr lDóka" jkaod" or fldagqjd" foys fld<hd" n;al+rd" f,aä n¾â l=reñKshd"
l;=rd" ìxl=Kavd
• lDñ NlaIl l=re,a,ka yd Wr.hka le|jd .ekSug ux ie,iSu
fï i|yd fuu i;=kag ksjdi" c, n÷ka " wdydr ;eîu
Wod( f.j;= l=re,a,ka" fldKavhd" nÜáÉpd" fou,sÉpd" meKslr = e,a,d" fldÜfgdarejd"
ljqvd" uhskd lyl=re,a,d" weál=l=<d
• lDñ yd frda. m,jd yßk W.=,a fnda." o¾Yl fnda." nexl= fnda." ñ;=re fnda.
we;=<;a lsÍu' ^ñkaÑ" fiar" nq,;a' wn" ksl" mdjÜgd' wifudao.ï" `MEKq " ly" bÕ=re&
• ffcj .;sl l%u Ndú; lsÍu'
Wod( pkaø l,d" rdyq ld,h" jvÈh$ ndÈh" kele;a
• j.dfõ msßisÿ nj /l .ekSu
• fN!;sl l%u Ndú;fhka .eg¨ wju lsÍu
• lDóka w;ska w,a,d bj;a lsÍu" fmdä lsÍu
• W.=,a fh§u ^myka" .S%ia ;ejrE jia;=" fmrfudak W.=,a&
• ndOl fh§u - f.dajd lsh;a mKqjd md,khg
• ÿï .eiSu
• úI rys;" ksjfia idod.; yels úl,am m<sfndaO kdYl Ndú; lsßu
Wod( w¿" inka j;=r" ;kql l< úkdlsß" .j uq;%d" fldfydU ksiaidrl
• ldnksl frda. m<sfndaO kdYl Ndú; lsÍu
È,Sr frda. i|yd - fndafvda ñY%Kh" fldkaäia
• wdjrKh lsÍu u.ska wiajkq iq/lSu
• me< bks jegg fnda.kaú,d" yK jeks lgq iys; ydl isgqùfuka yd jeg mduq,
ly jjd W!rka" b;a;Ejka tau j<lajd .ekSu
• glh" mUhka fhdod i;=ka ìh .ekaùu
• fmd,algq j<,d wiajkq iq/lSu
• w;HjYH u wjia:dj, § muKla fjf<|fmd< m<sfndaO kdYl Ndú; lsÍu

103
 13'2 ù j.dfõ wd¾Òl jeo.;alu
wdishd;sl rgj, j.d lrk OdkH fnda. w;=ßka ù m%Odk ia:dkhla .kakd w;r
f,dal ck;djf.ka yß wvlf.a muK m%Odk wdydrh fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ o oekg jeä ìï
m%udKhl j.d lrk OdkH fnda.h fuh hs' YS% ,xldfõ ù j.d lrk ìï m%udKfhka 80]
la muK .ïno m%foaYj, isÿ lrk ksid tu m%foaYj, ck;djf.a m%Odk /lshdj ù
f.dú;ek hs' YS% ,xldfõ jeä ìï m%udKhl ù j.d lrkqfha uy lkakfha h' kuq;a úYd,
c, iïmdok jHdmdr weröu;a iu. h, lkakfha o uq¿ j.d ìï m%udKfhka wvl muK
ù j.dj isÿ lrhs'
õ'
ù ksIamdokh miq .sh jir lsysmh ;=< fjkia ù we;s whqre 13'1 j.=fjka oela fõ'
tu o;a;hkag wkqj" j.d l< ìï m%udKh" idudkH wiajekak yd uq¿ wiajekak l%ufhka
jeä ù we;s nj fmfka'
j.=j 13'8 ( miq .sh jir lsysmhl ù ksIamdokh
ù ksIamdokh 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

ù ksIamdokh
2'86 3'06 2'63 3'25 3'34 3'13 3'87
^fuá%la fgdka ñ,shk&
idudkH wiajekak
3'89 3'76 4'08 3'96 4'13 4'17 4'18
^fu'fgd'$fyla'&
j.d l< ìï m% u dKh
8'52 983 729 937 910 816 1053
^fylaghdr oyia&
wiajkq fk<k ,o ìï
8'20 911 720 915 900 796 1033
m%udKh ^fylaghdr oyia&

jeäjk iy,a b,a¨ug ms<shï f,i foaYSh ù ksIamdokh jeä lsÍug my; mshjr
f.k we;'
• jdß c,h ,nd .; yels m%foaYj, we;s bvïj, j¾Ihl oS j.d lrk lkak .Kk
jeä lsÍu
• jeä oshqKq ù j¾. Ndú;h ckms%h lrùu
• jd¾Isl j j.d lrk ìï m%udKh jeä lsÍu
• wf<ú myiqlï we;s lsÍu
• ù j.dj i|yd wjYH fhojqï m%udKj;a j ,nd oSu Wod( fmdfydr iykdOdrh
• Wiia jHdma;s fiajh" iy;sl l< iemhSu" îc kshñ; fmdfydr ñY%K ,nd .ekSug
ie,eiaùu" Kh myiqlï ,nd oSu

ù j.d lrk m%foaY

YS% ,xldfõ iEu m%foaYhl u ù j.dj isÿ lrkq ,nhs' YS% ,xldfõ jeä u ù
ksIamdokhla isÿ lrkqfha wïmdr osia;s%lalfha h' fmdf<dkakrej" wkqrdOmqrh" l=reKE.,
jeks osia;s%lalj, o f;;a l,dmfha .d,a," ud;r" l`:;r jeks osia;s%lalj, ù ksIamdokh
jeäfhka isÿ lrhs'
m%fNao f;aÍu yd ks¾foaYs; m%fNaoj, jeo.;a .=Kdx.
jeä wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug uQ,sl jYfhka n,mdkqfha iqÿiq m%fNaoh f;dard .ekSu
hs' úúO j.d md,k l%uj,g" mdxY= yd foaY.=K ;;a;ajj,g .e<fmk ù m%fNao úYd,
ixLHdjla lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska y÷kajd oS we;' l=uk ;;a;aj hgf;a jqj o jeä

104
oshqKq l< m%fNaoj,ska merKs m%fNaoj,g jvd jeä wiajekakla ,nd .; yels h' kuq;a
merKs m%fNaoj, Wiia m%fõKsl ,laIK ;j ÿrg;a mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
kj oshqKq m%fNaoj,g m%Yia; mdßißl yd j.d md,k ;;a;aj hgf;a by< wiajkq
oSfï yelshdjla we;' jeä jhia ldKaavj, ù m%fNao ^udi 4 - 4 1$2& nd, jhia ù m%fNaoj,g
jvd ^udi 3 - 3 1$2& ;rula whym;a mßir ;;a;ajj, oS jqj o jeä wiajkq ,nd foa' lDIsl¾u
fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska f.dùka fj; j.dj i|yd ks¾foaY lr we;s ckms%h ù m%fNaoj,
jhia iSudj" j.d lkakh yd ta ta m%foaYj, mj;sk mdßißl ;;a;aj yd j.d md,k ;;a;aj
wkqj osk 7 - 10 muK ld,hla wvq fyda jeä úh yels h'
kj ù m%fNao kdulrKfha oS tu m%fNao wNsckkh l< ia:dkh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd
õ'
Ndú; lrk ixfla; wlaIr my; mrsos fõ'
Bg - n;,f.dv Bw - fndaUqj, Ld - ,nq¥j At - wïn,kaf;dg
j.=j 13'9 ( m%fNaofha wxlh wkqj jhia ldKavh
wxlh jhia ldKavh
300 - 349 udi 3
350 - 399 udi 3 1$2
400 - 449 udi 4
450 isg by<g udi 4 1$2

j.=j 13'10 ( lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ks¾foaY lrk ,o ù m%fNaoj, jeo.;a .=Kdx.

ù m%fNaoh wiajekak úfYaI lreKq

nqi,a$wla
udi 3 m%fNao
Bg 300 100 - 120 iqÿ uOHia: os.lska hq;a iy,ls' fld< md`Mjg yd fld<
wx.udrhg Tfrd;a;= foa' ÿUqre me< lSvE ydkshg yd
fld< wx.udrh frda.hg uOHia: jYfhka Tfrd;a;= foa'
At 306 100-120 iqÿ os.eá iy,ls' ^ndiau;S wdldrfha .=Kdx.j,ska hqla;
h'& Ydl weo jeàug Tfrd;a;= foa' ÿUqre me< lSvE ydkshg
Tfrd;a;= foa'

At 307 140 iqÿ uOHia: os.eá iy,ls' ÿUqre me< lSvEjd" f.dla ueiaid"
nelaàßhd fld< wx.udrhg uOHia: m%;sfrdaë fõ'

At 308 130-135 iqÿ iïnd m%fNaohls' Ydl weo jeàug Tfrd;a;= foa'
ÿUqre me< lSvEjd" f.dla ueiaid" hk m<sfndaOj,g
yd fld< md¿j" nelaàßhd fld< wx.udrh" fldmq
wx.udrh hk frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= foa'

udi 3 m%fNao

Ld 365 120-130 r;= iy,a iys; iïnd m%fNaohls' f;;a l,dmh i|yd ks¾foaY
lr we;' weo jeàug Tfrd;a;= foa' f., l=Kq ùfï
frda.h" fld< md¿j" f.dla ueiaid" ÿUqre me< lSvEjdg
uOHia: m%;sfrdaë;djla olajhs'

105
Bg 357 160 iqÿ uOHia: os.lska hq;a iy,ls' ÿUqre me< lSvEjd" f.dla
ueiaid jeks lDñ ydksj,g o fld< wx.udrh" fld< md`Mj
jeks frda.j,g o Tfrd;a;= foa' úh<s l,dmhg jvd iqÿiq hs'

Bg 360 150 .=Kd;aulNdjfhka by< iqÿ iïnd iy,ls' fld< md`Mjg"

f.dla ueiaidg m%;sfrdaë h' fjf<|fmdf<a "lSß iïnd" f,i
y÷kajkqfha fuu m%fNaohhs'

Bg 364 140-160 r;= iy,a j¾.hls' f;;a l,dmfha j.d lsÍu i|yd ks¾foaY lr
we;' hlv úI ùug Tfrd;a;= foa' f.dla ueiaidg yd ÿUqre me<
lSvEjdg uOHia: f,i m%;sfrdaë fõ' fld< md¿j" fldmq
wx.udrh" f., l=Kq ùu yd nelaàßhd wx.udrhg m%udKj;a
m%;sfrdaë;djla we;' weo jeàug m%;sfrdaë fõ' ù flàfuka
,nd .; yels iy,a m%;sY;h yd msiq iy,aj, .=Kd;aul nj
by< hs'

At 362 150 r;= iy,ls' fld< md`Mjg" fld< wx.udrhg" ÿUqre me< lSvEjdg
Tfrd;a;= foa'

udi 4 m%fNao
Ld 408 140 r;= meye iy,a iys; m%fNaohls' ÿUqre me< lSvE ydkshg" fld<
md¿jg" f.dla ueiaidg uOHia: m%;f
s rdaë;djla olajhs' nelaàßhd
fld< wx.udrhg md;S% ùu wvq hs' fkdlevqKq iy,a m%;sY;h
jeä h' îc wj meye .ekafjkafka ke;' f.dhu weo jeàug
md;S% fkdfjhs'

Bg 407 H 300 ,xldfõ m<uq fouqyqka m%fNaoh fõ' iqÿ meye;s iy,a j¾.hls'
ÿUqre lSvEjd" f.dla ueiaidg m%;f
s rdaë fõ' fld< md¿j" nelaàßhd
fld< wx.udrh" fldmq wx.udrhg m%;sfrdaë fõ' Wiia wiajkq
,nd fok m%fNaohls'

Bg 379-2 150 iqÿ uOHia: os.lska hq;a iy,ls' ÿUqre me< lSvE ydkshg Tfrd;a;=
foa' fld< wx.udrhg m%;sfrdaë h' fhdokakd jQ fmdfydr
uÜgï wkqj Wiia wiajkq ,nd foa' lr,ska îc fjka lsÍu
;rula wmyiq h'

Bg 403 150 iqÿ iy,ls' úh<s l,dmhg jvd iqÿiq hs' fld< md`Mjg yd
^uyfika& fld< wx.udrhg m%;sfrdaë fõ' meiqKq îc myiqfjka ye,Sug
bv we;s ksid wiajkq fk<Su m%udo fkdl< hq;=hs' ÿUqre me<
lSvEjdg ;rula Tfrd;a;= foa'

At 405 120 ndiau;S iyf,a .=Kdx. iys; iy,ls' fld< wx.udrhg ;rula
^,xld iuDoaê& .%dyS h'

udi 4 1$2
m%fNao

Bg 400-1 140-150 iqÿ iy,ls' hlv úI ùug ;rula Tfrd;a;= foa' fld<
wx.udrhg" f.dla ueiaidf.a ydkshg Tfrd;a;= foa'

106
 140 iqÿ iïnd iy,ls' Wiia fmdfydr m%;spdrhla olajhs' Bg - 11
Bg 450
- 11 i|yd wdfoaYlhls' f.dla ueiaidg Tfrd;a;= foa' úh<s
l,dmhg jvd iqÿiq hs'

100 iqÿ iïnd iy,ls' c, .e,Sug" f.dla ueiaidf.a ydkshg

Bg 451 Tfrd;a;= foa' ,jK;djg ;rula Tfrd;a;= foa'

80 r;= iy,ls' f;;a l,dmfha c,fhka hg jk yd hlv úI

Bg 452
ùu iys; l=Uqre i|yd jvd iqÿiq h' H-4 m%fNaohg fndfyda
ÿrg iudk hs'

Bg 453 120 iqÿ iy,ls' hlv úI ùug yd f.dla ueiaidf.a ydkshg

Tfrd;a;= foa' m÷re ouhs' fld< md`Mjg ;rula Tfrd;a;=
udi 5" 5 1$2" - 6 foa'
m%fNao
Bg 3-5 100 iqÿ iy,ls' m÷re ouhs' fld< md`Mjg Tfrd;a;= foa' my;
rg f;;a l,dmfha ud ù j.d lrk m%foaY i|yd fhda.H fõ'

Bg 407 120 iqÿ iy,ls' lr,a meiS we;s úg oS mjd m;% fld< mdáka hq;=
h' fld< wx.udrhg m%;sfrdaë fõ' my; rg f;;a l,dmfha
ud ù j.d lrk m%foaYj,g fhda.H fõ'

Bg 38 iqÿ iïnd j¾.hls' Wiia fmdfydr m%;spdrhla we;' fld<

120
md`Mjg Tfrd;a;= foa' my; rg f;;a l,dmfha ud ù j.d
lrk m%foaYj,g fhda.H fõ'

Bg 745 100 iqÿ iïnd j¾.hls' fmdä ù ta 8 iy uq;= iïnd i|yd

wdfoaYlhls' fld< md`Mjg yd weo jeàug Tfrd;a;= foa'
my; rg f;;a l,dmfha ud ù j.d lrk m%foaY i|yd fhda.H
fõ'

ù j.dj i|yd foaY.=K wjYH;d

úúO mßir ;;a;aj hgf;a ù j.dj isÿ l< o f;;a ksj¾;k l,dmh ù j.djg
jvd;a iqÿiq fõ' fuu m%foaYj, foaY.=K ;;a;ajhkag .e<fmk m%fNao úYd, ixLHdjla
mj;S'
• j¾Idm;kh

wyia osfhka j.d lrk úg me;sreKq j¾Idm;khla wjYH fõ' wkjYH mßos j¾Idj
oS¾> ld,hla mej;Su j.djg wys;lr fõ' mrd.kh jk wjosfha oS wêl j¾Idj
mrd. fiaoS wiajekak wvq fõ' ;j o fnda. weo jefÜ' c, .e,Sï j.d úkdY ù hdu
fyda wiajekak wvq lsÍug fya;= fõ'
YS% ,xldfõ mj;sk j¾Idm;kh ù fnda.fha j¾Okhg m%udKj;a fõ' kuq;a j¾Idm;k
jHdma;sh i;=gqodhl fkdjk ksid w;sf¾l j c,h iemhsh hq;= h' Ydlfha iEu
j¾Ok wjoshl u c, ys`.;dj wiajekak wvq lrhs' m÷re .eiSu wvq ùu" Wi wvq ùu"
fnd,a ùu" fld< ms<siaiSu c, ys`.;dj ksid isÿ fõ'

107
• WIaK;ajh

ù jeä jYfhka u ksj¾;k foaY.=Ksl m%foaYj, j.d lrhs' Ydlh j¾Okh jk

ld,fha idudkH WIaK;ajh 20 - 37'7C0 w;r mej;sh hq;= hs' ksj¾;k l,dmSh
m%foaYj, ù wiajekak wvq ùug fya;= jkqfha oj,a iy rd;S% ld,fha mj;sk wêl
WIaK;ajh ksid Yajik fõ.h jeä ùu hs' ù Ydlfha m÷re oeóu i|yd 32 - 34C0 l
WIaK;ajh m%Yia; fõ' t ksid iulhg wdikak rgj, ù j.d lsÍfuka Wmßu m÷re
ixLHdjla ,nd .; yels h' YS% ,xldfõ foaY.=K ;;a;j
a hgf;a ù j.dfõ oS WIaK;ajh
iSudldÍ idOlhla fkdfõ'
• iq<Õ

u| iq < Õ fnda . h ;= < jd;kh i;= g q o dhl ;;a ; a j hg m;a lrhs ' t u.s k a
m%NdixYaf,aIKhg wjYH ldnka vfhdlaihsâ me< w;r fnod yeÍu isÿ lrhs' mqIam
újD; jk úg m%udKj;a iq<Õla mej;Sfuka mrd.khg WmldÍ fõ' wêl iq<. Ydl
weo jeàug" ù weg ye,Sug" fnd,a jeä ùug" frda. me;sÍug" m;% bÍug fya;= fõ'
• wdf,dalh

fi!uH l,dmSh rgj, ù wiajekak jeä ùug fya;= jkafka os.= osjd ld,h;a wêl
wdf,dal ;Sj%;dj;a h' ksj¾;k l,dmSh rgj, flá osjd ld,h;a j,dl=`Mj,ska nr
wyi;a ksid ù wiajekak wvq fõ' wka;¾ cd;sl iy,a m¾fhaIK wdh;kh fmkajd
fok mßos f;;a ld,hg jvd úh<s ld,fha oS j.d lrk ù fnda.j,ska jeä wiajekakla
,efí' ù Ydlh wdf,dalh ms%h lrk neúka jeä wdf,dal ;Sj%;dj hgf;a j.d
lsÍfuka jeä wiajekakla ,nd .; yels h' ù j.djg wdf,dalfha wjYH;dj j¾Ok
wjosh wkqj fjkia fõ' j¾Ok wjosfha we;s jk fijK wiajekakg yd wiajkq
idOlj,g lrk n,mEu wvq jQj;a" fïÍfï wjosfha § th OdkH lKsldj,g oeä
n,mEula t,a, lrhs' meiSfï wjosfha wdf,dalh OdkH fïÍug ßis fia n,md weiajekak
wvq lrhs'
• idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj

fuys n,mEu ysre t<sfha yd WIaK;ajfha n,mEu yd taldnoaO j mj;S' idfmalaI

wd¾ø;dj jeä ùu ksid frda. ldrl yd iuyr m<sfndaOj, me;sÍu o jeä fõ'
mdxY= wjYH;d
uv ìï j.d ;;a;ajhka hgf;a ueá iys; nr mfiys ù j.dj isÿ lrhs' ieye,a¨
mfi ys c, r|d mej;Su wvq ksid ù j.d lsÍu .eg¨ iys; fõ' kuq;a c,h iemhsh yels
kï m%udKj;a ;rï ldnksl øjH iemhSfuka je,s mfiys o ù j.d l< yels h' ù j.dj
i|yd 4'5 - 7'5 w;r pH mrdihla iqÿiq fõ' b;d wdï,sl" laIdÍh fyda ,jK mfia j.d
l< úg wiajekak wvq fõ' f;;a l,dmfha l=Uqrej, wdï,sl;djg m%;sldr lsÍfuka j.dj
isÿ l< yels h' uqyqÿnv m%foaYfha ,jK;djg Tfrd;a;= fok m%fNao j.d l< yels h' ù
j.d lrk uv mfiys u;= msg ishqï ia;rh yer wfkla fldgfia Tlaiscka fkdue;' kuq;a
ù me<h ks¾jdhq ;;a;aj hgf;a jeãug yev .eiS we;'
j.d lkak
YS% ,xldfõ ù j.dj h, iy uy lkakj, isÿ lrkq ,nhs' f;;a l,dmfha c,h
,nd .ekSu .eg¨jla fkdjk neúka h, iy uy lkak foflys u j.dj isÿ lrhs' kuq;a
úh<s l,dmfha m%Odk jYfhka ù j.dj issÿ lrkqfha uy lkakfha h' jdß c, myiqlï
iys; m%foaYj, h, lkakfha ù j.dj isÿ lsrsSfuka jeä wiajkq m%udKhla ,nd .; yels

108
h' ù j.dfõ wiajkq jeä lr .ekSug kshñ; lkakhg j.d lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ' hdh
tl jr j.d lsÍu" j¾Id c,h yd ysre t<sh j.djg Wmßu f,i fhdod .ekSu iy frda.
yd m<sfndaOj,ska j.dj wdrlaId ùu ksid wiajkq jeä lr .; yels h' ù m%fNaoj, jhi
wkqj tla tla lkakh ;=< j.d ld, iSudjka f;dard .; hq;= h'

j.=j 13'11 ( uy lkakh i|yd iqÿiq j.d ld,

ìï ieliSu jemsÍu me< isgqùu wiajkq
jhi
fk,Su
udi 4 1$2 iema' 25-Tla' 15 Tla' w. fkdje' uq, uy
jeä ù m%fNao Tla' 15-30 fkdje' 1- 15 lkakfha
jhia fkdje' w. wiajkq
udi 4 ù Tla' 10-30 fkdje' uq,
ù fkdje' 15-30 fk<Su
m%fNao fkdje' 1-15 fmnrjdß
udi 3 1$2 Tla' 25- fkdje'15 15 -ud¾;=
fkdje' w. foie' uq,
ù m%fNao 15 w;r
nd, fkdje'15-30 foie' 1-15 ld,fha oS
jhia isÿ úh
udi 3 fkdje' 10-30 foie' uq,
ù foie' ueo
hq;= h'
ù m%fNao
foie' 1-15 foie' 15-25

j.=j 13'12 ( h, lkakh i|yd iqÿiq j.d ld,

ìï ieliSu jemsÍu me< isgqùu wiajkq
jhi
fk,Su
udi 4 1$2 ud¾' 25- wfm%a' 15 wfm%a' 15-30 wfm%a' 30-uehs 15 h,
jeä ù m%fNao lkakfha
jhia udi 4 ù wiajkq
wfm%a'' 30-uehs 15 uehs' 15-31
ù wfm%a' 10-30 fk<Su
m%fNao wf.daia;=
15 -iema'
udi 3 1$2 wfm%a' 25- uehs'15 uehs' 15-31 uehs' 31-cQks 15 15 w;r
nd, ù m%fNao
ld,fha oS
jhia cQks' 15-30 isÿ úh
udi 3 uehs' 10-31 uehs' 31-cQks 15
ù hq;= h'
ù m%fNao

ì;a;r ù ieliSu
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fjka ì;a;r ù iemhSu isÿ l< yelafla f.dùkaf.a îc
wjYH;dfjka 10] la muKs' b;sß 90] l muK m%udKh f.dú uy;=ka ksIamdokh lr .;
hq;= fõ' f.dhï me<Eáh 99'9] la u iaj mrd.kh jk fnda.hla ksid ´kEu whl=g b;du;a
myiqfjka ;ukag wjYH ì;a;r ù ksmojd .; yels h' ù wNsckkh lr kj m%fNaoh la
f,i uqod yeÍfuka miq tys ,laIK blaukska fjkia fkdfõ' tksid fN!;sl j fuu ù
j¾.h iu. fjk;a j¾. ñY% ùu j<lajd .ekSfuka ;ukag wjYH ì;a;r ù ;u l=Uqf¾ u
myiqfjka ksmojd .; yels h'
;ukag wjYH ì;a;r ù ksIamdokh lsÍu ^iajhx ì;a;r ù ksIamdokh&
fuu ì;a;r ù ksIamdokh lsÍug my; ls%hd wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'
• Wiia .=Kd;aulNdjfhka hq;-= ù Ndú; lr j.dj wdrïN lsÍu' fï i|yd lDIsl¾u
fomd¾;fïka;=fjka iy;sl l< îc f;dard .ekSu jvd iqÿiq h'

109
• ù j.d lrk m%fNaofha jhi iSudj wkqj wiajkq fk<Su úh<s ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka
hgf;a isÿ l< yels jk fia iqÿiq u ld,fha j.dj wdrïN l< hq;= h'
• l=Uqf¾ c, myiqlï iys;" jÿ, rys;" idrj;a mila iys; l=Uqrla f;dard .; hq;= h'
• fjk;a ù m%fNao iu. ñY% fkdùug j. n,d .; hq;= h'
• l=Uqr ukd f,i ilia lr .ekSu' miq .sh lkakh ;=< oS ye¨Kq fjk;a ù m%fNaoj,
îc u.ska we;s jQ me< úkdY jk mßos l=Uqr ukd f,i ilia lr .; hq;= h'
• Wiia j.d md,k ;;a;aj wkq.ukh l< hq;= h' ^Wod # kshñ; mr;rh yd fm<g me<
isgqùu" ks¾foaYs; wdldrhg kshñ; fmdfydr j¾. fhoSu&'
• f.dhug osk 14-21 oS j,a me<Eá ;sfí kï bj;a l< hq;= h' <shosj, fuka u kshrj,
o mj;sk j,a me<Eá bj;a l< hq;= h'
• j.dfõ uq,a ld,fha oS o" f.dhu mSÿKq miqj o" j.dj mÍlaId lr" j.d lr we;s
m%fNaofha ,laIKj,g jvd fjkia ,laIK fmkajk ù m÷re we;a kï .,jd bj;a
l< hq;= h'
• bj;a l< hq;= me< j¾. y÷kd .ekSug me<Eáfha Wi" mSoSfï fjkialï" lf|a meyeh"
m;%j, ,laIK" lrf,a wegj, ,laIK yd iy,aj, meyeh wdoS lreKq .ek ie,ls,u s ;a
úh hq;= h'
• j.dfõ lr,aj,ska 85] la rkajka meye jQ miqj wiajkq fk<Su isÿ l< hq;= h' lemQ
f.dhu <shoafoa u osk 01-02 la ;nd úh<d .; hq;= h'
• wiajkq mE.Su msri
s |
s q mvx.= u; isÿ lsÍfuka .,a" je,s fkdue;s by< .=Kd;aulNdjfhka
hq;a ù ,nd .; yels h' fld< u`äk hka;%h wiajkq mE.Sug iqÿiq fõ'
• wiajekak úh<d iq<x lr wm øjH bj;a lsÍu' nßka jeä j,a me< îc bj;a lsÍu
i|yd i,a,vhla Ndú; l< hq;= h'
• jeis ld,fha oS f.dhu mE.Su isÿ lrkafka kï ;djld,sl uvqjl f.dhu /ia lr
fld< ueãu isÿ l< hq;= h'
• f;;ukh 12-13] la jk fia ù îc úh<d .ekSu' miqj u| mjfka ;nd msßisÿ
f.daksj, wiqrd" isis,a úh<s ;;a;aj hgf;a .nvd l< hq;= h' tu f.daksj, j.d
lkakh yd m%fNaoh wvx.= f,an,a we,ùu jeo.;a fõ'
• .nvdfõ ì;a;r ù ks;r u mÍlaId l< hq;= h' .=,a,ka yd bmshkaf.a ydks" îcj,
f;;ukh by< hdu jeks wys;lr ;;a;aj y÷kd .; fyd;a kej; úh<sh hq;= h'
• ì;a;r ù jYfhka muKla fhdod .kakd úg wjYH kï iqÿiq lDñ kdYlhla fhdod
lDñ ydks j<lajd .; yels h'

13'3 ù j.dj i|yd ìï ieliSu

ù fnda.h lafIa;%fha ixia:dmkh lsÍug wvqu ;rñka osk 21 lgj;a fmr ìï ieliSu
weröu jeo.;a fõ' t u.ska ldnksl øjH Èrdm;a ùug ld,h ,nd fohs' ù j.dfõ oS m%Odk
jYfhka wdldr follg ìï ilia lsÍu isÿ fõ'
1' uv ìï ilia lsÍu
2' úh<s ìï ilia lsÍu

uv ìï ilia lsÍu ^f;;a wdldrhg&

oekg nyq, jYfhka u Ndú; lrkq ,nk l%uh jk w;r m%Odk wruqK jkafka
lafIa;%h uv lr .ekSu hs' m<uqj jkd; ^lafIa;%h yd wjg m%foaYh& t<s fmfy<s lr we<
fõ,s Y=oaO l< hq;= h' t u.ska m<sfndaO ydks wvq ùu" <sheoaog ukd j iQ¾hdf,dalh ,eîu"
lafIa;%hg j,a me<Eá îc ixl%uKh ùu yd jHdma; ùu wvq ùu hk uQ,sl wruqKq bgq lr
.; yels fõ' bka miq <sheoaog c,h yerúh hq;= h' mfia iajNdjh wkqj m<uq iS iEug
osk lsysmhlg fmr ^fuh osk 10 - 14 la w;r úh yels w;r osk 2-3 ld,hla jqj o m%udKj;a

110
fõ'& <sheosj,g c,h yerùu isÿ l< hq;= w;r tu.ska l=Uqre mi iS iEug iqÿiq ;;a;ajhg
m;a lr .; yels fõ'
m<uq iS iEu
fuh m%d:ñl ìï ilia lsÍu" ìx ke.=u" mqrka ySh hk kï j,ska o y÷kajhs' iS iEfï
oS mi hka;ñka jefik mßos c, uÜgula mj;ajd .; hq;= h' m<uq iS iEfï oS 20 - 25cm
muK .eUqrg mi nqre,a jk fia iS iE hq;= h' iS iEfuka fmd<j hg we;s ;o ia;rh leã
há mia Wvq mi ^u;=msg mi& iu. ñY% ùu ksid mfia idrj;a Ndjh jeä oshqKq fõ'
m<uq iS iefuka miq kshr levqKq ia:dk m%;sixialrKh lr c,h ne| ;nkq ,efí'
fmr¿E mia msve,af,a wvla muK jefik fia c,h r|jd .; hq;= h' j,a me<Eá md,khla
tu.ska wfmalaId flf¾' kshr ne|Su hkq kshrj, we;s j,a me<Eá bj;a lr kshr Yla;su;a
lsÍu hs' fuys oS <sheosj, uq¨ Woe,af,ka fldgd kshr ne|Su isÿ l< hq;= h'
fojk iS iEu ^fo ySh" uv ySh&

m<uq iS iEfuka osk 10-14 lg miq j fojk iSu iEu isÿ l< hq;= h' fojk iS iEu
yria w;g isÿ lrkq ,efí' t u.ska mi ;j ÿrg;a ishqï jk w;r" j,a me< md,kh o isÿ
fõ' fojk iS iEfuka miq f.du fmdfydr" l=l=`M fmdfydr" fldïfmdaiaÜ fyda osrdm;a jQ
fjk;a ldnksl fmdfydr l=Uqrg fhoSu fhda.H fõ'
fo ySfhka miq <sheos uv lsÍu yd uÜgï ^iu;,d& lsÍu lrkq ,efí' mi fmdare .Eu
u.ska mia leg l=vd fldgiaj,g leãu;a f.dve,s uÜgï lsÍu;a lr .; yels h' <shos uv
lsÍfuka miq u;=msg taldldÍ j uÜgï jk f,i iu;,d lr .; hq;= h' fmdare .Efuka
miq <sheosj, c,h /ia lr ;eìh hq;= fõ' ;j ÿrg;a uÜgï lsÍu wjYH kï w;a fmdarejla
Ndú;fhka isÿ l< yels h' îc jemsÍfï oS iy vefmd.a ;jdka me< isgqùfï oS mi b;d
ishqï f,i ilia lr uÜgï lr ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' uv ìï ilia lsÍfï uq¿ ls%hdj,sh
i|yd i;s 3 la muK .; fõ'
úh<s ìï ilia lsÍu ^f.dv iS iEu - lel=,ka l%uh&
fuu ìï ilia lsÍfï l%uh f.dv ù j.dfõ oS nyq, j fhdod .kS' uy lkakfha
fudaiï jeisj,g fmr ,efnk wka;¾ fudaiï jeis iu. ìï ilia lsÍu wdrïN lrkq
,efí' uq,ska u k.=f,ka fyda Woe,af,ka ìu fmr<d" miqj leg fmdä lr .kq ,efí' c,
iïmdokh isÿ fkdflf¾' mi uÜgï lr m%frdayKh fkdjQ ì;a;r ù <sheosj, jmqrkq
,efí' ishqï f,i mi weúiaiSu u.ska îc mig hg lr .kq ,efí' fudaiï jeiai;a iu.
îc m%frdayKh werfò'
fuu l%uh je,s wêl" ieye,a¨ mia iys; m%foaYj,g o" j.dj i|yd c,h ysÕ
m%foaYj,g o fhda.H fõ' lafIa;%hg iQ¾hdf,dalh ,efnk ksid ysre /ia u.ska j,a me<Eá
md,kh fõ'
ù j.dfõ ;jdka j¾.
ù j.dfõ os Ndú; lrkq ,nk ;jdka j¾. lsysmhls' tkï
• uv ;jdk
• f.dv ;jdk
• vefmd.a ;jdk
• ;eá ;jdk fõ'

111
îc hyka lsÍu ^lkq lemqKq îc ilia lr .ekSu&
ù îc meh 24 la c,fha fmdÕjd" c,h bj;a lr" îc fidaod" isfuka;s fmd<fõ f.dv
.id" f;; f.dakshlska jid" nr ;nd meh 24 la ;eìh hq;= h' hyka lsÍfï oS îc WKqiqï
;;a;ja hg m;a jk w;r" bka l,,fha j¾Okh jeä lrhs' th taldldr f,i îc m%frdayKh
ùug WmldÍ fõ'

uv ;jdk
uv ;jdk i|yd ìï ilia lr .ekSu ;jdfka îc jemsÍug i;s 3 - 4 l g fmr l<
hq;= h' 0'4ha l ù j.djla i|yd 400m2 l ;jdkla wjYH fõ' uq,ska u mi fmr<d fyda
iS id uv lr .; hq;= h' bka miq m<, 1m la muK jQ o" fmd<j uÜgfï isg 5 - 7'5 cm
la muK Wia jQ o md;a;s ilia lr .; hq;= h' md;a;s 30cm la muK m<, ldKqj,ska fjka
l< hq;= h' bka miq hQßhd 2kg la" idkaø iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ 10kg la" yd ñhqßfhaÜ T*a fmdgEIa
3kg la ñY% lr" ;jdkg fhdod ;jdk uÜgï lr m%frdayKh lr .;a îc ^lkq lemqKq îc&
;jdka md;a;s u; taldldr j jmqrd .; hq;= h'
uv ;jdfkka 0'4ha lg wjYH me< ,nd .ekSug ì;a;r ù 20kg la muK wjYH fõ'
uq,a osk 3 - 4 oS c, iïmdokh wjYH fkdjk kuq;a mi f;;a j ;sìh hq;= h' y;r jk
oskfha oS ;jdkg c, iïmdokh l< hq;= w;r" îc me< j¾Okh ùu;a iu. c, uÜgu 5cm
la muK Wig mj;ajd .; yels h' j,a me< we;a kï w;ska Wÿrd oeñh yels h' me<j,
j¾Okh ÿ¾j, kï me< .e,ùug i;shlg fmr ;jdfka 400m2 la i|yd hQßhd 5kg la fhosh
yels h' lDóka u¾okh i|yd idïm%odhsl l%u fhdod .; yels w;r ydksh wêl jk úg
400m2 l ;jdk i|yd ldfnd*shqrdka 250g la fyda fjk;a iqÿiq lDñ kdYlhla fhosh yels
h' fujeks ;jdklska os.= yd uOH ld,Sk ù m%fNao osk 21 lska o" flá ld,Sk ù m%fNao osk
17 lska o isgqùu i|yd me< ,nd .; yels h' lf|a uq,ska w,a,d me< .e,ùfuka me<j,g
isÿ jk ydksh wju lr .; yels h' .,jd .;a me< c,fhka fidaod l=vd ñáj,g ne|sh
hq;= h' .,jd .;a me< isgqjk f;la úh<Sug ,la fkdjk f,i wdrlaId l< lr .; hq;=
h'
uv ;jdkaj, jdis

• ;jdfka jeä ld,hla me< ;nk ksid;a" uQ,sl fmdfydr Ndú; lrk ksid;a ksfrda.S
yd Yla;su;a me< ,nd .; yels ùu
• ;jdk ilia lsÍu i|yd by< ;dlaIKsl oekqula wjYH fkdùu
• wjYH jk ì;a;r ù m%udKh idfmalaI j wvq ùu
• lafIa;%fha jev lghq;= i|yd wu;r ld,hla ,eîu
• úhoï wvq l%uhla ùu
• kv;a;=j myiq ùu
wjdis
• me< .e,ùug jeä Y%uhla wjYH ùu
• f.dhï me< .e,ùfï oS uq,aj,g ydks we;s jk ksid j¾Okh ÿ¾j, ùu
• ;jdkg l=re,a,kaf.ka yd j¾Idfjka ydks we;s ùug bvlv jeä ùu
• ;jdkg jeä bv m%udKhla wjYH ùu
f.dv ;jdk ^úh<s ;jdk&
fï i|yd c, myiqlï iys; fijK rys; f.dv bvula Ndú; l< yels h' 0'4ha l
ù j.djla i|yd 400m2 l muK bv m%udKhla wjYH fõ' th 1m la m<, yd Wi 10 -15cm
la muK jk md;a;sj,g fjka lr .kq ,efí' md;a;s 30cm la m<, ldkqj,ska fjka lr

112
.kq ,efí' uQ,sl fmdfydr jYfhka 400m2 l ;jdkla i|yd hQßhd 2kgla" idkaø iqm¾
fmdiafmaÜ 10kg la yd ñhqßfhaÜ T*a fmdgEIa 3kg la fhdod ñY% lr .; hq;= h' bka miq fuu
md;a;s u; oyhshd fyda ;=kS ,S l=vq ;Ügqjla w;=rd .kq ,efí'
0'4ha lg me< ,nd .ekSu i|yd ì;a;r ù 20-30kg la muK wjYH fõ' m%frdayKh
jQ ì;a;r ù ;jdka md;a;s u; taldldr j úiqrejd yer ishqï mia ;Ügqjlska jid mssÿre
;Ügqjlska wdjrKh l< hq;= h' bkamiq ldkqj,g c,h yerùfuka fyda u,a nd,aoshlska
Wfoa iji c,h iïmdokh l< hq;= h' osk y;rlska msÿre jiqk bj;a l< hq;= h' ;jdkg
i;s 3-4 la jQ miq isgqùu i|yd me< bj;a lr .; yels fõ' ;jdfka me< j¾Okh ÿ¾j,
kï me<j, jhi osk 17 la muK jQ úg 1m2 lg hQßhd 5kg la fhosh yels h'
f.dv ;jdkaj, jdis
• ;jdk ms<sfh, lsÍug wjYH jk c, m%udKh wvq ùu
• lafIa;%fhka msg; c, myiqlï iys; ´kEu ia:dkhl ;jdk ilia lr .; yels ùu
• kshx m%;sfrdaë me< ,nd .; yels ùu

wjdis
• uv ;jdkaj, oS fuks'
tla ia:dkhl isgqjk me< ixLHdj ;jdka j¾.h wkqj fjkia fõ' uv yd f.dv
;jdkaj,ska me< ,nd .kakd úg tla ia:dkhl me< 2 - 3 la muK o" vefmd.a ;jdka me<
isgqjk úg tla ia:dkhl me< 4 - 5 la muK o isgqjhs' tla ia:dkhl me< 4 - 5 lg jvd
isgqùu fhda.H fkdfõ'
vefmd.a ;jdk
• idudkH vefmd.a ;jdk
fuu ;jdk la f Ia ; % f ha u fyda ks j fiys fyda
wdf,dalh ,efnk fjk;a myiq ia:dkhl ms<sfh, lr
.; yels h' lafIa;%fhys ilia lrkafka kï 1m la m<,
5 - 7'5cm la muK Wia jQ md;a;s" 30cm la m<, ldkqj,ska
fjka lr ilia lr .; hq;= h' fylaghdrhlg me< ,nd
.ekSu i|yd 25m2l muK ;jdkla m%udKj;a fõ' ;jdka
md;a;s u; flfi,a fld< fyda fmd,s;Ska w;=rd îc
md;a;sfhka msg;g úisÍ hdu j<lajd .ekSug md;a;sfha
odr jgd flfi,a ms;s fyda .fvd,a leg ;ekam;a l< hq;= h' fuurEmh
l%ufha
13'6 #oSvefmd.a
0'4ha l;jdkla
N+ñhlg
me< ,nd .ekSu i|yd ì;a;r ù 25kg la muK wjYH fõ' flfi,a fld< fyda fmd,s;Ska
u; ;rula ;=kS oyhshd fyda fldïfmdaiaÜ ;Ügqjla w;=rd .ekSfuka jeä fõ,djla c,h
r|jd .ekSfï yelshdj ,efnk ksid me<j, j¾Okh ukd j isÿ fõ'
îc 3-4 la muK >klug isák fia m%frdayKh lr .;a îc ia;rh fuu ;Ügqj u;
;ekam;a lr" Bg Wäka msÿre ;Ügqjlska jiqka lrkq ,efí' wk;=re j fuu îc ,E,a,l
wdOdrfhka m%fõYfuka ;o lr .; hq;= h' ;jdkg osk 3-4 lg jrla c, iïmdokh l<
hq;= w;r" isõ jk oskh olajd osklg jrla ne.ska ,E,a,la wdOdrfhka ;o lr .; hq;= h'
osk 14 lska lafIa;%fha isgqjd .; yels h' ;jdk meÿrla fuka yl=<d f.k lafIa;%hg f.dia
l=vd l=Üá lvd w;a, u; ;nd f.k me< isgqùu l< yels h' me< isgqjk hka;%hla Ndú;
lrkafka kï uv vefmd.a ;jdkla ms<sfh, lr .; hq;= fõ' osk 14lg jvd ;nkafka kï
hQßhd ødjKhla fhosh yels h'
vefmd.a ;jdkaj, jdis

113
• j,a me< u¾okhla wjYH fkdùu
• f.dvke.s,a,la ;=< jqj o kv;a;= l< yels ksid whym;a ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajj,ska
jk ydks wju ùu
• fmdfydr fhoSula wjYH fkdùu
• osk 10 - 14 la jeks flá ld,hlska me< ,nd .; yels ùu
wjdis
• osk 14lg jvd ;jdfka me< ;nd .; fkdyels ùu
• tl ;ekl isgqjk me< ixLHdj md,kh lsÍu wmyiq ùu
• jeä Y%uhla wjYH ùu
merIqÜ l%uh i|yd ;jdka ;eá ms<sfh, lr .ekSu
úfYaIs; l=vd fldamam iys; ma,diaála ;eáj,g uv fhdod ta u; ù îc m%frdayKh
lr osk 12 - 15 l oS 10cm la muK jevqKq miq tu uv iu. u fldamamj,ska .,jd lafIa;%hg
biSu merIqÜ l%uh fyj;a me< úis lsrSfï l%uh kï fõ'
;jdka ;eá
59 x 34 x 2 cm m%udKfha l=vd l=á 434 la iys; ma,diaála ;eáhls' 0'4ha l îc me<
jemsÍu i|yd ;eá 313 la wjYH jk w;r ;eá ;eîu i|yd 100m2l muK ìï m%udKhla
wjYH fõ' tla ;eáhla lkak lsysmhla Ndú; l< yels ùu jdishls' ;jdka ;eá
Ndú;fhka ;jdka ieliSu wdldr follg l< yels h'
• uv ;jdk
j.d lrk l=Uqf¾ u fldgila ilid 10cm la Wi yd 0'75m la m<," os. wjYH mßos
jk f,i md;a;s ms<sfh, lr .; yels h' ;jdka uv oeä ùu i|yd ;jdka ;eá ;eîug
meh 5 - 6 lg fmr md;a;s ilid .; hq;= fõ' oeä jQ md;a;s u; tlsfklg .Efjk
fia ;eá fma<s fol ;nd .; hq;= h' wmøjH rys; osh jQ uv ;eáfha l=áj,ska 3$4 la
muK msfrk fia oud ;eá u; jeämqr we;s uv bj;a lsÍu i|yd tla me;a;lg w;ska
msi oeñh hq;= h' fï i|yd mia iqÿiq fkdjk w;r ishqï ueá iys; mi fhda.H fõ'
bka miq lkq lemqKq ù" ;eáfha tl l=áhlg wju jYfhka tllaj;a jefgk fia
m%fõYfuka ;eá u; jmqrkq ,efí'
• f.dv ;jdk
wdf,dalh ,efnk" c,h ,nd .; yels Wia ìul" f.ñÿ,l fyda ms,l jqj o ;jdk
oeñh yels h' uv ;jdfka fuka md;a;s oeóu" md;a;s ilia lsÍu wjYH fkdfõ' ;o
fmd<j u; tl <Õska isák fia ;eá fma<s 2 la w;=rd ;eáj, 3$4 la muK msfrk fia
wmøjH rys; ueá iys; ishqï úh<s mia oud uv ;jdfka oS fuka lkq lemqKq îc ;eá
u; jmqrd .kq ,efí' bka miq îc jeiS hk fia ;=kS mia ;Ügqjla oud ;eáj, odr u;=
jk fia nqreiqjlska$fldiailska fifuka w;= .d fyda msi jeämqr we;s mia bj;a lr
f;fuk fia ;eá u;g u,a nd,aoshlska c,h bish hq;= h' f.dv yd uv ;jdka ;eá
i|yd ueá iys; mia fhdok úg thg 0'4ha l ;jdkla i|yd á%m,a iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ
750g la" ñhqßfhaÜ T*a fmdgEIa 250g la yd iskala i,afmaÜ 100g la mi iu. ñY% l<
hq;= h' me<j,g osk 7 - 8 la jQ miq 0'4ha l ;jdklg hQßhd 500g la bi m;% f;ó
hk fia Wfoa iji osk 2 la c,h bish hq;= h'
;jdka ;eá Ndú;fha oS ;eá .Kfka we;s l=ár .Kkg wjYH îc m%udKh .Kkh
fldg ;jdkg bish hq;= h' tla l=àrhlg îc 2 la jefÜ kï 0'4ha l îc 8kg la o"
3la jefÜ kï îc 12kg la o wjYH fõ' fouqyqka ù i|yd tla l=áhlg îc tlla
muKla oeñh hq;= neúka wlalrh la i|yd îc 4kg la m%udKj;a fõ' ;jdka oeuQ miq

114
 wys;lr mßir ;;a;ajj,ska wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd fmd,a w;=j,ska ;eá wdjrKh
lr osk follg miq wdjrKh bj;a l< hq;= h' uv ;jdka ;eáj, f;;uk ;;a;ajh
n,d ;eá hg fkdjk fia u,a nd,aoshlska c,h fhosh hq;= h' f.dv ;jdfka ù me<
jk f;la osklg jrla o me< jQ miq osklg fojrla o u,a nd,aosfhka c,h oeñh hq;=
h'

lafIa;% ixia:dmkh
ù fnda.fha lafIa;% ixia:dmkh wdldr lsysmhls'
• îc biSu ^broadcasting&$
&$ wyUq f,i jemsÍu
0'4ha la jemsÍug îc 40kg la muK wjYH fõ' lkq lemqKq ù îc lafIa;%fha mr;rhla
fkdue;s j w;ska biskq ,efí'
• fma<shg îc jemsÍu (row seeding)
w;ska fyda îc jmalrh u.ska îc isgqùu l< yels h' îc isgqjd osk 03 lg muK miq
c, iïmdokh l< hq;= h' j,a u¾okh i|yd WmlrK fhdod .; yels h'
• me< isgqùu
;jdkl me< lr .;a îc me< ilia lrk ,o l%u folls'
• wl%uj;a wdldrhg isgqùu
• fma<shg me< isgqùu
wl%uj;a wdldrhg isgq ùu
;jdfkka ,nd .;a me< ksYaÑ; mr;rhla rys; j lafIa;%fha isgqjd .kS' fuu l%ufha
m%Odk wjdish jkafka j,a me< fk<k WmlrKhla Ndú; l< fkdyels ùu hs' tu ksid
j,a me< md,kh w;ska fyda ridhksl l%u u.ska l< hq;= h'
fma<shg me< isgq ùu
fma<s w;r yd me< w;r ksYaÑ; mr;rhla ;nd .ksñka lafIa;%fha me< isgqjd .ekSu
isÿ flf¾' túg j,a me< md,kh i|yd j,a me< fk<k hka;%hla Ndú; l< yels h'
fma<shg me< isgqjd .ekSu w;ska fyda hdka;s%l me< isgqjkhla u.ska l< yels h'
úúO jhia iSudj,ska hq;a m%fNao yd j,a me< md,kfha myiqj wkqj me< isgqùu i|yd
úúO mr;r fhdod .; yels h' 20 x 20cm yd 20 x 12cm fk<k hka;% fhdod f.k fma<s
w;r muKla j,a fk<Su l< yels h' 15 x 15cm fk<k hka;% Ndú; l< fkdyels h'
me< jemsÍu
osk 12 - 13 jhi" 10cm la muK Wi ;jdka ;eáj, ms<sfh< lr .;a f.dhï me< fï
i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fuys oS l=Uqr uÜgï fldg c,h lmd yeßh hq;= h' f.dhï me<
iys; ;eá ;ks ;ks j w;ska Tijd f.k fyda me< .,jd Ndckhl oud tla wyqrlg me<
15 - 20 la muK isák fia f.k l=Uqrg biskq ,efí' 1m2 lg me< 30 - 35 la jefgk fia
me< jemsÍu jvd;a fhda.H fõ' m÷re oeóu jeä lr .ekSu i|yd yels iEu úgu c,h
wvqfjka ne|sh hq;= h'

jdis
• ;jdka oeóu me< .e,ùu yd lafIa;% ixia:dmkh i|yd hk lïlre Y%uh 50] la muK
wvq lr .; yels h'
• f.dhï me< mia l=Üáh;a iu. jmqrk ksid uq,a fkd lefâ' tu ksid me< b;d
blaukska lafIa;%fha ixia:dmkh fõ'

115
• osk 12 -15 muK jhie;s <má me< mi u;=msgg bisk ksid m÷re oeóu jeä h'
• w;ska isgqjkjdg jvd blaukska wiajekak .; yels h'
• 0'4ha lg wjYH îc m%udKh idfmalaI j wvq h'
• l=re,a,ka jeks i;=kaf.ka ;jdkg jk ydks wju fõ'
• ;jdk l=Uqfrka neyer j mj;ajd f.k hd yels h'
• c, wjYH;dj wvq h'

me< ;=kS lsÍu iy md`M isgqùu

md`M isgqùu jmqrd osk 14 - 20 w;r oS isÿ l< hq;= h' jeä me< .ykhla we;s
ia:dkj, me< ;=kS lr md`M ia:dkj, isgqjd .; hq;= h' túgu j,a me< bj;a lsÍu o l<
yels h' bka miq ridhksl fmdfydr fhoSu jvd;a iqÿiq fõ'

13'4 ù Ydlfha j¾Ok wjos

ù Ydlfha Ôú; ld,h wjos ;=klg fnod oelaúh yels h'

1' j¾Ol wjosh (Vegetative stage)
2' m%ckl wjosh (Reproductive stage)
3' mßK; wjosh (Maturity stage) lr, we;s ùu
m÷re ixLHdj
me< isgqùu
jemsÍu

Wmßu

fk<Su
wiajkq
mS§u

mßK;
wjosh j¾Ol wjosh m%ckl wjosh ^mefik wjosh&
m%fNaoh wkqj fjkia fõ'
ld, iSudj Èk 35 Èk 30
^udi 4 j¾.j,g Èk 55&

j¾Ol wjosfha Èk .Kk ù m%fNaoh wkqj fjkia jqj;a fndfyda ÿrg m%ckl yd
fïÍfï ^mßK;& wjos i|yd .; jk ld,h iudk fõ' j¾Ol wjosh udi 1 1$2 isg 3 olajd
m%fNaoh wkqj fjkia fõ' m%ckl wjosh Èk 35 la muK ld,hla mj;sk w;r" Èk 30 la
muK mßK; wjÈh i|yd .; fõ' m%fNaoj, jhi fndfyda úg r|d mj;skafka j¾Ol
wjoshg .; jk ld,h wkqj h'
j¾Ol wjosh
fuu wjosh îc m%frdayKfha isg mqIam uQ,dlD;s we;s ùu w;r ld,h wh;a fõ'
tkï ;jdfka .; lrk îc me< wjia:dj i|yd Èk 21 la muK ld,hla .; jk w;r
lafIa;%fha .; lrk m÷re ouk wjia:dj i|yd Èk 21 isg Èk 63 olajd ld,hla .; fõ'
îc me< wjosfha § îc m%frdayKh" m;% yd uq,a we;s ùu isÿ fõ' me< ,nd .ekSu
i|yd msreKq îc Ndú; l< úg ksfrda.S Èßu;a me< ,efí' isgqùug iqÿiq me<j, flá m;%
fldmqjla we;s w;r" ta i|yd lafIa;%fha iqÿiq c, uÜgula mj;ajd .ekSu iy wdf,dal
;Sj%;dj mj;ajd .; hq;= h' wjYH m%udKhg jvd Wia c, uÜgula yd fijK iys; ùfuka
È. m;% fldmqjla ,efnk w;r th isgqùug kqiqÿiq fõ'

116
 me<h lafIa;%fha isgqjd Èk 10la muK .; jQ úg m÷re oeóu wdrïN fõ' isgqjk
.eUqr jeä jQ úg m÷re oeóu m%udo fõ'
Ydlfha Wi

Ydlfha Wi
r

rEmh 13'7 ( úúO m%fNaoj, j¾Ol wjos ld, iSudj, fjkialï

m÷re ouk wdldrh ^rgdj&

TSPS SPS P M P SPS SPST

6 jk
m%d( m(
5 jk
m%d( m(
isõjk
m%d:ñl m÷r
f;jk m%d:ñl m÷r

fojk m%d:ñl m÷r

m<uq m%d:ñl m÷r

m%Odk lo (M)

M - m%Odk lo P - m%d:ñl m÷re

S -oaú;Shsl m÷re T - ;D;Shsl m÷re

² by; rEm igykg wkqj uõ Ydlfha m%Odk lf|ka yg .kakd m÷re m%d:ñl m÷re fjhs
^P&'
² m%d:ñl m÷rej,ska yg .kakd m÷re oaú;Shsl m÷re fjhs ^S&'
² oaú;Shsl m÷rej,ska yg .kakd m÷re ;D;Shsl m÷re fjhs ^T&'
² m%Odk lf|a my<ska u we;s m÷re jhiska jeä m÷re jk w;r m%Odk lf|a by<ska we;s
m÷re jhiska wvq m÷re fjhs'
m÷re oeófï wjosh iq¿ ld,hlg iSud ùug fyda mqIam uQ,dlD;s yg .kakd wjia:dj
olajd os.= ùug mq¿jk'
m÷re u;= ùu isgqjd osk 50- 60 jk úg Wmßu ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ' m÷re oeóu m%udo
jk úg fnda.h taldldr j mßK; fkdfõ' flá m÷re oeófï ld,hla iys; ù m%fNaoj,
ire m÷re .Kk jeä jk w;r fnda.h taldldr j fudarhs' wvq WIaK;ajh ksid m÷re oeóu
wvq fjhs' m÷re ixLHdj Wmßu ;;a;ajhg m;a jQ miq ÿ¾j, m÷re ñh hdu ksid m÷re
ixLHdj wvq fõ' miq wjosj, we;s jk m÷re idudkHfhka M,odhS fkdfõ' tajdfha l=vd
lr,a we;s ùug fyda m÷re ñh hdug mq`Mjk' wfkla lr,a iu. tl u ld,fha §

117
 fkdmefik ksid wiajkq fk<k úg wvla msreKq îc oelsh yels h' kj m%fNaoj, mSfok
wjia:dj jk úg m÷re úYd, ixLHdjla mj;sk w;r uefrk ixLHdj wvq fõ' ire m÷re
m%;sY;h f,i w¾: olajkafka ksIamdÈ; jeä u m÷re ixLHdj" ksIamdÈ; lr,a ixLHdjg
olajk wkqmd;fha m%;sY; w.h hs'

ksIamdÈ; lr,a ixLHdj

ire m÷re m%;sY;h = x 100
ksIamdÈ; jeä u m÷re ixLHdj
-

m÷re oeóug n,mdk idOl

j.d lsÍfï l%uh ^jemsÍu$ me<
isgqùu& " tall lafIa;%M,hl we;s me<
ixLHdj" mfia idrj;a nj" j,a me<Eá" c,
iemhqu hk idOl wkqj fjkia fjhs'
m%fNaoh wkqj m÷re oeófï Odß;dj
fjkia jk w;r mr;rh jeä l< úg tl
me<hl we;s m÷re ixLHdj jeä fõ' c,h
ysÕ ld,fha §g jvd j¾Id ld,fha § m÷re
oeóu jeä fõ' khsgc% ka fmdfydr jeäfhka
fh§u ksid o m÷re m%udKh jeä fõ'

m%ckl
wjosh $
mS§fï rEmh 13'8 ( ire m÷re m%;sY;h
Y+ll
s dj wjosh

fuu wjoshg wh;a jkafka mqIam uQ,lD;s wdrïN ùfï

wjia:dfõ isg l,,h we;s jk wjia:dj ^mSfok& f;la
ld, iSudj hs' fuh m%fNaohla i|yd idudkHfhka osk
35 la muK fjhs' f.dhï Ydlh fï wjosfha oS whym;a
mdßißl ;;a;ajj,g yd frda.S ;;a;ajj,g fndfyda
rEmh fõ'
ixfõoS
13''9 # ù Ydlfha u,a yg .ekSu

m%ckl wjosh kej; fldgia 03 lg fnfoa

1' mqIam uQ,dlD;s we;s ùu ySka nKaä
2' nKaä wjÈh uy nKaä
3' mqIam ks¾.uKh ^mSoSu&

mqIam uQ,dlD;s we;s ùu Ydlfha j¾Okh jk w.%ia:fha isÿ fõ' m%udKfhka 1 mm

118
la jQ úg mshú weiska oelsh yels h'

mqIam uQ,dlD;s we;s ùu

mqIam uQ,dlD;s we;s ù osk 10lg miq j
th mshú weig oel .; yels fjhs' lr,l
we;s weg ixLHdj ;SrKh lrk uQ,sl u 1mm 10 - 20
20mm
wjia:dj fuh hs' WIaK;ajh" iQ¾hdf,dal
;Sj%;dj" Ydlh ;=< we;s khsg%cka m%udKh" mS§ug Èk 25 lg mS§ug Èk 20lg
lr,l we;s weg ixLHdj ;SrKh lrhs' fmr fmr
nKaä wjia:dj rEmh
fuys oS Oc m;% fldmqj ;=< lr,13'10
^Y=l( mqslId& j¾Okh
am uQ,dlD;s
fõ' fuys wjia:d 02 ls' we;s ùu
• ySka nKaä wjia:dj
j¾Okh jk Y=lsld ksid Oc m;% fldmqfõ mdoia:
m%foaYfha uy;a ùula fmkajhs'
• uy nKaä wjia:dj
lr, fydoska j¾Okh ùu ksid Oc m;% fldmqj
uy;a fõ' nKaä wjia:dfõ § m;% fldmqfõ mdoia:h
uy;a jQ iajNdjhla .kS' mS§ug fmr nKaä wjia:dj
Èk 20 - 25 jk w;r mqIam uQ,dlD;s 1 mm muK fõ'
lr, wdrïN ù Èk 35 la .; ùfuka miq mS§u isÿ
fõ'

mSoSu ^mqIam ks¾.ukh& rEmh 13'11 ( nKaä wjia:dj

lr, Oc m;% fldmqfjka msg;g meñfKa' Y=lsld mrd.kh ùfuka yd ixfiapkh
ùfuka fuu wjosh wjika fjhs' mrd.kh jk wjia:dfõ Y=lsld újD; ù" mrd.Odksj,
we;s mrd. l,xl u; jeà" YS>%fhka m%frdayKh ù" äïn fldaIh olajd j¾Okh ù" ta iu.
ixfiapkh ù l,,h yg .kS' mqIam uxcßh iE§fuka miq mqIam újD; ùu isÿ fõ' wvq
WIaK;ajh u,a msmSu m%udo lsÍug fya;= fõ' mrd. fldaIfhka ksl=;a jk mrd. l,xlfha
;ekam;a ù bka miq äïn fldaI fj; .uka lr äïnh iu.
ixfiapkh ù l,,h yg .kS'
lr,l mqIam msmSu i,ld neÆ úg m<uq j újD; jkafka
by<ska we;s mqIamsld fõ' úYd, lr,aj, wjika ld,fha újD; jk
my< mqIma l
s dj,ska fkdmsreKq îc iys; weg we;s fõ' w¨;a j¾.j,
lr,l îc iEfok mqIamsld 100 - 120 la muK we;'
mßK; wjosh$meiSfï wjosh
mßK; wjosh îcfha l,, wjosfha isg mQ¾K mßK;sh olajd ld,
iSudj hs' fuu wjosh i|yd Èk 30la .; jk w;r îcfha úúO
j¾Ok wjos fï ld,h ;=< olakg ,efí'
• lsß jeoSfï wjia:dj
• lsß >k ùfï wjia:dj rEmh 13'12
mßK; f.dhï lr,la
• îc fïÍfï wjia:dj f,i fldgia 03 ls'

119
• lsß josk wjosh
ixfiaÑ; îch lsß jeks øjhlska msÍug mgka .kS' lr, fld< mdgg osia jk w;r
lsß msÍu ksid l%ufhka lr, keùug mgka .kS' ixfiapkh ù osk 07 loS muK fuu
wjÈh wjika fõ'
• lsß >k ùfï wjÈh
lsß iys; fldgi l%ufhka uDÿ ù bka miq j >k ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ' lr, fld<
mdgg ;sî l%ufhka ly mdgg yeÍug mgka .kS' ixfiapkh ù osk 14 lska fuu
wjosh wjika fjhs'
• îc mßK; ùfï wjosh
äïnh ixfiapkh ù osk 21l oS îch mßK; fjhs' fuu wjia:dfõ oS lrf,a weg
j,ska 85-90] muK ly mdg ù >k ù ;sfnkq oel .; yels h' j¾Idm;kh yd wvq
WIaK;ajh fuu ld,h os.= lsÍug fya;= fjhs' fuys § îcj, mQ¾K mßK;shla ,nd
.;a miq lr, my<g kefï' ù lr,l mqIam iïmQ¾Kfhka újD; ùug Èk 7 la .;
fõ' ù lr,la iïmQ¾Kfhka tla jr fkd mSfok neúka îc mßK; ùug jeämqr Èk
.Kkla .; fõ'

mqIamsld újD; ùu
mqIamsld újD; ùu

rEmh 13'13 ( îc j¾Okfha úúO wjia:d

äïn iy mrd. ixfiapkh ù Èk 21lg miqj ù îch Wmßu nrg meñfKa' l%ufhka
l,,h j¾Okh fõ' mqIamh újD; lsÍfuka Èk 8 lska lsß jÈk wjia:dj t<fUk w;r
Èk 14 l § lsß >k ùu isÿ fõ' Èk 30 l § iïmQ¾Kfhka fïÍu isÿ fõ'

îc fnd,a ùu
îch iïmQ¾Kfhka j¾Okh fkdùu ksid fnd,a ùu isÿ fõ' fnd,a îc ieye,a¨
ksid c,h u;=msg md fõ'
• wvq wdf,dal ;Sj%;dj" me<h weo jeàu" m;% úh<S hdu iy frda. we;s ùu ksid
m%NdixYaf,aIK YS>%;dj wvq ùfuka ksmojk msIag m%udKh wvq îc fnd,a ùu isÿ fõ'
• úh<s iq<Õ fyda wêl WIaK;ajh ksid l,xl úh<S hdu u.ska o îc fnd,a njg m;a
fõ'
• mqIam yg .kakd wjosfha khsg%cka wvx.= fmdfydr wêl j fh§u ksid o îc fnd,a njg
m;a fõ'

120
wiajkq ixrpl ;SrKh lrk j¾Ok wjia:d
ùj, wiajkq ixrpl my; wdldr fõ'
1' talSh lafIa;% M,hl we;s lr,a .Kk
2' tla lr,l we;s Y+lsld .Kk
3' msreKq Y+lsldj, m%;sY;h
4' OdkH îchl nr
ù wiajekak m%udKh" fï ish¨ ixrplj, .=Ks;fhka .Kkh l< yels h'

OdkH lr,l we;s msreKq OdkH weghl

tall lafIa;%M,hl
wiajekak =
we;s lr,a .Kk × Y+lsld × Y+lsldj, × nr
ixLHdj .Kk m%;Ys ;h

jeä OdkH wiajekakg fya;= jk lreKqj,ska m%Odk u idOlh jkafka m÷re m%udKh
hs' m÷re m%udKh wkqj lr,a ixLHdj ;SrKh fõ' tfia u mqIam úYd, ixLHdjla we;s ùug
iy OdkH msÍug ie,lsh hq;= m;% ixLHdjla w;HjYH fõ' ù Ydlfha j¾Ol wjosfha §
^Vegetative stage& me<hl we;s lr,a ixLHdj ;SrKh fõ' ta ksid tu wjosfha me< ukd
md,khlska hqla; j mj;ajdf.k hdfuka M,odhS m÷re .Kk jeä fõ' ta ksid tall
lafIa;% M,hl we;s lr,a .Kk jeä fõ'
m%ckl wjosfha § mqIam uQ,dlD;s wdrïN ùu isÿ jk ksid mqIam uxcßfha wvx.= mqIam
ixLHdj fuu wjia:dfõ § ;SrKh fõ' fuu wjosh ;=< §" b;d wvq WIaK;ajh yd ,efnk
wdf,dal ;Sj%;dj wvq jqjfyd;a fnd,a îc m%udKh jeä fõ' m%ckl wjosfha ukd md,k
;;ajhla mej;Sfuka îc njg m;a jk mqIam ixLHdj jeä fõ' mßK; wjosfha § mßir
idOlj, n,mEu wju fõ' lafIa;%fha ÿ¾j, m÷re oeóu fyda wvq m÷re m%udKh ksid wvq
jk wiajekak" ù îcj, nr m%udKh jeä lsÍfuka fyda ire nj jeä lsÍfuka fyda ydks
mQrKh fkdfõ'

ù j.dfõ mYapd;a id;a;=

• fmdfydr fh§u

lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ks¾foaY lr we;s" jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,o w¨;a

m%fNaoj, Wiia ;;ajfha îc Wmfhda.S lr .ekSfuka ù j.dfjka Wiia wiajekakla ,nd
.; yels h' fuu ù j.djka i|yd ks¾foaY lr we;s fmdfydr ksis wjia:dfõ § fh§fuka
wiajekak jeä lr .; yels h'
jßka jr wiajekak fk<d .ekSfï § OdkH iy msÿre f,i lafIa;%fha we;s Ydl
j¾Okhg wjYH uQ, øjH mfika bj;a fõ' th W!k mQ¾Kh lsÍug lafIa;%hg fmdfydr
fhÈh hq;= h' me<Eáhl ukd j¾Okhla i|yd uQ,øjH rdYshla wjYH jqj;a ta w;ßka m%Odk
jkafka khsg%cka ^N&" fmdiamria ^P& yd fmdgEishï ^K& h' msÿre fhosfï oS fjk;a ù j¾.
ñY% ùug we;s yelshdj .eg¨jla jk neúka fmr lkakfha j.d l< ù m%fNaoh fuu
lkakfha j.d fkdlrk úg o" msÿre msg;ska f.keú;a ouk úg o tu msÿrej, we;s îc
m%frdayKh ùug ie,lsh hq;= ld,hla ,nd oS tu me< mig hg lr úkdY lsÍfuka miq
msÿrej,g wu;r j fld< fmdfydr o ,efí' M,odhS f,i ù j.dfõ wiajkq jeä lsÍu
i|yd ìï ilia lsrSug fmr miq .sh lkakfha msÿre l=Uqrg fhdod osrdm;a ùug yeßh hq;=
h' msÿre;a iu. úYd, jYfhka Si, K jeks uQ, øjH bj;aj hhs' fylagdrhl l=Uqrlska
msÿre fgdka 1'2 la muK ,efnk w;r msÿre l=Uqr ;=< r|jd .ekSfuka" N 8 - 14kg la o K
16 - 24Kg la o is,slka 72kg la muK o kej; ,nd .; yels h' fuhg wu;r j msÿre
fmdfydr u.ska ,efnk ;j;a jdis /ils' tajd kï"

121
• mfia laIqø Ôùka m%udKh jeä ùu
• j.djg fhdok ridhksl fmdfydrj, ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä ùu
• fkdlvjd msÿre fhdok l=Uqrej, f.dhï .iaj, frda. yd lDñ ydksj, Tfrd;a;= §fï
Yla;sh jeä ùu" f.dhï lrf,a fnd,a m%udKh wvq ùu
j.=j 13'13 ( msÿre fhdok úg wvq jk ridhksl fmdfydr m%udK
fhdok msÿre m%udKh wvq jk ñhqßfhaÜ T*a
wvq jk hQßhd m%udKh
fmdgEIa m%udKh
1ha lg ms ÿ re fgdka 3la $ 0'4ha lg hQßhd 10kg la wjidk uQ,l
s fmdfydr fhdod iïmQ¾K
0'4ha lg msÿre fgdka 1'2 la u;=msg fh§fuka wvq l< yels fmdgEIa m%udKhu
h'

ldnksl fmdfydr f,i msÿre fmdfydrj,g wu;r j fld< fmdfydr" f.du wdÈh
fhÈh yels h' ù j.djg fhdok ridhksl fmdfydr w;r khsg%cka wvx.= fmdfydrj,g
ysñ jkafka iqúfYaI ia:dkhls' khsg%cka fmdfydrj,g ixfõ§ ù m%fNao wêl wiajekakla
,nd foa' fuu m%fNaoj,g fhdok khsg%cka 1kg lska ù 20 - 25kg l m%udKhla ksmojhs'
OdkH wiajekak wvq ùug fya;= jk ie,lsh hq;= idOlhla jYfhka me< weo jeàu ie,lsh
yels h' fï ksid weo jeàug Tfrd;a;= fok" khsg%cka fmdfydrj,g ukdj m%;spdr olajk
ù m%fNao j.d lsÍu i|yd f;dard .; hq;= h' úh<s ld,j, § weo jeàu wju ksid khsg%cka
fmdfydrg olajk m%;spdrh jeä h' fï ld,h ;=< § wdf,dalh uekúka ,efnk ksid weo
jeàug md;% jk m%fNao i;=gqodhl f,i j.d l< yels h'
mfiys wvx.= khsg%cka m%udKh" khsg%cka fhdok wjia:dj hkd§ lreKq wkqj o ù
fnda.h khsg%cka fmdfydrg olajk m%;spdrh fjkia fõ' ù j.djg fmdfydr fh§u tla
tla l,dmh wkqj fjkia fõ' ta ms<sn| úia;r lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHdmk yd
mqyqKq wxYfhka ld,Sk j ksl=;a lrkq ,efí'

;jdkg fmfydr fh§u

uv fmdfydrla jYfhka ;jdkg ù fmdfydr ñY%Kh fyda 5(15(15 fmdfydr ñY%Kh
fhosh hq;= h' me< l=vd ld,fha § ly jka meyehla .kS kï" ;jdfka me< bÈÍug i;shlg
m%:u hQßhd 3kg ne.ska fhosh hq;= h' f.dhï me<hg my; i|yka wjia:djkays § úfYaIfhka
fmdfydr wjYH fõ'
• uQ,sl fmdfydr fh§u
ù fmdfydr ñY%Kh ^5(15(15& 0'4ha lg 75kg la jemsrSug fmr fhosh hq;= h' me<
isgqjkafka kï" 75kg la me< isgqùug fmr fhosh hq;= h' jmqrk wjia:dfõ § fyda me<
isgqùfï § fuu uv fmdfydr fyj;a uQ,sl fmdfydr u.ska uQ, moaO;sfha j¾Okh;a"
Yla;su;a j ia:dms; ùu;a isÿ fõ'
• m÷re ouk wjia:dj
fuu wjia:dfõ § hQßhd iy à'ã'tï' ^m<uqjk u;= msg fmdfydr& fhÈh hq;= h'
tu.ska jeämqr m÷re oeóu" lrf,a jeämqr lsks;s m%udKhla yg .ekSu iy fnd,a fkdjQ weg
m%udKfha m%;sY;h jeä ùu isÿ fõ'
• lr,a m%drïNh
fojk u;= msg fmdfydr fhdok wjia:dj jk fuys § hqßhd fh§u u.ska lrf,a u,a
m%udKh jeä lr .; yels h'

122
• ySka nKaä wjosh
wjidk u;= msg fmdfydr fh§u jk fï u.ska nr jeä fnd,a wvq wiajekakla
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' fï i|yd à'ã'tï' fmdfydr fhdohs'
j,a me< md,kh
l=Uqrej, we;s j,a me<Eá ù wiajekak wvq ùug m%Odk fya;=jls' j,a me<Eá ksid
1ha lg wiajekak 806 - 1075kg l m%udKhlska wvq jk nj fidhd f.k we;' fï wkqj
wjqreoaolg ù fuá%la fgdka 0'326 la wmf;a hhs' ù Ydlfha uq,a wjia:dj j,a me<Eáj,g
b;d ixfõ§ h' uq,a i;s 3 § j,a me<Eá u¾okh fkdlsÍu ksid uv l=Uqrej, 50] lska o
f.dv l=Uqrej, 75] lska o wiajekak wvq jk nj m¾fhaIKj,ska fy<s ù we;' j,a me<Eá
md,kh i|yd úúO l%u fhdod .; yels h' j.d lrk ìï m%udKh iy j.d l%uh wkqj
fhdod .kakd j,a me<Eá md,k l%u fjkia fõ'
furg uv ù j.dfõ § nyq, j olakg ,efnk j,a me<Eá j¾. lsysmhla i|yd WodyrK
1' ;=keiai 4' cmka cnr 7' .srd m<d 10' lS lsß|sh
2' ;=kaysßh 5' udrela 8' wefgdard 11' l=vueÜg
3' nðß 6' f.dcrjd¨ 9' ¨Kqú, 12' Èh ishU,d

ù j.dfõ j,a me<Eá u¾okh i|yd fhdod .kakd l%u o< jYfhka fldgia 3 lg
fnÈh yels h'
• YIH úoHd;aul l%u
• hdka;s%l l%u
• ridhksl l%u
• YIH úoHd;aul l%u
j.d l%u u.ska j,a me< u¾okh fufia ye¢kaúh yels h' uekúka ìï ilia lsÍfuka
îc isgqjd i;s 3 la muK .; jk ;=re fnda.h j,a me<Eáj,ska f;dr j ;nd .ekSug
mq`Mjk' îc fl<ska u lafIa;%fha isgqjk úg <sheoafoka c,h bj;a fldg Èk lSmhla t
f,i u ;sîug bv yßkq ,efí' fufia lrkafka ù îcj,g me<ùug wjia:djla ,nd §u
i|yd h' tfy;a fuys § îc ;=< fuka u j,a me<Eá o tl jr jeãug mgka .kS' tu ksid
fnda.h yd j,a me<Eá w;r ;r.ldÍ njla uq,a wjia:dfõ § we;s fõ' fuys § j,a me<
md,kh l< hq;= h' me< isgqjkafka kï Èk 7 la hk ;=re l=Uqfr ys c,h r|jd ;eîfuka
j,a me<Eá ie,lsh hq;= ;rulg u¾okh lr .; yels h' j,a me<eáj,ska f;dr msßisÿ
ì;a;r ù Ndú; lsÍu l=Uqrej, j,a me<Eá wvq lr .ekSug fnfyúka Wmldr fõ'
• hdka;s%l l%u
lafIa;%fha j,a me<Eá u¾okfha hdka;%sl l%u 2 la nyq, j Ndú; fõ' bka tla l%uhla
kï w;ska j,a fk<Su hs' w;ska j,a fk<Sfï § we;s jk m%Odk ndOlh jkafka uq,a ld,fha
§ j,a me< iy ù me< fjka lr y÷kd .ekSug wmyiq ùu hs' wfkla l%uh jkafka ùvrhl
wdOdrfhka j,a fk<Su hs' wka;¾ cd;sl iy,a m¾fhaIK wdh;kfha jd¾;d wkqj 1ha l
j,a u¾okh frdgß ùvrfhka lrk úg meh 70 lska o w;ska j,a fk<Sfï § kï meh 120
lska o l< yels h' lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j wkqu; lr we;s mßÈ m%:u j,a fk<Su
fma<shg îc isgqjd i;s 2 lska o" fojk j,a u¾okh ;j i;s 2 lska o l< hq;= h'
• ridhksl l%u
ù j.dfõ j,a me<Eá u¾okfha oS wjYH;dj wkqj iSiEug m%:u ish,a, kik j,a
kdYl fhdohs' îc jemsÍug m%:u mQ¾j ks.uk j,a kdYl fhdohs' l=Uqf¾ j,a me< me<jQ
miq jeämqr olakg ,efnk j¾. y÷kdf.k Bg iqÿiq mYapd;a ks¾.uk j,akdYl fhÈh hq;=
h'
123
lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk m<sfndaO md,kh
ù j.djg ydks isÿ lrk lDñ m<sfndaO rdYshla we;' ta w;=ßka uE; ld,fha § b;d
jeo.;a f,i i,lkq ,nk m<sfndaO lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
• me< uelald (Stenchaetothrips biformis)
• fld< yl=<k o<Uqjd (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)
• f.dla ueiaid (Orseolia oryzae)
• ÿUqre me< lSvEjd (Nilaparvata lugens)
• f.dhï ul=Kd (Leptocorisa oratorius)
• ly mqrela mKqjd (Scirpophaga incertulas)

fuhg wu;r j"

• msg iqÿ me< lSvEjd (Sogatella furcifera)
• fld< m;% lSvEjd (Nephotettix spp.)
• l`M meye;s mia uq¨ ul=Kd (Scotinophara lurida)
• jeks lDñka f.dhï Ydlfhka hqI Wrd îu ksid wiajekak wvq fõ'
lDñ fkdjk m<sfndaO
• fj,a óhd (Bandicota bengalensis)
fuu i;=kaf.a ydksh nyq, j isÿ jkafka l=vd mgq hdhj, ù j.d lsÍu" fj,a hdh
wjg óhkag ieÕ ù isáh yels mßÈ m÷rej,ska .yk ùu" kshrj,a ksis mßÈ kv;a;=
fkdlsÍu" l=Uqre hdh wi, ksjdi nyq, ùu jeks
fya;= ksid h'
fuu i;=kaf.a ydksh ´kEu wjia:djl
oelsh yels jqj o ydksh jvd;a nyq, jkqfha
ixhql;a taldlaI yg .kakd wjÈfha isg wiajekak
fk<k wjia:dj olajd h' ixhqla; taldlaI yg
.kakd me< md uq,ska lmd tu fldgia ld oeóu
isÿ lrhs' OdkH lr,a lsß msÍ fudark úg tu
Ydl lmd oud îc wdydrhg .kS' tksid fuu
i;=kaf.ka úYd, ydkshla isÿ fõ'
fuhg wu;r j ù l=re,a,ka" .srjqka jeks
i;=ka f.ka o ydks isÿ fõ' rEmh 13'14 ( fj,a óhd
by; wdldrhg ù j.djg úYd, ydkshla isÿ lrk lDñ yd lDñ fkdjk m<sfndaO
md,kh l< hq;= h' ù j.dfõ m<sfndaO md,kh iajdNdúl ;;a;aj hgf;a isÿ fkdjk úg"
ta i|yd md,k Wml%u fhÈh hq;= h' fï i|yd fhdod .kakd Wml%u my; oelafõ'
• hdka;s%l l%u
• YIH úoHd;aul l%u
• ffcj úoHd;aul l%u
• ridhksl l%u
hdka;s%l l%u
ù j.dfõ § fhdod .kakd hdka;s%l m<sfndaO md,k Wml%u lsysmhla we;'
• wdf,dal W.=,a wegùu
wdf,dalhg wdl¾IKhla olajk f.dla ueiaika" lSvEjka" f.dhï ul=Kka" mqrela
mKq i,nhka md,khg fuu l%uh fhdod .; yels h'

124
• bmke,a, ms<i
s i
a u
S
mqrela mKq ydksh nyq, f,i ;snqKq hdhl wiajekak fk<d .;a miq bmke,a,
ms<siaiSu u.ska mqrela mKqjkaf.a fldaI úkdY ùu ksid B <Õ lkakfha mqrela mKq
ydksh wvq lr .; yels h'
• lgq w;= we§u
ù j.dfõ m;% yl=`Mjk o<Uqjka md,khg fuh fhdod .; yels h'
• c,fhka hg lsÍu
ìx W!rka" me< uelalka jeks i;=kaf.a ydksh wvq lr .ekSug fuh isÿ l< yels h'
• lafIa;%fha udhsu jgd iqÿ meye;s fmd,s;ska fld<hla we§u
óhkaf.a ydksh j<lajd .; yels h'
YIH úoHd;aul l%u Ndú;h
• hdh tlg j.d lsÍu
hdh tlg j.d l< úg tla ld, iSudjl § hemSug wjYH Ydl wvq ùu ksid m<sfndaO
md,kh fõ' Wod ( f.dhï ul=Kd" lSvEjd" f.dla ueiaid
• kshñ; ld, iSudfõ § j.dj wdrïN lsÍu
Wod ( h, lkakfha ù j.dj kshñ; ld,fha § weröfuka me< uelaldf.a ydksh
wvq fõ'
• ks¾foaYs; l%uhg fmdfydr Ndú;h" me< .ykh mj;ajd .ekSu iy c, md,kh
ks¾foaYs; fmdfydr m%udKh muKla Ndú; l< hq;= h' wêl f,i fmdfydr
fh§fuka Ydlj, j¾Ok fõ.h jeä ù myiqfjka m<sfndaO ydks isÿ fõ'
fu u.ska ÿUqre me< lSvEjka jeks m<sfndaO md,kh lr .; yels h'
• îc m%;sldr lsÍu
me< uelaldf.a ydksh wvq lr .ekSug îc ;jdka lsÍfï § îc m%;sldr lrhs'
• m%;sfrdaë m%fNao Ndú;h
f.dla ueiaidg m%;sfrdaë ù m%fNao - uyfika m%fNaoh Bg 400 - 1 m%fNaoh" ÿUqre me<
lSvEjd i|yd Bg 379 - 2
• j.dj wjg msßisÿ j ;nd .ekSu
l=Uqr wjg iy kshr jeks ia:dkj, j,a me<Eá md,kh lsÍfuka lSvEjka" f.dhï
ul=Kka" óhka jeks m<sfndaO md,kh l< yels h'
ffcj úoHd;aul l%u Ndú;h
ù j.dfõ lDñ m<sfndaO md,kh lsÍu i|yd tu m<sfndaOj,g ydkslr úf,damslhka"
mrfmdaISka iy frda. ldrlhska fhdod .; yels h' fndfyda úg ù j.dfõ ffcj úoHd;aul
m<sfndaO md,kh ys;lr Ôùka u.ska iajdNdúl ;;a;aj hgf;a isÿ fõ'
úf,damslhka
ù j.dfõ yuq jk ffcj md,lhka w;=ßka m%Odk ia:dkh ysñ jkafka úf,damslhka
g h' úf,damslfhla ;u Ôú; ld,h ;=< m<sfndaOhska úYd, ixLHdjla f.dÿre lr .kS'
bì l=reñKsfhda" ìï l=reñKsfhda ^fnda;,a l=reñKsfhda&" ul=`Mfjda jeks ys;lr i;=ka
f.dhï m;% w;r .ejiS" lSvEjka" mqrela mKqjka" m;% ld ouk o<Uqjka yd Wkaf.a i,nhka
f.dÿre lr .ks;s'

125
ul=`Mfjda fndfyda úg p,kh jk f.dÿre w,a,d .;a; o iuyr wjia:dj, lDñ ì;a;r o
NlaIKh lr;s' lDñ ì;a;r ms%h lrk l=reñKs úfYaI" ;Kfld< fm;a;ka iy m<`.eáhka
o isáhs'
úf,damslfhda NlaIKh i|yd f.dÿre f;aÍula fkdlr;s' ys;lr lDñka o Wkaf.a
f.dÿre njg m;a úh yels h' kuq;a j.d lafIa;%hg wêl .yk uÜgïj,ska m<sfndaO Ôùka
isák ksid Tjqka úf,damslhkag f.dÿre ù jix.; ;;a;ajhg m;a ùu je<fla' t ksid
úf,damslhkaf.ka j.d lafIa;%fha m<sfndaO md,kh fõ'
• bì l=reñKshd^Micraspis spp&
me< lSvEjka" l=vd lSghka iy ksrdjrKh jQ ì;a;r wdydrhg .kS'
• ^Ophionea nigrofasciata&
ìï l=reñKshd
fld< yl=<k o<Uqjka iy lSvEjka wdydrhg .kS'

• m<.eáhd ^Anaxipha longipennis&

iqyqUqf,da iy YsY=fjda lDñ ì;a;r" <má lSghka f.dÿre lr .kshs' fld< yl=<k
o<Uqjka" lsh;a mKqjka" mqrela mKqjkaf.a ì;a;r o lSvEjkaf.a YsY=jka o f.dÿre lr
.kS'
• ^Agriocnemis pygmaea&
ySka n;al+rd
YsY=fjda c,h ;=< .; lrñka lSvEjkaf.a YsY=jka f.dÿre lr .ks;s' iqyqUq,a i;a;=
lSvEjka f.dÿre lr .ks;s'
• jDl ul=`Mjd ^Lycosa pseudoannulata&
fudjqyq f.dÿrej,g myr § wvmK lr;s' iqyqUq,a mqrela mKq i,nfhda" lSvE YsY=jka
wdÈh f.dÿre lr .ks;s'
by; wdldrhg ù j.d lafIa;%h ;=< úf,damslhka úYd, ixLHdjla oelsh yels h'
m<sfndaO u¾okh i|yd fuu úf,damslhka lD;%Su j fnda lr l=Uqrej,g jHdma; lsÍu wêl
úhoï hk ls%hdjls' tksid lafIa;%j, isák úf,damslhka wdrlaId lr .ekSu jvd ;a
M,odhS fõ'

rEmh 13'15 - bì l=reñKshd rEmh 13'16 - ìï l=reñKshd rEmh 13'17 - m<.eáhd

^fnda;,a l=reñKshd&

rEmh 13'18 - ySka n;al+rd

rEmh 13'19 - jDl ul=`Mjd
mrfmdaIs;hka
mrfmdaIs;fhda Odrl Ôùkaf.a foay u; fyda wNHka;rfha ì;a;r ;ks ;ks j fyda
ldKav jYfhka ;ekam;a lr;s' fu u.ska úlikh jk mrfmdaIS lSgfhda Odrl Ôùkaf.ka
126
fmdaIKh ,nd .ks;s' tys m%;sM,hla f,i Odrl Ôùka ñh hdu isÿ fõ' ire mrfmdaIS
m%cdjla ù j.d lafIa;%h ;=< oelsh yels h'
Wod ( ly mqrela mKq ì;a;r iy lSg mrfmdaIs;hl= f,i o" lSvEjkaf.a ì;a;r mrfmdaIs;
f,i o úúO úf,damsl fonr j¾. (Wasps) oelaúh yels h'
frda. ldrl
lDñ m<sfndaOhkag wdidokh ù urKh f.k fok m%Odk laIqø Ôùka f,i nelaàßhd"
È,Sr" jhsria iy jg mKqjka ye¢kaúh yels h'
neis,ia ;=frkaðfhkaisia (Bacillus thuringiensis) o<Uqjka u¾okh i`oyd nyq, j
fhdod .kakd nelaàßhdjls'
lSvEjkag wdidokh jk jeo.;a frda. ldrlh È,Sr fõ' fuu È,Sr jix.; ;;a;ajhg
m;a ù lSvEjka úkdY l< wjia:d jd¾;d ù we;'
Wod (
• nHqfõßhd neiswdkd È,Srh (Beauveria bassiana)
m;% yd me< lSvEjkag" fld< yl=<k o<Uqjkag" f.dhï ul=Kkag" l`: ul=Kkag
wdidok we;s lrhs'
• y¾iqfg,a,d isá%f*dañia (Hirsutella citriformis)
m;% iy me< lSvEjkag wdidokh jk È,Srhls'
• fkduqßhd ßf,hs (Nomuraea rileyi)
fld< yl=,k o<Uqjka" lr,a lmk o<Uqjka" fldmq mKqjka jeks lSghkag wdidokh
jk È,Srhls'
kHIaál nyq;, jhsri (Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus)
nelshqf,da jhsria (Baculo virus)
nelshqf,a úrsfâ (Baculo viridae)
.%ekshqf,daisia jhsria (Granulosis virus) i,nhskaf.a lSghkag wdidokh fõ'
fuf,i frda. we;s lrk frda. ldrl fndfyduhla wvq úhoulska ksIamdokh lrk
j.d lafIa;%hg l=vq fyda ødjKhla f,i fh§fuka m<sfndaO Ôùka frda.j,g f.dÿre lr
Tjqkaf.a .ykh md,kh l< yels h' by; wdldrhg ù j.dfõ ffcj md,k lghq;= isÿ
lsÍu i|yd m<sfndaO kdYl wju f,i Ndú; lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= h'
ridhksl øjH Ndú;h
j.djg ydks isÿ lrk m<sfndaO iajdNdúl ;;a;aj hgf;a fyda wksl=;a l%u u.ska
md,kh l< fkdyels wjia:dj, § ridhksl øjH Ndú;h isÿ lrhs' fuys § ks¾foaYs;
ridhksl øjH ks¾foaYs; ud;%djg wkqj fh§u l< hq;= h'
Wod ( me< uelaldf.a ydksh i|yd fmka;sfhdka (Fenthion) fh§u
f.dla ueiaid iy ÿUqre me< lSvEjdf.a ydksh i|yd ldfnd*shqrdka fyda
vhsisfkdka fh§u
f.dhï ul=Kd md,khg ldfndi,amdka (Carbosulfan)" laúk,afmdia frda.
md,kh
ù j.dfõ nyq, j oelsh yels frda.
YS% ,xldfõ ù j.djg je<f|k jeo.;a frda. lsysmhls' kuq;a cd;sl ù wiajekakg
ie,lsh hq;= n,mEula we;s lsÍug fya;= jk mßÈ fuu frda. jix.; wdldrhg je<§ula

127
isÿ fkdfõ' thg fya;= jkqfha kj ks¾foaYs; ù m%fNao fuu frda.j,g m%;sfrdaë njla
we;s jk wdldrhg ksmojd ;sîuhs'
È,Sr frda.
• fld< md`Mj (Rice blast)
frda. ldrlhd - Magnaporthe grisea frda. ,laIK -

È,Sr u.ska f.dhï Ydlfha m;%" lf|a .eg" ù lrf,a

mdoia:h" ù lrf,a úúO fldgia fyda ù weg fj; ydks
meñfKa' fuys § ydks isÿ jQ ia:dkj, w`M meye;s ,m we;s
fõ' fuu ,m m<uq j isyska ;s;a f,i Èia ù miq j
l%ufhka úYd, ù weil yevh we;s jk mßÈ fol<jr
l%ufhka isyska fõ' f.dhï lrf,a mdoia: fldgi l`M
meye ù lr, lvd jeàu isÿ fõ' fuh f., l=Kq ùu
f,i y÷kajhs'
• fldmq wx.udrh (Rice leaf sheath blight)
frda. ldrlhd - Thanatephorus cucumeris
frda. ,laIK
rEmh13'20
rEmh 13'1 -( fld,
- fld<md`:j
md`Mj
.fiys l| wdjrKh ù we;s m;% fldmqj, fuu frda.h yg
.kS' m;% fldmq u; ´jd,dldr fyda b,smaidldr yevfhka hq;a
fld< meyehg yqre w`M meye;s mq,a,s we;s fõ' m<uqfjka u l=Uqf¾
c, uÜgug wdikakfha l| u; yg .kakd fuu mq,a,s l,a .;
fj;a u úYd, ù tlsfkl iïnkaO fõ' túg m;% fldmqj w`:
meyehg yqre msÿre meyehla .kS' frda. ;Èka je<÷Kq úg Ydl
ms,siaiS .sh wdldrhla oelsh yels w;r fuu Ydlj, fnd,a lr,a
we;s ùu o isÿ fõ'

• ÿUqre mq,a,s frda.h (Rice brown spot)

frda. ldrlhd - Cochliobolus miyabeanus
rEmh 13'21 (
fldmq
frda . wx.udrh
,laIK
fuu frda.h m%Odk jYfhka Ydl m;%hg je<f|a' ù wegj,g o je<¢h yels h'
m;% ;,h u; yg .kakd ÿUqre meye;s l=vd ,m
l%ufhka 4-6 mm muK olajd úYd, fõ' fuu
,m fndfyda úg ;, weghl m%udKfhka yd
yevfhka iudk fõ' fndfyda úg ,m jgd
ly meye;s odrhla we;s fõ'

• fldmq l=Kq ùu ^f., ysrùu& (Sheath rot)

frda. ldrlhd - Sarocladium oryzae
frda. ,laIK
rEmh 13'22 ( ÿUqre mq,a,s frda.h

128
 f.dhï Ydlfha lr,g wdikak j msysá Oc m;%fha
fldmqjg je<fok frda.hls' Ydl m;% u; 0'5 - 1'5cm muK
È.e;s ´jd,dldr fyda wl%uj;a yevfhka ,m yg .ekSu isÿ
fõ' fuu ,mj, odrh ÿUqre mdg jk w;r ueo fldgi w`:
mdg h' fuu ,m l%ufhka úYd, ù tlsfkl iïnkaO fõ'
bka miq j m;% fldmqj yd m;% ;,h mqrd fuu frda. ;;a;ajh
me;sÍ hhs' wêl jYfhka frda.hg md;% jQ úg lr, m;%
fldmqfjka t<shg tau je<fla' fujeks lr,a l`M meye .eka
ù" fnd,a ù l=Kq ùu isÿ fõ' m;% fldmqfõ we;=,a me;a;
mÍlaId l< úg È,Sr cd, oelsh yels h'
• isyska ÿUqre mq,a,s frda.h (Rice narrow brown spot)
frda. ldrlhd - Cercospora janseana rEmh 13'23 (
frda. ,laIK fldmq l=Kq ùu
m;% ;,h" m;% fldmqj yd ù weg u; mgq" È.=
yevfhka hq;a ÿUqre meye;s ,m fuys § we;s fõ'
fuu ,m m<,ska 1mm muK o È.ska 2 - 10mm muK
o úh yels h' '
ta j dfha Èla wla I h m;% f ha kdráj,g
iudka;r j msysghs' <d ÿUqre meyefhka hq;a fuu
,mj, uOHia:h <d meye;s h'

nelaàßhd frda.
• nelaàßhd wx.udrh (Bacterial blight)
frda. ldrlhdrEmh 3'24- ( Xanthomonas
oryzae
isyska ÿUqre mq,a,s frda.h
frda. ,laIK
fuu frda.h ù j.dfõ wjia:d foll § je<¢h
yels h' <má f.dhug nelaàßhdj u.ska ydks isÿ jQ
úg tu frda.h —fl%fila˜ kñka ye¢kafõ' jefvk
f.dhfu ys we;s jk frda.S ;;ajh fld< wx.udrh
kï fõ'
frda.s me<Eáj, m;% f;;a jQ iajNdjhla .kS'
bka miq j l%ufhka Ydl m;%fha ueo kdráfha wlaIh
t,af,a m;% yelsf<hs' wjidkfha iïmQ¾K me<h u
úh<S ueÍ hhs' nelaàßhdj u.ska ikd, l,dm wjysr
lrk ksid me<h ;=< wdydr iy c,h mßjykhg ndOd we;s ù m;%
rEmh h (ly
13'25 nelameye fõ' fuu
àßhd wx.udrh
me<Eáj, lf|ys my< fldgi lmd mÍlaId l< úg ÿ.|la we;s fõ' lemQ l| fldgi
c,hg oeuQ úg thska Wl= nelaàßhd i%djhla je.sfrkq oelsh yels h'

• nelaàßhd ;Sre frda.h (Bactrial stripe)

frda. ldrlhd - Pseudomonas setariae

129
 frda. ,laIK
me<j,g nelaàßhd we;=,a jQ úg m<uq j mdoia:fha ;o
fld< meye;s f;; nß; ;Sre jeks iajNdjhla fmkajhs'
wd¾ø;dj jeä úg fuu ßIag úYd, ù m;% fldmqj;a" m;%
;,h;a lrd me;sÍ m;% ;o ÿUqre meyehg yef¾'
È. yefrñka mj;sk <má m;%j,g wdidokh jQ úg
f.dnh l=Kq ù Ydlh ueÍ hhs'

jhsria frda. rEmh

13'26 (
• gqkaf.%da jhsria frda.h - Tungro virus disease
nelaàßhd ;Sre frda.h
fld< meye;s m;% lSvEjka yd wlajla lSvEjka Ydlj,ska hqI Wrd îu ksid fuu frda.
;;ajh we;s fõ'
frda. ,laIK
fuu frda.h ksid Ydl l=re jk w;r m÷re oeóu
o wvq fõ' m;% ;,h iy m;% fldmqj flá fõ' w¨;ska
jefvk m;% È. yeÍfï § iq`M jYfhka weUÍ .sh iajNdjhla
fmkajhs' fuys § m;% fld< meyefha isg ÿUqre fyda ly
meyeh olajd fjkia fõ' tu j¾K fjkia ùu fïrE
m;%j, isg l%ufhka <má m;% lrd me;sÍu isÿ fõ' fndfyda
úg <má m;%j, kdráj,g iudka;r j <d fld< fyda
iqÿ meye;s ;Sre we;s fõ' frda.h ksid fuu Ydl ñh
hdula isÿ fkdfõ' fuu Ydlj, mS§u m%udo fõ' ksmojk
lr,a m%udKfhka l=vd h' fndfyda úg lr, iïmQ¾Kfhka
j¾Okh fkdfõ'
rEmh 13'27 (
lrf, ys iuyr îc j| njg m;a fõ' îc u; ;o ÿUqre me< o we;s fõ'
frda.gq
hkje<÷Kq lafIa;%j, wiajekak úYd, f,i wvq fõ'
af.%da jhsria frda.h

• lvu¨ m;% l=re ùu - (Ragged stunt)

ÿUqre me< lSvEjka Ydlj,ska hqI Wrd îu ksid fuu ;;a;ajh we;s fõ'
frda. ,laIK
<má j.djkag fuka u j¾Okfhka miq wjia:dj, mj;sk j.djkag o fuu
frda.h je<f|a' me< wjÈfha § frda.hg ,la jQ úg
lvu¨ jQ m;% we;s fõ' m;% È. yeÍug fmr m;% odr
wl%uj;a fyda lvf;d¨ jQ iajNdjhla .kS' m;% È.
yereKq úg fuu lvf;d¨ jQ ia:dk yß;laIh ù ÿUqre
jka ly meyehg yef¾' Ydl j¾Okh ùu;a iu. lvu¨
m;% we;s ùu l%ufhka wvq fõ' fujeks wjia:dj,
weUÍ .sh m;% iys; Ydl we;s fõ'
fuhg wu;r j m;% ;,h iy m;% fldmqfõ úúO
ia:dkj,ska bÈó .sh iajNdjhla oelsh yels h' mS§ug
wdikak j.dj, Oc m;%h oÕr jeà úlD;s fõ' frda.S
Ydlj, mS§u m%udo fõ' lr,a iïmQ¾Kfhka msg;g
fkd wefoa' lr, m%udKfhka l=vd jk w;r úYd,
jYfhka fnd,a îc we;s fõ'
frda. md,khg wkq.ukh l< yels ls%hd
rEmh 13'28 (
• frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= fok ù m%fNao j.d lsÍu
lv u¨ m;% l=re ùu
Wod (
130
 Bw 351 - fld< wx. udr frda. ;;a;ajhg Tfrd;a;= §u
Ld 355 - ÿUqre mq,a,s frda.hg yd fld< wx.udrhg Tfrd;a;= §u
Bg. 300 - fld< md`M frda.hg yd fld< wx.udrhg Tfrd;a;= §u
• wêl jYfhka hQßhd jeks fmdfydr fh§fuka je<lSu
• lafIa;%fha ksjerÈ me< .ykhla mj;ajd .ekSu
• jhsria frda. md,kh lsÍu i|yd frda. jdyl lDñka md,kh lsÍu
• È,sr frda. i|yd ks¾foaYs; È,Sr kdYl wjYH wjia:dj, § fh§u
• j.d ìu msßisÿ j mj;ajd .ekSu
• ksjerÈ f,i c,h md,kh lsÍu
• iu;=,s; fmdfydr ñY%K kshñ; wjia:dfõ § fh§u
• msßisÿ ì;a;r ù Ndú;h

wiajkq fk<Su
ù wiajkq fk<Su iqÿiq wjia:dfõ § iqÿiq l%ufõo fhdod .ksñka l< hq;= h' wiajkq
fk<Sfï § iqÿiq wjia:dj ;SrKh lrkqfha fld<j, meyeh u; fkdj lrf,a meyeh u;
h' tkï lr,aj, ù wegj,ska 85] la j;a rka jka meyehg yeÍ we;s wjia:dfõ § wiajkq
fk<Su l< hq;= h'
wiajkq fk<Su i|yd —oEle;a;˜ Wmfhda.S lr f.k ñksia Y%ufhka fyda nyq úO
wiajkq fk<khla Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h' fuys § l=Uqf¾ úYd,;ajh yd N+ñfha iajNdjh
wkqj wiajkq fk<Sug fhdod .kakd l%u úúO úh yels h'

131
 14' i;a;j
a md,kh

14'1 f.dúfmd< i;=ka

f.dúfmd< i;=ka hkqfjka ye|skf
a jkqfha úúO ksIm
a dok ,nd .ekSu i|yd f.dúfmd<
wdYs%; j we;s lrk i;=ka fõ' i;a;aj md,k lghq;=j, § YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk jYfhka .j"
l=l=¿" t¿" W!re wd§ i;a;aj úfYaI fhdod .kq ,nk w;r neg`Mjka" ydjqka" ;drdjka yd
l`Ml=uka o iq¿ jYfhka we;s lrkq ,nhs'

i;a;aj ksIamdok
YS% ,xldfõ t< .j yd ó .j md,kh m%Odk jYfhka lsß ksIamdokh b,lal fldg
isÿ lrkq ,nhs' t< lsß yd ta wdYs%; ksIamdok jk Öia" ng¾" fhda.Ü" uqojmq lsß" lsß msá"
ri l< lsß wd§ ksIamdok /ilg fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ula we;' Bg wu;r j Y%uh i|yd ó
.jhka yd t< .jhka we;s lsÍu f.dú ckdjdi wdYs%; j isÿ flf¾' uia i|yd l%udkql+,
j .jhka we;s lsÍula Y%S ,xldfõ olakg fkdue;'
W!re md,kh u.ska uia yd ta wdYs%; ksIamdok jk fílka" yeï" fidfiacia" óÜ
fnda,aia wdÈ ksIamdok ,nd .; yels h' ì;a;r yd uia ,nd .ekSfï wruqKska l=l=<ka we;s
lrkq ,nhs' l=l=¿ uiaj,ska fidafiacia" óÜ fnda,ia" iqma leg wd§ ksIamdok ksmojkq
,efí'
t`M md,kfha kshe,Sfuka uia" lsß yd iï o ,nd .kq ,efí' t¿ lsß yd uia i|yd
fj<|fmdf< ys mq¿,a b,a¨ula mj;sk w;r ñ, o by< w.hla .kS' t¿ lsßj, fïo
f.da,sld l=vd ksid uõ lsßj,g wdfoaYlhla f,i o Ndú; l< yels njg ms<s.ekSula
we;'

YS% ,xldfõ i;a;aj md,kfha j¾;udk ;;a;ajh

j.=j 14(1 ( miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< YS% ,xldfõ idudkH udisl i;a;aj ksIamdok m%udKhka

i;a;aj ksIamdok 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

t<lsß ^000
^000L&& 13 045 13 308 13 485 13 748 14 144 14 370
ó lsß ^000
^000L&& 2 521 2 550 2 577 2 637 2 690 2 971
ì;a;r ^ñ,shk& 73'7 72'8 72'0 75'0 76'3 86'5
l=l=`M uia ^000
^000MT) 80'31 77'77 86'27 85'25 100'06 102'5

132
 • im;a;= • fhda.Ü
• yïmá • úis;=re nvq • whsia lS%ï
• nE.a • jdok NdKav • Öia
yï lsß
lsß • úh<s lsß msá
• flala • Wl= lsß
• ri leú,s ì;;
a r • ng¾
• lsß melÜ
f,d
ï • frÈ ms<s
• nquq;=reKq
• fmdfrdaK
• úúO ri .ekajq uia ^WKqiqï we÷ï&
• melÜ lrk ,o uia
• áka lrk ,o uia uia uia
• óÜ fnda,aia
• fidaficia
• yeï fílka

rEmh 14'1 úúO i;a;aj ksIamdok

j.=j ( 14(2 YS% ,xldfõ i;a;aj .ykh miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< fjkia jq wkaou
j¾Ih f.dúfmd< i;a;aj úfYaIh
t< .jhka ó .jhka W!rka l=l=<ka t`Mjka
2000 1 147 600 304 500 70 800 10 622 370 506 400
2001 1 153 200 290 300 68 300 10 654 870 504 300
2002 1 112 948 282 087 82 143 11 564 167 360 382
2003 1 138 700 280 480 67 740 9 773 500 42 880
2004 1 160 900 301 500 79 295 11 041 960 416 870
2005 1 185 020 307 750 8 020 11 635 770 405 250
2006 1 214 574 314 176 91 977 13 116 940 395 325
2007 1 206 490 318 310 94 210 13 77 610 388 600
2008 1 195 610 318 530 89 420 14 331 170 376 790

by; i|yka lreKqj,ska fmkS hkafka YS% ,xldfõ t¿jka yer wfkl=;a f.dúfmd<
i;a;aj .ykh miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< ie,lsh hq;= j¾Okhla isÿ ù we;s nj h'
YS% ,xldfõ i;a;aj md,k l,dm
YS% ,xldfõ i;a;aj md,k l,dm m%Odk jYfhka 6la y÷kd.; yels h' tkï"

1' úh<s l,dmh

fuu l,dmhg hdmkh" uq,;sõ" ls,sfkdÉÑh" wkqrdOmqr" fmdf<dkakrej" fudkrd.,"
wïmdr" ;%sl=Kdu,h" ukakdru" mq;a;,u" uvl,mqj iy yïnkaf;dg hk Èia;s%lal
wh;a h'

133
2' l÷rg l,dmh ^Wvrg l,dmh& 1
l÷rg l,dmhg wh;a jkafka yegka" 5
4
kqjrt<sh" ymq;f,a" nKavdrfj, yd 2
rd., jeks isis,a m%foaYhka h' 3
6
3' ueorg l,dmh
uykqjr" lE.,a," r;akmqr" nÿ,a,
yd ud;f,a hk Èia;s%lal ueorg
l,dmh g wh;a fõ'
4' my;rg f;;a l,dmh
fuu l,dmhg fld<U" .ïmy"
l¨;r" .d,a, iy ud;r hk Èia;l
%s l
a
wh;a fõ'
5' fmd,a ;s%fldaKh
y,dj;" mq;a;,u" .ïmy Èia;s%lal
fuhg wh;a fõ'
6' hdmkh w¾Ooaùmh
by; i;a;j a md,k l,dm ;=< úúO
i;=ka jHdma; ù we;s kuq;a tu jHdma;sh
taldldÍ fkdfõ' .j yd t¿ md,kh
jvd;a jHdma; ù we;af;a úh<s l,dmfha
h' úh<s l,dmhg wh;a Èia;s%lal w;=ßka
wkqrdOmqr" yïnkaf;dg" fudkrd., hk
Èia ; s % l a l j, yd fmd,a ;s % f lda K fha úh<s l,dmh
is;shu 14'1 # YS% ,xldfõ
l=reKE.," .jhka úYd, m%udKhla oelsh yels w;r jeä u t¿jka ixLHdjla fmd,a ;%hdmkh"
sfldaKh
Wvrg l,dmh
mq;a;,u yd uvl,mqj hk Èia;s%lalj, oelsh yels fõ' W!re md,kh m%ueorg Odk l,dmh
jYfhka
y,dj; isg u.af.dk olajd we;s fjr<nv ;Srhg iSud ù we;' my;rg f;;a l,dmh
hdmkh w¾Ooaùmh
l=l=¿ md,kh w;S;fha § .%dóh jHdmdrhla jYfhka mej;=k o j¾;udkfha § th
,dNodhS jHdmdrhla f,i kd.ßl m%foaYj, jHdma; ù we;' Èjhsfka fndfyda m%foaYj,
l=l=<ka we;s lrk úYd, f.dúfmd<j, msysgd we;' tfia jqj o fuu jHdmdrfha
flakaøia:dkh ù we;s Èia;s%lal jYfhka l=reKE.," mq;a;,u" fld<U" .ïmy iy l¿;r
ie,lsh yels fõ'
j.=j 14'3 ( YS% ,xldfõ f.dúfmd< i;=kaf.a jHdma;sh

i;a;aj úfYaIh úh<s l,dmh yd l÷lr yd my;rg f;;a

fmd,a ;s%fldaKh ueorg l,dm l,dmh
t< .jhka 73] 13'1] 13'9]
ó yrla 72'71] 12'3] 15'0]
t¿jka 73'2] 13'5] 12'0]
W!rka 39'7] 6'4] 57'0]
l=l=<ka 45'0] 16'8] 38'0]

134
i;a;aj md,kfha jeo.;alu
• fm%daàk m%Njhla f,i fhdod .; yels ùu

udkj fmdaIKh ie,l+ úg fm%daàka wjYH;dj iemsÍu i|yd i;a;aj ksIamdok

jeo.;a ld¾hhla bgq lrhs' ñksia isref¾ j¾Okh ioyd ffoksl fm%daàka wjYH;dj jk
65g kaa 14'5g la i;a;aj fm%daàka úh hq;= h' fï wkqj YS% ,xldfõ mj;sk ukaofmdaIKh"
úfYaIfhka u fm%daàka W!k;dj u. yerùu i|yd i;a;aj ksIamdok b;d jeo.;a h' rfÜ
ck;dj kSfrda.S yd fi!LH iïmkak jq úg rfÜ ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh
Wmßu uÜgñka ,nd.; yels h'
j.=j 14'4 i;a;aj ksIamdokj, fmdaIH mod¾:
^wdydrhg .; yels fldgia 100
100g l wvx.= fmdaIl m%udKhka &

m%Njh Yla;sh fm%daàka le,aishï fmdiamria hlv úgñka

(kcal) (g) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg)
t< lsß 67 3'2 120 90 0'2 52
Öia 400 27'9 720 610 0'6 350
ng¾ 729 0'9 12 18 0'2 750
ì;a;r 173 13'3 60 220 2'1 860
.j uia 202 19 10 130 3'0 18
l=l=`: uia 151 20'2 10 - 2'0 65
t`M uia 194 18'5 150 150 2'5 9
W!re uia 371 14'0 7 117 1'8 -

• /lshd kshqla;sh
Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk /lshd úhqla;sh wvq lsßfuys ,d i;a;aj md,kh jeo.;a ld¾h
Ndrhla isÿ lrhs' i;a;aj md,k flaIa;%hg iïnkaO úúO /lshd wjia:d lsysmhla my;
oelafõ'
• i;a;aj ksIamdok ieliSu yd wf<úh
• i;a;aj md,khg wjYH NdKav ksIamdokh
• ;DK ìï md,kh
• i;a;aj wdydr ksIamdokh
• mY= ffjoH fiajd
i;a;aj md,kfhys we;s úfYaI ,laIKhla kï iq¿ m%d.aOkhlska iajhx /lshd
jHdmD;shla f,i wdrïN lsÍug yels ùu hs' ;u ksjfia mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.a Y%uh fï
i|yd fhdod .; yels h'
• l¾udka; i|yd wuqøjH iemhSu
i;a;aj md,kh u.ska m%Odk jYfhka wdydr øjH ,nd .ekSu isÿ jqj;a wmf;a hk
fiiq øjH u.ska úúO l¾udka; i|yd wuqøjH rdYshla ,nd.; yels h'
Wod'( .j yd t¿ md,kfhka iï" wx" l=r wdÈh yd fmdfydr
l=l=¿ md,kfhka msydgq yd fmdfydr
• n,Yla;sh i|yd odhl ùu
f.dúfmd<lg wjYH hdka;s%l n,h fjkqjg i;a;aj n,h Wmfhda.s lr ìï ieliSu"

135
wiajkq ilia lsÍu" m%jdykh wd§ ls%hd isÿ lsÍfuka úhou wvq lr.; yels fõ' fï i|yd
ó .jhd fndfyda fihska m%fhdackj;a fõ' i;a;aj wmøjH ^Wod( f.du& Ndú;fhka Ôj
jdhqj ksmoúh yels h'
f.dúfmd< wmøjH" fNdackd.dr yd fkajdisld.dr wmøjH úfYaIfhka W!rkaf.aa
wdydr f,i m%fhdackhg .ekSfuka mßirhg wmøjH tla ùu j<lajd" tu.ska we;sjk
ÿ¾.kaOh yd fi!LH m%Yak o u. yrjd .; yels h'
fï id m%;s,dN /ila ,ndfok Y%S ,xldfõ i;a;aj md,kfha ÈhqKqjla ±lsh yels jqj
o i;a;aj ksIamdok wdkhkh ;ju;a by< uÜgul mj;S'
j.=j 14'5 miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< wdkhkh lrk ,o i;a;aj ksIamdok m%udKhka

i;a;aj ksIamdok 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

lsß yd lsß wdYs%;
ksIm
a dok (MT) 58 461 52 701 52 788 65 840 61 241 65 376

yrla uia (MT) 50'16 53'41 33'55 67'45 23'69 30'08

l=l=`M uia yd ta
wdYs%; ksIamdok ^MT) 2 427 2 042 2 098 479 1 199 2 617

fuhg m%Odk fya;=j b,a¨u YS>% f,i jeä ùu nj meyeÈ,s fõ' tneúka wf<úhg we;s
bvlv wkqj n,k l< YS% ,xldj ;=< i;a;aj ksIamdok ;j ÿrg;a jeä lsÍu i|yd ukd
úNjhla mj;sk nj fmfka'

YS% ,xldfõ i;a;aj l¾udka;hg we;s úNjh

² .j" t`M" l=l¿
= " W!re wd§ f.dúfmd< i;a;j a úfYaIhka ys foaYh
S mdßißl ;;a;j
a hkag
ukd j Tfrd;a;= fok i;a;aj jß. furg isák fyhska" wNsckk l%u u.ska tu
i;=ka jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSug yelshdjla we;'
² oekgu;a YS% ,xldfõ j.d l< yels bvï fndfyduhla j.d lghq;= i|yd fhdodf.k
we;' tfy;a tu j.djkag wjysr fkdjk mßÈ i;a;aj md,kh i|yd Ndú; l< yels
bvï m%udKhla YS% ,xldj ;=< we;' Wvrg l÷lrfha f;a i|yd fhdodf.k we;s
bvïj, wdka;sl ìï fldgiaj, f;a j.d lsÍug fkdyels neúka ;DK j.d lr i;=ka
we;s lsÍu i|yd fhdod.; yels h' Bg wu;r j Wvrg úh<s m%foaYj, we;s my;a ìï"
ueorg m%foaYfha we;s jeä nEjqula iys; ìï" ú,a¨ iy j.djka i|yd m%fhdackhg
fkd.kakd tu bvï o i;a;aj md,kh yd ;DK j.dj i|yd fhdod .; yels h'
fjk;a j.djka i|yd fhdodf.k we;s iuyr bvïj, wka;¾ j.d yd há j.d f,i
;DK fyda rks, j.d lsÍfuka o i;a;aj md,khg wjYH wdydr imhd.; yels h'
fmd,a ;%sfldaKfha fmd,a j.d w;r we;s bvlv ;DK j.djg yd i;=ka we;s lsÍu
i|yd fhdod.; yels h'
² ù" nv bß`.=" fidahd fndaxÑ" uqx' lõms wdÈ fnda.j, wiajekak fk<d .ekSfuka miq
b;sßjk fnda. wjfYaI i;a;aj wdydr f,i m%fhdackhg .; yels h' tfuka u iSksa
l¾udka;fha w;=re M, jk fud,Eiia" f;,a yd fïo l¾udka;fha w;=re M, jk
mqkaklal= i;a;aj wdydr f,i Ndú; lsßug yelshdj we;'
² i;a;aj md,k lghq;= wLKav j lrf.k hdug kï tu.ska ksIamdokh lrk øjH
i|yd fyd| fjf<|fmd<la ;sìh hq;= h' i;a;aj md,k lghq;= i|yd YS% ,xldfõ we;s
úNj ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï § fuu myiqlï m%udKj;a wkaoug mj;sk nj fmkajd
Èh yels h' tfuka u i;a;aj ksIamdok id¾:l j fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lsÍugkï

136
 tajd wuqøjH f,i fhdod .ksñka úúO wdydr øjH ieliSfï myiqlï ;sìh hq;= h' ta
wkqj oekg YS% ,xldfõ lsß msá" Wl= lsß" fidfiacia" fhda.Ü" uqojdmq lsß" iï NdKav
wd§ úúO i;a;aj ksIamdok ilia lsÍu i|yd l¾udka;Yd,d myiqlï we;'
² j¾;udkfha ls%hd;aul jk jHdma;s fiajh YS% ,xldfõ i;a;aj md,k lghq;= i|yd
fya;=jk ;j;a idOlhls' m%Odk jYfhka rdcH wxYfhka iykodhs l%uj,g o" thg
wu;r j kùk ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr.;a Wmfoia yd jHdma;s fiajd fm!oa.,sl
jYfhka o" i;a;aj md,lhkag wmyiqjlska f;drj ,nd.; yels h' Wod# f.dùkag
Wmfoia iemhSu" i;a;aj md,k wOHdmkh" mqyqKq mdGud,d" mY= ffjoH fiajd wdÈ
jHdma; fiajdjka ;sîu
² i;a;aj md,kh ÈhqKq lsßfuys ,d fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fuka u rdcH wxYfha o
wkq.%yh o ,nd .ekSug yels h' i;a;aj wdydr" úgñka" m%;sÔjl" T!IO j¾. wdÈh
wdkhkh i|yd fm!oa.,sl wxYhg myiqlï i,id § we;s w;r i;a;aj ksIamdok yd
fi!LH fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska o úúO fiajdjka f.dùka fj; imhkq ,efí' tfuka
u kj ;dlaIK l%uj, iq,N;dj ksid mdßfNda.sl reÑh jeä lr.; yels fidafiacia"
óÜ fnda,aia wdÈ w;=re ksIamdok /ila we;s lsÍfï úNjhla o mj;S'

14'2 i;a;aj ksIamdokh flfrys n,mdk idOl

i;=ka yd Tjqka Ôj;ajk mßirh hk folu tla j moaO;shla f,i ls%hd lrhs' tjeks
moaO;shl olakg ,efnk i;=ka yd mßirh w;r úúO wdldrfha wka;¾ iïnkaO;d mj;sk
w;r tajd tlsfkldf.a meje;au Wfoid w;HjYH fõ' fuu wka;¾ iïnkaO;d b;d
ixlS¾K ls%hdj,Ska jk w;r ta fya;=fjka hï mßirhl olakg ,efnk hï i;a;aj
úfYaIhla fuka u úúO mßirhka ys olakg we;s tlu úfYaIhg wh;a i;a;= o úúO jQ
m%;spdr olaj;s' tneúka wd¾Ól jHdmdrhla f,i f.dúfmd< i;=ka we;s lsÍfï § tu
i;=kaf.a ldhsl ls%hdj,s iy ksIamdokh flfrys mßir n,mEu iy Bg wkql+, j i;=ka
ta flfrys olajk m%;spdr ms<sn| wOHhkh jeo.;a fõ'
hï i;l=f.a ksIamdok uÜgu tu i;df.a m%fõKs úNjh iy i;d Ôj;a jk mßirh
u; ;SrKh flf¾' fuh my; whqre oelaúh yels h'

rEmdkq o¾Yh$ ksIamdokh = ckaudkq o¾Yh + mßirh

(Phenotype) (Genotype) (Environment)

tla tla i;a;aj úfYaI wkqj tu i;=kaf.a ldhsl ls%hdj,s iy i;d Ôj;ajk
mßirfha ;sfnk WIaK;ajh" j¾Idm;kh" wdf,dalh" iq<`." wd¾ø;dj jeks foaY.=Ksl
idOl ksIamdokhg n,mEu úúO wdldrfhka isÿ fõ'
.jhka flfrys foaY.=Ksl idOlj, n,mEu
.jhdg mßir WIaK;ajh ord .ekSfï iSudjla we;' fuu iSudjg jvd mßir
WIaK;ajh jeä jQ úg;a" wvq jQ úg;a" i;df.a ldhsl ls%hd yd ksIamdokh flfrys wys;lr
f,i n,mdhs'

137
 by< mdßißl WIaK;ajh
CO2msg lsÍu

y;s oeóu
wdydr wd.kqj wvq úu
frdaudka;kh wvq ùu
fÄgh je.sÍu

rEukh lrd hk
fÄg m%udKh
wvq ùu

weisäfhdaisia .eg¨ we;s ùu lsß ksIamdokh wvq ùu

rEmh 14'2 # by< WIaK;ajh .jhdf.a ldhsl ls%hdj,s yd ksIamdokhg n,mdk whqre

m%ia;drh 14'1 mdßißl WIaK;aj l,dm

14'1 m%ia;drhg wkqj" iqjmyiq l,dmh ;=< oS YÍrh ;=< ;dm ksIamdokh fyda ;dm
ydksh fyda isÿ fkdjk w;r i;=kaf.a p¾hd idudkH wkaoñka mj;ajd .kq ,efí' fuu
l,dmh ;=< oS i;=kaf.a ksIamdokh Wmßu fõ' ;dm WodiSk l,dmfha oS mßjD;a;sl fõ.h
wju uÜgulska mj;ajd .kakd w;r i;=kaf.a ksIamdokh foaY.=Ksl n,mEfuka f;dr j
mj;ajd .efka' bkamiq wvq fyda jeä WIaK;ajj, oS ksIamdokh my< niS'
mßir WIaK;ajh jeäjk úg i;=kaf.a iM,;dj (Fertility) wvq jk w;r wêl
wd¾ø;dj ta i`oyd wkqn, foa' fï ksid .jhka ,sx.sl jYfhka mßK; ùug fndfyda
ld,hla .; fõ' fokqkaf.a uo ld,h wvq fõ' fï yer ;dm mSvdjg Ndckh jk fokqkaf.a
uo ,l=Kq fmkaùu o ta ;rï meyeos,s ke;' f.dkqkaf.a ,sx.sl ls%hdjka i`oyd olajk
leue;a; (Libido) wvqjk w;r tu i;=kaf.a Y=l%j, .=Kd;aul Ndjh o wvq fõ' f.dúfmd<
i;=ka wêl iQ¾hdf,dalhg yd WIaK;ajhg ksrdjrK ùu ksid p¾u ms<sld je<oSug bv
we;' tfukau hqfrdamSh .jhkaf.a lsß ksIamdokh o wvq fõ'
wêl j¾Idm;khla we;s úg ksoe,s l%uh hgf;a we;s lrk .jhkaf.a ;DK W,d
lEfï ld, iSudj wvq fõ' tu ksid ,nd .kakd wdydr m%udKh wvq ùfuka ksIamdokh wvq
fõ' ;j o j¾Idm;kh wêl úg .=Kd;aul núka hq;a ;DK ksIamdokh by< hk neúka
;DK wd.kqj jeäùu ksid i;=kaf.a ksIamdokh o jeä fõ'

138
 by< wd¾ø;djla we;s úg frda. ldrl yd jHdêcklhkaf.a me;sÍu jeä fõ' tu
ksid .jhkag frda. je<oSfï bvlv jeä w;r frda. je<f|k úg i;=kaf.a ksIamdokh wvq
fõ' WIaK;ajh jeä ù wd¾ø;dj jeä ùu ksid i;dg úvdj (Stress) we;s fõ' iq<`. ksid
o frda. ldrl jHdma;sh jeä fõ'

wys;lr foaY.=Ksl ;;a;aj u`. yrjd .ekSug .jhka olajk wkqj¾:k

.jhd wp,;dmS if;ls' tneúka YÍrfha isÿjk ish¨u ls%hd ksis mßÈ isÿ ùug YÍr
WIaK;ajh fkdfjkia j mej;sh hq;= h'
j.=j 14'6 ( úúO mßir idOl i`oyd .jhka olajk wkqj¾;k yd m%;spdr
wêl WIaK;ajfha oS olajk m%;spdr wêl YS;,$ wvq WIaK;ajfha oS olajk m%;p
s dr

yeisÍu
• isis,a ia:dk fidhd hdu WKqiqï ia:dk fidhd hdu
• i;=kaf.a p,kh wvq ùu p,kh wvq ùu
• i;=ka fjka j úisÍ isàu i;=ka lKavdhï f,i f.dkq ù isàu
• os. weÍ ksod isàu wjhj wl=<df.k .=,s ù ksod isàu
• ^u;= msg lafIa;%M,h jeä lr .ekSug&
ldhsl ls%hdj,s
• reêr jdyskS úia:drKh ùu reêr jdyskS ixfldapkh ùu
• oyäh oeóu frdau mqïnd .ekSu
• y;s oeóu fjõ,Su
• fÄg i%djh jeä ùu fïo oykh u.ska ;dm ksIamdokh jeä ùu
• wkqfõ.S iakdhq moaO;sfha l%shdldß;ajh wkqfõ.S iakdhq moaO;sfha ls%hdldß;ajh
wvq ùu jeä ùu
rEm úoHd;aul
• frdau j¾Okh wvq ùu frdau j¾Okh jeä ùu
• iu u;= msg reêr mgl jeä ùu wOYap¾óh fïo ia:rh jeä ùu
• YÍrfha fldgia È.ska jeä ùu
• ^Wod( mdo&
• ;e,a, yd fud,a,sh msysàu
• YÍrfha frdau yd iafõo .%kaÓ ixLHdj
jeä ùu

14'6 j.=fj ys olajk wkqj¾;k u.ska i;dg mßirhg tla;rd ÿrlg uqyqK §ug
yelsjk kuq;a tu wkqj¾;k i;df.a j¾Okhg" m%ckkhg yd ksIamdokhg wys;lr f,i
n,mdhs' Wod ( i;d .kakd wdydr m%udKh wvq l< úg j¾Okh yd ksIamdokh wvq fõ'
fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka .j md,kfha § WIaK;ajfhka jk n,mEu wvq lsÍu b;d
jeo.;a nj h' ta i`oyd my; ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh l< yels h'
• fijk iemhSu
.d,la ;=< i;=ka we;s lsÍu jvd fhda.H fõ' W,d lEu jeks lghq;=j,g .df,ka
bj;g i;=ka .kakd úg th Wfoa 9'00 g fmr yd iji 3'00 ka miq lsÍu u.ska i;=ka u;
;dm úlsrK m;s; ùu u. yrjd .; yels h' fijk iys; ia:dkhl .j .d, bÈ lsÍu
ke;fyd;a .j .d,a jfÜg fijk i`oyd bms,a bms,a jeks blauKska Wig jefvk Ydl
isgqùu fhda.H h' .j .df,a jy,hg msÿre" fmd,a w;=" b¿la jeks foa fhdod .ekSu u.ska
iQ¾hdf,dalh mrdj¾;kh l< yels fiau mßjrKhla o ,nd foa'

139
² c,h u.ska isis,a lsÍu
c, k,h
fuys§ ieu úgu f.dúfmd< i;=kag
îu i`oyd m%udKj;a ;rï isi, s a c,h iemhsh
hq;= h' yels iEu úg u i;=ka kEùu yd c, úiqreï
fkdi, mxldj
ojfia jvd;a u WKqiqï fõ,dj,aj, oS c,h
biSfuka i;=ka f;;a lsÍu fhda.H h'
óg wu;r j we;=<;g ukd f,i
jd;dY%h ,efnk wdldrfha .j .d,a b|s lsÍu"
m%udKj;a Lksc fmdaIKh" yels Wmßuhg
idkaø wdydr" rks, yd .=Kd;aul núka hq;a rEmh 14'3 # c,h u.ska .j .d,la isis,a lsÍu
;DK iemhSu wd§ ls%hd ud¾. wkq.ukh
lsÍfuka foaY.=Kfhka jk n,mEu wvq lr .jhkaf.a ksIamdokh jeä l< yels h'
l=l=<ka flfrys foaY.=Ksl idOlj, n,mEu
.jhkag fuka u l=l=<kag o" úfYaIfhka lsls<shkaf.a ì;a;r ksIamdokh i`oyd
WIaK;ajh" wd¾ø;dj" wdf,dalh" j¾Idm;kh" iq<`. wdoS foaY.=Ksl idOl n,mdhs'
WIaK;ajfha n,mEu
mßK; yd mßK;Ndjhg
by< wdikak l=l=<kag 15 -25 0C w;r
WIaK;ajh WIa K ;a j mrdihla ;= < tu
ls%hdldß;ajh wvq ùu y;s oeóu i;=kaf.a idudkH Ôj
ls % h dj,s h kg ls i s ÿ wys ; lr
wdydr wd.kqj wvqùu Yajik w,alf,daisia n,mEula fkdue;s j Ôj;a úh
yels h' tu WIaK;aj mrdih iqj
myiq WIa K ;a j l,dmh f,i
fmdaIl W!k;dj wï, NIau wiu;=,s;;dj
y`ÿkajuq' lsls<shka iqj myiq
WIaK;aj l,dmh ;=< §
ksIamdokh wvq ùu wNHka;ßl mßjD;a;sl
ÿ¾j, ld¾hlaIu;dj ls % h dj,s f hka " YÍr WIaK;ajh
by< urK wkqmd;slh mj;a j df.k hdug m% u dKj;a
ksid ,dNh wvqùu ;dmhla we;s lrkq ,nhs' iqjmyiq
WIaK;aj l,dmhg jvd wvq fyda
rEmh 14'4 # l=l=<ka flfrys WIaK;ajfha n,mEu jeä jdhqf.da,Sh WIaK;ajhlg
i;=ka wkdjrKh jQ úg YÍr WIaK;ajh mj;ajdf.k hdu i`oyd WIaK;aj md,k hdka;%Kh
ls%hd;aul ùug mgka .kS' fuh Yla;sh jehjk ls%hdj,shls'
b;d wêl WIaK;ajhl § i;=ka w;sYhska ÿ¾j, jk w;r wjidkfha urKh mjd isÿ
fõ' WIaK;ajh fya;=fldgf.k we;sjk f;fyÜgqj l=l=<kaf.a meje;au yd ksIamdokh
flfrys wys;lr wkaoñka n,mdhs' 240C g jeä WIaK;ajhl § ì;a;r ksIamdokh wvq ù
hk w;r 150C g jeä WIaK;ajhl § i;=ka .kakd wdydr m%udKh YS>%fhka wvq ù hhs'
210C g jeä WIaK;ajhl § ì;a;rj, nr o ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlska wvq fõ' by< WIaK;aj
mrdihla ;=< mrfmdaIS yd jHdêcklhkaf.a me;sÍu jeä h' tu ksid ksIamdokh wvq fõ'
;j o wêl WIaK;aj mrdihla ;=< ksIamdokj, .=Kd;aul nj yd m%udKh wvq fõ'
Wod ( ì;a;r lgqj ;=kS ùu
ì;a;r ouk lsls<shkaf.a ì;a;r ksIamdokh flfrys wdf,dal ld, iSudj n,mdhs'
Èjd ld,h jeäjk úg ,sx.sl mßK;shg t<öu jvd blauka lrhs' ,sx.sl mßK;sh
W;af;ackh ù blaukska ì;a;r oeóu isÿ jqjfyd;a tu lssls<shka lsisu whqrlska i;=gqodhl

140
ì;a;r oukakshka fkdfõ' fuhg fya;=j wdf,dalh jeä lsÍu u.ska ì;a;r ksIamdokh
W;af;ackh l< o" ldhsl j tu i;=ka ì;a;r oeóu i`oyd iqÿiq mßÈ mßK; ù fkdue;s
ùu h'
WIaK;ajh yd idfmalIa wd¾ø;dj by< .sh úg i;=kg
a mSvdldÍ mßirhla ks¾udKh
fõ' th ksIamdokhg n,mdhs' tfuka u nelaàßhd jeks laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okhg iqÿiq
mßirhla ks¾udKh jk neúka frda.S ;;a;ajhla we;s jqjfyd;a th YS>%fhka me;sÍ hdug
o fya;= fõ' frda. me;sÍ hdu ksid ksIamdokh wvq fõ' l=l=`M ksjdi ;=< idfmalaI
wd¾ø;dj jeä jQ úg ,sgrfha f;;a iajNdjh jeä ùu ;j;a .eg¨jls'
wêl iq<x u.ska frda. jHdma;sh jeä fõ' túg l=l=`M megjqkag ksõfudakshd jeks
frda.S ;;a;aj we;s ùfï bvlv jeä fõ' tu ksid o ksIamdokh wvq fõ'
lsls<shl ksmojk ì;a;rhl nr ^g&
ì;a;r m%udKh

jdhqf.da,Sh WIaK;ajh ^0C& jdhqf.da,Sh WIaK;ajh ^0C&

m%ia;drh 14'2 ( ì;a;r ksIamdokh flfrys m%ia;drh 14'3 ( ì;a;rj, nr flfrys
WIaK;ajfha n,mEu WIaK;ajfha n,mEu
i;l= .kakd
wdydr m%udKh

jdhqf.da,Sh
WIaK;ajh
^ 0 C&
m%ia;drh 14'4 ( wdydr wd.kqj flfrys
WIaK;ajfha n,mEu

wys;lr foaY.+Ksl ;;a;aj u. yrjd .ekSu i`oyd l=l=<ka olajk wkqj¾;k

b;d wvq mßir WIaK;ajfha § i;=ka olajk wkqj¾;k
• msydgq p,kh lsÍu ^;dm mßjrKh& yd mqïndf.k isàu
• wdydr wd.kqj jeä ùu" fuu.ska Yla;sh ckkh jeä lr tu Yla;sh oykfhka
WIaK;ajh ckkh fõ'
• i;d fjõ,Su" udxY fmaYS p,kh u.ska WIaK;ajh ckkh ùula isÿ fõ'
• i;d WKqiqï ia:dk fidhd hdu" lKavdhï f,i f.dkq ù isàu yd .=,s ù ksod isàu
• reêr jdyskS ixfldapkh ùu
mdßißl WIaK;ajh 26 0C g jvd my< .sh úg Èkla jhie;s l=l=¿ megjqkaf.a
WIaK;aj hduk l%shdj,s ksis mßÈ isÿ fkdfõ' thg fya;=j jkafka megjqkag ;u YdÍßl
WIaK;ajh hdukh lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd .; yelafla Tjqkaf.a jhi i;s ;=kla blau .sh
miqj ùu h'

141
mßir WIaK;ajh fndfyda by< .sh úg l=l=<ka olajk wkqj¾;k yd p¾hd rgd
• udxY fmaYS p,khkaf.ka j<lsk w;r l=l=<ka YS; ia:dkhl ,e.Sug leue;a;la
olajhs' l=l=¿ wdia;rKfha j,j,a ydrd ,e.Sfuka tu ;;a;ajhg m;a ùug W;aidy
.kS' ;j o i;=ka fjka j úisÍ isàug leue;a;la olajhs'
• mshdm;a úysod isákq olakg ,efnk w;r fuu.ska mßirhg ksrdjrK YÍr lafIa;M % ,h
jeä lsÍu yd ;dm mßjykhla isÿ fõ'
• wêl Yajikh$ y;s oeóu ksid fmky¿j,ska idudkH wjia:djkag jvd c, jdIam
msgjk w;r tu ksid mlaISkag jeämqr c,h îug wjYH fõ'
fuf,i wys;lr foaY.=Ksl idOlj,g l=l=<ka m%;spdr yd wkqj¾:k oelajQj o "
i;=kf
a .a ksIm
a dokh wvq fõ' tneúka Wiia ksIm
a dokhla ,nd .ekSugkï wys;lr foaY.=Kls

idOlj, n,mEu wvq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' ta rEmh 14'6 # l=l=¿ ksjdij, mxld iú lr
rEmh 14'5 # mßir WIaK;aj hdukhg
i|yd úúO ls%hdud¾. .; yelsh'
oekg ì;a;r i|yd fouqyqka o¾Y we;s
lsÍfuka by< ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSug iqÿiq
u WIaK;aj mrdih 22-240C jk w;r idfmalI a
wd¾ø;dj 50-60] ls' kuq;a YS% ,xldfõ idudkH
mßir WIaK;ajh 28-300C la yd idfmalaI
wd¾ø;dj 70-80] la muK fõ' fuu lgql
;;a;aj u. yrjd .ekSug l< yels m%Odk
Wml%uhla jkafka fhda.H mßÈ ksjdi ieliSu
hs'
ukd j isgj
q k ,o .iafld<ka iy m`ÿre rEmh 14'7 # mßir WIaK;aj hdukhg l=l=¿
u.ska l=l=¿ ksjdihg yud tk iq<x m%jdyh iy ksjdih wjg .ia isgqùu
tys m%fõ.h jeä lr .ekSug mq`Mjk' tu.ska
WIaK;ajh yd idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj wvq l< yels h'
we;s whqre
iajdNdúl jd;dY%h u; r`od mj;sk l=l=¿ ksjdij, jy,fha uqÿfka újD; ;Srhla o Bg
by<ska iu;,d fyda fofjks jy,la o ;sîu jeo.;a h' jy,h iy ì;a;sj, msg me;a; iqÿ
yqKq fyda ;Sk;
a wdf,am lsÍfuka iQ¾h ;dmh úYd, m%udKhla mrdj¾:kh ù hhs' m%udKj;a
;rï c,h iy wjYH myiqlï ;sfí kï jy,h u; c,h biSu o b;d M,odhl h'
WKqiqï foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajj, § wdydr §u ms<sn`o j o úfYaI ie,ls,a,la oelaúh
hq;= h' w¨;a iy msßisÿ c,h we;s ;rï ;sìh hq;= h' WIaK;ajh jeä jQ úg c, wd.kqj
jeä ù wdydr wd.kqj wvq neúka úgñka yd Lksc øjH jeä m%;sY;hla we;s úfYaI idkaø
wdydrhla Wkag iemhsh hq;= h'
id¾:l j lsls<shkaf.a ì;a;r ksIamdokh wdrïN lsÍu i`oyd ,sx.sl mßK;Ndjh
iu. u lsls<shkaf.a m%ckk moaO;sh iy ldhsl j¾Okh o iïmQ¾K úh hq;= h' md,kh
lr wdf,dalh ,nd §fuka fuu wjYH;dj bgq fõ' ,sx.sl mßK;sh m%udo lrùu muKla

142
fkdj i;=ka yS,E i;=ka njg m;a lsÍu wdf,dalh md,kh lsÍfuka l< yels h' ksIamdok
ld,h jeä lr jeä ì;a;r m%udKhla ,nd .ekSug o" fldgd .ekSu" msydgq ye<Su wd§
ksIamdokhg wys;lr ;;a;ajhka u`. yrjd .ekSug o" wdf,dalh md,kh lsÍu WmldÍ fõ'
j.=j 14'7( ì;a;r ksIamdokh lrk lsls<shkag jhi wkqj ,nd fok wdf,dal meh .Kk
ld,h ^i;s& wdf,dal meh .Kk
0-8 meh 24
8-18 meh 8 - 12 ^l%ufhka wvq lr&
18 g jeä meh 17 ^l%ufhka jeä lr&
wdf,dalh md,kh l< yelsjk mßÈ f.dvke.s,s ;ekSu jeo.;a h' fufia whym;a
mdßißl ;;a;ajhka fya;=fjka we;s jkakdjQ n,mEï ish,a, u mdfya M,odhS l<uKdlrK
l%u u.ska msgqoelsh yels h' tu.ska f.dúfmd< i;=kaf.a ksIamdokh jeä lr .; yels h'

14'3 f.dúfmd< i;=ka jeä oshqKq lsÍu

i;a;aj wNsckkfha jeo.;alu
i;a;aj md,k l¾udka;h jvd;a ,dnodhS jHmdrhla f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug iy
by< hk b,a¨u wkqj i;a;aj ksIamdok iemhSug kï i;=kaf.a M,odhS;dj jeä ÈhqKq l<
hq;= h' flfia fj;;a i;aj ksIamdokh fkdfhl=;a ffcj úoHd;aul .;s ,laIK u.ska
yiqrejk neúka M,odhS;dj j¾Okh lsÍu myiq fkdfõ' ta i|yd ksrka;r mßY%uhla oeßh
hq;= h' lsishï i;l=f.a ksIamdok úNj;dj ^Potential& tu i;df.a cdk ixhq;sh wkqj
ks¾Kh flfrk w;r cdk úNj;d m%ldYkh ^Expression& wfkalúO mßir idOlhkaf.a
wka;¾ ls%hdldÍ;ajfhka md,kh fõ'
fï ksid M,odhS;dj j¾Okh i|yd i;=kaf.a cdk ixhq;sh yd fN!;sl ,laIK iy
l<ukdlrK ;;ajhka jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu iu.dó j l< hq;= h' i;l=f.a m%fõKs úoHdj u;
mokï j isÿ lrkq ,nk ´kEu mÜá ixj¾Okhla iaÓridr jk w;r th mrïmrdfjka
mrïmrdjg m%fõKs.; jk nj;a i|yka lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' fï ksid rfÜ ´kEu i;a;aj
md,k ixj¾Ok jHdhduhl § ie,iqï iy.; úoHd;aul i;a;aj wNsckk jevigyka
i|yd by< m%uqL;djla ,nd Èh hq;= h'
wNsckklrejka i|yd úl,am
m% d fhda . s l j cdk ixj¾Okh u.s k a i;a ; a j ks I a m dokh jeä ls Í u i|yd
wNsckklrejl=g tlsfklg fjkia úl,am ls%hdud¾. 3 la wkq.ukh l< yels h' tkï"
1' i;=ka wdkhkh
2' jrKh
3' wNsckk l%u Ndú;h

i;=ka wdkhkh
cdkuh jYfhka Wiia úfoaYSh mrïmrdjka foaYSh mrïmrdjka iu. úl,am f,i
wdfoaY lsÍu isÿ lrhs' kuq;a th id¾:l ls%hdud¾.hla fkdfõ'

jrKh
i;a;aj .ykhl wd¾Ól ,laIK jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd uQ,sl jYfhka Wmfhda.S
lr.kakd jq wNsckk l%uhla f,i jrKh y÷kajd Èh yels h' tu.ska i;a;aj .yKhl
B <`. mrïmrdj ìyslr .ekSu i|yd iqÿiq uõmshka f;dard .eksu isÿ lrhs' fuys§ i;a;aj

143
.ykhl kqiqÿiq wdfõKsl ,laIK fmkajk i;=ka tu /f<ka bj;a lrk w;r ^msg<Eu&
wNscklhl=f.a wjYH;djg wkql+, ,laIK fmkajkakdjq i;=ka muKla B <`. mrïmrdj
ìys lsÍu i|yd cklhka f,i Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fï u.ska i;a;aj .yKhl m%fõKsl
ixhq;sh iqÿiq whqßka wjYH ÈYdjka Tiafia fjkia l< yels h'
wNsckkfha§ flá ld,Sk m%fõKsl ÈhqKqjla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk neúka mrïmrd
wka;rh jeo.;a fõ' mrïmrd folla w;r ld, wka;rh mrïmrd wka;rh jk w;r fuh
úfYaIfhka úfYaIhg fjkia fõ' mrïmrd wka;rh flá i;a;aj úfYaI i|yd jrKh b;d
M,odhS fõ'
j.=j 14'8 úúO f.dúfmd< i;aa;aj úfYaIhkaf.a mrïmrd wka;rh
i;a;aj úfYaIh mrïmrd wka;rh
^wjqreÿ&
.jhd 4-5
neg¿jd 2-3
t¿jd 2-3
W!rd 2 - 2 1$2
l=l=<d 1-1 1$2

jrKh i|yd wdOdrl

i;=ka jrKh lsÍug wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels ud¾." jrKh i|yd wdOdrl
fõ'
1' ksIamdok jd¾;d
2' fm<m;a jd¾;d
3' iuQy jrKh
4' m%cks; mÍlaIdj
ksIamdok jd¾;d
i;l=f.a iïmQ¾K ðú; ld,h ;=< u ksIamdokh ms<sno f;dr;=re we;=<;a jd¾;d
ksIamdok jd¾;d kï fõ' Wod # .jhskaf.a lsß ksIamdok jd¾;d
fuu jd¾;d tla tla i;d fjkqfjka fjk fjk u mj;ajd f.k hd hq;= h' fuu
jd¾;d u.ska i;df.a m%fõKs ixhq;sh ms<sn| ksjerÈ we.hSï l< yels w;r jeä ksIamdok
yelshdjka iys; i;=ka jrKh lr .; yels h'
fm<m;a jd¾;d
hï .ykhl if;l=f.a uq;k = a ñ;a;ka ms<n
s | f;dr;=re we;=<;a jd¾;d fm<m;a jd¾;d
fõ' i,ld n,k yd i;d yd uq;=ka ñ;a;ka w;r ÿria:Ndjh jeä kï" m%fõKs n,mEu
l%ufhka ySk fjhs' tfiau uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.a jd¾;d ,ndf.k we;af;a úúO mßir ;;a;aj
hgf;a kï ixikaokh wmyiq fõ' fï ksid fm<m;a jd¾;d Ndú;h iSud iys; h'
iuQy jrKh
hï i;a;aj .ykhl isák i;=ka w;=frka hï ,laIKhlg wod< jeä u ksIamdok
yelshdj fmkajk i;=ka muKla B,`. mrïmrdfõ cklhska f,i fhdod .ekSu fuys§ isÿ
fõ'
m%cks; mßlaIdj
hï i;l=f.a cks;hskf a .a ksIm
a dok yelshdjka u; tu i;df.a uj fyda mshd wNsckkh
i|yd f;dard .ekSu m%cks; mßlaIdj kï fõ' uõmshkaf.a m%fõKs o¾Y ;u ÿ orejka fj;
iïfma%Ykh jk ksid cks;hska mÍlaId lsÍfuka lrk fuu we.hSu id¾:l h'

144
wNsckk l%u
jrKh u.ska i;a;aj .ykhl B,`. mrïmrdj ìys lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq uõmshka
f;dard.;a miq tu i;=ka wNscklhd f.a wjYH;dj mßÈ ixjdih i|yd fhdod .ekSu
wNsckkh hkqfjka ye¢kafjk w;r ta i|yd Ndú; jk uQ,sl l%u folls' tkï"
1' iydNsckkh
2' fouqyqka wNsckkh
iydNsckkh
iydNsckkh hkq lsÜgq {d;s iïnkaO;djhlska hq;a i;=ka w;r uqyqï lsrSu fõ'
tkï hï i;l=f.a fm<mf;a tlla fyda Bg jeä fmdÿ uq;=ka ñ;a;ka ixLHdjla iys; i;=ka
iydNsckkh jq i;=ka f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

by; WodyrKfhka oelafjk Xf.a uõmshka E yd D fõ' Tjqka fofokdf.a u mshd A

fõ' tfyhska A ie,l+ úg E y D hk fofokdf.a u fmdÿ uq;=ka ñ;a;l= fõ' ;u mrïmrdj
;=< tjeks fmdÿ uq;=ka ñ;a;ka isák ksid X hkq iydNscks;fhls'
iydNsckkfha n,mEu
iydNsckkh u.ska lsß ksIm
a dokh" ì;a;r ksIm
a dokh jeks m%udKd;aul ,laIKhka
ys ix;; úp,kh l%ufhka ySk jq w;r tjeks ,laIKhka ys iudk;djla we;s úh' fuu
m%udKd;aul ,laIKhka ys miqnEu iydNsckk wjmd;h f,i ye¢kafõ' tfia isÿ jk
fjkialï my; i|yka fia leá fldg fmkaúh yels h'
• ksIamdokh ^lsß" ì;a;r& my< jeàu
• j¾Okh ÿ¾j, úu
• iM,;dj wvq ùu
• frda. i|yd m%;sfrdaê nj wvq ùu
• i;=kaf.a YÍr m%udKh l=vd ùu
• Wm;a nr wvq ùu
• ÔjH;dj wvq ùu
iydNsckkfha Ndú;hka
iydNsckkfhys wys;lr n,mEï fya;=fldg f.k th i;a;aj wNsckkh i|yd
fhdod .ekSu fnfyúka iSud ù mej;sh o wjYH;dj wkqj iydNsckkh i;a;aj wNsckk
jevms<sfj, i|yd Ndú; jkakd jq wjia:d ;ju;a we;' hïlsis .ykhl isák i;ajhkaf.a
jeo.;a wd¾Ól ,laIK taldldÍ j ia:dms; lsßu i|yd iydNsckkh Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
tfuka u widudkH;djlska fyda kqiqÿiq cdk iys; i;=ka y÷kdf.k Tjqka msg<Eu i|yd
o iydNsckkh Ndú; lrhs'
hï .yKhl idudkH ksIamdokh tu i;a;aj j¾.fha idudkH ksIamdokh wNsnjd
fmkajhs kï iydNsckkh Ndú; l< yels w;r tu.ska taldldÍ ksIamdokh iys; /<la
mj;ajd .; yels h' flfia fj;;a fuu l%u Ndú; lsÍu fya;=fjka .yKhl fok ,o
,laIKhl úp,;djh wvq ùu fya;=fjka jrKh ;=<ska tu ,laIKhka ys jeä ÈhqKqjla
n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh fkdyels h'

145
 YS% ,xldfõ fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka we;s lsÍfï § yd ì;a;r i|yd lsls<shka we;s lsÍfï §
iNdNsckkh Ndú; fjhs' tu.ska Wiia ksIamdokhla fokq ,nk fm<je,$kquqyqka uõmshka
mj;ajd .kq ,nhs' kuq;a foaYSh ;;a;aj hgf;a lsß ksIamdokh jeä lsÍu i|yd fujeks
wNsckk l%uhla Ndú; l< fkdyels h' ta i|yd fouqyqka wNsckkh Ndú; lrhs'
fouqyqka wNsckkh
fouqyqka wNsckkh hkq m%fõKsl fjkialï fmkajk i;a;aj jß. 2la fyda Bg jeä
.Kkla w;r uqyqï lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh fõ' fuu wNsckk l%ufha wruqKq 2ls' tajd kï"
1' hï i;a;aj .yKhla ;=<g fjk;a .ykhlska ys;lr cdkhla we;=¨ lsÍu
2' fouqyqka Èßh we;s lsÍu
ys;lr cdk we;= ¨ l< yels l%u
1' ,laIK ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd fouqyqka lsÍu
hï i;a;aj jß.hl tla ,laIKhla muKla ÿ¾j, njla fmkajkafka kï tu
,laIKh ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd fouqyqka lsÍu fuys § isÿ flf¾' fuys § tu ÿ¾j,
,laIKh iys; i;=ka tu ,laIKh ukdj fmkakqï lrk fjk;a jß.hl mqx
i;l= iu. fouqyqka lsÍu isÿ lrhs' túg tu i;=kaf.a ÿ¾j, ,laIKh bj;a lr
.; yels h' mj;akd i;a;aj jß.h tfia u mj;ajd .ekSu o isÿ fõ'
2' Wiia jß.hla olajd jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
hï i;a;aj jß.hla Wiia ksIamdokhla fmkajk i;a;aj jß. yd iudk jk mßÈ
jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu fuys wruqK fõ' fuys § .ykfha isák ish¨ u msßñ i;=ka bj;a
lr ta fjkqjg fjk;a f;dard .;a msßñ i;=ka wNsckkh i|yd fhdod .kq ,efí'
,efnk F1 fouqyqka i;d kej; f;dard.;a jß.fha msßñ i;l= iu. uqyqka lrhs'
fï wdldrhg mrïmrd yhl§ 98'3]la W;a;Í;r .j jrs.h yd iudk reêr m%;Y
s ;hla
iys; i;l= ,nd .; yels h'
Wod'( foaYSh .jhska c¾is jrs.h u.ska jeä ÈhqKq lsßu
reêr ixhq;sh foaYSh c¾is

(L)
X (J)

50%L F1 X (J)
50%J

25%L F2 X (J)
75%J

12.5%L F3 (J)
X
87.5%J

6.25%L F4
93.3%J

146
3' kj i;a;aj jß. ìys lsÍu i|yd fouqyqka lsÍu
hï m%foaYhl isák i;a;aj jß. tu m%foaYfha N+f.da,Sh ;;ajhkag kqiqÿiq
wjia:djka ys § kj i;a;aj jß.hla ìys lr .ekSug fï l%uh fhdod .kS' fuys§
,efnk kj i;a;aj jß.h Ôj;a jk mßir ;;ajhkag ukdj wkqj¾;kh ùu;a"
by< ksIamdok yelshd iys; ùu;a w;HjYH ,laIK fõ' tu ksid fï i|yd
cklhska f;dard .ekSfï § jrKh isÿ l< hq;= h'
Wod( iqkkaokS .j jrs.h ìys lsÍu i|yd Ndú; l< wNsckk jev ms<sfj,

n%jqkaia iaúia bkaoshdkq n%jqkaia iaúia

.jhka reêrh

50%

75%

50%
^iqkkaokS&

f,dalfha úúO rgj,a fï wdldrhg kj .j jß. ìyslr we;'

Wod(- c¾is x iskaÈ fyda iysjd,a AMZ (Australian Milking Zebu)
mS%Yshka x iysjd,a AFZ (Australian Freisian Sahiwal)

fouqyqka Èßh
i;=ka fouqyqka lsßu u.ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ta i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk foudmsh
,laIK cks;hka ;=< ia:dmkh lsÍu hs' tfuka u fuu fouqyqka i;=ka by< úIufhda.S;d
,laIK fmkakqï lrk w;r ;u cklhkaf.a idudkH ksIamdokhg jvd Wiia ksIamdokhla
fmkakqï lrhs' fuhg fya;= f,i úúO ffcj úoHd;aul ixl,am bÈßm;a lrk w;r tfia
cks; mrïmrdfõ ksIamdok yelshdj jeä ùu fouqyqka n,mEu f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu
fouqyqka n,mEu lsß ksIamdokh" ì;a;r ksIamdokh jeks m%udKd;aul ,laIK muKla
fkdj" i;=kaf.a ÔjH;dj flf¾ o n,mdkq ,efí' fuu ixisoaêh fouqyqka Èßh kï fõ''
fouqqyqka Èßh mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg iïfma%Ykh fkdjk w;r fouqyqka i;=ka
w;r wka;¾ uqyqka lsÍfuka ,efnk B,`. mrïmrdfõ ksIamdokh wvq úh yels h' fuhg
fya;= jkqfha cdk úhqla; ùu ksid úIufhda.S;dj wvq ù" fouqyqka Èßfha n,mEu ke;s ù
hdu hs' tfyhska fouqyqka Èßh hkq m%:u fouqyqka mrïmrdfõ muKla mj;sk n,mEuls'
flfia fj;;a fouqyk q a i;=kf
a .a úIufhda.;
S dj jeä neúka tjeks .ykj, m%fõKs úúO;ajh
Wiia uÜgul mj;S' fuu fouqyqka Èßh i|yd wNsckk l%u Ndú;h b;d m%p,s; l%uhls'
uia ksIamdokh i|yd l=l=<ka we;s lsÍfï § fï l%uh iq,Nj u Ndú; fõ' ksIamdokh
i|yd fouqyqka i;=ka Ndú; lrk w;r ujq i;=ka bÈß wNsckk jev i|yd kquqyqka fm<la
f,i mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí'
ksIamdokh i|yd fouqyqka wNsckkh
W!rka" l=l=<ka jeks i;=ka i|yd fuu wNsckk l%uh nyq,j u Ndú; fõ' fï i|yd
i;a;aj jß. 2la fyda 3la Ndú; lrhs'

147
Wod(- W!re jrs. ;=kla w;r wNsckkh
,Ekaâ f¾ia x ,d¾Ê jhsÜ
² j¾Okh jeä h' ² j¾Okh jeä h'
² megjq ;,h jeä h' ² megjq ;,h jeä h'
² uõ ,laIK jeä h' ² uõ ,laIK jeä h'
² udxY$fïo jeä h' ² udxY$fïo jeä h'
² os.eá YÍrh ² iQlaIu md,kh
² fílka yd yeï i|yd ² os.e;s YÍrh

F1 x ähqfrdla
² j¾Okh jeä h'
² megjq ;,h wvq h'
² uõ ,laIK wvq h'
² fïo wvq h'
² megjq urK wvq h'
² lgql foaY.=Khg Tfrd;a;= foa'
F2

F1 - f;dard.;a .eyeKq i;=ka wNsckkhg iy wfkla i;=ka uia msKsi

F2 - ish¨ u i;=ka uia msKsi
fuys§ m<uqfjka ,Ekaâ f¾ia .eyekq i;=ka yd ,d¾Ê jhsÜ msßñ i;=ka wNsckkh
lsrSfuka ,efnk F1 cks;hkaf.a fouqyqka Èßh fya;=fjka tu i;=ka Wiia iM,;djlaa yd
uõ ,laIK fmkajhs' fuu F1 cks;hkaf.ka jvd;a iqoqiq ,laIK fmkajk Pdhd ^.eyekq&
i;=ka jrKh lr Tjqka Wiia j¾Ok fõ.fhka fmkakqï lrk" lgql foaY.=K ;;ajhkag
Tfrd;a;= fok ähqfrdla msßñ i;l= iu. fouqyqka lrkq ,efí' bka ,efnkakdjq F2
cks;hka o fouqyka Èßh fya;=fjka Wiia j¾Ok fõ.fhka fmkakqï lrk w;r ;r lsßu
i|yd ksIamdolhska fj; fnod yeßh yels fõ'
úl,am fouqyqu

fuys§ i;a;j
a jß. 2la Ndú; lrk w;r iEu fouqyk
q a i;l= u wLKav wdrïNl i;l=
iu. fouqyqka lrkq ,efí' fï ksid fouqyqka i;=kaf.a Èßh mj;ajd .; yels w;r /<
m%;sia:dmkh i|yd o cdhd i;=ka fhdojd .kq ,efí' wNsckkfha§ tla tla mrïmrdfõ
i;=kaf.a reêr m%;sY;h fjkia ùu by; olajd we;'

jgudre fouqyqu
F - mS%Yshka
S -iysjd,a
J -c¾is

148
 fï l%uh u.ska iEu mrïmrdjl § u tla tla i;a;aj jß.fha m%fõKs odhl;ajh
fjkia jk w;r fouqyqka Èßh Wiia uÜgulska mj;ajd .; yels h' kuq;a th F1
mrïmrdfõ fmkajkakdjq fouqyqka n,mEug jvd ;rula wvq w.hla .kS' fï l%uhg i;a;aj
jß. ;=klg jeä ixLHdjla fhdod .; yels kuq;a i;a;aj f.dúfmd<l i;aj jß. lSmhla
mj;ajd .ekSu wmyiq neúka th m%dfhda.sl fkdfõ'
l=l=¿ md,kfha fouqyqka wNsckkh
oekg YS% ,xldfõ ì;a;r ksIamdokh yd uia ksIamdokh i|yd m%Odkj u Ndú;
lrkqfha fouqyqka jß. muKs' fuu fouqyqka i|yd kï ,nd § we;af;a ksIamdos; iud.ug
wkqj h' Wod'( yhsfn%da" yhsn¾â" yhs,hska
fouqyqka wNsckkfha olakg ,efnk m%Odk .eg¨j jkqfha ta i|yd i;a;aj jß.
folla fyda jeä ixLHdjla wjYH ùu h' ta i|yd mq¿,a ixúOdkhla ;sìh hq;= w;r md,k
lghq;= ixlS¾K fõ' tneúka fouqyqka wNsckkh i|yd foaYSh Pdhd i;=ka yd wdkhkh
lrkq ,nk mqx i;=ka fyda wêYS; lrk ,o Y=l%dKq Ndú; l< hq;= fõ'
j.=j 14'9 # fouqyqka wNsckkh i|yd úúO lDIs foaY.=Ksl l,dmj,g ks¾foaYs; .j jß.
lDIs foaY.=Ksl l,dm fouqyqka wNsckkh i|yd ks¾foaYs; .j jß.
úh<s l,dmh c¾is" iysjd,a" iskaê yd uQrd yd ks,srú wdoS ó .jhska
Wvrg mS%Ishka" c¾is" wh¾Ih¾ jeks hqfrdamSh .j jß.
my;rg f;;a l,dmh iysjd,a" c¾is" m%SIshka

j.=j 14'10 ( YS% ,xldfõ tla tla lDIs foaY.=Ksl l,dmh i|yd ks¾foaYs; wNsckk m%;sm;a;s
l,dmh md,k l%uh ks¾foaYs; wNsckk m%;sm;a;sh
l÷rg ishqï l%uh oekg isák foaYSh fyda fouqyqka .jhska wLKav j
hqfrdamSh jß. iu. wNsckkh lsÍu
ksoe,s l%uh hqfrdamSh reêr uÜgu 50] mj;sk fia oekg isák
.jhska hqfrdamSh i;=ka iu. wNsckkh lsÍu'
ueorg ishqï l%uh oekg isák .jhska hqfrdamSh reêr uÜgu 75]
olajd jk f;la hqfrdamSh jrs. iu. wNsckkh
lsÍu'
ksoe,s l%uh hqfrdamSh reêr uÜgu 50] jk f;la oekg isák
.jhska hqfrdamSh .j jrs. iu. wNsckkh lsÍu
iy 50] uÜgfï mj;ajd .ekSu'
hdmk ishqï l%uh hqfrdamSh .j jß. iu. foaYSh i;=ka wNsckkh
w¾Ooaùmh lsÍu fuys§ hqfrdamSh reêr uÜgu 75] olajd jk
f;la wNsckkh lr tu uÜgu mj;ajd .; hq;= h'
ksoe,s l%uh 50] olajd hqfrdamSh reêr uÜgu mj;ajd .ekSu
fyda bka§h .j jß. iu. wLKav j wNsckkh
lsÍu'
my;rg f;;a ishqï l%uh 50] hqfrdamSh reêr uÜgu mj;ajd .ekSu'
ksoe,s l%uh bka§h jß. iu. wLKavj foaYSh i;=ka wNsckkh
lsÍu'
úh<s ishqï l%uh 50] hqfrdamSh reêr uÜgu mj;ajd .ekSu'
ksoe,s l%uh bka§h jß. iu. foaYSh i;=ka wLKav j wNsckkh
lsÍu'
fmd,a ;s%fldaKh ishqï l%uh hqfrdamSh reêr uÜgu 50] uÜgfï mj;ajd .ekSu'
ksoe,s l%uh bka§h jß. iu. wLKav j wNsckkh lsÍu'

149
14'4 i;a;aj fmdaIKh
i;a;aj fmdaIKh hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha i;=kaf.a úúO YdÍßl wjYH;dj,g
iß,k mßÈ fmdaIl iemhSu fõ' i;l=g wjYH fmdaIl my; whqre j¾.SlrKh lr oelaúh
yels h'
i;a;aj fmdaIl

úh<s øjH c,h

ldnksl øjH wldnksl øjH

^Lksc&

khsg%ckSh khsg%ckSh wêud;% wxY=ud;%

ixfhda. fkdjk ixfhda. uQ,øjH uq,øjH

fm%daàk fm%daàk f;,a yd fïo ldfndayhsfâ%g úgñka

fkdjk
khsg%ckSh ir, ixlS¾K
ixfhda. ldfndayhsfâ%g ldfndayhsfâ%g

c,h
c,h ´kEu i;l=f.a Ôjh mj;ajdf.k hEug w;HjYH fõ' <dnd, i;l=f.a
YÍrfha 70-80] la muK o mßK; i;l=f.a 65] la muK o c,h wvx.= h' wdydr iemSu yd
.s,Su" Ô¾Kh yd wjfYdaIKh" wjfYdaIKh l< øjH YÍrh ;=< m%jdykh" YÍr mgl
ksmoùu yd kv;a;=j" YÍrh ;=< ksmojk nysi%dùh øjH bj;a lsÍu" YÍr WIaK;ajh
md,kh" lsß ksIamdokh jeks ls%hdj,s i|yd c,h w;HjYH h'
f.dúfmd< i;=kg c,h ,efnk l%u ;=kls' tkï"
1' îug .kakd c,h
2' wdydr j, wvx.= c,h
3' mßjD;a;Sh ls%hdj,È ksmojk mßjD;a;sl c,h
i;a;aj YÍrfhka oyäh" m%dYajdi jd;h" uq;%d iy u< øjH u.ska c,h ydks ùu
fkdlvjd isÿ fõ' lsß fok i;=kaf.a lsß iu. úYd, c, m%udKhla YÍrfhka neyer fõ'
fï ksid isrefrka bj;ajk c,h ksr;=rej u kej; iemhSu u.ska m%;sia:dmkh l< hq;= h'

ldfndayhsfâ%Ü
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü wdydrj, wvx.= m%Odk uq,øjH jkafka ldnka" yhsv%cka yd Tlaiscka
h' fïjd iEu úgu Ydluh iïNjhlska hqla; h' Ydl ;=< m%Ndixiaf,aIK ls%hdj,sh
u.ska ldfndayhsfâ%Ü ksmojk w;r tajd Ydl foayfha úúO fldgiaj, ixÑ; flf¾'
i;=ka úiska Ydl øjH wdydrhg .;a úg fufia ixÑ; lrk ,o ldfndayhsfâ%Ü YÍrh ;=<
§ Ô¾Kh ù TlaislrKhg Ndckh ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i Yla;sh uqod yßkq ,efí' tu
Yla;sh i;=kaf.a YÍr kv;a;=jg;a" wjhjhka ys idudkH ls%hdldÍ;ajhg;a ksIamdokh yd
cjh ,nd oSuh;a ,dNodhS Yla;s m%Njhla f,i Ndú; fõ'

150
 i;a;ja YÍrh ;=< ldfndayhsfâ%Ü w;sßla;hla f,i we;s úg tajd fïo njg mßj¾;kh
lr YÍrfha ixÑ; lrk w;r u YÍrfha ldfndayhsfâ%Ü W!k jq wjia:djkays § fm%daàka fyda
fïo fyda ta foj¾.fhka u fyda Yla;s wjYH;dj imqrd .efka' wdydr ix>glj, wvx.=jk
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü wdldr 2ls' tkï"
• ir, ldfndayhsfâ%Ü
OdkH" w, j¾. wdÈfhka ,efnk iSks yd msIag fuu .Khg wh;a h' ldfndayhsfâ%Ü
w;=ßka jvd;au ir, wdldrh fudfkdielrhsv jk w;r .a¨fldaia yd mDlafgdaia
fudfkdielrhsv j¾.hg wh;a nyq, ldfndayhsfâ%Ü iSks j¾. fõ' .a¨fldaia wKq
folla tl;= ùfuka iqfl%daia keue;s vhsielrhsv iSks iEfoa' .a¨fldaia wKq lsysmhla
tl;= ùfuka msIagh iEfok neúka msIagh fmd,sielrhsvhls' ir, ldfndayhsfâ%Ü
f.dúfmd< i;=kag b;d myiqfjka Ô¾Kh l< yels h'

• ixlS¾K ldfndayhsfâ%Ü
jeä wKql Ndrfhka hql; a jq ,s.k
a k
s "a fi,shf
q ,dai"a fyñfi,shf
q ,daia jeks fmd,sielrhsv
fï .Khg wh;a fõ' fïjd frdaudka;sl i;=kaf.a m%Odk wdydrh jk ;DK yd rks,j,
wvx.= jkakd jq uQ,sl fmdaIl øjH fõ' tneúka ixlS¾K ldfndayhsfâ%Ü frdaudka;sl
fmdaIKfha § b;d jeo.;a ;ekla .kshs'
fm%daàk
fm%daàka b;d ixlS¾K ridhksl øjH fldÜGdihla f,i y÷kajd Èh yels fõ' fïjdfha
m%Odk jYfhka u ldnka" yhsv%cka" Tlaiscka yd khsg%cka wvx.= jk w;r l,d;=rlska
fmdiamria yd i,a*¾ fyda tu foj¾.h u fyda wka;¾.; úh yels h' fm%daàka iE§ we;af;a
weuhsfkda wï, tla ùfuks' i;a;aj wdydrfha wvx.= fm%daàka ÔrKh ùfuka úúO weuhsfkda
wï, ,efí' fuu weuhsfkda wï, i;a;aj YÍrh ;=< oS fm%daàka ksmoùu i|yd Wmfhda.S fõ'
weuhsfkda wï, wdldr 2ls'
• w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï,
i;a;aj YÍrh ;=<§ ixiaf,aIKh lr.; fkdyels" neyeßka wdydr u.ska ,nd.; hq;=
weuhsfkda wï, fõ' w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï, j¾. 10ls' tajdkï"
² *Skhs,a we,kSka ² fu;hskSka
² fõ,Ska ² ysiaáãka
² á%mafgdmEka ² wdðkska
² ;s%fhdkska ² ,hsiSka
² whsfid ,shqiSka ² ,shqiSka
• w;HjYH fkdjk weuhsfkda wï,
w;HjYH fkdjk weuhsfkda wï, i;=kg wdydr u.ska iemhSu w;HjYH fkdjk w;r
tajd fjk;a weuhsfkda wï,j, wdOdrfhka YÍrh ;=<È ixiaf,aIKh lr.kq ,efí'
weuhsfkda wï, 15la muK w;HjYH fkdjk .Khg wh;a fõ'
ðù moaO;s ;=< ksr;=rej isÿjk fmaYS j¾Okh yd w¨;a mgl iE§u i|yd fm%daàk
b;d jeo.;a fõ' ;jo ì;a;r" lsß yd f,dau jeks ksIamdokj, m%Odk ix>glhls' tfuka
u ffcj úlikfha § fm%daàkaj,g uQ,sl ;ekla ysñjk w;r i;=kaf.a wdfõKsl ,laIK
mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg iïfm%aIKfha § jeo.;a ld¾hhla bgq lrhs' YÍrfha iEu ldhsl
ls%hdj,shla u mdfya mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd fm%daàk uQ,slj u ls%hd lrhs' reêrfha Tlaiscka
jdyl f,i ls%hdlrkq ,nk j¾Kl" tkaihsu yd fyda¾fudak fm%daàk fõ' tfuka u
i;a;aj YÍrh mßfmdaIs; yd frda.ldrl jHdê cklhkaf.ka wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd ksmojkq
,nk m%;sfoay ish,a,la u fm%daàka iïNjhlska hqla; nj fidhdf.k we;'

151
,smsv
,smsv hkq Ydl fyda i;a;aj iïNjhla iys; fïo" f;,a fyda bá j¾.hla fyda f,i ir,
j ye¢kaúh yels h' tajd c,fha ødjH fkdjk w;r B;¾" fnkaiska jeks ldnksl
ødjlhkaf.a ødjH fõ' ,smsv iE§ we;af;a fïo wï, yd .a,sifrda,aj,sks' fïoh ldur
WIaK;ajfha § >k j mj;sk w;r f;,a øjhla f,i mj;S' fïoh" f.dúfmd< i;=kaf.a
Yla;sh ;ekam;a lr .kakd jeo.;a ldnksl ixfhda.hla fõ' fuys§ ldfndayhsfâ%g j,ska
,nd .kakd Yla;h s g jvd jeä m%udKhla fïoh u.ska ,efí' iuyr úgñka j¾. (A,D,E,K)
f;,a$fïoj, ødjH fõ' tu ksid wdydrfha f;,a$fïo hï m%udKhla wvx.= ùu jeo.;a
h' kuq;a fuu øjH jeämqr wdydrhg .;aúg wdydr wd.kqj wvqjk neúka jeämqr §u
fhda.H fkdfõ'
Lksc
´keu wdydr ix>glhl Lksc iq¿ m%udKhlska fyda wka;¾.; fõ' i;a;aj mglhka
ys 2'4] olajd muK m%udKhla úúO Lksc wvx.= fõ'
j.=j 14'11 # i;aj fmdaIKfha§ jeo.;a jk Lksc j¾.SlrKh
wêud;% uQ,øjH wxY=ud;% uQ,øjH
le,aishï (Ca) hlv (Fe)
fmdiamria (P) fldm¾ (Cu)
fidaähï (Na) whäka (I)
fmdgEishï (K) fldfnda,aÜ (Co)
ue.akSishï (Mg) ueka.kSia (Mn)
i,a*¾ (S) iskala (Zn)
laf,daÍka (Cl)
Lkscj, m%udKd;aul wjYH;dj iq¿ jqj;a tajd i;a;aj fmdaIKfha § b;d jeo.;a
ld¾hhka /ila u bgqlrkq ,efí' wiaÓ moaO;sfha j¾Okh yd kv;a;=j i|yd Lksc
w;HjYH jk w;r fjk;a fmaYS yd mglj, ls%hdldÍ;ajh i|yd o fïjd b;d jeo.;a fõ'
reêrfha Tlaiscka mßjykh i|yd fya;= jkafka o r;= reêrdkqj, mj;akd hlv yd
fm%daàkaj,ska iukaú; jq ysfud.af,dìkaj, ls%hdldß;ajh fõ' reêrfha yd wfkl=;a foay
;r,hka ys wvx.= ødjH Lksc" foayfha yhsv%cka whk idkaøKh mj;ajd .ekSug;a" wdi%e;s
mSvkh kshñ; whqßka md,kh lsßug;a ta ta Lkscj, ,dlaIKsl jq .;s.=K md,khg;a
bjy,a fõ' wdudYfha fmmaiska jeks tkaihsuhkaf.a ls%hdldß;ajh i|yd wjYH wdka;s%l
hqIfha wdï,sl;aj we;s lrkqfha reêrfha wvx.= fidaähï laf,darhsâ yd fjk;a laf,darhsâ
u.ska ksmojkq ,nk yhsv%laf,daßla wï,h u.sks' tfukau ffi, ì;a;s yryd fmdaIl yd
wmøjH yqjudrejg fnfyúka u odhl jk wdi%e;s mSvkh o mj;ajd .kqfha jid ffi,j,
wvx.= Lksc ,jK h' fï i|yd fidaähï" fmdgEishï yd laf,daßka jeks Lksc jeo.;a fõ'

úgñka
úgñka ish,a,la u ldnksl øjH fõ' iEu úgñka j¾.hla u Ydl ;=< ksmojk w;r
i;=kaf.a wka;%fha§ laIqø Ôùkaf.a ls%hdldÍ;ajh fya;=fldg f.k iSñ; úgñka j¾.
lsysmhla iq¿ jYfhka ixiaf,aIKh fõ' úgñka w;HjYH jqj o" wjYH jkafka b;d iq`M
m%udKfhka h'
úgñkj, m%fhdack my; i|yka fia leáfldg fmkajd Èh yels h'
• wdydr reÑh yd wdydrhkaf.a ÔrKl;dj jeä lsÍu
• mrfmdaIs; yd fjk;a frda. i|yd m%;sfrdaë;dj jeä ÈhqKq lsßu
• j¾Okh W;af;ackh lsÍu
• i;=kaf.a ksIamdok Odß;dj jeä lsÍu
• iuyr tkaihsuhkaf.a ls%hdldÍ;ajh kxjd,Su

152
 j.=j 14'12 úgñka j¾.SlrKh
úgñka j¾.h ridhksl kduh
fïo ødjH úgñka
A fráfkda,a
D2 w¾f.dle,aisf*frda,a
D3 laf,dafrdle,aisf*frda,a
E fgdfldf*frda,a
K1 *d¾fkdlaúfkdaka
K2 kemaf;dlaúfkdaka
c, ødjH úgñka
úgñka B ixlS¾Kh
B1 ;hñka
B2 rhsfnd*af,aúka
B3 kshiska
^ksfldákuhsâ&
B5 mekafgd;ksla
B6 msßfvdlaiska
B7 nfhdáka
B9 f*da,sla weisâ
B12 ihfkdfldne,ñka
C weiafldìla wï,h
wdl,k øjH
wdydr i,dl ieliSfï § wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= tla ix>glhls" wdl,k øjH'
kuq;a fïjd fmdaIl ix>gl fkdfõ' wdydr i,dlfha úúO wjYH;d i|yd wdl,k tl;=
lrkq ,nhs'
Wod'( • j¾Ol W;af;acl f,i • m%;sÔjl f,i
• m%;sTlaisldrl f,i • j¾Kl f,i
fndfyda úg fïjd fhdokafka b;d l=vd m%udKj,sks' kuq;a ñ, b;d wêl úh yels h'
fmdaIlj, wjYH;dj
i;a;ajhka úiska ,nd .kakd wdydrj, wvx.= fmdaIl m%Odk ld¾hhka follg Ndú;
fõ' tajdkï"
• i;a;ajhdf.a YÍrfha Ôj ls%hd mj;ajd .ekSu fyj;a i;a;ajhdf.a kv;a;=j
• ksIamdokh hk folhs'

i;=ka we;s lsÍfï§ uq¿ ksIamdok úhoñka 70-80]la muK ie,lsh hq;= fldgila i;a;aj
wdydr fjkqfjka jeh lsÍug isÿ fõ' tfyhska l¾udka;hla f,i i;a;aj md,kh isÿ
lsrSfï § i;=kaf.a wdydr wjYH;dj iy Tjqka úiska wdydr Wmfhda.S lr.kakd wdldrh
ms<sn| wjfndaOh jeo.;a fõ'

i;a;aj wdydr j¾.SlrKh

i;a;aj wdydr tajdfha wvx.= tla tla fmdaIl øjH yd o< ;ka;= m%udKh wkqj my;
whqre j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
• o< $r¿ wdydr
• idkaø wdydr
tla tla wdydrfha wvx.= fmdaIKSh ix>gl wkqj tajd ;j ÿrg;a my; mßos j¾.SlrKh
lr oelaúh yels h'

153
 i;a;aj wdydr

o< wdydr idkaø wdydr

f;;a wdydr úh<s wdydr

Wod( msÿre
fya
úh<s ;DK
bmke,a,

rks, ihsf,aÊ ;DK fjk;a

Wod( w;= rsls<s

f.dapr fmdaI f.dapr fmdaI

Wod( iaghsf,dieka;ia Wod( .a,sßiSähd Wod( n%eflaßhd ì%ika;d Wod( .sKs
isrdfg%da bms,a bms,a n%e' reisisfhkaiSia yeñ,a
fikafg%diSud trnÿ n%e' ñhqáld fkamsh¾
n%e' ñ,sf*dañia

fm%daàka mßmQrl Yla;s mßmQrl úgñka mßmQrl Lksc mßmQrl wdl,k øjH

Ydluh i;a;ajuh ldfndayhsfâ%Ü fïo mßmQrl

m%Njhla iys; m%Njhla iys; mßmQrl
Wod( fidahd mqkaklal= Wod(ud¿ wkakh Wod( iy,a ksjqvq
fmd,a mqkaklal= lrj, wkakh Ydluh i;a;ja uh
uia wkakh Wod( fmd,af;,a Wod( u;aiH wlaud f;,a

o< wdydr
fi,shqf,daia iys;" o< ;ka;= m%udKh 18]g jvd jeä" fm%daàka yd fïo idfmalaI j
wvq" Ydluh m%Njhla iys; wdydr o< wdydr f,i ye¢kafõ' o< wdydr my; whqre ;j
ÿrg;a j¾.SlrKh lr oelaúh yels h'
1' f;;a wdydr
• ;DK j¾.
;DK j¾. fmdaI ;DK yd f.dapr ;DK hkqfjka m%Odk fldgia follg fjka l<
yels h' i;=kag W,d lEug §u u.ska Wmfhda.S lr .kakd ;DK f.dapr ;DK f,i
ye¢kafõ' fïjdfha l|ka fndfyda ÿrg fmdf<djg iudka;r j j¾Okh fõ' i;=kag
lmd lEug §fuka Wmfhda.S lr.kakd ;DK fmdaI ;DK f,i ie,flk w;r fuu
;DKj, l|ka úYd, jk w;r isria j j¾Okh fõ' tfuka u úYd, m÷re f,i
jefvk w;r f.dapr ;DKj,g idfmalaI j j¾Ok fõ.h jeä h'
YS% ,xldfõ nyq,j olakg ,efnk fmdaI ;DK j¾. i|yd WodyrK
• .sKs ;DK (Guinea Grass) Panicum maximum
- .sKs A iy B f,i y÷kajkq ,nk m%fNao 2la olakg ,efí'
- óg wu;r j .S%ka meksla yd yeñ,a m%fNao ,xldjg y÷kajd § we;'
• fkamsh¾ (Napier) Pennisetum purpureum
• mqid chkaÜ fkamsh¾ Pennisatum tryhoideum
• fifÜßhd Setaria sparulata

154
 .sKs ;DK fkamsh¾ fifÜßhd
rEmh 14'8 # fmdaI ;DK j¾.

f.dapr ;DK i|yd WodyrK

• n%eflaßhd ì%ieka;d Bracharia brizantha
• n%eflaßhd reisistkaisia Bracharia ruziziensis
• n%eflaßhd ñhqáld Bracharia mutica
•' n%eflaßhd ñ,sf*dañia Bracharia miliformis
• mekaf.da,d Digiteria decumbens
• lslshq

n%eflaßhd ì%ieka;d n%eflaßhd reisistkaisia n%eflaßhd ñhqáld

lslshq mekaf.da,d
rEmh 14'9 # f.dapr ;DK j¾.
•. rks,
rks, o fmdaI yd f.dapr f,i ldKav 2lg ;j ÿrg;a j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
fmdaI rks, j¾. i|yd WodyrK
• ,shqiSkd úfYaI ^bms,a bms,a& Leucaena spp
• .a,sßiSähd Gliricidia sepia
• tß;s%kd úfYaI Erithrina spp
• weflaIShd Acacia spp.

bms,a bms,a .a,ß

s iSähd tß;%k
s d weflaIshd
rEmh 14'10 # fmdaI rks, úfYaI

155
f.dapr rks, j¾. i|yd WodyrK
• mshqf¾ßhd meisfhdf,dhsâia Pueria phaseoloids
• fikafg%diSud mshqnfikaia Centrosema pubescens
• we,sisldmia jecskd,sia Alysicarpus vaginalis
• iaghsf,dieka;ia .%eis,sia Stylosanthes gracilis

mshf
q ¾ßhd fikafg%diSud iaghsf,dieka;ia
rEmh 14'11 # f.dapr rks, úfYaI

j.=j 14'13 # ,xldfõ úúO foaY.=Ksl l,dm i|yd iqÿiq ;DK yd f.dapr j¾.
foaY.=Ksl l,dmh f.dapr ;DK j¾. fmdaI ;DK j¾.
my;rg f;;a n%eflaßhd ì%ieka;d fkamsh¾
n%Eflaßhd reisistkaisia mqid chkaÜ fkamsh¾
n%eflaßhd ñhqáld .sKs ;DK úfYaI
n%eflaßhd ñ,sf*dañia mekaf.da,d
my;rg úh<s n%eflaßhd ì%ieka;d fkamsh¾
n%eflaßhd ñhqáld mqid chkaÜ fkamsh¾
mekaf.da,d .sKs ;DK úfYaI

ueorg f;;a n%eflaßhd ì%ieka;d fkamsh¾

n%Eflaßhd reisistkaisia mqid chkaÜ fkamsh¾
.sKs ;DK úfYaI
fifÜßhd
ueorg úh<s n%eflaßhd ì%ieka;d fkamsh¾
n%eflaßhd reisistkaisia mqid chkaÜ fkamsh¾
.sKs ;DK úfYaI
fifÜßhd
Wvrg f;;a lslshq f.!;ud,d
meiamd,ï
Wvrg úh<s lslshq fifÜßhd
meiamd,ï
mekaf.da,d

• ih
ihsf,aÊsf,aÊ
ihsf,aÊ hkqfjka y÷kajkqfha uOHia: c, m%;sY;hla iys; ;DK fyda fjk;a
fnda.hla fyda md,kh lrk ,o ;;a;aj hgf;a oS meiSug Ndckh lsrSfuka
,efnk øjHhls'

• fjk;a
w;= j¾." fnda. wjfYaI wdosh fï hg;g .efka'

156
 j.=j 14'14 ( r¿ wdydr j¾.j, we;s fmdaIl ix>gl
úh<s mod¾: TDN DCP le,aishï fmdiamria
D.M. (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
;DK
• .sKs A
udi 1la jhie;s 210 116 19 1'3 0'8
udi 2la jhie;s 280 134 20 1'6 0'8
• .sKs B
udi 1la jhie;s 178 96 18 - -
u,a msmqK 220 99 11 0'4 0'4
• yeñ,a
u,a msmqK 220 103 20 0'6 0'4
• fkamsh¾
udi 1la jhie;s 143 89 13 0'3 0'1
udi 2la jhie;s 189 108 13 0'3 0'1
• n%eflaßhd ì%ieka;d
udi 1la jevqKq 195 113 18 0'5 0'4
u,a msmqK 228 114 11 0'6 0'4
• rEis ;DK
uilska lmk 216 143 19 0'5 0'5
fïrE 254 147 15 0'7 0'5
• ñ,sf*dañia ;DK
uila jevqKq 177 106 10 - -

rks, Ydl
• .a,sßiSähd
m;% yd kgq 226 142 50 3'6 0'9
• trn÷ 248 122 49 3'2 0'6
• bms,a bms,a
m;% yd kgq 289 188 59 - -
• fikafg%diSud 200 129 40 - -
• isrdfg%da 189 115 31 1'3 0'3
• iaghsf,dieka;ia
udi 1lska lmd 305 197 40 - -
• mshf
q ¾ßhd 224 142 34 - -
fld, meye;s
• fviafudaähï
udi 1lska lmd 324 201 58 - -
• fjk;a j¾.
• j,a iqßhldka; 153 81 30 2'9 0'5
• msÿre 900 360 00 3'3 0'8
• ì%ieka;d fya 914 469 40 - -
TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients) - wdydrfha ÔrKh l< yels iïmQ¾K fmdaIl m%udKh'
DCP (Digestible Crude Protein) - ÔrKh l< yels r¿ fm%daàk

157
2' úh<s wdydr
fnda. wjfYaIhka jk msÿre" úh<s ;DK" bmke,a, wdÈh úh<s wdydr .Khg jefÜ'
idkaø wdydr
idkaø wdydrj, wvx.= o< ;ka;= m%udKh 18]g jvd wvq h' tfuka u idkaø wdydr
myiqfjka ÔrKh lr.; yels w;r fmdaIl øjH jeä m%udKhla wvx.= fõ'
idkaø wdydr my; mßÈ ;j ÿrg;a j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
i. fm%daàk idkaø wdydr
fm%daàka idkaø wdydr tajdfha iïNjh wkqj i;a;aj yd Ydl fm%daàka f,i m%Odk
fldgia follg fnod oelaúh yels h'
Ydl iïNjhlska hq;a fm%daàka idkaø wdydr i|yd WodyrK
• fmd,a mqkaklal=
fmd,a f;,a ksIamdokfha§ ,efnk w;=re M,hls' fuu.ska lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h jeä
flf¾' .nvd lr ;eîfï § ú.iska uqvq njg m;a ùu fïjdfha we;s m%Odk wjdishls'
• fidahd fndaxÑ wkakh
l=l=`M fmdaIKfha§ b;d jeo.;a fm%daàka m%Njhls' tfy;a fidahd fndaxÑj, fu;hskSka
yd isiaàka weuhsfkda wï, wvq uÜgul mj;sk neúka fu;hskSka mßmQrl fhdod .ekSu
jeo.;a fõ' ;jo fuys i;=kaf.a j¾Okh ksfYaOkh lrkakd jq j¾Ol ksfYaOl
iajdNdúl j mj;S' tfy;a ;dm m%;sldrl Ndú;fhka tu øjH úkdY l< yels h'
• rglcq wkakh
fïjdfha isiaàka yd fu;hskSka iq`M jYfhka we;s w;r ,hsiSka iSudldß fõ' tfyhska
OdkH j¾. iu. fïjd Ndú; lr wdydr i,dl iE§fï § fm%daàka mßmqrl fhdod .ekSu
jeo.;a fõ'
• ;, mqkaklal=
fuys fu;hskSka jeämqr wvx.= jqj;a ,hsiSka W!k h' wvx.= o< ;ka;= m%udKh jeä
fyhska ÔrKl;dj wvq h'
• lmq mqkaklal=
fuh ,xldfõ Ndú; fkdjk ;rï h' fu;hskSka yd isiaàka wvq m%udKhkaf.ka
olakg ,efí' f.disfmda,a keue;s ksfYaOlh wvx.= neúka i;a;aj wdydr i|yd fhdod
.ekSfï § m%fõYï úh hq;= h'
i;a;aj iïNjhlska hq;a fm%daàka
i;a;aj wdydr i,dl ksmoùfï § Ydl fm%daàka iu. ñY% lr §fuka iun, weuhsfkda
wï, ixhq;shlska hqla; jq wdydr ms<sfh, lr.; yels fõ' i;a;aj fm%daàkaj, ñ, wêl
fyhska idfmalaI j iq`M m%udKj,ska wdydr i,dlhka ys Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
i;a;aj iïNjhlska hq;a fm%daàka idkaø wdydr i|yd WodyrK
• ud¿ wkakh ^fish meal&
fuh m<uq" fojk" ;=kajk kñka mka;s lr fjf<|fmdf<a úlsKSu lrhs' ud`M
wkakfhys ,hsiSka" fu;hskSka yd á%mafgdmEka keue;s weuhsfkda wï, Wiia
m%udKhkaf.ka hql;a neúka .=Kd;aul nj b;d by< h' ud`M wkakh ir, wdudYslhka
yd .j megjqkaf.a wdydr i,dlhka ys jeo.;a ix>glhls'

158
• uia wkakh ^meat meal&
úfoaYSh rgj, nyq, jYfhka fhdod .kS' ,hsiSka yd úgñkaj,ska fmdfydi;a h' uo
jYfhka fu;hskSka yd á%mafgdmEka wvx.= fõ' ú.iska uqvq njg m;a úh yels neúka
.nvd lsÍfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
• úh<s f,a ^blood meal&
>d;kd.drj, uia ieliSfï § msgjk f,a úh<d ÔjdkqyrKh lr ,nd .kS' fuys
w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï, jk whsfid,shqiSka yd fu;hskSka iq¿ jYfhka we;s w;r th
fyd| ,hsiSka m%Njhls' ,xldfõ fuh nyq, j Ndú; fkdflf¾'
• fhdoh bj;a l< lsß
fhdoh bj;a l< lsß ir, wdudYhsl i;=ka i|yd b;d fyd| fm%daàka m%Njhls' fuys
isiaàka keue;s weuhsfkda wï,h W!k h'

ii. Yla;s ckl wdydr

Yla;s ckl wdydr ldfndayhsfâ%Ü mßmQrl yd fïo mßmqrl f,i ldKav l< yels h'
f;,a fnda." mqkaklal=" i;a;aj f;,a wdÈh fïo mßmQrl wdydr i|yd WodyrK fõ' tu
wdydr o Ydl m%Nj yd i;a;aj m%Nj f,i kej;;a j¾.SlrKh l< yels h' ldfndayhsfâ%g
idkaø wdydr .Khg ish¨u OdkH j¾. (Cereals) ^Wod( ù" nv bß.=" fida.ï" fufkaß"
l=rlalka& wh;a fõ' OdkH j¾. l=vq lr fyda iïmQ¾K weg f,i wdydrhg Èh yels jqj
o" l=vq lr §fuka Ô¾Kh jeäjk w;r wmf;a hdu o wvq fõ' óg wu;r j OdkH ilia
lsÍfï § w;=re M,hla f,i ,efnk ksjqvq (Bran) Yla;sh wêl wdydr ix>glhls' ñka
iy,a ksjqvq m%Odk ia:dkhla .kS' tfy;a fjf<|fmdf<a wo we;s iy,a ksjqvqj,g oyhshd
(Husk) ñY% lrk neúka .=Kd;aul nj wvq ù we;'
j.=j 14'15 ( idkaø wdydr iuyrl wvx.= fmdaIK ix>gl
wdydr ix>gl DM% CP% CF% ME Ca% P%
(KCal/kg)
OdkH
Odk H yd tajdfha
w;=reM,
• iy,a ksjqvq 91'0 12'0 9'0 3400 0'04 0'33
• iy,a l=vq 88'0 7'4 6'6 3150 0'04 0'09
• ;sß.= msá 89'0 13'0 0'3 2225 0'05 0'09
• fida.ï 89'0 10'75 2'2 3400 0'02 0'09
• nv bß`.= 87'0 9'0 2'5 3400 0'01 0'08
Ydl fm%daàka m%Nj
• fmd,a mqkaklal= 92'5 20'0 12'0 1750 0'07 0'2
• ;, mqkaklal= 94'0 31'5 16'6 2700 2'32 0'52
• fidahd mqkaklal= 90'0 44'0 6'5 2800 0'25 0'21
• Brewer úh<s hSiaÜ 93'0 45'0 3'2 2500 0'14 0'35
i;a;aj fm%daàk m%Nj
• ud¿ wkakh
• foaYSh 86'0 40'0 1'0 2800 6'5 4'0
• wdkhkh l< 92'0 10'0 1'0 3300 3'6 2'4
• reêr wkakh 91'0 80'0 1'0 2850 0'3 0'2
• msálsß
• fhdoh iys; 92'0 25'0 2'0 4100 0'9 0'70
• fhdoh rys; 94'0 32'0 1'1 2500 1'25 1'0
• uia wkakh 93'0 55'0 1'0 2000 7'4 3'8

159
iii. úgñka mßmqrl
fndfyda wdydrj, úgñka wvx.= jk w;r lD;s%u j ksmojk ,o úgñk j¾. yd
bf,lafg%d,hsÜ ñY%K fjf<|fmdf<ka o ñ,§ f.k i;df.a wjYH;dj wkqj iemhsh yels
h'
iv. wdl,k øjH
úúO wjYH;d i|yd f.dúfmd< i;=kag fokq ,nk wdl,k øjH úúO kduj,ska
fjf<|fmdf<ka ,nd.; yels h'
v. Lksc mßmQrl
ish¨ u r¿ wdydrj, i;=kg wjYH Lksc ,jK wvx.= fõ' kuq;a tajd wvx.=jk
m%udKh" ;DK fyda rks, úfYaIh yd th jefjk mfia idrj;a Ndjh wkqj fjkia fõ'
ismams lgq" fudar f;,a" Lkssc ñY%K wdÈh iemhSfuka f.dúfmd< i;=kaf.a ndysr
wjYH;dj imqrd,sh yels h' óg wu;r j fjf<|fmdf<a ilia lrk ,o Lksc ñY%K o
fhdod .; yels h' .jhka i|yd Lksc leg ms<sfh, lr we;'

;DK ixrlaIKh
foaY.=Kl
s idOl w;=ßka j¾Idm;kh ;DK wiajekak flrys n,mdk jeo.;a idOlhls'
YS% ,xldfj ;DK ksIamdokh yd .=Kd;aul nj m%Odk jYfhka h, iy uy lkakj,
j¾Idm;k rgdj u; r|d mj;S' j¾Idm;kh jeä ld, iSudfõ oS ;DK ksIamdokh w;sßla;
uÜgula olajd jeä jk w;r" j¾Idm;kh wvq ld,j, § i;=kaf.a wjYH;djkag jvd wvq
fõ' kuq;a i;=kaf.a wdydr wjYH;dj jir uq¿,af,a u taldldÍ j mj;S' fuf,i úh<s
ld,hka ys ;DK ys`. ùu frdaudka;sl i;a;aj md,kh iSud lrkq ,nk m%Odk idOlhls'
;DK ksIamdokh

f.dúfmd< i;=kaf.a
;DK wjYH;dj

wjqreoafoa udi
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F

m%ia;drh 14'5 ( j¾Idm;k rgdj yd ;DK ksIamdokh w;r in|;dj

fï wkqj w;sßla; ;DK ixrlaIKh lr ;eîfuka ;DK ys`. ld,j, § m%fhdackhg

f.k tall lafIa;%M,hl we;s l< yels i;=ka ixLHdj jeä lr .; yels h'
;DK l,a ;nd .kakd wdldr 2ls'
• úh<s ;DK (Hay) ksIamdokh
• ihsf,aÊ (Silage) ksIamdokh
fya$úh<s ;DK iE§u
wuq ;DKj, we;s fld< meyeh iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a fkdjk f,i úh<d .nvd lr
;nd .kakd ;DK "fya" f,i ye¢kafõ' fïjd úh<s r¿ wdydr hg;g .efka'

160
 ;DKj, mj;akd jQ wvq .=Kd;aulNdjh fya;f = jka fya ksIm
a dokh id¾:l l%ufõohla
fkdjQj o fuh ;DK ixrlaIKh lrk merKs;u wdldrhls' fya iE§fï uQ,O¾uh jkqfha
úh<s øjH 25]la muK wvx.= jk ;DK úh<Su u.ska úh<s øjH 80]la fyda Bg jeäfhka
wvx.= jk fya njg m;a lsÍu hs' fuf,i ;DKj, ;sfnk fmkqu" iqj|" rih" fmdaIH
.=Kh wdrlaIdjk whqßka úh<Sfï ls%hdj,sh" moï lsÍu f,i ye¢kafõ' fï u.ska ;DK iy
;DK wdYs%; j Ôj;a jk laIqø Ôú ls%hdldß;ajh ksfYaOkh lsÍfuka ;DKj, .=Kd;aul nj
.nvd lr ;nk ld,h ;=< wdrlaId lr.; yels fõ'
fya ksIamdokh i|yd jvd fhda.H jkafka isyska l|la iys;" jeä m;% ixLHdjla ork
fmdaI fõ' thg fya;=j l| uy; úfYaIj,g idfmalaI j tajd blaukska úh<Sug Ndckh
jk neúks' Wod ( lõms jeks fmdaI rks,
mqIamSlrKhg m%:u lmd .kakd ;DKj, fmdaIH .=Kh by< fõ' tu wjia:dfõ oS
ødjH ldfndayhsfâ%g" fm%dà
a ka" lefrdáka yd Lksc øjH m%udKh Wiia neúka by< .=Kd;aul
núka hq;a úh<s ;DK ms<sfh, l< yels h' j¾Idfjka f;dr ukdj ysre /ia m;s; jk
ld,hla fya iE§u i|yd fhda.H fõ' tjeks foaY.=Ksl ;;a;aj hgf;a § uo mjfka
fifuka fõ,k ,o úh<s ;DK Wiia .=Kd;aul núka hqla; jq i;a;aj wdydrhla f,i
Ndú;hg b;d iqÿiq fõ' wd¾ø mßir ;;a;aj hgf;a uhsfldfgdlaiSka (Mycotoxins) os,Sr
j¾Okh ù" tu fya wdydrhg .;a úg f.dúfmd< i;=kag úI úh yels h'
lmd .;a ;DK ;=kS ia:rhla f,i w;=rd iQ¾hdf,dalhg ksrdjrKh l< hq;= h' lsysm
j;djla u f¾lalhla wdOdrfhka tu ;DK ñY% lsÍu jvd m%;sM, odhl h' ;DK l=vd
len,sj,g lemSfuka úh<Su blauka lr .; yels h' fya .nvd lsÍfï§ úh<s ia:dkhl
.nvd lsÍu jeo.;a h' fya .nvd lsÍu i|yd úúO wdldrfha wÜgd, Ndú; flf¾'

rEmh 14'13 wÜgd,j, fya .nvdlr we;s whqre

rEmh 14'12 fya .nvd lrk
wÜgd,hla

fya iE§fï jdis yd wjdis

l=vd mßudK ;;a;aj hgf;a § ;DK ixrlaIKh i|yd b;d iqÿiq l%uh ùu;a" jeämqr
mj;akd l=vd m%udK jqj o fya njg m;a l< yels ùu;a jdis fõ' kuq;a úh<s ;DKj,g
i;=kaf.a reÑl;ajh wvq h' tfiau wvx.= jk fm%daàk m%udKh o wvq h' tneúka úh<s ;DK
wdydrhg §ug fmr 1] hqßhd ødjKhl .s,ajd .kq ,efí' tu.ska .jhkag rEukfha oS
weuhsfkda wï, ksmojd .ekSfï yelshdj jeä fõ'
ihsf,aÊ
ihsf,aÊ hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka uOHia: ^40-45]& c, m%;sY;hla iys; ;DK fyda
fjk;a fnda.hla fyda md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a § meiSug Ndckh lsÍfuka ,efnk ;DK yd
rks, h' ks¾jdhq ;;a;aj we;s lsÍu i|yd ihsf,ac iE§ug "Silo" .nvdj fhdod .kS'
ihsf,ac f;;a" r`M wdydr hg;g .efka'
ødjH ldfndayhsfâÜ m%udKh jeä nv bß`.=" fida.ï" ;DK wd§ rks, fkdjk fmdaI
Ydl ihsf,aÊ iE§u i|yd jvd fhda.H fõ' Wiia .=Kd;aul Ndjfhka hq;a ihsf,ac
wdfõKsl iqj|la" rila yd fld< fyda ÿUqre meyehla .kS' ;DK yd rks, 50] u,a msfmk
úg ihsf,aÊ iEoSug fhdod .kS' OdkH fnda.j, w;=re fldgia " m<;=rej, w;=reM, wdosh

161
o fhdod .; yels h' ;DK o`vq l=vd fldgiaj,g lmd ihsf,da
.nvd ;=<g oukq ,efí' msrùfï oS ;DK ;Ügqjla w;rg
fud,eiia" yd,a ksjqvq wdoS wdl,k øjH ;Ügqjla jYfhka
fhdokq ,efí'
fuu .nvd ;=< ilia lr.;a Ydluh øjH ;olr wiqrkq
,efí' miqj by<ska fmd,s;skhlska wdjrKh lr mia fhdod
jdhqfrdaOl lrkq ,efí' fï wdldrhg Ydluh øjH udi 3 l
muK ld,hla ;nd .; yels h'
rEmh 14'14 # ihsf,dajla
uQ,O¾uh
iÔú Ydl øjH ;o lr .nvd lsÍfuka miq tajdfha Yajik ls%hdj,sh ksid .nvdj ;=<
jq O2 wjika fõ' bka miq we;s jk ks¾jdhq ;;a;ajh ksid Ydl øjH úfhdackh lrk
iajdhq È,Srj, lsh
% dldß;ajh wek ysg ,elafgdneis,ia (Lactobacillus) jeks ks¾jdhq úfhdack
nelaàßhdjka ls%hdldÍ ù Wmia:rh my; mßÈ mßj¾;kh lrhs'
;DKj, mej;s Lactobacillus Lactic Acid
fi,shqf,daia ks ¾ jdhq ;;a ; a j 2(C6H6O3)
Wmia:rh ^27 - 370C)
(pH wvq fõ$wdï,sl fõ)
kuq;a fuys § ksmojk wï, fya;=fjka udOHh wêl f,i wdï,sl jk w;r u (pH
- 3.8 - 4.2) nelaàßhdjkaf.a lsh
% dldß;ajh ksfYaOkh fõ' tneúka Ydl øjHj, úfhdackhla
fkdue;s j udi ;=kl muK ld,hla ;nd.; yels h' ;j o ,elaála wï,h b;d m%ikak
iqj|lska hq;a neúka tu wdydrj,g i;a;= reÑl;ajhla olaj;s'
ihsf,aÊ ksmoùfï jdis yd wjdis
.=Kd;aul núka hq;a ihsf,aÊ ksmoùu i|yd nv bß`.=" bo,a bß`.=" m,;=re" w, fnda.
jeks ´kEu øjHhla fhdod.; yels úu jdishls' ;j o ihsf,aÊ ksmoùfï§ foaY.=Ksl
n,mEu wju neúka j¾Ih mqrdu ksIamdokh l< yels fõ' kuq;a ihsf,aÊ iE§u i|yd uQ,sl
úhou wêl ùu fuu l%ufha m%Odk wjdishls' ;jo úh<s ;DK yd ii|k úg .=Kd;aul
núka hq;= ihsf,aÊ ksmoúu i|yd ;dlaIKsl ±kqula wjYH fõ' tfukau iq¿ mßudK
jYfhka ms<sfh, lsÍfï § wmf;a hdu jeä h'
,elaála wï,h ;j ÿrg;a meijQ úg ìhqá%la wï,h ksmojhs'
2 ( C 6 H 6 O 3 )C l o s t r i d i a C 6 H 8 O 2 + 2H 2 O + CO 2

túg lgql wms%hckl iqj|la fmkajk w;r ta fya;=fjka fuu wï,h wvx.= ihsf,aÊ
i;=ka úiska m%;slafIam lrkq ,efí'

14' 5 f.dúfmd< i;=kaf.a wdydr Ô¾K moaO;s

iEu f.dúfmd< i;l=f.a u wdydr Ô¾K moaO;sh fmaYS yd .%kaÓuh mglhkaf.ka
hqla; jq kd<dldr jHqyhls' fuys m%Odk ld¾hhka jkqfha wdydr wd.kqj" weUÍu" ÔrKh"
wjfYdaIKh yd wmøjH YÍrfhka msg lsÍu fõ' wdydr ÔrK moaO;sfha fkdfhl=;a fldgia
i;a;aj úfYaI yd Tjqka .kakd wdydr j¾. wkqj meyeÈ,s fjkialï /ila fmkakqï lrhs'
ta wkqj f.dúfmd< i;=kaf.a wdydr ÔrK moaO;s my; whqre wdldr follg fnod oelaúh
yels h'
1' frdaudka;sl wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh
2' ir, wdudYhsl wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh

162
frdaudka;sl wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh (Digestive system of ruminents)
iïmQ¾Kfhka u Ydluh wdydr u; hefmk" ixlS¾K wdudYhla iys; laIsrmdhS i;=ka
^Wod # .jhd" neg¿jd" t¿jd& frdaudka;slhska f,i ye¢kafõ' frdaudka;slhskaf.a wdydr
øjH m%Odk jYfhka o< ;ka;= wêl wdydr fõ' fuu wdydrj, uQ,sl jYfhka wvx.= jk
fi,shqf,daia iys; o< ;ka;= Tjqkaf.a wdydr ud¾.fhys fjfik laIqø ðùka wdOdrfhka
ÔrKh lr .ekSfuka wk;=rej Odrlhdf.a m%fhdackh i|yd Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,efí' fï
i|yd frdaudka;sl wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh úfYaI wkqj¾;k fmkakqï lrhs'
.jhdf.a wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh
.jhd r¿ Ydluh wdydr u; hefmk ksid Wf.a wdydr ud¾.h úYd, wdydr f;d.hla
.nvdlr .ekSug;a ÔrKh lr .ekSug;a yev .eiS we;'

.jhdf.a wdydr ÔrK moaO;sfha úúO fldgiaj, jHqyh

uqLh
.jhdf.a uqLh b;du;a Yla;su;a Wvq yd há ykq follska iSud fõ' Wvq ykqjg há
ykqj iïnkaO ù we;af;a mq`M,a mrdihl p,kh l< yels jk mßÈ h' óg wu;r j uqLfha
f;d,a" Èj yd o;a Ô¾K ls%hdj,sfha§ jeo.;a fõ' uqLh wdjrKh lrk f;d,a p,kh l<
fkdyels >k fmaIskaf.ka iukaú; h' Yaf,aIau, mg,j,ska hq;a r`M fldfrdia Èjla
msysgk w;r th wdydr w,a,d .ekSu" úlSSu" ñY% lsÍu yd .s,Su i|yd Wmfhda.S fõ' ykqj,
o;a mj;sk w;r th wdydr úlSfï § jeo.;a fõ'
.jhdf.a oka; iq;h
%
• iaÓr o;a
^lDka;l 0$4 rokl 0$0 mq'pd¾jl 3$3 pd¾jl 3$3& x 2 = 32

• lsß o;a
^lDka;l 0$4 rokl 0$0 mq'pd¾jl 3$3 pd¾jl 0$0 x 2 = 20

.jhdf.a Wvq ykq f õ lDka ; l o;a

fkdue;' Wvq ykqfõ fuu m%foaYh >k úÿre
uilska ^oka; uia;lhlska ^dental pad)) hql;
a
h' tfiau Wvq iy há ykqj, rokl o;a
fkdue;' wiaÓuh jeá iys; úYd, pd¾jl oka; uia;lh
o;a mj;S' .jhkaf.a uqL l=yrh wdYs%; j
fÄg .%kaÓ úYd, m%udKhla msysgk w;r
jevqkq .jhl=f.a meh 24 la ;=<§" fÄgh 200l
la muK Y%djh lrk nj fidhd f.k we;'
kuq;a fÄgfha tkaihsu ke;' lDka;l o;a
.%iksldj pd¾jl o;a
uqLh újD; jkqfha .%iksldj fj;g hs'
fuh wdydr .uka lsÍu iy Yajikh i|yd jk fmdÿrEmhújrh
14'15 ( hs
' .%ikso;a
.jhdf.a ldfõ msy
yd ykq sá ieleia
j, fmaYsk uaf.a
ls%hdldß;ajh fya;=fldg f.k wdydr wkakfi%da;h fj; .uka lrhs'
wkakfi%da;h

163
 wkakfi%da;h .%iksldfõ isg my<g .uka lrk kd<hla jk w;r th Wor ì;a;sh
;=<ska .uka lr wdudYhg újD; fõ'
wdudYh
.jhd we;=¿ frdaudka;l
s i;=kf
a .a wdudYh l=ár y;rlg fnoS we;s ksid th ixlS¾K
wdudYh f,i ye¢ka fõ'
ixlS¾K wdudYfha m%Odk fldgia
1' rEukh Rumen
2' ú;xYsldj Reticulum mq¾jdudYh
3' nyqkeñh Omasum
4' cGrdYh Abomasum - i;H wdudYh

%
a h wkakfi%d;
a h
= d wk;
lv

rEukh nyqkeñh
ú;dxYsldj

PgrdYh

rEukh" ú;xYsldj"rEmh
nyq14'16
keñh ( ixlS
hk ¾Kfldgia
wdudYfha
j,m%Otl;= j mqa¾jdudYh f,i ye¢kafõ'
dk fldgi
cGrdYh i;H wudYh f,i ye|ska fõ'

l=vd wka;h
%

uyd wka;h
% a h
; uqLh
a
k fid%
rEukh wk

ú;xYsldj .%iksldj

nyqkeñh
cGrdYh

rEmh 14'17( .jhdf.a wdydr ÔrK moaO;sfha ieleiAu

jevqKq .jhl=f.a uq`M Wor l=yr Odß;dfjka 75] lg wdikak m%udKhla wdydr
ud¾.fha ixlS¾K wdudYh u.ska w;a lrf.k we;'
rEukfha jHqyh

164
 ixlS¾K wdudYfha fldgia w;ßka úYd,; u fldgi jk fuh fmaYSuh meils' Wor
l=yrfha jïmi mqrd u úys§ mj;S' fuys ndysr ì;a;sfha isg wNHka;rhg úysfokakd jq
ia:ïNdldr we<s (Muscular bands or pillars) u.ska l=àr 4lg fn§ we;' tajd mQ¾j l=àr 2la"
mDIaàh l=àrhla yd WoÍh l=àrhla f,i msysghs' fï msysàu wdydr lerleùu (Rotation)
i|yd jeo.;a fõ'

tfiau rEukfha wNHka;r ì;a;f s ha ;=jdhl jq,a fuka

we`.,
s s wdldr (Finger like projection) fmaYu S h fkreï$
msáld (Papillae) rdYshla msygs hs' tajd u.ska tys mDIaál
flaIa;%M,h jeälr we;' tfy;a tu ì;a;sfha lsisÿ
wdldrhl ÔrK tkaihsu ksmojk .%kaÓ fkdmj;S'
fuysoS wdydr laIqø Ôù meiSulg ,la fõ'
ú;xYsldj
fuh rEukfhka w¾O jYfhka fjka ù mj;sk
rEmh¾K
ixlS 14'18(wdudYfha
rEukfha wNHka
l=vd ;ur jHqyh
fldgi fõ' fuys wNHka;r ì;a;sfha msáld fkdue;s w;r
IvY%dldr jHqy msysghs' ó johl yeve;s h' ú;xYsldj
yDohg b;du;a wdikak j uyd m%dÖrfhka fjka j
mj;S' tkaihsu i%djh fkdfõ'
rEukh yd ú;xYsldj w;ßka wkakfi%d; a h
S we<sh
(Oesophageal groove) msyg s k w;r jiq megjqkga Tjqka
Wrd fndk lsß fï we<sh ;=<ska fl<skau cGrdYh
olajd heùug yelshdj mj;S'

jiq megfjl=f.a ixlS¾K wdudYfha jHqyh

l=vd megjqkaf.a rEukh yd ú;xYsldj hk
fldgia W!k j¾Okhla fmkajk w;r jevqKq i;l=f.a
rEmh 14'19 ( ú;xYsldfõ
fuu fldgia fol uq`M wdydr ud¾. moaO;sh m%udKfhka 85] la muK fõ'
wNHka;r jHqyh

wkakfi%d;
a h
S we<sh
rEukh
rEukh

nyqkeñh
nyqkeñh cGrdYh ú;xYsldj

cGrdYh ú;xYsldj
nyqkeñh
rEmh 14'21 # jiq megjl=f.a
rEmh
nyq 14'20wla
keñh # jevq
udjgKq .jfhl=
wdikafk
.a j msysgk ;rula rjqï wdldr yevhla .kakd jHqyhls'
ixlS¾K wdudYfha jHqyh
ixlS¾K wdudYfha jHq
y h
th tla me;a;lska ú;xYsldjg;a wksla miska cGrdYhg;a újD; h' fuys wNHka;rfha

165
fmd;l msgq wdldrfha fmaYSuh má (Muscular Leaves)
mj;S' ú;xYsldfõ isg nyqkeñhg tk wdydrfha jq c,h
yd Lksc fuu.ska m%;sfYdaIKh flf¾'

cGrdYh

fuh tla mils k a nyq k eñhg;a wfkla mis k a

.%yKshg;a újD; jkakd jq b,smaidldr uähls' wfkl=;a
ir, wdudYhsl
i;=kaf.a fuka fuys ì;a;s .%krEmh
aÓuh14'22(
fõ'nyqtu wdudYhsl
keñfha
.%kaÓ u.ska fmmaiSka" frkska jeks tkaiyhshu;a" HCl
wNHka ; r jHq
wï,h;a Y%jh lrhs' tfia u ì;a;sfhka ksr;=rej u
Yaf,aIau,h Y%djh lrhs' l=vd jiq megjqka f.a ixlS¾K
wdudYfha fldgia w;ßka cGrdYh idfmlaI j úYd, j
oelsh yels h'

l=vd wka;%h
cGrdYfha wmr fl<jßka
rEmh 14'23( cGrdYfha wNHka;r jHqyh
mgka .kakd l=vd wka;%h wdydr Ô¾Kfha § b;d jeo.;a
fufyhla bgq lrhs' fuys uq,a fldgi .%yKsh f,i y÷kajk w;r th U yevhla .kS'
w.akHdYhsl yd ms;a; m%kd, .%ykshg újD; fõ' l=vd wka;% ì;a;sh .%kaÓuh jk w;r
tu.ska Y%djh lrk tkaihsu u.ska wdydr cSrKh isÿ fõ' tfiau fuys ì;a;sfha oelsh yels
wx.=,sld keue;s fmaYSuh fkreï u.ska mDIaàh flaIa;%M,h jeä lrf.k we;s w;r th
wjfYdaIKh ld¾hlaIu j isÿ lsÍug bjy,a fõ'
uydka;%h
uydka;h % m%Odk jYfhka WKavl
q h (Caecum), o`.r .eiqkq fldgi (Spiral colon) yd
.=o ud¾.h (Rectum) kue;s fldgiaj,ska hqla; fõ'
.jhdf.a WKavqlh idfmalaI j l=vd h' WKavqlh tla fl<jrlska jeiqKq uähls'
ta ;=< o laIqø Ôùka jdih lrk w;r fi,shqf,daia ÔrKh iq`M jYfhka isÿ fõ' uydka;%fha
wjidk fldgi jq .=o ud¾.h (Rectum) .=ofhka (Anus) fl<jr fõ' uQ,sl jYfhka
uydka;%fhka wdydrfha jq c,h m%;sfYdaIKh lsÍu isÿ lrhs'

frdaudka;sl i;=kaf.a wdydr Ô¾Kh

frdaudka;sl i;=kaf.a iuia; wdydr cSrK ls%hdj,sh m%Odk mshjr 5lg fnod oelaúh
yels h'
1' wdydr weUÍu ^hdka;s%l ÔrKh& - Mastication
2' fÄgh iu. ñY% lsÍu - Salivation
3' frdaudka;k ls%hdj,sh - Rumination
4' ÔrKh - Digestion
5' wjfYdaIKh - Absorption
wdydr weUÍu
frdaudka;sl i;=ka .kakd wdydrj, m%Odk jYfhka fi,shqf,daia" fyñ fi,shqf,daia"
,s.akska yd fmlaáka wvx.= h' tajd hdka;s%l ÔrKh lsÍu i|yd weUÍu wjYH fõ' fï i|yd
m<,a wiaÓuh jeá iys; pd¾jl o;a yd mq`M,a mrdihl p,kh l< yels há ykqj wdOdr
fõ'

fÄgh iu. ñY% lsÍu

166
 .jhd Èklg fÄgh 2001 la i%djh lrk w;r tu.ska my; m%fhdack ,efí'
• wdydrh iafkaykh lr .s,Su myiq lsÍu'
• rEukh ;+< m%Yia; pH w.hla mj;ajdf.k hdu' idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a .jhl=f.a
rEukfhaa rEuk ;r,fha ;sìh hq;= pH mrdih 6.7 - 6.9 la muK fõ' rEuk nelaà
a ßhdjkaf.a
ls%hdldß;ajh fya;=fjka ksmojk ldnksl wï, ksid pH w.h 2'5 - 3'0 muK jkf;la
wvq úh yels h' kuq;a tu w.h ydksodhl fkdjk uÜgulg (6.7 - 6.9) f.k tau i|yd
fÄgh WmldÍ fõ' fÄgfha pH w.h idudkHfhka 8.2 muK fõ'

judrd lEu ^frdaudka;kh&

fï ls%hdj,sh ksid ú.iska úYd, wdydr m%udKhla wdydrhg f.k miqj úfõlS j"
ukdj weUfrk fia úld .s,Sug yelshdj ,efí' fuys§ rEukfha jq wdydr judrd uqLhg
.kq ,efí' bkamiq tu wdydr kej; úlk w;r fÄgh úYd, m%udKhla iu. ñY% ùfuka
miq kej; .s,skq ,efí' wdydr fldgia rEuk ì;a;sfha .Eùfuka we;sjk W;af;ackh
u.ska wdydrh judrd uqLhg .kS' túg tys jq øj fldgi ñßlS kej; my<g .uka lrk
w;r r`M fldgia kej; úlkq ,efí' fufia kej; úlSu úkdähg jdr 55la muK fõ'
miqj tu wdydr kej;;a .=,shla njg m;a ù wkakfi%da;h Tiafia my<g .uka lr rEukh
fj;g u hhs' idudkHfhka .jhl= Èkl § wdydr .eksu i|yd meh 8 l muK ld,hla
.; lrk w;r ta yd iudk ld,hla judrd lEug o .; lrhs'
frdaudka;sl i;=ka wdydr jYfhka .kakd fl|s iys; wdydr Ô¾Kh" laIqø Ôùkaf.a
ls%hdldß;ajfhka fndfyd aúg rEukh yd ú;xYsldfõ oS isÿ fõ' rEukfhaoS wdrïN jk
laIqø Ôù Ô¾Kh ú;xYsldjg yd miq wjia:dj, oS nyq keñhg o .uka lrhs' wjidkfha
oS wka;%fhka wjika fõ' mQ¾j wudYfha isÿjk Ô¾K ls%hdj,sh laIqø Ôùka u.ska isÿjk
w;r" cGrdYfha yd l=vd wka;%fha Ô¾Kh isÿjkafka Ô¾Kl tkaihsu u.sks'
ÔrKh
• laIqø Ôù ÔrKh
rEukh ;=< nelaàßhd" os,Sr" fm%dagfidajd hkdoS laIqø Ôù .yk j¾. lSmhla we;'
rEuk ;r,fha tla ñ,s ,Sgrhl nelaàßhd ffi, 109-1011 w;r m%udKhla Ôj;a fõ' laIqø
Ôùka u.ska ksmojk nysIa ffi,Sh tkaihsu u.ska wdydrfha jq fi,shqf,daia" fm%daàk iy
fm%daàka fkdjk khsg%cka (NPN) ixfhda. Ô¾Kh isÿ lrhs'
j.=j 14'16 # .jhdf.a rEukfha Ôj;ajk nelaàßhd úfYaI i|yd WodyrK

nelaàßhd úfYaIh uQ,sl Yla;s m%Njh

Bacteroides succinogenes fi,shqf,daia
Ruminococcus flavefaciens fi,shqf,daia
Streptococcus bovis msIagh
Bacteroides ruminicola .a¨fldaia

rEukh ;=<§ fi,shqf,daia we;=`M ldfndayhsfâ%g laI%ø Ôù ÔrKhg ,la ùu

fyd¢ka hdka;s%l j weUreKq wdydrfha jq fi,shqf,daia u; rEuk nelaaàßhdjka nysIa
ffi,Sh tkaihsu fhdod my; wdldrfha ÔrK ls%hdj,shla isÿ lrhs'

167
 wdydrfha wvx.= ldfndyhsfâ%g

fi,sfhqf,daia fyñfi,shf
q ,daia fmlaáka msIg
a h iSks

laIqø Ôùka u.ska

óf;aka
.aÆfldaia ldnkavfhdlaihsâ

jdIamYS,S fïo wï, ,elaála wï,h

^weisála" fm%dmsfhdksla" ìhqá%la&

Yla;s m%Njh

.e,Sï igyk 14'1 (

rEukh ;=<§ fi,shqf,daia we;=¿ ldfndayhsfâ%g laI%ø Ôù ÔrKhg ,la ùu

wdydrfha wvx.= fi,shqf,daia we;=¿ ldfndyhsfâ%g nysIa ffi,Sh j ksmojk tkaihsu

u.ska .a¨fldaia njg ì| fyf<a' tu .a¨fldaia nelaàÍhd úiska wka;#ffi,Sh j Yla;s
W;amdok i|yd Ndú;lr Yla;sh ksmojd .kS' tys § neyer fjk ldnksl wï, rEukh ;=<
tla /ia fõ' tu ldnksl wï, rEuk ì;a;h s u.ska blaukska .jhdf.a reêrhg wjfYdaIKh
flf¾' tys § ksmojk weisála wï,h lsßj, fïo fldgi ;ekSug jeo.;a fõ' wfkla
tajd Yla;sh ,nd Èug odhl fõ' tfuka u i;d .kakd wdydrj, we;s ldfndayhsfâ%Ü laIqø
Ôù meiùu ksid 10] l muK o< Yla;sh óf;aka f,i msg fõ'
fm%daàka laIqø Ôù Ô¾Khg ,la ùu
wdydrfha jq fm%daàk u.ska rEuk nelaàÍhdjka Tjqkaf.a fm%daàk ksmojd .kS' kuq;a
ñh hk nelaàÍhdjka cGrdYh olajd hk w;r tysoS .jhdf.a foayfhka ksmojk fmmaiSka
u.ska nelaàßhd ffi, ;=< ixÑ;j ;snq fm%daàk ÔrKh lr weuhsfkda wï, njg m;a lr
.kS' tajd miqj l=vd wka;%fha § .jhdf.a foayhg Wrd .kS'
fm%daàk fkdjk khsg%ckSh øjH (NPN) ÔrKh
frdaudka;sl i;=ka yg rEuk nelaàÍhd wdOdrfldg f.k fm%daàk fkdjk khsg%ckSh
øjH Ndú;fhka .=Kd;aul nfjka hq;= fm%daàk ksmojd.; yels h' fujeks fm%daàk
fkdjk khsg%ckSh øjH w;r weók" tauhsv yd weuhsfkda wï, iajdNdúl wdydrhka ys
ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhkaf.ka mj;S' frdaudka;sl wdydr i,dl i|yd hqßhd" nhshqf¾Ü"
wefudakshï ,jK hkd§ ir, khsg%ckSh ixfhda. nyq, j Ndú; flf¾' tneúka .jhd
.;a wdydrfha jq NPN ixfhda. u.ska" nelaáßhd u.ska weuhsfkda wï,;a miqj fm%daàk;a
ksmojd .kS' wjidk jYfhka nelaàÍhd ñh.sh miq wdydrfha jq NPN ixfhda. weiqßka
ksmo jq fm%daàk o .jhdg u ,efí'

168
 blaukska LKavkh jk
fm%dà
a ka fÄG .%kaÒ
fiñka LKavkh
jk fm%dàka rEukh

wdydr
LKavkh fkdjQ
fm%dà
a ka
wlaudj
fmmaghsv
fm%daàka
weuhsfkda wï, fm%
fkdjk
dà
a ka
khsgc % ka hQßhd
laIqø Ôù wefudakh s d
fm%dà
a ka

jl=.vq
cGrdYh

.e,Sï igyk 14'2 ( rEukfha fm%daàk yd fm%daàk fkdjk khsg%ckSh øjH (NPN) ÔrKh

úgñka ixYaf,aIKh
rEukfha fjfik nelaàßhdjka yd fm%dafgdfidajdjka úgñka B yd K ixiaf,aIKh
lrhs' tneúka i;df.a j¾Okh yd kv;a;=jg m%udKj;a úgñka B yd K ,efnk neúka
msg;ska iemhSula wjYH ke;'

foay tkaihsu u.ska ÔrKh

.jhdf.a foay tkaihsu u.ska isÿjk ÔrKh cGrdYh" .%yKsh yd l=vd wka;%h hk
ia:dkj, § my; mßÈ isÿ fõ'
• cGrdYfha§
cGrdY ì;a;sh u.ska ksmojk wdudYhsl hqIfha jq tkaihsu u.ska my; Ô¾K ls%hd isÿ
fõ'
fmmaiska
fm%daàka fmmaghsv
Pepsin
frkska
lsß lsß leá .eiSu
Rennin
• .%yKsfhaoS
.%yKs m%foaYfha § w.akHdYhsl hqIh yd ms;a hqIh wdydr iu. ñY% fõ' tys jq tkaihsu
u.ska my; mßÈ Ô¾Kh isÿ fõ'
á%maiska$lhsfudá%maiska
fm%daàka fmmaghsv
Tripsin/Chimotripsin
ldfndlais fmmaáfâia
fmmaghsv weuhsfkda wï,
Carboxy peptidase
weuhsf,aia
msIagh fuda,afgdaia
Amylase enzyme
,smsv ,hsfmaia .a,sifrda,a + fïo wï,
Lipase

169
 ,smsv Ô¾Kh yd wjfYdaIKh m%Odk jYfhka isÿjkafka .%yKsh ;=< oS h' flfia
fj;;a wdydrfha wix;Dma; fïo wï, m%udKh jeä jQ úg rEuk nelaàßhdjkag úI iys;
jk w;r túg o< ;ka;= Ô¾Kh m%udo ùu yd rEuk pH w.h wvq ùu isÿ fõ'
• l=vd wka;%fha §
l=vd wka;%fha oS wka;% ì;a;sh ksmojk tkaihsu u.ska ÔrKh isÿ fõ'
fmmaáfâia
fmmaghsv weuhsfkda wï,
Peptidase
fuda,afgdaia fuda,afÜia .a¨fldaia
Maltase
iqlafrdaia iqfl%aia .a¨fldaia
Sucrase

frdaudka;sl i;=ka .kakd wdydr j,ska 70] lau" laI%ø Ôùka úiska Y%djh lrk tkaihsu
u.ska ÔrKh jk w;r b;sß 30]l m%udKh muKla foay tkaihsu u.ska Ô¾Kh fõ'
wjfYdaIKh
frdaudka;ls lsh
% dj,sfha § ksmojk fïo wï, rEuk ì;a;h
s yryd wjfYdaIKh flf¾'
wfkl=;a fmdaIl jk .a¨fldaia" weuhsfkda wï, jeks fldgia l=vd wka;%fha jq wx.=,sldj,
mDIAgh yryd reêrhg Wrd .kS' wdydrfha wvx.= Lksc wjfYdaIKfha § ødjH ;;a;ajhg
m;a úh hq;= h' m%Odk jYfhka Lksc c,fha øjKh jk w;r tfia fkdjq Lksc wdudYhsl
hqIj, wvx.= tkaihsu ls%hdldß;ajh yd HCl wï,h u.ska ødjH ;;a;ajhg m;a lrkq ,efí'
fufia ødjH jq Lksc l=vd wka;% ì;a;sh u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrkq ,efí'

Ô¾Kh isÿjk ia:dkh wdydrfha wvx.= fmdaIl

fm%daàka fkdjk
uq L h khsg%ckSh øjH fm%daàka fïoh ldfndayhsfâ%Ü

NPN fm%daàka fïoh fi,shqf,daia msIg

a h
ú;xYsldj iSks

.aÆfldaia
jdIaamYS,S
rEukh laIqø Ôù fm%daàka fïo wï,

nyqkeñh VFA's
wdydrfha wvx.=
laIqø Ôù fm%daàka fm%daàka
cGrdYh
fïo wï, iy
.a,sifrda,a fmmaghsv
msIg
a h
fmmaghsv f ïoh iSks
l=vd wka;%h weuhsfkda fïo wï, iy
.a¨fldaia
wï, .a,sifrda,a

= iuyrla wjfYdaIKh = wjfYdaIKh flfrk laIøq Ôù

m%Odk ia:dkh l%shdldrs;ajh
flf¾'

.E,Sï igyk 14'3 (

frdaudka;sl i;=kaf.a wdydr cSrKh yd wjfYdaIK l%shdj,sh

170
l=l=<df.a wdydr ÔrK moaO;sh

mQ¾jdudYh jgkh
wkakfi%da;h

f.dcqr
cïnd,sh

ms;a;dYh uyd wka;%h

WKavqlh
wlaudj l=vd wka;%h
.%yksh
w.akHdYh

rEmh 14'24 ( l=l=<df.a wdydr ÔrK moaO;sfha o< igykla

ir, wudYhsl i;l= jk l=l=<d o< ;ka;= iq¿ jYfhka mj;sk idkaø wdydr u;
hefmk i¾j NlaIlfhls' frdudka;sl wdydr ud¾. moaO;sfhka fndfyda ÿrg fjkia fõ'
m%Odk jYfhka tkaihsu u.ska wdydr Ô¾Kh isÿjk w;r hdka;%sl ÔrKh o úfYaI
jeo.;alula olajhs' laIqø ðù cSrKh iq¿ jYfhka isÿ fõ'

l=vd wka;%h

wkakfi%da;h
uq L h
f.dcqr
WKavqlh

mQ¾jdudYh
ma,Sydj
jgkh
ms;a;dYh
uyd wka;%h

cïnd,sh
.%yksh
wlaudj
w.akHdYh
rEmh 14'25 ( l=l=<df.a wdydr ÔrK moaO;sfha jHqyh

uqLh
l=l=<dg fydgla we;s w;r o;a fkdmsysghs' fydg wdydr wyq,d lEug Wmfhda.S fjhs'
l=vd osjla iys; hs' th wdydr wkakfi%da;h fj; ;,aÆ lsrSu i|yd jeo.;a fõ' uqLfha
mysgk fÄg .%kaÓ u.ska i%djh jk fÄgfhka wdydrh f;;a lsÍu isÿ lrhs' fÄgfha
weuhsf,aia tkaihsuh we;' kuq;a Ô¾Khla isÿ fkdfõ'

171
f.dcqr - (Crop)
l=l=<df.a f., wdYs%; j wkakfi%da;h uähla f,i úia:drKh ù f.dcqr ks¾udKh ù
we;' fuys m%Odk ls%hdj wdydr ;djld,sl j .nvd lr ;ndf.k l%u l%ufhka ksoyia lsÍu
hs' iq¿ jYfhka laIqø Ôù Ô¾Khla isÿ fõ'
mq¾jdudYh $ .%kaÓuh wdudYh (Proventiculus)
f.dcqr" 5-7cm la my<ska mQ¾jdudYh jgkhg újD; jk uähls' fuys .%kaÓ msysgk
w;r tu.ska HCl iy fm%daàka ÔrKfha § jeo.;a jk fmmaisfkdacka keue;s tkaihsuh
i%djh fõ' kuq;a fuu jHqyh ;=<ska wdydr blaukska .uka lrk ksid È.= fõ,djla wdydrh
fuys /foñka ÔrKh ùug wjia:dj fkd,efí'
jgkh $ pd¾jlh - (Gizzard)
udxYfmaYSka j¾Okh jq b,smaidldr yevhlska hq;= jgkh ;=< § wdydr m%Odk jYfhka
hdka;l %s ÔrKhg Ndckh fõ' fuh Yla;u s ;a jl%dldr" È. fmaYk
S f
a .ka hql;
a h' wNHka;r
j fmaYSuh fkreï mj;S' tfia u wNHka;r mDIagh fldfrdia wmsÉPohlska (horny
epithillium) wdia;rKh ù mj;S' fuys isÿjk ßoauhdkql, + p,k u.ska wdydr weUÍu isÿjk
w;r miqj tajd f;;a ;,mhla njg m;a fõ' fï i|yd wdydrhg .kakd je,s leg o jeo.;a
fõ' jgkh újD; jkafka l=vd wka;%fha uq,a fldgi f,i ye¢kafjk .%yKshg h'
.%yKsh
jgkfhka miq msysgk l=vd wka;%fha uq,a fldgi U wl=rla yevhg keïula fmkajhs'
fuu m%foaYh .%yKs keïu f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs' tys uOHfha wdydr ÔrKh i|yd b;du
jeo.;a jk tkaihsu .Kkdjla ksmojkakd jq w.akHdYh (Pancreas) msysghs' w.akHdYfha
isg tk w.akHdYhsl m%kd,h;aa ms;a;dYfha isg tk ms;a; m%kd,h;a .%yKsfha w. fl<jf¾
§ wdydr ud¾.hg újD; fõ'
l=vd wka;%h (Small Intestine)
wka;%fha ixj,s; l,dmh fõ' jevqKq i;l=f.a l=vd wka;%fha os. 75cm la muK os.
fõ' .%yKsh fldgfia § wdrïN jq wdydr Ô¾K ls%hdj,sh fï ;=< § È.g u isÿ fõ' fï
ld¾hh i|yd wka;% ì;a;sh u.ska i%djh lrkakd jq Ô¾K tkaihsu jeo.;a fõ' fuys
wx.=,sld rdYshla msysgk w;r th fmdaIl wjfYdaIKhg jeo.;a fõ'
wdka;s%l wkaOdY$WKavqlh (Caeca)
fuh l=vd wkaa;%h uydka;%hg újD; jk ia:dkfha msysgk È.á jHqy 2la fõ' tla
fl<jrla wka;%hg újD; jk w;r wfkla fl<jr jeiS mj;sk ksid wkaOdY f,i
y÷kajhs'
uydka;%h (Large Intestine)
uydka;%h idfmalaI j uy;ska jeä" È.ska wvq flá jHqyhls' th cïnd,shg újD; fõ'
cïnd,sh (Cloaca)
cïnd,s újrh hkq wdydr ud¾.fha" uq;% ud¾.fha" m%ckl moaO;sj," újr" újD;
jkakd jq fmdÿ l=árhls' th cïnd,s újrh (vent) u.ska foayfhka neyerg újD; fõ'
ir, wdudYhsl i;=kaf.a wdydr ÔrKh yd wjfYdaIKh
l=l=<df.a wdydr ÔrKh yd wjfYdaIKh
• l=l=<df.a wdydr Ô¾Kh b;d fõ.fhka isÿjk w;r wdydr fõ,la meh 2-3 muK
flá ld,hl § iïmQ¾Kfhka u ÔrKh ù wjfYdaIKh fõ'
• l=l=<df.a tkaihsu" laIsrmdhS i;=kaf.a mj;sk tkaihsuj,g fndfyda ÿrg iudk h'
• kuq;a fudjqkaf.a ,elafÜia tkaihsuh ke;'

172
• ridhksl ÔrKh m%Odk jYfhka isÿjkafka .%yKsh yd l=vd wka;%h ;=< h' wdydr
Ô¾Khg jeo.;a jk w.akHdYfha yd ms;a;dYfha kd< ms<sfj,ska fuu m%foaYhg újr
fõ' fïjdfha i%djhka laIdÍh jk w;r tu.ska wdudYfha isg meñfKk wdydr l=vd
wdka;s%l m%foaYh tu.ska laIdÍh udOHhlg m;a lrkq ,efí'
• fuhg wu;r j l=vd wka;% ì;a;sh u.ska Y%djh lrkakd jq tkaihsu rdYshla o wdka;s%l
Ô¾Khg ie,lsh hq;= odhl;ajhla orkq ,efí'
• l=l=<df.a ms;a;dYh u.ska Y%djh lrkakd jq ms;" f;,a yd fïo ff;f,daohla njg m;a
lrñka tajdfha ÔrKh yd wjfYdaIKh flfrys jeo.;a ld¾hhla bgq lrhs'
• l=l=<df.a WKavqlfh ys fjfik laIqø Ôùka u.ska wdydrfha wvx.= fi,shqf,daia
b;du;a w,am jYfhka Ô¾Kh lrkq ,efí'
ldfndayhsfâ%g Ô¾Kh
uqLfhka Y%djh jk fÄgfha weuhsf,aia we;s kuq;a tysoS Ô¾Khla isÿ fkdfõ'
fÄgfha we;s weuhsf,aia tkaihsuh u.ska f.dcqr ;=<§ wdydr iq`M jYfhka LKavkh fõ'
mQ¾j wdudYfha § ldfndyhsfâ%Ü Ô¾Kl tkaihsu i%djh fkdfõ' pd¾jlfha oS hdka;s%l
ÔrKhg ,la jQ miq .%yksfha § .%yksfha § yd l=vd wka;%fha § my; mßÈ ridhksl Ô¾K
l%shdj,sh isÿ fõ'
msIagh weuhsf,aia .a¨fldaia + fuda,afgdaia
fuda,afgdaia fuda,afÜia .a¨fldaia
iqlafrdaia iqfl%aia .a¨fldaia + mDlafgdaia

l=vd wka;%fha § ridhksl ÔrKh wjdk ù Ô¾K M, wjfYdaIKh isÿ fõ'

l=vd wka;%fha§ ÔrKh fkdjq fi,shqf,daia" ,s.akska yd fmlaáka WKavqlfha oS laIqø
Ôù ÔrKh ù jdIamYS,S fïo wï," CO2, CH4 ksmojd iqM jYfhka uyd wka;%fha §
wjfYdaIKh fõ'
fm%daàka cSrKh
wdydr ud¾.fha tla tla fldgfia oS fm%daàka Ô¾Kh jk whqre my; mßos
oelaúh yels h' wdydr
uqLh
fm%daàka
wdudYhsl hqI
+ fmmaik
S a mQ¾jdudYh
fmmaifs kdacka
fmdaàka
w.akHdYhsl hqI .%yksh
+ á%maiSka
á%mi
a f
s kdacka
fmmaghsv
vhsfmmaghsv
vhsfmmaáfâia
ldfndlais fmmaáfâia l=vd wka;h
%
weñfkda fmmaáfâia
weuhsfkda wï, wjfYdaIKh

fm%daàka

laIqø Ôùka wjfYdaIKh

NH 3 ^wlaudj" jl=.vq&

weuhsfkda wï,
hqßhd
fm%daàka

u< øjH f,i msg fõ

173
fïo Ô¾Kh
l=l=<d .kakd wdydrfha wvx.= fïoh my; whqre Ô¾Kh isÿ fõ'

fïo iys; wdydr

fÄgh iu. ñY% ù
uqLh fïo ff;f,daolrKh

^fïo Ô¾Kl tkaihsu ke;& mQ¾jdudYh

.%yKsh ms;a hqI u.ska fïo ff;f,daolrKh
w.akHdYfhka ,hsfmaia Y%djh ùfuka fïo wï,
ksmoùu

fïo wï, yd l=vd wka;%h

fudfkd.a,i
s rhsv
wjfYdaIKh uyd wka;%h

ÔrKh fkdjq øjH msg fõ

14'6 l=l=¿ md,kh

YS% ,xldfõ l=l=¿ md,kfha j¾;udk ;;a;ajh

YS% ,xldfõ isÿ lrk i;a;aj jHdmdr w;ßka l=l=`M md,khg ysñ jkafka úfYaI
ia:dkhls' w;S;fha .%dóh jHdmdrhla jYfhka mej;=k o j¾;udkfha § th ,dNodhS
jHdmdrhla f,i kd.ßl m%foaYj, jHdma; ù we;' uia yd ì;a;rj,g b,a¨u jeä ùu"
b;d flá l,lska ksIamdok ,nd .; yels ùu" wvq bv m%udKhl jeä i;=ka jeä ixLHdjla
we;s lsÍug yels ùu" md,kh myiq ùu wdoS lreKq l=l=`M md,kh i|yd fndfyda f.dùka
fm<öug fya;= ù we;' Èjhsfka fndfyda m%foaYj, l=l=<ka we;s lrk úYd, mßudKfha
f.dúfmd< msysgd we;' tfia jqj o fuu jHdmdrfha flakaøia:dkh ú we;s Èia;s%lal
jYfhka l=reKE.," mq;a;,u" fld<U" .ïmy yd l`M;r uq,afldg ie,lsh yels h'

m%ia;drh 14'6 ( miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< l=l=`M .ykfha jHdma;sh

174
 s ;h
m%;Y

m<d;

m%ia;drh 14'7 ( 2008 j¾Ifha YS% ,xldfõ l=l=¿ .ykfha ixhq;sh

j.=j 14'17 ( miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< YS% ,xldfõ ì;a;r yd l=l=`M uia ksIamdokh
fjkia ù we;s whqre
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
ì;a;r ^ñ,shk& 737 728 1449 1243 1252 1380
l=l=¿ uia (000'MT) 80'31 77'77 86'27 85'25 100'06 102'

14'6 jk m%ia;drfhka fmkS hkafka YS% ,xldfõ l=l=¿ .ykh miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=<
ie,lsh hq;= j¾Okhla isÿ ù we;s nj h' ta wkqj l=l=¿ uia ksIamdokh o jeä ú we;s nj
j.=j 14'17 ka meyeÈ,s fõ' ì;a;r ksIamdokh 2005 j¾Ifha§ by< f.dia 2006 j¾Ifha §
my; nei we;' kuq;a bka miq j¾Ij, b;d iq¿ jeä ùula fmkakqï lrhs' ksIamdÈ; ì;a;r
yd l=l=¿ uiaj,ska fldgila wmkhkh lr we;' kuq;a l=l=`M uia wmkhk m%udKh"
wdkhk m%udKhg idfmalaI j wvq w.hla .kS'
j.=j 14'18 ( miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< wdkhksl yd wmkhksl ì;a;r yd l=l=¿ uia m%udK
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
wmkhkh
l=l=¿ uia yd l=l=¿ 140'70 80'20 36'07 48'10 113'80 116'10
uia wdYs%; ksIamdok (MT)
ì;a;r(M) 1'50 1'20 0'69 0'93 7'58 6'40
wdkhkh
l=l=¿ uia yd l=l=¿
uia wdYs%; ksIamdok (MT) 2787 2127 2239 534 1210 2665
ì;a;r(M) - - - - - -

175
 j.=j 14'1 9( YS% ,xldfõ tal mqoa., ì;a;r yd uia mßfNdackh fjkia ù we;s whqre
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
tal mqoa., ì;a;r mßfNdackh 67'5 80'40 73'70 62'55 63'00 67'51
tal mqoa., l=l=¿ uia
mßfNdackh (kg) 4'16 4'00 4'39 4'29 4'98 5'01

l=l=<ka j¾.SlrKh
iïNjh yd ld¾hh wkqj l=l=<ka my; whqre j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
1' iïNjh wkqj
• weußlka jß. - Wod' RIR
• hqfrdamSh jß. - Wod' Tiag%f,dma
• uOHOrKs jß. - Wod' f,f.daka
• wdishd;sl jß. - Wod' n%yaud" fldÑka
2' ld¾hh wkqj
• ì;a;r i|yd - Wod' f,f.daka
• uia i|yd - Wod' n%yaud" fldÑka
• oaú ld¾h ^uia" ì;a;r& - Wod' RIR
• w;sf¾l ^w,xldrhg" lS%vd i|yd& - Wod' bkaÈhka f.aï f,i fnod oelaúh yels h'
YS% ,xldjg jeo.;a kquqyqï l=l=`M jß. lsysmhla ms<sn| úia;r my; oelafõ'
f,f.daka (Leghorn)
jhsÜ f,f.daka jß.h jeä ckms%h;djla we;s kuq;a ÿUqre" l`M jß. o we;s lrhs'
iïNjh wkqj uOHOrKs ldKavhg wh;a fõ' ì;a;r i|yd we;s lrkq ,nhs' f,dalfha
fyd|u ì;a;r ksIamdolhd fõ' udi 4-4½ lska ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN lrhs' jirlg ì;a;r
280-300la muK ouhs' ì;a;r úYd, h' mßK; .eyeKq i;l= 2kg la muK nr fõ'
;ks$frdai lru,la we;'
frdaâ whs,kaâ frâ (RIR)
oaú ld¾h" weußldkq iïNjhla we;s jß.hls' YÍrh p;=ri%dldr h' ÿUqre ñY% r;=
meye;s h' ;ks frdai lru,la we;' ì;a;r oeóu udi 41$2-5 § wdrïN lrhs' jd¾Isl ì;a;r
ksIamdokh 180-200 w;r fõ' ì;a;r úYd, h' mßK; msßñ i;l= 4kg la muK jk w;r
.eyeKq i;l= 3 kgla muK fõ'
n%yu
a d (Brahma)
wdishdkq iïNjhla we;' uia ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrkq ,nhs' fuu i;=kaf.a ì;a;r
ksIamdokh wvq h' jirlg ouk ì;a;r m%udKh 60-100 ls' jdKsc j t;rï ÈhqKq ù ke;'
w,xldrh i|yd o we;s lrkq ,nhs' msydgqj, j¾Kh ks,a$ÿUqre fyda m`vqjka fõ' ù yevfha
lru,la we;' mßK; msßñ i;l= 4'5kg muK jk w;r .eyeKq i;l= 4kg la muK fõ'
fldÑka (Cochin)
wdishdkq iïNjhla we;s" uia i|yd úfYaI jq jrs.hls' YÍrh úYd, h' msydgqj,
j¾Kh l`M$iqÿ$m`vqjka fõ' ;ks lru,la we;' mßK; msßñ i;l= 4'3kg muK jk w;r
.eyeKq i;l= 3'6kg fõ' jirlg ì;a;r 60-100la muK ouhs'

176
Tiagf
% ,dma (Australop)
hqfrdamSh iïNjhla we;' YS% ,xldfõ ckms%h oaúld¾h jß.hls' msydgq §ma;su;a l`M
j¾Khla .kS' ;ks lru,la we;' jirlg ì;a;r 180-200 w;r m%udKhla ksIm a dokh lrhs'
mßK; l=l=<l= 4kg la muK jk w;r lsls<shl 3kg la muK fõ'
bka.,
a I
s a f.aï (English game) fmdr l=l<
= d
YS% ,xldfõ .ïno j ;rula l,d;=rlska oelsh yels mlaIf s hls' fuu i;df.a YÍrh yeä
oeä njla orhs' ;e,a, yd lru, ukdj jeã we;' msydgqj, j¾Kh r;= ñY% ÿUqre meyehla
.kS' uia rij;a h' ì;a;r oeóu ;rula hym;a h'
j¾;udkfha YS% ,xldfõ jdKscj uia yd ì;a;r ksIamdokh i|yd jeä jYfhka Ndú;
lrkafka fouqyqka o¾Y h' ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh;a iu. Wiia ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSfï wáfhka
fuu o¾Y ksmojd we;' l=l=`M megjqka imhk iud.ï wkqj jdKsc kï fjkia fõ' ì;a;r
ouk i;=ka ^iqÿ fyda ÿUqre meye& iy fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka f,i fjka lr wdldr 3l megjqka
ksl=;a lrkq ,nhs'
• ÿUqre meye ì;a;r ouk lsls<shka
Wod( f.da,avka flduÜ" yhsfilaia n%jqka" fIaj¾ 579 f,daudka n%jqka" yhs-,hska n%jqka
• iqÿ meye ì;a;r ouk lsls<shka
Wod( fIaj¾ 288" yhsfilaia jhsÜ" yhs-,hska jhsÜ
• fn%dhs,¾ (Broiler)
Wod'( fldí j¾." yn¾â' yhsfn%da" f,daudka" fIaj¾" iagdfn%da
kùk cdk bxðfkare úoHdfõ ÈhKqj;a iu. Èk 35-42 l§ Wmßu j¾Okhla lrd tk
fn%dhs,¾ o¾Y wNsckkh lr we;' fj<| iud.ï wkqj jdKsc kïj, úúO;ajhla we;;a
fndfyda o¾Yj, ,laIK iudk;djla olajhs'

f,f.daka RIR n%yaud

fld
fldÑka Tiag%f,dma bka.a,sIa f.aï
rEmh 14'26 kquqyqï l=l=¿ j¾. lsysmhla

177
 f.da,avka flduÜ yhsfilaia ÿUqre yhsfn%da f,daudka
rEmh 14'27# ÿUqre meye ì;a;r ouk fouqyqka o¾Y lsysmhla

YS% ,xldfõ l=l=`M l¾udka;h yd iïnkaê; wdh;k

l=l=`M md,kh yd iïnkaê; rdcH wdh;k fukau fm!oa.,sl wdh;k o YS% ,xldfõ
;sfí' l=l=<ka i|yd wjYH T!IO j¾." wdydr j¾. yd fjk;a WmlrK imhk fndfyda
wdh;k we;' my;ska oelafjkqfha tjeks wdh;k lsysmhls'
1' cd;sl mY= iïm;a ixj¾Ok uKav,h (NLDB)
fuu wdh;khg wh;a fn%dhs,¾ megjqka imhk f.dúfmd< lr|f.d,a, yd fydrK
ñßiaj;af;a msysgd we;' Bg wu;r j udrú, msysá f.dúfmdf< ys ì;a;r oeóu i|yd
we;s lrk megjqka ksmojhs'
2' uyje,s i;a;aj ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sh
;Uq;af;a.u ;srdñh i;a;aj f.dúfmdf<ys fn%dhs,¾ megjqka ksIamdokh;a" fn%dhs,¾
uia ilik wxYhl=;a msysgd we;'
mS%ud" nhsryd" ls%iagïfnda" fk,akd" uelais" udßiaÜ n%o¾ia" ksõ n¾kdâ" ßj¾ je,s"
fIÜkd" ;S% tal¾" ls%iafn%da wd§ l=l=¿ f.dúfmd<j,a u.ska i;=ka we;s lsßu yd megjqka
ksIamdokh isÿ lrkq ,nhs' j¾Ol i;=ka ilia lr fjf<|fmd<g hjkq ,nhs'
l=l=¿ wdydr ksIamdÈ; wdh;k f,i mS%ud" f.da,aâ fldhska" ksõ n¾kdâ" iqm¾ *Sâ
wdÈh oelaúh yels h'
14'7 l=l=¿ megjqka ksIamdokh
ksfrda.S l=l=`M megjqka ìyslr .ekSu i|yd ì;a;rhl wNHka;r yd ndysr jHqyh
ms<sn| wjfndaOh jeo.;a h' tneúka ì;a;rhl jHqyh ms<sn| j úuid n,uq'
äïn rÊcqj$p;=f,aidj îcdkak mg,h
í,diag uv,
jdhq l=àrh
pef,aidj ^äïn rcacqj&

WÉp¾uh

ì;a;r lgqj

msg; mg,h

wNka;r ;=kS wNHka;r ljp mg,h

we,aìhqñka
>k ;=kS
we,aìhqñka ndysr ;=kS we,aìhqñka
rEmh 14' 28 # ì;a;rhl jHqyh

178
 w¨;a ì;a;rhl ly uoh tys uOHhg ;rula by<ska mj;S' tfia jkqfha ì;a;r ly
uofha úYsIag .=re;ajh we,aìhqñka ^iqÿ uoh&j,g jvd ;rula wvq neúks'
ì;a;rhl úúO fldgia u.ska bgq flfrk ld¾hhka
• WÉp¾uh
ì;a;r ljphg u;=msáka msysá bá jeks ia;rh fuf,i y÷kajhs' fuh hdka;s%l
ndOlhla f,i ls%hd lrhs' fuh u.ska
• ì;a;r ljphg È,Sr iy nelaàßhd we;=`M ùu j<lajhs'
• ì;a;rh úh<S hdfuka wdrlaId lrhs'
• ì;a;r ljph
fuh le,aishïj,ska iE§ we;s iújr isÿre iys; ia;rhls' hdka;s%l ndOlhla f,i
ls%hd lrhs' ì;a;rfha wdrlaIdjg" kshñ; yevh mj;ajd .ekSug yd jdhq yqjudrejg
jeo.;a fõ'
• ljp mg,
mg, follska iukaú; h' fuh u.ska o ì;a;rh ;=<g laIQø cSùka we;=`M ùu
j<lajd,hs' wNHka;r ljp mg,h yd ndysr ljp mg,h w;r jd; wjldYhla we;'
• jd; wjldYh
ì;a;rh .nvdlr ;nk ld,h wkqj jd; wjldYfha m%udKh fjkia fõ' kejqï
ì;a;rj,g jvd hï ld,hla .nvd lr ;enq ì;a;rj, jd; wjldYh úYd, fõ' fuhg
fya;=j ì;a;rfhka c,h yd jd;h bj;a ùu h' idudkHfhka ì;a;rfha fudg fl<jf¾
§ ljp mg, wE;a ùfuka jd; wjldYh ks¾udKh fõ' ì;a;rh isis,a j ;nd .ekSug;a"
jdhq yqjudrejg;a fuh jeo.;a fõ'
• we,aìhqñka ^iqÿ uoh&
ì;a;r iqÿ uoh ke;fyd;a we,aìhqñkh fldgia 4 lska hqla; h' ì;a;rfha os. wlaIh
Tiafia fofl<jr ,Kqjla f,i ilia jQ >k we,aìhqñka jHqyhls' th pef,aid fyj;a
äïn rÊcqj f,i y÷kajhs' fï u.ska ly uoh ì;a;rfha uOHfha ;nd .kakd w;r ydks
ùfuka j<lhs' tfukau tu jHqyh ksid ly uoh we,aìhqñka u; ksoyfia foda,kh fõ'
pef,aidj ;=kS >k we,aìhqñka ia;rhla f,i ly uoh jgd o úysoS mj;sk w;r th jgd
;=kS we,aìhqñka ia;rhla we;' th jgd >k we,aìhqñka ia;rhla we;s w;r thg ndysßka
kej; ;=kS we,aìhqñka ia;rhla mj;S' ì;a;rh oeuQ ú.i iqÿ uofhys 60] la muK >k
we,aìhqñka fjhs' >k we,aìhqñkaj, ñhqik
S a keue;s fm%dà
a kh wvx.= w;r ;=kS we,aìhqñkaj,
th fkdue;' we,aìhqñka u.ska isÿlrk ld¾hhka lsysmhls'
• ly uoh .eiaiSïj,ska wdrlaId lr .ekSu
• úIîc kdYlhla f,i ls%hd lsÍu ^>k we,aìhqñka ia;rh ;=< nelaáßhd kdYl
øjH we;'&
• jefvk l,,hg fmdaIKh ,nd §u
• ly uoh
j¾Okh jk l,,hg m%Odk jYfhka fmdaIKh imhkqfha fuh u.sks' ,d ly iy ;o
ly meye;s ia;r 2 la wdldrhg msyg
s d we;' ì;a;r ly uoh "úg,ska mg,h" u.ska wdjrKh
ù we;' w¨;a ì;a;rhl ly uoh f.da,dldr fjhs' th ì;a;rh levQ miq o tf,iu mj;S'
kuq;a l,a .; jQ ì;a;rhl ly uoh iqÿ uofhka c,h Wrd .ekSu ksid m%udKfhka úYd,
ù levQ miq me;,s" úisreKq iajNdjhla .kS'

179
• í,diag uv,
ly uoh by<ska msysgd we;' fuh ;=< l,,h úlikh ùu isÿ fõ'
j.=j 14'21 ( ì;a;rhl ridhksl ixhq;sh ^58g la nr ì;a;rhl&
uq`M ì;a;rh lgqj bj;a l< iqÿ uoh ly uoh
ì;a;rh
c,h 69'9] 77'0] 88'4] 48'4]
fm%daàk 11'2] 12'4] 10'6] 17'0]
fïoh 8'5] 9'4] - 32'5]
ldfndayhsâf¾Ü 0'3] 0'3] 0'4] 0'2]
Lksc 10'1] 0'9] 0'6] 1'8]

/lalùu i|yd ì;a;r ksIamdokh

/lalùu i|yd ì;a;r ksIamdokh lsÍug úfYaI l=l=`M /<la mj;ajd .kS' fudjqka
wNsckk i;=ka f,i y`ÿkajhs' /lalùu i|yd wjYH ì;a;r ,nd .ekSfï§ wNsckk /<
f;dard l%udkql+, j kv;a;= l< hq;= h'
wNsckk i;=ka md,kfha§ wkq.ukh l< hq;= lreKqq
1' wNsckk i;=ka f;aÍu

wNsckkhg fhdod .kakd i;=ka ukd YÍr fi!LHhlska hqla; ùu jeo.;a h'
wNsckkfhka ,efnk ì;a;rj,ska je<¢h yels m%Odk frda.h mq,af,darï fõ' fuys§
uõmsh i;=ka frda. jdylhka f,i ls%hd lrk w;r ì;a;r u.ska cks;hka frda.h fnda
lrhs' fuhska megjqka úkdY ùu muKla fkdj bkalshqfígrh o wdidokh úh yels h'
jßka jr reêr mÍlaId lsÍu u.ska wNsckk /f<ka jdylhka bj;a l< hq;= h' óg wu;r
j Micoplasma galisepticum (MG) jeks frda. ldrl we;=¿ ùu o j<lajd,Sug ksis l,g
i;=ka tkak;a lsÍu wjYH h' wNsckk i;=ka lKavdhu iïmQ¾Kfhka fjkalr ;eîu
jeo.;a fõ' tfuka u jß.hg wkql=, foay ,laIK we;s i;=ka (True to type) yer fjk;a
wjfYaI pß; ,laIK we;s i;=ka i;s 6-8 § bj;a l< hq;= h' i;l=f.a kSfrda.S nj ueksh
yels m%Odk; u ,laIKh kï §ma;su;a weia" È,sfik msydgq yd läir Ndjh hs'
2' wNsckk i;=ka iqj myiq mßirhl mj;ajdf.k hdu

fuu ;;a;aj w;rg ìï bv m%udKh" wdydr yd c, n÷kaj, bv m%udKh" WIaK;ajh"

wd¾ø;dj" isis,a iq<x Odrd wdÈh we;=<;a h' fï ish,a, u m%Yia; f,i fkd;snqKfyd;a
i;=kag mSvdldß úh yels h' mSvdldÍ iajNdjh ksid ì;a;r ixfiapkh ksishdldrfhka isÿ
fkdù ì;a;rj, iM,;dj wvq úh yels h' tneúka iqÿiq ksjdi iemhSu jeo.;a h' fuu
i;=ka rlaljk yd j¾Ok ld,j,§ fjk fjku ksjdij,g udre fkdlr iaÓr wNsckk
fldgq fhdod .kS' tu.ska mSvdjka we;s fkdjk w;r frda. we;s ùfï wjodku wvq fõ'
jvd ikSmdrlaIl yd myiqfjka msßisÿ lsÍug yelsjkq msKsi fldkalS%Ü fhÿ f. ìula
wjYH fõ'

180
 j.=j 14'21 # wNsckk lsls<shka i|yd iemhsh hq;= bv m%udK
i;a;aj j¾.h mQ¾K wdia;rKh w¾O wdia;rKh yd w¾O lïì ±,a
i;l=g bv (m2) (m2) g i;=ka i;l=g bv (m2) (m2) g i;=ka
f,.afydaka jß. 0'19 5'4 0'16 6'3
uOHu m%udK 0'21 4'8 0'19 5'3
uia wdldr 0'28 3'6 0'25 4'4

wNsckk i;=kaf.a ksjdij, f.ìu iïmQ¾K oe,aj,ska ks¾udKh fkd l< hq;= h'
fya;=j .eyeKq i;=ka oe,a u; ixjdifha fh§ug wlue;s ùu hs'
wdydr iy c, n÷ka i|yd bv
j.=j 14'22 ( l=l=¿ jß. wkqj iemhsh hq;= wdydr yd c, bvlv
n÷ka j¾.h f,.afydaka jß. uOHu m%udK uia wdldr
^i;l=g cm & ^i;l=g cm) ^i;l=g cm)
wdydr n÷ka
È.eá wdydr n÷ka 12 15 20
rjqï wdydr n÷ka 5'8 7'2 9'6
c, n÷ka
È.eá c, n÷ka 2'5 35 4'5
rjqï c, n÷ka 1'5 2 2'5

3' .eyeKq msßñ i;=ka w;r wkqmd;h

msßñ i;=ka uq,a jrg .eyekq i;=kag y÷kajd §fï § kshñ; m%udKhg jvd lSm fokl=
fhoúh hq;= h' rxpqj idudkH ;;a;ajhg meñKs jydu jeämqr we;s i;=ka bj;a l< hq;= h'
j.=j 14' 23 ( l=l=¿ jß. wkqj wNsckkh i|yd fhoúh hq;= msßñ ( .eyeKq wkqmd;
msßñ i;=ka .eyeKq i;=ka ksIamdokh .eyeKq i;=ka 100g
msßñ i;=ka
jhsÜ f,.afydaka jhsÜ f,.afydaka jhsÜ f,.afydaka 08
uOHu m%udK uOHu m%udK uOHu m%udK 09
uia wdldr uia wdldr uia wdldr 11
jhsÜ f,.afydaka uOHu m%udK fouqyqka ì;a;r ouk 08
uOHu m%udK jhsÜ f,.afydaka fouqyqka ì;a;r ouk 09
uia wdldr uOHu m%udK fn%dhs,¾ 11

,sx.sl mßK;shg meñKSug i;s 4g fmr msßñ i;=ka yd .eyeKq i;=ka tlg ;eîu
fhda.H h' i;=ka yÿkajd §u ijia ld,fha § isÿ lsÍfuka
tlsfkld wekfldgd .ekSu wvqlr .; yels h'
4' ì;a;r fmÜá

îfc!IKh i|yd msßisÿ ì;a;r tl;= lsÍu w;sYhska

jeo.;a h' ta i|yd ì;a;r fmÜá fhdod .efka' iEu
.eyeKq i;=ka 4gu tla ì;a;r fmÜáh ne.ska iemhsh
hq;= h'
fuu ì;a;r fmÜá ;=<g w;=rKq øjH oeñh hq;= h' fï
rEmh 14'29 # ì;a;r fmÜá

181
i|yd c,h Wrd .kakd iq¿" l,a mj;sk" f,fyisfhka iq<`.g fkdhk" ÿú,sj,ska f;dr"
i;=kag ,e.Su i|yd iem myiqlï iys; w;=rKq øjH ,nd Èh hq;= w;r msÿre" oyhshd" h;=
l=vq" rglcq fmd;= ^;,k ,o& wdÈh fï i|yd fhdod.; yels h'
ì;a;r fmdf<dj u; oeófuka ydks isÿ úh yels ksid ì;a;r fmÜá ;=< u ì;a;r
oeóug yqre l< hq;= h' i;=ka ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN lsÍug fmr ksjdij, ì;a;r fmÜá
ielish hq;= h'
5' wNsckk i;=kaf.a ì;a;rj, iM,;dj
wNsckk i;=kaf.a fmdaIl wjYH;d wks;a ld¾h i|yd we;s lrk i;=kg jvd
fjkia h' tu ksid kshñ; wNsckk i,dl iemhsh hq;= h' óg wu;r j wNsckk i,dl
ksis whqßka iemhSfuka" m<uq ì;a;r úYd, ùu" ì;a;r ksIamdokh jeä ùu" urK ixLHdj
wvq ùu jeks m%;s,dN ,efí'
îfc!IKh i|yd ì;a;r tl;= lsÍu
ì;a;r fmÜáj,ska Èklg 4jrla j;a ì;a;r tl;= l<
hq;= h' b;d jeä WIaK;aj hgf;a Èklg 5-6 jrlaj;a ì;a;r
tl;= lsÍfuka ì;a;r lefvk m%udKh wvqlr .; yels h'
ì;a;r tl;=lr .ekSug ma,diaála ì;a;r ;eá muKla
fhdod .; hq;= h' ì;a;rfha W,a fl<jr hgg msysgk fia
;eìh hq;= h' ì;a;r .nvd lsÍu Èk 03la jeks flá ld,hla
i|yd kï 270C g wvq yd 70C g jeä ;;a;ajfha úh hq;= h'
/lalùu i|yd ì;a;r f;aÍu
/lalùu i|yd ì;a;r f;arSfï§ tajdfha ndysr ,laIK yd wNHka;r ,laIK i,ld
rEmh 14'30 # ma,diaála
ne,sh hq;= h' ì;a;r ;eá
/lalùug iqÿiq ì;a;rj, ndysr ,laIK
1' ì;a;r lgqfõ msßisÿ nj
b;d msßisÿ ì;a;r muKla /lalùug fhdod .kS' wmsßisÿ
ì;a;r yd c, Ndck wi, we;s ì;a;r bj;a lrhs' ì;a;r
lgqj u; me,a,ï we;súg f,day fl¢j,ska fyda je,s
lvodishlska iqrd tajd msßisÿ lr .; hq;= h'
2' ì;a;rj, yevh
´jd,dldr yev we;s uOHu m%udKfha ì;a;r /lalùug
iqÿiq fõ' ì;a;rfha yev o¾Ylh wkqj iqÿiq ì;a;r f;dard
.kS'
ì;a;rhl yev o¾Ylh = ì;a;rfha m<, x 100 rEmh 14'31 # úúO yeve;s
ì;a;rfha os.
ì;a;rfha yev o¾Ylh 74] ùu iqÿiq ;;ajh hs' 74]g
jvd wvq ùfuka ì;a;rfha rjqï nj;a 74]g jvd jeä
ùfuka ì;a;rfha ´j,dldr nj;a fmkajhs'
3' ì;a;rfha nr
idudkHfhka 54-58 g w;r ì;a;r /lalùug iqÿiq
fõ'

rEmhh 14'32 ( ì;a;rj, nr lsrk

ì;a;r lsym
s hla
;rdoshla

182
4' ì;a;r lgqfõ iajNdjh
/lalùu i|yd uOHia: >klñka hq;a ì;a;r lgq iys; ì;a;r iqÿiq fõ' ;=kS lgq
iys; ì;a;r ,nd .;aúg ì;a;r ;=< we;s c,h blaukska jdIam ù ì;a;r lgqjg
l,,h we,S l,,h ñh hdu isÿ fõ' ì;a;r lgqj >klï jq úg ì;a;rh ì£ megjdg
msg;g taug wmyiq fõ' ;j o WIaK;ajh ì;a;rh ;=<g .,d hdu wvq ùula isÿ fõ'
túg megjl= ìys ùug l,a.; fõ' t ksid uOHia: >klñka hq;= ì;a;r f;dard.;
hq;= h'

rEmh 14'33 ( lgqjla rEmh 14'34 ( lgqfõ ;ekska rEmh 14'35 ( /<s .eiqK lgqjla
rys; ì;a;r ;ek >kùï iys; iys; ì;a;rhla
ì;a;rhla

5' ì;a;r lgqfõ j¾Kh

jß.hg wdfõKsl j¾Kfhka hq;a ì;a;r lgqj iys; ì;a;r /lalùug .; hq;= h'
tfia fkdue;s ì;a;r bj;a l< hq;= h'
/lalùug iqÿiq ì;a;rj, wNHka;r ,laIK
fï i|yd wdf,dal Odrd l%uh Wmfhda.S lr .kS'
ì;a;r wdf,dal Odrdjg ,lalr mÍlaIdlr /lalùug iqÿiq ì;a;r f;dard .kS' ì;a;r
lgqj úksúo hdfï yelshdjla we;s wdf,dal Odrdjla iys; lekaâ,ska WmlrKh fï i|yd
Ndú; flf¾' wdf,dal Odrdjg fhduq lrk ,o ì;a;rj, my; ,laIK mßlaId lrhs'
• wdf,dal Odrdjg fhduq lr ne,Sfï § úksúo fmfkakï th iqÿiq ì;a;rhls' wdf,dal
Odrdj msg;g fkdfmfkk f,i w÷re j mj;Skï krla jq ì;a;rhls' th bj;a l<
hq;= h'
• ì;a;r ljpfha msmsÍï" reêr me,a,ï" uia jeo,s iys;kï bj;a l< hq;= h'
• ì;a;rfha ly uo folla mj;skúg" ly uoh me;a;lg nr j msysgk úg tajd bj;a
l< hq;= h'
• iqÿ uoh j¾K úm¾hdij,g ,la ù j,dl=¿ f,i mj;sk úg bj;a l< hq;= h'
• jd; l=àrh úYd, j mj;skúg fyda widudkH jd; l=àr iys;úg tajd bj;a l<
hq;= h'
• idudkHfhka i;shla fyda Bg wvq ld,hla ;=<§ ksmo jq ì;a;r /lalùug iqÿiq fõ'

rEmh 14'36 # lekaâ,ska rEmh 14'37 # úksúo fmfkk 14'38 # ljpfha msmsÍï iys;
ì;a;rhla ì;a;rhla
WmlrKhla

183
 rEmh 14'39 # /lalùu i|yd rEmh 14'40 # /lalùu i|yd
iqÿiq ì;a;rhl lyuofha kqiqÿiq ì;a;rhl lyuofha
msyà
s u msysàu

/lalùu i|yd f;dard.;a ì;a;r .nvd lsÍu

by; l%u wkqj /lalùu i|yd fhda.H ì;a;r
f;dard .;a; o f;dard.;a ì;a;r ksis mßÈ .nvd
lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' ì;a;rhla /lalùu i|yd .nvd
l< yels ld,h i;shla muK fõ'
ì;a;r weisÍu l< hq;af;a ì;a;r ;eáj, h'
tys iúu;a lÜgd 4la we;s neúka tlu; tl ;eìh
yels h' tu.ska .nvd lsÍug wjYH bvlv msßuid
.; yels h' weisÍfï § ì;a;rfha fudg me;a; Wv w;g rEmh 14'41(
;sf nk ì;a
whq;r .nvd
ßka weisÍlr we;shqwhq
u l< ;= rh'e
tys § ì;a;rfha mj;sk jdhq l=àrfha jdhq yqjudre ùu myiq fõ'
ì;a;r .nvd lsÍfï § kshñ; WIaK;ajh yd wd¾ø;dj iemhSu o jeo.;a h' wêl
YS;,g fyda wêl WKqiqug yiq jQ úg Ôú nj ke;s ù hd yels h' tneúka md,s; WIaK;aj
yd idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj ,nd §u jà' ,nd fok WIaK;ajh yd idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj wkqj
.nvdfldg ;eìh yels ld,h fjkia fõ'
j.=j 14'24 ( úúO WIaK;ajhkays § ì;a;r .nvd l< yels ld, mrdi
.nvd lrk Èk WIaK;ajh RH%
0-4 20-250C
5-8 160C
80-85%
9-10 140C
> 10 120C

Èk 7g wvq ld,hla .nvdfldg ;nd .kakd ì;a;rj, /lalùfï m%;sY;h by< nj

fidhdf.k we;' tfuka u .nvd ld,h;a iu. /lalùfï m%;sY;h wvqjk m%udKh"
jhia.; lsls<shkaf.ka ,nd .kakd ì;a;rj,g idfmalaI j" kEïìhkaf.ka ,nd .kakd
ì;a;rj, jeä nj o fidhdf.k we;'

;reK lsls<shkaf.a ì;a;r

jhia.; lsls<shkaf.a ì;a;r

.nvd ld,h ^osk& .nvd ld,h ^osk&

m%ia;drh 14'8 ( .nvd ld,h iu. ì;a;rhl nr yd /lalùfï m%;sY;h fjkiajk whqre

184
îfc!IKh
îfc!IKh hkqfjka ye|skafjkqfha l,, j¾Okh i|yd wjYH ;;a;aj mj;ajd
.ekSfuka ixfiaÑ; ì;a;rj,ska megjqka ,nd .ekSu hs' fuh ì;a;r /lalùu f,i .eñ
jHjydrfha y÷kajhs' îfc!IKh wdrïN l< ixfiaÑ; ì;a;rj,ska osk 21 oS megjl= ìys
fõ'
ì;a;r /lalùu m%Odk jYfhka wdldr follg isÿ lrhs'
• iajdNdúl l%uh - Natural incubation
• lD;%su l%uh - Artificial incubation
iajdNdúl l%uh
fï i|yd lsls<shla fhdod .kshs' fuys§
• rlsk lsls<shla f;dard .ekSu
• rlsk ia:dkh ms<sfh, lsÍu
• lsls<shg ì;a;r y÷kajd §u l< hq;= h'
ì;a;r /lalùug lsls<sh f;dard .ekSfï oS ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
rEmh 14'42( ì;a;r
• kSfrda.S" Yla;su;a foayhlska hqla; ùu rlsk lsls<shla
• msydgq rdYshlska hq;a uOHu m%udKfha foayhlska hqla; ùu
• lsls<sh /lSfï ,laIKhg m;a j ;sîu
• ndysr mrfmdaIs;hka ^uelalka" lsks;=,a,ka& rys; ùu
RIR, ,hsÜ ifilaia" Tiag%f,dma jeks oaú ld¾h jß. fï i|yd WÑ; fõ'
rlsk ia:dkh ms<sfh, lsÍu
/lalùug fhdod .kakd ia:dkh u|la l¿jr" ksYaYío mßirhla iys;" j¾Idj" iq<x
wd§ mSvdj,ska f;dr isis,a ia:dkhla úh hq;= h' ì;a;r /lalùu i|yd ,S má fyda
,E,sj,ska ;ekq fmÜá" fõje,a l+v wdÈh Ndú; lrhs' rlsk l+vq fyd¢ka ÔjdkqyrKh lr
tys m;=,g úh<s ,S l=vq fyda msÿre" oyhshd jeks øjHhla w;=rhs' j<la wdldrhg ilia
l<úg ì;a;r fmr<Sug wdOdr fõ'
lsls<shg ì;a;r y÷kajd §u
/lSfï ,laIKh iys; lsls<sh f;dardf.k tu lsls<shg rd;s% ld,fha § idudkH ì;a;r
lSmhla y÷kajd §u lrhs' lsls<sh tu ì;a;r rlSkï ì;a;r /lSug iqÿiq nj ;SrKh l<
yels h' bkamiq /lalùug f;dard .;a ì;a;r rd;s% ld,fha§ tu lsls<shg y÷kajd osh hq;= h'
rlsk lsls<shg Èklg fojrla muK msg;g taug bv ,nd osh hq;= w;r msg; isák ld,h
úkdä 15la fyda Bg wvq úh hq;= h' thg jeä jq úg l,,hg m%udKj;a WIaK;ajhla
fkd,eîfuka l,,hg ydks isÿ úh yels h'
iajdNdúl l%ufha mj;sk jdis
• ì;a;r /lSfï ld¾hlaIu;dj b;d by< h'
• úhou wvq" ir, l%uhls'
• WIaK;ajh" wd¾ø;dj md,kh lsÍu" ì;a;r yerùu lsls<sh úiska isÿ lrhs'
• l=vd mßudKfha l=l=`M f.dúfmd< ysñhkag fuu l%uh jdisodhl h'
iajdNdúl l%ufha mj;sk wjdis
• ì;a;r úYd, m%udKhla fhdod .eksu wmyiq hs' jrlg ì;a;r 12-15 muK fhdod
.efka'
• ìfc!IKhg Èk 21 .;jk neúka lsls<shf.a ksIamdok ld,h wvq fõ'
• frda. yd mrfmdaIs; Wjÿre megjqkg ixl%uKh úh yels h'

185
• ì;a;r rlsk w;rjdrfha iuyr i;=ka /l=ï yer hdu isÿ fõ'
• wjYH wjia:dfõ oS wjYH megjqka ,nd .ekSu wmyiq h'
lD;%su l%uh
fï i|yd ì;a;r rlaljk ^Incubators&
fhdod .kS' jdKsc j tljr megjqka úYd,
m%udKhla ìyslr .ekSug fuu l%uh Ndú;
lrhs'
ì;a;r rlaljk wdldr(Types of incubators)
m%Odk jYfhka wdldr folls'
1' me;,s j¾.fha ì;a;r rlaljk
2' leìkÜ j¾.fha ì;a;r rlaljk rEmh 14'43 ( lD;%Su ì;a;r rlaljk

j.=j 14'25 ( me;,s wdldrfha iy leìkÜ wdldrfha rlaljkj, ,laIK

me;,s wdldr ì;a;r rlaljk leìkÜ wdldr ì;a;r rlaljk

1' iq¿ ì;a;r m%udKhla /lalùug 1' úYd, ì;a;r m%udKhla tljr /lalùug
fhdod .kS' Wod' ì;a;r 100-500 fhdod .kS' Wod' ì;a;r 10"000la muK
2' ì;a;r ;sria j ;nhs' 2' fudg fl<jr by<g isák fia ì;a;r
isria j ;nhs'
3' ì;a;r ;eîug ;ks ;eáhla (Tray) we;' 3' ì;a;r rduq lsysmhla we;'
4' ì;a;r yerùu w;ska isÿ lrhs' 4' ì;a;r yerùu iajhxls%h j isÿ fõ'
5' wd¾ø;dj ,nd oSug f;;a f.daks" 5' wd¾ø;dj iajhxls%h j ,nd foa'
c, n÷ka wdÈh ;eîu l< hq;= h'
6' WIaK;aj md,lhla u.ska WIaK;ajh 6' WIaK;aj md,lhla u.ska WIaK;ajh
,nd foa' ,nd foa'
id¾:l j ì;a;r /lalùu i|yd ì;a;r rlaljkh (Incubator),
• uÜgï j msysgqjd .; hq;= h'
• ì;a;r /lalùug fmr OqulrKh l< hq;= h' ta i|yd f*daue,aäyhsâ jeks øjHhla
fhdod.; yels h'
• WIaK;ajudk ukdj ls%hdlrkjd o hkak mßlaId l< hq;= h'
• ì;a;r /lalùug 37'8 - 39'20C WIaK;ajhla ^mxld rys; úg& ;sìh hq;= h' lD;%su j
jd;h imhk úg 37'5 - 37'80C WIaK;ajhla ;nd .; hq;= h'
• úYd, ì;a;r rlaljkhl ì;a;r ;nd Èk 18lg miq megõ bmfok fldgig ì;a;r
udre lrhs' tu fldgfia WIaK;ajh 0'5-10C muK wvqfjka ;nd .kS' ì;a;rj,ska
megjqka t<shg tkúg iq`M jYfhka WIaK;ajh jeä ùu fuhg fya;=j hs'
• ì;a;r /lalùu yd megjqka bm§u tlu fldgfia isÿ jkúg th ;=< WIaK;ajh
37'80C la úh hq;= h'
idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj md,kh lsÍu
lD;s%u j jd;h imhk bkalshqfígrj, idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj 60]la muK fõ' ksi,
jd; bkalshqfígr i|yd m<uq i;sfha oS 40-50] la o" fojk i;sfha oS 50-60]la o" ;=kj
a k
i;sfha oS 60-65] la o f,i wd¾ø;dj jeä l< hq;= h' ì;a;rj,ska 1$3la ì÷k úg wd¾ø;dj
75] la o" megjqkaf.ka 2$3la t<shg tkúg 65] olajd o wvq l< hq;= h'
wd¾ø;dj fjkia ùu îfc!IKh flfrys n,mEu

186
 • megjd ìys ùug wdikakfha wd¾ø;dj jeä jq úg ÿ¾j, megjl= ,efí'
• wêl wd¾ø;dj îfc!IKh i|yd .;jk ld,h jeä lrhs'
• îfc!IK ld,fha oS wvq wd¾ø;djla mej;sfhakï ÿ¾j, wiaÓ j¾Okhla iys; l=vd
megjqka ìys fõ'
• megjd ìys ùug wdikakfha oS wd¾ø;dj wvq jq úg ì;a;r ì¢ we;s kuq;a t<shg taug
wmyiq megjqka olakg ,efí'
• megjd ìys ùug wdikakfha oS WIaK;ajh yd wd¾ø;dj jeä jq úg wjfYdaIKh fkdjq
ly uo fldgila iys; yd fmlksje, iqj fkdjq megjl= ìys fõ'
WIaK;ajh fjkia ùu îfc!IKhg n,mEu
• ì;a;r /lSfuka 12jk Èk WIaK;ajh jeä jq úg úlD;s jq megjqka we;s fõ'
• îfc!IK ld,h ;=< oS WIaK;ajh jeä jqúg megjl= t<shg taug .;jk ld,h flá
jk kuq;a megjqka ìys ùfï m%;sY;h wvq h' ^megjd lgqjg we,S ñh hhs&
jd;dY%h md,kh lsßu
fuu ld,h ;=< jefvk l,,hg m%udKj;a ;rï msßisÿ jd;h iemhsh hq;= h' CO2
idkaøK 2]g jvd jeä ùu ksid l,,hg ydks isÿ úh yels h' ta ksid îfc!IKh wjidk
wjosfha § uq,a wjia:djg jvd jd;dY%h iemhsh hq;= h' kuq;a m%udKhg jvd jd;dY%h jeä
l<fyd;a WIaK;ajh kshñ; j mj;ajd .ekSug jeä Yla;shla fh§ug isÿ fõ'
ì;a;r yerùu
îfc!IKh wdrïN lr ;=kajeks Èk isg Èkm;d ì;a;r yerùu l< hq;= h' uq,a
wjia:dfõ Èklg 4-6 jrla ì;a;r yerùu l< hq;= w;r bkamiq Èk 17 olajd ojig 2-3
jrla yerùu m%udKj;a fõ' ì;a;r yerùu w;ska fyda iajhxls%h isÿ l< yels h' tu.ska
l,,h ljphg we,Su je<fla' ì;a;r yerùu b;d iquqÿ j l< hq;= h' ì;a;rfha fudg
me;a; Wvg isák fia fuh isÿ l< hq;= h'
ì;a;rfha ÔjH;dj mÍlaId lsÍu
ì;a;rhl ÔjH;dj mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd lekaâ,ska WmlrKh Ndú; flf¾'
idudkHfhka îfc!IKh wdrïN lr meh 15 loS muK fuu WmlrKh Ndú;fhka
ixfiaÑ; ì;a;r y÷kd.; yels h' m%dfhda.sl f,i ixfiaÑ; ì;a;r mÍlaId lrkqfha osk
5-7 w;r oS h' tu wjia:dfõ oS ish¨ u ixfiapkh fkdjQ l,," wÔù l,, iys; ì;a;r
bj;a lrhs' bka miqj osk 14 - 18 oS kej; mÍlaId fldg uereKq l,, iys; ì;a;r ish,a,
bj;a lrkq ,efí' 18 jk oskg miq bkalshqfígrfha fodr fkd weßh hq;= h' tfia
l<fyd;a WIaK;ajh wvq ù wd¾ø;dj wvq ùug fya;= fõ'
lD;%su l%uhg ì;a;r /lalùfï jdis
• wjqreoafoa ´kEu ld,hl ì;a;r /lalùu isÿ l< yels h'
• tljr megjqka úYd, ixLHdjla ,nd.; yels h'
• frda. wdidokj,ska f;dr megjqka ,nd.; yels h'
• ì;a;r rlaljkh ;=< WIaK;ajh" wd¾ø;dj jeks ;;a;aj md,kh l< yels h'
wjdis
• úhou jeä h'
• iq¿ mßudK f.dúkag fuu WmlrK ,nd .ekSu wmyiq h'
• ;dlaIKsl oekqu wjYH fõ'
• ì;a;r úYd, ixLHdjla mj;sk neúka oskm;d wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
• úÿ,s n,h weK ysáfhd;a ì;a;r ish,a, úkdY fõ'
• Èk 21g miqj megjqka /ln,d .ekSu wjYH fõ'

187
l=l=¿ l,,fha j¾Ok wjia:d
ì;a;r /lSu isÿ jq úg megjl= ,eîu i|yd Èk 21la .; fõ' îfc!IK iufha §
megjdf.a bkaøshhka j¾Okhg .;jk Èk úúO fõ' ta wkqj úúO j¾Ok wjia:d miq lr
ok 21 lg miq mßK; l=l=¿ megjl= ì;a;rfhka t<shg meñfKa'

m<uq oskh fojk oskh f;jk oskh

yDoh" reêr kd," ysi reêr kd," fud<h" lKa kdih" mshdm;a" fmlKsje,
iEoSu wdrïN fõ' '0002g iEoSu wdrïN fõ' '003g iEoSu wdrïN fõ' '02g

4 jk oskh 5 jk oskh 6 jk oskh 7 jk oskh

l,,h ly uofhka fjka wdydr ud¾. moaO;sh" fydg" ll=,aj, we`.s,s mdoj, fnoSu"
ù jï me;a;g yef¾' osj ,sx.h iEoSu wdrïN fnoSu" mshdm;a iEoSu mshdm;a iEoSu'
iEoSu wdrïN fõ' '05g fõ' ' 13g wdrïN fõ' '29g '57g

8 jk oskh 9 jk oskh 10 jk oskh 11 jk oskh

YÍr wjhj l,,h l=re,af,la fydg" mshdm;a kdrá" Wor ì;a;s" nv je,a
fmfkkakg mgka fuka fmfka' uqLh mdo újD; weia o¾Ykh fmkSug mgka .kS'
.kS' 1'15g fmfka' 1"53g fõ' 2'26g 3'68g

188
12 jk oskh 13 jk oskh 14 jk oskh 15 jk oskh
we`.s,s YÍrh iïmQ¾Kfhka l,,h osla wlaIh nvje, iïmQ¾Kfhka
iïmQ¾Kfhka j¾Okh mshdm;aj,ska jefia' wjhj Tiafia ì;a;rfha fudg Wor l=yrfha ;=<g
fõ' 5'07g iEoSu fndfyda fl<jrg fhduq fõ' weof.k Worh
ÿrg wjika ù we;' 7'37g 9'74g iïmQ¾K fõ' 12'00g

16 jk oskh 17 jk oskh 18 jk oskh 19 jk oskh

kshfmd;= " fydg l,,h j¾Okh jk l,,h îcdka; uäh YÍrh
ks¾udKh fõ' w;r ;r,h wvq fõ' iïmQ¾Kfhk au ;=<g weo .kS' lgqj
mshdm;aj,ska iïmQ¾K 18'59g j¾Okh ù we;' l,,fhka msÍ we;'
ù we;' ly uofhka 21'63g 25'62g
fmdaIKh wdrïN fõ'
15'98g

20 jk oskh 21 jk oskh
l,,h l=l=,a meáhl= ù yqiau .ekSug;a" fmky¨ ls%hdj;a
wjika h' wdrïN ù we;s ksid fydgfhka lgqj
30'21g lvd megjd t<shg ths'

189
osk 7 oS ixfiapkh fkdjQ ì;a;r meyeos,s j fmfkk w;r
ixfiaÑ; ì;a;rj, w÷re ,mhla f,i l,,h oel .; yels h'
tu l,,fha reêr kd,sld úysfokafka kï th Ôù l,,hls'
wcSù l,,hla kï ì;a;r ly uoh jgd me;sreKq reêr j<,a,la
oel .; yels h'
osk 18 oS Ôù l,, iys; ì;a;r ;o meyehla .kakd w;r
j¾Okh jk l,,h yd jd; l=àrh w;r meyeos,s fjka ùula
oel.; yels h' uereKq l,,hla iys; kï tu wjia:dfõ
meyeos,s fjka ùula oel .; fkdyels h' rEmh 14'44 ( l,,fha
j¾Okh wdf,dal Odrd
mÍlaIdj u.ska ksrSlaIKh

14' 8 megjqka /l n,d .ekSu ^ì;a;r i|yd&

Wiia ì;a;r ksIamdokhla i|yd Èkla jhie;s megõ f;dard .ekSu
fuys oS megjqkaf.a my; i|yka ,laIK ms<sn| j ie,ls<su;a úh hq;= h'
• ksfrda.S ls%hdYS,S megjqka ùu
• oSma;su;a weia ;sîu
• úlD;sj,ska f;dr megjqka ùu
• taldldr j¾Okhla iys; ùu
• idudkH YÍr nr 35-40g ùu
• fmlksh fyd¢ka úh<S ;sîu ^w,ska:h wjfYdaIKh jq&
• ufrlaia frda.h i|yd tkak;a lr ;sîu
• jß.hg wkql+, j¾Kh ;sîu
ksjdi iemhSu
megjqka i|yd ksjdi iemhSfï § wkq.ukh lrkqfha ishqï l%uh hs' l=vd megjqkaf.a
iqj myiq WIaK;aj l,dmh b;d mgq mrdihl mj;sk ksid wys;lr foaY.=Ksl ;;a;aj
Tjqkag Tfrd;a;= fkdfoa' tneúka megjqka mßir WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fok f;la
wdrlaId lr .; hq;= h'
tfia megjqkag wjYH WIaK;ajh" wdydr" c,h" ,nd foñka megjqka /l n,d .ekSu
megjqka /lalùu ^Brooding& f,i ye¢ka fõ' fuu ld,h Èk 7 ls'
megjqka /lalùu m%Odk wdldr 2ls'
1' iajdNdúl md,k l%uh
2' lD;s%u md,k l%uh
iajdNdúl megjq md,k l%uh (Natural Brooding)
ì;a;rfhka ìysjk megjqka lsls<shl úiska /l
n,d .ekSu iajdNdúl megjqka md,k l%uh hs' fuu
l%uh i|yd idudkH m%udK YÍrhla we;s" /lalùfï
,laIK iys; lsls<shla fhda.H jk w;r tla lsls<shlg
tla jrlg /l n,d .; yels jkafka megjqka 12-15 la
muK iq`M m%udKhls' tu ksid fuu l%uh uyd mßudK
l=l=`M f.dúfmd< i|yd fhda.H fkdfõ'
rEmh 14'45 # iajNdúl j
megjqka /lalùu

190
lD;su% megjq md,k l%uh (Artificial Brooding)
fuys§ nDDvrhla fhdod .kS' tu ld,h
nDDv¾ ld,h kñka ye¢kafõ' nDDvrhla ;=<
l=l¿= megjqka we;s lsÍfï§ WIaK;ajh" wdf,dalh"
iq<x m%jdy" wd¾ø;dj hk idOl md,kh l<
;;a;aj hgf;a ,nd Èh hq;= h'
nDDvrh ldâfndaâ" hlv ;yvq fyda ;=ks
,E,s Ndú;lr jD;a;dldr yevhlg ilikq
,efí' jD;a;dldr f,i nDDvrh ilia lsÍfuka
we;=<; bv m%udKh jeä ùu fya;f = jka megjqkg
a
iemhsh yels bv m%udKh jeä fõ' fuys§ r2
iq;h
% wdfoaY lsÍu u.ska wjYH bvlv imhd .;
yels h' WodyrKhla f,i wrh 60 cm yd mßêh
360 cm jk fia ^tkï 1m2 l m%udKhl& ilid
.;a nDDvrhla ;=< megjqka 100la oeñh yels h' rEmh 14'46( nDDvrhl ie,eiau

nDDvrh ;=< i;=kag WIaK;ajh iemhsh yels l%u

fï i|yd ,ka;Ereï" úÿ,s nqnq¿" r;a jq jd;h" .Eia ;dml wdosh Ndú; l< yels jqjo"
ta w;=ßka úÿ,s nqnq`M Ndú;h oekg fndfyda l=l=`M f.dúfmd< ysñhka úiska Ndú; lrkq
,nhs' l=l`= M megjqka ksfrda.S j¾Okhla i|yd jhi i;s 1 isg i;s 5 olajd mßir WIaK;ajhg
iudka;r f,i megjqkag wjYH WIaK;ajh iemhsh hq;= h' WIaK;ajh imhk WmlrKj,
iSreudrefjka wjYH WIaK;ajh imhd .; yels h'
megjqka nDDvrhg oeóug meh 24lg fmr isg u nDDvrh ;=< WIaK;ajh ilia lr
;eîfuka Èkla jhie;s megjqka nDDvrhg we;=`M lsÍfï § iS;,g yiq fkdù fi!LH
;;a;ajh wdrlaId fõ'
j.=j 14' 26 ( nDDvrh ;=< iemhsh hq;= WIaK;aj w.hka
jhi wjYH WIaK;ajh ^0C)
1 i;sh 35
2 i;sh 32'2
3 i;sh 29'4
4 i;sh 26'7
i;s 5-8 olajd 21'1

imhk WIaK;ajh megjqkag m%udKj;a o hkak tu i;=kaf.a yeisÍu ksÍlaIKh

lsÍfuka oek.; yels h'

wvq WIaK;ajfha § wkqu; WIaK;ajh we;s úg jeä WIaK;ajfha §

rEmh 14'47 ( WIaK;ajh wkqj i;=kaf.a yeisrSï rgd

191
nDDv¾ ld,fha wdf,dalh iemhSu
fuu ld,fha § ks;r ks;r wdydr yd c,h .kakd neúka lD;s%u j wdf,dalh iemhSu
jeo.;a fõ'
j.=j 14'27 ( i;=ka jefvk úg wdf,dalh iemhsh hq;= meh .Kk
jhi ^i;s& wdf,dalh iemhsh hq;= meh .Kk
0-1 24
1-2 20
2-4 16
4-6 12
6-8 10

nDDv¾ ld,fha w;=reKqj

uq,a Èk 3-4 ;=< w;=reKqjla f,i msßisÿ lvodis u; Èkla jhie;s megjqka we;s
lrkq ,nhs' lvodis u;g fydfgka flàfï § we;sjk Yíoh wkqj i;=ka tlsfkld
úuis,su;a j n,d lEug yqre fõ' oyhshd iy ,S l==vq u; uq,a Èkj, we;s lsßfï § tu øjH
weiaj,g hdu iy wdydrhg .ekSu iq,N j isÿ fõ' i;=kaf.a u<my ksid frda. fnda ùu
j<lajd .ekSug lvodis Èkm;d bj;a l< hq;= fõ' Èk 5lska muK msßisÿ ,S l=vq fyda
oyhshd u; i;=ka we;s lr È.á wdldrfha wdydr n÷ka iemhsh
hq;= h'
nDDv¾ ld,fha wdydr yd c,h iemhSu
nDDvrhg i;=ka we;=¨ lr m<uq meh 24 ;=< wdydr
iemhSu fkdlr WKqlr ksjd.;a c,h 1l lg úgñka B12
fm;s 6-7 la" .a¨fldaia f;a ye¢ 3 la iu. ñY%lr mdkh
lsÍug i,iajhs' uq,a meh 24 ;=< wdydr ,nd fkdfokafka
fkdÈr jq ì;a;r ly uo fldgia b;sß ù we;akï i;df.a
YÍrhg Wrd .ekSug h' tfia fkdue;s jqjfyd;a megjqka rEmh 14'48 ( wdydr yd
fhdala iela frda.hg md;% fõ' c, n÷ka
meh 24 lg miqj lvodishla u;g fmdä lr.;a lel=`M iy,a fyda Ñla nQiag¾
iaj,amhla ouhs' Èk 3-4lg miq wdydr n÷kaj,g wdydr oeñh hq;= h' tu.ska wdydr wmf;a
hEu je<fla' i;dg ßis fia (adlbitum) wdydr iemhsh hq;= h' WKq lr ksjd.;a c,hg
.a¨fldaia yd úgñka B12 fm;s oud i;s 1 la muK §u ksid i;=kaf.a fjfyi wvq ù i;=ka
Yla;su;a j jefâ' megjqkag c,h ,nd §ug 1$2l fyda 1l c, n÷ka iqÿiq fõ' megjqkag c,h
imhk Ndck myiqfjka .,jd msßisÿ l< yels whqßka ;sîu wksjd¾h h'
nDDv¾ ld,h ;=< bvlv iemhSu
l=l=`M md,kfhka jeä wd¾Ól ,dNhla ,nd .ekSug kï bvlv iemhSu ms<sn| j jeä
wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= fõ' i;=ka .kakd wdydrj,ska ,efnk Yla;sh jeä m%udKhla
ixprKh i|yd jeh lrhs' tfy;a kshñ; bvlv ,nd §fuka th j<lajd .; yels h' túg
i;=ka ukdj j¾Okh fõ'
j.=j 14'28 ( ì;a;r ouk lsls<s megfjl=g ,ndÈh hq;= bv m%udK

jhi bv m%udKh (m2)

Èk 1- 14 olajd 0'02 - 0'03
i;s 2 - i;s 6 0'09
i;s 6 lg miq 0'2

192
nDDvrh ÔjdKqyrKh
l=vd megjqkag f,v frda. j,g Tfrd;a;= §fï yelshdjla ke;s ksid tu i;=ka frda.
ldrl laIqø Ôùkag újD; fkd lsÍug j. n,d .; hq;= h' ta i|yd megjqkaf.a uq,a ksjdih
jk nDDvrh we;=¿ ish¨ WmlrK f*dau,Ska" fldkaäia ñY%Kfhka megjqka oeóug
i;shlg fmr ÔjdKqyrKh l< hq;= fõ'
megjqka i|yd m%;sYla;slrK jev ms<sfj,
megjqka f,v frda. j,ska wdrlaId lr .ekSfuka ksfrda.S ì;a;r ouk l=l=`M /<la
,nd .ekSu Wfoid m%;sYla;slrK jev ms<sfj, ksjerÈ j wkq.ukh l< hq;= h' mKq
fnfy;a i;s 6 lg fyda 8 lg jrla §u wksjd¾h fõ'

j.=j 14'29 ( l=l=`M megjqka i|yd m%;sYla;slrK jev ms<sfj<

jhi m%;sYla;slrK jev ms<sfj<
Wmf;a oS ufrlaia tkak;
i;s 3 § m<uq /kslÜ tkak;
i;s 6 § l=l=,a jiqßh i|yd m<uq tkak;
i;s 7 § mKq fnfy;a §fï wdrïNh
i;s 13 § mKq fnfy;a fojk jrg §u
i;s 14 § fojk /kslÜ tkak;

jefvk lsls<shka /l n,d .ekSu

i;s 8-18 olajd jhie;s lsls<shka j¾Ol i;=ka f,i ye¢kafõ' jhi i;s 18-21 la
jkúg j¾Ol i;=ka ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN flf¾' wm fuys § i,ld n,kqfha j¾Okh jk
i;=ka ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN lrk f;la wkq.ukh l< hq;= ksjerÈ md,k l%u ms<sn|j h'
fuu ld,h ;=< i;=kaj ukdj /l n,d .; hq;= h' i;=kaf.a YS>% j¾Okh fukau m%ckl
moaO;sh ld¾hlaIu ;;a;ajhg m;a jkqfha i;=kag ,nd fok idOl u; h'
jefvk lsls<shka i|yd ksjdih ;=< bvlv wjYH;d
i;s 8-18 olajd jhie;s i;=ka" megjqka we;s l< ksjdih ;=< u fyda j¾Ol ksjdihl
^fjk;a ksjdihl& we;s l< yels h'
j.=j 14' 30 ( f,.afydaka j¾Ol lsls<shka i|yd bvlv wjYH;dj
we;slrk l%uh i;l=g wjYH i;=ka$ m2
bv m%udKh (m2)
iïmQ¾K wdia;rKh ^>K wdia;rKh& 0'12 8'3
lïì oe,a yd wdia;rKh 0'09 11
iïmQ¾K lïì oe,a 0'07 14

j¾Okh jk lsls<shkag wdydr iemhSu

j¾Okh wjosfha È i;=ka b;d ls%hdYS,s fõ' lEu i|yd b;du;a ;shqKq ;r.hla we;s
neúka i;=kag iu fia wdydr iemhSu l< hq;= h' tfia fkd jqjfyd;a ;r`.h ksid i;=ka
ÿ¾j, úh yels h' j¾Ol wjosfha i;l=g wdydr iemhSfï § fmdaIK ;;a;j
a .ek ie,ls,u s ;a
úh hq;= h' wdydr i,dlhl fm%daàka 17 - 18] la ;ka;= m%udKh 9] la yd Yla;sh lsf,da
le,ß 1200 la wvx.= úh hq;= h'

193
 fuu fmdaIl ;;a;aj wvx.= j¾Ol i;=kag imhk
wdydr i,dlh" j¾Ol i,dlh (grower mash) f,i
ye¢kafõ' tu wdydr i;dg iSudlr (Limited) imhkq
,nhs' megjqkfa .a wdydr i,dl fjkqjg jefvk i;=kf a .a
wdydr i,dlh y÷kajd §fï § th tla jru fkdlr Èk
3 la ;=< l%ufhka udre l< hq;= fõ' j¾Ol wdydr
i,dlfhka Èklg 90-100g m%udKhla wdydr ,nd Èh hq;=
h' ì;a;r oeóu wdrïNh;a iu. th 110-120g olajd jeä
l< hq;= h'
wdydr oeóu i|yd iajhxlS%h fyda iajhxlS%h fkdjk
wdydr n÷ka fhdod.; yels h' wdydr Ndckj,g wdydr
rEmh 14'49 ( iajhxlS%h wdydr
msrùfï § Ndckfhka 1$3la muK wdydr msrùu l< hq;= h' tu.ska wdydr wmf;a hdu
n÷ka
j<lajd .; yels h' msßisÿ wdydr iemhSu fuka u wdydr n÷kaj, msßisÿ Ndjh ms,sn| j
o ie<ls,su;a úh hq;= h'

j¾Ol lsls<shkag wdydr i|yd Ndckj, bv wjYH;dj

• È.eá wdydr n÷ka" - 6'4 cm$ i;l=
• rjqï wdldr wdyr n÷ka - 3'8 cm $ i;l=
j¾Ol lsls<shkag c,h iemhSu
j¾Okh jk lsls<shkag c,h iemhSfï § msßisÿ
f,i c,h iemhSu jeo.;a fõ' c,h imhk Ndck
wdldr 2 ls'
• iajhxlS%h fkdjk wdldrh
• iajhxlS%h wdldrh
Èkm;d tla jrla c, Ndck msßisÿ lr Èklg
fojrla c,h msrùu l< hq;= h' c, Ndck msßisÿ
rEmh 14'50 ( iajhxlS%h c, n÷ka
lsÍug úIîc kdYl Ndú; lsÍu fhda.H fõ'
j¾Ol wjosfha lsls<shka i|yd c, Ndck bv wjYH;dj
• È.á c, n÷ka - 1'9 cm $ i;l=
• rjqï c, n÷ka - 1'3 cm $ i;l=
megjqka yd j¾Ol i;=ka i|yd l< hq;= wfkl=;a md,k l%u
1' i;=ka msg,Eu(Culling)
kqiqÿiq i;=ka mÜáfhka bj;a lsÍu msg,Eu kï fõ' fuysoS úúO j¾Ok wjosj, oS
i;=ka msg,Eu isÿ lrkq ,efí'
2' fydg lemSu
i;=ka fldgd .ekSu" lEu úiqrejd wmf;a yeÍu" ì;a;r îu wdÈh j<lajd .eksu Wfoid
i;=kaf.a fydg lemSu isÿ flf¾'
• fydg lemSu Èk 6-9 § fyda i;s 10-14 § fyda i;s 18 § fyda lrkq ,efí'
• Wv fydgfhka 2$3 la o" hg fydgfhka 1$3la o" uqjy;a l;=rlska lmd ms<siaiSu l<
hq;= fõ' fydg lemSfï § Èj lemsh yels neúka m%fõYñka l< hq;= h'
• i;=kag mSvdj wju lsÍug fydg lmk Èkg m%:u Èk úgñka K yd .a¨fldaia iys;
c,h mdkh lsßug ie,eiaúh hq;= h'
• fydgh lemSu i|yd ãîlrh (debeaker) kï úÿ,s n,h u.ska ls%hd lrkq ,nk
WmlrKh o fhdod .efka'

194
3' frda. md,kh
lsls<shkaf.ka jeä ì;a;r ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd i;=kaf.a ksfrda.S nj b;d
jeo.;a idOlhls' ksis f,i i;=ka fmdaIKh lsÍu" m%;sYla;slrKh" ksjdij, fi!LH
wdrlaIl l%u Ndú;h yd fjk;a md,k lghq;= ksishdldr isÿ lsßu" i;=kag frda.hla
je<÷kfyd;a blaukska ta i|yd m%;sldr lsÍu hkdÈh u.ska frda. md,kh isÿ l< yels h'

14' 9 ì;a;r ouk lsls<shka md,kh

megjq wjÈfha isg ì;a;r ouk wjosh olajd mshjfrka mshjr j¾Okh jq ksfrda.S i;l=
ukd ì;a;r ksIamdokhla ,nd fokafkls' fuys oS jrs.hg wkql+, j ì;a;r oeófï ld,h
;SrKh fõ' idudkHfhka i;s 18-21 w;r ld,hla .; fõ hhs ie,fla' uq,a ld,h ;=<
ouk ì;a;r l=vd h' fïjd kEïì ì;a;r ^Pullet Eggs& f,i y÷kajhs' lsls<shka j¾Ihlg
ouk ì;a;r m%udKh jrs.h wkqj fjkia h' idudkHfhka f,f.daka jeks ieye,a¨ jrs.
j¾Ihlg ì;a;r 240-300 l m%udKhla ouk w;r RIR jeks nr jß. ouk m%udKh 180-200
la muK fõ'
jeä ì;a;r m%udKhla ouk lsls<shkaf.a ,laIK
• uOHu m%udKfha YÍrhla ;sîu
• jeä wdydr mßj¾;k ld¾hlaIu;djla ;sîu
• ì;a;r /lSug fkdfm<öu
• mßir ;;a;aj fjkia ùï Tfrd;a;= §u
• wvq ld,hlska ì;a;r oeóu
• m%ckk ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä ùu ^wNsckkh i|yd ì;a;r ,nd .ekSfï § muKla&
ì;a;r ouk i;=kag ksjdih iqodkï lsßu
j¾Ol i;=ka i;s 15-18 oS ì;a;r ouk fldgqj,g udre lrk w;r tlu jhfia i;=ka
lKavdhula /|úh yels fia ksjdih ie,iqï lsÍu jeo.;a h' i;=ka j¾Ol fldgqj, isg
ì;a;r ouk fldgqj,g udre lrk úg my; wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lr ;sìh hq;= h'
• kj ksjdij,g i;=ka udre lsÍfï oS tu i;=kag we;sjk wd;;sh uev meje;aùug
úfYaIfhka ie,ls,su;a ùu jeo.;a h'
• ksjdi w;sYhska u msßisÿ úh hq;= h'
• ish¨ WmlrK kshñ; ia:dkj, yd ukd ls%hdldß;ajfha ;sìh hq;= h'
• ì;a;r oeóu wdrïNhg fmr ì;a;r l+vq iú l< hq;= h' t u.ska msßisÿ ì;a;r ,nd.;
yels h'
• ì;a;r fmÜáhl È. 45 cm la yd m<, 30 cm la úh hq;= w;r fmÜáhg we;=¿ jk
újrfha Wi 20 cm la o uq`M fmÜáfha Wi 45 cm la o úh hq;= h'
• w;=reKqjla f,i msÿre" oyhshd fyda ,S l=vq 5 cm l ;Ügqjla oeñh hq;= h'
• ì;a;r l+vq ksjdij,g we;=¿ lsÍug m%:u fidaod mú;% lr úIîc kdYlhla bi i;shla
muK ;nd we;=¿ l< hq;= h'
• ì;a;r ouk l+vqjla ieliSfï oS myiqfjka msßisÿ l< yels ùu" u| jYfhka w÷re ùu"
ì;a;r myiqfjka tl;= lr .; yels ùu" Yla;u s ;a ùu" ukd jd;khla ;sîu hk lreKq
ms<sn| j ie<lsh hq;= h'
• ì;a;r l+vqj,g rd;s%hg i;=ka we;=¿ ù u< my lsÍu u`. yerùug jefik fodrla ;sîu
jeo.;a h'

195
 j.=j 14'31 ( ì;a;r ouk lsls<shkag wjYH bv wjYH;d
ìfuys wdldrh ieye,a¨ jß. nr jß.
i;l=g$m2 m2 g i;=ka i;l=g$m 2
m2 g i;=ka
mQ¾K wdia;rKh 0.16 6.2 0.19 5.4
w¾O wdia;rKh 0.14 7.2 0.16 6.4
mQ¾K lïì 0.09 10.8 0.12 8.6

j.=j 14'32 ( wdydr n`ÿka i|yd bv wjYH;d

ieye,a¨ jß. nr jß.
È. wdydr n÷ka 10 cm $ i;l= 12 cm $ if;l=
rjqï wdydr n÷ka 4'9 cm $ i;l= 5'8 cm $ if;l=

j.=j 14'33 ( c, n`ÿka i|yd bv wjYH;d

ieye,a¨ jß. nr jß.
È. c, n÷ka 2'5 cm $ i;l= 3'5 cm $ i;l=
rjqï c, n÷ka 1'5 cm $ i;l= 2'0 cm $ i;l=

j¾Ol wjosfha isg ì;a;r ouk wjoshg meñKs i;=ka ì;a;r ouk ksjdij,g udre lsÍfï § ie,ls,su;a
úh hq;= lreKq
• ì;a;r oeóug iqÿiq i;=ka yer wfkl=;a ish¨ ÿ¾j, i;=ka bj;a l< hq;= h'
• i;=ka m%fõYfuka mßyrKh l< hq;= h'
• ojfia WKqiqï fõ,dfõ i;=ka udre lsßu fkd l< hq;= h' WoEik jvd iqÿiq h'

ì;a;r ouk i;=kag wdydr §u

• j¾Ol wjosfha i;=ka" tkï i;s 20 iïmQ¾K jq úg i;=kaf.a ì;a;r ksIamdokh 5]la fõ
kï ì;a;r ouk i;=kag kshñ; wdydr ,nd Èh hq;= h'
• wdydr udre lsÍfï § my; mßÈ l%ufhka j¾Ol wdydrj, isg ì;a;r ouk lsls<shkaf.a
wdydrj,g udre l< hq;= h'
• uq,skau j¾Ol wjosfha wdydr 75]la yd f,ah¾ wdydr 25]la Èk 2 la o 50] ne.ska
f,ah¾ wdydr yd j¾Ol wdydr ñY% lr Èk 2 la o" f,ah¾ wdydr 75]la yd j¾Ol
wdydr 25]la Èk 2 la o" wjidkfha iïmQ¾Kfhka u f,ah¾ wdydrj,g o yqre lsÍu
j.=j 14'34 ( lsls<s wdydrj, wvx.= fmdaIl ixhq;sh
wjosh fm%daàka ] ;ka;=] Yla;sh (kCal/kg)
j¾Ol wjosh 17-18] 9] 1200
ì;a;r ouk wjosh 14-16] 7-9] 2800

ì;a;r ouk wjÈh jk úg i;=kaf.a j¾Okh wvqjk ksid ì;a;r ouk i;=kag imhk
wdydrj, fm%daàka w.h 14-16] olajd wvq lrkq ,nhs'
• ì;a;r oeóu uq,a wjÈfha wdydr udre lsÍfuka miq i;s 40 olajd wjYH ;rï wdydr Èh
hq;= h' fuu wjosfha ì;a;r l=vd h'
• uq,a wjosfha ffoksl j tla i;l=g 90g kaa wdydr iemhSu wdrïN lr wjidkfha § 125g
l m%udKhla olajd jeä l< hq;= h'

196
• ì;a;r ksIamdokh i;s 20 isg 28 olajd YS>%fhka jeä ù i;s 28-32 olajd by< uÜgul
mj;S' bkamiq l%ufhka wvq ù hhs' fuu wjosfha fyd¢ka wdydr yd c,h ,nd §fuka
ì;a;r ksIamdokh 95]la ;rï w.hla .; yels h'
ì;a;r ouk wjosfha le,aishï wvx.= wdydr iemhSu
ì;a;r ouk wjÈh t<fUk úg" tkï i;s 16-18 § le,aishï wvx.= wdydr wu;r j
iemhsh hq;= h' ì;a;r oeófï uq,a wjosfha le,aishï YÍrhg Wrd .ekSu 50]la muK jqj;a
th l%ufhka wvq fõ' le,aishï m%Nj f,i ismams lgq" yqKq.,a iemhsh yels h' fuys § l+vq
fjkqjg len,s wdldrfhka i;=kag ÿkaúg tu len,s jgkh ;=< /£ ;sî" jßka jr
le,aishï ;ekam;a ùu ksid Ca ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä h' le,aishï iys; øjH iemhSfï §
fjku Ndckj,g iemhSu jeo.;a fõ' fuúg wjYH i;=ka tajd wdydrhg .kS' 55g la nr
ì;a;rhl le,aishï 2'3g la muK wvx.= h' tkï ì;a;rfha ljpfha uq¨ Lksc m%udKfhka
98]la u we;af;a CaCO3 h'
j.=j 14'35 ( lsls<shka i|yd ffoksl le,aishï wjYH;dj
ld,h tla if;l= i|yd ffoksl
le,aishï wjYH;dj (g)
ì;a;r oeóug fmr 2
ì;a;r oeófï uq,a wjÈh 5
ì;a;r oeófï w. wjÈh 10

foayh ;=< le,aishï ys`. ùfuka wiaÓ úlD;sh" ì;a;r lgqj ;=kS ùu ^ieõ ì;a;r we;s
ùu&' ì;a;r ì£fï m%;sY;h jeä ùu" ì;a;rj,g i;=ka flàu" tlsfkld fldgd .ekSu"
ksjdij,g ydks lsÍu" ì;a;r ksIamdokh wvq ùu wdosh isÿ fõ'
ì;a;r ouk lsls<shka yd iïnkaO mdßißl idOl md,kh
fuys § m%Odk jYfhka i,ld nef,kqfha wdf,dalh" WIaK;ajh iy wd¾ø;djfha
n,mEu hs'

14' 10 lsls<shka msg,Eu

l=l=¿ f.dúfmd<l id¾:l;ajh r|d mj;skqfha i;=kaf.a ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj
u; neúka taa i|yd kqiqÿiq ì;a;r iy i;=ka ksr;=rej u bj;a lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' fuh
msg,Eu f,i y÷kajhs' f.dúfmd< ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lsÍu i|yd lsls<shka msg,Efï oS
tu i;=kfa .a yeisÍu" YÍr j¾Okh yd ixj¾Okh" msydgq j¾Okh" YÍr rEmdldrh yd ì;a;r
oeóu hkdoS lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a h'
msg,Efï wjia:d
l=l=<ka msg,Eu wjia:d lsysmhl oS isÿ lrhs'
• ì;a;r wjia:dfõ §
• oskla jhie;s wjia:dfõ oS ^nDDvrhg oeóug fmr&
• nDDvrfhka bj;a lrk úg
• j¾Ol wjosfha §
• ì;a;r ksIamdokh wdrïNfha §
• ì;a;r ouk wjosfha §
tfukau yosis wdmodj,g ,lajk yd frda.S i;=ka ÿgq ú.iska bj;a lsÍu jeo.;a h'

197
ì;a;r wjia:dfõ msg,Eu
l=l=¿ f.dúfmdf<ka ,efnk ì;a;r my; idOl u; msg,Eu isÿ lrhs'
ndysr idOl
• ì;a;rh kshñ; m%udKfhka fkd;sîu
• yevh ´j,dldr fkdùu
• kshñ; nr fkd;sîu
• wmsßisÿ ùu
• ì;a;r m¿ÿ ù ;sîu
• kshñ; j¾Kh fkd;sîu
wNHka;r idOl
ì;a;rh wdf,dal Odrd (Candling) mÍlaIKhg fhduq l< úg"
• reêr ìkaÿ fyda reêr j<¨ ;sîu"
• wNHka;rh Èhruh iajNdjhla .ekSu"
• l,,h wðù ùu wdoS ,laIK olakg we;akï" tu ì;a;r msg,Eu isÿ lrhs'
oskla jhie;s megjqka msg,Eu ^nDDvrhg oeóug fmr msg,Eu&
Èkla jhie;s megjqka msg,Eu isÿlr nDDvrhg oeófuka nDDv¾ l<ukdlrKh myiq
fõ' ì;a;r rlaljkfhka msg jq megjqka fï i|yd fhdod .efka' tys § my; ,laIK we;s
i;=ka m%;slafIam lrhs'
• ì;a;rh ì|f.k msg;g meñKSug wmyiq i;=ka yd ly uoh wjfYdaIKh fkdjq
i;=ka
• ls%hdYS,s nj wvq i;=ka
• msydgq j¾Okh wvq i;=ka
• úlD;s iajNdjhla we;s i;=ka ^Wod' weia fkdue;s" mdo úlD;s iys;&
• jß.hg wkql+, fkdjk ,laIK we;s i;=ka
• frda.S i;=ka
• fkdikaiqka i;=ka
nDDvrfhka bj;a lrk úg msg,Eu
i;s 4la muK nDDvrh ;=< i;=ka .; lrk úg bj;a l< hq;= hehs ksÍlaIKhg yiq jq
i;=ka msg,Eu isÿ lrhs' tys § my; ,laIK i,ld nef,a'
• msydgq j¾Okh wvq ùu
• wiajdNdúl ,laIK msysàu
• frda.S ,laIK fmkaùu
• ls%hdYS,s nj wvq ùu
• j¾Okh wvq ùu
• fjk;a i;=kag lrorldÍ ùu
j¾Ol wjÈfha msg,Eu
fuys§ my; ,laIK iys; i;=ka bj;a flf¾'
• msydgq j¾Okh ÿ¾j, ùu
• ls%hdYS,s nj wvq ùu
• wiajdNdúl ,laIK fmkaùu
• jß.hg wkqj rEmdldrh fkd;sîu
• frda.S ,laIK fmkaùu Wod( .s¨k weia
• j¾Okh wvq ùu
• ;=jd, ;sîu

198
ì;a;r oeóug wdikak ^kEïìhka& ^jhi i;s 20-22& kqiqÿiq i;=ka f;dard msg,Eu
j.=j 14'36 ( ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN lrk lsls<shka bj;a lsÍu fyda ;nd .ekSu
isÿ lsÍfï § i,ld n,k ,laIK
wx.h bj;a l< hq;= ;nd.; hq;=
1' msydgq t,a,d jefgk" jerye,s .;shla isks÷" §ma;su;a
we;s" §ma;shla ke;s" fifuka blaukska msydgq jefvk i;=ka'
msydgq jefvk i;=ka'
2' uqyqK u<dksl" úh<s .;shla we;s" iïmQ¾Kfhka újD;" §ma;su;a weia
.s¿Kq weia we;s' iys;
3' lru, l=vd" yels,S .sh ,d r;= meye;s" ukdj jevqKq" ;o r;= meye;s
r¿ .;shla we;s bá .;shla we;s
4' idudkH ÿ¾j," lïue,s .;shla we;s ikSmodhl" läir
;;a j h f,v .;sfhka hq;a
5' YÍrh wjhj ksishdldr j fkdjevqk" ukdj jevqKq" jß.hg wkqj
jß.h wkqj nr ke;s nr we;s
6' yu úh<s iajNdjhla we;s" iqÿue,s jq ly mdg" §ma;su;a
7' ysi lmqgl=f.a yd iudk ia;S% iajNdjhla olajk
8' mmq wegh weo jq iDcq j mj;sk

ì;a;r ouk wjosfha msg,Eu

m<uqfjka u fuu wjosfha § ì;a;r fkdouk i;=ka yd bkamiq ÿ¾j, ì;a;r
ksIamdokhla ,nd fok i;=ka f;dard msg,Eu isÿ lrhs'
j.=j 14'37 ( by< yd ÿ¾j, ì;a;r ksIamdok ,nd fok lsls<shkaf.a ,laIK

ia:dkh $ by< ì;a;r m%udKhla ouk ì;a;r ksIamdokh ÿ¾j,

,laIK i;=kaf.a ,laIK i;=kaf.a ,laIK
ysi tl iudk È. yd m<," ysi W,a ù weia .s,S msysàu'
iu;,d" weia §ma;su;a msysàu'
lru, f,dl=" r;=" uDÿ iajNdjhla yels¿kq" úh<s" r¿ .;shlska
.ekSu' hqla; ùu'
cïnd,sh ´j,dldr yevhlska hq;a" r;a meye;s l=vd" úh<s" fkdwefok iq¿
úYd," f;;a iajNdjhlska iajNdjhla .ekSu'
hqla; ùu' ly meyehla .kshs'd
iu yd msydgq iu uDÿ hs" msydgq ls,sá hs" msydgq ukdj jeã we;'
f.ù.sh iajrEmhla we;' iu >klï h'
lefvk iq¿ hs' fïo iys; h'
fydg yd f.ù.sh iajrEmhla we;' È. hs" f.ù.sh iajNdjh
kshfmd;= wvq h'
j¾Kl flKavdj, iy fydgfha j¾Kl j¾Kl úrxckh ù hdu
úrxckh úrxckh ù hdu jeä h' wvq h'
i;=kaf.a ls%hdYS,S h" lE .eiSu wvq h' l,n,ldÍ nj jeä h'
yeisÍu myiqfjka md,kh l< yels h' lE .eiSu jeä h'

199
 j.=j 14'38( jeä yd wvq ì;a;r ksIamdokh lrk lsls<shkaf.a ,laIK
YÍrfha by< ì;a;r ÿ¾j, ì;a;r ksIamdolhka
wjhj ksIamdolhka
lru,a úYd, h" r;= meye;s h" ishqï h'úh<s h" u<dksl hs" l=vd h" r`M h'
fldrfmd;= iys; hs'
fydg flá h' meyehla fkdue;' È.á h" ly mdg h' rjqï h"
msydgq ye,Su m%udo ù mgka .kakd w;r YS>% j l,ska u mgka .kakd w;r fifuka
isÿ fõ' msydgq yef,k ld,h ;=< isÿjk ls%hdj,shls' fuu ld,h ;=<
§ ì;a;r oeóu isÿ fõ' § ì;a;r fkdou hs'
mmqq wiaÓfha fndfyda bv we;' we`.s,s 3-4 la mgq h' we`.s,s 1-2 la muK ;eìh
^Breast bone& ;eìh yels h' yels h'
isg Wl=`M
wiaÓhg
^Pelvic) we;s
fldgi'
Wl=`M wiaÓ fndfyda bv we;' m<, we`.s,s mgq h" we`.s,s 1-2la muK we;'
2 w;r 3-4 la muK we;'
fldgi'
iu isks÷ h" WKqiqï h" uDÿ h' r`M h' fïo iys; h'
mdofhys ksh flá h' È. h'
n| fmfoi meyehla ke; ^ly meyeh ly mdg h'
w;=reoyka ù f.dia we;&
Worh idudkH h" uDÿ h" ugis,sá h' b;d úYd, fyda b;d l=vd h' úh<s h'
>k h'
uqyqK l=vd h" iqug h' /<s iys; h'

by; ,laIKj,g wu;r j ly meye;s iulska hq;a jß.j, YÍrfha úúO ia:dkj,
j¾Kh fjkia ù we;s wdldrh wkqj jeäfhka ì;a;r ouk yd wvqfjka ì;a;r ouk
lsls<shka y÷kd.; yels h' ly meye;s iu iys; ish¨ u l=l=`M jß.j, fydg" flKav"
we`.s,s" cïnd,sh" weia jgd iy iqÿ meye;s lKa fm;sj, ly meye;s j¾Kl ;ekam;a j we;'
fuu j¾Kl Tjqka wdydr u.ska ,nd .kS' kEïìhka ì;a;r oeóu wdrïNh;a iu. i;=ka
úiska ,nd .kakd j¾Kl ì;a;r ly uofha ;ekam;a fõ' tneúka wLKav j ì;a;r
ksIamdokh lsÍfï oS tu j¾Kl l%ufhka laIh ù" úrxckh jQ iajNdjhla fmkajhs'
j.=j 14'39 ì;a;r ksIamdokh wdrïN ùu iu. j¾Kl úrxckh jk wdldrh
ld,h j¾Kl úrxck isÿjk ia:dkh
i;s 01 loS cïnd,sh wjg ifuys
i;s 02 loS lKa fm;s iy lka jgd
i;s 06-08 lska fydgh uq,ska mgkaf.k bosrshg
i;s 10-12 mdofha
i;s 16-18 flKavdj, bosßmi
i;s 24 flKavdj, msgqmi
14'39 j.=fõ oelafjk wldrhg j¾Kl úrxckh ù hdu wkqj i;=kaf.a ì;a;r
ksIamdokh wvq o jeä o hkak fidhd.; yels h'

200
/lSfï ,laIKh
fuh fyda¾fudak ls%hdldß;ajh u.ska isÿ fõ' /lSfï ,laIKh iys; i;=kaf.a
ì;a;r ksIamdokh wvq neúka tu i;=ka f;dard msg,Eu l< hq;= hs'
kqiqÿiq i;=ka msg,Efï jeo.;alu
• /lalùu i|yd fhda.H ì;a;r f;dard .ekSug
• wdydr kdia;sh wju lr .ekSug
wd¾Ól j M,odhs ksIamdokhla isÿ fkdlrk i;=ka bj;a lsÍfuka wdydr kdia;sh wju
lr .; yels h' túg wdydr i|yd jehjk uqo, wvq ùu ksid ksIamdok úhou wvq fõ'
• frda. me;sÍu md,kh lsÍug
frda. ,laIK fmkajk i;=ka yd frda. me;sÍug bjy,ajk i;=ka ÿgq ú.i bj;a
lsÍfuka l=l=`M mÜáh ;=< frda. md,kh myiq fõ' tu.ska ksIamdok úhou wvq lr .;
yels h'
• i;=ka w;r taldldr njla ;nd .ekSug
kqiqÿiq ,laIK iys;" j¾Ok fõ.h wvq" widudkH i;=ka bj;a lsÍfuka i;=ka w;r
taldldÍ nj ;nd.; yels h'
• jvd;a fhda.H i;=ka g Wmßu myiqlï iemhSug
kqiqÿiq i;=ka mÜáfhka bj;a lsÍfuka miq b;sßjk i;=kaf.a m%fhdackh i|yd bvlv"
wdydr wd§ myiqlï m%udKj;a f,i ,ndÈh yels h' tu.ska ksIamdokh jeälr ,dNh
Wmßu lr.; yels h'
• i;=ka w;r wkjYHh ;onoh u. yrjd .ekSug
Wod'( WIaK;ajh' c,h" wdydr i|yd ;r.h ke;s ùu
• taldldÍ ì;a;r ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSug

14' 11 l=l=<ka we;s lsÍfï l%u

l=l=`M md,kfhka jeä ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSug n,mdk lreKq w;=ßka iqÿiq ksjdi
iemhSu m%Odk idOlhla fõ' l=l=<ka i|yd ksjdi iemhSfuka tu i;=ka msßisÿ mßirhl
mj;ajd.; yels h' tu.ska i;=kag f,v frda. yd ndysr Wmøjj,ska wdrlaId lr.; yels
fõ' ;jo oeä ysre rYañh jeks lgql mdßißl ;;a;ajhkaf.ka i;=ka wdrlaIdlr .ekSu o
ksjdi iemhSfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' l=l=<ka i|yd ksjdi iemhSu tu i;=ka we;s lsrSfï
l%uh u; mokï ù we;s w;r úúO j¾Ok wjos i|yd imhk ksjdij, iqúfYaIs njla we;'
YS% ,xldfõ l=l=<ka we;s lsÍfï m%Odk l%u 3 ls' tkï"
1' ksoe,s l%uh (Free range System)
2' wv ishïq l%uh (Semi intensive System)
3' ishqï$ iqlaIau l%uh (Intensive System)
ksoe,s l%uh (Free range System)
YS% ,xldfõ .ïno m%foaYj, l=l=<ka we;s lsÍug
fuu l%uh fhdod .kS' Èjd ld,fha § i;=kga ksoe,af,a
yeisfrñka yd mßirfhka wjYH wdydr imhd .ksñka
Ôj;a ùug bv i,iajd we;' 1ha l N+ñ m%udKhl
we;s l< yels l=l=`M ixLHdj 350-450 muK fõ' jeä
bv m%udKhla jeh jk neúka kd.ßl m%foaY i|yd
fuu l%uh fhdod .ekSu wmyiq h'
rEmh 14'51( ksoe,s l%uhg l=l=<ka we;s
lsruS

201
 rd;s% ld,fha ,e.Su i|yd muKla ksjdi$l+vq imhhs' fï i|yd úúO wdldrfha
,dNodhS l+vq iemhsh yels h'
Wod'( 1' t,a,d ;nk ksjdi
m%foaYfha ,S ovq fhdodf.k l+vq idod .ia 2l t,a,Su
isÿ lrhs' l+vjq g ke.Su i|yd ,Kq$,S fhdod bKsu.la
o idohs'
2' ;Ügqjla iys; ksjdi
fuys § iqug lKq 4la f.k th u; l+vqjla iE§u
isÿ lrhs' lKq 4 fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg 1'8-2'4m
muK Wi fõ' l+vqj iEoSug mqjla má" ng ,S oud
jy,hg fmd,a w;= jeks ;djld,sl jeiaula ouhs'
ijig l=l=<kg we;=`M ùug ,Shla ;nd l=l=<ka
rEmh 14'52( t,a,d ;nk we;=,a jq miq ,Sh bj;a lrhs'
ksjdihla
fuu ksjdi ;=< rd;S% ld,hg muKla ,.sk ksid ksYaÑ; bv m%udKhla ;SrKh
fkdl< o tla i;l=g 1 000cm2 l muK bvla iemhSu m%udKj;a h'
fuu l%uhg i;=ka we;s lsÍfï § wdydr" Y%uh i|yd úhoula fkdue;s w;r" i;=kag
wjYH ;rï jHdhdu ,efí' fld< j¾. wdÈh wdydrhg .ekSu ksid ì;a;r ly uoh ;o ly
meye;s h' fuu .ï ì;a;rj,g jeä b,a¨ula mj;sk neúka jeä ñ,lg wf<ú lsÍug yels
ùu jdishls' kuq;a i;=kaf.a ì;a;r ksIamdokh wvq h' ;ekska ;ek ì;a;r ouk ksid
ì;a;r tl;= lsÍu ÿIalr fõ' wys;lr mdßißl ;;a;ajhkag f.dÿre ùu fya;=fjka i;=ka
frda.S fõ' úf,damsl ydks o jeä h'
wv ishqï l%uh (Semi intensive system)
bv m%udKh ;rula imhd .; yels w¾O kd.ßl
m%foaYj,g fuu l%uh jvd;a iqÿiq fõ' fuys §
tla i;l= i|yd 0'14-0'18m2 w;r bv m%udKhla
wjYH h' 2mla muK Wi lïì oe,a fyda jegj,a
.id m%foaY fjkalr tu m%foaYfha i;=ka ksoe,af,a
m<d;
yßhs' tu jgjq m%foaYfha u rd;s% ,e.=ï ksjdi
ms<sfh, lr rd;s%fha wdrlaIdj imhhs'
fuu l%ufha § i;=kag wjYH wdydr yd c,
n÷ka ksjdih ;=< imhkq ,efí' weys| lEug
wjia:d o ,efnk ksid i;=kg wu;r fmdaaIKhla rEmh 14'53 ( wv ishqï l%uhg l=l=<ka
,efí' frda. fnda ùu o ksoe,s l%uhg idfmalaI j wvq h' ì;a;r tl;= we;s lsls
rÍ S fï .eg¨ mek
u
fkdk.S' i;=kag ksoe,af,a yeisÍug ,nd fok bv m%udKh l,ska l,g fjkia lsÍfuka
tu N+ñ j.djka i|yd o fhdod.; yels ùu úfYaI jdishls ^jgudre l%uh&' jgudre l%uh
fhdod .ekSfuka i;=kaf.a fmdaIKh jeä lsÍu fukau fnda. wiajekak o jeä lr.; yels
h' úYd, rxpq we;s lsÍfï § md,k wmyiqj fuu l%ufha we;s m%Odk wjdish fõ'
ishqï$ iqlaIau l%uh (Intensive system)
fuu l%ufha § i;=ka mQ¾Kld,Sk j ksjdi ;=< we;s lrhs' i;=kaf.a wdydr yd c,
wjYH;d ish,a, iemhsh hq;= h' tneúka wdydr i|yd hk úhou by< h' tall lafIa;M
% ,hl
jeä i;=ka ixLHdjla we;s lrkq ,nhs' tneúka i;=ka flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l<
hq;= h' fuu l%ufha § i;=kag .e,fmk wdydr i,dl iemhSu ksid i;=kaf.a wdydr
ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä h' tneúka Wiia ksIamdokhla ,nd.; yels w;r úYd, i;=ka .Kkla"
wvq lïlre Y%uhlska md,kh l< yels h' ishqï l%uhg l=l=<ka we;s lsÍu bv m%udKh
iSñ; kd.ßl m%foaYj,g iqÿiq h'

202
 ishqï l%uh hgf;a l=l=<ka we;s l< yels m%Odk l%u 3 ls' tkï"
1' >k wdia;rK l%uh (Deep Litter System)
2' ;Ügqjla u; we;s lsÍu (Slatted floor system)
3' leo,s l%uh (Cage system)
>k wdia;rK l%uh
Y%S ,xldfõ nyq,j u l=l=<ka we;s lrk l%uh fuh fõ' l=l=<ka >k wdia;rKhla
^,sgrhla& u; we;s lsÍu fuys § isÿ flf¾' ,sgrh i|yd oyhshd" msÿre len,s" h;= l=vq
hkdÈh fhdod .; yels h' wdia;rKh ^w;=rKqj& >k
jq úg i;=kaf.a meyereï ukdj ñY% fõ' ,sgrh ;=<
isák laIqø Ôùka u.ska u< øjH úfhdackh fõ' laIqø
Ôú ls%hdldß;ajh ksid ldnkavfhdlaihsâ" wefudakshd
yd ;dmh msg fõ' tu msgjk ;dmh fya;=fjka frda.
fnda lrk laIqø Ôúka u¾okh jk w;r ,sgrh úh<s j
;nhs ' ,s g rfha la I q ø Ôùka u.s k a úgñka B
ixiaf,aIKhla o isÿ fõ'
w;=rKqj i|yd fhdod.kakd øjHj, ;sìh hq;= ,laIK
rEmh 14'54( >k wdia;rK l%uh
.eUqre w;=rKqjl id¾:l;ajhg úYd, jYfhka n,mdkqfha w;=rKqj ksjerÈ j Ndú;
lsÍu iy tys wdrlaIdldÍ ;;ajh hs' m%Yia; w;=rKqjl my; ;;a;aj ;sìh hq;= h'
² iq,N ùu
² len,s uOH m%udKfha ùu
² f;;ukh ukdj wjfYdaIKh lsÍu
² úh<Su läkï ùu
² i;=kag iqj myiqj f.k fok øjHhla ùu
² ,dNodhS ùu
² fmdfydr jYfhka Ndú; lsÍug yd úlsKSug yelshdjla ;sîu
² úI fkdjk yd i;=ka wdydrhg fkd.kakd øjH ùu
w;=rKqj md,kh
i;=ka ksjdihg we;=,a lsßug fmr 15cm >klug iqÿiq w;=rKqjla oeñh hq;= h'
i;=ka ksjig oud i;s 3 la muK .;ùfï § Tjqka myqre .Eu ksid u<my" w;=rKqj mqrd
úisÍu;a" w;=rKqj ;=<g hdu;a isÿ fõ' tksid kshñ; ld,dka;rj, f¾lalhla Ndú;d lr
w;=rKqj ñY% l< hq;= h' w;=rKqj u;=mgs f.dvj,a (lumps) wdldrhg osij
a k ;eka leãfuka
yd úáka úg wjYH mßÈ w¨;ska w;=rKq ñY%K tl;= lsÍfuka w;=rKqfõ .eUqr 30cm olajd
jeä l< yels h' ,e.=ï ovq yd wfkl=;a WmlrK ;eîfï § u<my tl ;ek f.dv
fkd.efik wdldrhg ;eîug j. n,d.; hq;= h' w;=rKqj ;o ùu ksid th nelaàßhd
ls%hdldß;ajhg o n,mEï we;s lrhs' w;=rKqj f;;a ù we;akï 10m2 lg 4kg la jk fia Èh
.eiq yqKq ñY% lsÍfuka h:d ;;ajhg m;a lr .; yels h'
uq,a ld,fha kshñ; ld,dka;rj, § f¾lal lsÍfuka w;=rKqj ukdj md,kh lr.;
yels h' tjeks w;=rKqjla WKqiqï" úh<s iy f,fyisfhka l=vd len,sj,g fjkajk iq`M
fõ' wdia;rKh fndfyda mrK jq úg iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a lr w¨;a w;=rKq oeñh hq;= h'
bj;a l< tu w;=rKq jákd fmdfydrls'
1' >k wdia;rK l%uhg ksjdi iE§u
>k wdia;rK l%uhg l=l=<ka we;s lsÍfï § ksjdi ms<sfh< lsÍu l%uj;a j isÿ l<
hq;= h' ksjdih ;=< ta ta jhia iSud wkqj i;=kag ,ndÈh hq;= bv m%udK fjkia fõ' i;=kag

203
wjYH bv ,nd fkdÿka úg wekfldgd .ekSï"
,sgrh f;;a ùu" jd;dY%h uo ù frda. we;s ùu"
lEug yd c,hg ;shK q q ;r.h wdÈh ksid ÿ¾j,
i;=ka we;s fõ'
WKqiï
q foaY.=Kls ;;a;j
a hgf;a kï wvqu ;ks mshi fomshi
jYfhka me;s ì;a;s ;=klaj;a újD; j ;eìh
hq;= h' ^lïì oe,a .id& fuu.ska msßisÿ jd;dY%h
wjYH muK ,efí' ì;a;s i|yd íf,dla .,a
fhdod .; yels h' ksjfia f. ìu
fldkalS%Üj,ska ;eksh hq;= h' tu.ska óhka w¾O fomshi tijQ fomshi
jeks i;=ka ìu Wux idodf.k ksjdi ;=<g
we;=¨ ùu j<lajd.; yels h' jy,h iE§u rEmh 14' 55 # úúO yeve;s jy, wdldr
i|yd W¿" fiú<s ;yvq" weianeiagia ;yvq wdÈh fhdod.; yels h' l=l=¿ ksjdij, jy,
iE§u úúO wdldr
.kS'

rEmh 14' 56 # >k wdia;rK l=l=¿ ksjdihl ieleiau

fodrj,a iE§u i|yd ,S fhdod .; yels h' fodrj,a

my; iSudjg 30cm muK Wiska lemSfuka wdia;rKh
yd we;s jk ;onoh wvqlr ukdj jeish yels h'
rd;sh% g l=l`= M ksjdij, ,.sk ia:dk ms<f
s h< lsÍfuka
i;=ka tla ;ekl frdla ù isàu j<lajd.; yels h'
;dm mSvdjla i;=kg oekqK úg ,e.=ï ovq u; ke.S
fyda jdhqf.da,fha fõ.j;a jdhq ixirKhla u.ska
th u. yrjd .; yels h' jevqK i;l=g ,e.Su i|yd
rEmh 14'57 # ,e.=ï ovq
150-20 cm bvla wjYH jk w;r bks fol w;r mr;rh wju jYfhka 25cm ls' iú l<
hq;= Wi ìu isg 30-50cm fõ' ì;a;r ouk lsls<shkaf.a ksjdih ;=< ì;a;r l+vq iemhSfuka
ì;a;r wmú;% ùu" i;=kag mE.S leã hdu j<lajd .; yels h'

204
 ksjdih ;=< i;=kag wdydr §u i|yd úúO wdldrfha wdydr n÷ka fhdod.; yels h'
ksjdih ;=< wdydr Ndck ilia l< hq;= Wi m%udKh i;=kaf.a j¾Ok Wi wkqj fjkia
fõ' tys§ Wi m%udKh ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka i;=kaf.a msg uÜgu olajd h' l=l=¿
md,kfha§ i;=kag msßisÿ c,h iemhSu jeo.;a fõ' ta
i|yd c, Ndck l=l=`M ksjdih ;=< ia:dk.; lr we;'
c, Ndck wdldr 2ls' tkï"
1' iajxlS%h c, Ndck
2' idudkH wdldrfha c, Ndck
2' ;Ügqjla u; we;s lsÍu
fuh l%u folls'
i' ,S má ;Ügqjla u; we;s lsßu
ãma ,sg¾ l%uhg jvd id¾:l l%uhls' má ;Ügqj
5 x 3cm m%udKhg ,Sj,ska idod .; yels h' ;Ügqjg rEmh 14' 58 # ,S má ;Ügqjla
háka j,la lmd fyda iu;, ìula ilia lsÍu l< hq;= h' ìï uÜgfï
u; we;s isglsß;Ügq
u jg Wi
m%udKh 60cm la muK úh hq;= h'
ii' lïì oe,a ;Ügqjla u; we;s lsÍu
,S máj, i;=ka we;s lsÍug iudk l%uhls' 1.5cm
fldgq oe,a Ndú; lr fmdf<djg iudka;r ;Ügqjla
ilia lrhs' th u; i;=ka we;s lrhs' ,S má u; § fuka
i;a;aj meyereï ìug jefÜ' tajd fmdf<dfõ lmk
,o j,lg fyda iu;,d ìug jeàug i,iajd bj;a l<
hq;= h' l+=vqfõ ìu isg 5cm by<ska oe,a ;Ügqj idokq
,nhs'
;Ügqjla u; l=l=<ka we;s lsÍfï § msßisÿ nj
/flk w;r" msßisÿ ì;a;r ksIamdokhla o ,nd.; yels
rEmh 14' 59 # lïì oe,a ;Ügqjla
h' fuu l%uh ksid i;=kaf.a meyereï kej; i;=kaf.a fkd.Efjk ksid mkq wdidok
u; we;s lsÍu
fndfyda úg wvq h' tfiau fyd| jd;dY%hla mj;sk ksid frda.S ùu wju fõ' c, Ndck
ksid yÈis c, ldkaÿjla we;s jqj;a i;=kag th wys;lr fkdfõ' ìug jefgk wmøjH
bj;a fkdl<fyd;a i;a;aj meyereïj,ska wefudakshd jdhqj msg ùfuka i;=ka Yajik
wmyiq;dj,g ,la ùug bv we;'
3' leo,s l%uh
fuu l%ufha § lïì oe,aj,ska fyda ,S máj,ska ilia l< leo,s ;=< i;=ka we;s lrhs'
ilia lrk leo,s wdldr folls'
1' ;ks l=vq l%uh (Single cage system) - tla i;l=g tl l+vqj ne.ska imhhs'
2' nyq l+vq l%uh (Multiple cage system) - tla leoe,a,l i;=ka jeä .Kkla isáhs'

;ks l=vq l%uh

rEmh 14'60 # leo,s l%

nyquhg
l=vl=
q l%lu=<hka we;s lsrSu

205
 leo,s l%ufha § leo,s tlla u; tlla ;nd ;Ügq lsysmhla f,i ilia l< yels ksid
fuhg negß l%uh hk ku o Ndú; lrhs' fuu l%ufh a§ úYd, i;=ka .Kkla wvq lïlre
Y%uhlska md,kh l< yels fõ' frda. fnda ùu wvq h' msßisÿ ì;a;r ,nd.; yels h' i;=ka
wekfldgd .ekSfï ydksh wju fõ' ;j o wdydr ld¾hlaIu;djh b;d jeä h' kuq;a fuys
§ l+vq iE§ug ksmqK;djla yd úYd, m%d.aOkhla wjYH fõ' ishqï l%uhg l=l=<ka we;s lsÍu
bv m%udKh iSñ; kd.ßl m%foaYj,g b;d iqÿiq h' fuu l%ufha § tall lafIa;%M,hl
úYd, i;=ka m%udKhla we;s lsÍug yelshdj we;'

14' 12 fn%dhs,¾ l=l=<ka md,kh

fn%dhs,¾ l=l=<ka hkq uia ,nd .ekSfï wruqKska Èk 35-42 jeks flá ld,hl §
Wmßu j¾Okhla ,nd.; yels mßÈ l=l=`M jß. 2 la w;r fouqyqka wNsckkfhka ksmojk
,o l=l=`M fouqyquls' tneúka zzfn%dhs,¾ZZ l=l=<ka hkq l=l=`M jß.hla fkdj o¾Y (Strains)
fõ'

Wod'( fldaksIa X RIR fldaksIa X ma,su;a frdla

fn%dhs,¾ fn%dhs,¾

fï whqßka úúO rgj,a u.ska wNsckk lrk ,o fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka Y%S ,xldfõ we;s
lrkq ,nhs' fjf<| iud.ï wkqj jdKsc kïj, úúO;ajhla we;;a i;=kaf.a ,laIK
fndfydaúg iudk neúka ,efnk m%;s,dN o iudk;djla olajhs'
j.=j 14'40 ( YS% ,xldfõ we;slrkq ,nk fn%dhs,¾ o¾Y lsysmhla yd
tu o¾Y iïNjh jq rgj,a
fn%dhs,¾ o¾Yfha ku iïNjh jq rg
fjkafldí bkaÈhdj
yhsfn%da fko¾,ka;h
yn¾â fko¾,ka;h
f,daudka ngysr c¾uksh
fko¾,ka;h

fn%dhs,¾ md,kfhka ,efnk ,dNh flfrys bvlv" fmdaIKh iy md,kh hk idOl

m%Odk jYfhka n,mdkq ,nhs'
• bvlv
fn%dhs,¾ i;=kaf.a jhia iSud wkqj i;=kag ,nd Èh hq;= bv m%udK 14'40 j.=fõ oelafõ'
j.=j 14'41 ( fn%dhs,¾ i;=kaf.a jhi iSud wkqj ,nd osh hq;= bv wjYH;dj
jhia m%udKh bv wjYH;dj
(m2)
Èk 1 - Èk 4 0'03
Èk 7 - Èk 14 0'05
Èk 14 - Èk 42 0'09

206
 m%udKj;a bvlv fkd,enqKfyd;a i;=ka wekfldgd .ekSu" jd;dY%h wvq ù frda. we;s
ùu" lEug yd c,hg ;shqKq ;r.h wdÈh ksid ÿ¾j, i;=ka we;s fõ' uia ksIamdokh wvq
ùug th fya;=jla fõ' tfuka u l+vqfõ bvlv m%udKh jeä jq úg o i;=kaf.a ixprKh
jeä ùu fya;=fldgf.k wdydr mßj¾;k wkqmd;h wvq fõ' tu.ska o i;=kaf.a uia
ksIamdokh wvq fõ' tneúka fn%dhs,¾ ksjdih ;=< iqÿiq bv iemhSu jeo.;a h'
wdydr mßj¾;k wkqmd;h (Feed Conversion Ratio-FCR)
i;l=f.a Ôj nr 1kg la ksmoùug wdydr fld;rï Èh hq;= o hkak wdydr mrsj¾;k
wkqmd;h hs'

mßfNdackh l< uq¨ wdydr m%udKh (kg)

wdydr mßj¾;k wkqmd;h =
i;df.a Ôj nr (kg)
fuys w.h FCR w.h 2 g jvd wvq ùu jvd iqÿiq h'
• fmdaIK wjYH;d
fn%dhs,¾ i;=kaf.a blauka j¾Okhla fmkajk neúka Wiia fmdaIKhla iemhSu jeo.;a
fõ' tneúka ldfndayhsfâ%Ü" fm%daàka" úgñka" Lksc" fïo wvx.= iun, wdydr fõ,la
i;df.a wjYH;dj wkqj iemhsh hq;= h'
fuys§ m<uq Èkfha isg i;s 4 olajd wdrïN i,dlh (Broiler Starter) o" i;s 4 isg
wjidk wdydr i,dlh (Broiler Finisher) o iemhsh hq;= h' fuu wdydr i,dl j¾. fol u
i;=kag ßis fia (ad-libitum) iemhSu jeo.;a h'
j.=j 14'42 ( fn%dhs,¾ wdydr i,dlj, ;sìh hq;= fmdaIK wjYH;d

mßjD;a;s
fm%daàka S a fu;hskk
,hsik s a isià
a ka fïo s ï fmdiamria
le,aih
o< Yla;sh
% % % % % % %
(Cal/kg)
wdrïNl i,dlh 3 000 21-23 1'3 1'2 0'9 4 1 0'5

wjika i,dlh 3 200 18-20 1'1 1'0 0'3 8 1 0'4

fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka i|yd ilia l< wdydr i,dl" l=vq yd leg is,skavrdldr wdldrfhka
,nd .; yels h' leg yd is,skavrdldr wdldr wdydr ,nd oSfuka wdydr kdia;sh wvq lr.;
yels w;r fmky`M wdYs%; frda. iEoSu o wvq lr .; yels h' tjeks wdydr ,nd §fuka
wdydr kdia;sh wvq lr.; yels h' wjYH wdydr ;ukag u ilialr .ekSug o yels h'
wdydr iemhSu
fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka i|yd wdydr iemhSug úúO wdldrfha wdydr n|qka Ndú; lrkq ,efí'
^Wod'( È.= wdydr n÷ka" rjqï wdydr n÷ka&' j¾Ok wjosfha § i;=kag wdydr Ndckj, ,nd
Èh hq;= bv m%udK fjkia fõ' fï wkqj È.= wdydr n÷ka imhkafka kï tla i;l= i|yd
5cm l bv m%udKhla o" rjqï wdydr n÷kla i|yd tla i;l=g 2cm l bv m%udKhla o
iemhSu jeo.;a h' ta wkqj ;eìh hq;= n÷ka .Kk ksjfia we;s i;=ka .Kk wkqj ;SrKh
l< hq;= h' uq,a Èk lSmh ;=< § jßka jr wdydr iq`M m%udKj,ska wdydr n÷kaj,g oeñh hq;=
h' i;=ka j¾Okh ùu;a iu. Wfoa iji wdydr oeóu m%udKj;a fõ' wdydr n\qkaj, Wi
i;df.a msg uÜgug isák f,i i;=kf a .a j¾Okh;a iu. fjkia lsÍfuka i;=kg a myiqfjka
lEu n÷kaj,ska wdydr .ekSug yels fõ'

207
c,h iemhSu
msßisÿ" kejqï c,h i;=kag iemhsh hq;= h' ta i|yd úúO wdldrfha c, n÷ka Ndú;
lrkq ,nhs' tajd idudkH wdldrfha c, Ndck yd iajhxlS%h wdldr f,i j¾.SlrKh l<
yels h' m<uq i;sh ;=< l=vd c, n÷ka imhkq ,efí' bkamiq l%ufhka nDDv¾ wdjrKh
bj;a lsÍu;a iu. úYd, c, n÷ka fj; udre l< hq;= h' wêl f;fyÜgqfjka hqla; neúka
WKqlr ksjd.;a c,h 1l lg .aÆfldaia f;a ye¢ 4la muK oud m<uq Èk 3 § iemhsh hq;= h'
Vita stress o c,h iu. iemhsh yels h' Èklg jrla c, n÷ka msßisÿ lsÍu l< hq;= h' c,
n|qkaj, c,h udre lsÍu o ks;sm;d l< hq;= h'
i;=kaf.a j¾Okh;a iu. c, n÷kaj, Wi fjkia l< hq;= h' fuu Wi i;=kaf.a
msfÜ Wi m%udKhg fjkia lsÍfuka tu i;=kag myiqfjka c,h mdkh l< yels fõ' tfia
u c, n÷kaj, c, uÜgu o md,kh l< hq;= h' jeämqr c,h ;sîu w;=rKqj f;;a ùug
iqÿiq mßirhla we;s lrhs' tla i;l=g rjqï c, Ndckhl bv m%udKh 1cm la úh hq;=
w;r" È.= c, Ndckhl o fuu bv m%udKh 1cm la fõ'
• md,k l%u
wdf,dalh ,nd §u
fn%dhs,¾ i;=kag Èjd rd;s% fofla u wdydr wkqNj lsÍug yelsjk mßos wdf,dalh
,nd §u flfrys ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' fï i|yd idudkH úÿ,s n,an fyda *af,darikaÜ
n,an Ndú; l< yels h' ;Sj%;dj jeä wdf,dalh Èk 14 f;la o" bkamiq wvq ;Sj%;djfhka
hq;a wdf,dalh o ,nd §u m%udKj;a h' fjdÜ 15l n,anhla u.ska 18'5m2 l bv m%udKhla
i|yd wdf,dalh iemhsh yels h'
WIaK;ajh
oskla jhie;s fn%dhs,¾ megjqka i|yd wdrïNfhaoS 350C l muK WIaK;ajhla ,nd osh
hq;= w;r miq j fuu WIaK;ajh l%ufhka ldur WIaK;ajh f;la wvq lrkq ,efí'
w;=rKqj md,kh
5-10cm l muK Wilg w¨;a w;=rKqjla fhosh yels h' nyq, jYfhka ù fmd;= (rice
husk) ^oyhshd& Ndú; lrk w;r h;= .dk ,o ,S fmd;= fyda len,s lrk ,o msÿre fyda ,S
l=vq jeks øjH o iuyr wjia:dj, oS Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' w;=rKqj iEu wjia:djl oS u
ridhksl øjHj,ska yd fjk;a ydkslr laIqø Ôùkaf.ka f;dr úh hq;= w;r b;d wêl f,i
¥ú,s fyda l=vq .;sfhka hqla; fkdúh hq;= h' i;=kaf.a j¾Okh;a iu. w;=rKqj f¾lal
lsÍu u.ska c,h jeàfuka iy u< øjH tl;= ùfuka w;=rKqfõ leá;s we;sùu j<lajd .;
yels h' wêl f,i leá;s we;s fõkï kj w;=rKqjla fhoSu o isÿ l< hq;= h'
tkak;a lsÍu
fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka yg .ïfndafrda iy /kslÜ frda. je<oSu je<elaùug tka;;a lrkq
,nhs' mdkSh c,hg tkak;a ñY% lsÍu fyda i;=kaf.a weig ìxÿ f,i oeóu l< yels h'
tkak;a lsÍfï § mY= ffjoHjrhl=f.a Wmfoia ,nd .ekSu l< yelskï b;d iqÿiq h'
tkak;a lsÍug fmr tu tkak;aj, l,a bl=;ajk Èkh ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
tfukau tu tkak;aj, i|yka Wmfoia ksis mßÈ wkq.ukh lsÍu o jeo.;a fõ'
j.=j 14'43 ( fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka i|yd tkak;a jevigyk
uia i|yd l=l=<ka ieliSu
frda.h Èh hq;= ld,h tkak;a j¾.h tkak;a l< hq;= l%uh
/kslÜ i;s 2-3 Hithher B1(live) mdkSh c,hg ñY%lr §u
.ïfndafrda Èk 7"14 iy 21 Live Intermediate mdkSh c,hg ñY%lr §u
weig ìxÿ f,i §u

208
• uia i|yd ieliSfï oS ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka uia i|yd ieliSfï § ie,lsh hq;= m%Odk idOl ;=kls' tkï
1' u< lf|a ndysr iajrEmh (External appearance)
2' l,a;nd .ekSfï .=Kh (Keeping quality)
3' mdßfNda.sl reÑl;ajhg wkqrEm udxYfha .=Kd;aul nj
(Meat quality accordance to consumer preference)
fï ish,a, wdydrj, .=Kd;aul nj" >d;kh" ieliSu" fjf<|fmd< i|yd weiqreï
lrk wdldrh wd§h u; r|d mj;S' uq,sl jYfhka >d;kh (Slaughter) i|yd f.fkk
i;=ka Tjqkag mSvdjla we;s fkdjk mßÈ" bv myiqlï iys; fmÜáj, oud m%jdykh l<
hq;= h' fuys§ jd;dY%h ukdj ,eìh hq;= w;r" iq¾h rYañfhka Tjqka wdrlaId l< hq;= h'
>d;kd.drh wi,g f.kd úg yels blaukska tu i;=ka >d;kh lr fjf<|fmd<g
ielish hq;= h' m%udo lsÍfuka" i;=kag ksrdydr j isàug isÿjk ksid i;=kaf.a nr wvq ùu
isÿ úh yels h' óg wu;r j i;=ka c, msmdifhka yd wêl fjfyiska ñh hd yels h'
m%jdyk fmÜáj,g lsis úfgl;a i;=ka ;olr fkdoeñh hq;= h' fufia lsÍfuka i;=ka
tlsfkldg f;rmSu" mE.Su" ;=jd, ùu" ;gq yd mdo leãu" ia:dkSh f,a .e,Sï wdosh we;súh
yels h' fï ish,a, u< lf|a .=Kd;aul nj my< ouhs'
fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka i|yd m%;sÔjl ,nd fokafka kï >d;khg osk 7-10 g fmr tu øjH
,nd oSu iïmQ¾Kfhka u k;r l< hq;= h' tu.ska u< lf|a tu m%;sÔjlj, wjfYaI tl;=
ùu j<lajd .; yels h'
• uia i|yd ieliSfï mshjr
uia i|yd fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka ieliSu wjia:d lsysmhlska isÿ fõ' th ;j ÿrg;a my;
i|yka f,i úia;r l< yels h'
1' i;=kag wdydr iemhSu k;r lsÍu
>d;khg meh 8-24 lg fmr wdydr §u k;r l< hq;= h' fuu ld, iSudj ;=< oS i;=kag
mdkSh c,h oSu muKla isÿ flf¾' fu u.ska my; i|yka jdis w;alr .; yels h'
• jgkh yd wdydr ud¾. moaO;sh ysia ùu
• fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka ieliSfï oS wdydr ud¾. moaO;sh lemS ;=jd, ùug we;s wjodku
wvq lr .ekSu
• wdydr kdia;sh wju lsÍu u.ska wdydr i|yd hk úhou wvq lr .ekSu
• uia ilia lr .ekSfï oS isÿjk wmú;% ùï (Contamination) wju lr .ekSu
• wka;rx. bj;a lsÍu myiq ùu
• wmøjH m%udKh wvq ùu ksid wmøjH neyer lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh myiq ùu
2' i;=ka we,a,Su (Birds Catching)
iEu úg u i;=ka mdoj,ska w,a,d .ekSu iqÿiq fõ' ljr
wjia:djl oSj;a msydgqj,ska we,a,u
S isÿ fkdl< hq;= h' msydgqj,ska
w,a,d .kq ,nk úg oS" oe`.,Su ksid isÿjk ydks u.ska u< lfoa
.=Kd;aul njg ydks isÿ fõ'
3' iÔú i;=ka m%jdykh
fï i|yd ma,diaála fyda hlv oe,a fmÜá Ndú; l< yels h'
tla i;l=g 0'05m2 l bv m%udKhla ,nd §u jeo.;a fõ' i;=ka
;=jd, fkdjk fia yd l,n, fkdjk fia m%jdykh l< hq;= h'
i;=ka m%jdykh lsÍu rd;S% ld,fha oS" WoEik fyda ijia ld,fha
oS ^wêl ysre rYañh fkdue;s wjia:djl oS & isÿ lsÍu u.ska i;=ka
úvdjg m;a ùu j<lajd.; yels h' iEu úg u m%jdykfha oS
rEmh 14'61 # iÔú i;=ka
m%jdykh lrk g%la r:hla

209
i;=kag ukd jd;dY%hla ,efnk mßos újD; jdykj, m%jdykh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
4' mQ¾j urK mÍlaIdj (Anti-mortem inspection)
>d;khg fmr ish¨ u i;=ka mY= ffjoHjrhl= ,jd fyda f,v frda. ms<sn| oekqula
we;s whl= ,jd ndysr mÍlaIdjlg ,la lrkq ,efí' tu.ska frda.S i;=ka we;akï tu i;=ka
y÷kdf.k bj;a lrkq ,nhs'
5' i;=ka fkdfi,ajk mßos r|jd .ekSu
>d;kh lsÍu iy reêrh bj;a lsÍu myiq lrkq msKsi tu i;d >d;khg fmr
fkfi,ajk mßos r|jd .ekSu jeo.;a h' ta i|yd md ú,x.= fyda rduq fyda lïì wdOdrlhla
(Shackle) fyda >d;k fla;= (Bleeding Cone) jeks wdOdrl fhdod.; yels h'
6' isys uq¾cd lsÍu yd f., is£u
y,d,a wdldrhg uia ieliSu isÿ fkdlrk wjia:dj, oS úÿ,s WmlrKhla u.ska i;=ka
isys uQ¾cd lsÍu uQ,slj u isÿ lrhs' bka miq i;df.a fn,af,a jïmi ykqjg háka ishqï
lemqulska reêr jdysks h
s (Jugular
vein) lemSu u.ska >d;kh l<
yels h' f., is¢k ,o u< l|
md ú,x.=fõ u /£ ;sìh § yels
muK reêrh YÍrfhka bj;a
lsÍug j. n,d .; hq;= h' u<
l| ;=< f,a b;sß ùfuka u< lf|a
.= K d;a u l nj yd l,a ; nd
.ekSfï .=Kh wvq fõ'
7' msydgq bj;a lsÍu
msydgq bj;a lsÍug fmr msydgq rEmh 14'62 ( md ú,x.= rEmh 14'63 ( >d;k
YÍrfhka bys,a l< hq;= h' fï i|yd i;=ka 56-60 C WKq
oud 0we;s whqrie qï c,fha .s,aúfla
h ;hq=j;la= h' fuu
;=< is ák
c,fha ;;amr 30-120la muK .s,ajd ;eîfuka bj;a lsÍug yels mßÈ msydgq bysif;la ,a fõ' óg
jvd wvq WIaK;ajhla iys; c,h u.ska msydgq bys,a ùug ndOd we;s lrk w;r jvd WKqiqï
c,h u< l| ;eïîulg (Cooked) Ndckh lrhs' fuhska msydgq
bj;a lrk úg iu ^Skin& iy iuyr mgl .e,ù hd yels w;r
uiaj, o ;eïnqkq iajNdjhla fmkakï q lrhs' fujeks i;=kf a .a
u< l|j,g we;s mdßfNda.sl b,a¨u wvq h' msydgq bj;a lrk
hka;%hl (Defeathering Machine) wdOdrfhka msydgq bj;a l<
yels h' óg wu;r j fl¢ msydgq (Pin feathers) .Eia fgdaÉ u.ska
ms<siaiSfuka bj;a l< hq;= h'
8' wka;rx. bj;a lsÍu (Evisceration)
uq,rEmh
ska u14'64(
u< l| msydgq
fidaod
ysi yd mdo lmd bj;a l< hq;= h' bka miq j,s.fha we;s zff;,
bj;a lrk hka;%hla
.%kaÓhZ bj;a l< hq;= h' cïnd,sh m%foaYfhka YÍrh
újD; fldg wka;rx. bj;g we| oeñh hq;= h' bkamiq
wdydrhg .; yels fldgia (Giblets), tkï yoj;" wlaudj"
jgkh wdosh fjka l< hq;=h'
9' fiAou
S
bkaøshhka bj;a lr .;a foayh msßisÿ c,fhka
fiaoSu isÿ l< hq;= h' fï wdldrhg lsysm j;djla
fidaod .ekSfuka msßisÿ" .=Kd;aul núka by< u< l|la
,nd.; yels h'
10' mYapd;a urK mÍlaIKh (Post mortem inspection) rEmh 154'65 ( wka;rx.
bj;a lrk whqre
210
 wka;rx. bj;a lsÍfuka miqj YÍrfha msg me;a; iy ish¨ u wNHka;r bkaos%hhka fï
i|yd mqyqKqjla we;s whl= ,jd fyda mY= ffjoH jrfhl= mÍlaId lsÍfuka ;j ÿrg;a
frda.S i;=ka we;akï tu i;=ka y÷kdf.k ieliSfï ls%hdj,sfha oS tu i;a;aj fldgia bj;a
lsÍu u.ska by< .=Kd;aul njla mj;aajd .; yels w;r mdßfNda.slhdg f,v frda. me;sÍ
hdu o j<lajhs'
11' wêYS;kh lsÍu
wka;rx. bj;a l< ysia u< l| msßisÿ c,fhka fidaod 0-40C la muK WIaK;ajfha
we;s whsia ñY% c,fha úkdä 15la muK .s,ajd ;nkq ,efí' bkamiq c,fhka bj;a lr
jeämqr c,h jEiaiS bj;a jk;=re t,a,d ;eìh hq;= h'
12' weisÍu
fjf<|fmd<g hefjk wdldrh wkqj i;=ka iïmQ¾Kfhka fyda fldgiaj,g fjkalr
weisßh hq;= h' úfYaI wdydr j¾. ilia lsÍfï § fuu fldgia i|yd jeä b,a¨ula we;'
fujeks l%u u.ska úl=Kqï ñ< o jeälr .; yels h'
iïmQ¾Kfhka weisÍfï § wdydrhg .;yels wNHka;r
fldgia ^Giblets& o fjku wiqrd u< l| ;=<g we;=,a
l< hq;= h'
jeä b,a¨ula we;s u< l|l ,laIK
• msydgqj,sk"a úfYaIfhka l=re msydgqj,ska f;dr
úh hq;= h'
• iu bÍfuka" ;=jd, ùfuka fyda ;=jd,
,mj,ska (Scars) f;dr úh hq;= h'
• ;e,Sï fyda f,a me,a,ïj,ska f;dr úh hq;= rEmh 14'66( wiqrk whqre
h'
• wNHka;r wka;rx.j,ska f;dr úh hq;= h'
• ksishdldr j wiqrd ;sìh hq;= h'
• ;gq" mdo wdÈh fkdleã ;sìh hq;= h'
13' .nvd lsÍu
tÈk u wf<ú lrhs kï YS;lrKhl ;eìh yels h' Bg jvd l,a .nvd lrhs kï
í,diag wêYS;kh ^Blast freezing& fyda idudkH wëYS;kh l< hq;= h' fuys § weiqreug
fhdod .kakd fmd,s;Ska wdjrKh ukdj jid ;eìh hq;= h' tfia fkdù u< l| wêl YS;g
újD; jqjfyd;a th úc,SlrKhg Ndckh fõ' fuu.ska u< lf|a nr wvq ùu yd úh<Su
isÿ fõ'
j.=j 14'44 ( idudkH wêYS; lsÍfï yd í,diag wêYS; lsÍfï § oelsh yels fjkialï

idudkH wêYS; lsÍu í,diag wêYS; lsÍu

• ffi,j,ska msg; úYd, Èh leá;s ffi, ;=< l=vd Èh leá;s we;s fõ'
we;s fõ'
• úYd, Èh leá;s ksid ffi, ydkshg ffi, ydks ùu b;d wvq h'
m;a fõ'
• iu hg we;sjk úYd, Èh leá;s ksid foayh iqÿ meyefhka Èia fõ'
foayh w÷re meyefhka Èia fõ'
• WIaK;ajh 00C oS l,a;nd .; yels WIaK;ajh -180C isg my< WIaK;aj j,oS
ld,h wvq h' l,a;nd .; yels ld,h §¾> h.
• rifha fjkia ùula isÿ úh yels h' rifha fjkia ùu wvq h'

211
 .e,Sï igyk 14'4 # uia ieliSfï mshjr

fn%dhs,¾ uiaj, .=Kdx.

mdßfNda.sl reÑh wêl ùug kï >d;kh lrk ,o fn%dhs,¾ uiaj, my; i|yka
.=Kdx. ;sìh hq;= h'
• j¾Kh - ly meye ñYs%; iqÿ meyeh
• yevh - jgl=re núka hq;a mDIaáu;a foayh
• fmkqu - oSma;su;a " ydks fkdjQ iu" wiAÒ fkdì|S ;sîu" l=vd msydgq fkd;sîu iy
u< lf|a reêr me,a,ï fkd;sîu
• iqj| - ÿ`.|ska f;dr ùu

14'13 .j md,kh
YS% ,xldfõ .j md,kfha j¾;udk ;;a;ajh
YS% ,xldfõ .j md,kh m%Odk jYfhka lsß ksIamdokh b,lal fldg isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
uia i|yd l%udkql+, j .jhka we;s lsrSula olakg ke;;a uia ,nd .ekSu msKsi o .jhska
fhdod .efka' .jkaf.ka ,nd .kakd f.du fmdfydrla jYfhka m%fhdackhg .kS' YS%
,xldfõ .jhska we;s lsrSu iEu lDIs mdrsirsl l,dmhl u isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
j.=j 14'45( YS% ,xldfõ .j .ykh miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< fjkia ù we;s wkaou
j¾Ih t< .jhka ó yrla
2003 1 148 370 280 480
2004 1 166 905 301 500
2005 1 188 110 307 650
2006 1 184 710 314 080
2007 1 206 490 318 310
2008 1 195 610 318 530

212
 ó .j
t< .j

m%ia;drh 14'9 ( 2006 j¾Ifha YS% ,xldfõ úúO m<d;aj, .j .ykfha ixhq;sh

j.=j 14'46 ( miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< YS% ,xldfõ jd¾Isl lsß ksIamdokh

lsß ksIamdokh 000l j¾Ih

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
t<lsß 156546 159696 161816'4 164977'2 169728 172442'4
ó lsß 30258 30600 30925'2 31646'2 32281'2 35650'7
uq`M lsß ksIj.=
14'45 amdokh
jg wkqj186804 190296
YS% ,xldfõ 192741'6
.j .ykfha ie,lsh196623'4 202009'2
hq;= j¾Okhla oelsh 208093'1
yels h' ta
w;ßka jeäu t< .j .ykhla jHdma; ù we;af;a jhU yd W;=re ueo m<d;aj, jk w;r"
W;=re ueo yd ol=Kq m<d;aj, ó .jhka jeä jYfhka jHdma; ù we;' l=reKE.," wkqrdOmqr"
yïnkaf;dg" fudkrd., hk Èia;s%lal fï w;ßka m%Odk fõ' 14'46 j.=jg wkqj miq.sh
jir lsysmh ;=< YS% ,xldfõ lsß ksIamdokfha o jeä ùula olakg we;'
miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< YS% ,xldjg wdkhkh lrk ,o lsß m%udK ms<sn| o;a; 14'47
j.=fjka olajd we;' Ys% ,xldfõ mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk lsßj,ska 67]la yd fjf<|fmd<g
wf<úh i|yd bÈßm;alr we;s lsß iy lsß ksIamdokj,ska wdikak jYfhka 80] lau
iukaú; jkafka wdkhksl lsßj,sks' fuhska fmkakqï flfrkafka miq.sh jir lsysmh
;=< foaYSh jYfhka tl;= lrk ,o lsß m%udKh jeä jqj o" lsß wdkhkh o iudka;rj jeä
ù we;s njhs' fuhg fya;=j ù we;af;a lsß i|yd we;s b,a¨u jeä ùu hs' 2007 j¾Ifha
wdkhkh lrk ,o lsßj, jákdlu remsh,a ì,shk 19 ls'
j.=j 14'47 ( miq.sh j¾Ij, wdkhkh lrk ,o lsß m%udK (000' MT)
2008 j¾Ifha YS% ,xldfõ lsß mrsfNdackh fuá%la fgdka 612 000 ls' th tla

j¾Ih lsß msá Wl= lsß lsß wdydr

2003 69'74 0'05 0'36
2004 54'02 0'16 0'38
2005 52'79 0'01 0'24
2006 68'10 0'00 0'16
2007 61'60 0'42 0'05
2008 62'51 0'01 0'05

213
mqoa.,hl=g 32kg ls' bkaÈhdfõ tal mqoa., mßfNdackh 72kg ls' fkamd,fha 40kg ls'
wefußld tlai;a ckmofha 234kg ls' fï wkqj YS% ,xldj f,dalfha wvqfjka u lsß
mßfNdackh lrk rgla nj fmkakqï lrhs' th ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, idudkH jq
40 kg g;a jvd wvq h' wm úiska lrkq ,nk wju lsß mßfNdackh i|yd jqj o wmg lsß
wdkhkh lsÍug isÿ j we;' miq .sh oYlh ;=< lsß iy lsß ksIamdok i|yd rg ;=< 5]l
muK m%udKhlska jd¾Isl j b,a¨u jeä ù we;s kuq;a ksIamdok jeä ùfï fõ.h 1'5] ls'
2007 j¾Ifha ksl=;a lr we;s jd¾;djlska fmkakqï lrk mßÈ fuu ;;a;ajh fjkia lsÍug
wm wfmdfydi;a jqjfyd;a 2015 j¾Ih jk úg lsß yd lsß ksIamdok wdkhkh lsÍug
remsh,a ì,shk 30l muK úhoula oeÍug isÿ úh yels h'
tneúka YS% ,xldfõ .j md,kh ;j ÿrg;a ÈhqKq lsÍu w;HjYH h' .j md,kh YS%
,xldj ;=< jHdma; lsÍfuys ,d úYd, úNjhla mj;S' tkï"
• fnda. j.djg .; fkdyels bvï yd nEjqï bvï" iajdNdúl ;DK N+ñ ^m;k" ú,a¨&"
,÷ le,E" wdka;sl f;a bvï úYd, m%udKhla ;sîu yd tajd Ndú; l< yels ùu'
• oekg i;a;aj md,kh i|yd fhdod fkd.;a úYd, fmd,a bvïj, há j.djla f,i
;DK j.d fldg tajd .j md,kh i|yd fhdod .; yels ùu'
• oekg úYd, jYfhka ksIamdokh jk uq;a nyq, j Ndú; fkdlrk msÿre" nv bß`.="
uqx" fidahd" flfi,a jeks lDIsld¾ñl fnda. wjfYaI wdÈh .j wdydr f,i fhdodf.k
.j md,kh jHdma; l< yels ùu'
• /lshd úrys; ;reK ;reKshka úYd, m%udKhla isák neúka Tjqka w;r .j
md,kh m%p,s; fldg tu Y%uh fhdod.; yels ùu'
• by< ksIamdokhla ,nd fok .j jrs. we;s l< yels foaY.=Ksl l,dm ,xldfõ
msysgd ;sîu'
• rcfha yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha .j md,khg wod< fkdfhla fiajd iy myiqlï
;sìu S '
• myiqfjka WmfoaYk fiajd ,nd.; yels ùu'
• kj ;dlaIK l%u iq,N ùu - Wo'( lD;s%u isxpkh
• i;a;aj ksIamdok ksmojk l¾udka; Yd,d rdYshla ;sîu'
• i;a;aj ksIamdok ixrlaIKh lsÍfï myiqlï ;sîu'
• rcfha ,sys,a wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s'
t< .jhka j¾.SlrKh
iïNjh yd we;s lrkq ,nk ld¾hh wkqj t< .jhka my; whqre j¾.SlrKh l<
yels h'
1' iïNjh wkqj j¾.SlrKh
• hqfrdamSh jß. (Bos taurus)
• bkaÈhdkq jß. (Bos indicus)
• foaYSh jß.

j.=j 14'48 ( hqfrdamsh yd bka§h .j jß.j, m%Odk ,laIK

214
 bkaoSh ^fndia bkaälia& hqfrdamSh ^fndia fgdaria&
• bka§h iïNjhla iys; h' hqfrdamSh iïNjhla iys; h'
• mßirfha jeä WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= foa' jeä WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fkdfoa'
• YÍrh l=vd h' YÍrh úYd, h'
• fud,a,sh ukd j j¾Okh ù we;' fud,a,sh ukd j j¾Okh ù ke;'
• ;e,a," fmlks fm;a; ukd j j¾Okh ù ukd j j¾Okh ù ke;'
ù we;'
• YÍrh msgqmi rjqï h' YÍrfha msgqmi rjqï ke;'
• Yafõo .%kaÓ jeä h' Yafõo .%kaÓ wvq h'
• yu wef|k iq¿ h' fi,fõ' yu we`.g ;o ù we;'
• lsKs;=¿ WKg yd ndysr mrfmdaIs;hkag lsKs;=¿ WKg yd ndysr mrfmdaIs;hkag
Tfrd;a;= foa' Tfrd;a;= fkdfoa'
• msßñ i;=ka nr we£ug iqÿiq h' wNsckk ld¾hhkag fhda.H h'
• lsß ksIamdokh wvq h' lsß ksIamdokh jeä h'
• f,dau flá h' f,dau È. h'
11' we;slrkq , nk ld¾hh wkqj j¾.SlrKh
,nk
• lsß i|yd
• uia i|yd
• oaú ld¾h ^uia $ Y%uh i|yd& fyda ^lsß $ Y%uh i|yd&

t< .j jß.
• mSI % h
s ka (Friesian)
f,dalfha fyd|u lsß ksmojkakd h' hqfrdamSh .j jß.hla jk fudjqkaf.a iïNjh
fko¾,ka;h hs' l¿ iy iqÿ mq,a,s iys; h' wx È. h' YÍr m%udKh úYd, h' mßK; msßñ
i;l=f.a foay nr 800-900kg la jk w;r .eyeKq i;l= 550-600kg la muK fõ' tla uqrhl
§ ksmojk lsß m%udKh ,S 6 000-7 000l la muK jk w;r wvx.= lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h 3-3'5]
ls' fuu i;=ka YS; foaY.=Khg Tfrd;a;= foa' Wvrg f;;a l,dmhg jvd;a fhda.H h'
foaYSh .jhka yd fouqyqka lsÍfuka Wiia fouqyqka jß. we;s l< yels h'
• wh¾Ih¾ (Ayrshire)
lsß ,nd .eksu i|yd fhdod .kakd hqfrdamSh .j jß.hls' ì%;dkHfha wh¾Ih¾ uq,a
Wmka N+ñhhs' r;= fyda ÿUqre iys; mq,a,s iys; h' kuq;a ;o ÿUqre fyda iqÿ meye;s .jhka o
we;' wx È. h' YÍrh uOHu m%udKfha jk w;r msßñ i;l= 700-800kg la jk w;r .eyeKq
i;l= 500-600kg la muK fõ' tla uqrhl § ksmojk lsß m%udKh 5 500-6 000l la jk w;r
lsrsj, wvx.= fïo m%;sY;h 4]ls' fuu i;=ka we;s lsÍug jvd;a fhda.H jkafka Wvrg
f;;a l,dm hs'
• c¾is (Jersey)
hqfrdamh wjg c¾is ÿmf;a uq,a Wm; jk w;r lsß ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrkq ,nhs'
YÍr j¾Kh ÿUqre fyda ;U fyda w`: meye fõ' .eyekq i;d <d meye;s h' mssßñ i;d ;o
meye;s h' fydïn l`M mdg h' YÍr m%udKh l=vd h' mßK; msßñ i;l=f.a nr 600-700kg
la jk w;r .eyekq i;l= 400-500kg la muK fõ' fuu i;=kaf.a wx W,a ù bÈßhg keó
we;' weia bÈßhg fkrd we;' tla uqrhl § ksmojk lsß m%udKh 4 500l la muK jk w;r
lsßj, wvx.= fïo m%;sY;h 4'5 - 5'5]ls' fuu i;=ka yS,E i;=ka fõ' frda. i|yd Tfrd;a;=
foa' kv;a;=j myiq h' Wvrg" ueorg f;;a l,dmj,g fhda.H h' úh<s l,dmhg t;rï
fhda.H ke;'

• î*a udiag¾(Beef master)

215
 bka§h yd hqfrdamSh fouqyquls' uia ioyd we;s lrkq ,nk úYd, i;a;aj jß.hls' YÍr
j¾Kh <d fyda r;= meye fõ' mßK; i;l=f.a nr 1 000kgla muK fõ' wx we;s yd ke;s
i;=ka foj¾.hla u we;' ;e,a, ;rula jeã we;' fuu jß.h YS% ,xldfõ olakg ke;'
• iysjd,a (Sahiwal)
mdlsia:dkfha iïNjh ,nd we;s fuu i;=ka lsß ,nd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrkq ,nk
bka§h .j jß.hls' YÍr m%udKh úYd, w;r ,d r;=" ÿUqre j¾K .kS' mßK; msßñ
if;l=f.a nr 500-650 kg jk w;r .eyekq if;l=f.a nr 400-450kg ls' tla uqrhl oS
ksmojk lsß m%udKh ,Sg¾ 2200la jk w;r lssrsj, wvx.= fïo m%;sY;h 4'5]ls' fud,a,shla
yd t,a,d jefgk ;e,a,la we;' frda.j,g Tfrd;a;= §fï yelshdj we;s fuu i;=ka úh<s
l,dmfha o ueorg my;rg úh<s m%foaYfha o fyd¢ka jefâ'
• r;= iskÈ
a (Redsindhi)
mdlsia:dkfha lrÉÑ ys iïNjh ,nd we;s bka§h iïNjhla iys; .j jß.hls' YÍr
j¾Kh r;= fyda ÿUqre meye fõ' oaúld¾h ^lsß yd Y%uh i|yd& i;a;j
a jß.hls' YÍrh uOHu
m%udKfha jk w;r mßK; msßñ if;l= 450-500kg la jk w;r .eyekq if;l= 300-400kg
la w;r fõ' lsß i|yd we;s lrk fuu i;=ka tla uqrhl § ksmojk lsß m%udKh 2 000l la
jk w;r fïo m%;sY;h 4'5-4'9]ls' fud,a,sh úYd, h' md¾Yaúl j È.= jla jq wx we;' lKa
úYd, h" t,a,d jefghs' úúO mdßißl ;;a;ajhka hgf;a fuu i;=ka we;s l< yels h'
úh<s l,dmhg jvd fhda.H h'
• foaYSh .j jß.h $ ngq yrla
furg Wm; ,o l=vd .j jß.hls' furg iEu m%foaYhl u mdfya oelsh yels jqj o jeä
jYfhka u oelsh yelafla úh<s l,dmfha iajdNdúl ;DK N=ñj, h' fuu i;=ka fndfyda
fia oeä h' lsisu md,k l%uhla ke;s jqj o ukdj j¾Okh fõ' b;d iq`M wdydr
m%udKhlska kv;a;= l< yels h' YÍr j¾Kh l`M fyda r;= fõ' iqÿ meye;s mq,a,s olakg
we;' mßK; msßñ if;l= 273kg la muK o" .eyekq if;l= 182kg la muK o nr fõ' tla
uqrhl oS lsß 628 l la muK .; yels h' lsß yd uia ,nd .ekSug fukau" nr weoSu" iS iEu
i|yd o fhda.H h' Wiia .j jß. iu. fouqyqka lsÍfuka foaYSh i;=ka Wiia l< yels h'
• TiafÜ%,shdkq ñ,alska iSnQ ^AMZ&&
TiafÜ%,shdfõ c¾is jß.h mdlsia:dkfha iysjd,a iu. fouqyqka lsÍfuka ,enqkq fouqyqu
ls' YÍr j¾Kh rkajka meyefha isg ÿUqre meyeh olajd fõ' m%udKfhka l=vd h' tla
uqrhl § ksmojk lsß m%udKh 3000 l la muK fõ' fud,a,shla ke;' ;e,a,la yd isks÷
iula we;' úh<s l,dmfha ueorg yd my;rg f;;a l,dmfha" fmd,a ;s%fldaKfha olakg
we;'

mS%Ishka wh¾Ih¾

216
 c¾is î*a udiag¾ iysjd,a

r;= iskaos ngq yrla AMZ

ó .j jß. rEmh 14'67 ( t< .j jß. lsysmhla

b;d oeä i;a;ja úfYaIhla jk fuu i;=ka oaú ld¾h ^lsß yd Y%ñl& i;a;j
a fldÜGdihls'
jeä fïo m%;sY;hlska hq;a lsß ksmoj hs'
YS% ,xldfõ we;s lrk ó .j jrs. lsysmhla my;ska oelafõ'
• uQrd (Murrah)
bkaÈhdfõ yßhdkd iy È,a,s m%foaYfha iïNjh ,nd we;s fuu i;=kaf.a YÍr j¾Kh
l`M" fyda ;o w`M meye;s h' úYd, YÍrhla we;' wx flá w;r tajd miqmig;a" hgg;a"
kej; Wvq w;g;a lrleù we;' mßK; msßñ i;l= 450-900kg la w;r nr fõ' .eyekq i;l=
450-700kg ls' tla lsß uqrhl § ksmojk lsß m%udKh 2 000l la muK jk w;r lsßj, wvx.=
fïo m%;sY;h 7]ls' fuu i;=kaf.a ysi idfmalaI j l=vd h' fn,a, úYd, h' lKa t,a,d
jeà we;' È.= j,s.hla we;' j,s.h w. iqÿ meye;s h'
• iQ¾;s (Surti)
bkaÈhdfõ .=crdá m%foaYfha iïNjh ,nd we;s fuu i;=ka w`M$ÿUqre meye fõ' uOHu
m%udKfha YÍrhla we;' wx ;rula flá h' oEle;a;l yevhla .kS' iuyrekaf.a fn,af,a
iqÿ máhla fuka olakg ,efí' mßK; msßñ i;l= 500kg la jk w;r .eyekq i;l= 450kg
la muK fõ' tla uqrhl § lsß 1600l la muK ksmojk w;r lsrsj, wvx.= fïo m%;sY;h
8'9]ls'
• ks,s rú
bkaÈhdfõ yd mlsia:dkfha jrs. folla f,i iïnkaO jqj;a oeka tlu jrs.hla f,i
ie,fla' YÍr j¾Kh l`M meye;s h' ÿUqre meye;s i;=ka o we;' YÍr m%udKh úYd, h' mdo"
j,s.h yd fydïn iqÿ meyehla .kS' wx yerek úg fndfyda ÿrg uQrd jrs.hg iudk h' wx
flá h" l¢ka keó we;' YÍrh ìug <x ù we;' j,s.h È.= h' mßK; msßñ i;l= 650kg
la jk w;r .eyekq i;l= 500kg la muK fõ' tla uqrhl§ lsß 2 000l la ksmojhs' lsßj,
fïo m%;sY;h 7-10] ls'
• foaYh
S jrs.h
YS% ,xldfõ iïNjh ,nd we;s fuu i;=ka j.=re ó .jhska f,i y÷kajhs' ;o w`M$;rula
l¨ meyehla .kS' l=vd m%udKfha YÍrhla we;' wx msgqmig jla ù" uola fmrg iy fomig
fkrd f.dia we;' mßK; msßñ i;l= 350-380kg la jk w;r .eyekq i;l= 275-350kg la
muK fõ' tla uqrhl § ksmojk lsß m%udKh 500-675kg ls' fuu i;=kaf.a YÍrh Yla;su;a

217
h' Wiia m%fNaohla iu. fouqyqka lsÍfuka lsß ksIamdokh jeä l< yels h'

uQrd iQ¾;s

by; t< ydks,ós rú

.j jß. w;ßka m%foaYfha mdßißl ;;a;foa YSh jrs.h
aj wkq j iqÿiq jß. f;dard .ekSu
rEmh 14'68 ( ó .j jß. lsysmhla
b;d jeo.;a h'
j.=j 14'59 ( úúO lDIs mdßißl l,dm i|yd ks¾foaYs; t< .j jß.

lDIs mdßißl l,dmh ks¾foaYs; .j jß.

úh<s l,dmh ^my;rg& foaYSh .j jß." iSnQ yd iSnq fouqyqka"
Wvrg l,dmh hqfrdamSh .j jß. yd Tjqkaf.a fouqyqka" iuyr iSnq fouqyqka
ueorg l,dmh
my;rg f;;a l,dmh hqfrdamSh .j jß.j, fouqyqka" iSnq" foaYSh .j jß. yd
fmd,a ;s%fldaKh Wkaf.a fouqyqka
14'14 jiq megjqka md,kh
lsß ksIamdokh by< kxjd,Su i|yd .j .ykh jeä lsÍu jeo.;a h' ta i|yd tla
foklf.ka jirlg megjl= ne.ska ,nd .; hq;= h' tfuka u ,efnk jiq megjqka ukd
f,i md,kh w;HjYH h' fl;rï Wiia ,laIK iys; mÜá f.dkl= wNsckkh i|yd
fhdod .;a; o" megjqka yßhdldr j /ln,d fkd.;fyd;a tu .j mÜáfha ÈhqKqjla we;s
fkdfõ' m%:u i;s lSmh ;=<§ ñh hk megjqka ixLHdj wêl jkafka ksishdldr md,khla
fkdue;s lñka h' tneúka megjqka we;soeä lsÍu .j mÜá ÈhqKq lsÍfï úfYaI wx.hla
f,i ie,lsh yels h'
bmÿk wjia:dfõ isg udi 12la olajd ld,h megjq ld,h f,i ye¢ka fõ' tu ld,h

218
;=< megjqka ukdj /ln,d .ekSfuka my; m%;s,dN w;a fõ'
• kSfrda.S yd jhig kshñ; YÍr nr m%udKhla iys; j ,sx.sl mßK;shg m;ajk
fokqka ,nd .ekSug yels ùu
• by< YÍr Odß;djla we;s" tkï jeä m%udKhla r`M wdydr mßfNdackh l<
yels ukdj j¾Okh jq fokqka ,eîu
• È.= ðù; ld,hla iys; Èßu;a fokqka ,eîu
• kshñ; ;d,hg ,sx.sl mßK;shg m;a ùfuka fkdmudj .eí .ekaùfï yelshdj
,eîu
• .eg¨ rys; j m%iq;sh isÿ l< yels ukdj jevqKq t<fokl= ,eîu
ì<s÷ megjqka md,kh
uõ fokf.a .¾NdIfha ;snq wdrlaIs; mßirh yd ii|k l< m%iq;sfha oS uq,ska u
mSvdldÍ mßirhlg ì<s÷ megjqka újD; fõ' wdYajdi m%dYajdi lsÍu" fmdaIKh hk
lreKqj,g wjYH jk yev .eiSïj,g wu;r j wdidÈ; ;;a;j a hkag f.dÿre ùfï ;¾ckhg
o uqyqK §ug isÿ fõ' wys;lr mdßißl ;;a;aj hgf;a m%iq;sh isÿ ùu" wjYH ;rï uq,a lsß
fkd,eîu fyda uq,a lsß ,nd §u m%udo jq wjia:dj, § ì<s÷ megjqka wdidÈ; ;;a;ajhkag
f.dÿre ùfï wjodku jeä h' tneúka fi!LHodhs mßirhl m%iq;sh isÿ lrùug j. n,d
.ekSu jeo.;a h'
jiq megjd m%iq; l< ú.i u jeoEuy iy megjdf.a YÍrh jgd oejà we;s wmøjH
bj;a fldg úh<s frÈ lene,a,lska fyda msÿre iaj,amhlska msßisÿ l< hq;= h' megjdg
wdYajdi m%dYajdi lsßu myiq lsßu i|yd kdia mqvqj, ;ejÍ we;s Y%djh jyd u bj;a l< hq;=
h' uõ fok megjd f,j lEug fm<ö we;akï Bg wkqn, §u jeo.;a h' tu.ska megjd
msßisÿ lsÍug wu;r j wdYajdi lsßu W;af;ackh ùu iu.u ud;D iafkayh o j¾Okh fõ'
fmlksje, msßisÿ l;=rlska lmd wdidok je<elaùug ta u; ákap¾ whäka jeks úIîc
kdYlhla wdf,am l< hq;= h' fmlksh wjg fldfydU f;,a .e,aùfuka ueiaikaf.ka jk
n,mEu wju lr.; yels h' megjdf.a Wm;a nr lsrd igyka l< hq;= h' fuh fkd lvjd
isÿ lsÍfuka i;df.a j¾Ok fõ.h ueksh yels h'
ksfrda.S megjl= ìys ù úkdä 15la muK ld,h ;=< § ke.S isàu;a meh 1$2la we;=<;
uõ fokf.ka lsß Wrd îu;a isÿ lrhs' megjdg tu lghq;a; wmyiq kï lsß Wrd îug
megjd fok wi,g <x l< hq;= h'
uq,a lsß$fldf,iag%ï §u
m%i;
q f
s hka miq Èk 4-5la .;jk ;=re ,efnk lsßj, ixhq;hs idudkH lsfrys ixhq;h s g
jvd fndfyda fihska fjkia fõ' fuu lsß uq,a lsß fyj;a fld,iag%ï f,i y÷kajhs' uq,a
lsß megjdg fkdlvjd îug ie,iaùu b;d jeo.;a h'
uq,a lsß ì,s÷ megjqkag fmdaIlhla fuka u frda. i|yd m%;sYla;sh we;s lr .ekSug
o bjy,a fõ' nyq, j we;s úfYaIs; jHdêcklhkag tfrys j m%;sYla;sh we;s lr .ekSug
uq,a lsß jeo.;a h' uq,a lsßj, wvx.= fm%daàka ix>glhla jk .af,dìhq,ska ;=< fuu
m%;sfoay mj;S' w¨;ska Wmka megjdf.a reêrfh ys m%;sfoay ke;' m%;sfoay reêrhg tla
jkafka uq,a lsß îjdg miqj h' ì<s÷ megjqkaf.a Ôú;fha uq,a meh 36 ;=< § uq,a lsßj, we;s
m%;sYla;sldrl l=vd wka;%h ;=<ska wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSfï fõ.h jeä h' bkamiq l%ufhka
wvq fõ' uq,a jrg u< my ùug WmldÍ úh yels úf¾lldrl .=Khla o fuu uq,a lsßj,
we;' uq,a lsß §u u.ska megjdg fmdaIHodhs wdydrhla ,efí' tys wvx.= fïo f.da,sld l=vd
neúka megjqkag myiqfjka ÔrKh lr wjfYdaIKh l< yels h'
megjl=f.a ffoksl uq,a lsß wjYH;dj YÍr nfrka 8-10]la muK fõ' ksfrda.S
megjl= ,nd .ekSu i|yd uq,a wjosfha oS uq,a lsß §u jeo.;a h' tfuka u megjqka i|yd
WKqiqï úh<s w;=rKqjla yd msßisÿ c,h iemhsh hq;= h'

219
 j.=j 14'50 ( uq,a lsß yd idudkH lsß w;r fjkialï
uq,a lsß (Colestrum) idudkH t< lsß
• idkaøKh ^Wl=Ndjh& jeä h' idkaøKh wvq h'
• fm%daàk jeämqr wvx.= fõ' idfmalaI j fm%daàka m%;sY;h wvq h'
• lsß iSks (Lactose) idfmalaI j wvq h' ,elafgdaia jeä m%;sY;hla mj;S'
• fïo m%;sY;h wvq h' fïo m%;sY;h idfmalaIj jeä h'
fmdiafmd,smsv jeä mqr wvx.= fõ'
• bñhqfkd.af,dìhq,ska (Immuno globuline) tfia ke;'
keue;s m%;sfoay mj;S'
• úf¾pl .=Khlska hqla; h tfia ke;'

j.=j 14'50 ( uq,a lsß yd idudkH t< lsßj, ixhq;sh

ix>gl uq,alsß ] idudkH lsß]
c,h 72'72 87'92
fïo 3'37 3'49
fm%daàk 19'65 3'28
,elafgdaia 2'48 4'46
Lksc 1'78 0'75
fïo fkdjk >k øjH 23'91 8'59

lD;%su uq,a lsß $ uq,a lsß wdfoaYl

uj ñh hdfuka fyda fjk;a hï fya;=jla ksid megjdg uq,a lsß ,nd §ug wjia:djla
fkd,enqKq úg my; i|yka ls%hdud¾. w;ßka tlla f;dard .; hq;= h'
• Wmia:dhl fokla u.ska uq,a lsß ,nd oSu' tkï fjk;a jiq meáfhl=g ;ukaf.a lsß
îug bv ,nd fok t< fofkla isà kï tjeks fokla fhdod.; yels h'
• lD;%su uq,a lsß ,nd §u'
lD;s%u uq,a lsß iE§u
wjYH øjH (
ì;a;r 6l iqÿ uoh
t< lsß ,Sg¾ 3$4
msßisÿ c,h ,Sg¾ 1$4
fudar f;,a f;a ye¢ 1
t~re f;,a f;a ye¢ 1
m%;sÔjl 1$2 g
by; øjH ñY% lr ilia lr .kakd lsß hqfrdamSh megjl=g Èklg 3-4kg la o foaYSh yd
bka§h jiq megjqkag Èklg 2-3kg la o ,nd Èh hq;= h'
Èk yf;a isg lsß jeÍu olajd md,kh
uõ fokf.a lsß l=vd megjqkag fhda.H fyd|u wdydrh hs' megjdf.a i;=gqodhl
j¾Okhla i|yd th wjYH ;rug iemhSu jeo.;a h' idudkHfhka megjdf.a Ôj nßka
10]la muK lsß ffoksl j megjdg iemhsh hq;= h' wêfmdaIKh yd ukaofmdaIKh
je<elaùug;a" w;sßla; lsß f.dúhdf.a mßfNdackhg fyda wf<úh i|yd fhdod .ekSug;a
lsß Wrd îug bv §u md,khla we;s j lsÍu jeo.;a h' tneúka megjdg Èklg fojrla
lsß îug bv ie,eiaùu fhda.H h' lsß Wrd îfï ld,h md,kh lsÍfuka m%iq;sfhka miq

220
t<fokg mÜá ,laIK my< ùfï ld,h flá jk nj m¾fhaIK u.ska fy<s ù we;'
m%dfhda.sl j fuh fohdldrhlska l< yels h' tkï"
1' ;k mqvq 3 l lsß iïmQ¾Kfhka fodjdf.k wfkl megjdg b;sß lsÍu' fufia b;sß
lrk mqvqj jgudre l%uhg udre l< hq;= h'
2' nqre,af,a we;s lsß m%udKfhka 1$4la muK b;sß jk fia ish¨ u mqvqj,ska lsß fodjd
.ekSu' bka miq megjdg îug fokq ,nhs' fu u.ska f.dúhdg fodjd.; fkdyels
lsß m%udKh megjd Wrd fndhs'
megjdg uõ fokf.ka lsß Wrd îug bv §fuka my; jdis ie,fia'
• th myiq l%uhla ùu
• fokf.a YÍr WIaK;ajfha we;s lsß megjdg ,eîu
• Ndck u.ska frda.ldrl laIøq cùSka YÍr.; fkdùu
kuq;a fuu l%ufha § megjd mdkh l< lsß m%udKh ms<sn| fkd±kqj;alu" megjdg
fodjd lsß îug b.ekaùu wmyiq ùu" uõ fokf.ka o megjd fkdfhdod lsß .ekSug wmyiq
ùu jeks wjdis o olakg we;' megjdg lsß §u i|yd Wrd îfï l%uh fuka u Ndckhlg
fodjd îug §fï l%uh o wkq.ukh l< yels h' fuysÈ
uõ fokf.ka lsß fodjd" Ndckhlska megjdg lsß îug
mqreÿ l< hq;= h'
Ndckfhka lsß îu i|yd megjd mqreÿ lsßu
fuys§ w;a fidaod" wf;a we`.s,s lsß Ndckfha .s,aúh
hq;= h' bkamiq jiq megjdf.a lgg tu we`.s,s <xlr
we`.s,s Wrd îug ie,eiaúh hq;= h' megjd we`.s,s Wrd
îug mgka .;aúg l%ufhka we`.s,s Ndckfha lsß uÜgug
f.k f.dia Ndckfhka lsß îug mqreÿ l< hq;= h' uõ
fokf.ka fodjd .;a ú.i lsß megjdg îug §fuka lsßj,
;sìh hq;= WKqiqï nj iys; j megjdg lsß ,nd Èh yels rEmh 14' 69 ( megjd Ndckfhka
h' lsß îug mqreÿ lsÍu
fuu l%ufha jdis
• megjdf.a jhi wkqj wjYH lsrs m%udKh iemhSug
yels ùu
• Èkm;d megjdg imhk lsß m%udKh jd¾;d lr.; yels ùu
wjdis
• lsß imhk Ndckh u.ska" laIqø Ôùka megjdf.a YÍrhg we;=¿ ùfï bvlv we;s ùu
yd uõ fokf.a YÍr WIaK;ajhg jvd lsßj, WIaK;ajh wvq ù we;akï megjdg
wdydr ud¾.fha frda. je<|sh yels ùu
• fufia lsß §ug Y%uh wjYH ùu
uõ fok ke;s megjl=g uq,a Èk ;=fka § uq,a lsß § bkamiq lsß §u i|yd Wmia:dhl
fokla fkdue;s kï fyda lsß fidhd .ekSu wmyiq kï lsß wdfoaYlhla §ug mq`:jk'
lsß wdfoaYl iE§u
wjYH øjH (
fhdoh rys; lsß fyda msálsß 35kg
úh<k ,o fudare 9kg
f,is;Ska 1kg
i;a;aj f;,a 5kg
vhsle,aishï fmdiafmÜ 0'9kg
m%;sÔjl
wxY=ud;% uQ,øjH
221
 by; øjH fyd|ska ñY% lr Èklg megjl=f.a foay nßka 10]la lsß ,nd §u jeo.;a
fõ'
jiq megjqkag wdydr iemhSu
ì<s÷ megjqkaf.a rEukfha ls%hdldß;ajh weröug yd rEukfha j¾Okh i|yd bm§ Èk
8-10 jk ld,fha§ muK <má ;DK fyda fya 50-100g la y÷kajd Èh yels h' fufia Èk 8-
10 isg l%ufhka r`M wdydr mqreÿ lr i;s ;=fka isg ilia l< fmdaIHodhS wdydr" fmd,a
mqkaklal= fyda iy,a ksjqvq jeks idkaø wdydr mßmqrlhla y÷kajd Èh yels h' úfYaIfhka
u jeä j¾Ok fõ.hla iys; megjqkag udi 2la muK hk úg idkaø wdydr wjYH;dj
Èklg 500-750g la olajd l%u l%ufhka jeä l< yels h'
j.=j 14'52 ( i;=kag ,nd Èh hq;= idkaø yd o< wdydr m%udKh
jhi ^i;s& megjdf.a idudkH idkaø wdydr o< wdydr Èklg
YÍr nr ^kg& Èklg ^kg& ^kg &
3-8 65 - 105 0'5 - 0'75 6 - 11
8 - 12 105 - 150 0'75 - 1'0 11 - 17

megjqkag idkaø wdydr iemhSfï§" tajd c,fhka f;;alr ,nd §u iqÿiq h' idkaø
wdydr 1kg la i|yd c,h 1l la m%udKj;a fõ' iEu úgu n÷fka m%udKj;a f,i idkaø
wdydr ;eìh hq;= h'
lsfrka jEÍu
udi 2 1$2 - 3 § muK Wm;a nr fuka fo.=Khla ù we;akï lsfrka jeßh yels h' lsß
jeÍfï § i;d iïmQ¾Kfhka u r`M wdydr yd idkaø wdydr u.ska fmdaIKh l< yels w;r
lsß w;HjYH fkdfõ' fmdaIlj,g wu;r j le,aishï" fmdiamria jeks w;HjYH Lksc
yd wxY=ud;% Lksc o wjYH fõ' fï i|yd Lksc ñY%Kh fyda ilia lr.;a Lksc ñY%K l=Üá
iemhsh yels h' iEu úgu îug msßisÿ c,h m%udKj;a f,i iemhsh hq;= h' úh<s
w;=rKqjla iemhSu yd iS;, iq<`.ska wdrlaId lsÍu È.gu l< hq;= h' megjqka lKavdhï
l%uhg we;s lrk úg tlsfkld f,j lEug fkd§fuka rEukfha fl¢ fnda, iE§u
j<lajd .; yels h'
ksjdi yd wjYH bv ,nd §u
megjl= lsß fndk m<uq udi lsysmh ;=< megjq fldgq ;=< we;s lrkq ,nhs' udihla
hk;=re ;ks l+vq imhd bkamiq fmdÿ l+vqj,g i;=ka oeñh
yels h' msßisÿ" úh<s" ;o= iq<xj,ska f;dr ia:dkhl megjq
l+vq ;eîu iqÿiq h' úh<s wdia;rKhla fldgqj ;=< ;sîu
jeo.;a h'
megjq fldgq lsÍfï jdis
• f,v frda.j,ska wdrlaId ùu
• ;=jd, isÿùfuka je<lSu
• tlsfkld f,j lEfuka je<lSu
• lgql mßir ;;a;ajj,ska wdrlaId ùu
l=vqj ;=< i;=ka i|yd wjYH bvlv
• udi 1 olajd ;ks l+vqfõ tla megjl=g - 0'75m2
• udi 2 olajd fmdÿ l+vqfõ tla megjl=g - 1'5m2
• udi 3 olajd fmdÿ l+vqfõ tla megjl=g - 2'8m2
rEmh 14'70 ( megjq
fldgqjla

222
fjk;a md,k ls%hd
• fi!LHdrlaIdj
fndfyduhla megjq urK we;s jkafka lsß jeÍug wdikak jhiaj, § h' megjqkaf.a
fmdaIKh' md,kh fukau fi!LH ;;a;ajh mj;ajd .ekSfuka megjq urK fndfyda ÿrg
j<lajd.; yels h' megjqkag nyq, j je<f|k frda. lsysmhla yd tu frda. i|yd m%;sldr
my; oelafõ'
^w& fmlksh wdidokh yd ykaÈ bÈuqu
wmsßisÿ m%iq;s fldgqj, § nelaàßhd YÍr.; ùu u.ska megjd bmÿk ú.i we;sjk frda.S
;;a;ajhls' m%iq;s fldgq ;=< ikSmdrlaIdj mj;ajd .ekSu" megjd bmÿk ú.i fmlksje,
ákap¾ whäka jeks ødjKhlska fidaod úIîc yrKh lsÍu wdÈh u.ska fuu ;;a;ajh
j<lajd,sh yels h' fmlksje, wdidokh ù we;akï ta i|yd m%;sÔjl ,nd Èh hq;= h' tfia
ke;fyd;a nelaàßhd reêr jdyskS ;=<g we;=,a ù ykaÈ m%foaY wdl%uKh lr wdidokh lrhs'
túg megjqkaf.a ykaÈ bosófuka fldr .eiSug mgka .kS' tu ;;ajh È.ska È.g mej;Sfuka
i;df.a j¾Okh nd, fõ'
^wd& wdydr ud¾. moaO;sh wdYs%; wdidok
wdydr ud¾. moaO;sfha wdidokh fyj;a zz.eiafg%da tkagrhsáiaZZ (Gastroenteritis) mKqjka"
nelaàßhdjka fyda jhsria frda. ldrlhka ksid je<¢h yels h' fuys iq,N ,laIKh
mdpkh hs' fuu frda.S ;;a;ajh nelaàßhd fyda ffjria u.ska wdidokh jqfha kï th
jvd;a oreKq jk w;r WK .;sh o yg .kS' u< øjHj, reêr fyda Yaf,aIau, ±lsh yels
h' laIKsl j md,kh fkdl<fyd;a th úc,khg fya;=jk w;r bka urKh o isÿ úh
yels h'
^wE& mKq frda.
l=vd ó .j megjqkag weialdßia (Ascaris) kï mKq frda.h je<oSug fndfyda bv we;'
túg w,i nj" mdpkh ÿ¾j, nj yd we;eï úg urKhg mjd i;=ka Ndckh úh yels h'
jhi udi 1-3 § muK fjk;a rjqï mKqjka yd me;,s mKqjkaf.a wdidok we;s fõ' wdidÈ;
i;=ka ÿ¾j, ùu" ;,a, hg bÈóu" mdpkh yd Worh úYd, ùu jeks frda. ,laIK fmkajhs'
fuu wdidokfhka je<lSug kshñ; jhia iSudjkays § mKqyrK jevms<sfj,la ls%hd;aul
lsßu wjYH fõ'
j.=j 14'53 ( mKqyrK jevigyk
.j úfYaIh Èh hq;= ld,h T!IOh iy fokq ,nk wdldrh
ó .j megjqka jhi Èk 10-16 w;r ms/kag,a mdfudúÜ - fuh rjqï mKqjka
i|yd T!IOhls' tla megjl=g 125mg
fm;s 2la ne.ska tla j;djla iemhSu
m%udKj;a h' idudkHfhka wfkla mKq
j¾. ó .j megjqkag ydkshla fkdlrhs'
t< .jhka jhi udi 1 isg 12 olajd
we,anekavfida,a fm;s 1$2 ^tla megjl=
750mg& fyda f*nekag,a nr wkqj 1kg lg
m<uq mKqyrKh Èk 30 § 75mg muK ,nd §u
fojk mKqyrKh Èk 90 § m%foaYfha mY= ffjoH ld¾hd,fhka o
T!IO ks¾foaYh ,nd .; yels h'

mKqjka u¾ok jevms<sfj, tla tla f.dúfmd< ;;a;ajhka" foaY.=Ksl idOl" md,k
l%u wdÈh u; ;SrKh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' wl%uj;a j Ndú; lrk mKq kdYl T!IO u.ska
mKqjka T!IOj,g m%;sfrdaê;djhla olajhs'

223
 wdydr ud¾.h wdYs%; wdidok i|yd m%;sldr l< hq;af;a frda. ldrlh" y÷kd .ekSfuka
wk;=rej h' frda.fha iajNdjh u.ska frda. ldrlhd ms<sn| bÕshla ,nd foa' ridhkd.dr
mÍlaIdjlska fuh ;yjqre l< yels h' jHdêckl nelaàßhd wdidok kshñ; m%;sÔjl ,nd
§fuka iqjl< yels h' ;j o megjqkg Ndckj,ska lsß ,nd fokafkakï tu Ndck msßisÿ
j" úh<s j ;nd .ekSfuka yd lsß kshñ; WIaK;ajh we;sj iemhSfuka wdudY.; frda.
je<£u j<lajd .; yels h' tfuka u f.dúfmdf<a ikSmdrlaIl ;;a;ajh mj;ajdf.k
hdu u.ska o wdidok j<lajd .; yels h'
^we& Yajik moaO;s wdidokh ^kshqfudakshd&
fuh megjqka w;r nyq, j olakg ,efnk frda.S ;;A;ajhls' ksjdi ;=< m%udKj;a
bvlv fkd;sîu" f;;a w;=rKqj" by< wd¾ø;dj yd ÿ¾j, jd;dY%h wd§ lreKq óg n,mdhs'
fuu ;;a;ajh uQ,sl j ffjrihla u.ska we;s fõ' leiai" kdifhka Èhr .e,Su" YÍr
WIaK;ajh jeä ùu jeks frda. ,laIK u.ska fuu frda.h y÷kd.; yels h' ksjerÈ j
m%;sldr fkdl<fyd;a oaú;shsl nelaáßhd wdidok isÿ ù" i;=kaf.a Yajik wmyiq;d we;sjk
w;r urKh o isÿ úh yels h' nelaáßhd u.ska we;sjk kshqfudakshdj g kshñ; m%;sÔjl
,nd Èh hq;= h'
tkak;a lsÍu
ó .jhkag iy t< .jhkag wdidokh jk úúO frda.j,ska j<lajd .ekSu i|yd
megjq wjosfha § tkak;a lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'
j.=j 14'54 # tkak;a lsÍfï jevigyk

frda.h m<uq tkak; fojk tkak; f;jk tkak;

^jhi& ^jhi& ^jhi&
rla;md; udi 4 udi 7 udi 12 § yd jd¾Islj
jix.;h

l=r yd uqL udi 4 udi 5 iy 7 udi 12§ yd yh uilg

frda.h jrla
• .jhka y÷kd .ekSfï l%u wkq.ukh lsrSu
whs;slreg i;=ka y|qkd .ekSu myiq ùug" ksjerÈ
jd¾;d ;nd .ekSu wdÈh i|yd úúO y÷kd .ekSfï l%u
wkq.ukh lrhs'
Wod' ( • lKa i,l=Kq lsßu
• ;Ska; u.ska zzgegqZZ lsÍu
• Ear tagging
• jd¾;d ;nd .ekSu
id¾:l jiq megjq md,khla i|yd igyka ;nd
.ekSu b;du;a m%;sM,odhl h' tu igykaj,g j¾OkrEmh
igyka
14'71(" fmda
lka I KK
i,l= igyka
q lrk ",o
frda
jiq.
m%;sldr igyka wdÈh wvx.= l< yels h' megjl=

14' 15 kEïìhka yd .eí fokqka md,kh

´kEu ðù úfYaIhlf.aa wLKav meje;au m%ckk ls%hdj,sh u; r|d mj;S' i;a;aj
md,kfha § i;a;ja ksIm
a dokj, .=Kd;aul yd m%udK;aul nj flfrys o m%ckl ld¾hdj,sh
iDcqj u n,mdhs' tu.ska i;a;aj ksIamdok l¾udka;fha wd¾Ólh ;SrKh flf¾' ta wkqj
t<foklf.a m%ckl moaO;sh ms<sn| j wjfndaOh jeo.;a fõ'

224
 t<fokl=f.a m%ckl moaO;sh m%Odk .¾NdIh .Sj
% h fhdaks ud¾.h
N.h
jYfhka my; fldgiaj,ska iukaú;
h'
1' äïn fldaI
äïn
2' mef,damSh kd,h fldaI
3' .¾NdIh uq;d% Yh
4' fhdaks ud¾.h mef,damh
S kd,h
.¾NdI fla;=
5' N.h
rEmh 14'72( t<fokl=f.a m%ckl moaO;sfha jHqyh
äïn fldaI

laIsK jk mS; foayh t<foklf.a äïn fldaI

äïnh mS; foayh
hq.,la msyg
s d we;s w;r tajd
l=vd bkaøshhka fõ'
fokf.a Wl=,a wegh wi,
.%dmSh iHqkl
s dj lfYa r ej fomis k a fuu
äïn fldaI hq.,h msysgd
we;' äïn ksmoùu yd
ucacdj
,sx.sl fyda¾fudak ksmoùu
mrsK; iHqksldj ndyslh
äïn fldaIj, ld¾hh hs'
j¾Okh jk iHqkl
s d oaù;shl
s m%d:ñl uQ,sl iHqksldj äïn fldaIhl
iHqkls dj iHqkls dj
ls%hdldß;ajh my; mßÈ
úia;r l< yels h'
rEmh 14'73 äïN fldaIfhka äïn ksmoùu
14'73 rEm igyfka olajd we;s wdldrhg uq,ska u isÿ jkafka ckl wmsÉPofhka
ffi, lsysmhla j¾Okh ù we;=<g fkrd hdu hs' fuu ffi,j,ska tla ffi,hla úYd,
jk w;r b;sß ffi, ta jgd ;ks ffi, ia;rhla f,i ms<sfh, fõ' fuh m%d:ñl
iHqksldj f,i ye¢ka fõ' jfÜ we;s ffi, ;j ÿrg;a úNdckh ù ffi, ia;r rdYshla
iEfohs' fuh j¾Okh jk iHqksldj f,i ye¢kafõ' ;j ÿrg;a fuh jeãfï § ta w;r
l=yr we;s fõ' tu l=yr ;=< fyda¾fudak iy fjk;a ;r, /£ mj;S' miqj fuu l=yr
ish,a, tlg iïnkaO j .%dmSh iHqksld j iEfoa' .%dmSh iHqksldj iïmQ¾Kfhka jevqKq miq
äïn ffi,h ksoyia ù hhs' b;sß jk fldgi mS; foayh f,i ye¢ka fõ' .¾NKS wjoshg
m;a jqfha ke;skï fuh úkdY ù hhs' .¾NkSNdjfha oS mS;foayh u.ska fm%dfciagfrdaka"
ß,elaiSka jeks fyda¾fudak ksmojhs' t<foklf.a iHqksld úYd, ixLHdjla jefvk kuq;a
tla jrlg ksl=;a jkafka tla .%dmSh iHqksldjls' b;sß iHqksld laIsK ù úkdY ù hhs'
mef,damSh kd<h
äïn fldaIfhka fudapkh jk äïnh Y=l%dKqjla yd ixfiapkh isoq jkafka mef,damSh
kd<fha oS h' tfuka u mef,damSh kd,fha ffi, u.ska uohg meñKSfï § yd megjqka ìys
lsÍfï § wjYH Yaf,aIau, i%djh lrhs'
.¾NdIh
.¾NdIh" .¾NdI wxY= ^fla;=&" foayh yd .SS%jh hk fldgia ;=fkka iukaú; fõ'
.¾NdI fla;= isyska ù mef,damSh kd<hg iïnkaO fõ' .S%jh ixi¾.fha § újD; fõ'
Y%Sjfhka i%djh jkakd jq Yaf,aIau, u.ska .S%jh jid ouhs' fï ksid .¾NdIh g laIqø Ôùka
we;=,a ùu j<lS' megjd ìys lsÍfï § fuh Èhdre njg m;a ù msg;g jeiaiSfuka megjd ìys
ùu myiq lrhs' l,,hg wdrlaIdj iemhSu" wêfrdamkh ùu yd fmdaIKh iemhSu .¾NdIh
u.ska flfrk ld¾hhka fõ'

225
fhdaks ud¾.h
fhdaks ud¾.h hkq .S%jfha isg N.h f;la Èfjk yria kd<hls' .¾NdIfhka fhdaks
ud¾.h fjka lrk fldgi .S%jh fõ' ixi¾.fha § Y=l%dKq ;ekam;a lrkqfha fhdaks
ud¾.fha h' tfukau m%iq;sfha § megjqka msg;g meñfKkafka o fhdaks ud¾.h yryd h'
fhdaks ud¾.fhka i%djh jk Yaf,aIau, ksid ixi¾.fha § .jhdf.a YsIaKhg ydks isÿ ùu
je<lSu o fhdaks ud¾.fhka flfrk ld¾hhls'
N.h
ia;%S m%ckl moaO;shlska fhdaks ud¾.fha ndysr fldgi N.h f,i ye|skafõ' N.fhka
uq;%d ud¾.h yd m%ckl ud¾.h msg;g újD; fõ' fuhg ukd iakdhq iemhqula ;sfí'
Yaf,aIau, i%djh lsÍu N.fha ld¾hh fõ'
fokqkaf.a fh!jfkdaoaNdjh (puberty) iy ,sx.sl mßK;sh (sexual maturity)
ixfiapkh i|yd iqÿiq ckaudkq ffi, ksmojd tajd fudapkh lrk m<uq wjia:dj
zzfh!jfkdaoaNdjhZZ f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs' tu wjia:dfõ isg i;=ka kEïìhka f,i
y÷kajhs'
kEïìhka fh!jfkdaoaNdjhg m;a jq ú.i tu i;=ka wNsckk lghq;= i|yd fhdod
.ekSu iqÿiq fkdfõ' thg fya;=j Wkaf.a foay j¾Okh iïmQ¾K ùug m%:ufhka
fh!jfkdaoaNdjhg m;a ùu hs' fh!jfkdaoaNdjhg meñKs kEïìhl= ;u mßK; YÍr nßka
2$3la muK nrlg j¾Okh ùfuka miq ,sx.sl m%ckkhg fhdod.; yels w;r tu jhig
t<öu ,sx.sl mßK;sh f,i ye|skafõ'
jefvk fokqka md,kh ^lsß jeÍfï isg ,sx.sl mßK;sh olajd&
fmdaIKh
jeiaishlf.a YÍr j¾Okh yd fi!LH ;;a;ajh m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd
ukd fmdaIKhla ,nd oSu jeo.;a fõ' Wiia fmdaIK uÜgula ,nd ÿka i;=ka ÿ¾j,
fmdaIKhla iys; i;=kag jvd frda.j,g m%;sfrdaë h' tneúka j¾Okh jk kEïìhka
i|yd Wiia .=Kd;aul núka hq;= ;DK yd fjk;a o< wdydr h:drEÖ (adlibitum) mßos iemhsh
hq;= h' iemhsh hq;= m%udKh o< jYfhka YÍr nßka 10] ls' jefvk i;=kaf.a Lksc yd
úgñka wjYH;dj o ffoksl wdydrhg wvx.= úh hq;= w;r fuh jdKsc j we;s Lksc
ñY%Khla u.ska ,nd Èh yels h' Bg wu;r j wjYH m%udKhg fmd,a mqkaklal=" yd,a ksjqvq
jeks idkaø wdydr ,nd Èh hq;= h' flfia jqj o .=Kd;aul núka by< ;DK úh<s ld,j,
§ ys`. neúka fmdaIK wjYH;d iemsÍu i`oyd hqßhd" fud,Eiia yd Lksc u.ska mßmQrKh
lrk ,o msÿre Ndú; lsÍu jeo.;a h'
j.=j 14'55 ( i;df.a jhi wkqj ,ndÈh hq;= idkaø yd o< wdydr m%udK
jhi idudkH YÍr nr idkaø wdydr wuq r`: wdydr
^udi& (kg) ^Èklg kg&& ^Èklg kg&&

12-15 17 01 18
15-18 200 01 21
18-21 335 01 25
21-24 350 01 30

l%udKql+, fmdaIK l<uKdlrKh u.ska i;=ka kshñ; ld,fha § mßK; fõ'

fufia kshñ; ld,fha § mßK; ùu u.ska tu i;df.a wNsckk ld,h §¾> jkjd fukau"
i;df.a ksIamdok ld,h ``o ta wkqj jeä fõ' fï u.ska f.dúhdg wd¾Òl jdis ie,fia'

226
fokqka .eí .ekaùu
fokqka ,sx.sl mßK;sh lrd ,`.d jq miq tu i;=ka .eí .ekaùu fhda.H fõ' ta i|yd
jeiaishkaf.a uo pl%h yd uo ,laIK ms<sn| wjfndaOh jeo.;a fõ'
t<foklf.a uo pl%h
fh!jfkdaoaNdjhg meñK we;s t<fokla äïn fldaIfhka idukHfhka Èk 21lg
jrla äïn fudapkh fõ' fufia äïn fudapkhg wdikak j reêrfha Biag%cka fyda¾fudak
uÜgu jeä ùu;a iu. uo ,laIK we;s fõ' tkï uo ,laIK hkq reêrfha Biag%cka
idkaøKh jeä ùu;a iu. u fokqkaf.a we;sjk ldhsl yd p¾hd;aul fjkialï iy ,sx.sl
m%ckkh i|yd fmkajk leue;a; f,i ye¢ka fõ' fuf,i uo ,laIK fmkajk wjia:dj
uoh f,i y÷kajhs'
t<foklf.a tla uohl isg Èk 21l § kej;;a uo ,laIK we;s fõ' th plS%h j
isÿjk ksid uo pl%h f,i y÷kajhs' tkï" uo pl%h hkq tla uohl wdrïNfha isg B
,`. uoh wdrïNh w;r ld,h hs' uo pl%h uQ,sl jYfhka md,kh jkqfha wNHka;r j
i%djh flfrk ,sx.sl fyda¾fudak u.sks' uo pl%h md,kh flfrys n,mdk m%Odk
fyda¾fudak lsysmhla yd i%djh lrk ia:dkh my; oelafõ'
1' iHqksl W;af;acl fydafudakh - FSH
2' ¨fgksldrl fydafudakh - LH }
mQ¾j msáhqgßfhka i%djh fõ'

3' Biag%cka - j¾Okh jk .%dmSh iHqksldj u.ska i%djh flf¾'

4' fm%dfciagfrdaka - mS; foayh u.ska i%djh flf¾'
by; fyda¾fudakj, n,mEu ksid u| pl%h ;=< § äïn fldaIh" .¾NdIh iy
fhdaksh ;=< úfYaI ldhsl fjkialï /ila we;s fõ' fuu fjkialïj,g wkqj uo pl%h
fldgia y;rlg fnod oelaúh yels h' tkï"
1' fmr uoh Èk 2-3
2' uoh meh 18
3' miq uoh Èk 3-4
4' uo w;=r Èk 12 - 13

uoh uoh
fyda¾fudak idkaøKh

äïn fudapkh äïn fudapkh

fm%dfciagfrdaka

Biagc
% ka

osk

m%ia;drh 14'10( uo pl%h md,kh flfrys n,mdk m%Odk fyda¾fudak

fmr uoh
fuh uoh wdrïN ùug fmr wjia:dj hs' fuu ld,fha § äun fudapkh i|yd
m%ckl moaO;sh iqodkï flf¾' fuu ld,h ;=<§ FSH fyda¾fudakh äïn fldaI u;
n,mEfuka iHqksld j¾Okh wdrïN fõ' fufia j¾Okh jk iHqksld ;=< Biag%cka

227
fyda¾fudakh ksmofjk w;r tu.ska m%ckl wjhjhka ys meyeÈ,s fjkialï we;s fõ'
tajdkï"
• .¾NdIfha wNHka;r wdjrKh f,i ls%hd lrk Yaf,aIau,h >k ùu
• .¾NdI ì;a;sj, udxY fmaIS ;ka;= úYd, ùu
• .S%jh u.ska Yaf,aIau, i%djh ùu
• fhdaksh ,d r;= $ frdai meyehla .ekSu
uoh
fuh .eyekq i;=ka ixi¾.hg leue;a; olajk ld,h fõ' fuys§ .%dmSh iHqksldj
u.ska Biag%cka i%djh l%ufhka jeä fõ' Biag%cka tla;rd uÜgulg meñKs miq reêrfha
we;s FSH uÜgu wvq ù LH uÜgu jeä fõ' äïn ffi,h ksoyia jkafka fï wjêfha §
h' fï wjia:dfõ § fokqka uo ,laIK fmkajhs' tkï"
• ixi¾.h i|yd bv yeÍu $ iu,sx.sl yeisÍï fmkaùu
• fkdikaiqka nj
• ks;r lE .eiSu" uq;%d lsÍu
• ndysr ,sxf.akaøshhkaf.a bÈuqk iajNdjh
• fhdaksh r;a meye .ekSu
• fhdaksfhka Wl= Yaf,aIau, i%djh ùu
• wdydr wd.kqj wvq ùu
• ks;ru j,s.h uola Tijdf.k isàu
• laIsrKfha isák fokqkaf.a lsß ksIamdokh wvq ùu
• msgfldkao jl=gq lsÍu yd È. yeÍu
• wfkla i;=kaf.ka fjka ù isàu
miq uoh
uoh wjidk jk wjosh miq uoh f,i ye¢ka fõ' fï ld,fha § uoh iu. we;s jq
ldhsl yd yeisÍfï fjkialï l%ufhka idudkH ;;a;ajhg fm/f<a' äïnh fudapkh
jqjdg miq iEfok mS; foayh u.ska i%djh jk fm%dfciagfrdaka fyda¾fudakh u.ska kej;;a
i;d uohg tau j<lajhs' l,,h ;yjqre ùu" l,, fmdaIKh" laIsr .%kaÓj, j¾Okh
wdÈh mS; foayh u.ska isÿ lrk wfkl=;a ls%hd fõ' fuu ld,h ;=< § äïn fldaIh u.ska
ksmojkq ,nk Biag%cka m%udKh wvq ù hhs'
uo w;=r
fuh uo pl%fha wjidk wjosh fõ' tkï miq uoh wjidkfha isg kej; B <`.
uohg t<fUk ;=re ld,h hs' äïn ixfiapkh isÿ fkdjqk úg mS; foayfha j¾Okh
kj;sk w;r th l%ufhka laIsK ù hhs' fï fya;=fjka fm%dfciagfrdaka uÜgu my< niS'
ta iu. u msáhqgß .%kaÓh u.ska FSH fyda¾fudakh i%djh flfrk w;r tys n,mEu
fya;=fldgf.k iHqksld j¾Okh W;af;ackh ùfuka uo pl%hla wdrïN fõ' fuf,i uo
w;=r we;s jkqfha .eí fkd.kakd wjia:dfõ § muKs'

fokqka isxpkh lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq wjia:dj

fokla isxpkh lsÍug iqÿiq u fõ,dj jkqfha uoh wdrïN ù meh 12-18la w;r;=r
ld,fha § h' uo ld,hg meh 6lg fmr fyda uo ,laIK my< ù meh 18lg miq isxpkh
lsÍu wvq .eí .ekaùfï m%;sY;hla ,eîug fya;= fõ'
Wmßu .eí .ekaùfï m%;sY;hla i|yd
• Woh jrefõ uo ,laIK fmkajk i;=ka tÈk iji isxpkh l< hq;= h'
• ijia ld,fha uo ,laIK fmkajq i;=ka miq od Wofha isxpkh l< hq;= h'

228
 uohg fmr uoh wjia:dj uofhka miq

rEmh 14'74 ( fokla isxpkh lsÍug iqÿiqu fõ,dj

fokqka isxpkh lsÍu

.eí .ekaùu i|yd fokqka isxpkh l< yels wdldr 2 ls' tkï"
1' iajdNdúl isxpkh
2' lD;s%u isxpkh
iajdNdúl isxpkh
iajdNdúl isxpkh hkqfjka woyia flfrkqfha uohg meñKs fokla " mqx .jhl=
iu. ixi¾.fha fhdojd .eí .ekaùug ie,eiaùu hs' ksoe,s l%uhg i;=ka we;s lrkúg
fuu l%uh jeä jYfhka fhdod .efka' iajdNdúl isxpkh i|yd iqÿiq mÜá f.dkqka Ndú;
l< hq;= h'
mÜá f.dkqka md,kh
ksjeros fmdaIKh iy ksis f,i md,kh lsßu mÜá f.dkl=f.a Wiia ;;a;ajh r|jd
.ekSug WmldÍ jk m%Odk lreKq fõ' mÜá f.dkqka i|yd iEuúg u fmdaIH .=Kfhka
by< wdydr iemhsh hq;= h' Wmf;a isg udi 12la muK .; jq miq fuu i;=kaf.a kdia úo
u< fkdlk uqÿjla oukq ,efí' túg i;=ka md,kh lsÍu myiq fõ' j¾Okh jkúg fuu
uqÿ udre l< hq;= h' wdrlaIdj ;ld mÜá f.dkqkaf.a wx .e,ùu o isß;ls' ks;r u
ixjdifhys fhÿkúg fokqka id¾:l f,i .eí fkd.kakd w;r f.dkd o ÿ¾j, fõ'
tneúka jhi wjqreÿ 2la muK .;jk;=re fokqka 16-20 lg jvd jeä ixLHdjka iu.
ixjdifh ys fh§ug bv fkdÈh hq;= h' jhi wjqreÿ 2 blau jq miq fokqka 50-60la iu.
ixjdifh ys fhoùug mq¿jk' .j mÜáfha wka i;=ka iu. mÜá f.dkqkag ksoyfia
yeisÍug bv fkdÈh hq;= h' fuu i;=ka i|yd fjka jq ksjdi ;eksh hq;= h' jHdhdu
,enqK úg f.dkqka ksfrda.S fõ' tu ksid .j ksjdihg wdikakfha ;DK N=ñhla ;sìh hq;=
h'
lD;s%u isxpkh
lD;s%u isxpkh i;a;aj wNsckkh i|yd b;d m%p,s; ;dlaIKhla jk w;r 1951 §
YS% ,xldjg y÷kajd fokq ,eìK' lD;s%u isxpkh hkq f;dard.;a Wiia ,laIK iys; mqx
.jhl=f.ka Ys,amSh l%u Ndú; lr ,nd.;a Y=l% ;r,h we.hSfuka miq ilia lr" uo ,laIK

229
fmkajk fokl=f.a fhdaks ud¾.fha ^.S%jfha fl<jr& WmlrK Ndú;fhka ;ekam;a lsÍu hs'
lD;s%u isxpk ls%hdj,sfha mshjr
1' Y=ld% Kq tl;= lsÍu
Y=l%dKq tl;= lsÍug msßue§u" úÿ,s ier Ndú;h" lD;s%u fhdakshla Ndú; lsÍu wdoS l%u
Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' ñka jvd nyq,j u fhdod .kakd yd id¾:l u l%uh jkafka lD;s%u
fhdaks Ndú;h hs' th 22-25cm olajd muK jq is,skavrhlska hqla; jk w;r tys tla
fl<jrl Y=l% ;r,h tl;= lsÍu i|yd rn¾ mqkS,hla u.ska iú jq l=mamshla we;'

rEmh 14'75 ( lD;s%u fhdakshla

lD;S%u fhdakshla" Ôù foklf.a we;s fhdakshl iajdNdúl ,laIK tkï" WKqiqu"

mSvkh yd isks`ÿNdjhg wkql+, jk fia ksmojd we;'
lD;s%u fhdaksfh ys Yla;su;a flá k<hla ;=<ska ishqï áhqnhla hjd we;' rn¾ áhqnh
w;r wjldYhg 450C WIaK;ajfha c,h oud Wäka wenhla .ihs' mSvkhla we;s lsÍug yq<x
.eiSu lrhs' ñka iajdNdúl i;l=f.a WKqiqu yd mSvkh ,efí' rn¾ áhqnfha tla
fl<jrl jeia,Ska wdf,amlr wfkla fl<jrg l%udxls; ùÿre áhqnhla iú lrhs'
fï whqßka th yels;dla ÿrg iajdNdúl fhdakh
s l
wNHka;r ;;a;ajhg iß,k fia ieliSfuka
Y=l%dKq tl;= lsÍu myiq lrjkq ,efí'
ii' Y=l%dKq we.hSu
i;a;aj wNsckkh i|yd lD;s%u isxpkfha
Ndú;h jvd;a m%p,s; ùug fya;= jq m%Odk idOl
f,i Y=l%dKq ;kql lsÍu yd tajd ixrlaIKh
lsÍu y÷kajd osh yels h' Y=ld% Kqj, úúO ,laIK
yd tajdfha ixfiapkh ùfï yelshdj w;r lsÜgq
iïnkaO;djla mj;sk neúka .=Kd;aul núka
wvq Y=l%dKq È.= l,la .nvd lr ;nd .ekSu
wmyiq h' tjeks Y=ld% Kq Ndú;fhka lD;sus% isxpk rEmh 14'76( Y=l%dKq we.hSu isoqlrk whqre
ls%hdj,sh wld¾hlaIu fõ' tfyhska Y=l%dKq
ixrlaIKhg yd isxpkh i|yd fhdod .ekSug
fmr tajdfha .=Kd;aul nj msßlaid ne,sh hq;= h'
fï i|yd uQ,sl jYfhka Y=l%dKq idïm," oDIaá yd wkaùlaISh mÍlaIdjkag Ndckh
lrkq ,efí' oDIaá mßlaId hgf;a Y=l%dKqj, j¾Kh" Wl= Ndjh" mßudj yd pH w.h
mÍlaId lrkq ,nk w;r wkaùlaISh mÍlaId u.ska tajdfha p,;dj" talSh mßudjlg wvx.=
Y=l%dKq idkaøKh" wiajdNdúl Y=l%dKq m%;sY;h" urK yd Ôù Y=l%dKq m%;sY; yd nelaàßhd
wdidok hkdÈh;a ksÍlaIKh flf¾' fïjdg wu;r j wjYH;djkag wkql+, j Y=l%dKqj,
.=Kd;aul nj fiùu i|yd fjk;a mÍlaIK o lrkq ,efí'
230
iii' Y=l%dKq ;kql lsÍu
Y= l % d Kq ;kq l ls Í ug fya ; = j mq x
.jhdf.a m%ckl moaO;sfhka Y=l% ndysr
mßirhg msg jq miq tajd Ôj;a ùug wjYH
mßirh" fmdaIKh fkdue;s ùu fya;=fjka
úkdY ùu je<elaùu h'
Y=l%dKq ;kql udOHh f,i ì;a;r ly
uoh iy fidaähï isÜf¾Ü ^2'9]& udOHh
^Egg Yolk Citrate&" ì;a;r ly uoh yd
fmdiafmaÜ udOHh ^Egg Yolk Phosphate), lsß
udOHh wdosh fhdod .; yels h' fuu ;kql
rEmh 14'77( Y=l%dKq ilik úoHd.drhla
udOHhl my; wjYH;d ;sìh hq;= h'
1' Y=l%dKqj,g ys;lr wdi%e;s mSvkhla ;sîu
2' Y=l%dKqj,g úI fkdùu
3' udOHfha we;sjk wï, laIdÍh;dj md,kh lsÍu
4' jeä l,la .nvd l< úg udOHfha jq øjH úkdY fkdùu
;kqllrKfha § Y=l%dKq idïm,h yd ;kqlldrlh YÍr WIaK;ajfha mj;ajd .; hq;=
w;r ñY% lsÍfï § Y=l%dKqj,g we;s úh yels ndOd yels muK wju jk fia lghq;= lsÍu
jeo.;a h'
iv'' Y=l%dKq YS; lsÍu yd .nvd lsÍu
Y=l%dKq ;kqllrKfhka wk;=re j ú.iska m%fhdackh i|yd fkd.kafka kï tajd
.nvd lr ;nd.; hq;= fõ' fï i|yd tajd l=vd k< ;=<g nyd,Sfuka wk;=re j YS;lrKhla
;=< 40C l WIaK;ajfh ys ;ekam;a lrkq ,efí' fuys § tu k< ;=<g jd;h we;=,a ùu
j<ld,Su i|yd tajd jid ;eìh hq;= h' fujeks Y=l%dKqj, ÔjH;dj YS>%fhka my; jefgk
neúka Èk 3-4 olajd ld,hla ;=< § m%fhdackhg .; hq;= fõ' fufia idod .kakd Y%l%dKq
YS; Y=l% (Chilled semen) f,i ye¢kafõ'
• Y=l%dKq wê YS;lrk lsÍu
f,dalfha iEu rglu mdfya lD;%Su isxpkh i|yd wêYS; lrk ,o Y=l%dKq mq`:,a f,i
Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fï i|yd jvd;a m%p,s; l%uh jkqfha Y=l%dKq øj khsg%cka Ndú;fhka
-1960C WIaK;ajfh a§ ixrlaIKh lr ;nd .ekSu fõ' Y=ldKq wêYS;kh lsÍfï oS ;kql
ødjKhg .a,sifrda,a wvx.= l< hq;= fõ' fï u.ska Y=l%dKq wêYS;khg Ndckh ùfï §
we;súh yels wys;lr n,mEï bj;a lr.; yels fõ' Y=l%dKq .nvd lsßug 0.5ml yd 1ml
ma,diaála ng Ndú; lrkq ,nk w;r tajdfha m%udKh i;a;aj úfYaIh wkqj fjkia fõ'
;j o tajd ;=<g Y=l%dKq we;=,a lsÍug fmr" y÷kd .ekSu myiq jk mßÈ wxl fyda fjk;a
y÷kd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk i,l=Kq fyda fhÈh hq;= h'

rEmh 14'78 ( Y=l%dKq .nvd lrk rEmh 14'79 ( øj khsg%cka

ma,diaála ng iys; ny¿

231
 ;kql l< Y=l%dKq k< ;=<g msrùfuka miq tajd 4-50C muK WIaK;ajhg f.k tAu
i|yd YS;lrKhla ;=< meh 5-16l muK ld,hla .nvd lr ;nkq ,efí' bka miq ú.iska
;kql Y=l%dKq iys; k< rdlalhl wiqrd úkdä lSmhla øj khsg%cka jdIamhg ^-800C&
ksrdjrKh lrkq ,eîfuka wk;=re j øj khsg%cka iys; ny`:jla ;=< .s,ajd .nvd lrkq
,efí' fï whqßka ms<sfh< l< Y=l%dKq b;d §¾> ld,hla ^wjq' 20la muK& m%fhdackhg .;
yels w;r tajdfha iM,;dj Wiia uÜgulska mj;ajd .; yels h' Y=l%dKq wê YS; lsÍfuka
jvd;a ld¾hlaIu whqßka tajd Wmfhda.S lr .; yels w;r m%jdykh i|yd jeh jk uqo, o
b;d wvq fõ'
v. Y=ld% Kq m%jdykh
lD;s%u isxpk uOHia:dkj, isg isxpk l< hq;= ia:dk olajd Y=l%dKq m%jdykh i|yd
Èkl muK ld,hla .;úh yels h' tneúka wvq WIaK;ajhla ^40C& mj;ajd.; yels"
Yla;su;a Ndck Ndú; l< hq;= h'
foaYSh ;;a;aj hgf;a m%jdyk myiqlï ÿ¾j, ;;a;ajhl mej;Su lD;s%u isxpkh i|yd
øj Y=l%dKq Ndú;h iSud lrkq ,nk m%Odk idOlhla f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h' ;jo
ksj¾;k ;;a;aj hgf;a mj;sk wêl mßir WIaK;ajh o fï i|yd odhl fõ' fï fya;=
ksid øj Y=l%dKq Ndú;h l%ufhka wvq fjñka mj;S' wê YS; l< Y=l%dKq m%jdykh i|yd øj
khsg%cka iys; Ndck Wmfhda.S lr .; yels neúka by; i|yka .eg¨ u. yrjd .; yels
ù ;sfí'
vi. fokqka isxpkh lsÍu
lD;su% isxpk Ndú;fh ys id¾:l;ajh
Y=l%dKq ms<sfh< lsÍu fuka u tajd u.ska
i;=ka isxpkh lsÍfï § wkq.ukh lrkq
,nk ls%hdud¾. u; o r|d mj;S' ta i|yd
m<mqreÿ whl=f.a fiajdj ,nd .ekSu o b;d
jeo.;a fõ' i;=ka isxpkh lsÍfï § .=o-
fhdaks l%uh Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,efí' fï
i|yd m<uq j uohg meñKs i;df.a ndysr
,sxf.akaøsh fmfoi msßisÿ lr úh<Sug bv
y< hq;= fõ' isxpkh i|yd .=o ud¾.h
Tiafia tl w;la we;=¿ fldg tu.ska fhdakrEmh
sfhys14'80(
wNHka ;r kfl<jr
.=o-fhda msysá .S%jhmethod&
s l%uh ^recto-vaginal iam¾Y
lrkq ,efí' bkamiq wfkla w;ska Y=l%dKq wvx.= msfmÜgqj fhdaksh ;=<ska we;=¿ fldg
Y=l%dKq .S%jh ;=< ;ekam;a lrkq ,efí' fï whqßka .S%jfhys wNHka;rhg Y=l%dKq we;=¿
lsÍfuka Wiia ixfiapk m%;sY;hla ,nd.; yels nj fmkajd § we;'
lD;s%u isxpkfha jdis
• Wiia wdrhlska hq;a i;=ka b;d mq¿,a f,i wNsckkh i|yd fhdod .; yels fõ' fuys§
wê YS;lrk ,o Y=l%dKq Ndú;fhka i;l=f.a Y=l%dKq úfoaYhkays § fukau tu i;df.a
urKfhka miq o isxpkh i|yd fhdod.; yels fõ'
• lD;s%u isxpkh u.ska ,sx.dYs%; frda. me;sÍu wju lr.; yels fõ'
• l=vd .j ysñhka i|yd mqx .jhka /<la ;nd .ekSu wd¾Ól fkdjk neúka lD;%su
isxpkh jvd;a fhda.H fõ'
• tla mqx .jfhl=f.ka ,efnk Y=l%j,ska jeä megjqka ixLHdjla ,nd.; yels ùu'
iajdNdúl j m%ckkh lrk úg tla mqx .jfhl=g isxpkh l< yels jkafka jirlg
fokqka 100lg wvq m%udKhls' kuq;a lD;s%u isxpkh u.ska jirlg fokqka 12 000la
muK isxpkh l< yels h'
• ixfiapkh ùfï iïNdú;dj by< uÜgul mj;S'

232
• f.dúfmdf<a wNsckk ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lr .; yels h'
• Wiia ,laIK iys; wdndê; i;l= jqjo wNsckkh i|yd fhdod.; yels h'
• mqx i;=kaf.ka isÿúh yels wka;%djka u. yrjd .; yels h'
• f.dúfmd<l taldldr ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSug ie,iqï l< yels h'
lD;s%u isxpkfha wjdis
• lD;s%u isxpkh i|yd mqx i;=ka f;aßfï l%uj;a jevms<sfj,la fkdue;s wjia:djkays §
kqiqÿiq wdrhlska hq;a i;=ka mq¿,a f,i Ndú; úh yels h'
• ksIamdolhdf.a wjYH;dj wkqj iqÿiq if;l= f;dard .ekSug wfmdfydi;a úh yels h'
fuhg fya;= jkqfõ lD;s%u isxpk uOHia:dk i;= i;=ka ixLHdj wvq ùu yd lD;s%u
isxpk Ys,amSka yg ,nd Èh yels úúO i;a;aj jß.j, Y=l%dKq iSudldÍ úu;a fõ'
• i;=ka wvq ixLHdjla Ndú;h fya;=fjka iydNsckkh jeä úh yels h'
• lD;s%u isxpk fiajd mq¿,a j ,nd §u i|yd ukd ixúOdkhla fukau úYd, m%d.aOkhla
o wjYH fõ'
• fï i|yd mqyqKq ld¾ñl Ys,amSka w;HjYH h'
• Ndú; lrk WmlrK ksis f,i msßisÿ fkdlr Ndú;d lsÍfuka wdidÈ; frda. me;sÍug
bv ;sfí'
.eí fokqka md,kh
fokqka isxpkfhka Èk 21 fyda 42 l ld,hl § kej; uo ,laIK fmkakï q fkdlf<akï
Èk 60-90 w;r ld,fha § fok ksYaÑ; f,i .eí f.k we;aoehs mY= ffjoHjrhl= ,jd
mßlaId lrjd .; yels h' t<foklf.a .eí ld,h Èk 280 ± 10la fõ'
.eí.;a fokqka ksis whqßka md,kh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h' tu i;=ka ;DK N=ñ yd .j
ksjdi ;=< § ,siaid fkdjeàu msKsi;a" f;rmSïj,ska ydks isÿ fkdùu msKsi;a iqÿiq mshjr
.; hq;= fõ' yels;dla ÿrg ;DK W,d lEu i|yd ;DK N+ñj,g wêl ÿrla weúof.k hEu
je<elaúh hq;= w;r n,a,ka yd l=vd <uhska úiska .eí.;a fok miqmi t<jdf.k hdfuka
j<ld.; hq;= fõ' .eí ld,h wjidkfha isák fokqka /f<a isák wfkl=;a i;=kaf.ka
fjkalr ;eìh hq;= h'
.eí .;a fokqka fmdaIKh
.eí .;a jeiaishkag tu i;=kaf.a j¾Okh yd meje;aug muKla fkdj l,, j¾Okh
yd lsß ksIamdokh i|yd o fmdaIKh wjYH h' tneúka tu i;=kag Wiia ;,fha fmdaIKhla
,ndÈh hq;= h' .¾NkS ld,fha wjidk udi 2 § l,,fha isÿjk YS>% j¾Okh ksid .eí .;a
jeiaishkaf.a yd fokqkaf.a fmdaIK wjYH;dj Wmßu fõ' tfukau laIsrKfha § Wmßu lsß
ksIamdokhla wLKav j ,nd .ekSu i|yd wjYH fmdaIl ,nd Èh hq;= h' jeäjk le,aishï"
fmdiamria" ue.akSishï yd wxY= ud;% uQ,øjHhkaf.a wjYH;dj ,nd §u i|yd .=Kd;aul
Lksc ñY%K iemhsh hq;= h'
.eí.;a fokqkaf.a fmdaIK wjYH;d fmdaIK j.= u.ska ,nd.; yels h' .eí.;a fok
lsß foklakï m%iq;shg udi 2 lg fmr lsß jeÍu l< hq;= h' tu wjika udi 2l úh<s
ld,h f,i y÷kajhs' tu.ska jefvk l,,h i|yd;a B ,`. lsß uqrh i|yd;a wjYH fmdaIH
mod¾: YÍrfha ;ekam;a lr.; yels w;r u" nqre,af,a f.ù .sh mgl w¨;ajeähdj o isÿ
fõ' fï wjia:dfõ § .+Kd;aul núka hq;a ;DK iemhsh hq;= w;r idkaø wdydr idudkH
m%udKhg jvd 10] la muK jeämqr iemhsh hq;= fõ' c,h o m%udKj;a ;rï iemhsh hq;= h'
.eí .;a fokla wdikak f,i Èk 285 l§ ;u megjd ìys lsÍu m%iq;sh f,i y÷kajhs'
megjd WmÈk Èkh wdikakj;a u my; i|yka ,laIK j,ska tlla fyda lsysmhla fyda
.eínr fok úiska fmkajkq we;'

233
• Worh" úfYaIfhka u Worfha ol=Kq fmfofia Wvq fldg úYd, ùu
• nqre,a, úYd, ù lsfrka msÍ ;sîu
• nqre,af,ka uq,a lsß iaj,amhla jEiaiSu fyda foùug yels ùu ^kuq;a uq,a lsß foùu
isÿ l<fyd;a ueiaghsáia frda.h je<£ug yelshdjla ;sfnk nj fmkajd § we;&
• jvd m<mqreÿ wfhl=gkï t<fokf.a j,s.h fomi wiaÓ 2 w;r fmfoia fudf,dla
ù j< .eiSuo y÷kd .; yels h'
• fhdaksh u|la bÈó Yaf,aIau, i%djhla je.sÍu' fuu i%djfh ys f,a me,a,ï o ;sìh
yels h'
• t<fok u|la l,n, iajNdjhla fmkaùu" úáka úg ,e.Su yd ke.sàu
• j,s.h jefrka ta fï w; jekSu yd j,s.h Tijdf.k fldkao jl=gq lsÍu
• md ìu .eiSu
• fhdaksfhka c,h msreK ne¨khla jeks fohla
msg ùu ^m%iq;sh wdrïNhg uq, msÍu&
by; ,laIK fmkajk úg t<fok m%iq;sh
i|yd iqodkï l< hq;= h' fuu wjia:dfõ § ,nd
fok wdydr kj;d úf¾pkh i|yd uDÿ wdydr
^le|& ,nd §u jeo.;a h' tfukau i;dg msßisÿ
c,h îug ,nd Èh hq;= h' f.ìu lvf;d¨ we;akï
ìug msÿre fhdod w;=rKhla ilia lr Èh yels h'
.,auq,a we;akï tajd bj;a l< hq;= h' m%iq;shg
wdikak jkúg nqre,a, iy i;df.a msgmq i fmfoi
inka .d fiaÈh hq;= h'
m%iq;sfha § m<uqj olakg ,efnkafka jiq
megjdf.a l,,h wvx.=j ;snq l=àrh (Water Bag)
fhdaks ud¾.fhka msg;g meñK msmsß hdu hs' túg
tu l=àrh ;=< megjdf.a bÈß mdo fol yd ysi
rEmh 14'81 ( m%ìys
olakg ,efí' c, nE.h mqmqrd meh 02 we;=<; megjd idudkHfhka iq;úshh
g hq
wdika
;= h'k óg
jvd l,a.; jkafka kï mY+ ffjoH Wmfoia ,nd.; hq;= h' m%iqfokla;sfhka miq uõ i;d
ke.sÜgqjd .; hq;= h' fï u.ska .¾NdIhg laIqø Ôù wdidokh ùu j<lajd .; yels h'
megjd ìys ù meh 08la we;=<; idudkHfhka jeoEuy iïmQ¾Kfhka msg fõ' bj;a jq
jeoEuy t<fokg yiq fkdjk fia bj;a l< hq;= h' t< fok jeoEuy lE úg ksmojk lsß
m%udKh wvq fõ' m%iq;sfhka meh 08la we;=<; jeoEuy bj;a fkdjqfha kï mY= ffjoH
Wmfoia me;sh hq;= h'
m%iq;sfhka miq fokg WKqiqï c,fhka fmd`.jk ,o iy,a ksjqvq Èh hq;= fõ' bkamiq
;DK iaj,amhla §u iqÿiq fõ' Lksc W!k;dj ksid m%iq;sh isÿ l< iuyr fokqkag m<uq
Èk 03 we;=<; lsß WK we;s fõ' fujeks fokqkag mY+ ffjoHjrhl= ,jd iqÿiq Lksc
tkak;a ,nd Èh hq;= fõ'

14'16 t<foklf.a laIsrK moaO;sh

laIsrK moaO;sfha m%Odk mrud¾:h jkqfha megjqka fmdaIKh lsÍug wjYH lsß
ksmoùu hs' idudkHfhka laIsrK moaO;sh Yafõo .%kaÓhl úlrKh ùula f,i ye`Èka fõ'
th Worfha WoÍh mDIaghg iSud ù ;sfí' f.dúfmd< i;=ka w;ßka .jhd lsß ksIamdokh
i`oyd m%Odk ;ekla .kakd i;l= jk fyhska t< .jhdf.a laIsr .%kaÓfhys jHqyh yd
ls%hdldß;ajh ms<sn`o wOHhkh jeo.;a fõ'

234
t<fokf.a nqre,af,a wNHka;rh
.jhkaf.a lsß nqre,a, jï yd ol=Kq hkqfjka o bÈß yd miqmi hkqfjka o iïmQ¾Kfhka
fjka jQ fldgia 4 lska iukaú; fõ' .jhdf.a nqre,af,a jï yd ol=Kq Nd. tl iudk h'
idudkHfhka fokqkaf.a bosß fldgig jvd miqmi fldgi úYd, jk w;r" tu ksid
miqmi fldgfia lsß M,odj o jeä h' if;l=f.a nqre,af,a yevh m%fõKsh u; ;SrKh fõ'
.jhkaf.a nqre,af, ys tla tla fldgig ;K mqvqj ne.ska ;K mqvq 4 la iïnkaOj
we;' tu ;K mqvq 4 g tlsfklg iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s laISr .%kaÓ 4 l m%Kd, újD;
fõ'

iïnkaOl mgl ^bosßmi yd msgqmi

fldgia fjka lrhs & '
fldgi jï
iïnkaOl mgl bosßmi fldgi
L
ol=Kq fldgi
md¾Yaúl wj,ïnk msgqmi fldgi
nkaOksh

rEmh 14'82 ( laISr .%kaÒfha msysàu

we,aúfhda,s
we,aúfhda,s iys;
.%kÒ
a uh lKaäld
iïnkaOl mgl
m%Odk laIsr kd<sld
m%kd,

.%kÒ
a jrdikh

mqvq jrdikh

mqvq we,sh

rEmh 14'83 ( laISr .%kaÒfhys fldgia

laIsr .%kaÓfh ys ld¾hh jkqfha lsß i%djh lsÍu yd /ialr ;nd .ekSu fõ' fuu
.%kaÒuh mgl tlsfkl iïnkaOl mgl u.ska iïnkaO lrkq ,efí'
laIsr .%kaÓhla lKaäld /ilska iukaú; h' tu tla LKaäldjla laIsr ffi,j,ska
iEÿk .¾;$ we,aúfhda úYd, ixLHdjlska iE§ we;' .¾; fuu moaO;sfha uQ,sl u ls%hdldÍ
tallh fõ' ieu .¾;sl .%kaÓhlg u wNHka;rfha ufhda wmsÉPo ffi, ia:rhla
(Myoepithilium) msygs hs' tu.ska .¾; l=yrh fj; lsß i%djh flf¾' fuu .¾;sl .%kÓa j,g
isyska flaYkd,sldj,ska iïnkaê; ukd reêr iemhqula mj;S' tu`.ska lsß ksmoùu i`oyd
wjYH fmdaIl ix>gl iemfha'
.¾;j, isg tk laISrh" LKaäldj, we;s ishqï .¾;sl .%kaÓl jHqy Tiafia w;=
fnÿk laISr kd<sldj,g ,`.d fõ' tu laIsr kd<sld úYd, kd<sldj,g iïnkaO fõ' tu
kd<sld wjidkfha § ia:k .%ka:s jrdikh ^lsß .nvd lrk wjldY& (gland cistern) ;=<g
újD; fõ' fuu ia:k .%kaÓ jrdikh ;k mqvqj ;=< jQ mqvq jrdikhg (teat cistern) újD;
jk w;r bkamiq mqvq we<sh (streak canal) u.ska ndysrg iïnkaO fõ' tu we<sfhys fl<jr
udxY fmaYS lmdghla mj;S' lsß foùfuka iq¨ fudfyd;lg miq tu lmdg jeiS hhs'

235
 iïnkaOl mgl

lKaäld

m%Odk laIsr kd<sld

.%kÒ
a jrdikh

mqvq jrdikh

mqvq we,sh
rEmh 14'84 # laISr .%kaÒfha .%ka:suh mglhla

reêr kd,

ufhda wmsÉPo
ffi,
we,aúfhda,s mqvq we,sh

rEmh 14'85 ( .¾Òl .%kaÒhl jHqyh

.j foklf.a nqre,af,a we;=<;a" .%kaÓuh mglfha mßudj u; tu i;df.a lsß ksmoùu

;SrKh fõ' tu mgl m%udKh i;df.ka i;dg fjkia fõ' idudkHfhka m%%udKfhka
úYd, nqre,a,l .%kaÓuh mglfha m%udKh jeä w;r" jeä lsß m%udKhla o ksmo fõ'
ta wkqj laISrK moaO;shl ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl wx. my; oela fõ'
• lsß i%djh lrk f.da,dldr jHqyuh .¾;
• lsß .nvd lrd f.k hk m%kd, moaO;sh
• reêr jid moaO;sh
• iakdhq moaO;sh
• lsß nqre,a, r`od isák ikaOdrl moaO;sh
laISrK moaO;sfha ls%hdldß;ajh
laISrK moaO;sfha olakg ,efnk m%Odk ls%hdldß;ajhka folls' tkï
• lsß i%djh ùu (milk secretion)
• lsß tÍu (milk let down)

236
 lsß i%djh ùu
t<foklf.a wdydr ud¾.fha
§ reêrhg wjfYdaIKh lr .kakd
Ô¾Kfha wka; M, ^.aÆfldai"a fïo
wï," weuhs f kda wï," úgñka "
Lksc& nqre,af,a jQ .¾Ól .%kaÓ
ì;a;sh olajd /f.k ths' tfia /
f.k tk fmda I l Ndú;fhka
kHIaáh ufhda wmsÉPo ffi, ia:rh lsß
Y%djh lrkq ,nhs'
fïo wï, tl;= ùfuka ufhda
wms É Po ffi, ;= < l= v d fïo
rEmh 14'86 # ufhda wmsÉPo ffi,hla
f.da,sld we;s fõ' tajd tlg tl;=
ù úYd, fïo f.da,sld iEfok w;r tajd ufhda wmsÉPo ffi,fha ma,diau mg,h yryd
.¾Ól .%kaÓ l=yrhg jEiaiSu isÿ fõ' fuf,i fm%daàka" ,elafgdaia" iSks" úgñk" Lksc yd
fïoj,ska hq;a laIsrh ufhda wmsÉPo ffi, yryd
.¾; l=yrh ;=<g jEiafia' fuh lsß i%djh f,i
y`ÿkajk w;r th fkdlvjd isÿjk ls%hdj,shla
fïo wï,
fõ' wlaudj

fufia lsß i%djh ùu;a iu`. .¾;sl .%kÓ

a
l=yrh ;=< mSvkh l%ufhka jeä fõ' mSvkh
weuhsfkda wï,

wêl jQ úg lsß i%djh k;r fõ' tfyhska lsß

fïo wï,

fïo wï,
fodjk wjia:d folla w;r ld,h È.= ùu;a iu.
úgñka
Lks c

c,h
lsß i%djh wvq fõ' lsß i%djh flfrys m%Odk
jYfhka jeo.;a jkakd jQ fyda¾fudakh jkqfha
fm%d,elaáka fyj;a LTH (Luteotroph Hormone) fm%daàk
keue;s fyda¾fudakh hs' Yla;sh
Yla;h
s
lsß tÍu fïoh ,elafgdaia

lsß tÍu hkq iqÿiq ndysr W;af;achla

u.ska .¾;sl .%kaÓ ixfldapkh ùfï m%;sM,hla
rEmh 14'87 # lsß i%djh
f,i tys l=yrh ;=< jQ lsß laIsr kd, Tiafia ia:k .%kaÓl jrdikhg iy mqvq jrdikhg
ksoyia ùuhs' lsß tÍu iakdhq wka;rdi¾. ls%hdj,shls' tkï th uOH iakdhq moaO;sh
u`.ska iy ta yd iïnkaO fyda¾fudakhla u.ska md,kh fõ'
lsß tÍfï ls%hdj,sh
weiSu

iakdhq mKsjv
q h
ik
a

oelSu
S
gd
Ia fs
Tl

msßueoSu

rEmh 14'88 # lsß tÍu W;af;ackh

237
 megjd oelSu" ;k mqvq fia§u" fok j w; .Eu" WmlrKj,ska kef.k y`v wd§
W;af;acj,ska ;k mqvq W;af;ackh ù tu iakdhq m%;Slh u.ska uOHu iakdhq moaO;sfha
^fud<fha& yhsfmd;e,ui W;af;ackh fõ' yhsfmd;e,ui u.ska ksmojk lsß ksoyia
lsÍfï idOl keue;s kshqfrd fyda¾fudak u.ska wmr msáhqgßh W;af;ackh fõ'
W;af;að; wmr msáhqgßh u.ska Tlaisfgdaiska (Oxytocin) fyda¾fudakh i%djh lrhs'
th reêr ixirK moaO;sh Tiafia laISrK moaO;sfha .¾;sl .%kaÓh olajd .uka lr tajd
jgd jQ fmaYS u; ls%hd lsÍfuka tajd ixfldapkh lrhs' fï fya;=fjka .¾;sl .%kaÓ
(Alvioli) l=yr ;=< we;s laIsrh l=vd kd,sld" úYd, kd,sld yd ia:k .%kaÓ jrdikh Tiafia
mqvq jrdikh fj; <`.d ù .nvd fõ' bkamiq lsß fodjd .ekSu isÿ flf¾' fuu
Tlaisfgdaiska fyda¾fudak ls%hdj,sh úkdä 5 - 8 lg jvd fkdmj;sk ksid tu ld,h ;=<
lsß fodjd .ekSu jeo.;a h'
wkjYH Yío" wuq;a;kaf.a meñKSu" n,a,kaf.a ìreï y`v" fokg ysßyer lsÍu wd§
wys;lr W;af;ack we;s ùfuka Tlaisfgdiska i%djh ksfYaOkh fõ' tfuka u tys §
wkqfõ.S iakdhq moaO;sh Tiafia wêjDlal .%kaÓh W;af;ackh ù tys uÊcdj fldgiska
weâßk,sk$a tmsfkmaßka (Adrinaline/ Epineprine) fyda¾fudakh i%djh flf¾' tu.ska .¾;sl
.%kaÓ ixfldapkh j<lajk w;r ta ksid lsß tÍu ksfYaOkh ùu isÿ fõ'
laISrK moaO;sfha ls%hdldß;ajh flfrys fyda¾fudakj, n,mEï
Tlaisfgdiska - lsß tÍu flfrys n,mdhs
;hsfrdlaiska - laIr
s moaO;sfha reêr iemhqu jeä lr fmdaIl m%udKh
jeä lrjhs'
Biag%cka
fm%dfciagfrdaka
} laIsrK .%kaÓfha j¾Okh isÿ lrhs'

fm%d,elaáka - lsß i%djh W;af;ackh lrhs'

lsß foùu
lsß foùu hkq mqvq jrdikfha we;s lsß mqvq we<sh yryd msg;g .ekSu hs' lsß foùu
ú.iska" msßisÿ j" mQ¾K jYfhka yd ndOdjlska f;dr j l< hq;= fõ'
lsß foùu wdldr 2 lska isÿ lrkq ,nhs' tkï
1' w;ska lsß foùu
2' hka;% u.ska lsß foùu
w;ska lsß foùu
Y%S ,xldfõ iq`M mßudK f.dúfmd<j,a w;r m%p,s; mdrïmßl l%uh hs' w;ska lsß
foùfï úúO wdldr oelsh yels h'
• iïmQ¾K w;a l%uh (Full hand milking)
uq¨ w;a, yd we`.s,s Ndú; lrñka fuys§ lsß fodjd .kshs' úia;r lsÍfï myiqj msKsi
th my; i`oyka wdldr wjia:d y;rlg fnod oela fõ'
• rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ ;k mqvqfõ by< fl<jr w,ajdf.k
on`.s,af,ka tys by< fl<jr ñßlkq ,efí'
• on/`., s ,
a tfiau ;sìh § ueo`.,
s ,
a u`.k
s a hdno fldgi ñßlkq
,efí'
• fjo`.s,a, Ndú; lrñka mqvqfõ B<`. Nd.h ;o lrkq ,efí'
• wjidkfha iq<e`.s,a, u`.ska o ;o lrñka ;k mqvqfõ jQ ish¨
lsß m%udKh msg;g foùu lr.kq ,efí'
m<mqreÿ lsß fodjkakl=g w;a fol u Ndú;hg .ekSug yelshdjla
we;' tf,i nqre,af, ys taldka;r ;K mqvqj,ska tlúg lsß foùu l< yels h'

238
• (Stripping)
iSÍfï l%uh
fuys § lsß foùu i`oyd Ndú; lrKq ,nkafka m<uq yd
fojk we`.s,s fol muKs' wfkla we`.s,s u`.ska ;K mqvqj flfrys
mSvkhla fkdfhdohs' fuh fhda.H l%uhla fkdfõ'
• udmg we`.s,s l%uh (Knuckling)
fuys§ m<uq we`.s,af,ka ;K mqvqj flfrys
mSvkhla we;s fkdlr" b;sß we`.,
s s 4 Ndú;fhka
lsß foùu isÿ lrhs' ;K mqvqj
u;g tla me;a ; ls k a muKla
mSvkh fhfok neúka fuu l%uh
t;rï fhda.H fkdfõ'

hka;% u.ska lsß foùu

hka ; % u.s k a ls ß foùfuka bla u ks k a yd
ld¾hlaIu j lsß fodjd .; yels h' hka;% Ndú;
lsÍfï § nqre,a,g ydkshla fkdjk mßos tajd iú
lsrSu jeo.;a fõ'
rEmh 14'89 # ;,a¨ lrf.k
lsß foùu i`oyd fhdod .kakd hka;% wdldr 2 ls' tkï"
hd yels lsß foùfï hka;%hla

1' ;ks ;ks i;dg fhdod.; yels ;,a¨ lrf.k hd

yels lsß fodjk hka;% (mobile machine) - fïjd
l=vd f.dúfmd<j, Ndú; lrhs'
2' fokqka rdYshlf.ka tljr lsß foúh yels iuQy
lsß foùfï hka;% (Combined milking machine) -
fïjdhska lsß foùu i`oyd fjku ia:dkhla
(Milking Parlour) ilia l< hq;= hs' fuu hka;%
úYd, f.dúfmd<j, Ndú; lrhs'
Wod(- YS% ,xldfõ wfòfj," kjiS,ka;
f.dúfmd<j,a
rEmh 14'90 # iuQy hka;%hlska lsß foùu
.=Kd;aul núka hq;= lsß ,nd .ekSu yd foùu iïnkaO lghq;=
iqÿiq md,k lghq;= wkq.ukh fkdlsÍfuka ,efnk lsß wdydrhg .kakd megjdg
fuka u ñksidg o frda.S ;;a;ajj,g Ndck ùug bv m%ia:dj ,efí' tneúka lsß foùfï
§ wjYH mQ¾fjdamdhka wkq.ukh lsÍu jeo.;a h' ta i`oyd wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
ms<sn`o j my; idlÉPd flf¾'
lsß foùu yd iïnkaO lghq;=
• nqre,a, iy ;k mqvq msßis`ÿ c,fhka fidaod bka miqj ;k mqvqj,ska fífrk c, ìxÿ
ish,a, u bj;a lsÍu msKsi frÈ lene,a,lska msi oeñh hq;= fõ' c,fhka fia§fï §
i;dg W;af;ackhla ,efnk w;r u nqre,a, msßisÿ fõ'
• ieu ;k mqvqjl u mj;sk m<uq lsß ìxÿ lsysmh bj;g fodjd ^nelaàßhd jeks laIqø
Ôùka yd fjk;a wmøjH nyq, j mj;sk ksid& miq j ,efnk lsß i`oyd iaá%ma - lma
(Strip - Cup) mÍlaIdj isÿ l< hq;= fõ'

239
Strip - Cup mÍlaIdj
ueiaghsáia fkdfyd;a nqre`M m%odyh fndfyda
lsß fokqkga nyq, f,i je<f`ok " tfia u blaukska
me;sÍ hk frda.hls' fï ksid lsßj, .=Kd;aul
nj wvq ùu yd wvq ksIamdokhla ,eîug o isÿ fõ'
frda.h je<`§ we;s i;=ka y`ÿkd .ekSu jeo.;a
jkafka tjeks i;=ka ksfrda.S i;=kaf.ka fjka lr
;eîug yd m%;sldr lsÍu myiq neúks' Strip Cup
mÍlaIdj ta i`oyd Ndú; l< yels myiq l%uhls' ta
i`oyd wjYH jkafka l=vd fldamamhla" l`M meye;s
frÈ lene,a,la yd frÈ lene,a, fldamamfha ne`o
;eîug kQ,la fyda rn¾ uqÿjls' rEmh 14'91 # iaá%ma lma mÍlaIdj
lsß ìxÿ lsysmhla l`M frÈ lene,a, u;g fodjd .;a úg leá;s iajrEmhla fyda
j¾Kj;a ,m oelSug yels fõ kï th frda.h ms<sn`o lÈu b`.shls' fujeks i;l= yuq
jqjfyd;a tu i;df.a lsß foùu wks;a i;=kaf.a foùïj,g miq j isÿ lsÍu fhda.H h'
• msßisÿ Ndckj,g lsß foùu' fï i`oyd w;ska fyda hka;%dKqidrfhka lsß foúh yels
h' w;ska lsß foùfï §" iïmQ¾K w;a l%ufhka lsß fodjd" wjidk lsß iaj,amh iSÍfï
l%ufhka (Stripping) bj;a l< hq;= h'
• lsß foùu ksul< miq j jyd u ;k mqvq ish,a, u úIîc kdYlhl .s,aùu$ ;k mqvq
uqød ;eîu (Teat dipping)
lsß foùu ksu l<úg mqvqfj ys we;s l=vd isÿfr ys lsß iaj,amhla b;sßj mj;sk ksid"
frda.ldrl laIqø Ôùka j¾Okh yd ta u.ska wdidok we;s úh yels h' ;kmqvq úIîc
kdYlhl .s,aùfuka tu wjodku u`. yrjd .; yels h' fï i`oyd úkdlsß yd c,h iu
wkqmd;fhka ñY% lrf.k tu ødjKh fldamamhlg oud" tys mqvq .s,aùu l< yels h' Bg
wu;r j rcfha mY= ffjoH ld¾hd,fhka fkdñf<a ,nd .; yels úIîc kdYl Èhr o
Ndú; l< yels h' fï i|yd jvd;a u iqÿiq l%uh jkafka lsß fodjd wjidkfha § megjdg
lsß Wrd îug ie,eiaùu hs' túg iajNdúlj u mqvq uqød ùu isÿ fõ'
fi!LHdrlaIs; j lsß foùu
fi!LHdrlaIs; j lsß foùu i`oyd my; wjia:d ms<sn`o j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
1' t<fokf.a msßisÿ nj
fuh .j md,lhd úiska ;u ie,ls,a, fhduq l< hq;= jeo.;a lreKls' ,e.Su
fya;=fldg f.k nqre,a, fmfoi ¥ú,s" f.du" uv" fjk;a ¥Is; øjHhkaf.ka wmú;%
j fkdfhl=;a frda.ldrl nelaàßhdj,ska .yK j mj;S' tfyhska ksis fia msßisÿ
fkdl< t<foklf.ka ,efnk lsßj, msßisÿNdjh wfmalaId lsÍu wmyiq h' fuu
;;a;ajh j<lajd .ekSu i`oyd hg;a msßfihska t<fokf.a nqre,a, msysgd we;s miq
Nd.h o Èklg fojrlaj;a lsß foùug m%:ufhka fidaod msßisÿ l< hq;= h'
2' .j .df,ys msßisÿ nj
.j .d,la bÈlrk úg ukdj jd;dY%h ,efnk mßÈ ie,iqï l< hq;= hs' .df,ys
f.ìu fyd`Èka c,h nei hk mßÈ ilia l< hq;= hs' tfuka u nqre,a,g ydks
muqKqjk wdldrfha lvf;d`M wdÈh rys; úh hq;= hs' .d,g b;d hdno mrsirh o mú;%
j ;nd .ekSug ls%hd l< hq;= h'
c,h iy lEu Ndckj, msßisÿlu ms<n s `o j wjOdkfhka isáu;a" tajdfha mßfNdackhg
kqiqÿiq wdydr yd c,h we;akï bj;a lr kej; w¨;ska msrùu;a l< hq;= h' i;=ka
.d,a lsÍu msKsi fhdok l+vq oïje,a fia§u o l< hq;= h'

240
3' lsß fodjkakdf.a mú;%;dj
úfYaIfhka u lsß fodjkakd úiska ;u kshfmd;= iy oE;a mú;% j mj;ajd .; hq;=
w;r lsß fodjk wjia:dfõ § fkdls,sá we`ÿï o" ysia wdjrKhla Ndú; l< hq;= h'
lsß foùu wdrïN lsÍug u;af;ka inka fhdod oE;a msßisÿ lr tu ld¾hfh ys ksr;
úh hq;= h' tl foklf.a foùu yudrfldg B,`. fok fj; msúiSug m<uq kej;;a
fo w;a msßisÿ lsÍu u.ska ,efnk lsßj, msßisÿ Ndjh iy;sl l< yels h'
4' lsß foùug iy tl;= lsÍug .kakd Ndckj, msßisÿ nj
lsß foùug" tl;= lsÍug iy .nvd lsÍug wjYH ish¨ u WmlrKj, mú;%;djh
w.h l< hq;= h' lsß foùu yudr l< miq ish¨ u Ndck inkaj,ska fidaod
úhf<k;=re uqKska kjd ;eîu l< hq;= h' Ndck ysre rYañfhka úh<Su msKsi ysre
t<sh jefgk ia:dkhl we;s rdlalhl t,ajd ;eîu o l< yels h' yels ;rï ÿrg
uQÜgq fyda m`Mÿ fkdue;s isks`ÿ ksudjlska hq;= u, fkdnef`ok jdfka fyda we¿ñkshï
Ndú; lsÍï ks¾foaY flf¾'
lsß foklf.a ;sìh hq;= ,laIK
.j md,kfha § Wiia lsß ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSug" .=Kd;aul núka lsß fokqka
f;dard .ekSu jeo.;a h' tn`ÿ foklf.a YÍr ,laIK my; whqre fõ'
1' ysi iy f.,
ysi iy f., mÍlaId lr ne,Sfuka foklf.a YÍr Yla;sh iy lsß ksmoùfï Yla;sh
ks¾Kh l< yels h' jß.hg wkqrEm jk ish¨ ,laIK ysfika yd f.f,ka ms<sôUq fõ'
fokqkaf.a uqyqK ukd f,i yev úh hq;= w;r tys ,d,s;HNdjhla ;sìh hq;= h' lsß
fokqkaf.a weia §ma;su;a h' uola úYd, h' fydïn m<,a j msysgd we;' újD; h' kdia mqvq
úYd, h' lKa uOHu m%udKfhka hqla; fõ' meyeh jß.hg wkql+, úh hq;= hs' ysi f.,g
ukd f,i iïnkaO úh hq;= hs'
2' Worh yd l`o
lsß fokqka wêl lsß m%udKhla ksmojk ksid Wkag wêl m%udKhla wdydr wjYH
fõ' wdydr ÔrK lrùu i`oyd ÔrK moaO;shg wjYH bv .e,mSug Wiia ksIamdok
Yla;hs la we;s fokqkf
a .a b< weg m<,a j msyg
s d we;' b< weg w;r mr;rh" 7'5 cmla muK
fõ' Wkaf.a Worh .eUqre h" úYd, h' iDcq mdo ;sìh hq;= h' ;=káh m<,a j yd Yla;su;a
j msysáh hq;= h'
3' reêr ixirKh
wdydr ÔrKh ù wjfYdaIKh jQ miq tu M, reêr ixirK moaO;sh Tiafia bkaÈ%hhka
lrd .uka lrhs' tneúka wêl ls%hdldß;ajhlska hq;a reêr moaO;shla lsß foklg wjYH
fõ' §ma;u
s ;a weia" isk`s ÿ iu" iy Yla;s iïmkakNdjh fokf.a reêr moaO;sfha lsh
% dldß;ajh
úoyd mdhs'
4' ;k nqre,a, iy lsß Ysrd
ksis f,i j¾Okh ù we;s ;k nqre,a, bÈßmiska yd msgqmiska YÍrhg ukdj iïnkaO
ù we;' ;k nqre,a, y;/ia úh hq;= h' ;k mqvq iudldr j msysgd ;sîu yd ukd f,i yev
ù Èla j msysàu jeo.;a ,laIKhls' lsß Ysrd lsß ksIamdokh lsÍfï Yla;sh iaÒr f,i
ksYaph lrhs' úYd," jl=gq ù we;s lsß Ysrd iys; fokqka jeä lsß m%udKhla ksmojhs'
5' YÍr yevh
bÈßmi isg mÍlaId lr n,k úg lsß foklf.a yevh ;s%fldaKdldr úh hq;= h' lsß
fokqkaf.a YÍrh udxYj,ska msÍ ke;'

241
6' Wor l=yr pdmh
Wor l=yr pdmh iE§ we;af;a Wl=,a weg iïnkaO ùfuks' lsß fokqkaf.a Wl=,a weg
m<,aj msysgd we;s úg m%iQ;sh myiq fõ'

14'17 lsßj, ixhq;sh

lsrs hkq ia:k .%kÒ

a fhys iajNdúl j ksmojk ff;f,daohla jeks ixlS¾K ixfhda.hls'
tys ukd rih" by< .=Kd;aulNdjh" wêl j fmdiamria" fm%daàka iy jvd;a úfYaIs; j
le,aishï wvx.= ùu ksid lsß mßmQ¾K wdydrhkaf.ka tlla f,i i,lkq ,nhs' lsßj,
wvx.= we;eï ixrpl ta ;=< muKla u olakg we;s w;r fjk;a lsiÿs ;ekl oelsh fkdyels
h' fuu ixrpl jkqfha lsß fïo" lsrs iSks iy lsßj, we;s m%Odk fm%daàkh jk flaiSka
fõ' lsßj, wvx.= fmdaIK ix>glhka my; whqre j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
lsrs

c,h >k øjH

fïoh fïo fkdjk >k øjH

khsg%ckSh øjH ,elafgdaia iSks Lksc ,jK yd úgñka

fm%daàka fm%daàka fkdjk

c,h
lsßj, wka;¾.; m%Odku ix>glh c,h fõ' mQ¾K fhdoh iys; kejqï lsßj, o<
jYfhka 88] la c,h wvx.= fõ'
fm%daàka
lsßj, m%Odk fm%daàkh flaiSka h' th uq`M fm%daàkaj,ska 80] la muK fõ' flaiSka
fmdiafmd fm%daàkhla jk w;r l,s,hla f,i mj;S' lsßj, iqÿ meyehg fya;= jkqfha
flaiSka h' uqojdmq lsß" fhda.Ü yd Öia jeks lsß ksIamdok iE§fï § lsßj, pH w.h 4'7
olajd wvq lrkúg flaiSka wjlafIamkh fõ' tfuka u frkska u.ska yd ;dmhg Ndckh
lsÍfuka o leá .eiSulg ,la fõ' flaiSkaj,g wu;r j lsß fm%daàkaj, fudare ^Whey)
fm%daàk" ,elafgd we,aìhqñka yd β ,elafgd .af,dìhq,ska wka;¾.; fõ'
fïoh
mQ¾K fhdoh iys; lsßj, wdikak jYfhka 3] la fïoh wvx.= fõ' ix;Dma; fïoh
ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla lsßj, wvx.= h' lsß fïofh ys fldf,iagfrda,a uÜgu 0'35] la
muK jk w;r lsßj, fuu uÜgu 0'014] muK fõ' lsß fïofh ys 25] l ;rï cis 18'1
fïo wï, wka;¾.; jk w;r" fulS fïo wï, yDohdndO je<elaùfu ys WmldÍ jkq we;ehs
ms<s.`kq ,nk m%Odk fïo wï,j,ska tlla fõ'
lsßj, fïoh mj;skqfha l=vd f.da,sld wdldrfhks' lsß fïo f.da,sld jgd fm%daàk
wêfYdaIKh ù mj;sk w;r tu.ska tajd ff;f,dao (Emulsion) njg m;a ù mj;S' fïo
f.da,sld w;ßka t`M lsßj, f.da,sld b;du l=vd jk w;r ó lsßj, fïo f.da,sld b;d

242
úYd, h' fïo f.da,sld m%udKfhka l=vd ùfï § tu lsß myiqfjka ÔrKh l< yels h'
lsß iucd;slrKh (Homogenization) lsÍu u.ska ksIamdok ls%hdoduhka y s§ l=vd f.da,sld
njg m;a flfrk w;r tjeks lsß .nvd lsÍfï § fïo fjka ùula isÿ fkdfõ' lsßj,
fïofhka jeä fldgila iE§ ;sfnkafka ix;Dma; fïo wï, jk g%hs.a,sirhsv j,sks'
fïjdfha lsßj,g úfYaIjk fïo wï, 64 la muK wka;¾.; fõ' ìhqgßla" lemafrdhsla"
lemaß,sla" lemaßla fïo wï, idfmalaI j jeämqr mj;S' lsßj, fmdiafmd,smsv rdYshla
mj;sk w;r tajd lsß krla ùu j<lajk m%;sTlaisldrl f,i ls%hd lrhs'
,elafgdaia iSks
,elafgdaia lsßj, wvx.= m%Odk ldfndayhsfâ%gh jk w;r th lsß iSks f,i y`ÿkajhs'
lsßj, jhkh" j¾Kh" rih flfrys th n,mdhs' .jhkaf.a lsßj, ,elafgdaia uÜgu 5]
la muK fõ' fuh idfmalaI jYfhka by< idkaøKhls' whsialS%ï yd meijd .ekSula
fkdue;s lsßj,ska idokq ,nk fjk;a ksIamdokj, ,elafgdaia idfmalaI jYfhka úYd,
m%udKhkaf.ka we;'
,elafgdaia Lactobacillus spp ,elaála wï,h
^meiùu&

,elaála wï,h u.ska lsßj, weUq,a rihla we;s fõ' tu.ska lssß ñ§u isÿ fõ'
úgñka
ish¨ u w;HjYH úgñk lsßj, ;sfnk kuq;a we;eï wjia:dj, ;sfnk m%udKh
ffoksl j ,eìh hq;= hehs ks¾foaY;
s m%udKhg jvd wvq h' "C" úgñka uÜgu meiapÍlrKh
;;a;aj hgf;a wvlg wdikak m%udKhlska wvq fõ' meiapÍlrKh ;=< § f*da,sla wï,h
yd ;hñka ^úgñka B) 10] lska muK wvq fõ' lsrsj, rhsfnd*amaf,aúka úgñka wvx.= w;r
th ;eô,s j¾Kfhka hqla; h' fuh mQ¾K lsßj,g jvd fhdoh bj;a l< lsß (Skim milk)
j, lemS fmfka' úgñkfhys fmr .ukalrejl= ( Precurser) jk lefrdáka lsßj,g tys
wdfõKsl ly j¾Kh ,nd fohs' lsß A iy B hk úgñkj, jeo.;a m%Njhls'
Lksc
lsß fndfyda Lksc j¾.j, jeo.;a m%Njhls' fuu Lksc j¾. w;r le,aishï úfYaI
jkafka th mßfNdack rgdj u; fmdaIK wjYH;d imqrd,k fyhsks' 20 - 75] w;r jk
t<j¨ m%Njhkaf.ka ,efnk le,aishïj, ffcj iq,N;dj iu. ixikaokd;aul j
i,ld n,k l< lsß ksIamdokj, th 80] la muK fõ' lsß mßfNdackfhka wiaÓ yd o;a
j¾Okh" reêr mSvkh wvq ùu" jvd;a M,odhS wdldrfhka isref¾ nr mj;ajdf.k hd yels
ùu iy mshhqre yd uydka;s%l ms<sld we;s ùfï wjodku wvq ùu we;=¿ m%;s,dN ms<sn`o
wOHhk u.ska fmkajd § we;'
lsrsj, wka;¾.; fmdaIKSh jeo.;alulska hq;a wfkl=;a wxY=ud;% uQ,øjH w;frys
;hsfrdhsv fyda¾fudakh ksmoùu i`oyd wjYH whäka" Yla;sh wjYH ffcj ls%hdldß;ajhka
i`oyd wjYH ue.akSishï iy ñksia isrefrys we;eï tkaihsuj, ls%hdldß;ajh i`oyd wjYH
iskala wvx.= fõ' hlv i`oyd .jhskaf.a lsß ÿ¾j, m%Njhls'
lsßj, ixhq;shg n,mdk idOl
• i;a;aj úfYaIh yd i;a;aj jß.h
14'55 yd 14'56 j.= wkqj i;a;aj úfYaI iy jß. w;r lsßj, ixhq;Skaf.a fjkialï
meyeÈ<s fõ'

243
 j.=j 14'56 ( ñksid iy f.dúfmd< i;aj úfYaIhkaf.a idudkH lsßj, ixhq;sh
i;a;aj úfYaIh c,h] ,elafgdaia ] fm%daàka] fïo] Lksc]
.jhd 87'92 4'46 5'28 3'49 0'75
t`Mjd 82'00 4'27 3'52 4'25 0'86
neg`Mjd 80'71 4'81 5'23 7'90 0'90
ó .jhd 82'76 5'48 3'60 7'38 0'78
ñksid 87'43 6'98 1'63 3'75 0'21

j.=j 14'57 ( úúO .j jß.hkaf.a lsßj, idudkH ixhq;sh

jß.h fïo] fm%daàka] ,elafgdaia] Lksc] fïo fkdjk uq¿ >k øjH]
>k øjH]

r;= iskaÈ 4'90 3'42 4'91 0'70 8'76 13'66

iysjd,a 4'55 3'33 5'04 0'68 8'82 13'37
c¾is 5'37 3'73 4'93 0'70 9'54 14'91
mS%Ishka 3'40 3'13 4'86 0'69 8'86 12'26
fouqyqka 4'50 3'37 4'92 0'67 8'63 13'13

• fokq ,nk wdydr

lsß fokqkag fmdaIH .=Kfhka hq;a kejqï o< wdydr ,nd oSfuka lsrsj,g by< fïo
m%;sY;hla ,efí'

• lsß foùfï l%uh

wiïmQ¾K f,i lsß foùfuka jeämqr fïoh iys; lsß" nqre,af,a b;sßjk w;r
fodjd.;a lsßj, fïo m%udKh wvq h' tfia u lsß foùï folla w;r ld,h jeä l< úg
lsßj, fïo m%udKh wvq fõ'
• nqre,a, wdYs%; frda.
ueiaghsàia jeks frda. je<`§u;a iu. lsrsj, ,elafgdaia m%udKh wvq ùu ksid uq¨
>k øjH m%udKh my; jefÜ'
lsßj, wiajekakg n,mdk idOl
• i;a;aj úfYaIh yd i;a;aj jß.
neg`Mjkaf.a yd t¿jkaf.a lsß ksIamdokh .jhka yd ó .jhkag' idfmalaI j wvq h'
tfuka u hqfrdamSh .jhkag idfmalaI j bka§h .jhkaf.a lsß ksIamdokh wvq h' tl u
jß.hlg wh;a i;=ka w;r o ksIamdokh fjkia h'
• i;=kf
a .a fi!LHh
ksfrda.S i;=kaf.a lsß ksIamdokh jeä h' nqre¿ m%odyh (mastitis) jeks frda. ksid
ksIamdokh wvq fõ'
• i;=kaf.a jhi ^laISrK jdrh&
.jhkaf.a m<uq laIr
S K jdrfha isg ;=kj
a k laIr
S K jdrh olajd l%ufhka lsß ksIm
a dokh
jeä ù miqj wvq ù hhs' fï wkqj fokqkaf.a wd¾Ól ksIamdok ld,h jir 5 lg iSud fõ'

244
• laIr
S Kfha wjia:dj
fndfyda t<fokqkaf.a laISrKfha uq,a i;s 6 - 8 w;r l%ufhka lsß ksIamdokh by<
hk w;r miq j l%ufhka wvq fõ'
• úh<s ld,fha kv;a;=j
i;df.a fojk m%iQ;shg udi 02 lg fmr lsß foùu kj;ajk w;r th úh<s lsÍu
f,i y`ÿkajhs' úh<s ld,fha § ukd fmdaIKhla iys; j kv;a;= lr we;súg lsß ksIamdokh
jeä fõ'
• fmdaIK uÜgu yd wdydr
i;l= .kakd wdydrj,ska fldgila lsß ksIamdokhg Ndú;jk neúka h:dreÑ j
;=,s; wdydr iemhSfuka ksIamdokh jeä lr.; yels h' i;=kag wkjYH m%udKfhka
wdydr iemhSfuka YÍrfha fïo ;ekam;a ùu ksid i;=ka ;r ùu isÿ fõ' túg ksIamdokh
wvq fõ'
• lsß foùfï ld,dka;rh yd ixLHd;h
lsß foùfï jdr folla w;r ld,h wju jYfhka meh 08 la úh hq;= w;r th meh
12 fkdblauúh hq;= h' wêl ksIamdokhla iys; i;=kaf.a Èklg ;=ka jrla lsß foùfuka
ffoksl lsß ksIamdokh jeä lr .; yels h'
• lsß foùu
i;l=f.a uq¨ lsß ksIamdokh lsß fodjk wdldrh yd jgdmsgdj u; r|d mj;S' i;=kag
ndOd fkdjk yd l,n,ldÍ ;;a;ajhkaf.ka f;dr j lsß foùu wjYH h' ;jo lsß uqod
yeÍu ldhsl ls%hdj,shla neúka b;d flá ld,hla ;=<oS ^úkdä 5 - 8& tu lsß fodjd .ekSu
o uq`M ksIamdokh flfrys n,mdhs' by; i|yka lreKqj,g wu;r j mdkh i`oyd isis,a
c,h iemhSu lsß ksIamdokh flfrys úYd, f,i n,mdhs'
lsßj, ;;a;ajh fiùu i`oyd mÍlaIK
lsß tl;= lsÍfï uOHia:dkj, oS lsß mÍlaId lsÍu jeo.;a h' ta wkqj my; mÍlaId
isÿ flf¾'
• ri yd iqj| i|yd mßlaIK
lsßj, wmsßisÿ;dj ksid we;sjk .kaOh fuys§ ±k.; yels h' lsßj,g wdfõKsl
riho mÍlaId l< yels h' lsßj, kshu ;;a;ajh ±k .ekSug fuu mÍlaIK t;rï fhda.H
fkdfõ'
• WIaK;ajh
idudkHfhka lsß ldur WIaK;ajfha úh hq;= h' tfyhska tu WIaK;ajhg jvd
wvqkï lsß isis,a lr we;s njg iel l< yels h' tfy;a lsßj, we;s nelaàßhd fuys §
mÍlaId l< fkdyels h'
• wmøjHj,ska f;dr ùu
lsßj, msßisÿlu uek .ekSug msßis`ÿ mq¿x lene,a,la ;=<ska lsß fmrd.; hq;= fõ'
lsß ixhq;sh mÍlaId lsÍu
lsß ksIamdok l¾udka; Yd,djlg wuq lsß (Raw milk) Ndr .ekSfï § tys ixhq;sh
mÍlaId lsÍu i`oyd uQ,sl j isÿ lrkq ,nk mÍlaIK 2 ls' tkï"
1' fïo m%;sY;h fiùu
2' fïo fkdjk >k øjH (Solid Non Fat - SNF) m%;sY;h fiùu

245
fïo m%;sY;h fiùu
lsßj, fjf<| jákdlu r|d mj;skqfha fïoh u; h' fïo m%udKh jeäj;a u
lsßj,g jeä ñ,la ,efí' fï wkqj wvx.= fïo m%udKh .Kkh lr ñ, fiùu lrhs'
lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h fiùu i|yd fhdod .kakd mÍlaIK w;=ßka .¾n¾ l%uh
(Gerber Method) id¾:l
l%uhls'
.¾n¾ i,amshqßla wï,h iys; msfmÜgqj
wjYH øjH yd WmlrK (
msfmÜgq
ìhqfg%daóg¾
flakaødmidrlhla
rn¾ iafgdm¾
f,dla lS
lsß
H2SO4 flakøa dmidrlh
tuhs,a we,afldfyd,a tauhs,a we,afldfyd,a
îlrhla iys; msfmÜgqj

l%uh (
m<uq j gexls j , fyda
Ndckfha ;sfnk lsß l,;d"
bka iaj,amhla îlrhlg f.k
msfmÜgqjl wdOdrfhka lsß
10'77ml ìhqfg%dógrhg oukq
,efí' fojkq j i,a m s h q ß la
wï,h 10ml la msfmÜgqjl
ìh
f
óqg
da% rh
wdOdrfhka ìhq f g% d ógrfha
ùÿre n`o Èf.a we;=,a lrkq ,efí' miq rEmh 14'92 ( lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h fiùu j
i|ydc,fhdod
Ndckh
.kakd^68
0
C)
WmlrK
tauhs,a we,afldfyd,a 1.05ml oud rn¾
iafgdmrhla ^ìhqfg%dóg¾ uQähla& .ikq
,efí' miq j flakaødmidrlfha ìhqfg%dógr ouk ia:dkhg th oud iunr ùug wfkla
mig c,h msr jq ìhqfg%dógrhla oukq ,efí' fufia úkdä 1 g mßN%uK 1100 l
fõ.fhka úkdä 5 la lrljkq ,efí' bkamiq 680C WIaK;ajfhys mj;sk c, Ndckhl
ìhqfg%dógrh úkdä 2 - 3 la ;nd yerùfuka fïo m%;sY;h ,nd .; yels h'
isoaOdka;h
lsß" i,a*shqßla wï,h iu. m%;sls%hd lsÍfï § lsßj, jQ fïoh yer b;sß >k øjH
^fm%daàk" Lksc" iSks& úkdY ùu isÿ fõ' tu.ska fïoh fjka fõ' fjka jQ fïoh
flakaødmirKh lsÍfuka ødjKfha u;=msgg f.k tkq ,efí' túg fïoh ia;rhla f,i
fjka ù ;sfnkq oelsh yels h'
lsßj, úYsIag .=re;ajh fiùu
lsßj, úYsIag .=re;ajh fiùu i`oyd fhdod .kakd myiqu fuka u nyq,ju Ndú;
lrk l%uh jkafka ,elafgdógr mÍlaIdj hs'
wjYH WmlrK yd øjH (
,elafgdógrh
WIaK;ajudkh
ñkqï irdjla
lsß

246
l%uh
fï i`oyd ,elafgdógrh kï WmlrKh Ndú; flf¾' lsß is,skavrdldr Ndckhlg
oud ,elafgdógrh tu Ndckh ;=< fiñka .s,ajkq ,efí' ,elafgdógrh iïmQ¾Kfhka
fkd.sf,k w;r tys isyska" l%udxlkh lr we;s fldgi mDIagfhka by<g bmsf,ñka mj;S'
lsß mDIagh iu. th .efgñka mj;sk ia:dkfha mdGdxlh weia uÜgñka ,nd .; hq;= h'
th úYsIag .=re;ajh fõ'
j.=j 14'58 ( ,elafgdógr mdGdxlh wkqj lsß j¾.SlrKh ^t<lsß i`oyd&
,elafgdógr mdGdxlh m%;sM,h
1' 028 - 1'033 idudkH lsß
1' 028 g wvq c,h tl;= l< lsß
1 '033 - 1' 037 fhdoh bj;a l< lsß

fïo fkdjk >k øjH (SNF) m%;sY;h fiùu

SNF m%;sY;h fiùu i`oyd lsßj, fïo m%;sY;h yd úYsIag .=re;ajh ±k .; hq;= h'
by;ska úia;r lr we;s .¾n¾ l%uh u.ska fïo m%;Y
s ;h .Kkh l< yels w;r ,elafgdógrh
Ndú;fhka úYsIag .=re;ajh uek .; yels h'

bkamiq tu w.hhka my; iólrKhg wdfoaY lsÍfuka SNF m%;sY;h .Kkh l<
yels h'
SNF = ,elafgdóg¾ mdGdxlh + fïo
m%;Y
s ;h
4
Wod(- ,elafgdógr mdGdxlh - 30
fïo m%;sY;h - 4]
∴ SNF = 30 + 4 x 100
4
= 8.5%

lsrsj, .=Kd;aulNdjh nd, ùu rEmh14'93 ( ,elafgdógr mdGdxlh

.kakd whqre
lsßj, .=Kd;aul nj nd, ùu hkq tys wvx.= rih" fmkqu yd ixhq;sh fjkia ùu hs'
fï i`oyd my; idOl 2 m%Odk jYfhka n,mdkq ,nhs' tkï"
1' lsß foùfï § kshñ; ikSmdrlaIl ;;a;ajh mj;ajd fkd.ekSu
2' lsß ksIamdolhka úiska fkdfhla øjH lsßj,g tl;= lsÍu
lsß ksIamdolhka úiska úúO ndysrldrl lsßj,g tl;= lrhs' tys§ ksjerÈ f,i
,elafgdóg¾ mdGdxl fkdfmkaùu" fïo m%;sY;h fjkia ùu ;=<ska fjf<|fmd< jdis ,nd
.ekSug W;aidy lrhs' ;j o lsß m%udKh jeä lr .ekSu i`oyd c,h" ¨Kq" msálsß mdka
msá" fmd,a lsß wdÈh o tl;= lrhs' fï ksid lsßj, iajdNdúl rih" j¾Kh" fïo m%udKh"
pH w.h fjkia ùfuka lsßj, .=Kd;aul nj nd, fõ'
lsß l,a;nd .ekSu i`oyd fmdgEishï ;fhdaihfkaÜ" ie,sis,sla wï,h" f*dau,ska yd
yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihsâ jeks ridhksl øjH ksIamdolhka úiska tl;= lrkq ,nhs' f*dau,ska
jeks ridhksl øjH YÍrhg wys;lr neúka tjeks øjH fh¥ lsß îug iqÿiq fkdjk w;r
u tu lsß fjk;a ksIamdok ieliSu i|yd fhdod .; fkdyels h'

247
lsßj,g úúO øjH tl;= ù we;s nj ks¾Kh lsÍu i`oyd fhdod .; yels mÍlaIK
• c,h tl;= lr we;s nj fiùu
lsßj,g c,h tl;= lsÍu ksid tu lsßj, úYsIag .=re;ajh my< niS' tneúka lsßj,
úYsIag .=re;ajh ks¾Kh lsÍfuka c,h tl;= lr we;aoehs fiúh yels h'
• ¨Kq tl;= lr we;s nj mÍlaId lsÍu
lsß 1ml lg 10] fmdgEishï vhsfl%dafïÜ ìxÿ 2 la yd is,aj¾ khsfÜ%Ü ìxÿ 2 la oeuQ
úg ødjKh ly meye;skï ¨Kq wvx.= ke;' frdai meye jQfhakï ¨Kq we;'
• mdx msá tl;= lr we;aoehs fiùu
lsß 1ml lg whäka ìxÿ 2 la oeuQ úg ks,a oï j¾Khla .kSkï msIagh we;'
• iSks fyda fmd,a lsß oud we;aoehs mÍlaIdj
lsßj,g .a,sißka oeófï § lsß r;= meyehla .kafkakï iSks fyda fmd,a lsß ñY% lr
we;'
• f*dau,ska tl;= lr we;aoehs mÍlaIdj
,Sudf.a mÍlaIK
ms`.ka ueá Ndckhlg lsß 5ml la oud miq j idkaø yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,h 15ml
la oud f*ßla laf,darhsâ ìxÿ 1 - 2 la oud r;a lr l<úg oï meye ù kï f*dau,Ska
we;'
• ie,sis,sla wï,h tl;= lr we;s nj fiùug mÍlaIdj
îlrhlg lsß 20ml la f.k thg ;kql i,a*shqßla wï,h 5ml la oud fid,jd bkamiq
B;¾ ñY%Kh 20ml la oud r;alr" miq j *sfkdma;,ska ìxÿ 2 - 3 la oeuQ úg oï meye
fõkï ie,is,sla wï,h we;'
• fïoh fkdue;s lsß msá we;s nj mßlaId lsÍu
lsß 10ml lg 2] isÜá%la wï, ìxÿ 2 la oud leá .eiSug yßkq ,efí' mÍlaId
k<fha Wv tl;= ù we;s øjH bj;a lr leá .eiqkq lsßj,g fvd,sld fud,sfndfmdiamßla
wï,h 1 ml la oud r;a l< úg lsßmsá tl;= lr we;akï ñY%Kh ks,a meye fõ'

14'18 .jhka we;s lsÍfï m%Odk l%u

YS% ,xldfõ .jhka we;s lsÍfï m%Odk l%u 3 ls' tkï"
1' ksoe,s l%uh
2' wv ishqï l%uh
3' ishqï l%uh fyj;a .d,a l%uh
ksoe,s l%uh

rEmh 14'94 ( ksoe,s l%uhg we;s lrk .j /<la rEmh 14'94( ksoe,s l%uhg we;s lrk .j /,la

248
 fuu l%ufha § Èjd ld,fha i;=ka ksoe,af,a W,d lñka ;u fmdaIK wjYH;d imqrd
.kshs' rd;s% ld,fha ,e.Su i|yd .j uvqjla imhkq ,nhs' b;du;a ir, jQ l%uhla jk fuu
l%uh bvï iq,N j mj;sk úh<s l,dmSh m%foaYj, nyq, j fhdod .kS' wdydr" ksjdi
iemhSu i|yd t;rï úhoula jeh fkdùu fuu l%ufha jdishls' kuq;a oeä ysre rYañh"
j¾Idj wd§ wys;lr ;;a;ajhkag Ndckh ùu yd mrfmdaIs;hkag yd frda.j,g Ndckh ùu
fuu l%ufha olakg ,efnk wjdis lsysmhls' tfuka u .=Kd;aul núka wvq ;DK fndfyda
úg ,efnk w;r wjYH ;rï idkaø wdydr" Lksc ,jK yd c,h fkd,eîu fya;=fjka
ksIamdokh wvq ùu m%Odk wjdish fõ' fokqka
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wvq neúka md,k
l%u l%uj;a j yd ksis l,g isÿ fkdùu wfkl=;a
wjdis fõ'
wv-ishqï l%uh
.%dóh iy w¾O kd.ßl m%foaYj, olakg
we;s .j md,k l%uhls' ish¨ u i;=ka osjd
ld,fha osf.a,s lsÍu ^neo ;eîu& lr rd;S% ld,fha
.df,a rojdf.k wdydr imhhs' foaYSh lsß
ksIamdokfhka jeä m%udKhla ,efnkafka fuu
l%uh wkq.ukh lrk f.dùkaf.ks' rEmh 14'95 # wv ishqï l%uhg .jhska we;s
lsÍu
ishqï l%uh fyj;a .d,a l%uh
fuys§ i;d mq¾Kld,Sk j ksjdi ;=< we;s
flf¾' lsß foùu yd wdydr yd c,h iemhSu jeks
md,k lghq;= ksjdih ;=< u isÿ lrkq ,nhs' fuu
l%uh hgf;a Wiia lsß ksIamdokhla ,nd fok fokqka
f.dùka úiska we;s lrkq ,nhs' .d,a ;=< we;s lrk
ksid ;o ysre /ia" ;o j¾Idj" mskak wd§ wys;lr mßir
;;a;ajhkag o mrfmdaIs;hkag yd frda.j,g o Ndckh
ùu wvq h'
fuys § i;=ka yg .=Kd;aul núka hq;a ;DK" idkaø
wdydr rEmh
Lksc14'96
,jK # ishyd
qï l%
msußfha
isÿ c,h wjYH ;rï ,efí' i;=ka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ùu
.j .d,la
jeä h' fï ksid ksis l,g .eí .ekaùu" lsß foùu wdÈ ls%hd l%uj;a j isÿ l< yels h'
kuq;a wdydr yd Y%uh i|yd jehjk úhou jeä h' i;=kag ,efnk jHdhdu wvq fõ'
.j ksjdi
.jhka i|yd iqÿiq ksjdi iemhSfuka wõ jeis" iq<x jeks wys;lr ld,.=Ksl
;;ajhkaf.ka mSvdjg m;a fkdù i;d iqj myiq j" msßisÿ j ;nd .; yels h' ;jo fidr
i;=re jeks ndysr WmøjHhkaf.ka i;=ka wdrlaId lsÍu" wdydr yd c,h l%uj;a j iemhSu"
myiqfjka yd msßisÿ j lsß foùu jeks ls%hd l%udkql=, j isÿ l< yels h' i;=kaf.a u< uq;%d
tl;=lr Ôj jdhqj" fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr jeks oE ksIamdokh l< yels w;r i;=ka
flfrys ukd wjOdkhlska isáh yels fõ'
.jhka we;s lsÍfï l%uh u; idokq ,nk ksjdi wdldrh fjkia fõ' jvd l%udkql+,
j ksjdi ilia lrkq ,nkafka ishqï l%uhg i;=ka we;s lrk úg h'
ishqï l%uh hgf;a idokq ,nk .j ksjdi wdldr 2ls'
1' újD; ksjdi (loose houses)
2' wdjß; ksjdi (conventional houses)

249
újD; ksjdi (loose houses)
fuys § lsß fodjkúg yd m%;sldr lrk
úg yer wfkl=;a wjia:djka ys § ksjdih ;=<
i;=kag ksoe,af,a yeisÍug bv i,iajd we;'
fuu ksjdi iE§u i|yd hk úhou idfmalaI
j wvq w;r m%Yia; jHdhdu i;=kg ,efí'
wdjß; ksjdi (conventional houses)
fuys § i;=ka uq¨ oji mqrd u ne| ;nkq
,nhs' fuu l%uhg ksjdi ieliSfï § hk rEmh 14'97 # újD; ksjdihla
úhou idfmalaI j by< h' fuu wdldrhg
ksjdi ilik úg ta ;=< fokqka" megjqka" j¾Ol wjÈfha i;=ka" msßñ i;=ka i|yd fjk
fjk u fldgia fjkalr we;'
fokqka i|yd idokq ,nk wdjß; ksjdi my; whqre j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'

;ks fma,s l%uh

fuys§ ksjdih ;=< i;=ka ;ks fma<shlg ;nd we;' i;=ka wvq ixLHdjla isák úg
fuu l%uh fhdod .efka'
fofma<s l%uh
lsß fokqka 16-20la muK isák f.dúfmd<lg" jvd wd¾Ólj;a jkafka i;=ka
fofma<shlg we;s lsÍu hs' fuu l%ufha § i;=ka wdldr 2lg ksjdi.; l< yels h'
1' ysig ysi l%uh
2' j,s.hg j,s.h l%uh
1' j,s.hg j,s. (tail to tail) l%uh
fuu l%ufha§ i;=ka fomig isák mßÈ ksjdih ilia lr we;' ueÈka wmøjH bj;a
lsÍu i|yd ldKqj we;' fomiska wdydr iemhSu i|yd .uka lsÍug ud¾. we;' i;=kf a .a
wmøjH tlu ldKqjlg tlalr Ôj jdhqj fyda ldnksl fmdfydr iE§ug fhdod.;
yels ùu" msßisÿ lsÍfï myiqj" frda. fnda ùfï wjodku wvq ùu fuu l%ufha jdis f,i
±laúh yels h'
2' ysig ysi l%uh (head to head) l%uh
fuys § i;=ka fma,s follg uqyqfKka uqyqK isák fia ne| ;eîu lrhs' Tjqkag wjYH
c,h yd wdydr ueo we;s nlalsj,g ouhs' md,lhdg wdydr yd c, n÷ka msßisÿ lsÍu
myiq h'

250
 A - wdydr f.khdu i|yd
;nd we;s ud¾.h
B - wdydr we,sh
C - i;df.a wjldYh
D - fjkalr we;s flá
ì;a;sh
E - ldKqj
F - uOHu ud¾.h
rEmh 14'98 ( ;ks fma<s f,i i;=ka we;s lsÍfï ie,eiau

rEmh 14'99 # j,s.hg j,s. l%uh

megjq fldgq
megjq fldgq tyd fuyd f.k hd yels
f,i mqjla má" f.dúm< wjáka ,nd.kakd
±j ovq" msg ,E,s Ndú; lr idokq ,nhs'
megjdg ,e.Sug úh<s ,S l=vq" oyhshd" msÿre
wd§ w;=rKq iemhsh yels h' msßisÿ úh<s" ;o
iq<xj,ska f;dr ia:dkhl megjq l+vq iemhSu
iqÿiq h'
mqx .j ksjdi
mqx .j ksjdihl jHdhdu i|yd o rEmh 14'101 ( megjq fldgq iys; .j .d,la
ia:dkhla ilid we;' tu m%foaYfha ìug fldkalS%ÜrEmh
w;=r14'100
d jfÜg# ysihlv jegla
g ysi l% b¢lr
uh l%u h we;'
i;=kg ,e.Sug fjk;a ia:dkhla ms<sfh, lr ;sfnk w;r tys úh<s msÿre w;=rd we;'
.j ksjdihla bÈ lsrsfï§ ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
.j ksjdihla b¢ lsÍug m%:u ta i|yd iqÿiq
ia:dkhla f;dard .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' tys È c,
jykh isÿjk" ukdj ysre t<sh yd jd;dY%h ,efnk"
.s,d fkdnisk" m%jdyk myiqlï iys; yd .j
ysñhkag jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< yels ia:dkhla
f;dard .ekSu jeo.;a h'
.j ksjdihla ieoSfï§ fhdod .efkk ks¾foaY
• .j.df,a jy, uqÿk f;la Wi 4m la muK úh
hq;= w;r me;s lKqj, Wi 2'5m la muK úh
hq;= h'
• ksjdih ;=< megjl=g 0'75x1'5m bv m%udKhla
rEmh 14'102 ( wdydr nlals iys;
o" jevqKq if;l=g 2'x2'82m l bv m%udKhla o
.j .d,la

251
,nd Èh hq;= h'

• ksjdih ;=< isis,a nj wdrlaId

jk mßÈ fiú<s øjH fhdod
.ekSu jeo.;a h' fï i|yd fmd,a
w;=" msÿre" udkd" b¨la" W¿ wdÈh
fhdod.; yels h' we¨ñkshï fyda
iskala ;yvqj,ska ;dm mSvdj jeä
lrhs'
• i;=ka ,.sk ia:dk iy f.du
ldKqj fldkalS%Üj,ska idod.;
hq;= h' b;sß m%foaY .fvd,a fyda
.,aj,ska idod isfuka;sj,ska rEmh
r¿jg wdia14'103
;rKh( jegla
l< hqu.s ka túg
;= h' i;=ka ìu
fjkAlrodwe;s
fida yeÍu
myiq fõ' .j .d,la
• .j ksjdih ;=< îug c, n÷ka" wdydr iemhSug nlals ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' lEu nlalh s la
i|yd wju jYfhka tla i;l=g 1'3m os.ska iy 0'6m m<,ska hq;= m%foaYhla ,nd Èh hq;=
h'
• i;=ka tlsfkld fjka lsÍug jeglaa ielish hq;= h' msÿre iy fjk;a w;sßla; wdydr
.nvd lsÍu i|yd ueiaila o" megõ i|yd úh<s ;DK oeóug rdlalhla o .j ksjdih
;=< ;sîu jeo.;a h'
• WIaK;ajh jeä m%foaYj,"i;=kaf.a WIaK;ajh md,kh lsÍu i|yd c, k< moaO;shla
ieliSu jeo.;a fõ' fï ioyd PVC ng yd Wmdx. Ndú; l< yels h'

14'19 i;a;aj fi!LH l<ukdlrKfh ys jeo.;alu

i;=kaf.a m%fõKsl úNj;dj" fmdaIK ;;a;ajh yd m%ckl ld¾hlaIu;dj ksIamdokh
flfrys n,mdk whqre óg by; idlÉPdfldg we;' Bg wu;r j i;=kaf.a fi!LH
;;a;ajh o ksIamdokh flfrys iDcq j n,mdhs' frda.S ;;a;aj i;=kaf.a ksIamdok yelshdjka
u; b;d wys;lr wkaoñka n,mdk w;r Bg wu;r j my; i|yka wys;lr n,mEï o oelsh
yels h'
• j¾Okh nd, ùu
• m%ckl ld¾hlaIu;dj wvq ùu
i;a;aj fi!LH l<ukdlrKfhka ,efnk m%;s,dN
• frda. ksid ñhhk i;=ka ixLHdj wvq ùu
• i;a;aj ksIamdok by< uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSug yels ùu
• i;a;aj ksIamdokj, .=Kd;aul nj by< ùu
• m%;sldr i|yd hk úhou wvq ùu
• i;=kaf.ka ñksidg frda. mßixl%uKh je<elaúh yels ùu
• bvï" Y%uh yd m%d.aOkh ld¾hlaIu j Ndú; l< yels ùu
• ,dNh Wmßu lr .; yels ùu
frda.hla hkq l=ula o@
frda.hla hkq i;a;ajhl=f.a idudkH ;;a;ajfhka neyer ùuls' tkï YÍrfha hï
fldgil" jHqyfha yd idudkH lsh
% dldß;ajfha isÿjk fjkila fyda idudkH YÍr fi!LHfha
isÿ jk wm.ukhla f,i ye|skaúh yels h' fufia frda.hla we;s jQúg frda.S i;d úiska
fmkakqï lrk ,laIK frda. ,laIK f,i ye`Èka fõ'

252
f.dúfmd< i;=ka fmkajk fmdÿ frda. ,laIK
idudkHfhka i;=ka frda.S jQ úg fmkajk ,laIK my; whqre oelaúh yels h'
• ndysßka y÷kd .; yels ,laIK
• ndysßka y÷kd.; fkdyels ,laIK
ndysßka y`ÿkd.; yels frda. ,laIK
• lru," msydgq" weiaj, §ma;su;a nj wvq ùu
• wdydr wd.kqfõ fjkialï
i;dg hï frda.hla je<|S we;s úg wdydr reÑh wvq fõ' ;jo .jhskag je<f|k uqL
yd l=r frda.fha § wdydr iemSu b;d fifuka yd wmyiqfjka isÿ lrhs'

• u< yd uq;%j, isÿjk fjkialï

mdpkfha § Èhr .;sfhka u<my lsÍu oelsh yels h' ;j o j¾K fjkialï oelsh
yels h' Wod(- l=l=<kag je<f|k mq,af,darï frda.fha § iqÿ meye;s u<my msglrk
w;r fldlaisäfhdaisia frda.fha § ÿUqre meyehg u< msg lrhs'
• foaydjrKfha we;sjk fjkialï
wjq,a jQ msydgq " frdau wdÈh frda.S jQúg oelsh yels h' jiq megjqkaf.a mKq frda.j,
§ wjq,a jQ frdau oelsh yels h' ;j o i;=kag WK je<|S we;súg fydïn úh<s
iajNdjhla .kshs'
• ksIamdokfha isÿjk fjkialï
fuys § ksIamdok m%udKh wvq ùu fuka u ksIamdokfha iajNdjh fjkia ùu o isÿ
úh yels h' WodyrKhla f,i fokqkaf.a nqre¿ m%odyh (mastitis) frda.fha § lsß
ksIamdokh wvq ùu fuka u lsß leá;s iajNdjhla .ekSu" fc,s jeks iajNdjhla
.ekSu" frdai meye;s ùu ±elsh yels h' wdydrfha le,aishï (Ca) W!k jQ úg lsls<shka
ouk ì;a;r uDÿ fõ'
• widudkH p¾hdj
fuys§ i;d idudkH p¾hdfjka fjkia fõ' weú§fï fjkialï" rxpqfjka fjka ùu"
lE .eiSfï § y`v msg fkdùu" È.gu lE .eiSu WodyrK f,i oelaúh yels h' ;jo
i;=kaf.a judrd lEu yd rEuk p,k o idudkH ;;a;ajfhka fjkia ùug mq¿jk'
judrd lEfï widudkH ;;a;ajhla we;s úg th o ÿr isg ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
rEukhg w; ;nd mÍlaId lsÍfuka rEuk p,kj, we;s widudkH;d y`ÿkd .; yels
h'

ndysßka y÷kd .; fkdyels fjkialï

• YÍr WIaK;ajh fjkia ùu
hï frda.S ;;a;ajhla we;súg YÍr WIaK;ajh fjkia fõ' YÍr WIaK;ajh uekSug
WIaK;ajudkh .=o ud¾.h ;=<ska we;=<g hjd n,hs'
• kdä fõ.h fjkia ùu
.jhdf.a kdä fõ.h ukskafka j,s.h uq, me;af;a j,s. Ouksh (Coccygeal artery)
w,a,d ne,Sfuks' t`Mjd" neg¿jd jeks i;=kaf.a miqmi .df;a we;=¿ me;a;g (Thy)
w; ;nd n,hs'
• iajik fõ.h fjkia ùu
i;=kaf.a kdihg bÈßfhka w; ;nd ñks;a;=jl § m%dYajdi jdr .Kk .Kka lsÍfuka
o" Wria fmfofia ñks;a;=jl § isÿjk p,k jdr .Kk .kka lsÍfuka o iajik
fõ.h ueksh yels h'

253
 j.=j ( 14'59 tla tla i;=kaf.a idudkH YÍr WIaK;ajh" iajik fõ.h yd kdä fõ.
i;a;aj úfYaIh YÍr WIaK;ajh iajik fõ.h kdä fõ.h
(0C) ñks;a;=jg jdr ñks;a;=jg jdr
.jhd 38'5 10 - 30 60 - 80
W!rd 39'0 10 - 20 60 - 100
neg¿jd 39'0 10 - 20 70 - 90
t¿jd 39'5 25 - 35 70 - 90
l=l=<d 41'4 16- 28 200 - 400

frda. ldrl
fkdfhl=;a úfYaIs; frda. ldrl u.ska frda. we;s lrk w;r tajd my; whqre
j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
• wdidÈ; frda. ldrl
nelaàßhd
ffjria
mrfmdaIs;hka
• wdidÈ; fkdjk frda. ldrl
mßjD;a;sl úIu;d
wiu;=,s; fmdaIKh ^fmdaIK W!k;d fyda jeämqr ,eîï&
m%fõKsl idOl
wys;lr mdßißl ;;a;aj yd md,k l%u
úI ùï
wdidÈ; frda. ldrl
• nelaàßhd
f.dúfmd< i;=kag frda. we;s ùu i`oyd nelaàßhd udÈ,s úYd, ixLHdjla n,mdhs'
ñka iuyrla úfYaIs; jHdêckl fõ' ^Wod ( Pasteurella multocida) wfkla nelaàßhd
frda. i;a;ajhdf.a m%;sYla;sh wvqjk wjia:dj, § frda. we;s lrhs' iuyr nelaàßhd YÍr
mgl wdl%uKfhka miq úI ksmojkq ,nhs' ^Wod( msg.eiau we;s lrk Clostridium nelaàrshdj&
• ffjria
ffjria" wdYajdi lrk jd;h iu. fyda YÍrfha ndysr j we;sjk ;=jd, u.ska YÍrh
;=<g we;=,a ù" .=Kkh ù frda. wdidokh lrhs' wdidÈ; i;=kaf.a u< øjH" i%dj yd
m%dYajdi jd;h" wdidokh jQ hka;% iQ;%" ñksiqka" lDóka" wdidokh jQ wdydr wdÈh u.ska
ffjria frda. me;sf¾'
• mrfmdaI;
s hka
hï i;a;ajhl=f.a YÍrfha we,S jefvñka tu i;ajhdf.a YÍrfhka wdydr yd c,h
,nd .ksñka hefmk Ôúhd mrfmdaIs;fhls'
mrfmdaIs; wdldr 2 ls' tkï"
1' ndysr mrfmdaIs;hka
hï cSúhl= f.dúfmd< i;l=f.a foayh u;=msg isg Odrlhd u; hefmakï tu i;d
ndysr mrfmdaIs;fhls' Wod(- lsks;=,a,ka

254
2' wNHka;r mrfmdaIs;hka
f.dúfmd< i;=kaf.a YÍrfha wNHka;rfha Ôj;a fjñka reêrh Wrdfndk i;=ka
wNHka;r mrfmdaIs;hka fõ'
wNHka;r mrfmdaIs;hka m%Odk wdldr 3 ls'
• má mKqjka (tape worms)
• jg mKqjka (round worms)
• fm%dagfidajdjka (protozoa)

wdidÈ; fkdjk frda. ldrl

• mßjD;a;sl úIu;d
YÍrfha isÿjk mßjD;a;Sh ls%hdj,sj, isÿjk widudkH ;;a;aj ksid we;sjk frda.
fuf,i y÷kajhs'
Wod( • lsß WK (milk fever)
• lSfgdaishdj (ketosis)
• Woa.drh$ nv msmqu (bloating)
• wiu;=,;
s fmdaIKh
fmdaIK wiu;=,s;;d ksid i;=ka w;r frda. we;s fõ'
fmdaIK W!k;d frda. lsysmhla i`oyd WodyrK #
• l=l=<kag úgñka B2 W!k ùfuka jef<f`ok ll=,a fldrùu (Curly toe paralysis)
• l=l=<kaf.a wekfldgd .ekSu (Canabolism)
tfuka u i;=kag muKg jvd fmdaIKh ,eîu ksid o frda. we;s fõ'
Wod( fn%dhs,¾ i;=kag yDo frda. we;s ù ueÍ jeàu
• m%fõKsl idOl
uõmsh mrïmrdj, we;s frda.S ;;a;aj kej; B,`. mrïmrdfõ u;=fõ kï tjeks
frda. wdfõKsl frda. f,i ye|ska fõ'
• wys;lr mdßißl ;;a;aj yd md,k l%u
WIaK;ajh" wdf,dalh" j¾Idm;kh" wd¾ø;dj yd iq<x jeks mdßißl ;;a;aj wys;lr
ùfuka i;=kag frda. we;s fõ' tfuka u ksjdi ;=< jd;dY%h yd bvlv wvqùu ksid
o i;=kag frda. we;s fõ' Wod(- wekfldgd .ekSï
• úI ùï
úI iys; oE wdydrfha wvx.= ùfuka úI ùï we;s úh yels h'
Wod(- • j,akdYl yd lDñkdYl fh¥ ;DK wdydrhg .ekSu
• j,akdYl" lDñkdYl wvx.= c,h mdkh lsÍu
• ;DK ìïj, W,d lEfï § i¾mhka oIaG lsÍu
frda. md,kh
i;a;aj frda. md,kh lr .ekSu i`oyd my; l%u wkq.ukh lrhs'
• m%;sYla;slrKh
• ksfrdaOdhkh
• frda.S i;=ka i`oyd m%;sldr lsÍu
m%;sYla;slrKh
m%;sYla;slrKh hkq i;=kag frda. we;sùu je<elaùug YÍrh ;=< we;s yelshdj hs'
Odrlhdf.a m%;sYla;slrKh flfrys n,mdk lreKq lsysmhls'

255
• m%fõKs.; lreKq
iuyr i;=ka wfkla i;=kag jvd m%fõKsl j hï hï frda.j,g m%;sfrdaë njla
olajhs' fuh i;a;aj úfYaIh" jrs.h iy fm!oa.,slhka wkqj fjkia fõ'
• fmdaIKh
ukdj fmdaIKh lrk ,o i;=ka ÿ¾j, fmdaIKhla iys; i;=kag jvd frda.j,g
m%;sfrdaë fõ'
• iu.dó frda.
wNHka;r yd ndysr mrfmdaIs;hka u`.ska ÿ¾j, jQ i;=ka fndfyda úg fjk;a frda.j,g
md;% fõ' lD;s%u j tkak;a lsÍu ;=<ska frda.j,g m%;sYla;shla we;s l< yels h'
Wod( .jhkag l=r yd uqL frda.h i`oyd ,nd fok tkak;
ksfrdaOdhkh
• rg ;=<g frda. we;=¿ ùu je<elaùu
oekgu;a weka;%elaia" l=re¿ WK jeks frda. rgj,a ;=<g we;=¿ ùu je<elaùug tu
frda. we;s rgj,ska i;a;aj ksIamdok f.k tau ;ykï lr we;'
• f.dúfmd< ikSmdrlaIdj u.ska f.dúfmd<g i;=ka we;=¿ ùu je<elaùu
fuys § f.dúfmdf<a mú;%;dj" kSfrda.S i;=ka ñ, § .ekSu wdÈh wh;a fõ' f.dúfmd<g
msg;ska i;l= /f.k wd úg tu i;d fjku ia:dkhl ál Èkla ;nd kSfrda.S hhs
ye`.=Kq úg muKla /<g we;=<;a l< hq;= h' i;=ka m%jdykfha § kSfrda.S hehs oelaùug
mY= ffjoHjrhdf.ka iy;slhla ,ndf.k th m%dfoaYSh f,alï úiska wkqu; l< hq;=
h' tfia fkdue;sj i;=ka m%jdykh lsÍu ;ykï fõ'
>d;ld.drj,g f.k tk i;=kaf.a frda. ;sìh yels ksid tu frda. wjg i;=ka
w;r me;sÍu je<elaùug >d;ld.drh wjg i;=ka ljhla f,i tkak;a lsÍu (ring vaccina-
tion) isÿ lrhs' ;j o i;=ka m%jdykh lrk ud¾. wjg i;=kg a tkak;a lsÍfuka frda. me;sÍ
hdu j<lajhs' ;j o f.dúfmd<j,g msgia;r ñksiqkag yd i;=kag we;=¿ ùu ;ykï lsrSu
jeks ffcj wdrlaIK l%u (bio Security) u.ska o frda. we;=¨ ùu je<elafõ'
frda.S i;=ka i|yd m%;sldr lsÍu
m%;sldr lsÍu i;dg je<|S we;s frda.h wkqj fjkia fõ' fnda fjk frda. i`oyd
m%;sldr lsÍfï § wfkl=;a i;=kag frda. fnda ùu je<elaùug frda.S i;=ka j fjkalr
m%;sldr l< hq;= h' fnda fkdjk frda.j, § jQj o kSfrda.S i;=kaf.ka frda.S i;dg we;sjk
mSvdj je<elaùu i|yd fjka lr m%;sldr lsÍu jvd;a iqÿiq fõ'
nelaàßhd frda.j,g m%;l
s dr f,i idudkHfhka m%;ð s j
S l Ndú; lrkq ,efí' ffjria
frda. je<÷k úg m%;sldr fkdue;' jgmkq frda. i|yd fmmriSka ixfhda. jeks T!IO
Ndú; lrhs' W!k;d frda.j, § wjYH fmdaIl ,nd Èh hq;= fõ' WodyK jYfhka W!re
megjqkg je<f|k rla; ySk;djfha § hlv tkak;a lsÍu fyda hlv ñY%Khla nqre,af,a
.Eu l< hq;= h' fndfyda úg i;=kaf.a ;=jd, ndysrg ksrdjrKh jQ úg ;=jd, u; ueiaika
ì;a;r oeóu ksid mKqjka we;s fõ' tu mKqjka u¾okh lsÍug fk.idka jeks ridhk
øjH Ndú; lrhs'

256
 14'20 i;a;aj frda. md,kh

.j frda.
• mKq frda.
fndfyda úg megjqkag we;sjk frda.hls' mKqjd wNHka;r mrfmdaIs;hl= f,i
Odrlhdf.ka hefma' .df,a wmsßisÿlu ksid fuu frda.h fnda ùug bv we;' frda.S i;=ka
msg lrk u< øjHj, mKq ì;a;r wvx.= fõ' tu mKq ì;a;r wdydr iu. kSfrda.S i;=kaf.a
wdydr ud¾.hg we;=¿ ùfuka wdidokh fõ'
frda. ,laIK
• megjqkaf.a jeãu ÿ¾j, ùu
• mdpkh
• u,dksl .;shlska hqla; ùu
• nv úYd, ùu
• myjk u<j, fij, .;shla fyda f,a wvx.= ùu
m%Odk jYfhka frda.h we;s lrk mKq j¾. 2 ls'
• jg mKqjka ^round worm)
• má mKqjka (tape worm)
idudkHfhka jevqKq i;=kag mKq fnfy;a §u wjYH
fkdfõ' kuq;a frda. ,laIK fmkajkafka kï mY= ffjoH
Wmfoia ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
frda. u¾okh yd m%;sldr lsÍu
• .j .df,ys u, uq;%d ks;r bj;a lsÍu rEmh 14'105 # má mKqjka
• .j.df,a ikSmdrlaIdj mj;ajd .ekSu rEmh 14'104 # jg mKqjka
• i;=kaf.a f.du mY= ffjµjrhl= ,jd mÍlaId lr mKqjka we;s njg idOl we;akï
m%;sldr lsÍu
lsrs WK (Milk Fever)
lsß ksIamdokh by< i;=kag m%iQ;shg Èk 2 - 3 lg fmr fyda miq j iEfok
mßjD;a;sl frda.hls' lsß ksIamdokfha § Ca++ jeämqr lsß iu. bj;a ùu ksid laIKsl j
mgl ;r,j, Ca++ wvq ùfuka frda.h iEfoa' uq,a lsß (Colestrum) j,g wêl Ca++
m%udKhla iemhSu i|yd wiaÓj,ska yd wka;%fhka wjfYdaIK Odß;dj jeä ùu" m%iQ;sfha §
wka;%fhka wjfYdaIK yelshdj ÿ¾j, ùu" merd;hsfrdhsâ .%kaÓh u.ska i%djh lrk
merd;hsfrdlaiSka fyda¾fudak m%udKj;a fkdùu wdosh ksid frda.h we;súh yels h'
frda. ,laIK
frda.fha wjos 3 la oelsh yels h'
1 wjosh
• i;d ;s.eiaiSulska miq fõ'
• isgf.k isáh o p,kh fkdfõ'
• wdydr fkd.kS' ysi fjõ,k
iajNdjhla fmkajhs' rEmh 14'106 # lsrs WK iEÿk .jfhla
• o;a tlg j§" Èj bÈßhg fkrd tau isÿ fõ'
• mQ¾j mdo or o`vqùu ksid YÍrh iu;=,s; j ;ndf.k isàug fkdyels ùfuka i;d
ìu weo jefÜ'
11 wjosh

257
 • Worh fmdf<djg isák fia ìu È.d ù isà
• ysi msgqmig yrjd miqmi .d;%d foi n,d isà
• mdoj, oro`vq .;sh wvq fõ' fydïn úhf<a
• i;d isysuo .;shlska fmf<a' fkfi,a ù isà'
• foay WIaK;ajh idudkH WIaK;ajhg jvd wvq fõ'
• wefia lKsldj m<,a j mj;S' wdf,dalh yuq fõ ixfldapkh fkdfõ'
111 wjosh
• i;d me;a;lg fmr,S ysi ìu ;ndf.k fomd È.= fldg isà
• isys uQ¾Pd fõ'
• jd;h msÍu ksid Worh msïî we;'
• YÍrh YS;, h'
• yDo iamkaokh yd Yajik fõ.h ÿ¾j, h'
• i;d Èk 2 - 3 lska urKhg m;a fõ'
m%;sldr yd frda. ksjdrKh
• Worfha jdhq msÍu je<elaùug fmr¿k i;d WoÍh j isák fia ilia l< hq;= h'
fomig je,s fldÜgd ;nd fuh l< yels h' le,aishï fndafrd.a¨fldfkaÜ 25]
ødjKhla §u' fuh frda.S ;;a;ajfha m%udKh yd i;df.a nr wkqj fjkia fõ'
• m<uq j meáhdg wjYH m%udKhg muKla lsß fodjd § miqj lsß m%udKh jeä l<
hq;= h'
• m%;sldr fok w;r i;d Èklg fojrla fyda y;r jrla isák me;a; fjkia lsÍu yd
r;a l< fmd,al=vq fmdÜgks u.ska mdo ikaê iïNdykh lsÍu'
• i;d t<suyfka isà kï fijk iemhSu'
• m%;sldr lsÍfuka miq i;dg ke.sàug Wmldr l< hq;= h'
• i;dg ;=,s; wdydr fõ,la ,nd §u'
• wjodkulska hq;= fokqkag ^lsß ksIamdokh jeä fokqka i`oyd& CaCl2 fc,s f,i
m%iQ;shg fmr Èklg 150g o" m%iQ;shg meh 1-2 lg fmr 150g o" m%iQ;sfhka meh 10 -
14 § 150g o iemhSu
ueiaghsáia ^nqre¿ m%odyh&
nqre¿ m%odyh hkq iajdNdúl mßirfha iq,Nj isák Streptococus j¾.fha nelaàßhd
u.ska nqre,af, ys isÿjk wdidokhls' fuu frda.h wdidokh ùu ksid lsß ksIamdokh wvq
ùfuka wd¾Ól j mdvq f.k foa' tfuka u kshñ; wjia:dfõ m%;sldr fkdl<fyd;a
nqre,a,g ydks isÿjk w;r lsß ksIamdokh kej; h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a fkdfõ'
nqre¨ m%ody frda. ,laIK idhksl yd idhksl fkdjk hk wdldr folls'
idhksl frda. ,laIK
fuys§ nqre,af,a" lsßj, yd i;df.a fjkialï fmkajhs'
nqre,af,a isÿjk fjkialï
• nqre,a, bÈó oeä .;shla fmkaùu
• nqre,a, r;a meye ùu
• iam¾Y lsÍfï § fõokdjla oekSu ^nqre,a, iam¾Y lrk úg i;d mhska .ihs&
• oreKq wjia:dj, § ffi, ueÍ l¿ meye;s ia:dk oelsh yels ùu
lsßj, oelsh yels fjkialï
• lsß wjmeye jk w;r leá;s olakg ,eîu
• reêrh ñY% ù frdai meyehla .ekSu

258
 • wm%ikak .kaOhla iys; ùu
i;df.a isÿjk fjkialï
• WK
• wdydr wreÑh
• úvdm;a nj
frda. u¾okh yd ksjdrKh
• fi!LH wdrlaIs; ksjdi iemhSu rEmh 14'107 # nqre¨ m%odyh frda.h je<|qk
fuys§ yels ;dla ÿrg ksjdih úh<s yd msßisÿ ùu" ìu isÿre foklf.a nqre,a,laka f;dr ùu
yd lvf;d¿j,s
wdÈh jeo.;a fõ'
• msßisÿj lsß foùu
lsß foùug m%:u nqre,a, inka .d c,fhka msßisÿ jk f;la fidaod msi oeñh hq;= h' tla
tla fokf.a nqre¿ msi oeóu i|yd fjk fjku frÈ ;nd .ekSu wjYH fõ' tfuka u
lsß fodjkakd o msßisÿ ùu jeo.;a h'
• ;K mqvq uqød ;eîu
lsß fojQ ú.i u iEu ;k mqvqjla u úIîc kdYlhl .s,aúh hq;= w;r fuu ødjKh
ksjerÈ idkaøKfhka ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' jdKsc j fujeks ødjK úYd, m%udKhla we;;a
foaYSh j ,nd.; yels ,dNodhS m%;sM, iys; ødjKhkï 1'6] f*dañla wï,h fyda
weisála wï,h hs' fuu ødjKhl mqvq .s,a jQúg tu wï,fha ìxÿjla u.ska mqvqfõ w.
uqød ;eîu isÿ fõ'
• idhksl nqre¿ m%odyh i|yd m%;sldr lsÍu
nqre¿ m%odyh je<f`ok i;=ka i|yd m%;sÔjl Ndú; lrhs' ^Wod( Penicilline, Ampicilline)
kshñ; m%;sÔjlh f;dard .ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' m%;sÔjl we;=,a lsÍug m%:u nqre,af,ys
we;s wdidÈ; lsß ish,a, bj;a l< hq;= w;r lsysm
Èkla fuu m%;sldrh l< hq;= h'
• le,sfmdakshd ueiaghsáia mÍlaIdj ^CMT) u.ska
idhksl nqre¿ m%odyh mÍlaId lsÍu
lsß .jhka i|yd udi 3 lg jrla CMT mÍlaIdj
l< hq;= h' Wmidhksl nqre¿ m%odyh we;s fokqka
fjka l< hq;= w;r tjeks i;=ka Tjqkaf.a úh<s
ld,fha § úfYaIs; m%;sÔjl ødjKj,ska m%;sldr
l< hq;= h'
fokqkaf.a lsß foùfï wkqms<sfj, my; mßÈ úh hq;= rEmh 14'108 # CMT mÍlaIdj
h'
• m<uqj CMT mÍlaIdj u.ska frda. rys; njg y÷kd .;a fokqka
• fojkqj idhksl ,laIK fkdfmkajk tfy;a CMT mÍlaIdjg ixfõ§ i;=ka
• wjidk jYfhka idhksl ,laIK iys; i;=ka
m%;sÔjl m%;sldrh wkq.ukh l< i;=kaf.a wjidk jrg m%;sÔjlh we;=,a lr meh
48 la ;=< lsß foùu isÿ fkdlrhs'

l=r yd uqL frda.h (Foot and Mouth Disease)

.jhka yd ó .jhka we;=¿ l=r iys; i;=ka ish,a,g u je<|sh yels YS>%fhka
fndajk jix.; frda.hls' frda. ldrlhd wdmaf;d mjqf,a ffjrihls (Aptho virus)'
frda.hg fya;=jk udÈ,s (Strains) lSmhla u we;s w;r bka ,xldfõ olakg ,efnkafka O

259
yd C udos,s muKs' iq<`. yd c,h u.ska" wdidÈ; i;=ka wkqNj l< wdydr yd ;DK u.ska
b;d YS>%fhka fuu frda.h me;sf¾' fuu frda.h jevqKq i;=ka i`oyd udrdka;sl fkdjk
kuq;a megjqka i`oyd udrdka;sl fõ'

rEmh 14'109 # l=r yd uqL frda.fha frda. ,laIK

frda. ,laIK
• uqLfha Yaf,aIau, mg,j, ìì,s we;s fõ' Èk 2 -3 l miqj fuu ìì,s ly meye
Èhrhlska msf¾' miqj tajd msmsÍ ;=jd, njg m;a fõ' fïjd wdidokh jQ úg
r;a meye jk w;r iqj ùug l,a.; fõ'
• tfia u fuu ìì,s mdoj, l=r w;r o yg .kshs' mdo bÈ fï' weú§fï § fldr
.ihs'
• wdidÈ; i;=kaf.a uqLfhka ÿ`.|la yuk fÄgh kQ,a wdldrfhka je.sf¾'
• wdydr wd.kqj wvq ùu u.ska YÍr ;;a;ajh msßfyk w;r lsß ksIamdokh wvq fõ'
• i;=kaf.a ;dm md,k moaO;sh wl%uj;a ùu ksid y;s oeóu oelsh yels h'
frda. u¾okh yd md,kh
• frda.h je<f`ok i;=ka fjka lsÍu
• tkak;a lsÍu
m<uq tkak; - jhi udi 4 §
fojk tkak; - jhi udi 5-7 §
f;jk tkak; - jhi udi 12 §
bkamiq yh uilg jrla tkak;a lrkq ,nhs'
• 2] NaOH ødjKhlska ks;ru fmdf<dj yd WmlrK ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu
• fchsia *a¨hsâ fyda we,ï Èhrfhka wdidÈ; i;=kaf.a uqLh fia§u
• 5] NaOH ñY%Khla mdoj, .e,aùu
• wdidÈ; i;=ka ,e. isá w;=rKq yd fjk;a wmøjH úkdY lsÍu
• f.dúfmd<ska i;a;aj ksIamdok" i;=ka m%jdykh keje;aùu
• wdidÈ; i;=ka ñh.sh úg u< isrere j<,d oeóu fyda mq¿iaid oeóu

.j rla;md; frda.h$rla;dY%jh (Haemorrhagic Septicaemia) (HS))

Pasteurella multocida nela à ßhdj frda .
ldrlhd fjhs' udrdka;sl frda.hla jk fuu frda.h
idudkHfhka udi 6 isg wjqreÿ 2 olajd jhia jQ i;=kg
a
je<`Èh yels h' úh<s l,dmfha fuu frda.h me;sÍu
jeä h' .jhkag jvd ó .jhkag isÿjk n,mEu jeä
h'
frda. ,laIK
• wêl WK
• lEu wreÑh
rEmh 14'110 # .j rla;md;
• ;,a, bÈóu' bkamiq mmq m%foaYh yd bÈß .d;%d frda.h je<÷k .jfhla
 olajd o úysÈh yels h'
• Yajik wmyiq;d we;s ù urKh isÿ ùu
• lsisu frda. ,laIKhla fkdfmkajd i;=ka blaukska urKhg m;a ùu
frda. u¾okh yd m%;sldr
• tkak;a lsÍu
m<uq tkak; - jhi udi 4 §
fojk tkak; - jhi udi 7 §
f;jk tkak; - jhi udi 12 §
bkamiq jd¾Isl j tkak;a lrkq ,efí'
• frda.h we;s ùu b;d fõ.j;a neúka uQ,sl frda. ,laIK y`ÿkd .; fkdyels w;r
m%;sldr lsÍu m%dfhda.sl fkdfõ' flfia fj;;a WK .;sh fmkajk i;=ka fjka lr
m%;sÔjl ^Wod( Sulphur Linamysin) u.ska m%;sldr lsÍu m%;sM,odhl úh yels h'
• ñh .sh i;=ka j<,d ±eóu
lsKs;=¿ WK (Tick Fever) ^nefíisfhdaisia&
frda. ldrlhd Babesia bovis kï tal ffi,sl fm%dagfidajdfjls' fuu frda.
ldrlhd reêr ffi, úkdY lrhs' fuu frda.h lsks;=,af,la u.ska me;sf¾' fuh l`ÿrg
yd ueorg nyq, jYfhka oelsh yels w;r hqfrdamSh .j jrs.j,g b;du;a wys;lr f,i
n,mdhs'
frda. ,laIK
• YÍr WIaK;ajh by< hdu'
• uq;%d r;=" ÿUqre meye ùu" fmK iys; ùu yd Wl= ùu'
• wlaIs mg, yd weia .fvd,a r;a meye .kakd w;r miq j ly meye .kS'
• rla;ySk;dj" lEu wreÑh" ÿn,;dj ksid lsß ksIamdokh wvq fõ'
• u< øjH úh<s iajNdjhla .ekSu yd ;o ly j¾Kfhka hqla; ùu'
• oreKq ;;a;ajj, § Èk 1-2 la ;=< i;=ka ñh hhs'
frda. u¾okh yd ksjdrKh
• frda.h y÷kd.;a miq mY= ffjoHjrhd ks¾foaY lrk úfYaIs; T!IO u.ska m%;sldr
l< hq;= h'
Wod( Acetylsalsanic acid oSu" Babasan fyda Berenil tkak; ,nd §u
• frda.h me;sfrk m%foaYj, i;=ka tkak;a lsÍu iqÿiq h' megjqka udi 4-6 w;r §
tkak;a l< hq;= h'
• lsKs;=,a,ka u¾okh lsrSu' fï i|yd wiqkafgda,a (Asuntol) jeks lsKs;=¿ kdYlhla
fhdod.; yels h'

nv msuqu (Bloat)
idudkHfhka rEukfha ksmofjk jdhq ta ;=< tla/ia ùu ksid fuu frda.h we;s
fõ' fjk;a frda.hl m%;sM,hla f,io fuh we;súh yels h' fuhg fya;= my; oelafõ'
• rEukfha p,khg ndOd we;s ùu
• foklf.a wdydrfha m%udKj;a ;rï o< wdydr wvx.= fkdjQ úg yd wêl m%udKhla
idkaø wdydr ÿka úg rEukfha ia;r iE§u yßhdldrfhka isÿ fkdfõ' tkï jdhq
ia;rh wfkl=;a ia;r yd ñY% ùula isÿjk w;r fuys m%;sM,hla f,i fmk iEfoa'

261
 túg jdhq msg l< fkdyels h' tksid nv msfma'
• wka;fY%da;h wjysr ù ;sîu
• rEukfha ì;a;s wdidokh ùu
frda. ,laIK
• msgqmiska n,k úg fokf.a jï há nv m%foaaYh úYd, j we;s nj fmfka'
• i;d ìu ,e. fn,a, Èlalr b;d wmyiqfjka yqiau .kshs'
• jßka jr ysg .ekSu yd ,e.Su isÿ lrhs'
• i;d fl|sß .dhs' ks;r u f.du iy uq;%d msg lrhs'
• wdYajdih wmyiq ùu'
m%;sldr yd u¾okh
• i;df.a msgm
q i .d;%d bÈßmi .d;%dj,g jvd my<ska isák fia isg.; yels ia:dkhl
;eîu
• i;dg jHdhdu ,nd §u
• rEukfha jQ fmK bj;a lsÍug hka;ï WKq jQ f;,a i;dg §u
Wod( ;, f;,a" T,sõ f;,a" t`vre f;,a"
• fg%dld lekshq,d WmlrKfhka rEukh isÿre lr rEukfha jd;h bj;a lsÍu
• frda.h j<lajd .ekSu i`oyd m%udKh blaujd rks, fkd§u yd iu;=,s; wdydrhla
i;=kag ,nd §u
l=l=¿ frda.
mKq frda.
m%Odk j mKq j¾. 2 la ksid we;s fõ'
• má mKqjd
• jg mKqjd
fuu mKqjka wdydr ud¾.fha t,a,S reêrh Wrd îu ksid frda.h we;s fõ' frda.S
i;=kaf.a u< iu. mKq ì;a;r msg fõ' tu mKq ì;a;r kSfrda.S i;=kag wdydr iu. we;=¿
ùu ksid frda.h yg .kS'
frda. ,laIK
• megjqkaf.a j¾Okh ÿ¾j, ùu
• i;=ka u<dksl y WodiSk núka hq;= ùu
• ksrla;sh ^;e,a, yd lru, iqÿ meye ùu&
• ì;a;r ±eóu wvq ùu
• myjk u<j, fij, njla fyda reêrh ñY% ù ;sîu
• iuyr úg wÔ¾K ;;a;ajhla o we;s úh yels h'
frda. u¾okh
• udi 2 - 3 lg jrla mKq fnfy;a ,nd §u
• msmriSka wvx.= fnfy;a j¾. fï i`oyd iqÿiq h' fïjd c,hg fyda wdydrhg ñY%lr
Èh yels h'
• wdia;rKh msßisÿj úh<sj ;nd .ekSu
• msßisÿ wdydr ,nd §u

mq,f
a ,darï (White diarrhoea)
frda. ldrlhd ie,afudfk,a,d mq,af,darï (Salmonella pullorum) nelaàßhdj hs'
l=vd megjqkag myiqfjka je<f`oa' frda.h je<`§ ál Èklska i;=ka úYd, ixLHdjla ñh

262
hhs' frda.S lsls<shkaf.ka .;a ì;a;rj,ska WmÈk megjqkag frda.h fnda fõ' ì;a;r
rlaljkfha § (Incubator) tla megjl=g frda.h je<`§ we;akï wfkla i;=kag o fnda fõ'
frda.S i;=ka iqj jQj o frda.h ksOka.; ù we;s ksid
Tjqkaf.ka kej; kSfrda.S i;=kag frda.h fnda fõ'
frda. ,laIK
• frda.S i;=kaf.a .=oh jgd u< øjH iqÿ meye;s
noduhla fuka ;sîu'
• iqÿ meyehg mdpkh isÿ lsrSu'
• frda.S i;=ka u<dksl" WodiSk .;shla fmkaùu'
• megjq tl ;eklg frdla ù isàu' weú§u ms%h
fkdlsrSu'
• wdydr wreÑh fmkaùu'
rEmh 14'111 # mq,af,darï
• lvd ye¨k mshdm;a iys; ùu'
frda.h je<ÿk l=l=¿ megjqka
• Yajik wmyiqj'
• úáka úg fõokdfjka lE .eiSu'
• jevqkq l=l=<kaf.a ksIamdokh wvq ùu'
• iuyr megjqka lsisu frda. ,laIKhla fkdfmkajd ì;a;rfhka msg jQ ú.i ñh
hhs'
frda. u¾okh
• WKqlr ksjd.;a c,h Èk 10 la muK megjqkag ,nd §u'
• kSfrda.S /<lska /lalùu i`oyd ì;a;r ,nd .ekSu'
• ì;a;r /lalùug fmr rlaljkh ÔjdKqyrKh lsßu' fï i|yd f*daue,aäyhsâ
ÿudrh fhdod.; yels h'
• úáka úg rxpqj mÍlaIdlr frda.S i;=ka bj;a lsÍu
• frda.S i;=kag *shqrfid,sfvdaka" i,a*¾ fu;iSka jeks ixfhda. îug oSu'
fldlaisäfhdaisia (Coccidiosis)
fm%dagfidajd jxYfha fldlaisähd (Coc-
cidia) f.da ; % h g wh;a úfYa I 3 la u.s k a
fldlaisäfhdisia frda.h we;s lrhs' tla tla
úfYaIh l=l=<df.a wdydr Ô¾K moaO;sfha úúO
ia:dkj, wdidok we;s lrhs'
• l=l=<df.a mQ¾j wdudYfha -
Eimeria tenella (whsóßhd fgfk,a,d&
• l=l=<kaf.a wka;%j, -
Eimeria necatrix (whsóßhd fkldá%laia&
• l=l=<kaf.a .%yKsfha -
rEmh 14'112 # fldlaisäfhdisia
Eimeria acervulina ^whsóßhd taiúhq,skd& frda.h je<ÿk l=l=¿ wka;% fldgia
jhi i;s 3 - udi 3 w;r i;=kg
a myiqfjka je<f|a' frda.h je<÷k i;=ka lKavdhul
i;=kaf.ka 5 - 10] w;r m%udKhla urKhg m;a fõ' frda.h tla i;l=f.ka kj i;l=g
fnda jkafka frda. ldrl wdidos; wjia:dfõ we;s mrfmdaIs; fldaIag (oocyst) u.sks' kSfrda.S
i;l=g frda.h je<|Su i`oyd mßK; mrfmdaIs;hka l=l=<kaf.a wdydr ud¾.hg we;=¿ úh
hq;= h'
mrfmdaIs;hd wka;%h ;=< § .=Kkh ù wka;% ì;a;s úkdY lrhs' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka

263
frda. ,laIK we;s fõ' i;=kaf.a u<my iu. mrfmdaIs;hka msg;g meñfKa' wdia;rKfha
§ fuu mrfmdaIs;hka mßK; ù kSfrda.S l=l=<l= ;=<g we;=¿ fõ'
frda. ,laIK
• f,a ñY% mdpkh ^fpdla,Ü mdgg u,my ùu&
• u<dksl yd WodiSk nj
• ;gq fmdrjdf.k isàu
• wdydr wreÑh
• lru, yd ;e,a, iqÿ meye ùu
megjqkag frda.h je<|S Èk 5- 10 hk úg úYd, ixLHdjla ñh hhs'
frda. u¾okh
• frda.S i;=ka bj;a lsÍu
• l=l=¿ f.h" WmlrK yd wdia;rKh msßisÿj ;nd .ekSu
• ks;r ks;r wdia;rKh f¾lalhlska ñY% lsÍu
• ffcj wdrlaIK l%u wkq.ukh lsrSu' tkï jhi wkqj ldKav fjkalr we;s lsÍu"
fldgq ;=<g we;=¿jk ia:dkj, úIîc kdYl fh¥ md
fodajk (footh bath) ;eîu'
• m%ñ;shg wkqj ieliQ wdydr ,nd §u ^fuu wdydr
i,dlj, fldlaisäfhdaiageÜ ñY% lr we;'
tu.ska frda. ldrl u¾okh lrhs'&
• frda.S i;=kag i,am¾ wvx.= fnfy;a j¾. ,nd §u
.ïfndafrda frda.h
frda. ldrlhd Birnavirus ffjrih hs' 1962 oS muK
weußldfõ .ïnfrda m%foaYfhka y`ÿkdf.k we;' i;s 3-14
olajd jhia iSudj, i;=kag nyq, j je<f|a' fuys§ i;=ka ñh
hdug wu;r j frda.S jQ i;=kaf.a m%;sYla;sh ySk ùu ksid
wfkl=;a frda.j,g f.dÿre ùfï jeä m%jK;djla we;s fõ' rEmh 14'113 # .ïfndafrda
frda.h je<ÿk l=l=f<la
frda. ,laIK
• iqÿ meyehg Èhr f,i mdpkh
• cïnd,sh wjg msydgq f;;a j mej;Su
• Yajik fõ.h wvq ùu
• fjõ,k iajNdjhla .ekSu
• foay WIaK;ajh by< hdu yd laIKsl j my< hEu
frda. u¾okh
• frda.S i;=ka fjka lsÍu
• frda.h je<÷k f.dúfmd<l isg msg;g yd f.dúfmd< ;=<g i;=ka" jdyk" ñksiqka"
iy WmlrK m%jdykh yels ;rï ÿrg iSud lsÍu
• ñh.sh i;=ka ms<siaiSu fyda w¿yqKq fhdod 1m lg jvd .eUqßka je<,Su
• wdidos; wdia;rKh w¿ yqKq fhdod .eUqßka j, oeóu
wdidê; wdydr n÷ka " c, n`ÿka tajdfha ne|S we;s wmøjH iQrd iqÿiq úIîc kdYlhlska
^3] whvf*daï& úIîc kdYkh lsrSu'
• wNsckk lghq;= i|yd fhdod .kakd uõmsh i;=ka ksjerÈ f,i tkak;a lsÍu
tkak;a lsÍfï § lsls<s megjqka Èk 14 yd 35 § o fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka 7" 14" 21 hk Èkj,
§ o tkak;a lsÍu

264
l=l=¿ jiQßh
frda. ldrlhd Avipox kï ffjrihls' ish¿ jhia
ldKavj, i;=kag je<f`oa' urK m%;sY;h 2] la muK fõ'
rxpqj mqrd YS>%fhka frda.h me;sf¾'
frda. ,laIK
• YÍr WIaK;ajh by< hEu
• msydgq fkdue;s fldgiaj, tkï ;e,a," lru, wd§
fldgiaj, l=vd ìì,s yg .kS' m<uq j r;a meyehla
.kakd w;r miq j ÿUqre meye;s lfnd,la njg m;a
fõ' frda.fha ;Sj%;dj wkqj ìì,s yg .kakd m%udKh rEmh 14'114 # l=l=¿ jiQrsh
fjkia fõ' ìì,s yg .kakd m%udKh jeä jQ úg f r d a . h
je<ÿk l=l=f<la
widOH ;;a;ajhg meñKsh yels h'
• widOH úg wdydr wreÑh" ì;a;r ksIamdokh wvq ùu" nr wvq ùu isÿ fõ'
• iuyrúg Yajdi kd<h" uqLh" W.=r" .%iksldj jeks m%foaYj, o ìì,s we;s
fõ' túg mlaISkag wdydr .ekSu wmyiq fõ'
frda. u¾okh
• frda.S i;=ka /f<ka bj;a lsÍu
• tkak;a ,nd §u - i;s 5-6 oS m<uq jrg o fojk jrg jhi i;s 14-16 § tkak;a lsrSu
• ikSmdrlaIl l%u Ndú;h
/kslÜ (Newcastle disease)
frda. ldrlhd Paramyxoviruses ffjrih hs' frda.h je<÷k i;=ka ish¿ fokdu
ñh hhs' frda. ldrl ffjrih YÍr.; ù mlaISkaf.a fmkye,a," Yajdikd,h" ma,sydj wd§
ia:dkj,g ydks lrhs' ish¿ jhia ldKavj, mlaISkag je<f|a' je<|Sfuka miq m%;sldr
ke;' tkak;a fkdl< úg urK m%;sY;h 90 - 100] muK fõ'
frda. ,laIK
• iqÿ yd fld< meyehg u<my ùu
• kdifhka yd uqLfhka Èhr .e,Su
• iakdhq ÿ¾j,;d we;s ùu
• Yajikh lsÍfï wmyiqj
• mshdm;a lvd ye,Su
• mdohla fyda folu mK ke;s ùu" yÈis .eiaiSï yd fjõ,Sï we;s ùu
• miqmig fyda rjqug weú§u jeks widudkH;d oelsh yels ùu
• iuyr wjia:dj, lsisÿ frda. ,laIKhla fkdfmkajd yÈisfha u ñh hdu
• wdydr wreÑh
• ì;A;r ksIamdokh wvq ùu
frda. u¾okh
• tkak;a lsÍu
megjqkag jhi i;s 3-4 jk úg m<uq tkak; o jhi i;s 14-16 jk úg fojk
tkak; ,nd oSu

i;=kaf.ka ñksidg ixl%ukh jk frda.

iuyr frda. i;=kaf.ka ñksidg fndajk neúka tajd .ek úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq
l< hq;= h' WodyrK ( Wu;= .j frda.h (mad cow disease) " l=re¿ WK" iQlr WK iy
nDfi,af,daisia'

265
Wu;= .j frda.h (mad cow disease)
fuh i;=kaf.a fud<hg yd uOH iakdhq moaO;shg n,mdk frda.hls' fuu frda.h
je<÷k .jhskaf.a fud<fha mgl wkaùlaIhlska mÍlaId l< úg tys mgl iafmdkaÊ
wdldrhg (spongy appearance) ±elsh yels h' tla i;l=f.ka ;j;a i;l=g fnda fkdfõ'
kuq;a frda.h je<|S we;s i;l=f.a uia;sIal mgl yd iakdhq mgl wdydrhg .;fyd;a
je<f|a'
fuys frda. ldrlhd m%sfhdak ^prion&kñka ye|skafjk fm%daàkhls' fuh idudkH
fm%daákhl widudkH wdldrhls' fuys DNA fyda RNA ke;' kHIaál øjH muKla we;'
ffjriaj,g jvd l=vd h' ;dmh" UV lsrK" idudkH ÔjdkqyrKh" whkSlD; úlsrK
wdÈhg m%;sfrdaë fõ' 1300C g r;a lsÍfuka o úkdY fkdfõ'
frda.S .jhkaf.a uia;sIal mgl" iakdhq mgl" weiaj,
retina fldgfia fukau weg ñÿ¨j, frda. ldrlhd wvx.=jk
w;r fuu fldgia wdydrhg .;fyd;a frda.h fnda úh yels
h' fuu frda.fha îfc!IK ld,h wjqreoq 10-15 muK úh
yels h' ñksidg frda.h fnda jqjfyd;a frda. ,laIK fmkakqï
lrkafka jhig hdu;a iu. h'
.jhskaf.a oelsh yels frda. ,laIK
• i;df.a m%lD;s ;;a;ajfha we;sjk fjkia ùu
• l,yldÍ nj
rEmh 14'115 # Wu;= .j
• widudkH bßhõ
frda.h je<ÿk .jfhla
• isgf.k isàfï wmyiqj
• lsß ksIamdokh wvq ùu
• YÍr nr wvq ùu
ñksidg we;súh yels frda. ,laIK
• wu;l ùfï iajNdjh
• iakdhq moaO;sh wdYs%; j we;sjk frda." tkï fõõ,Su" isgf.k isàfï
wmyiq;d'
frda.h y`ÿkd.; yelafla CT Scaning u.sks'
frda. u¾okh
frda.h u¾okh l< fkdyels kuq;a frda.h j<lajd .ekSu l< yels h' ta i`oyd
frda. ldrlhd wvx.= úh yels i;a;aj fldgia wdydrhg .ekSu je<lsh hq;= h'
l=re¿ WK ^bkaa*a¨fjkaid frda.h&
frda. ldrlhd mixoviridae mjq,g wh;a ffjrihls' fuu ffjrih u.ska ñksiqka
W!rka we;=¿ laIsrmdhS .Kfha i;a;ajhska fndfyduhlg bka*a¨jkaid frda.h wdidokh
úh yels h' fï w;ßka nyq, jYfhkau wdidokhg m;a jkafka mlaISkag jk w;r bka
ixpdrl c,c mlaISka yd le,Eno c,c ;drdjka m%uqL ia:dkhla .kS' fuu ffjria u;=msg
mDIagh iE§ug odhl jk .a,hsfld fm%daàk j¾. 2 ls' tajd H yd N kï fõ' iEu
bka*a¨jkaid ffjrihlgu H ldKavfha iy N ldKavfha fm%daàk tl j¾.h ne.ska
wvx.= jk w;r fïjdfha ixfhdack iajdNdjh wkqj ffjrih idudkH f,i jHdêckl
jk ffjrihla o ke;fyd;a w;s jHdêckl bka*a¨jkaid frda.h we;s lrkakla o hkak
;SrKh fõ' l=re¿ WK we;s lrk jhsri o¾Yh jkafka H1N h'
fuu ffjrifha ;j;a úfYaI ,laIKhla kï tys we;s cdkj, iajNdjh wkqj
ffjrih jßka jr fjkiaùïj,g Ndckh ùu ksid w;s jHdêckl ffjrihla njg m;a
ùfï we;s wjodku hs' fï w;r u uo jHdêckl jk bka*a¨jkaid ffjrih l=l=<ka jeks
i;=ka ldKavhla ;=< ál l,la ixirKh ùfuka wk;=re j w;s jHdêckl bka*a¨jkaid
frda.h idok ffjrihla njg m;a ùfï yels266 hdjla o we;'
 wdidokh jk l%u
fuu frda.h w¨;ska rglg wdidokh úh yels m%Odk; u ud¾.h jkafka ixpdrl c,c
mlaISka h' fï yefrkakg wdidokhg m;a jQ f.dúfmd<j, isg tk ixpdrl mqoa.,hka
Tjqkaf.a mdjyka" we`ÿï wdÈfhka o fjk;a rglg frda.h me;sf¾' my; lreKq u.skao
frda.h me;sfrhs'
• frda.S i;=kaf.a i%djhka" úfYaIfhk au u<my iy iam¾Yh u.ska
• tu i%dj u.ska wdidos; wdydr yd c,h u.ska
• lDóka" óhka jeks i;=ka u.ska
• frda.S i;=kaf.a u< isrere" tu i;=ka isá w;=rKqj u.ska
frda. ,laIK
• i;=ka b;d laIKsl j wm%dksl ;;a;ajhg m;a ùu
• wdydr wreÑh fyda wdydr wd.kqj iïmQ¾Kfhka k;r ùu
nDfi,af,daisia ^fndajk .íidj&
fuys§ kshñ; ld,hg fmr l,,h .íid ùu isÿ fõ' Brucella abortus kue;s
nelaàßhdj u.ska wdidokh fõ' iam¾Yfhka fndajk frda.hls' frda.S i;=ka lD;s%u
isxpkh i`oyd Ndú; lsÍu" nelaàßhd ;ejreK f.dapr" ;DK yd wdydr u.ska o c, iemhqu
u.ska o " wdidÈ; i;=kaf.a l,, mg, yd fjk;a i%djhka" ifuys ;=jd," wefiys Yaf,aaYau,
mg, yd lsß foaùfï § nqre,a, ;=<ska we;=¿ ùu u.ska o wdidokh isÿ fõ'
frda. ,laIK
• udi 6 lg miq isÿjk .íid ùu m%Odk;u frda. ,laIKh fõ'
• u< i;=ka ìys ùu
• ÿ¾j, megjqka ìys ùu
• lsrs ksIamdokh wvq ùu
• jeoE uy jeàu m%udo ùu
• .¾NdIh bÈóu
• iM,;dj wvq jk ksid i;a;= j`o Ndjhg m;a ùu
• mqx .jhkaf.a jDIK fldaI" wmsjDIK yd Y=l%jdyskS bÈ ó ierj f.ä we;s ùu
• i;=kaf.a mdofha oKysi yd ikaê bÈóu
frda. ksjdrKh
fï i|yd tlu m%;sldrh tkak;a lsÍu muKs' m%;sldrj,g m%;spdr fkdolajk i;=ka
iïmQ¾Kfhka úkdY lr oeñh hq;= h' ish¨u .eyeKq megjq jhi udi 4-6 § tkak;a
flfr;s'
wdidÈ; i;=ka fjka lsÍu yd msg<Eu l< hq;= h' .íid jQ l,,h" jeoEuy yd tu
i%djhka yd .egqkq i;=ka yd øjH fi!LHdrlaIs; j bj;a l< hq;= h' m%iQ;sfha § frda.S
i;=ka ish,a, fjka l< hq;= h' f.dúfmd< ikSmdrlaIl lghq;= l%udkQl+, j mj;ajd
.ekSu frda.h me;sÍu j<lajd ,Su i`oyd úYd, jYfhka WmldÍ fõ'
iQlr WK (Swine influenza)
ffjrihla u.ska wdidokh jk W!rkaf.ka ñksidg fndajk frda.hls' (HIN1,
HIN2, H3NI, H2N3 jeks Wm úfYaI wdldr W!rkaf.ka ñksidg fnda jQjo" fï jk úg
f,dj mqrd me;sr hk A/HINI wdldrh ñksid ;=< u cks; jQ wdldrhla f,i ie,flk
w;r th ñksidf.ka W!rkag wdidokh ù we;'

267
 frda. ,laIK
iQlr WK frda.fha m%Odk frda. ,laIK jkafka fiïm%;sYHdjg iudk
fjkialï we;s ùu hs' laIKsl WK" leiai kdifhka oshr .e,Su" weia r;= ùu"
wdydr wd.kqj wvq ùu fï w;r m%Odk fjhs'
frda. ,laIK W;aikak ùu ;a iu. Yajik wmyiqj" yDoh fõ.h jeä ùu
wdoS frda. ,laIK u;= fjhs' frda.h fud<hg me;sr hdu iu. tkafimf,dam;s
(Encephalopathy) ;;a;ajh yd wêl úc,kh we;s fjhs'

14'21 f.dúfmd< ie,iqï lsÍu

f.dúfmd< md,kfha § N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh yd jHjidh hk ksIamdok idOlj,
ksjerÈ ixfhdackh yd ls%hdldß;ajh jeo.;a fõ' t u.ska fkdlvjd Wmßu wdodhula ,nd
.; yels fõ' fï ksid f.dúfmd<la ukd f,i ie,iqï lsÍfï § my; lreKq ms<sn`o j
i,ld ne,sh hq;= h'
• jehjk úhou
• ,efnk wdodhu
• wjYH fhojqï yd tajd imhd .kakd ud¾.
• wjYH fiajd yd tajd imhd .kakd ud¾.
• i;=ka we;s lrk wdldrh
• ,dNh jeä lr .; yels Wmdh ud¾.
• wmøjH bj;a lrk wdldrh
wms ó ,`.g lsß fokqka lsysm fofkla iy ì;a;r ouk lsls<shka 100la we;s lsÍu
i`oyd f.dúfmd<la ie,iqï lsÍug wod< j fjka fjka j by; lreKq i,ld n,uq'
jehjk úhou
fokqka i`oyd fyda l=l=<ka i`oyd f.dúfmd<la ie,iqï lsÍfï § m%:ufhka ta i`oyd
jehjk úhoï flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' úhoï my; whqre wdldr 2 lg
j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
• m%d.aOk úhoï
• mqkrdj¾;k úhoï
• m%d.aOk úhoï
ia:djr NdKav i`oyd hk úhoï fõ'
Wod(- • ksjdi iE§ug
• c, n`ÿka yd wdydr n`ÿka ñ, § .ekSug
• WmlrK ñ, § .ekSug
• mqkrdj¾;k úhoï
mqkrdj¾;k úhoï i`oyd WodyrK kï"
• wdydr j¾. ñ, § .ekSu
• T!IO j¾. ñ, § .ekSu
• n, Yla;sh i`oyd
• c,h i|yd

lsß fokqka i|yd f.dúfmd<la ie,iqï lsÍu

fuys§ i,ld nef,kqfha iQlaIu l%uhg fokqka we;s lrk f.dúfmd<ls' ksjdihg
wu;r j f.dúfmd<l lsß .nvd ldur" jeisls<s yd kdk ldur" lsß Ndck ;nk ldur
wdÈfhka o iukaú; ùu wjYH fõ'

268
 A- megjq fldgq lrk ia:dk
B- fokqka isák ia:dk
C- lsß .nvd ldurh
D- WmlrK yd idkaø wdydr
;nk ldurh
E - lsß Ndck ;nk ldurh
F - wmøjH ldkqj
G - wdydr nlals

rEmh 14'116 # t<fokqka yhfokl= i|yd f.dúfmd< ie,eiaula

t<fokqka ;sfofkl= iys; iQlI

a u f.dúfmd<lska by< ,dNhla ,nd .ekSfï wruqKk
s a
ie,iqïlrKh lr .; yels whqre my; úia;r fõ'
Wml,amk
1' tla fofklf.a
• ksIamdÈ;h" uqrhl § lsß 3 000l
• tla i;l= ñ, § .ekSu i`oyd úhou re' 15 000
• megõ Wm;a w;r mr;rh (Calving Interval) udi 14
• lsß ,Sgrhl ñ, re' 12
2' wdydr i|yd hk úhoï
• úh<s fmdaI - re' 3'0$kg
• wuq fmdaI - re' 50$kg
• idkaø wdydr - re'10$kg
• Lksc ñY%Kh - re'50$kg
3' fokq ,nk wdydr m%udK
• úh<s fmdaI - Èklg 5kg
• wuq fmdaI - Èklg 20kg
• idkaø wdydr - Èklg 2kg
• Lksc ñY%Kh - Èklg 30g
4' rlaIKh - tla i;l= i|yd j¾Ihlg re' 600
5' laIh ùï
• i;=ka i|yd - 20]
• WmlrK i|yd - 10]
• f.dvke`.s,s i|yd - 20]
6' mY= ffjoH fiajd - tla i;l= i`oyd jirlg re' 200
7' lïlre l=,S ^fndfyda úg mjqf,a idudðlhka& i;l=g j¾Ihlg re' 1 000
8' fmd<sh - 15]

269
9' f.dvke`.s,s iE§u i`oyd re' 71$m2 fokqkaf.a ia:dkhg yd .nvd ia:dkhg -
tla i;l=g re' 5000

j.=j 14' 60 # fokqka ;sfokl= i|yd hk úhoï m%udKh

A) m%d.aOk úhoï

úhoï whs;uh úhou re'

fokqka i`oyd 45 000
f.dvke.s,a,g 15 000
WmlrK 3 000
uq`M m%d.aOk úhou 63 000

B) ia:djr úhoï
úhoï whs;uh úhou re'
m%d.aOk fmd<sh 9 450
fokqkaf.a laIh ùï 9 000
f.dvke.s,s laIh ùï 1 500
WmlrK i`oyd 300
rlaIKh i`oyd 2 400
uq`M úhou 22 650
C) mqkrdj¾;k úhoï
úhoï whs;uh úhou re'
wuq fmdaI 15 330
úh<s fmdaI 8 212
idkaø wdydr 17 520
lïlre 3 000
mY= ffjoH fiajd i`oyd 600
fjk;a ^if;l=g re' 500 g ne.ska& 1 500
uq`M úhou 4 616 2
jd¾Isl j jehjk uq¿ mqkrdj¾;k yd ia:djr úhou = B+C
= re' ^22 650 + 46 162'00&
= re' 68 812'00
,efnk wdodhï
1& lsß úlsKSfuka
uq`M lsß ksIamdokh = 9 000l
megjqka i`oyd fjka l< m%udKh = 300l
úlsKsh yels uq¿ lsß m%udKh = 8 700
lsßj,ska ,efnk wdodhu = re 104 400
2& megjq úlsKSfuka
úlsKSug isák megjq ixLHdj = .eyeKq 2 + msßñ 1
megjl= úlsKSfuka ,efnk wdodhu = re' 300
,efnk uq¿ wdodhu = re' 900

270
3& f.du fmdfydr úlsKSfuka
jirlg tl i;l=f.ka ,efnk fmdfydrj,
wdodhu = re' 1 000
uq¿ wdodhu = re' 3 000
f.dúfmdf<ka jd¾Isl j ,nd .; yels uq¿ wdodhu = re' 104 400 + 900 + 3 000
= re' 108 300'00
fï wkqj f.dúfmdf<ka jd¾Isl j ,o yels ,dNh = wdodhu - úhou
= re' 108 300'00 - 68 812'00
= re' 39 488'00

l=l=¿ f.dúfmd<la ie,iqï lsÍu ^ì;a;r ouk lsls<shka i`oyd &

l=l=¿ f.dúfmd<la ;=< l=l=¿ ksjdihg wu;rj wdydr .nvd lsrSug ia:dkhla"
ld¾hd,hla" frda.S i;=ka /|ùu i|yd ldurhla wdosh o we;=<;ajk mrsos ie,iqï lsrSu
jeo.;a h'

E
d d d

d d

rEmh 14'117 # ì;a;r ouk lsls<shka i`oyd

l=l=¿ f.dúfmd<l ie,iqula

by< ,dNhla ,nd .ekSfï wruqKska iQlaIu l%uhg lsls<shka 100 fokl= iys; l=l=¿
f.dúfmd<la ie,iqï lr .kakd whqre my; oelafõ'
úhoï
m%d.aOk úhoï
f.dvke.s,a, iEoSu - j¾. ógrhlg re' 100'00
WmlrK i|yd - re' 2 000'00
f.dvke.s,s laIh ùï - 20]
WmlrK laIh ùï - 10]
fmd<sh - 15]
mqkrdj¾;k úhoï
• i;=ka ñ< oS .ekSug
i;=kaf.a urK m%;sY;h 4] la f,i Wml,amkh
l< úg" wjYH i;=ka m%udKh = 104
tl i;l=f.a ñ, re' 30 kï"
i;=ka 104 la ñ, oS .ekSug hk úhou = re' 3 120
i;=ka 104 la ñ, oS .ekSug hk úhou = re' 3 120

271
• wdydr ñ, oS .ekSug
• m<uq osk isg i;s 8 f;la tla i;l=g osklg .%Eï 30 ne.ska Ñla uEIa
imhkafka hhs Wml,amkh l< úg"
i;=ka 100 lg wjYH wdydr m%udKh = 168kg
Ñla uEIa 1kg l ñ, re' 15 la kï" ta i|yd hk úhou = re' 3 360'00

• jefvk i;=kag i;s 8 isg i;s 18 olajd osklg 80g ne.ska jefvk i;=kaf.a
wdydr" 1kg la re' 12 ne.ska ,nd fokafka hhs Wml,amkh l< úg" wdydr i|yd
hk úhou = re' 6 720

• ì;a;r ouk lsls<shka i|yd fok wdydr i,dlh jirl ld,hla ;=<" osklg
100g yd 1kg la re' 10 ne.ska ,nd fokafka hhs" Wml,amkh l< úg"
Layer mash i`oyd hk úhou = re' 33 600'00
T!IO yd fjk;a úhoï i|yd = re' 1 000'00
• n, Yla;sh i`oyd
f.dúfmd< wdrïNfha isg ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN jk f;la ld,h osk 126 la f,i
.;aúg" ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN lr wjqreÿ 1 la i;=ka ;nd .;af;akï" wdikak j uq¿ osk
462 la ,efí'
osklg úÿ,s úhou re' 10 la jeh ù kï"
úÿ,sh i|yd hk úhou = re' 4 620
• lïlre úhoï
fndfyda úg mjqf,a idudðlhka úiska i;=ka md,kh isÿ lr;ehs Wml,amkh flf¾'
megjqka 100 i|yd jirlg re' 500'00
j.=j 14'61 # lsls<shka 100 la we;s lsÍu i|yd mqkrdj¾:k uq¿ úhou
úhoï whs;uh úhou ^re'&
i;=ka ñ, oS .ekSï 3 120'00
Ñla uEIa 3 360'00
f.%daj¾ uEIa 6 720'00
f,ah¾ uEIa 33 600'00
T!IO yd fjk;a úhoï 1 000'00
n, Yla;sh 4 620'00
lïlre 500'00
uq`M tl;=j 48 300'00

l=l=¿ f.dúfmdf<ka ,efnk wdodhï"

• ì;a;r ksIamdokfhka ,efnk wdodhu
jirlg lsls<shla ì;a;r 280 la oukafka hhs o ì;a;rhl ñ, re' 8 la o f,i
Wml,amkh l< fyd;a"
lsls<shka 100 lf.a ì;a;r úlsKSfuka jirl oS ,efnk wdodhu = re' 224 000'00
• ì;a;r oeóu wjika l< i;=ka úlsKSfuka wdodhula ,eîu
if;la jir 11$2 l oS ;sìh yels Y=oaO l< miq nr 1'3kg f,i o l=l=¿ uia 1kg l
ñ, re' 150 la f,i o Wml,amkh l<úg"
i;=ka úlsKSfuka ,efnk wdodhu = re' 19 500

272
• ysia lEu Wr wf<úfhka ,efnk wdodhu
f.dúfmd<l wf<ú l< yels ysia lEu Wr m%udKh 215 la yd tl lEu Wrhl ñ, re'
10 la kï ,efnk wdodhu = re' 2 150'00
• osrdm;a w;=reKqj fmdfydrla f,i úlsKSfuka wdodhu = re' 1 000

j.=j 14'62 # l=l=`M f.dúfmdf<ka ,nd .; yels wdodhï idrdxYh

wdodhï whs;uh wdodhu re'
ì;a;r ksIamdokh 224 000'00
ì;a;r i;=ka úlsKSu 19 500'00
ysia lEu Wr úlsKSu 2 150'00
w;=rKqj úlsKSu 1 000'00
uq`M wdodhu 22 650'00

fï wkqj ì;a;r i`oyd we;slrk lsls<shka 100 fokl= iys; f.dúfmd<lska ,o yels
,dNh my; mrsos .Kkh l< yels h'
,dNh = uq¿ wdodhu - uq`M úhou
= re' 246 650'00 - 48" 300'00
= re' 198 350'00
^fuys ,dNh .Kkh lsÍfï oS" laIh ùï" m%d.aOk fmd,S yd m%d.aOk úhoï i,ld
ke;&' by; wdldrhg fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka iys; f.dúfmd<la ie,iqï lsßfï oS wdodhï" úhoï
weia;fïka;= lr" ,dNh .Kkh l< yels h'
flfia jQ jo lDIsl¾uh u; mokï jQ jHdmdrj, uq,a jirj,oS u ,dN ,eîu wiSre
h' Bg fya;=j m%d.aOk úhou uq,oS úYd, f,i oeÍug isÿ ùu h' f.dúfmdf<a i;=ka
wLKav j we;s lrk úg m%d.aOk úhou kej; kej; oeÍula wjYH fkdfõ' WodyrKhla
f,i fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka 100 la i`oyd ieÿk f.dúfmd<la i,ld n,uq' tu i;=ka fjf<`ofmd<g
ksl=;a l< miq kej; i;=ka we;s lsÍu i`oyd kej; f.dvke.s,s iEosh hq;= fkdjk w;r
WmlrK ñ, oS .ekSï o wjYH fkdfõ' tu fojk lKavdhfï isg ta i|yd uqo,a jeh l<
hq;= ke;' fï ksid os.= ld,Sk j ,dN ,eìh yels h'
f.dúfmd< i`oyd wjYH fhojqï imhd .kakd ud¾.
rcfha ,shdmosxÑ jQ fm!oa.,sl f.dúfmd<j,ska fyda rcfha f.dúfmd< j,ska l=l=`M
megjqka" .j megjqka" WmlrK" T!IO j¾." i;a;aj wdydr wdoS fhojqï ñ, oS .; yels h'
f.dúfmd<g wjYH f.dvke.s,s ;ekSfï oS yels;dla ÿrg m%dfoaYSh j imhd.; yels wuqøjH
Ndú; lsÍfuka úhou wju lr.; yels h'
fiajd yd tajd imhd.kakd ud¾.
id¾:l f.dúfmd<lg my; i`oyka fiajd ;sîu jeo.;a h'
• fjf<`ofmd< • jHdma;s fiajd yd i;a;aj md,k f;dr;=re
• mY= ffjoH fiajd • uQ,H myiqlï
• mqyqKqj
• fjf<|fmd<
;u f.dúfmd< ksIamdok úl=Kd .ekSu i`oyd fjf<`ofmd<la ;sfí o hkak fidhd
ne,sh hq;= h' tfia fkdue;s jqjfyd;a ksIamdok krla ù bj;a oeóug isÿ úh yels
h'

273
• jHdma;s fiajdj
i;a;aj md,kh ms<sn`o kj;u f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug yd f.dúfmd< .eg¨ úiod
.ekSug jHdma;s fiajdj, iydh wjYH fõ' fï i`oyd i;a;aj ksIamdok yd fi!LH
fomd¾;fïka ; = f õ i;a ; a j ixj¾Ok ks , OdÍka f .a fyda i;a ; a j ixj¾Ok
WmfoaYljrekaf.a fyda fiajh ,nd .; yels h' fuu fomd¾;fïka;=fjka u úúO
m;s%ld" i`.rd wdosh ,nd.; yels h' fïjd yryd ;u oekqu w¨;alr .ekSu b;d u
jdisodhl h'
• mY= ffjoH fiajdj
frda. md,khg yd j<lajd .ekSug mY= ffjoHjrekaf.a fiajh ksis mßos ,efnk
jevms<sfj<la ixúOdkh lr .; hq;= fõ'
• uQ,H myiqlï
úúO rdcH nexl=" úúO jHdmD;s yryd i;a;aj md,kh i`oyd Kh jYfhka fyda
iykdOdr jYfhka uQ,H myiqlï ,nd foa' fïjd ms<sn| j oekqj;a ù ;sîu jeo.;a
fõ'
• mqyK
q j
q
i;a;aj ksIamdok yd fi!LH fomd¾;fïka;=j úáka úg i;a;aj md,kh ms<sn|
mqyqKqj ,nd foa' óg wu;r j úúO mqoa.,sl wdh;k u.ska o ixúOdkh lrk foaYk
yd iïuka;%Kj,g iyNd.S ù ;u w;aoelSï yqjudre lr .; yels h'
,dNh jeä lr .; yels Wmdh ud¾.
l=l`= M md,kh
fn%dhs,¾ l=l=<ka md,kh ie,l+ úg wmg my; mshjr wkq.ukh lsÍfuka ,dNh
Wmßu lr .; yels fõ'
• fn%dhs,¾ i;=ka Ôj nrg úlsKSu isÿ fkdlr >d;kh lr" ilia lr wf<ú
lsÍu
• fjf<|fmd< ms<sn`o ukd oekqula ;sîu
• ksIamdokfha .=Kd;aul nj ms<sn`o j ie,ls,su;a ùu' Wod # mdßfNda.slhd wêl
fïo iys; l=l=¿ uiaj,g ms%hla fkdolajhs' fï ksid fïo fldgia bj;a lr
weisÍu l< hq;= h'
• uia ksIamdok ukd f,i wê YS;kh lsÍu
.j md,kh
• ksIamdokj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh wdrlaId lsÍu
lsßj,g fjf<|fmdf<a oS úúO øjH ñY% lsÍu isÿ fõ' tfia fkdue;s j fokf.ka
fodjd.;a lsß ta wdldrfhka u fjf<`ofmd<g ksl=;a lrkafka kï tajdg jeä ñ,la
,nd .; yels h'
• msßisÿ lsß ksIamdokh - lsß .ekSfï oS lsßj,g úúO laIqø Ôùka tl;= úh yels h'
tfia jqjfyd;a tajd blaukska krla fõ' fuh je<elaùug fok Ndck yd lsß
fodjkakd o ukd f,i msßisÿ ùu l< hq;= fõ'
• ksIamdok ,ndf.k yels ;dla blaukska fjf<|fmd<g f.k hdu fyda YS;kh lsÍu
• kj ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍu' Wod ( ilik lsß wdydr ksIamdokh
wmøjH bj;a lrk wdldrh
i;a;aj f.dúfmd<j,ska úYd, wmøjH m%udKhla bj;a fõ' WodyrK f,i wydrj,
b;sß fldgia" i;a;aj u< uq;%" i;a;aj ksIamdokj, wjfYaI .; yels h' fïjd ndysr
mßirhg uqod yeÍu ksid th ÿIKh fõ' fï ksid i;a;aj f.dúfmd< wdrïN lrk
wjia:dfõ oS u fïjd bj;a lrk wdldrh ms<sn| j ie,iqï l< hq;= fõ' fuh md,lhd i;=

274
iudc j.lSula fõ' Wod ( l=l=¿ wdia;rKh f.du fmdfydrla f,i Ndú; lsÍu fyda
úlsKSu" tfuka u i;=ka ,e. isák ia:dk fia¥ c,h yd uq;%d Ôj jdhq tallhg fhduq
lsru
S '

14'22 i;a;aj f.dúfmd< jd¾;d

i;a;aj f.dúfmd<l isÿlrk úúO ld¾hhka igyka lr ;nd .kakd úúO f,aLk
i;a;aj f.dúfmd< jd¾;d kï fõ' f,aLkj, o;a; igyka lsÍu ffoksl j" i;sm;d"
udiam;d fyda hïlsis ld,hla i`oyd lrkq ,nhs'
i;a;aj f.dúfmd<l f.dúfmd< jd¾;d ;nd .ekSfï wjYH;dj
• md,k lghq;= myiq lr .ekSug
• wod< ld,h i|yd i;=kaf.a ksIamdokh ms<sn`o oekqula ,nd .ekSug
• i;a;aj jrs.hg iïu; jQ ksIamdok yelshd iu. ixikaokh lsÍug
• wydr" T!IO wdoS wjYH;djka .Kkh lsÍug
• f.dúfmdf<ka Wmßu ksIamdokhla .ekSug wjYH ;SrK .ekSug
• md,kfha ÿ¾j,;d y`ÿkd .ekSug
• ish¨ u úhoï ms<sn| oekqula ,nd .ekSug
• tu úhoï wju lr .ekSug wjYH ;SrK .ekSug
• f.dúfmdf<a bosß ie,iqï i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug
i;a;aj f.dúfmd<l mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk m%Odk jd¾;d folls' tkï"
1' fN!;sl jd¾;d
2' uq,H jd¾;d
fN!;sl jd¾;d
fïjd o m%Odk fldgia folls' tkï"
1' uq,sl jd¾;d
2' idrdxY jd¾;d
uQ,sl jd¾;d
fïjd f.dúfmd<l tosfkod ;nd .kakd jd¾;d fõ' jd¾;d ld,h Wmßu j i;s 4 ls'
wod< o;a; yßhdldr j uQ,sl jd¾;dj,ska idrdxY jd¾;dj,g .;a miq uQ,sl jd¾;d bj;a
l< yels h'
Wod( • tla l=l=¿ fldgqjl ffoksl wdydr mrsfNdackh
• osklg ,nd .;a ì;a;r m%udKh
• lsß foklf.a ffoksl lsß ksIamdokh
• urK jd¾;d
• i;=kag lrk m%;sldr ms<sn| f,aLkh
idrdxY jd¾;d
fïjd ;nd .kq ,nkafka bosß ld,j, oS wjYH jk f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu ioyd h'
uQ,sl jd¾;dj,ska ,nd.;a f;dr;=rej,g wkqj fuu jd¾;d ilia lrkq ,efí'
Wod( • jirl ld,hla i`oyd l=l=¿ mÜáh mßfNdackh l< wydr m%udKh
• jirl ld,hla i`oyd ,nd.;a iïmQ¾K ì;a;r m%udKh idrdxY jd¾;d fjku
fmd;aj, igyka lr ;nd .; hq;= fõ'

275
uQ,H jd¾;d
fïjdfha i|yka lrkqfha f.dúfmdf<a wdodhu yd úhou ms<sn| f;dr;=re h' tu
fldgi lDIs wd¾Òl úoHdfõ oS 17'18 ksmqK;d uÜgfuys idlÉPd lr we;'
by; wdldrhg i;a;aj f.dúfmd<l ;nd .kakd m%Odk jd¾;d wdldr my; mrsos
oelaúh yels h'
• ksIamdok jd¾;d
uQ,sl jd¾;d f,i fuka u idrdxY jd¾;d f,i o ksIamdok jd¾;d ;nd .kS'
Wod # ì;a;r ouk lsls<shka isák f.dúfmd<l uQ,sl jd¾;dj
fldgq wxlh (
fldgqjg oeuQ oskh (
fldgqjg ouk úg jhi ^i;s& (
fldgqjg oeuQ i;=ka .Kk (
lsls<s megjqka j¾.h (

wdlD;sh 14'1 # ksIamdok jd¾;djla

oji oskh ksIamdok tl;= lsÍu iemhq wdydr urK fjk;a lreKq
Woh 11'00 iji m%udKh m%udKh
8'00 2'00
1' fnfy;a oSu
2' ì;a;rj, nr
3' i;s''' oS .a?ï
4' i;s''' oS .a?ï

tl;=j

fuh lsls<shka isák fldgqfõ msg;ska t,a,d ;eìh hq;= h' oskm;d o;a; we;=¨ l<
hq;= fõ' wjidkfha udisl ì;a;r ksIamdokh" udihg u iemhQ wdydr m%udKh" yd udisl
urK m%udKh .Kkh lrkq ,nhs'
fujeks uQ,sl jd¾;d tl ne.ska iEu l=l=¿ fldgqjla i`oyd u kv;a;= l< hq;= fõ'
bkamiq udisl j tu uQ,sl jd¾;dj, f;dr;=re idrdxY jd¾;djg .; hq;= h'
by; f;dr;=re u.ska tla ì;a;rhla ksIamdokhg jeh jQ uqo,a m%udKh .Kkh lr
.; yels h'
fn%dhs,¾ l=l=¨ f.dúfmd<l ;nd .kakd ksIamdok jd¾;d
fn%dhs,¾ l=l=¿ f.dúfmd<l my; f;dr;=re i;sm;d jd¾;d ;eìh hq;= fõ' fïjd
uQ,sl jd¾;d fõ'

276
1' l=l=<l=f.a Ôj nr
iEu l=l=<l=f.a u nr uekSug wjYH ke;'
Wod( l=l=<ka 100 la tl fldgqjl isà kï 10 fofkl=f.a nr lsrd tys idudkH
nßka tla l=l=<l=f.a Ôj nr fiúh yels h'
2' urK = wod< ld<h ;=< uereK i;=ka .Kk X 100
wdrïNfha oS isá oskla jhie;s i;=ka .Kk
^hï ksYaÑl ld,hla i|yd&
3 uq¿ urK = uq¨ ld,h ;=< u uereK i;=ka .Kk
X 100
wdrïNfha oS isá oskla jhie;s i;=ka .Kk

4' i;l= osklg mßfNdack = oS we;s wdydr m%udKfha uq¿ tl;=j ^.a?ï& X 100
lrk wdydr m%udKh oekg isák i;=ka .Kk X osk .Kk

5' wdydr mßj¾;k = uq¨ ld,h ;=< u mÜáfha isá ish¨ i;=ka
ld¾hlaIu;dj mßfNdackh l< wdydr lsf,da .a?ï m%udKh
X 100
iïmQ¾K i;=kaf.a YÍr nr tl;=j

• idrdxY jd¾;d
mÜáfha by; f;dr;=re weiqßka idrdxY jd¾;dj ilia lrkq ,nhs'
fn%dhs,¾ l=l=<ka md,kh - idrdxY jd¾;dj
megjqka ,nd.kakd oskh(''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' megjqka .Kk('''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
megjqka j¾.h('''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' urK ixLHdj('''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
i;=kag ,nd oS we;s bv m%udKh('''''''''''''''''''''''' úl=KQ i;=ka .Kk('''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

wdlD;sh 14'2 # fn%dhs,¾ l=l=¿ f.dúfmd<l idrdxY jd¾;djla

ld,h urK wdydr úlsKqï
ixLHdj oskh iemhQ m%udKh ls' .a ñ, i;=ka .Kk nr ls' .a ñ,

1 i;sh
2 i;sh
3 i;sh
4 i;sh
5 i;sh
6 i;sh
uq,q
tl;=j

mrsfNdackh l< wdydr m%udKh = ''''''''''''' tla if;l=f.a idudkH úl=kqï ñ, = re' ''''''''''
wdydr 1kg l ñ, = re'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' uia 1kg l úl=kqï ñ, = re'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

277
lsß .j f.dúfmd<l ksIamdok jd¾;d
uQ,sl jd¾;d f,i tla tla .j fokf.a ffoksl lsß ksIamdokh igyka lr ;eìh
hq;= fõ' tfuka u ffoksl j fokqkag ,nd fok idkaø wdydr m%udKh (kg)" Lksc ñY%K
(kg) m%udKh igyka lr ;nhs' o< wdydr wjYH ;rï oSug yels ksid ksYaÑ; f,i .Kka
;nd .ekSu;a wjYH fkdfõ'
idrdxY jd¾;d f,ig ta ta fokf.a lsß ksIamdokh weiqßka uq¨ laISrK ld,hg u
ksIm
a dokh l< lsß ,Sgr m%udKh igyka lr ;nhs' i;d uq¨ laIr
S K ld,h ;=<u mßfNdackh
l< idkaø wdydr m%udKh .Kkh lr lsß ,Sgrhla ksmoùug Ndú; l< idkaø wdydr
m%udKh .Kkh l< yels h'
fm<je, jd¾;d
wfmalaIs; m%fõKsl úp,H;dj by< m%;sY;hla lrd /f.k hdfï oS mrïmrd lSmhla
wLKav j wod< ,laIKh iys; i;=ka iu. wNsckkh l< hq;= ksid tla tla mrïmrdfõ
oS fouqyqu i`oyd fhdod.;a i;=ka ms<sn`o f;dr;=re jd¾;d lr ;nd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ'
fuu f;dr;=re jkqfha i;df.a Wmka oskh" jhi" foay ,laIK" ksIamdok Odß;dj" m%Yia;
ksIamdok ,nd fok jhia mrdih" i;df.a foudmshka ms<sn`o úia;r hkdosh hs' tu
f;dr;=re we;=<;a jd¾;d fm<je, jd¾;d kï fõ'
Wod( fouqyqka .j megjl=f.a uõ md¾Yajh yd msh md¾Yajh y`ÿkdf.k isàfuka tu .j
megjdf.a wkd.; ksIamdok yelshdj ms<sn`o woyila ,nd .; yels h'
o
+ iskaÈ x c¾is
o

fouqyqka i;d o
fuu i;df.a uj bka§h iïNjhla iys; jk w;r mshd hqfrdamSh iïNjhla iys;
h' tu ksid fuu fouqyqka i;=kaf.a ksIamdok yelshdj foudmshkaf.a fm<je,a jd¾;dj,
ksIamdok mÍlaIdlr ne,Sfuka ,nd.; yels h'
Wm;a f,aLkh
i;l= bmÿk ú.i u i;df.a wxlh iys; j Wmka Èkh" fõ,dj hkdÈh igyka lr
;nd .kak f,aLkh hs' fndfydaúg .j" t`M" W!re f.dúfmd<j, fuu f,aLk mj;ajdf.k
hhs' tkak;a lsÍfï jevms<sfj," úúO T!IO j¾. §u" isxpkh wdosh i`oyd i;=kaf.a jhi
jeo.;a jk ksid fuh u.ska th fidhd .ekSu myiq fõ' idrdxY jd¾;d f,i mj;ajd f.k
hhs'
• isxpk jd¾;d
.j" t¿ yd W!re f.dúfmd<j, mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk jd¾;d fõ' .eyekq i;=ka
isxpkh l< Èkh" isxpkh ioyd Y=ldkq ,nd.;a mssßñ i;d ms<sn`o úia;r fuys i|yka lr
;nhs' óg wod< j uila .; jQ úg isxpkh id¾:l jQfha ±ehs n,d.; yels fõ' megjd
WmÈk Èkh" .¾NkS wjosh .;lrk ld, mrdih" .¾NkS fok úh<s lsÍfï ld,h wdÈh
;SrKh lsÍug fuu isxpk jd¾;d jeo.;a fõ'
msg,Efï jd¾;d
udisl j uQ,sl jd¾;djla f,i mÜáfhka bj;a l< i;=ka .Kk igyka lr ;nd
.kS' bka miq idrdxY jd¾;dj,g tu o;a; we;=¨ lrhs' ta wkqj fn%dhs,¾ l=l=`M mÜáhl
kï tu Èk 45 we;=<; u msg<Eu isÿ l< i;=ka .Kk .Kkh lrhs' ì;a;r ouk i;=ka
md,kh lrk f.dúfmd<lkï tu uq¨ ld,h i`oyd u msg<Eu isÿ l< i;=ka .Kk igyka
lr ;nhs' fï jd¾;dj,g wkqj f.dúfmd<g f.k wd Èkla jhie;s megjqkaf.ka
fldmuK m%udKhla fjf<|fmd<g ksl; = a lf<ao" fldmuK m%udKhla ì;a;r oeóu wdrïN
lr we;s o hkak fidhd .; yels h'

278
 15' wdydr yd fmdaIKh

15'1 udkj fmdaIKh

;ud Ôj;a jk mßirhg yd udkj j¾.hdg wkqrEmS j we;s jk YÍr j¾Okh iy
iudcuh l%shdldÍ;ajh mj;ajd .ekSug m%udKj;a wdydr ,nd .ekSu udkj fmdaIKh f,i
ye|skafõ' ksfrda.S Ôú;hla .; lrñka id¾:l j tosfkod jev lghq;= lr .ekSug wjYH
Yla;sh ,nd .ekSug;a isref¾ l%uj;a j¾Okhg;a" frda.j,ska f;dr j isrer ksis f,i
mj;ajd .ekSug;a fmdaIKh jeo.;a fõ' mqoa.,hl=f.a fmdaIK ;;a;ajh flfrys wdydrh
fnfyúka n,mdhs' iunr wdydr .ekSu u.ska fmdaIK .eg¨ j<lajd .; yels h'
wdydrhla hkq mqoa.,hl=f.a YÍr j¾Okh yd mßjD;a;Sh l%shd l%uj;a j mj;ajd
.ekSug wjYH Yla;sh ,nd foñka YÍrfha m%;sYla;slrK l%shdj,sh mj;ajd .ekSug;a
odhl jk fmdaIl tlla fyda lsysmhla wvx.= jk Ydl fyda i;a;aj iïNjhlska hq;=
ksIamdokhls' wdydr fjka fjka jYfhka ie,l+ úg tajdfha wvx.= fmdaIl tlsfklg
fjkia fõ'
wdydrfhka YÍrhg ,nd .kakd ix>gl fmdaIl kï fõ' fuu ix>gl kshñ; j¾.
m%udKd;aul j yd .=Kd;aul j ,nd fkd.ekSu ksid fmdaIK .eg¨ we;s fõ'
fmdaIl ix>gl
udkj fmdaIKh hgf;a fmdaIl ix>gl my; oelafjk wdldrhg j¾. l< yels h'
1' uyd fmdaIl
YÍrfha wjYH;d i|yd úYd, m%udKj,ska wjYH fmdaIl uyd fmdaIl f,i
y÷kajhs' fï hg;g my; oelafjk ix>gl wh;a fõ'
• ldfndayhsfâ%Ü
• fm%daàk
• fïo
2' laIqø fmdaIl
YÍrfha wjYH;d i|yd iq`M m%udKj,ska wjYH fmdaIl laIøq fmdaIl f,i y÷kajhs'
fï hg;g my; oelafjk ix>gl wh;a fõ'
• Lksc ,jK
• úgñka
ldfndayhsfâ%Üs
ldnka ^C&" yhsv%cka ^H& yd Tlaiscka ^O2& j,ska iukaú; wKql jHQyhla we;'
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü tys wvx.= iSks ^ielrhsâ& wKq ixLHdj wkqj my; whqre j¾.SlrKh
l< yelsh'
• fudfkdielrhsâ
• vhsielrhsâ
• fmd,sielrhsâ
• fudfkdielrhsâ
b;d u ir, iSks j¾.h hs' ;j ÿrg;a l=vd tallj,g c, úÉfþokh l< fkdyels
h' C6H12O6 hk wKql iQ;%h orhs' Wod( .aÆfldaia" *arelafgdaia " .e,elafgdaia

279
• vhsielrhsâ
fudfkdielrhsv tall folla tl;= ùfuka iEfoa' fuda,f
a gdai"a iqlf
a rdaia yd ,elafgdaia
WodyrK fõ'
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O12
.aÆfldaia ¬ .aÆfldaia fuda,afgdaia
.aÆfldaia ¬ *arelafgdaia iqlafrdaia
.aÆfldaia ¬ .e,elafgdaia ,elafgdaia
fudfkdielrhsv iy vhsielrhsv fndfyda úg c,fha ødjH" meKs ri" iaMálrEmS
ixfhda. fõ'
• fmd,sielrhsv
fudfkdielrhsv tall ;=kla fyda Bg jvd jeä .Kkla tl;= ùfuka iEfoa'
Wod ( msIagh" .a,hsfldcka" fi,shqf,daia" fyñ fi,shqf,daia
fïjd c,fha wødjH ixfhda. jk w;r" wiaMálrEmS ixfhda. fõ'

ldfndayhsfâ%gj, ld¾hNdrh

• m%Odk ld¾hh Yla;sh iemhSuhs' ldfndayhsfâ%Ü wdydr 1g la oykfhka 4 kCal ^17kJ)

l Yla;s m%udKhla ksmo fõ' idudkH mqoa.,hl=g osklg le,ß 2 000 l Yla;s
m%udKhla wjYH jk w;r osklg le,ß 1 200 l muK Yla;s m%udKhla ldfndayhsfâ%Ü
TlaislrKfhka ,efí'
• YÍrfha jHq y uh øjH iEoS u ^Wod #
ñhqfldfmd,sielrhsv&
• ñksia isref¾ .a,hsfldcka f,i jeämqr
we;s .aÆfldaia wlaudfõ ;ekam;a lrk
w;r wjYH wjia : djl oS kej;
.aÆfldaia njg m;a lr Yla;sh ksmojhs'
foayh ;=< WIaK;ajh mj;ajd f.k hdu
i|yd o ldfndayhsfâ%Ü jeo.;a fõ'
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü fïoh f,i o foayfha
;ekam;a lsÍu isÿ lrhs' rEmh 15'1 # ldfndayhsfâ%Ü wvx.= wdydr j¾.

ldfndayhsfâ%Ü nyq, j wvx.= wdydr

n;a" kQâ,aia" mdka" w, j¾." flfi,a" OdkH j¾." iSks iys; wdydr j¾.
j.=j 15'1 úúO wdydr j¾.j, wvx.= ldfndayhsfâ%Ü j¾.
wdydrh wvx.= ldfndayhsfâ%g j¾.h
m,;=re .aÆfldaia" *Arlafgdaia
îÜ$Wla iqfl%daia
lsß ,elafgdaia
îcj,ska me< u;= jk úg fuda,afgdaia
OdkH" fkdbÿKq m,;=re msIagh
mSl=ÿ" fmaYS .a,hsfldcka
t<j¨ fi,shqf,daia

280
,smsv
iajNdjfha olakg ,efnk fïo yd f;,a ,smsv f,i j¾. lrhs' ldur WIaK;ajfha
oS øj jYfhka we;s ,smsv f;,a f,i o >k f,i mj;sk tajd fïo f,i o y÷kajhs' fïjd
o ldnka" yhsv%cka" Tlaisckaj,ska iEoS we;' m%Odk jYfhka Yla;s ckl wdydrhls' fïo
1g la u.ska Yla;sh lsf,da le,ß 9la ^lsf,da cQ,a 37la& iemfha'
,smsv" fïo wï, iy .a,sifrda,aj,ska iEoS we;' fïo wï, os.= odu jk w;r ldnka
" Tlaiscka iy yhsv%cka mrudKqj,ska ieoS we;' fïo wï, wKq 3la .a,sifrda,a wKqjla iu.
ne|S g%hs.a,sirhsâ wKqjla idohs' fïo" ix;Dma; fïo yd wix;Dma; fïo f,i jHQyuh
fjkialï wkqj fldgia follg fnfoa' wix;Dma; fïoj, oaú;aj nkaOk wvx.= w;r
ix;Dma; fïoj, oaú;aj nkaOk wvx.= ke;' tla oaú;aj nkaOkhla we;s fïo tal wix;Dma;
fïo wï, (Mono unsaturated fatty acids -MUFA) f,i o oaú;aj nkaOk lsysmhla we;s fïo
nyq wix;Dma; fïo wï, (Poly unsaturated fatty acids - PUFA) f,i o ye|skf
a õ' fïo wï,
odufha oaú;aj nkaOk msysgk ia:dkh wkqj fïo wï, Tfï.d 3 fyda Tfï.d 6 f,i j¾.
flf¾'
ix;Dma; fïo wï, tajdfha oduj, os.= nj wkqj kej; j¾. flf¾'
1' flá odu ix;Dma; fïo wï, - fïjdfha ldnka odufha ldnka mrudKq 6 la
iys; h'
Wod ( ìhqá%la wï,h" Tf,hsla wï,h"
lemafrdhsla wï,h
2' uOH odu ix;Dma; fïo wï, - fïjdfha ldnka odufha ldnka mrudKq 12 la
iys; h'
Wod ( lemaß,sla wï,h" lemaßla wï,h
3' os.= odu ix;Dma; fïo wï, - ldnka mrudKq 12 lg jvd we;'
Wod ( iaáhßla wï,h" f,daßla wï,h"
mduála wï,h
m¾fhaIK u.ska fmkajd oS we;s mßos tal wix;Dma; fïo wï, (MUFA) ukqIH
wdydrj, wvx.= ùu jvd iqÿiq nj ;yjqre lrhs' Wod ( T,sõ f;,a' tajd idudkH
WIaK;ajfha oS øj f,i mj;S' os.= odu ix;Dma; fïo wï, ^i;a;aj m%Njj, wvx.=&
fi!LHhg wys;lr fõ' Wod ( ng¾ wix;Dma; fïo yhsv%ckSlrKfhka idod we;s ud.ßka
o fi!LHhg wys;lr nj olajhs'
fmd,a f;,aj, ix;Dma; fïo wï, fndfyduhla we;' kuq;a fndfyda úg we;af;a
flá odu fyda uOH odu fïo wï, hs' fmd,a f;,aj, f,daßla wï,h 45] la muK wvx.=
fõ' fuu f,daßla wï,h yDohdndO wvq ùug iy YÍrfha mßjD;a;Sh l%shd ukdj isÿ ùug
wjYH fõ'
w;HjYH fïo wï, (Essential fatty acids)
ñksia isrer ;=< ixYaf,aIKh úh fkdyels nyq wix;Dma; fïo wï, w;HjYH fïo
wï, f,i y÷kajhs' ,sfkdf,hsla yd ,sfkdf,ksla w;HjYH fïo wï, f,i kï lrhs'
tneúka tu fïo wï, wjYH m%udKfhka wdydr u.ska ,nd osh hq;= h'
fndfyda fïo wï, fjk;a fïo wï, u.ska YÍrh ;=< ksmojd .; yels h' kuq;a
ukqIHhdf.a fïo wï, j¾. folla w;HjYH f,i wdydrfha wvx.= úh hq;= fõ' tajd
Tfï.d 3 yd Tfï.d 6 fïo wï, hs' fuu fïo" wï, j¾. fofla iu;=,s;;dj yDoh
fi!LHj;a j ;nd .ekSug o n,mdhs' fïo ,sx.sl fyda¾fudak YÍrh ;=< iEoSug iy
fud<fha j¾Okhg n,mdhs' fïo reêrfha osh fkdjk ksid fm%daàka iu. iïnkaO ù
,sfmda fm%daàk f,i reêrh Tiafia mßjykh lrhs' reêrfha we;s ,sfmda fm%daàk m%udKh

281
wkqj >k;ajh wvq jeä fõ' wvq >k;ajhlA iys; ,sfmda fm%daàk (Low Density Lipo protien
-LDL) yd by< >k;ajhlA iys; ,sfmda fm%daàk (High Density Lipo protein - HDL) f,i
wdldr folls' LDL fi!LHhg ys;lr fkdjk w;r HDL ys;lr fõ'
,smsvj, ld¾hNdrh
• YÍrh ;=< fldf,iagfrda,a ksIamdokh
YÍrh ;=< ksmofjk fldf,iafgfrda,aj,ska my; i|yka ld¾hhka bgq fõ'
• fud<fha j¾Okh ^úfYaIfhka l=vd <uqkaf.a&
• ,sx.sl fyda¾fudak iEoSu Wod( fm%dfciafgfrdaka " Biagc
% ka" fgiafgiafgfrdaka
• ms; iEoSu
• udxY fmaYS ksfrda.S j mj;ajd .ekSu
• iuyr úgñka j¾. YÍrh mqrd mßjykh
i;a;aj udxY" ì;a;r jeks wdydr iSud rys; j wdydrhg .ekSfuka wd.ka;=l
fldf,iagfrda,a isrerg we;=`M fõ' óg wu;r j ix;Dma; fïo wï, len,s ù isrer
;=< fldf,iagfrda,a ksmo fõ' fïjd iuyr mqoa.,hka ;=< nyq, j o iuyrlf.a
uOHia: j ksmo fõ' iuyr f;,a j¾.j, fldf,iafgfrda,a ke;s kuq;a tajd
wdydrhg .ekSfuka isrer ;=< fldf,iafgfrda,a iEoSug wjYH wuqøjH imh hs'
• foayfha Yla;s Wm ia;rhla f,i l%shd lsÍu
fm%daàk" ldfndayhsfâ%gj,g idfmalaI j wêl Yla;s W;amdokhla we;' ta ksid
wdydr fõf,a úYd,;ajh wvq lr .ekSug fhdod .; yels h' ,nd .;a fïo iys;
wdydrj,ska Yla;sh ,nd ÿka miq b;sß tajd w;sßla; fïoh f,i ;ekam;a fõ'
• úgñk jdylfhla f,i l%shd lsÍu
úgñka A,D,E,K fïoj, osh jk úgñk neúka tajd isrer ;=< mßjykh lsÍu i|yd
fïo wjYH fõ'
• w;HjYH fïo wï, f,i
YÍrfha ksis j¾Okhg" reêr jdyskS iy iakdhqj, l%shdldÍ;ajhg wjYH" YÍrh ;=<
ksmoúh fkdyels w;HjYH fïo wï, iemhSug jeo.;a fõ'
• ,sysiaiqï øjHhla f,i l%shdlsÍug
fïo wNHka;r wjhj i|yd iafkaylhla f,i l%shd lrk w;r wjhj w;r >¾IKh
wvq lrhs' lïmk wjfYdaIKfhka yDoh" jDlal jeks jeo.;a wjhj wdrlaId lrhs'
• YÍr WIaK;ajh wdrlaId lsÍug
iu hg fïo ia;rhla f,i ne|S isrer wNHka;rfha WKqiqu wdrlaId lr fok w;r"
mßirfha we;s jk WIaK;aj fjkia ùïj,ska o isrer wdrlaId lrhs'
• bkaøshsldj, mg, iEoSug
ffi, mg, ks¾udKh jeks jHqyd;aul l%shd i|yd
fïo jeo.;a fõ'
,smsv wvx.= wdydr
Ydl f;,a ( fmd,a f;,a" ;, f;,a" fidahd f;,a"
iQ¾hldka; f;,a" bß`.= f;,a
Ydl fïo ( Ydl f;,aj,ska idokq ,nk udcßka"
rglcq" lcq" fmd,a" w,sfmar
i;A;aj f;,a ( t<`.s f;,a" fudar f;,a" W!re f;,a
i;a;aj fïo ( ng¾" ì;a;r ly uoh" lsß
rEmh 15'2 # ,smsv wvx.= wdydr j¾.

282
,smsv yd YÍr fi!LHh
ld,h;Aa iu. iuyr Ouksj, ì;a;s ;=< fïo ;ekam;a ùu ksid tajdfha isÿre mgq fõ'
(Atheroma). iuyr úg fïoh ;ekam;a jQ ia:dkj, reêr leá ;ekam;a ù Ouksh iïmQ¾Kfhka
u wjysr fõ' fuh f;%dïfndaisia (Thrombosis) f,i ye|ska fõ' yDohg reêrh imhk
lsÍgl Ouks fuf,i wjysr jQ úg yDo frda. we;s fõ' yDoa fmaYSj,ska fldgila fï ksid
úkdY ùfuka yDo wlrKsh (heart attack) we;s ù yosisfha u ñh hhs' fud<fha Ouks wjysr
jQ úg wd>d;h (Stroke) we;s ù YÍrfha fldgila ls%hd úrys; ùu (Paralyse) isÿ fõ'
Ouksj, fldf,iagfrda,a ;ekam;a ùu fuhg fya;= fõ'

fm%daàka
YÍr j¾Okh iy f.ù .sh mgl w`M;ajeähdj i|yd Ndú; jk fmdaIl ldKavh
fm%daàka f,i y÷kajhs' fm%daàka 1g la oykh ùfuka Yla;sh 4kCal la ^ 17kJ la& ,efí'
fm%daàkaj, ridhksl ixhq;sh
ldnka" yhsv%cka" Tlaisckaj,g wu;r j khsg%cka o wvx.= fõ' iuyr fm%daàkaj,
fïjdg wu;r j i,a*¾" fmdiamria wdosh o wvx.= fõ' fm%daàka ieoS we;s uQ,sl tallh
weuhsfkda wï,h hs' weuhsfkda wï,hl fmdÿ jHqy iQ;%h my; oela fõ'

fuys we,alhs,a ldKavh (R) weuhsfkda wï, j¾.h wkqj fjkia fõ' oekg R
ldKavfha fjkia ùu wkqj úúO weuhsfkda wï, j¾. 100 la muK fidhd f.k we;'
fïjdhska 20 la muK ukqIH YÍrh iEoSug odhl;ajh olajhs' tu weuhsfkda wï,
w;HjYH yd w;HjYH fkdjk weuhsfkda wï, j¾. f,i m%Odk ldKav folls'
fm%daàk nyq, j wvx.= wdydr
úh<s yd,Aueiaika
fidahd fndaxÑ" uqx weg" lv,"
mrsmamq hkdoS rks, fnda.
uia" ud¿" ì;a;r
fm%daàkhl ffcj úoHd;aul w.h
hï fm%daàkhl w;HjYH weuhsfkda
wï, mej;Sfï yelshdj fuf,i y÷kajhs'
hï fm%daàkhl w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï,
ish,a, mj;S kï tys Ôj úoHd;aul w.h
100la f,i i,lhs' i;a;aj fm%daàkaj,
w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï, ish,a, u mdfya
mj;sk w;r" tys ffcj úoHd;aul w.h by< w.hla .kS
rEmh 15'3 ' Ydl
# fm% fm%daàwdydr
daàka wvx.= kaj,j¾.
w;HjYH
weuhsfkda wï, ys`.;djla we;' ta ksid tys ffcj úoHd;aul w.h my< uÜgul mj;S'
Wod ( rks,j, fndfyda w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï, we;;a" fu;sfhdkska ke;' iy,a$n;aj,
fndfyda w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï, we;;a" ,hsiska ke;' rks, iu. n;a tlg wdydr
fõ,lg ,nd .;a úg w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï, ys`.;djla we;s fkdfõ' uqx lsßn;a tjeks
w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï, iemsfrk wdydrhls'

283
fm%daàkaj, ld¾hNdrh
• foay ffi, j¾Okhg ^Wod ( yu" ysiflia" reêrh&
• f.ù .sh ffi, yd mgl w¨;ajeähdjg
• ysfud.af,dìka ksIma dokhg ( reêrfha Tlaic
s ka mßjykh isÿ lrkafka ysfud.af,daìka
Wmldrfhks' ysfud.af,dìkaj, .af,dìhq,ska kï fm%daàk fldgila wvx.= fõ' ta
ksid ysfud.af,dìka ksIamdokhg wdydrfha w;HjYHfhka u fm%daàka wvx.= úh hq;=
h'
• mßjD;a;Sh l%shd W;af;ackh lsÍug ( mßjD;a;Sh l%shd W;af;ackh lsÍug wjYH
tkaihsu iy fyda¾fudak jeä m%udKhla fm%daàka fõ' ta ksid tajd ksmoùug wdydrfha
fm%daàk wvx.= úh hq;= h'
• m%;sfoay ksmoùug ( foayfha m%;sYla;sh ksmoùu i|yd wjYH m%;sfoay ksmoùug
fm%daàka wjYH fõ'
• Yla;s Wm ia;rhla f,i ( wjYH ;rï ldfndayhsfâ%g yd fïoh fkd,efnk úg
fm%daàka u.ska Yla;sh ksmoùu isÿ lrhs'
j.=j 15'2 ffoksl fm%daàka wjYH;dj
jhi wjqreÿ foayfha nr lsf,da .%Euhlg fm%daàk .a?ï
2 1'2
4 0'9
8 0'7
16 0'77
18 0'45
21 0'3

15'2 j.=jg wkqj jhi wjqreÿ foll <uhl=f.a nr 5kg la fõ kï tu orejdg Wfoa
isg rd;s%h olajd fok ish¨ wdydrj, ;sìh hq;= fm%daàka m%udKfha tl;=j 6'0g la úh
hq;= h' ^1'2 x 5 = 6.0g)

úgñka
úgñka" ñksidf.a fmdaIKh i|yd b;d iq`M m%udKhkaf.ka wjYH jk fmdaIl
ix>glhls' tfia u wdydrj, wvx.= jkafka o b;d iq`M ^laIqø& m%udKhlsks' úgñka b;d
w,am jYfhka YÍrh ;=< oS o ksIamdokh flf¾' wjYH;dj ie,l+ úg tu m%udKh
fkd.sKsh yels ;rï h' úgñka c,fha osh jk úgñka yd fïofha osh jk úgñka
hkqfjka fldgia 2 lg fnfoa ^14'4 ksmqK;d uÜgu&'
úgñka j¾. tlsfkl iu. iïnkaO ù l%shd lrk w;r wfkla fmdaIl iu.
iïnkaO ùfuka o l%shdldÍ fõ' fjk;a fmdaIlj, mßjD;a;sfha oS yd Yla;s W;amdokfha
oS iy tkaihsu (Co-ensyme) f,i l%shd lsÍu úgñkaj,ska bgq jk jeo.;a u fiajdjls' ;j
o mßjD;a;sl m%;sl%shdj, oS úgñka W;afm%arlhla f,i o l%shd lrkq ,efí'
úgñka A
úgñka A" ixfhda. jYfhka fyda úgñka A ilia ùu i|yd fhda.H ixfhda. ^mQ¾j.&
jYfhka Ydl fldgiaj, mj;S' tajd wdydrhg .ekSfuka ñksia isrer ;=< oS úgñka A
ilia fõ' úgñka A weiaj, fmkSu i|yd tkï wefiys wdf,dal .%dyl mgl ksmoùu
i|yd wjYH fõ' wv w÷f¾ oS yd ;o wdf,dalfha oS jqj o fmkSu ,nd oSu i|yd;a" j¾K n,d
.ekSu i|yd;a wdf,dal .%dyl mgl fya;= fõ' YÍrfha u;=msg isú" weismshj, we;=,a me;a;"
weiaj, u;=msg" kdih" uqLh" lk yd fmky¿ ;=<" Ô¾K moaO;sfha u;=msg wdoS ia:dkj,
yd iu u;=msg wdrlaIdldÍ j mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd o úgñka A wjYH fõ' tfuka u o;a iy
wiaÒ j¾Okhg o m%ckkhg yd ffi, úNdckhg o jeo.;a fõ'

284
úgñka A nyq, j wvx.= wdydr
• ì;a;r ly uoh" ng¾" lsß
• wlaud f;,a ^fldâ,sj¾ Ths,a" ye,snÜ Ths,a&
• ly meye;s t<j¨ ^lerÜ" jÜglald" ly n;," bß`.=&
• m<d j¾. ^lxl=x" uql=Kqjekak" ksú;s" l;=reuqrex.d&
• m,;=re ^.ia,nq" wU&
;o fld< meye;s t<j¨j, yd udxY, .;shlska hq;a ly
meye;s m,;=rej, úgñka A odhl ixfhda.hla jk îgd
lefrdáka ;sfí' tjeks t<j¨ yd m<d j¾.j, leráfkdhsv
rEmh 15'4 # úgñka A
wNsnjd fld< meye;s yß;m%oj,ska jeiS we;' u[af[dlald yd l=l¾ìfÜisfha l=,fha
nyq, j wvx.= wdydr j¾.
Ydlj, ms<sfj,ska w, yd M, muKla wdydrhg .ekSug wm mqreÿ ù isáh;a tajdfha fld<
o wdydrhg .ekSfuka myiqfjka úgñka A imhd .; yels h'
Ydluh yd i;a;ajuh wdydr ;=< isÿ jk TlaiSlrK l%shdj,sh ksid o" úh<Su" .nvd
lsÍu" iq<x jeoSu" wêl WIaK;ajhg iy wêl ysre t<shg ksrdjrKh ù os.= l,la mej;Su
ksid o úgñka A úkdY fõ' uqvq ùu u.ska úgñka A úkdY jk ksid th j<lajd .ekSug
isis,a úh<s ia:dkhl wdydr .nvd lr ;nd .; hq;= h'
úgñka A ks¾foaYs; ffoksl wjYH;dj
l=vd orejkag uhsfl%da .%Eï 300" jeäysá whl=g uhsfl%d .%Eï 750
jeäysá whl=g kï" ;u ffoksl wjYH;dj iemsÍug lsß 250ml la" 30g la" ;o fld<
meye t<j¨ 50g la" wfkla t<j¨ 100g la iy m,;=re 100g la ,nd.; hq;= j we;'
úgñka B ixlS¾Kh
úgñka B ixlS¾Khg meyeos,s j y÷kdf.k we;s úgñka j¾. wgla yd tajdg wkqnoaO
;j;a ridhksl ixfhda. lsysmhla we;=<;a fõ' tla tla úgñka B j¾.hg ksYaÑ; jQ
ridhksl ixhq;shla ;sfí' úgñka B j¾.j,g isrer ;=< ksYaÑ; jQ ld¾hhla o we;' fïjd
fndfyduhla YdÍßl tkaihsu iu. tlg l%shdldÍ fõ' úgñka B ldKavfha iuyr
ixfhda. mßjD;a;Sh l%shdj, oS tlg l%shd lrhs' c,fha osh fjk iq¨ neúka bosß wjYH;d
i|yd isrer ;=< ;ekam;a lr ;nd .ekSu b;d wmyiq fõ'
;hñka ^úgñka B1&
Y; j¾I .Kkdjla ;=< uekúka mdysk ,o iy,a wkqNj lrk ,o rgj, iuyr
mqoa.,hska fnß fnß keu;s uOH iakdhq moaO;s frda.hg f.dÿre úh' l=reÜg iys; iy,a
mßfNdackfhka fuu ;;a;ajh wvq úh' iy,a l=reÜfÜ wvx.= jk fnß fnß frda.h
je<elaùug fya;= jQ ixfhda.h úgñka B1 nj miqj fidhd .kakd ,oS' úgñka B1 fjk;a
tkaihsu iu. tla j YdÍßl mßjD;a;sh l%shd W;af;ackh lrhs' msIagh ì|S Yla;sh msg
lsÍfï l%shdj i|yd úgñka B1 wjYH fõ' ;hñka fkdue;s úg w¾O jYfhka ì|S .sh msIagh
b;sß fõ' tajd isrer ;=< tl;= jk neúka msIagh u.ska Yla;sh ,nd .ekSfï l%shdjg ndOd
we;s fõ' YÍrfha iakdhq moaO;sh l%shd lsÍu i|yd wjYH Yla;sh uq`Mukska u mdfya
.aÆfldaia oeùu u.ska iemfha' ta ksid ;hñka fkd,enqK fyd;a fud<fha yd iakdhq
moaO;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh i|yd wjYH Yla;s m%udKh ,nd .; fkdyels fõ' fïoh yd
fm%daàka u.ska Yla;sh ,nd .ekSfï l%shdjg o úgñka B1 wjYH fõ'
fuu úgñka c,h yd ;dmh u.ska úkdY fõ' ta ksid fuu úgñkh wvx.= t<j¨
yd m,;=re lemSug fmr fidaod .; hq;= w;r" wdydr msiSfï oS wêl c, m%udKhla fhdod
fkd.; hq;= h' wêl fõ,djla jeä WIaK;ajhla hgf;a fuu úgñkh wvx.= wdydr
msiSfuka o je<lsh hq;= h' tfia u úh<s isis,a ia:dkj, .nvd lr ;nd.; hq;= h'

285
úgñka B1 wvx.= wdydr
hSiaÜ" fidahd fndaxÑ" fkdmdysk ,o OdkH j¾." rks, fnda." m,d j¾." W!re uia"
l=l=`M uia" ì;a;r ly uoh" ud`M" biaika" ll=`Mjka
ks¾foaY;
s ffoksl wjYH;dj
l=vd orejkag úgñka B1 wjYH;dj wvq h ^0'3mg&' jevqKq whl=g 0'7mg la muK o
jeäysáhl=g 1'2mg la muK o wjYH jk w;r" .¾NKS ldka;djlg yd lsß fok ujlg
fuh 1'3 - 1'5mg la muK fõ'
úgñka B2 ^rhsfnd*af,aúka&
ksjqâv iys; OdkH wkqNj lsÍfuka fnß fnß frda.fhka ñoS isáh yels nj wjfndaO
ùu;a iu. u ta ;=< YdÍßl fi!LHhg yd j¾Okhg wjYH úgñka B2 ke;fyd;a
rhsfnd*af,aúka kue;s jeä WIaK;ajhg mjd Tfrd;a;= fok ridhksl øjHhla mj;sk nj
fy<s úh' rhsfnd*af,aúka WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= ÿkak o" wdf,dalhg ksrdjrKh ùfuka
myiqfjka úkdY fõ' c,fh ys iaj,am jYfhka ødjH fõ' fuu úgñka B2 iy tkaihsuj,
ix>glhla ksid ldfndayhsfâ%Ü mßjD;a;sh iu. iïnkaO fõ'
fuu úgñkh weia yd iu ksfrda.S j ;nd .ekSug;a" iakdhq moaO;sfha idudkH
l%shdldÍ;ajhg yd j¾Okhg;a wjYH fõ'
úgñka B2 nyq, wdydr
m<d j¾." uqx" fidahd fndaxÑ" lsß yd lsß ksIamdok" ì;a;r" hSiaÜ" fld< t<j¨" uia

ks¾foaY;
s ffoksl wjYH;dj
jevqKq whl= g 1'3 - 1'8mg " .¾NKS yd lsß fok uõjrekag fuh wu;r j ,nd osh hq;=
fõ'
ksheiSka
YÍrhg Yla;sh ,nd .ekSfï oS ldfndayhsfâ%Ü u.ska fïoh ilid .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha
oS iy tkaihsuhla f,i l%shd lsÍu tys m%Odk ld¾hh fõ' weuhsfkda wï,hla jk
á%mafgd*Eka wjYH ;rï YÍrh ;=< ;sfíkï t u.ska ksheiSka iEfoa' ksheiska wvx.= wdydr
øjH oS¾> fõ,djla msiSfuka bka fldgila úkdY úh yels h' wdydr msiSfï oS wvq c,
m%udKhla fhdod .ekSfuka ksheiska úkdY ùu wvq lr .; yels h' fndfyda OdkH j¾.j,
ksheiska" ksheiaáka wdldrfhka mj;S' fïjd ksheiska njg m;a lsÍu i|yd laIdr Ndú;
l< yels h' túg YÍrhg Wmfhdackh l< yels ;;a;ajhlg m;a fõ'

ksheiska wvx.= wdydr

uia j¾." OdkH" rks, fnda." f;,a îc" rg lcq" jÜglald" ;,
ks¾foaY;
s ffoksl wjYH;dj
l=vd orejkag wjYH;dj wvq h' jevqKq whl=g 15-20mg" .¾NKS iy lsß fok
uõjrekag wu;r j 2 - 4mg olajd wjYH fõ'

úgñka B6 ^msßfvdlaiska&
YÍrfha fm%daàka yd weuhsfkda wï, mßjD;a;shg m%Odk f,i iïnkaO ù we;'
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü iy fïo mßjD;a;shg o tla;rd m%udKhlg iïnkaO fõ' by; i|yka l<
á%mafgd*Eka ksheiSka njg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh i|yd o úgñka B6 wjYH fõ'
fuu úgñkaj, l%shdldÍ;ajh we;s ridhksl ixfhda. ;=kla wdydrj, wvx.= fõ'

286
ta" msßfvdlaie,a" msßfvdlaik
s a iy msßfvdlaieóka hkqfjks' ;dmh" wdf,dalh u.ska fndfyda
úg úkdY fõ' fuu úgñkh r;= reêrdKq ksIamdokhg fnfyúka WmldÍ fõ'
úgñka B6 nyq, wdydr
hSiÜ
a " OdkH j¾." fidahd fndaxÑ" ksú;s" f.dajd" w¾;dm,a" ì;a;r ly uoh" uia" ud`M" lsß
ks¾foaY;
s ffoksl wjYH;dj
msßñ whl=g 2mg" .eyekq whl=g 1'6mg' 100mg g jvd jeä jQ úg iakdhq wdndO we;s
úh yels h'
mekafgd;ksla wï,h
fuu úgñkh" úgñka B ixlS¾Khg wh;a h' mßjD;a;sl l%shdj, oS jeo.;a jk iy
tkaihsuj, ix>glhls' tneúka weisghs,alrKh" fïo TlaiSlrKh yd fïo ixYaf,aIKh
wd§ m%;sl%shdj, oS jeo.;a fõ'
nyq, j wvx.= wdydr
hSiaÜ" ì;a;r ly uoh" OdkH j¾." rks, fnda." w`M;a t<j¨'
idudkH mqoa.,hl=f.a wdydr fõ,l 8 - 10mg la muK wvx.= úh hq;= h'
nfhdáka
nfhdáka YÍrfha mßjD;a;ls l%hs dj,skj
a , oS ldfndlai,SlrK m%;l
s h
s% dj,g jeo.;ajk
ldfndlaisf,aia tkaihsu yd ne|S mj;sñka tys l%shdldÍ;ajh we;s lrhs' ì;a;r iqÿ uofha
wvx.= weúäka kï fm%daàkh nfhdaáka yd wm%;sj¾;H wdldrhlg iïnkaO ù nfhdàka
úgñkfha wdka;%sl wjfYdaIKhg ndOd muqKqjhs' fkdmsiQ ì;a;r wdydrhg .ekSfuka fuu
;;a;ajh we;s fõ' tfia u wka;%fha Ôj;a jk nelaàßhdj,g wys;lr ;;a;aj we;s ùu fyda
hïlsis wdldrhlg m%;s nfhdàka mßjD;a;sl øjH ,nd oSu jeks ;;a;aj hgf;a oS muKla
W!k;d we;s fõ'
f*da,sla wï,h
hSiaÜ idrfha wvx.= njg uq,ska y÷kd .ekqK fuh f*daf,aÜ f,i kï flßKs' r;=
reêrdKq ksIamdokhg jeo.;a fõ' tfia u iuyr weuhsfkda wï,j, mßjD;a;shg o"
kHIaál fm%daàka iEoSu i|yd o wjYH fõ'
nyq, j we;s wdydr
m<d j¾." OdkH j¾." rks, fnda." fodvï hqI
ks¾foaY;
s ffoksl wjYH;dj
jevqKq whl=g uhsfl%d .%Eï 200" .¾NKS ldka;djlg uhsfl%da .Eï 400
úgñka B12 ^ihsfkdfldne,ñka&
kHIaál fm%daàka yd r;= reêrdKq ksmoùfï oS f*da,sla wï,h yd úgñka B12 tla j
l%shd lrhs' fuu úgñkh YÍrhg wjfYdaIKh ùu i|yd wNHka;ßl idOlhla jk hï
fm%daàk j¾.hla iy le,aishï ;sîu w;HjYH fõ' Ydluh wdydrj, nyq, j yuq fkdjk
ksid ks¾udxY wdydr ,nd .kakd mqo.a ,hka fuu úgñkh ,nd .ekSug lsß yd lsß ksIma dok"
hSiaÜ" ksiaidrl ^Wod ( uduhsÜ& ,nd .; hq;= h'
nyq, j we;s wdydr

mSl=ÿ" jl=.vq" lsß" ì;a;r" hSiaÜ" ud`M" biaika

ffoksl wjYH;dj
idudkH mqoa.,hl=g uhsfl%d .%Eï 2la wjYH h'

287
úgñka C ^weiafldaìla wï,h&
fndfyda i;a;ajhskag úgñka C ;u YÍrh ;=< ixYaf,aIKh lr .; yels jqj;a"
ñksidg ta i|yd wjYH tkaihsu YÍrh ;=< fkdue;' fïoh" fm%daàka" hlv" ;U yd úgñka
B mßjD;a;sh i|yd úgñka C wjYH nj fidhd f.k we;' tfia u YÍrh mqrd me;sÍ we;s
fld,ecka kï fm%daàka j¾.h ksIamdokh lsÍug odhl ùu úgñka C u.ska bgq jk b;du;a
jeo.;a ld¾hhls' fld,ecka wiaÓ yd mgl nkaOkh i|yd WmldÍ fõ' ta u.ska ;=jd,
iqj ùu" wiaÓ yd o;a jeãu" wkfmalaIs; wNHka;r f,a .e,Sï je<elaùu isoq fõ' tfia u
r;= reêrdKq ksIm
a dokh i|yd o úgñka C wjYH fõ' ifï frda. je<elaùu" .íid je<elaùu"
reêrfha fldf,iagfrda,a md,kh lsÍu" oshjeähd frda.Skaf.a bkaishq,ska wjYH;d wvq lsÍu
i|yd o fuh wjYH fõ'
úgñka C ;dmh" wdf,dalh" laIdÍ;dj u.ska myiqfjka úkdY fõ' c,fha myiqfjka
osh fõ' m,;=rej, nyq, j fuu úgñkh wvx.= jqj;a fuu ;;a;ajh ksid m,;=re mßK;
ù boSug wdikak wjia:dfõ oS wiajkq fk<d .; hq;= w;r" iqÿiq ;;a;aj hgf;a .nvd lr
l,a fkdhjd wdydrhg .ekSfuka fuu úgñkh wdrlaId lr .; yels h'
úgñka C YÍr ffi, ;=< oS olajk m%;T
s lail
s drl
.=K ksid blaukska uy¨
njg m;ajk ,laIK wvq lrhs' ms<sld ffi, we;s
ùu je<elaùu yd me;sÍu ukao.dó lsÍu o fuu úgñkh
u.ska isÿ fõ' uE;l oS lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj,g wkqj
ÿïmdkh yd u;ameka mdkh lrk mqo. a ,hkaf.a reêrfha
úgñka C m%udKh wvq nj fidhd f.k we;'
úgñka C nyq, wdydr
fk,a,s" lcq mqyq,ka" fmar" wfkdaod" .ia,nq" wuq
wU" isgi
% a l=,hg wh;a m,;=re" lxl=k"a ;ïm,d" uqrex.d
fld< rEmh 15'5 # úgñka C
nyq, j wvx.= wdydr j¾.
ks¾foaY;
s ffoksl wjYH;dj
l=vd orejkag 20mg ;reK whg 30mg" jevqKq whl=g
30mg
úgñka D
wdldr follska mj;S' tajd úgñka D2 yd D3 f,i
y÷kaj hs' ñka jvd jeo.;a jkafka D3 wdldrh hs' th
flda,sle,aisf*frda,a f,i y÷kajhs' ukqIHhkaf.a iug
háka we;s 7 - ã yhsfv%dfldf,iagfrda,a ysre t<sfha we;s
mdrcïnq, lsrKj,g n÷ka ùu ksid fuu úgñkh we;s
lrhs' idudkHfhka Ydl wdydrj, fuu úgñkh wvx.=
fkdfõ' tfy;a hSiaÜj, w¾.iafgfrda,a lsrKj,g md;%
ùu ksid w¾f.dle,aisf*frda,a we;s lrhs' fuh úgñka D2
f,i
rEmhkï
15'6 lrhs ' fuu
# úgñka D m%Njúgñkh l=vd wka;%fha le,aishï yd fmdiamria wjfYdaIKh jeä
lsÍug WmldÍ fõ' fuu l%shdj,sh merd;hsfrdhsv .%kaÓfhka i%djh jk merd;hsfrdhsâ
fyda¾fudakh u.ska md,kh flf¾' wiaÓ LksÔlrKhg yd o;a j¾Okhg o YÍrfha idudkH
j¾Okhg o WmldÍ fõ'
úgñka nyq, wdydr - ud¿ wlaud f;,a" ì;a;r ly uo" ng¾" t< lsß
ffoksl wjYH;dj - wjqreÿ 7 olajd <uhskag flda,sle,aisf*frda,a uhsfl%d .%Eï 10" wjqreÿ
7 g jeä kï uhsfl%d .%Eï 10

288
 j.=j 15'3
289

j.=j 15'4

u[af[dlald
úgñkaa E ^fgdfldf*frd,a&
fïofha osh jk úgñkhls' Ydlj, jeämqr olakg ,efí' iajdNdúl j fuh wdldr
wglska mj;S' ñka jvd;a u jeo.;a jkafka α − fgdfldf*frd,a wdldrh fõ' tfia u
fuu ish¨ u wdldr m%;sTlaisldrl f,i l%shd lrhs'
úgñka E u.ska isrerg je<f|k udrl frda. lsysmhlska wdrlaId lrhs' mßK;
wjia:dfõ oS we;s jk fndfyda fõokdjka je<elaùug WmldÍ fõ' YÍrhg m%;sYla;slrK
yelshdj ,nd oSu o fuu úgñkfha jeo.;aluls' tfia u yDohdndO we;s ùu je<elaùu
i|yd o jeo.;a fõ' Ouks ;=< reêr leá .eiSu isÿ lrk ffi,j, l%shdldÍ;ajh u¾okh
lr" ta u.ska yDoh lrd reêrh f.k hk kd< wjysr
ùfuka yD;a fmaYs wl%sh ùu j<lajhs' fuu úgñkh
ms<sld yg .ekSfï m%jK;d wvq flf¾' tfia u ifï
fi!LH ;;a;ajh jeä oshqKq lsÍug o úÿre ufia
frda.j,g o m%;sldrhla fõ'
tosfkod wdydrj,ska ,nd .kakd úgñka E
m%udKh m%udKj;a fkdjQ úg ndysr jYfhka ,nd .;
hq;= h' kuq;a fuh ffjoH ks¾foaY wkqj isÿúh hq;=
w;r jeä ùu wk;=reodhl h' .¾NKS yd lsß fok
uõjrekag fuh wu;r j ,nd .; hq;= fõ'
úgñka E nyq, j wvx.= wdydr rEmh 15'7 # úgñka E
nyq, j wvx.= wdydr j¾.
iQ¾hldka;" bß`.=" fidahd" rg lcq f;,a" OdkH j¾." ños" ;lald,s" fndaxÑ" fld<
t<j¨" ì;a;r ly uoh" uia
ffoksl wjYH;dj # uhsfl%d .%Eï 1 la muK

úgñka K
fuh o wdldr ;=klska mj;S' K1 - *hsf,dlaùka
f,i y÷kajk w;r" K2 -fukdlaúfkdaka f,i o" K3 -
fukäfhdka f,i o y÷kajhs' fuhska iajdNdúl j K1 yd
K2 wdldr olakg ,efí'
fuu úgñkh f,a leá .eiSfï l%shdj,shg jeo.;a
fõ' f,a leá .eiSfï l%shdj,sfha oS fm%daf;%dïìka" f;%dïìka
rEmh 15'8 # úgñka K
njg m;a lsÍug wjYH fõ' tfia u wlaudfõ l%h s dldÍ;ajhg
nyq, j wvx.= wdydr j¾.
o fïo ksis wdldr j wjfYdaIKhg o fuh n,mdhs'

úgñka K nyq, wdydr # t<j¨ f;,a" fld< t<j¨" ;lald,s" ì;a;r ly uoh
ks¾foaY ffoksl wjYH;dj # uhsfl%d .%Eï 60 - 80

Lksc ,jK
Lksc wldnksl uQ,øjH jk w;r" ukqIH YÍrfhka 6] muK Lksc øjH fõ' ñksidf.a
idudkH ffoksl wjYH;dj wkqj Lksc m%Odk fldgia folls'
1' m%Odk uQ,øjH fyj;a jeä m%udKj,ska wjYH jk Lksc
le,aishï fmdiamria" ue.akSishï" fidaähï" fmdgEishï" laf,darhsâ yd i,a*¾ fï
hg;g wh;a fõ' fïjdfha ffoksl wjYH;dj .%Eï 1g jeä h'

290
2' wxY= ud;% uQ,øjH fyj;a iq`M m%udKj,ska wjYHjk Lksc
fï hg;g hlv" fldm¾" iskala" whãka" ueka.kSia" fldfnda,aÜ" *af,darhsâ"
fud,síäkï" fl%dañhï" fif,akshï" is,sld" jefkaähï" áka" ksl,a wh;a fõ'
Lksc j¾.j,ska YÍrh ;=< bgq jk ld¾hhka
• YÍrh ;=< wï, - NIau ;=,kh mj;ajd .ekSu' wï, ldrl Lksc jk laf,daÍka"
fmdiamria" i,a*¾ yd NIau ldrl Lksc jk le,aishï" hlv" ue.akSishï" fmdgEishï"
fidaähï fï i|yd odhl fõ'
• YÍrfha fyda¾fudak yd tkaihsuj, ix>gl ùu'
• YdÍßl c, ;=,kh mj;ajd .ekSug WmldÍ ùu' laf,daÍka" fmdgEishï yd fidaähï
whk fï i|yd odhl fjhs'
• YÍrh mqrd iakdhq moaO;sh yryd mKsúv heùug WmldÍ ùu' fï i|yd le,aishï"
fmdgEishï yd fidaähï odhl fõ
• wka;%j, oshr ixhq;sfha fldgila ùu' ta i|yd le,aishï" ue.akSishï" fmdgEishï yd
fidaähï odhl fõ'
• o;a" wiaÓ yd YdÍßl mglj, j¾Okh yd kv;a;=j' fï i|yd le,aishï" fmdiamria"
*af,darhsâ yd fjk;a Lksc odhl fõ'
le,aishï
ukqIHhl=f.a YÍr nfrka 2]la muK le,aishï jk w;r u YÍrfha wvx.= Lksc
m%udKfhka 50]la muK o le,aishï fõ' fuu le,aishïj,ska jeämqr m%udKhla wiaÓ yd
o;a ;=< fmdiamria iu. ixfhda. ù mj;S' le,aishï fmdiafmaÜ kue;s fuu ixfhda.h
YÍrhg oeä nj ,nd fohs' wiaÓ iels,a,g ksr;=re j le,aishï ,nd .kakd w;r" thska msg
ù hdula isÿ fõ' jevqKq mqoa.,hl=f.a isrefr ys wvx.= wiaÓ le,aishï m%udKfhka l
1
fldgila j¾Ihla ;=< oS wiaÓj,ska bj;a ù fjk;a5 wjhjj,g we;= ` M fõ' fï ks i d Ôj;
jk iEu mqoa.,hl=u Ôú; ld,h mqrd u le,aishï ,nd .ekSu g isÿ fõ' o;aj,ska fjk;a
wjhjj,g le,aishï fmdiafmaÜ uqod yefrkafka ke;s ;rï h'
YÍrfha wvx.= le,aishïj,ska 99] la muK wiaÓ yd o;aj, wvx.= w;r 1] la muK
YÍr ;r,j, wvx.= fõ' reêrh leá .eiSu" úgñka B12 wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSu" iakdhq
moaO;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh i|yd ffi, ì;a;sh yryd fmdaIl yd fjk;a øjH we;=<;g yd
msg;g f.k tau" wkjYH øjH msg;g tùu yd wjYH øjH ffi, ;=< r|jd .ekSu hk l%shd
uekúka mj;ajd f.k hdu" ffi,j, mdr.uH;dj mj;ajd .ekSu" udxY fmaYs ixfldapkh
yd úia;drKh i|yd le,aishï wjYH fõ' fï wkqj YÍr wNHka;r yd ndysr bkaøshhkaf.a
l%shdldÍ;ajh i|yd le,aishï wjYH fõ'
ñY% wdydrj,ska fmdaIKh jk <orejka uõ lsßj, wvx.= le,aishïj,ska 50-75] la
wjfYdaIKh lr .kS' jeäysáhkaf.a le,aishï wjfYdaIK ;;a;ajh Bg jvd wvq fõ'
mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg o" wjYH;dj wkqj o wjfYdaIKh jk le,aishï m%udK fjkiaa
fõ'
j.=j 15'5( ñksidf.a j¾Ok wjosh wkqj ks¾foaYs; ffoksl Ca wjYH;dj
j¾Ok wjosh (Ca wjYH;dj mg)
<uqka ^wjq' 01-10 olajd& 800mg
fhdjqka wjêh 1200mg
jeäysáhka 500mg
.¾NKS ldka;djka yd lsß fok uõjreka 1000-1200 mg

291
le,aishï nyq, wdydr
fidahd fndaxÑ" uqx" úh<s m,;=re" lsß yd lsß ksIamdok" lgq iys; l=vd ud`M j¾.
le,aishï nyq, wdydr fõ'
le,aishï wjfYdaIKh úfYaIfhka u l=vd wka;%fha oS isÿ fõ' wjfYdaIKh i|yd
úgñka D WmldÍ fõ' úgñka D W!k;djl oS le,aishï wjfYdaIKh wvq ùu fya;=fjka
wiaÓj,ska ;ekam;a le,aishï bj;a fõ' fuhska wiaÓ ÿ¾j, fõ' le,aishï l=vd wka;%fhka
wjfYdaIKh l< yelafla th ødjH ;;ajfhka mj;S kï muKs' l=vd wka;%fha iuyr
wjia:dj, *hsála wï,h" Tlai,sla wï,h fyda fjk;a fïo wï, fyda iu. le,aishï
wødjH ;;a;ajfha mj;S' fïjd wjfYdaIKh lr .; fkdyels ùu ksid u< øjH iu.
YÍrfhka bj;a fõ' fï ;;a;ajh fndfyda úg *hsála wï,h wêl OdkH j¾." rks, j¾.
jeämqr yd lsß wdydr wvqfjka .kakd whg we;s úh yels h' tjeks mqoa.,hkaf.a RK
le,aishï ;=,khla mj;S' Tlai,sla wï,h wêl wdydr f,i ie,flk ksú;s" îÜ" jïngq"
nKavlald jeks foa jeämqr .ekSfuka o fujeks ;;a;aj Woa.; úh yels h'
iuyr wjia:dj, le,aishï wjfYdaIKh jeä ùfuka reêrfha Ca m%udKh jeä ùu
ksid jl=.vq yd fjk;a wjhjj, le,aiSlrKh ùu isÿ fõ' ta u.ska uq;%d .,a we;s úh yels
h' reêrfha le,aishï m%udKh md,kh lrkafka merd;hsfrdhsâ .%kaÓfhka i%djh lrk
merdf;dafudaka iy ;hsfrdhsâ .%kaÓfha "C" ffi,j,ska i%djh lrk le,aisfgdkSka kï
fyda¾fudakh u.sks'
fmdiamria
YÍrfha wvx.= Lksc øjHj,ska fojk ia:dkh fmdiamria ,nd .kS' YÍrfha wvx.=
uq¨ fmdiamria m%udKfhka 85]la u wiaÓ moaO;sfha wvx.= jk w;r" 1]la reêrfha iy
fjk;a YÍr ;r,j, o" b;sß 14] udxY fmaYS jeks uDÿ mglj, o wvx.= fõ' fïjd
idudkHfhka fjk;a uQ,øjH iu. iïnkaO j ldnksl fyda wldnksl ixfhda. f,i
mj;S' fmdiamria wjfYdaIKh iïmQ¾Kfhka l=vd wka;%fha oS we;s jk w;r" úgñka D fuu
wjfYdaIKh W;af;ackh lrjhs'
OdkHj, wvx.= *hsála wï,fha fmdiamria wvx.= jqj;a" tajdfha wvx.= fmdiamria
wjfYdaIKh l< fkdyels h' thg fya;=j *hsála wï,fhka fmdiamria uqod yßk *hsfÜia
tkaihsuh ñksia isref¾ wvx.= fkdùu hs' ue.akSishï" we¨ókshï iy le,aishï jeks Lksc
,jK fmdiamria iu. ixlS¾K we;s ùu ksid fmdiamria wjfYdaIKhg ndOd we;s lrhs'
fï fya;= ksid o oS¾> ld,Sk j m%;s wdï,sl øjH jk ue.aki
S h
s ï fyda we¨ókshï yhsfv%dlaihsâ
fyda Ndú; lsÍu ksid reêrfha wvq fmdiamria m%udK we;s úh yels h'
fmdiamriaj,ska YÍrhg we;s m%fhdack
• wiaÓ yd o;a j¾Okh
• tkaihsuj, l%shdldÍ;ajh W;af;ackh
• fmdiafmd,smsv" kshqla,sfhdaghsv" flda tkaihsu ixYaf,aIKh
ue.akSishï
mqoa.,hl=f.a YÍr nfrka 20-28 g w;r m%udKhla ue.akSishï olakg ,efí' fuhska
55 -60] l m%udKhla wiaÓj, o" ;j;a 20 - 25]la fmaYsj, o b;sßh uDÿ mgl iy ndysr
ffi, ;r,j, o wvx.= fõ' ue.akSishï wjfYdaIKh l=vd wka;%fha oS isÿ fõ' fuu
wjfYdaIKh o wdydrj, wvx.= *hsfÜÜ iy ;ka;=j,ska wvd< lrjhs' úgñka D iy
,elafgdaia" ue.akSishï wjfYdaIKhg WmldÍ jk nj fmkajd we;'
ue.akSishïj,ska YÍrhg we;s m%fhdack
• fndfyda jeo.;a tkaihsuj, l%shdldÍ;ajh i|yd
• DNA yd fm%daàk ixYaf,aIKh i|yd

292
 • weuhsfkda wï, il%sh;djg jeo.;a ùu
• udxY fmaYS l%shdldÍ;ajhg jeo.;a ùu
ue.akSishï fjk;a Lksc iu. wka;¾ in|;d fmkajk w;r le,aishï iu. in|;d
fmkajhs' merd;hsfrdlaikS a fyda¾fudakh i%djh ùu i|yd ue.aki S h
s ï wjYH fõ' ue.akiS hs ï
jeämqr i%djh ùu ksid merd;hsfrdlaik S a fyda¾fudakh i%djh ksfIaOkh jk w;r ue.aki S hs ï"
fmdiamria" wjfYdaIKh o wvq fõ' jl=.vq wdndO we;s whf.a ue.akSishï úI ùu olakg
,efí' idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a jl=.vq u.ska wkjYH ue.akSishï bj;a l< yels h'
ks¾foaYs; ffoksl Mg wjYH;dj
jhi wjqreÿ 9g by< iEu whl=gu 350mg
ue.akSishï nyq, wdydr
OdkH" rks," m,;=re" fld< meye;s t<j¨" fldams" f;a" fldfldajd mdk lsß" mSl=ÿ

fidaähï
idudkH mqoa.,hl=f.a YÍrfha fidaähï 120mgla muK wvx.= fõ' thska 30]la
wiaÓj, wvx.= fõ' fidaähï wdydr u.ska YÍrhg ,nd .ekSu jeä ùu;a iu.u le,aishï
wjYH;dj by< hhs ' tu.s k a wia Ó j,s k a m% ; s w jfYda I Khla is ÿ jk w;r" fuh
Tiaáfhdafmdfrdaisia frda.S ;;a;ajh we;s ùug fya;= jk nj fmkajhs'
fidaähïj,ska YÍrhg we;s m%fhdack
• isref¾ c, ;=,H;dj meje;aùu
• wdi%e;s mSvkh md,kh lsÍu
• iakdhq WoaoSmkh
• iuyr tkaihsuj, l%shdldÍ;ajh we;s lsÍu' Wod ( weuhsf,aia
ks¾foaYs; ffoksl fidaähï wjYH;dj
idudkH mqoa.,hl=g 2 000mg
fidaähï nyq, wdydr
m%Odk; u m%Njh ¨Kq fõ' fuhg wu;r j t<j¨" uia" lsß" ì;a;rj, fidaähï
nyq, h'
fmdgEishï
YÍrfha wvx.= fmdgEishï m%udKfhka 98] la wka;#ffi,Sh j olakg ,efí' fuh
oyäh u.ska YÍrfhka bj;a fkdjk w;r" uq;%d u.ska muKla bj;a fõ' fidaähï u.ska
le,aishï wjYH;dj jeä lrk w;r" fmdgEishï u.ska le,aishï YÍrfhka bj;a ùu wvq
lr wjYH;dj wvq flf¾' fï ksid wdydrj, wvx.= jk fidaähï laf,darhsâj,ska hï
m%udKhla fmdgEishï laf,darhsâ u.ska wdfoaYkh lsÍu oeka ks¾foaY lrkq ,nhs'
fmdgEishïj,ska YÍrh g we;s m%fhdack
• isref¾ ;r,j, ;=,H;dj /l .ekSu
• fmaYs yd iakdhqj, WoaoSmH;dj md,kh lsÍu
• iuyr tkaihsuj, il%sh;dj we;s lsÍu
fidaähï fuka u fmdgEishï o ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla tosfkod wdydrj,ska ,efnk
neúka idudkHfhka W!k;d we;s fkdfõ' fmdgEishï idkaøKh reêrfha wêl ùu ksid
yDofha l%shdldÍ;ajh k;rùu o isÿ úh yels h'
ks¾foaYs; fmdgEishï wjYH;dj ( 2- 4g
fmdgEishï nyq, wdydr ( m,;=re" t<j¨" uia

293
laf,darhsâ
fuys m%Odk ld¾hh jkafka úoHq;a úÉfþoHj, ;=,kh md,kh lsÍu hs' fuhg
wu;r j wdudYhsl hqIfha wvx.= yhsfv%dlaf,daßla wï,h ixYaf,aIKh lsÍu" tkaihsu
il%sh lsÍu iy r;= reêrdKqj, ksmofjk nhsldnfkag whk bka msg;g .uka lrùu
i|yd o odhl fõ' fuys oS laf,darhsâ whk reêr ffi, ;=<g .uka lrk w;r fï l%shdj
laf,darhsâ ;,a¨j f,i y÷kajhs' laf,darhsâ nyq, j fidaähï laf,darhsâ f,i ,nd
.kakd w;r" wdydr ud¾.fhka wjfYdaIKh ù m%Odk jYfhka jl=.vqj,ska bj;a fõ'
ks¾foaY;
s ffoksl wjYH;dj ( 750mg ls'
laf,darhsâ nyq, wdydr ( fïi ¨Kq" uqyqÿ ud`M" lsß" uia" ì;a;r
i,a*¾
jeä jYfhka fm%daàkaj, wvx.= fõ' isiaàka iy fu;hskSka hk weuhsfkda wï,j,
i,a*¾ wvx.= h' ;hñka" nfhdákaj, o wvx.= fõ' udxY fmaYs j¾Okhg iy ysi flia"
kshj, jeãug jeo.;a fõ'
ks¾foaY;
s ffoksl wjYH;dj
fm%daàka nyq, wdydrj, iEfyk m%udKhla wvx.= ksid fm%daàka nyq, wdydr .ekSfuka
i,a*¾ wjYH;dj iemsf¾'
i,a*¾ nyq, wdydr ( ì;a;r" uia" ud`M" lsß" lsß ksIamdok
hlv
ñksia isref¾ hlv 2 - 4g olajd m%udKhla wvx.= fõ' YÍr fi!LHh i|yd w;HjYH
fmdaIlhla fõ' YÍrfha we;s uq¨ hlv m%udKfhka 65] la muK ysfud.af,dìkaj, o 10]
la muK ufhda.af,dìkaj, o 1 - 5] olajd iuyr tkaihsuj, o wvx.= jk w;r" b;sß tajd
.nvd l< hlv f,i úúO wjhj yd mglj, o reêrfha o wvx.= fõ'
hlv wkjYH f,i jeämqr YÍrhg ,nd .ekSu ksid ySfudfl%dufgdaisia iy
ySfudisvfrdaisia hk frda.S ;;a;aj we;s fõ' ySfudfl%dufgdaiSia ;;a;ajfha oS hlv YÍrfha
úúO wjhjj, ^Wod ( wlaudj" yDoh& ;ekam;a ùu ksid tys mglj,g ydks isÿ fõ'
ySfudisvfrdaisia ;;a;ajfha oS wlaudj bosóu ksid isfrdaisia ;;a;aj fmkakqï lrhs' ffjoH
Wmfoia rys; j hlv wvx.= T!IO ,nd .ekSfï Nhdkl nj fuhska meyeos,s j úoHudk
fõ'
ks¾foaYs; hlv wjYH;dj
<uqkag 6 - 9mg
jevqKq msßñ whl=g 10mg
jevqKq .eyeKq whl=g 15mg
.¾NKS ujlg 40mg
lsß fok ujlg 30mg
hlvj,ska YÍrhg we;s m%fhdack
• reêrfha we;s ysfud.af,daîka kï Yajik j¾Klh iEoSug
• ksrla;sh we;s ùu je<elaùug
• fmky¨j, isg YÍrfha mgl fj; Tlaiscka f.k hdug
• ufhda.af,dìka iEoSug
hlv nyq, wdydr
;o fld< meye;s m<d j¾." ly meye;s t<j¨" úh<s m,;=re" i,do" fkdmdysk
,o iy,a" ;, yd fjk;a îc j¾." uia" mSl=ÿ" ì;a;r ly uoh" uqyqÿ ud`M

294
whäka
ñksia isref¾ we;s 15-20mg la muK jk whãka m%udKfhka 08mg la muK ;hsfrdhsâ
.%kaÓfha wvx.= fõ' b;sßh iu" wiaÓ yd udxY fmaYSj, wvx.= fõ' whãkaj, ffoksl
wjYH;dj iq`M jqj;a fuu m%udKh YÍr fi!LHh mj;ajd .ekSug b;du;a jeo.;a fõ'
whäka ,nd fok m%Odk m%Njh id.r c,h hs' whäka YÍrhg wdydr ud¾. moaO;sh ;=<ska
Wrd .kS'
whãkaj, wjYH;dj
whãka YÍrh ;=< jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka ;hsfrdhsv fyda¾fudak jk fgÜrd whfvd;hsfrdkska
(T4 - ;hsfrdlaik
s &a iy g%hs whfvd;hsfrdkska (T3) ksIm
a dokh ùu i|yd h' fuu fyda¾fudak
YÍr mßjD;a;h s i|yd jeo.;a jk w;r YÍrfha úúO wjhj j¾Okhg o úfYaIfhka fud<fha
j¾Okhg o jeo.;a fõ' ta ksid l=vd wjosfha oS fï uQ,øjHfha W!k;dj ksid udkisl wdndO
mjd we;súh yels w;r" YÍr j¾Okh o wvq lrhs' fuu ;hsfrdhsv fyda¾fudak u.ska YÍrfha
tkaihsóh l%shd W;af;ackh lrjk neúka Tlaiscka Ndú;h jeälr úúO ixfhda.j,
oykh ùu isÿ fõ'
ks¾foaYs; whãka wjYH;dj
<orejkag 50µg
<uqkag 90-12µg
jeäysáhkag 150µg
.¾NkS uõjrekag 170µg
lsßfok uõjrekag 200µg
whäka nyq, wdydr
uqyqÿ me<Eá iy uqÿ wdikakfha jefvk Ydl" t<j¨ yd m,;=re j¾." uqyqÿ ud`M"
lgq iys; ud`M" biafida" fmdlsßiafida
iskl
a a
ñksia isref¾ iskala 1'5-2'5g la w;r m%udKhla wvx.= fõ' YÍrfha ish¨ u wjhjj,
yd ;r,j, wvx.= fõ' iskala wjfYdaIKh l=vd wka;%fhka m%Odk jYfhka isÿ fõ' isÜßla
wï,h" ,hsiSka" ysiaáãka" isiaghska jeks weuhsfkda wï, iskala wjfYdaIKh jeä lrk
w;r" *hsfÜÜ" Tlaif,aÜ" fmd,s*Sfkda, o f*da,sla wï,h jeks úgñka o hlv yd le,aishï
o iskala wjfYdaIKh wvq lrhs'
iskalaj,ska YÍrh g we;s m%fhdack
• fndfyduhla tkaihsuj, wvx.= neúka mßjD;a;Sh l%shdj,g jeo.;a h
• ffi, úNdckh yd j¾Okhg
• wiaÓ j¾Okhg
• m%;sYla;sh we;s lsÍug
ks¾foaYs; ffoksl wjYH;dj ( idudkH jevqKq wfhl=g 15-22mg
iskala nyq, wdydr ( fkdmdysk ,o OdkH j¾." uia" fn,a,ka jeks uqyqÿ wdydr" lsß wdydr"
jeämqr iskala ,nd .ekSfuka úI úï we;s fõ'
fif,akshï
ñksia isref¾ fif,akshï 15mg la muK wvx.= fõ' i,a*¾ wvx.= weuhsfkda wï, jk
fu;hskska" isiaàka iy isiaghskaj, i,a*¾ fjkqjg fif,akshï wdfoaY ù we;' fndfyda
wdydr øjHj, iajdNdúl j wvx.= fõ' fuhg wu;r j wldnksl wdldrfhka iuyr
t<j¨ j¾.j, mj;S'

295
fif,akshïj,ska YÍrh g we;s m%fhdack
• úúO tkaihsuj, l%shdldÍ;ajhg
• w.akHdYfha l%shdldÍ;ajhg
• DNA ilia ùug
• ner f,dayj, úI ke;s lsÍug
• whãka mßjD;a;sh i|yd
Bhï yd wdiksla u.ska fif,akshï wjfYdaIKh wvq lrhs' hlv yd ;U W!k;dj
ksid o fif,akshï idkaøKh wvq lrhs'
ks¾foaYs; ffoksl wjYH;dj ( idudkH mqoa.,hl=g uhsfl%d .%Eï 55 - 70
fif,akshï nyq, wdydr ( OdkH" uia" ud`M" lsß wdydr
ma¨fjdßka
m%Odk jYfhka o;a yd wiaÓj, wvx.=jk w;r iq`M m%udKhla ;hsfrdhsâ .%kaÓfha iy
ifuys wvx.= fõ'
ma¨fjdßka u.ska YÍrhg we;s m%fhdack
maaÆfjdfrd wemghsÜ wdldrfhka o;aj, tkeu,fha ;ekam;a ùu ksid ldnksl
wï,j,g iy nelaàßhd j¾Okhg m%;sfrdaë;djla olajhs' fï ksid o;a osrd hdu j<lk
w;r" wiaÓj, j¾Okhg o fya;= fõ' jeämqr ma¨fjdßka ,nd .;a úg o;aj, ,m we;s ùu"
lr leú,a," iakdhq l%shdldÍ;ajhg ndOd we;s ùu isÿ fõ'
ks¾foaY;
s ffoksl wjYH;dj
idudkH mqoa.,hl=g 3'5mg h. 5g g jvd jeä mqr ,nd .;a úg urKh mjd isÿ úh
yels h'
ma¨fjdßka nyq, wdydr
m%Odk jYfhka mdkSh c,h" iq`M jYfhka f;a yd lgq iys; uqyqÿ ud`M
fldm¾
ñksia isref¾ fldm¾ 50-110mg la muK wvx.= fõ' fïjd tkaihsu moaO;sj, ix>glh
ls' fldm¾ wjfYdaIKh úúO weuhsfkda wï, yd úúO ldnksl wï, W;af;ackh lrjk
w;r" hlv" iskala" fud,sìäkï" le,aishï" fmdiamria jeks Lksc j¾. yd úgñka C fldm¾
wjfYdaIKh ksfIaOkh lrhs'
fldm¾j,ska YÍrhg we;s m%fhdack
• hlv wjfYdaIKhg WmldÍ fõ
• ysfud.af,dìka ixYaf,aIKfha oS hlv Wmfhdackh lrhs
• tkaihsu iy idOlhla f,i l%shd lrhs'
ks¾foaYs; ffoksl wjYH;dj ( 1'5-3'0mg
fldm¾ nyq, wdydr ( OdkH j¾." rks, fnda." úh<s m,;=re" uqyqÿ ud`M" uia" ì;a;r
ueka.kSia
ñksia isrer ;=< 10 - 20mg la muK we;' .eyekq whf.a isrerg wjfYdaIKh msßñ
whg jvd jeä h' ysiaáãka yd isÜf¾Ü ueka.kSia wjfYdaIKh W;af;ackh lrk w;r"
Tlai,sla wï,h" *hsála wï,h" le,aishï" fmdiamria" hlv wjfYdaIKh ksfIaOkh lrjhs'
ueka.kSiaj,ska YÍrhg we;s m%fhdack
• tkaihsu moaO;sj, W;afm%arlhla f,i l%shd lsÍu
• DNA yd RNA ixYaf,aIKh
• ñhqfldfmd,sielrhsv iy fldf,iagfrda,a ixYaf,aIKh

296
ks¾foaYs; ffoksl wjYH;dj ( 2 -5mg
ueka.kSia nyq, wdydr ( OdkH" rks," m<d j¾." úh<s m,;=re" f;a
ueka.kSia úI ùu ksid iakdhq ÿ¾j,;dj" md¾lskaika ;;a;ajh" wlaudjg yd fud<hg
ydkslr ;;a;aj we;s fõ'
fl%dañhï
ñksia isref¾ 6mglg jvd wvq m%udKfhka mj;S' kuq;a fuh ñksia isref¾
l%shdldÍ;ajhg b;du;a w;HjYH nj mÍlaIKj,ska fy<s ù we;' fu;hskska" ysiaáäka
jeks weuhsfkda wï, o" úgñka C o" fl%dañhï wjfYdaIKh W;af;ackh lrk w;r *hsfÜÜ
jeks øjH ksfIaOkh lrhs'
fl%dañhïj,ska YÍrhg we;s m%fhdack
• bkaishq,ska i%djh W;af;ackh
• ldfndayhsfâ%Ü yd fïo mßjD;a;sh
• HDL fldf,iagfrda,a jeä lrùu iy LDL fldf,iagfrda,a wvq lrùu
ks¾foaY;
s ffoksl wjYH;dj ( uhsfl%d .%Eï 50
fl%dañhï nyq, wdydr ( OdkH j¾." y;=" f;a" uia" Öia
fud,síäkï
fuh ñksia isrerg w;HjYH wxY=ud;% uQ,øjHhla jk w;r" th b;d jeo.;a tkaihsu
foll ix>glhla fõ' wdudYh iy l=vd wka;%fhka wjfYdaIKh isÿ jk w;r YÍr
mglj, iq`M m%udKj,ska we;'
fud,síäkïj,ska YÍrhg we;s m%fhdack
• tkaihsuj, l%shdldÍ;ajhg
• YÍr j¾Okhg
• ma¨fjdßka wjfYdaIKh W;af;ackh lsÍug
ks¾foaY;
s ffoksl wjYH;dj ( <uqkag uhsfl%d .%Eï 25" jeäysáhkag uhsfl%d .%Eï 75
fud,sìäkï nyq, wdydr ( OdkH j¾." rks, fnda." uia" lsß wdydr
by; uQ,øjH yereKq úg ksl,a" is,slka" áka"
jefkaähï" fndafrdaka b;d iq`M jYfhka isrerg wjYH
nj fmkajd oS we;'
wdydrj, Lksc ffcj iq,N;dj
hïlsis Lkschla wjfYdaIKh lr .; yels
uÜgulg m;a ù ;sîu Lksc ffcj iq,N;dj hs' iuyr
wjia:dj, oS wdydrj, fmdaIl ;snqK o" YÍrhg
wjfYdaIKh lr .; fkdyels ;;a;aj ksid ,nd .;
fkdyels fõ'
wdydrj, Lksc ffcj iq,N;dj ke;sùug fya;=
1' wdydrj, m%;sfmdaIl ;sîu rEmh 15'9# Lksc wvx.= wdydr j¾.

wdydrj, wvx.= hï m%;sfmdaIl j¾.hla ksid Lksc wjfYdaIKh j<lajhs' Wod ( wdydr
fõ,lg miq f;a mdkh ksid hlv wjfYdaIKh wvq lrhs' f;aj, wvx.= gekskaj,ska
wdydrfha wvx.= hlv ne| ;nd .ekSu ksid hlv ,nd .; fkdyels ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ'
2' wdydr ieliSfï l%u
wdydrfha pH fjkia ùu" WIaK;ajh fjkia ùu" wdydr ieliSfï oS isÿ fõ' ta u.ska
wdydrfha Lksc ffcj iq,N;dj wvq fõ'
297
3' Ndú; jk mßrlaIK øjH
iuyr wdydr øjH l,a ;nd .ekSug Ndú; jk øjH u.ska Lksc iq,N;djg ydks lrhs'
4' fjk;a fmdaIl u.ska isÿ jk n,mEï
tla Lksc fmdaIlhla wjfYdaIKh i|yd ;j;a fmdaIlhla wdydrfha ;sîu iuyr
wjia:dj, oS wjYH fõ' tfia fkdue;s jqjfyd;a Lksc ffcj iq,N;djg ndOd we;s fõ'
fmdaIl fkdjk kuq;a YÍrhg w;HjYH fjk;a ix>gl
c,h
ñksia isrefrka 70] la muK c,h wvx.= h' YÍrfha ukd meje;au i|yd ldka;djlg
c,h 2'7lla muK o" msßñhl=g 3'7lla muK o wjYH nj kj;u jd¾;d olajhs' mßir
WIaK;ajh jeä jk úg jeämqr c,h mdkh l< hq;= h' tfia u lsß fok yd .¾NKS
ujqjreka o c,h jeämqr mdkh l< hq;= fõ' Tjqkag osklg 3l la muK c,h wjYH nj
oela fõ'
c,h wdydrhla fkdjk kuq;a ñksidf.a tosfkod wjYH;d i|yd w;HjYH fõ'
YÍrhg ,efnk c, m%udKfhka 20]la wdydrfhka iemfhk w;r" b;sßh c,h yd fjk;a
mdkj,ska ,efí' fuu c,h YÍrfhka msg jkafka uq;%d" oyäh" u< øjH yd c, jdIam f,i
m%Yajdi jd;h u.sks' YÍrfha c,h W!k ùu ksid úc,kh" YÍr WIaK;ajh jeä ùu yd
u< noaOh we;s fõ'
c,fhka YÍrhg we;s m%fhdack
• YÍrh ;=< isÿ jk mßjD;a;Sh l%shd i|yd
• wdydrhg .kakd >k øjH Ô¾Khg iqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍug
• wdydr wjfYdaIKhg wdOdr lsÍug
• nysi%djhg
• fmdaIl yd fjk;a øjH YÍrh ;=< m%jdykhg
• mdkh lsÍug yd mú;%ldrlhla f,ig
• YÍr WIaK;ajh md,kh lsÍug
• bkaøsh p,kfha oS ,sysis øjHhla f,i ls%hd lsÍug
ieu úgu mdkh i|yd msßisÿ c,h Ndú; l< hq;= h' msßisÿ c,h my; i|yka
,laIKj,ska y÷kd.; yels h'
• wj¾K ùu" .kaOhla yd rihla fkd;sîu
• wj,ïì; øjH fkd;sîu
• jHdêckl Ôùka rys; ùu
• WodiSk pH w.hla ;sîu
• wys;lr f,day yd ridhk øjH wvx.= fkdùu ^ner
f,day&
;ka;=
fuu ;ka;= wdydrfha wvx.= jqj o Ô¾Khla isÿ fkdfõ'
kuq;a fuh YÍr fi!LHh md,kh i|yd jeo.;a fufyhla
bgq lrhs' fïjd fndfyda úg fi,shqf,daia" fyñfi,shqf,daia"
fmlaàka" ,s.akska j,ska iEoS we;' ñksidf.a fi,shqf,daia
Ô¾Kh i|yd laIqø Ôùka fyda tkaihsu fkdue;' OdkH j¾."
m,;=re yd t<j¨j, ;ka;= nyq, j we;' ;ka;j = , ks¾foaY;
s rEmh 15'10 # ;ka;= nyq, j
ffoksl wjYH;dj 30 - 60g ls' wvx.= wdydr j¾.
;ka;= wdldr folls'
1' c, ødjH ;ka;= 2' c, wødjH ;ka;=

298
 c, ødjH ;ka;= wka;%h ;=< oS c,h Wrdf.k msïî c,a,shla wdldrhg m;a ù ms; ne|
;nd .ekSfï yelshdj ,nd .kS' ms;a hqIfha wvx.= fldf,iagfrda,a ne| ;nd .ekSu ksid
fldf,iagfrda,a wjfYdaIKh wvq ù reêrfha fldf,iagfrda,a uÜgu wvq fõ' fuu c,
ødjH ;ka;= wvx.= wdydrj, iSks iy ix;Dma; fïo wï, wvq ksid wkshï wdldrhg
reêrfha iSks uÜgu md,kh lrhs' wêl ix;Dma; fïo wvx.= wdydr ksid we;sjk .=o ud¾.
ms<sld jeks ;;a;aj o md,kh lrhs' c, wødjH ;ka;= wka;%fha oS c,h Wrd .ekSfuka
u,j, m%udKh jeä lrk w;r" .=o ud¾.fha ixfldapk we;s lr u< øjH blauKska
YÍrfhka neyer lrhs'
;ka;= wvx.= wdydr ,nd .ekSu ksid ;ka;=j,ska wdydrfha m%udKh jeäjk neúka
blauKska Worh msÍu fya;=fjka wjfYdaIKh lrk wdydr m%udKh wvq ù YÍrhg ,efnk
le,ß m%udKh wvq fõ' wêl ;rndrelu md,kh i|yd o fuh jeo.;a fõ' tfia u ;ka;=
iys; wdydr fiñka Ô¾Kh jk ksid kej; blauKska nv.sks we;s fkdfõ'
wdydr f;aÍfï ks¾Kdhl
hï mqo.
a ,hl=g ffoksl j YÍrhg wjYH jk ish¨ fmdaIH mod¾: kshñ; m%udKj,ska
wvx.= wdydr fõ,la iunr wdydr fõ,la f,i ye|ska fõ' YÍrhg wjYH wdydr ,nd
.ekSfï oS kshñ; fmdaIK ix>gl" kshñ; m%udKj,ska ,nd .ekSu wjYH fõ'
j.=j 15'6 # (RDI)

) Y%S ,dxlsl msßñkaf.a iy ldka;djkaf.a idudkH nr

)) jryka ;=< olajd we;s ixLHdj,ska ms<sìUq flfrkafka iq`M jYfhka i;a;ajuh fm%daàk
,nk wh i|yd ks¾foaYs; wju fm%daàk m%udKhka h'
++ úI ùï ^OQ ,l ;;a;ajhka& we;s úh yels neúka fuu úgñkhkays wkqu; m%udKhka fkd
blauúh hq;= h'

299
 15'6 j.=fjka olajd we;af;a f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh 1989 oS l< fmdaIl ks¾foaYhka fõ'
hlv iemfhk uQ,hka wkqj fuys mrdih oela fõ' wdydrfh ys uq¿ Yla;s wka;¾.;fhka 25]
i;a;ajuh wdydrfhka iemfhk úg my< w.h n,mdhs' flfia fj;;a .¾NKS iy lsß fok
uõjrekag" wdydrfhka iemfhk hlv m%udKh fkdiEfya' tjeks úfgl reêrfha ysfud.af,daìka
m%udKh wkqj iqÿiq m%udKfhka w;sf¾l j hlv ,eìh hq;= h' .¾NkS iuh ;=< .; hq;=
T!Iëh hlv m%udKh osklg 60-240mg w;r mrdihlska fjkia fõ'
iEu úgu mßirfhka ,nd .kakd iajdNdúl wdydr ,nd .ekSug mqreÿ ùu b;d
jeo.;a fõ' ta ksid yels ;rï f.j;af;a j.d lrk kejqï wdydr Ndú; lsÍu YÍr
fi!LHhg b;d ys;lr fõ'
fmdaIK ix>gl j¾.
wm wdydr ,nd .kakd úg ish¨ fmdaIl ix>gl tlu wdydrhlska ,nd .; fkdyels
ksid" ish¨ fmdaIl ,nd .ekSu i|yd úúO jQ wdydr" wdydr fõ,l wvx.= úh hq;=h' fï
ksid wdydr fõ,la i|yd wdydr f;aÍfï oS fmdaIK ix>gl j¾. ish,a, kshñ; m%udKj,ska
,nd .ekSu i|yd úúO wdydr j¾. f;dard .; hq;= h'
fmdaIK ix>gl m%udK
2005 wdydr msróvh 1992 wdydr msróvh

jHdhdu
ffoksl wjYH;d
f;,a" fïoh" meKs ri lEu
wvqfjka
lsrs" fhda.Ü" Öia uia" ud¿, ì;a;r" udI
2-3 jrla 2-3 jrla
m,;=re
t<j¨ 2-4 jrla
2-5 jrla
fïoh mdka" OdkH
6-11 jrla

OdkH t<j¨ m,;=re lsrs uia" udI

170g fldamam 2'5 fldamam 2 fldamam 3 150g

rEmh 15'11 # 1992 yd j¾;udk wdydr msróv

15'11 rEmfhka olajd we;s mrsos 1992 ;snQ msróvhg wkqj wdydr fõf,ka 55 - 75] w;r
m%udKhla ldfndayhsfâ%Ü o" 15 - 30] w;r m%udKhla fïoh o" 10 - 15] m%udKhlska fm%daàka
o wvx.= úh hq;= h' tfia u hï oskla ;=< ,nd .kakd wdydrj, wvx.= ¨Kq m%udKh 5g la
fkd blauúh hq;= h' wdydr fõ, iu. .kakd iSks m%udKh wdydr fõf,ka 10] g jvd wvq
úh hq;= h' 2005 ka miq th uola ixfYdaOkhg ,la lr we; jeäysáhl= i|yd wju jYfhka
úkdä 30la o" <uhl= i|yd úkdä 30la o jHdhdu ffoksl j wjYH h'

15'2 wdydr krla ùu

wdydrhla mßfNdackhg .; fkdyels wdldrhg wm%ikak ;;a;ajhg m;a ùu fyda tys
iqrlaIs; nj ke;s ù hdu (Unsafe) ksid fi!LHhg ydkslr úh yels ;;a;ajhg wdydr m;a
ùu wdydr krla ùu hs' f,dalfha ksmojk wdydrj,ska ;=fkka tlla u krla ùu ksid
wmf;a hhs'

300
krla jQ wdydrj, ,laIK
• j¾Kh fjkia ùu yd fmdaIK .=Kh ke;s ùu
• wdl¾IKSh nj ke;s ùu ( t<j¨" m,;=re
• wdrlaIdldÍ nj ke;sùu ( úI øjH tl;= ùu
• kdkquh .;sh fyda wef,k iq¨ nj
• .kaOfh ys fjkia ùu ( wefudakshd" yhsv%cka i,a*hsâ jeks jdhq ksmoùu
• ndysr fmkqu fjkia ùu ( Wod( jhkh
• rih fjkia ùu ( uqvq ùu" weUq,a ùu
• laIqø Ôùka wdl%uKh ù ;sîu ( mdka mqia yeoSu
• wdï,sl;dj fjkia ùu
wdydr krla ùug n,mdk idOl
fN!;sl idOl
• f;;ukh
wdydrh ;=< iy msg; we;s f;;ukh wdydrfha meje;aug n,mEï we;s lrhs' wdydrhl
c,h wdldr follg we;'
1' ridhksl ixfhda. iu. ;oska ne|S we;s c,h ^ne|s c,h&
2' tu c,hg msáka we;s ,sys,a j ne÷Kq c,h ^ksoyia c,h&
fufia wdydrhlg ,sys,a j ne|S we;s c,h" c, il%sh;dj (aw) (Water activity) f,i
y÷kaj hs' fuu ksoyia c,h wdydrfha isÿ jk ridhksl m%;sl%shdjkag udOHh imhk w;r
laIqø Ôùkag ,nd .; yels jkafka o fuu c,h hs' c, il%sh;dfj ys Wmßu w.h tlla
jk w;r th wju w.hlg f.k tau u.ska wdydrfha Ôú; ld,h jeä lr .; yels h' c,
il%sh;dj ìkaÿj Y+kHh jk wjia:dj jvd iqÿiq h' OdkH" msá" wgqfldia jeks ish¨
wdydrj, wvx.= f;;uk m%udKh iuia;hla f,i wvq h' fï ksid fïjd l,la ;nd .;
yels h' fuu ksoyia c,h bj;a lsÍu úh<Su" ¨Kq fyda iSks tl;= lsÍu u.ska l< yels h'
Wl= lsß" meKs" ¨Kq foys jeks wdydrj, c,h wvx.= jqj o tys we;s ødjH m%udKh wêl ksid
laIqø Ôùkag wjfYdaIKh lr .; yels c, m%udKh wvq h' kuq;a t<j¨" m,;=re jeks
wdydrj, f;;ukh bj;a ùu ksid tys fmkqu yd jhkhg ydks isÿ úh yels h' tfia u
iuyr wdydr øjH i|yd wdydrfhka msg; we;s f;;ukh ^.nvd ia:dkfha& laIqø Ôù l%shd
fõ.j;a ùug n,mdhs'
• WIaK;ajh
WIaK;ajh by< hk úg 400C olajd iEu 100C g u ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl fõ.h
fo.=K jk nj fidhd f.k we;' fï wkqj wdydr ;=< iajdNdúl j isÿ jk ridhksl
m%;sl%shd fõ.j;a fõ' ta ksid wdydrh iajhx úfhdackhlg Ndckh jk w;r" ndysr fmkqu
fuka u fmdaIK .=Kh o fjkia fõ' WIaK;ajh jeä ùfï oS m<;=re boSu fõ.j;a jk
w;r" jeä WIaK;aj hgf;a fm%daàka wiajdNdúlrKh" úgñka úkdY ùu" ff;f,dao ì|
jeàu" f;;ukh bj;a ùu ksid wdydr úh<Su jeks wl%ñl;d we;s fõ'
b;d wvq WIaK;ajhl oS fndfyda m,;=re yd t<j¨j, mgl msmsrSu ksid j¾K fjkia
ùula isÿ fõ' Wod ( bÿKq flfi,a YS;lrKhl ;enQ úg fmd;a; ÿUqre meyehg yqre l`M
meyehla .ekSu'
• hdka;%sl ydks
fnda. wiajkq fk<Su" j¾. lsÍu" weisÍu" m%jdykh" .nvd lsÍu jeks miq wiajkq
l%shdldrlïj, oS isÿ jk r`M mßyrKh ksid t<j¨" m,;=re jeks wdydr ;e,Su" fmdä ùu"
iSÍï jeks hdka;%sl ydksj,g Ndckh fõ' tfia u laIqø Ôùka ksid isÿ jk oaú;Shsl
wdidok ksid o wdydr krla ùu fõ.j;a fõ' Wod( hdka;%sl ydksj,g ,la jQ wU" .ia,nq

301
wdoS m,;=re j¾.j,g laIqø Ôùka we;=¨ ùu ksid tajd blauKska krla fõ' fuhg wu;r
j .nvdj, oS o lDñ yd fjk;a m<sfndaO ydks isÿ úh yels h'
• ld,h
t<j¨ yd m,;=rej, wiajekak fk¿E miqj o Ôù ;;a;ajfha mj;sk neúka fïjd
Yajikh isÿ lrhs' fuu wjia:dfõ oS isÿ jk mßjD;a;Sh l%shd ksid iajdNdúl úhm;a ùu
ksid o wdydr mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ' Wod ( jegfld`M yd nKavlaldj,
fl|s .;sh jeä ùu
ridhksl idOl
• pH w.h
wdydrfha pH w.h laIqø Ôù l%shdjkag n,mdk idOlhls'
j.=j 15'7 # pH w.h wkqj wdydr j¾. lsÍu
wdydr j¾.h pH w.h WodyrK
wvq wdï,sl wdydr 5 fyda Bg jeä uia" ud¿" lsß" lerÜ" ì;a;r" iqÿ uoh
uOH wdï,sl wdydr 4'5 - 5 iqma" t<j¨
wdï,sl wdydr 3'5 - 4'5 ;lald,s
wê wdï,sl wdydr 3'5 g wvq wÉpdre" foys" fodvï

idudkHfhka laIqø Ôùka jefvkafka WodiSk pH w.hl oS ^pH 6.5 - 7.5) h' kuq;a pH
4 g fyda Bg wvq w.hl oS o laIqø Ôùka oelsh yels h' fndfyda úg wdï,sl wdydr" os,Sr u.ska
o wfkl=;a wdydr nelaàßhd u.ska o krla fõ' wdydrj, isÿ jk tkaihsóh m%;sl%shdjkag
iqÿiq pH w.hkays oS tu m%;sl%shd isÿ ùfuka o wdydr krla fõ'

• tkaihsóh l%shdldÍ;ajh
fndfyda wdydrj, iajdNdúlj u wvx.= jk úúO tkaihsu we;' fïjd" l%h s dldÍ;ajhg
ys;lr ;;a;aj ^Wod# WIaK;ajh" c,h& ,enqKq úg úúO ridhksl m%;sls%hd isÿ ù wdydrh ;=<
fjkia ùï we;s fõ' wdydrhl wvx.= jk m%Odk ix>gl jk ldfndayhsfâ%g" fm%daàk yd
fïo fuu tkaihsu l%shdldÍ;ajh ksid úúO jQ ridhksl m%;sl%shdjkag Ndckh ù wdydrfha
rih" iqj| yd j¾Kfhys fjkialï we;s lrjk úúO ixfhda. ksmojhs'
Wod( tkaihsóh ÿUqre meye ùu
• uqvq ùu (Rancidity)
f;,a yd fïo iys; wdydr tajdfha isÿ jk úúO m%;sl%shdjka ksid ridhksl j
mßydkshg m;a fõ' fï ksid wm%ikak rihla yd .kaOhla we;sjk w;r fuu l%shdj,sh
uqvq ùu f,i y÷kajhs' uqvq ùu ridhksl l%shdj,s 2lska isÿ fõ'
1' Tlaisldrl uqvq ùu (Oxidative Rancidity)
Tlaiscka u.ska we;s lrk uqvq ùu Tlaisldrl uqvq ùu hs' fndfyda úg wix;Dma;
fïo wï, we;s wdydr øjHj, Tlaisldrl uqvq ùu isÿúh yels h' fuh odu
m%;sl%shdjls' ,smsv" Tlaiscka ,ndf.k f*frdlaihsâ" yhsfv%d fmfrdlaihsâ jeks
ixfhda. wdrïNl f,i we;s fõ' miq j tajd we,aäyhsv" lSfgdak" we,afldfyd,a
jeks ixfhda. njg m;a fõ' fuu ixfhda. ksid wñysß iqj|la yd rihla we;s ùu
yd .nvd ld,h flá ùu jeks ;;a;aj we;s fõ' ;oska jeiQ Ndckj, wiqrd isis,a
w÷re ia:dkj, .nvd lsÍu" m%;T s lail
s drl tl;= lsÍu" 00C g jvd wvq WIaK;ajhl
.nvd lsÍu u.ska fuh j<lajd .; yels h' tfia u wdydr r;a lsÍu (800C/flá
ld,h& yd wdydrfha f;;ukh md,kh lsÍu jeks oE o wkq.ukh lsÍu iqÿiq h'

302
 2' c, úÉfþok uqvq ùu (Hydrolytic Rancidity)
,smsv ksoyia fïo wï, yd .a,sifrda,a njg m;a ùu c,úÉfþok uqvq ùfï oS isÿ
fõ' ;dmh" ,hsfmaia tkaihsuh u.ska fyda laIqø Ôùka u.ska o fuu l%shdj isÿ fõ'
ksoiqkla f,i fmd,a f;,a tl os.g r;a l< úg fïo wï,fha fidaähï ,jKh
iEoSu ksid we;eï fïo iys; wdydr uqvq ùu fya;=fjka inka ri we;s fõ'
wdydrj, wvx.= ,smsv c, úÉfþokh ù iEfok fïo wï, yd .a,sifrda,a ;j
ÿrg;a ì| jeà wï," we,afldfyd,a" we,äayhsv hkdosh ksmojhs' f;,aj, laIqø
Ôùka wvx.= jQ úg c, úÉfþok uqvq ùu jvd blauka fõ' ,smsv c, úÉfÉokh
ùfuka wñysß rihla yd iqj|la we;s fõ'
• meiSu
.aÆfldaia jeks ldfndayhsfâ%Ü wdydr laIqø Ôùka u.ska ì| fy<Su isÿ fõ' fuys oS
B;hs,a uoHidrh" ,elaála wï,h" CO2 jeks foa iEfoa'

• ÿUqre ùfï m%;sl%shd

wdydrj, nyq, j isÿ fõ' <d ly meyefha isg ;o ÿUqre fyda l`M meyeh olajd j¾K
fjkia ùï isÿ fõ' ÿUqre ùfï m%;sl%shd ys;lr fukau wys;lr tajd o we;'
ys;lr - ó meKs" fpdl,Ü" fílß ksIamdok" l`M f;a ksIamdok
wys;lr - m,;=rej, ÿUqre meyeh" lyg msmSu
• tkaihsóh ÿUqre ùu
t,j¨" m,;=re" uqyqÿ wdydrj, j¾K fjkia ùu we;s lrjk m%;sl%shdjls' fuu
wdydr fm;s lemSu" len,s lsÍu" fmd;a; bj;a lsÍu fyda iSÍu" ;e,Su jeks fN!;sl
ydks isÿ ùu ksid fyda tajdfha ,dlaIKsl j¾Kh fuka u rih o fjkia fõ' fuu
fjkia ùu tkaihsóh m%;sl%shd ksid isÿ jk wdydr krla ùfï m%;sM,hls'
tkaihsóh ÿUqre ùu fmd,s*Sfkda,a Tlaisfâia tkaihsuh u.ska W;afm%arKh lrhs'
fuh mSfkda,a Tlaisfâia" *Sfkdaf,aia" fudfkd*Sfkda,a Tlaisfâia" vhs*Sfkda,a
Tlaisfâia yd g%fhdaisfkaia f,i o y÷kajhs' wdydrfha we;s *Sfkda,sl ixfhda."
fmd,s*Sfkda,a ixfhda. fuu tkaihsuh u.ska TlaislrKh isÿ ù tajdg ,dlaIKsl
jQ j¾Kh" rih fjkia lsÍu isÿ lrhs' fuysoS iÔù mgl jd;hg ksrdjrKh ùu
w;HjYH h' wdydr fm;s lemSu" len,s lsÍu u.ska mglj,g ydks isÿ ù" Tlaifs âia
tkaihsuh l%shdldÍ jk w;r ydks jQ mDIagh Tlaiscka iu. .eàu ksid *Sfkda,sl
ixfhda. TlaislrKh ùu isÿ fõ' úh<s ños yd rgb|sj,g wdfõKsl j¾Kh f.k
oSug fuu tkaihsuh iu;a fõ'
legflda,a + Tlaiscka tkaihsu fnkafidlaúfkdaka
^fmd,smSfkda,a ixfhda.h& ^ÿUqre meye;s&

fuu m%;sl%shdfõ wjidk M,h lyg msmSu hs' tkaihsóh ÿUqre ùu m%;sl%shdfõ
fõ.h" mglj, we;s il%Sh fmd,s*Sfkda,a Tlaisfâia m%udKh" pH w.h" WIaK;ajh
yd mglhg ,efnk Tlaiscka m%udKh u; r|d mj;S'
tkaihsuh udOHh yd .eàu je<Elaaùu u.ska fuh md,kh l< yels h' Wod ( ;dmh
fhoSu" t,j¨ yd m,;=re áka lsÍu" ridhksl øjH ^i,a*¾ vfhdlaihsâ" weiafldaìla
wï,h" isá%la wï,h" nhsi,a*hsÜ" fugdnhsi,amhsÜ& Ndú;h" iSks ødjKhl .s,ajd
;eîu

303
 • tkaihsóh fkdjk ÿUqre ùu (Non-Enzimatic Browning)
• fu,dâ m%;sl%shdj (Millard Reaction)
wdydrhl Tlaisydrl iSks yd weuhsfkda wï, wvx.= fõ kï ;dmfha n,mEu
ksid ÿUqre meye ùu isÿ fõ' fuh odu m%;sl%shdjls' m%;sl%shdj, wjika M,h
ÿUqre meye khsg%ckSh nyq wjhúl fyda fu,fkdãka kue;s ixfhda.h iEoSu hs'
ÿUqre j¾Khg fya;=j fuh fõ' fuu j¾K úm¾hdih fndfyda ÿrg jdis iy.;
jk w;r" t,j¨ úh<Su isÿlrk úg yg .kakd j¾Kfha;a" rifha;a isÿjk
fjkialï wjdis iy.; h'
Tlaisydrl iSks + weuhsfkda wï, iSks weuhsfkda wï, ixlS¾Kh
^ÿUqre ixfhda.h&

Wod ( ud¿ mdka u;=msg ÿUqre ùu - ì;a;r idre + iSks

w, fm;s - ;hsfrdiSka + iSks
mdka yd flala u;=msg ÿUqre ùu
j<lajd .ekSu
• wdydr .nvd lr ;nk úg fyda ilia lrk úg WIaK;ajh yels ;rï wvq
lsÍu
• Tlaisydrl fkdjk iSks Ndú;h ^Wod ( iqfl%daia&
fuu ÿUqre ùfï m%;sl%shdjkag wu;r j hlv msyshla Ndú; lr t<j¨ yd
m,;=re lmk úg lemqï mDIaGh l`M meyehg fyda ÿUqre meyehg yef¾' tajdfha
we;s gekska kï ixfhda.h f,day iu. .eàu ksid f*rsla gefkaÜ (Feric
tannate) kï jQ l`M meye;s ixfhda.h ieoSfuka fufia isÿ fõ' fuúg o ndysr
fmkqu fjkiajk w;r mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;afõ hhs ie,fla'
• leru,SlrKh (Caramalization)
iqfl%daia wdï,sl fyda$úc,k ;;a;ajhla we;súg m%;sl%shd ud,djlg ,la fõ'
túg c,h bj;a fõ' 160 -1800C l muK WIaK;ajhlg r;a lsÍu u.ska fuu
l%shdj isÿ fõ' pH w.h yd WIaK;ajh jeä lsÍu u.ska m%;sl%shdj fõ.j;a l<
yels h'
-H2O
iqfl%daia leru,dka leru,ska
^j¾K fjki weröu& ^rka jka ÿUqre meyeh&

ysshqñka
ffcj idOl ^;o ÿUqre&
• laIqø Ôùka - nelaàßhd" os,Sr" hSiaÜ
• uyd Ôùka - lDka;lhka" lDóka
• laIqø Ôùka
wdydr u; jefvk laIqø Ôùka fndfyduhla we;;a" wdydr krla ùug m%Odk f,i
n,mdkqfha úIufmdaIS nelaàßhd" os,Srh yd hSiaÜ h' laIqø Ôùkaf.a Yla;s wjYH;d ,nd
.kafka wdydrfha wvx.=jk fmdaIl jk ldfndayhsfâ%Ü" fm%daàka" fïo jeks ixfhda. j,sks'
laIqø Ôùka úiska i%djh lrk weuhsf,aia" fm%daáfhaia" ,hsfmaia jeks nysIa ffi,Sh tkaihsu
u.ska wdydrfha wvx.= m%Odk fmdaIl ix>gl fjkia ùulg ,la fõ' fï ksid wdydrfha
ridhksl yd fN!;sl .=K fjkia fõ'

304
laIqø Ôùka u.ska wdydrfha isÿ jk ridhksl yd fN!;sl úm¾hdi
(i) mQ;sNjkh (Putrefication)
uia" ud`M jeks fm%daàk nyq, wdydr u; jefvk nelaàßhd i%djh lrk tkaihsu u.ska
fm%daàka c, úÉfþokh lr weuhsfkda wï,j,g ^isiaàka" fu;hskSka& wu;r j
weók" wefudakshd yd yhsv%cka i,amhsâ idohs' fuh mQ;sNjkh hs' fm%daàka nyq,
wdydr jeä fõ.hlska krla ùug ,la fõ'
fm%daàkuh wdydr fm%daàfhda,sál weuhsfkda wï, + weók
laIqø Ôùka wefudakshd + yhsv%cka i,amhsâ
(ii) meiSu
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü idudkH c, úÉfþokfha oS ,efnkafka ir, iSks h' kuq;a tajd
wï," uoHidr yd jdhq njg m;a ùfï l%shdj,sh meiSu hs'

ielfrd,sál wï, + uoHidr + jdhq

ldfndayhsfâ%Ü wdydr
laIqø Ôùka ^,elaála wï,h + t;fkda,a + CO2&
(ii) uqvq ùu
laIqø Ôùka u.ska ,smsv tajdfha ;ekqï tall njg ì| fy,Sfï l%shdj,sh hs'
,sfmda,sál laIqø Ôùka
,smsvuh wdydr fï o wï, + .a,sifrda,a

laIqø Ôùka u.ska wdydr krla ùu g n,mdk idOl

• ndysr idOl - ^wdydrh .nvd lrk ia:dkfha& WIaK;ajh" idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj" jd;h
• wNHka;r idOl - ^wdydrh yd iïnkaO idOl&
pH w.h" f;;uk m%udKh" fmdaIH mod¾:" TlaislrK" TlaisyrK úNjh

j.=j 15'8 ( laIqøÔù j¾Okh i|yd uQ,sl wjYH;d

wjYH;dj nelaàßhd os,Sr hSiaÜ
c,h + + +
Tlaiscka + fyda - + fyda - + fyda -
WIaK;ajh 7 - 550C 25 - 300C 25 - 300C
pH 4-7 2-8 4 - 4.5

15'8 j.=fjka meyeos,sjk mßos ish¨ u laIqø Ôùkaf.a m%Yia; j¾Okh i|yd c,h
wjYH h' fndfyda fokl=g Tlaiscka o wjYH h' nelaàßhd yd hSiaÜ iq¿ fldgilg
muKla ks¾jdhq ;;a;aj hgf;a Ôj;a úh yels h'
ndysr idOl
• WIaK;ajh
tla tla laIqø Ôùka l%shd;aul jk WIaK;aj fndfyda ÿrg fjkia h' wvq WIaK;aj
;;a;aj hgf;a oS laIqø Ôù l%shdldÍ;ajh wvqjk ksid wdydr krla ùu fyñka isÿ fõ' hï
iSudjla olajd WIaK;ajh jeä ùu;a iu. laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh yd l%shdldÍ;ajh jeä ù
wdydr krla ùfï iS>%;dj jeä fõ'
• idfmalI
a wd¾ø;dj
idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj by< mßirhl oS .nvd lrk ,o úh<s wdydr mjd krla úh yels
h' fuhg fya;=j mßirfhka f;;ukh Wrd .ekSfuka wdydrh laIqø Ôù j¾Okhg iqÿiq
;;a;ajhg m;a ùu hs' úfYaIfhka idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj by< hk úg os,Sr j¾Okh fõ.j;a
fõ'

305
wNHka;r idOl
wdydrh l pH w.h" wvx.= f;;uk m%udKh yd tys wvx.= fmdaIl m%udKh u; laIqø
Ôùkaf.a n,mEu fjkia úh yels h' wdydrfha wvx.= fmdaIl u; tys jefvk laIqø
Ôùkaf.a o¾Y yd ixLHdj ;SrKh fõ' fmdaIl nyq, wdydr u; laIqø Ôù o¾Y jeä .Kkla
j¾Okh úh yels w;r fõ.j;a j¾Okh yd .=Kkh ksid fujeks wdydr blaukska krla
fõ' Wod ( uia" ud`M" ì;a;r
• Tlail
s rK Tlaiy
s rK úNjh îcdkq ish,a,
w¨;a u wdydrhl Tla i s l rK úkdY fõ
TlaisyrK úNjh b;d wvq h' fï ksid
ndysßka wdydrh ;=<g Tlaiscka úirKh
kj;S' kuq;a wdydrh r;a lsÍula fyda hdka;l
s% fndfyda nelaàßhd
ydks h la is ÿ ù we;s úg Tla i s l rK yd îcdkq úkdY fõ
TlaisyrK úNjh by< hdu ksid Tlaiscka
we;=¿ ùug mgka .kS' túg iajdhq yd
wvq j¾Ok
ffjl,ams; laIqø Ôùka wdydrhg we;=`M ù fõ.h
wdydr myiqfjka krla fõ'
YS>% j¾Ok .=Kkkh fõ.j;a
wdydr krla ùug n,mdk laIqø Ôùka fõ.h ù OQ,l ksmojhs
• nelaàßhd
wvq j¾Ok
tal ffi,sl Ôùka h' kejqï lsß u; fõ.h
nelaàßhd j¾Okh ksid tys wdfõKsl laIqø Ôùka wdydr úI ùu
.kaOh" rih" ndysr fmkqu fjkia fõ' uia" wl%sh ùu we;s lrk fndfyda
ud`M u; nelaàßhd jeãu ksid ÿ.| yeóu" nelaàßhd wl%h
s
u;=mgs fij, we;s ùu wdosh isÿ fõ' wdydr ;;a;ajh g m;a fõ
krla ùu isÿ lrk nelaàßhd wdidos;
wdydrj,ska frda.S ;;a;aj we;s fkdjQj o
jHdêckl nelaàßhd u.ska frda.S ;;a;aj
we;s lrhs' Wod ( Salmonella botulinum
rEmh 15'12 # úúO WIaK;aj hgf;a
laIqø Ôù l%shdldrs;ajh
j.=j 15'9 # wdydr krla ùu isÿ lrk nelaàßhd úfYaI lSmhla i|yd WodyrK
nelaàßhd úfYaIh wdydr j¾.h krla ùfï iajNdjh
Pseudomonas spp. l=l=`M uia fld< meye ùu
Lactobacillus spp. lsß weUq,a ùu
Streptococcus spp. lsß krla ùu
Micrococcus spp. yeï" fílka" weUq,a ùu
fílß wdydr j¾Kh fjkia ùu ^r;= mdg&
Micrococcus spp. fidfiacia j¾. weUq,a ùu

• os,Sr
tal ffi,sl ^hSiaÜ& yd nyq ffi,sl Ôùka fõ' ^mqia$fuda,aâ& fïjdg wdï,sl yd
úh<s ;;a;aj ord .; yels h' wdydr u; hSiaÜ ffi, jeãu ksid wdydr wdydr krla ùu
isÿ jqj o úI ùula isÿ fkdfõ' wêl iSks idkaøKhla iys; wdï,sl wdydr u; hSiaÜ jeãu
ksid tajd meiSug Ndckh fõ' Wod( m,;=re hqI

306
 mqia j¾. wksjd¾h iajdhq Ôùka ldKavhls' mshú weig fkdfmfkk" wdydrfha
u;=msg muKla j¾Okh ù wdydrh u; me;sÍ hk ishqï frdau jeks øjH mqia f,i y÷kajhs'
fïjd wdydrh u; úúO j¾Khkaf.ka oelsh yels h' m,;=re hqI wdoS iSks iys; wdï,sl
wdydr j¾. u; mqia nyq, j jeãu isÿ fõ' túg wdydrfha fmdaIK .=Kh wvqjk w;r
j¾Kh" rih" jhkh" ndysr fmkqu fjkia fõ' wdydr krla ùu isÿ lrk mqia j¾. ;dm
ixfõoS jk w;r" c,h kgk WIaK;ajfha oS úkdY fõ'
` j.=j 15'10 ( wdydr krla ùu i|yd n,mdk os,Sr i|yd WodyrK
os,Sr úfYaIh wdydr j¾.h krla ùfï iajNdjh
Penicillium spp. t<j¨" m,;=re" fidfiacia ks,a meye;s mqia ne|Su

Aspergillus spp. t<j¨" m,;=re" fidfiacia" l¿ meye;s mqia ne|Su

fílß wdydr" OdkH msá
Mucor spp. .ia,nq" wU" m`Mÿ jQ ì;a;r" w`M meye;s mqia ne|Su
fílß ksIamdok ^f;; mdka&"
uia" ud`M" Öia
Saccharomyces spp. iSksu h wdydr meiSu u.ska uoHidr ieoSu

• uyd Ôùka
lDóka yd mDIaG jxYSkaf.a n,mEu ksid o wdydrj, .=Kd;aul nj wvq fõ'
óhka yd lDóka - OdkH" udI fnda." úh<k ,o t<j¨" m,;=re" w, wdosh fuu
i;=ka wdydrhg .ekSu fuka u u< øjH tl;= ùu u.ska o
.=Kd;aul njg ydks isÿ fõ'
l=re,a,ka - bÿKq m,;=re" t<j¨ yd OdkHj,g ydks lrhs' ndysr fmkqug
fuka u .=Kd;aul njg o ydks isÿ fõ'
fuhg wu;r j j÷rka" ß,jqka" jjq,ka jeks i;=ka wdydr isÿre lsÍu" iemSu ksid laIqø
Ôùkag we;=,a ùu myiq fõ'
wdydr krla ùfï wys;lr m%;sM,
1' wdydr wdidokh (Food infection)
wm .kakd wdydrfha jQ laIqø Ôùka wdydrh;a iu. YÍr .; ùu ksid frda. we;s ùu
wdydr wdidokh f,i y÷kajhs' wdydr wdidokh ksid frda. lsysmhla kï"
• Salmonellosis (Typhoid Fever)
Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi jeks laIqø Ôùka uia" ì;a;r" wdoS wdydr
iu. YÍr .; ùfuka fuu frda.h je<f|a'
• fld<rdj (Vibriosis)
Vibrio cholerae , Vibrio parahaemolyticus nelaàßhd u.ska wdidokh fõ'
2' wdydr úI ùu
laIqø Ôùka wdydr u; j¾Okh ùfï oS úI iys; mßjD;a;Sh M, i%djh lrhs' ¥Is;
wdydr .kakd mqoa.,hl= fuu úI øjH ksid frda.S úh yels h' fuu frda. ,laIK
wdudYh" l=vd wka;%h yd uyd wka;%h wdY%s; j olakg ,efí' Wor fõokdj" mdpkh"
jukh" WK frda. ,laIK fõ'
Wod ( • Clostridium botulinum - wdydr u; j¾Okh ùfï oS ksmojk iakdhq úI
307
 u.ska frda.h we;s fõ'
• Aspergillus flavus - OdkH" f;,a iys; îc yd fndfyda wdydr u; jefvk
fuu os,Sr b;d úI iys; ixfhda. ksmojhs' fïjd we*a,fgdlaiSka
(Aflatoxin) f,i y÷kajk w;r" laIr S mdhSkf
a .a ms<l
s d we;s lsÍu" wlaudfõ
mglj, fjkialï we;s lsÍu isÿ lrhs' wid;añl;dj o we;eï wjia:dj,
urKh isÿ lrhs'
3' wdydrj, rih" fmkqu" j¾Kh" iqj| fjkia ùu ksid mßfNdackhg .; fkdyels ùu
Wod ( • lsß iys; wdydrj, ,elafgdaia meiSu ksid weUq,a rila we;s ùu
• os,Sr j¾Okh ùu ksid wdydr u; fl|s;su h iajrEmhla yd nelaàßhd
ksid kdkquh .;shla we;s ùu
Wod # Erwinia carotovora nelaàßhdj lerÜ kdkquh iajNdjhlg m;a
lsrSu
4' laIqø Ôùka ksid jk ridhksl fjkialï ksid j¾Kh fjkia ùu
Wod ( • ì;a;r l`M fyda fld< meye ùu
Proteus spp u.ska ksmojk H2S fyda Pseudomonas fluorescens u.ska
idok c, ødù j¾Kl ksid fuh isÿ fõ'
• ilial< uia fld< meye ùu
Lactobacillus fyda fjk;a Ôùka ksmojk yhsv%cka fmfrdlaihsâ (H2O2&
yd yhsv%cka i,amhsâ (H2S) wdydrfha wvx.= ysfud.af,dîka iu. tla
ùfuka fuh isÿ fõ'
5' fmdaIKSh nj wvq ùu
6' wdydr iqrlaIs; nj wvq ùu
7' wdydrfha fi!LHdrlaIs; nj ke;s ùu

15'3 wdydr mßrlaIKh

wdydrj, fmdaIK .=Kh" jhkh" rih yd fmkqu wdoS .=Kd;aul ,laIK yels ;dla
fkdfjkia j mj;ajd .ksñka" krla ùug n,mdk idOl lD;S%u j md,kh lr .ksñka"
kdia;sh j<ld" wdydr l,a ;nd .ekSfï yd yeisrùfï l%shdj,sh wdydr mßrlaIKh hs'
wdydr mßrlaIKfha jeo.;alu
• .=Kd;aul jYfhka Wiia tfy;a blaukska krla jk iq¨ lsß" uia" ud`M" t<j¨"
m,;=re jeks wdydr l,a;nd .; yels ùu
• tla ld,hlg muKla úYd, f,i wiajkq ,nd fok fnda.j, wiajekak jir mqrd
u mßfNdackhg .; yels ùu
• ukaofmdaIKfhka fmf<k ck ixLHdj wvq lr.; yels ùu
• w;sßla; ksIamdok ixrlaIKh u.ska kdia;sh wju ù f.dúhdg jdis ,eîu
• krla jQ wdydr mßfNdackfhka isÿ jk frda. je<|Su" úI YÍr .; ùu j<lajd.;
yels ùu
• fmdaIHodhS wdydr jir mqrd idOdrK ñ,lg ,nd .; yels ùu
• laIKsl wdydr f,i ilia l< yels ùu
• úúO rij,ska hq;a wdydr ksIamdokh l< yels ùu
• wdydrj, fmkqu fjkia l< yels ùu' Wod ( fldaka *af,alaia

308
 • wdydrj, nr yd mßudj wvq l< yels ksid .nvd lsÍu myiq ùu Wod ( úh<s wdydr
• fmdaIK .=Kh jeä lr .; yels ùu'
• tlsfkl fmdaIK wjYH;d wkqj wdydr ielish yels ùu
Wod ( <ore wdydr j¾." fïo rys; wdydr j¾.
• jeämqr ksmojk m%foaYj,ska tu ksIamdok fkdlrk m%foaYj,g ksIamdok heùug
yels ùu
• úúO ksIamdok l¾udka; ìys ùu u.ska /lshd iemhSu i|yd wjia:djla ,eîu
• mdßfNda.sl reÑhg wod< j wdydr úúOdx.slrKh l< yels ùu
Wod ( kejqï lsßj,ska lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok iEoSu" m,;=rej,ska cEï" fldaäh,a iEoSu
• wdydrj, fjf<|fmd< ñ, WÉpdjpkh wvq ùu
• úúO reÑlïj,g .e<fmk mßos wdydr ielish yels ùu
• ieliSfï l%uj,ska wmf;a hk w;=re M, fjk;a l¾udka;j,g fhdod .; yels ùu
Wod( i;a;aj wdydrj,g lsß msá wmf;a hdï fhdod .kshs'
wdydr mßrlaIK uQ,O¾u
• tkaihsu wl%sh lsÍu
fndfyda wdydr øjHj, iajdNdúlj u úúO tkaihsu j¾. we;' ys;lr ;;a;aj
hgf;a fuu tkaihsu l%shdldÍ ùfuka wdydrh ;=< fndfyda fjkialï we;s lrhs' wdydrfha
wvx.= jk m%Odk fmdaIH mod¾: jk ldfndayhsfâ%Ü" fm%daàka yd fïo" tkaihsu u.ska úúO
jQ ridhksl m%;sl%shdjkag Ndckh fõ' tu.ska wdydrfha rih" .kaOh" j¾Kh wdosfh ys
fjkia ùï we;s lrhs' Wod ( fmd,a f;,a uqvq ùu" t<j¨ yd m,;=re ÿUqre meye ùu ^lyg
msmSu&" m,;=re boS fnß ùu
fï wkqj tkaihsu wl%sh lsÍu lsÍfuka by; l%shdjka j<lajd" wdydr l,a ;nd .ekSu
isÿ l< yels h' Wod ( tkaihsu wl%sh lsÍu i|yd í,dkaÖlrKh ^iqì%lrKh& isÿ lrhs'
;dmh fhoSu u.ska wdydr mßrlaIKfha oS wdydrfha wvx.= fm%daàka wiajdNdúlrKh ùu
ksid tkaihsóh l%shd wlS%h fõ'

• laIqø Ôùka wlS%h lsÍu

laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh iy .=Kkh i|yd wjYH ndysr yd wNHka;r idOl ,nd
fkdÿka úg laIqø Ôùkag Ôj;a ùug wjYH mßirhla ks¾udKh fkdjk ksid laIqø Ôùka
fõ' wdydr mßrlaIKh lsÍfï oS isÿ lrkafka thhs' úúO wdldrj,ska laIqø Ôùka wl%sh
lsÍfuka wdydr mßrlaIKh l< yels h' WIaK;aj md,kh u.ska laIqø Ôùkag wjYH
WIaK;ajh fkd,efnk w;r" úh<Su u.ska wjYH c,h fkd,efí' jdhq frdaOkh lr
ákaj, weisÍu u.ska o wjYH jd;h fkd,efí' idkaøSlrKh u.ska laIqø Ôùkaf.a c,h
bj;a lr wl%sh lrk w;r" meiùfï oS ys;lr laIqø Ôùka i%djh lrk ixfhda. u.ska"
wys;lr laIqø Ôùkag Ôj;a ùug iqÿiq udOHh wysñ lrhs'
wdydr krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka md,kh lsÍu m%Odk jYfhka l%u ;=klg
l< yels h' tkï
1' wdydrhg msg;ska laIqø Ôùka we;=¨ ùu je<elaùu
2' wdydrhg we;=¿ jQ laIqø Ôùkaf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh yd j¾Okh uev meje;aùu
3' wdydrhg we;=¿ jQ laIqø Ôùka úkdY lsÍu
mßrlaIKh lsÍu g n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wdydrj, hdka;%sl ydks isÿ jQ úg laIqø Ôùka
we;=¿ úh yels h' ta ksid hdka;%sl ydks je<elaùfuka laIqø Ôùka we;=¿ ùu md,kh l<
yels h' lsß jeks wdydr b;d msßisÿ j fodjd .ekSfuka laIqø Ôùka we;=¿ ùu wju l< yels
h'

309
• uyd Ôùkaf.a ydks wju lsÍu
OdkH" udI fnda." úh<k ,o t<j¨ yd m,;=re wdosh fndfyda úg lDó ydksj,g
myiqfjka f.dÿre fõ' OdkH yd udI fnda.j, f;;ukh 8 - 10] olajd muK wvq
lr .ekSfuka lDó ydks j<lajd .; yels h' tu.ska wdydr mßrlaIKh l< yels h'
• ridhksl l%shdldÍ;ajh je<elaùu
wdydrfha wvx.= úúO ridhksl øjHj, l%shdldÍ;ajh ksid o wdydr krla ùu isÿ fõ'
iuyr wjia:dj, úI iys; ixfhda. mjd we;s úh yels h' ta ksid fujeks ridhksl
l%shdldÍ;ajh je<elaùu wdydr mßrlaIKfha oS isÿ lrhs'

• fN!;sl ydks wju lsÍu

wdydrj, isÿjk ;e,Sï" fmdä ùï" ;=jd, ùï jeks miq wiajkq ydks je<elaùfuka
wdydr mßrlaIKh l< yels h'
mßrlaIK l%u yd ;dlaIKh
• WIaK;aj md,kh
fndfyda nelaàßhd" hSiaÜ yd os,Srj, j¾Okh i|yd 16 - 380C WIaK;aj mrdih fhda.H
fõ' laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh i|yd wjYH fuu WIaK;aj mrdih ,nd fkdoSu u.ska laIqø
Ôù j¾Okh yd l%shdldÍ;ajh md,kh lr wdydr mßrlaIKh l< yels h' ta i|yd"
1' jeä WIaK;aj Ndú;h
2' wvq WIaK;aj Ndú;h fhdod .; yels h'
1' jeä WIaK;aj Ndú;h
fuys oS laIqø Ôùkag ys;lr WIaK;aj mrdihg jvd jeä WIaK;ajhlg Ndckh lr
wdydr l,a ;nd .kS'
fï hgf;a l%u lsysmhla fhdod .kS'
• ÔjdKqyrKh
fuys oS wdydr krla ùug fya;=jk ish¨ u laIqø
Ôùka yd îcdKq úkdY fõ' fuys oS wdydrh msßisÿ
fnda;,aj, wiqrd uqød ;nd" 1200C l WIaK;ajfha 6'5cm2 g
6'8kg l mSvkhla hgf;a úkdä 15la wdydrh r;a lrkq
,efí' fuys oS ÔjdKqyrKh lrk wdydrfha wvx.= c,h
bj;a ùula isÿ fkdjk w;r wdydrfha isák ish¨ u laIqø
Ôùka úkdY flf¾' ÔjdKqqyß; wdydr" ÔjdKqyrKhg
Ndckh l< ú.i laIqø Ôùka we;=¨ ùu je<elaùu i|yd
Ndckj, wiqrd uqød ;nhs' ta ksid ÔjdKqyß; wdydrhla
ixjD; j idudkH mßir ;;a;aj hgf;a oS¾> ld,hla
^udi 8 - 12la muK& krla fkdù ;nd .; yels h'
rEmh 15'13 #
ÔjdKqyrKfha oS wdydr 1000C g jvd jeä WIaK;ajhlg Ndckh jk
ÔjdkqyrK hkaks
% ilad tys
;h
wvx.= ;dm wia:dhS úgñka jeks fmdaIl úkdY jk w;r" rih o fjkia úh yels h'
rih fjkia ùug fya;=j jkafka wdydrfha wvx.= iSks wêl WIaK;ajh hgf;a
leru,SlrKh ùu hs'
ÔjdkqyrKfha oS wdï,sl;dj wvq wdydr jeä WIaK;ajhlg o wdï,sl;dj
jeä wdydr jvd wvq WIaK;ajhlg o Ndckh lrkq ,nhs' fuhg fya;=j jkafka jeä
wdï,sl ;;a;aj hgf;a laIqø Ôù l%shdldrs;ajh wvq ùu hs' fuu l%uh u.ska l,a ;nd

310
 .; yels wdydr f,i lsß ^l,a lsß&" Ôjdkqyß; m,;=re hqI oelaúh yels h'
• meiagÍlrKh
fuu l%uh Ndú;fha oS fndfyda úg WIaK;ajh 1000C g jvd wvqfjka fhdojkq ,nk
neúka wdydrfha iajdNdúl ;;a;ajh fndfyda ÿrg fjkia ùulska f;dr j rod mj;ajd. .;
yels h' tfy;a fuys oS ÔjdKqyrKfha oS fuka fkdj wdydrfha isákd ish¨ u laIqø Ôùka
yd îcdKq úkdY fkdfõ' meiagÍlrKfha wruqK jkafka wdydr krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø
Ôù .ykh wvq lsÍuhs' meiagÍlD; ksIamdok wksjd¾hfhka u YS;lrK ;=< ^100C g wvq
WIaK;ajj,& .nvd lr ;eìh hq;= w;r tajdfha l,a ;nd.; yels ld,h iSud iys; fõ'
fndfyda úg lsß" m,;=re hqI jeks øj wdydr meiapÍlrKh lrkq ,efí' meiapÍlrKh
lrk l%u lsysmhls'
1' jeä WIaK;aj flá ld, l%uh (HTST - High Temperature Short Time)
fuys oS øj wdydr j¾. 71.70C l WIaK;ajhl ;;amr 15 la ;nhs' bkamiq
10 C WIaK;ajh olajd ú.iska isis,a lr YS;lrK ;=< .nvd lrhs' idudkHfhka
0

wdydr l¾udka;fha oS HTST l%uh Ndú; lrk w;r" ,efnk ksIamdokj, .=Kd;aul
nj by< fõ' fuu l%uhg meiagÍlrKh lsÍfuka laIqø Ôùka ixLHdj uq,ska isá
m%udKh fuka 0'00001 .=Khlska wvq fõ'
2' wvq WIaK;aj os.= ld, l%uh (LTLT - Low Temperature Long Time)
fuu l%ufha oS 62.80C WIaK;ajh l úkdä 30 la ;nhs' kej; 100C olajd
isis,a lr .nvd lr ;nkq ,efí'
fï l%u foflys oS u meiagÍlrKh lrk uq¨ ld,h ;=< u tu wod<
WIaK;ajfha u wdydrh ;eìh hq;= w;r" l%shdj,sh ueo oS WIaK;ajh wvq fkdù
taldldÍ j WIaK;ajh ,eìh hq;= h' tfia u wdydrfha iEu l=vd wxY=jla lrd u tu
WIaK;ajh ,ndosh hq;= h' meiagÍlrKfha oS frda. ldrl laIqø Ôùka fndfyduhla
úkdY fõ' Wod ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Coxiella burnetii , Salmonella spp.
meiagÍlD; wdydrhla idudkH mßirfha ;enQ úg krla jk w;r YS;lrKhl
nyd osk 7 - 10 la muK ;nd.; yels h'
• U.H.T.) l%uh
Wmß ;dm (Ultra High Temperture -
fuys oS wdydrh 140 - 150 C w;r WIaK;ajhl ;;amr lsysmhla ;nhs' wêl
0

WIaK;ajhg fndfyda fõ,djla wdydrh ksrdjrKh ùu ksid we;sjk ydks fï u.ska je<ela
fõ' fï l%uh u.ska wdydr jeä l,la iqrlaIs; j ;eìh yels h' fjf<|fmdf<a øj lsß
fmÜá f,i olakg we;af;a Wmß ;dm l%uh u.ska mßrlaIKh l< lsß j¾. fõ'
• % rKh& (blanching)
í,dkaÖlrKh ^iqîl
fuu l%shdj,sh fndfyda úg t<j¨ yd m,;=re úh<Su" áka lsÍu" wê YS; lsÍu wdoS
mßrlaIK l%uj, oS mQ¾j m%;sldrhla f,i Ndú; lrhs' í,dkaÑlrKh isÿ lrk wdldr
;=kls'
1' WKq c,h u.ska í,dkaÖlrKh (Hot water blanching)
fuys oS wdydrh WKq (1000C WIaK;ajh we;s& c,fha ñks;a;= lsysmhla .s,ajhs'
fuys oS wdydrh c,fha ;sìh hq;= ld, iSudj mßlaIKd;aul j ;SrKh lrk w;r" tys
we;s tkaihsu wlS%h jk ;=re WKq c,fha .s,ajd ;eìh hq;= h'
2' jdIam u.ska í,dkaÖlrKh (Steam Blanching)
fuys oS wdydrh yqud,hg úkdä tlla muK ksrdjrKh lrhs'
3' uhsfl%dafõõ Wÿkl wdydrh úkdä tlla muK ;eîu

í,dkaÖlrKfha jdis

311
 • wdydr øjHj, we;s iajdNdúl tkaihsu j¾. wl%sh lsÍu' fuu tkaihsu wl%sh
ùu ksid mglj, isÿjk mßjD;a;Sh l%shdj,s wl%sh fõ'
• laIqø Ôù l%shdldÍ;ajh yels ;rï ÿrg md,kh lsÍu' fuys oS mDIagh u;=msg we;s
laIqø Ôùka fndfyda ÿrg úkdY fõ'
• iajdNdúlj u wdydrj, wvx.= wys;lr rig yd iqj|g fya;=jk ridhksl
ixfhda. bj;a lsÍu isÿ fõ'
• mgl ;=< wvx.= jdhQka bj;a ùu ksid wdydrj, mßudj wvq ùfuka wdydr áka
lsÍfï oS jeä wdydr m%udKhla áka tll weisÍug yels fõ'
í,dkaÖlrKfha wjdis
• wdydrfha wvx.= c, ødjHuh ix>gl bj;a ùu
• fmdaIl fldgia ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhlska wvq ùu
• wdydrhl ;sìh hq;= úfYaIs; .=Kdx. ^Wod ( ri" iqj| jeks oE& wvq ùu
fuu wjdis fndfyduhla jdIam u.ska yd uhsfl%dfõõ Wÿka u.ska í,dkaÖlrKh
lsÍfuka u. yrjd .; yels h'
t<j¨ í,dkaÖlrKfha oS yß; j¾Kh ke;s ùu .eg¨jls' yß; m%o wKqjla ie,l+
úg tys ue.akSishï ysila yd *hsfÜÜ j,s.hlska iEÿKq jHqyhla f,i ie,fla' WIaK;ajh
jeä lsÍfuka fuu ue.akSishï ysi fjka fõ' túg wfkla fldgi *hsála wï,h njg m;a
ù wdï,sl ;;a;ajhla we;s lrhs' yß;laIh isÿ jkafka fujka wjia:djl oS h' ta ksid
í,dkaÖlrKfha oS tu wdï,sl;dj bj;a lr yß;laIh isÿ ùu je<elaùu i|yd fidaähï
nhsldnfkaÜ ^wdmam fidavd& iaj,amhla í,dkaÖlrKh isÿ lsÍfï oS Ndú; lrk WKq c,
n÷kg tla lrhs'
• ákavÍlrKh
fuys oS isÿ lrkafka WIaK;ajh läka lv iemhSu hs' wdydrh jeä WIaK;ajhlg
Ndckh lr isis,a lrkq ,efí' kej; th jeä WIaK;ajhlg Ndckh lrhs' fufia läka
lv WIaK;ajhg wdydrh Ndckh ùu ksid îcdKq úkdY ùu o laIqø Ôùka md,kh ùu o
fya;=fldg f.k wdydr mßrlaIKh l< yels h'
2' wvq WIaK;ajh fhoùu
wdydrhl WIaK;ajh wvq lsÍfuka fyda .nvd lrk mßirfha WIaK;ajh wvq lsÍu
u.ska laIqø Ôù j¾Ok fõ.h yd l%shdldÍ;ajh wvq l< yels h' WIaK;ajh 100C g jvd wvq
jQ úg laIqø Ôù j¾Ok fõ.h wvq fõ' tfia u laIqø Ôùkag l%shd;aul ùug fhda.H c,
m%udKh o wvq fõ' YS; lsÍu u.ska tkaihsóh l%shdj, fõ.h wvqjk w;r fï fya;= ksid
wdydr krla ùu wju l< yels h' wvq WIaK;aj fhdod f.k wdydr ixrlaIKh lrk l%u
3 ls'
• YS; lsÍu (Freezing)
wdydr YS; lsÍfï oS 100C g jvd wvq WIaK;ajj, wdydr mßrlaIKh lrkq ,efí'
YS;kh u.ska t<j¨" m,;=re osk lsysmhla krla fkdù ;nd .; yels w;r" m,;=re wkjYH
f,i boS hdu o fï u.ska j<lajd .; yels h' fuys oS laIqø Ôù l%shd iïmQ¾Kfhka
ksfIaOkh fkdjk w;r" tkaihsu wl%sh ùu o iïmQ¾Kfhka isÿ fkdfõ' fï WIaK;aj
mrdih ;=< laIqø Ôùka fiñka jefvk ksid krla ùfï yelshdjla mj;S' kuq;a flá
ld,Sk wdydr mßrlaIKfha oS ^.DydY%s; j& fuu l%uh fhda.H fõ' lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok"
ì;a;r" m,;=re" t<j¨ yd îu j¾. mßrlaIKh i|yd fuu l%uh WÑ; fõ'

YS; lsÍfï jdis

312
 • fmdaIK .=Kh osk lsysmhla fkdfjkia j mej;Su
• fmkqu" yevh" iqj| fkdfjkia j mej;Su
Ys; lsÍfï wjdis
• os.= l,la .nvd lr ;nd .ekSug wmyiq ùu
• laIqø Ôùka fifuka jefvk ksid krla ùfï yelshdj ;sîu
• wê YS; lsÍu (Deep Freezing)
hï wdydrhla ñfok WIaK;ajhg jvd wvq WIaK;ajhlg (-15 0C) m;a lsÍu u.ska
wdydr l,a ;nd .ekSu wê YS; lsÍu f,i ye|ska fõ' jvd;a u iqÿiq WIaK;ajh jkafka -
180C fõ' fuys oS laIqø Ôù l%shdldÍ;ajh iïmQ¾Kfhka u kj;S' ta ksid oS¾> ld,Sk
mßrlaIKh i|yd iqÿiq fõ'
wê YS; lsÍfï jdis
• oS¾> ld,hla wdydr .nvd l< yels h
• wdydrfha fmdaIK .=Kh fndfyda ÿrg wdrlaId fõ
• wdydr m%jdykh myiq lrhs
• kj wdydr j¾. ksIamdokh l< yels h' Wod ( whsia l%Sï
• jhkh jeks .=Kd;aul ,laIK oshqKq fõ' Wod ( fidahd whsia l%Sï
wê YS;kfha wjdis
• fm%daàka wiajdNdúlrKh ùu
• úgñka j¾. úkdY ùu
• ffi, úkdY ùu
• wdydrh u; ÿUqre mq,a,s iEoSu (Freeze burns)
• wêl uqo,la jeh ùu
• laIqø Ôùka iïmQ¾Kfhka úkdY fkdùu
• úc,kh ùu ksid nr wvq ùu
• j¾Kh fjkia ùu' Wod ( uia ÿUqre meyehg yef¾
• c, Odß;dj wvq ùu
• wdydrj, oeä njla we;s ùu
• YS; úh<Su (Freeze drying/Lyophilization)
fuh oekg y÷kajd oS we;s kùk;u l%uhls' YS; úh<Sfï oS úc,k l%shdjla isÿ fõ'
fuys oS wdydrh m<uq j wê YS;khg Ndckh lr laIKhlska tys we;s c,h hdka;%slj
W!¾Ojmd;kh u.ska >k wjia:dfõ isg jdhq wjia:dj olajd m;a lrhs'
YS; úh<Sfï jdis
• wdydrh m%jdykh i|yd WÑ; wdldrhg m;a lsÍu
• wdydrhl .=Kd;aul nj fndfyda ÿrg wdrlaId lr .; yels ùu
YS; úh<Sfï wjdis
• wêl úhoï iys; ksid Ndú;h wmyiq ùu
• úc,kh
úc,kh hkq WIaK;ajh yd wd¾ø;dj md,kh lr wdydrfha wvx.= ksoyia c,h bj;a
lr laIqø Ôù l%shdlsrs;ajh wju lsÍu hs' fï i|yd úc,k hka;% Ndú; lrhs' tfia u
wdydrfha wvx.= c,h bj;a ùu u.ska tkaihsu l%shdldÍ;ajh o wju jk ksid wdydr
mßrlaIKh ld¾hlaIu j isÿ fõ' wdos ld,fha isg u wdydr mßrlaIKh i|yd Ndú; l<
l%uhla f,i úc,kh oelaúh yels h'
úc,kfha jdis

313
• wdydr øjHfha nr yd m%udKh wvq ùu
• weiqreï lsÍug myiq ùu
• m%jdykh myiq ùu
• Ndú;hg myiq ùu
úc,kfha wjdis
• wêl WIaK;ajhg Ndckh ùu ksid fmdaIl fldgia úkdY ùu
• Ndú; lrk l%uh wkqj úh<k ,o wdydrfha rih" j¾Kh jeks mdßfNda.sl reÑl;ajh
jeä lsÍug fya;=jk idOlj,g n,mEï we;s úh yels ùu
úh<Su
wdydrfh wvx.= ksyia ch bj;a lr laIqø Ôù l%shdldß;ajh wu lsÍu fuys § isÿ
flf¾'
(i) iQ¾h ;dm úh,kh
wdos ld,fha f.daks" meÿrej, w;=rd OdkH" t<j¨" m,;=re úh<Su isÿ l< w;r"
j¾;udkfha oS o fï l%uh Ndú; fõ' iq<`. ;Èka we;s úg úh<Su fõ.j;a fõ'
újD; w;=reKq u; úh<Sfï jdis
• wvq úhoï l%uhla ùu
wjdis
• wmøjH ñY% ùu Wod ( ¥ú,s" i;=kaf.a wmøjH
• i;=kaf.ka ydks isÿ ùu
• jeis iys; ld,.=K ;;ajhl oS Ndú;h wmyiq ùu
fuu wjdis u. yrjd .ekSu i|yd iQ¾h ;dm úh<kh (Solar Dryer) Ndú;hg
.eksKs' fuys oS újD; úh<Sula isÿ fkdjk w;r ixjD; WmlrKhla ;=< úh<Su isÿ fõ'
fï u.ska jvd msßisÿ úh<s wdydrhla ,nd .; yels h'
iQ¾h ;dm úh<kfha isoaOdka;h
fuu úh<kfha we;s pin head glass fyda mdroDYH fmd,s;Ska yryd iQ¾h Yla;sh flá
;rx. f,i .uka lrk w;r" l`M mdg wdf,am lrk ,o ;yvqj tajd wjfYdaIKh lr os.=
;rx. f,i uqod yÍ' fïjd pin head glass fyda mdroDYH fmd,s;Ska yryd .uka fkdlrk
w;r fï ;=< ;dmh jeä fõ' fuys f,dayh r;a ùu ksid f,dayh yd .efgk jdhq wxY=
ikakhkh u.ska r;a fõ' r;a jQ jdhq wxY= ixjyk Odrd f,i by< k.S' fuu jdhq Odrd
oe, yryd by< .uka lrk úg tys ;ekam;a lr we;s wdydr øjHj, wvx.= c,h jdIaml S rKh
ù bj;a fõ' fuys we;=<; WIaK;ajh ysre t<sh fyd|ska we;s oskj, oS 800C olajd jqj o jeä
úh yels h'

iQ¾h ;dm úh<kh idok wdldrh

mshk iys; ldâfndaâ fmÜáhla u; l`M mdg wdf,am lrk ,o glrula ;nd th u;
pin head glass tl ;nd wdjrKh lrhs' fmÜáfh ys yria w;g ljq`Mjla ;nd ta yryd jd;h
ixirKh ùug i,iajhs' ^fuu ljq`Mj md,kh l< yels wdldrhg ilia l< yels h'&

314
 rEmh 15'14 # iQ¾h ;dm úh<k
fuu fldgi oe,a .eiQ Ññksh iys; fldgig iïnkaO lrhs' oe,a .eiQ rdlal u; úh<Sug
wjYH øjH w;=rd ;nhs' wdydr øjH yd iQ¾h ;dm m%udKh wkqj úh<Sug .kakd ld,h
fjkia úh yels h'
• iEu úg u hdka;%sl ydks isÿ fkdjQ kejqï t<j¿ úh<Su
t<j¿ f;dard.; hq;= h'
t<j¿
• t<j¿j, we;s wmøjH bj;a lsÍu i|yd
msßisÿ c,fhka fiaosh hq;= h' f;aÍu
• wjYH m%udKhg iy yevhg lemsh hq;= h'
ÿUq r e meye ùu je<ela ù u i|yd u, msßisÿ lsÍu$fia§u
fkdnef|k jdfka msys" hlv msys fjkqjg
Ndú; l< hq;= h' fmd;= bj;a lsÍu

• yels ;rï ;=kSjg fm;s lmd.; hq;= w;r" fm;s fyda ;Sre f,i lemSu
fm;sj, >klu taldldÍ ùfuka ish¨ u
len,s tl u fõ,dfõ úh<kfhka bj;alr í,dkaÖlrKh$fidaähï nhsldnfkaÜ fh§u
.; yels h'
• í,dkaÖlrKh lsÍu i|yd .; jk ld,h ;Ügqj, weisÍu
t<j¨ j¾.h wkqj fjkia fõ'
iQ¾h ;dmk úh<kfha úh<Su
Wod ( lrú, yd jïngq W;=rk c,fha úkdä
8la muK o lerÜ" fndaxÑ yd jÜglald úh¿ t<j¿
úkdä 2 - 3 la o .s,ajd ;eìh hq;= h'
yß;laIh je<elaùu i|yd W;=rk
c,hg fidaähï nhsldnfkaÜ ^wdmam fidavd& iaj,amhla tl;= l< hq;= h'
• í,dkaÖlrKh l< miq c,h fírd bj;a l< hq;= h'
• t<j¨ len,s úh<Su i|yd iQ¾h ;dm úh<kh Ndú; l< yels h' t<j¨ j¾.h wkqj
úh<Su i|yd .; jk ld,h fjkia fõ'
• t<j¨j, wvx.= c, m%udKh 7] - 8] olajd wvq l< hq;= h'
• úh<k ,o t<j¨ c, m%;sfrdaë weiqreïj, weisßh hq;= h'
(ii)úisß úh<Su ^Spray drying&&
fuu l%uh øj lsßj,ska úh<s lsß msá iEoSfï oS Ndú; fõ' lsß úh<Su i|yd
fkdfhl=;a kj ;dlaIKhka Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fï i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk l%u folls'
• úh<s biakd l%uh
• frda,¾ l%uh

315
úh<s biakd l%uh
fuu l%ufha oS jeä
mS v khla iys ; j ls ß
k<hla osf.a n÷k fj;
tjkq ,efí' l=àrh ;=<g
fhduq jk k<h fl<jr
l=vd keisks we;' fuu
keiskjs ,ska lsß" l=vd ì|s;s
f,i úis r jk q (Spray) ,efí'
rEmhfuys
15 15 oS# úh<s
WKqibia
qïkjd;
djla
Odrdjla heùu u.ska lsßj, rEmhwe;s c,h
15 16 # jdIa
frda,mrhla
lr bj;a lrhs' my< fldgfia we;s n÷fkka
lsß msá tl;= lr .kq ,efí' lsß úisrjkq ,nk keisksj, yevh wkqj iEfok lsß msá
wxY=j, yevh ;SrKh fõ' lsß msá idok úg lsß" isyska rjqï ì|s;s f,i ksl=;a ùug wjYH
keisks fhdokq ,efí' idudkH lsß msá iEoSfï § fuu lsß msá wxY= fjka fjkaj msysgk
w;r" tajdfha c, ødjH;dj wvq fõ' kuq;a laIKsl lsß msá iEoSfï oS lsß msáj,g f,is;Ska
iaj,amhla tl;= lrkq ,efí' túg wxY= f,is;Ska u.ska ne|S lsß msáj, øjH;dj jeä lrhs'
lsß msáj, .=Kd;aul nj flfrys n,mdk idOl lsysmhls'
• WIaK;ajh
• úh<Sug fmr Ndú; lrk lsßj, .=Kd;aul nj
• lsß msáj, wvx.= f;;uk m%udKh
• idkaøSlrKh$ wdi%e;s úc,kh
m,;=re" t<j¨ wdosh ixrlaIK l%shdj,sfha oS fuu l%uh fndfyda úg Ndú; flf¾'
idkaø iSks" ¨Kq" meKs ødjK ;=< wdydrh .s,ajd lsishï ld,hla ;eîfuka wdi%e;s úc,kh
ksid wdydrfha we;s c,h fuu ødjK ;=<g we;=¨ fõ' tu.ska wdydrfha l%shdldÍ c,
m%udKh wvq ùu ksid tkaihsóh fyda laIqø Ôù l%shdldÍ;ajh md,kh flfrhs'
idkaø ødjKj, .s,ajd ;eîfuka laIqø Ôùkaf.a ndysrdi%e;sh u.ska c,h msg;g
meñKSfuka wl%Sh fõ' tfia u laIqø Ôùkag Ôj;a úh fkdyels mßirhla ksid wdydrh u;
jeãu o md,kh fõ' idkaøSlrKh u.ska wdydrfha c, m%udKh 15- 20] la olajd muK
wvq fõ' idkaøSlrKfha oS my; oelafjk l%u fndfyda úg wkq.ukh flf¾'
(i) ¨Kq tl;= lsÍu
fuys oS o wêl ¨Kq idkaøKh ksid laIqø Ôùkag wjYH udOHh fkdue;s ùu fuka
u laIqø Ôùka ;=< jQ c,h ndysrdi%e;sh u.ska bj;a ùfuka wdydrh mßrlaIKh fõ' Wod (
¨Kq foys" cdä

(ii) iSks tl;= lsÍu

fuys oS wdydrh iSks isrma ødjKhl .s,aùu u.ska mßrlaIKh lrhs' tu.ska laIqø
Ôùkag wys;lr mßir ;;a;aj we;s ù úkdY fõ' iSks tl;= lsÍu u.ska m,;=re" b`.=re jeks
øjH o mßrlaIKh l< yels h'
iSks tl;= lsÍu u.ska wdydr mßrlaIKfha oS .eg¨ o we;s úh yels h' iSks c,h
wjfYdaIKh lrhs' ndysr mßirfha isákd laIqø Ôùkag ^Wod ( hSiaÜ& Ôj;a ùug wjYH
muK c, m%udKhla we;s úg iSks udOHh ;=< Tjqka Ôj;a fjñka meiSfï l%shdj,sh isÿ fõ'
tu l%shdj,sh u.ska uoHidr yd ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ksmojk ksid wdydrfha wm%ikak

316
rihla yd iqj|la we;s úh yels h' ta ksid iSks fhoSfuka mßrlaIKh lrk wdydr ixjD;
Ndck ;=< .nvd lr ;eìh hq;= h' fï wdldrhg mßrlaIKh l< wdydrj,g WodyrK
f,i cEï" pÜks" fldaäh,a oelaúh yels h'
wU pÜks ksIamdokh
wjYH wuq øjH
bÿKq wU 450g iSks 250g
úkdlsß fnda;,a 1$2 ñßia l=vq 30g
iqÿ Ækq 15g wuq b`.=re 15g
wjYH muK ¨Kq
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
• meiS bÿKq m,;=re f;arSu
• wU fidaod fmd;= bj;a lsÍu wU
• isyska fm;s lemSu
f;aÍu
• wuq b`.=re" iqÿ ¿Ekq yd ñßia l=vq
úkdlsß iu. wUrd wU len,s iu. msßisÿ lsÍu$fia§u
ñY% lr .ekSu
• ,sm ;eîu i|yd tkeu,a Ndckhlg fmd;= bj;a lsÍu
ñY%Kh oeóu
isyska fm;s lemSu
• b;sß úkdlsß yd ¨Kq ñY% lsrSu úkdls ß iu. wuq bÕ=re"
weUÍu
ñY% lsÍu iqÿ¿Ekq" ñßia l=vq
• ,sm ;nd msiSu
• ,S yekaol wdOdrfhka ñY% lsÍu yd
Ndckhlg oeóu úkdlsß" ¨Kq
wU len,s fmdä lsrSu
ñY% lsÍu
• iSks ñY%lr ñY%Kh u|la >k jk msiSu
;=re ;eîu
• ,sfmka bj;a lr riakh ;sìh oS u len,s fmdä lsÍu iSks tl;= lsÍu
ÔjdKqyß; fnda;,aj, .nvd lsÍu
ðjdKqyß; fnda;,aj, msrùu
(iii) meKs tl;= lsÍu
fuys oS wdydrfha iSks idkaøKh jeä
lsÍu u.ska iSks oeófï oS fuka u laIqø Ôùkag wys;lr mßirhla f.dv kef.a' wdydr
ixjD; Ndck ;=< .nvd lr meiSfï l%shdj,g n÷ka ùu je<elaúh hq;= h'

• meiùu
fuu l%ufha oS iuyr úfYaIs; laIqø Ôùka wdydr u; j¾Okh ù" wfkl=;a wys;lr
laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh kj;d,Sug iu;ajk úúO ridhksl ixfhda. we;s lsÍu isÿ lrkq
,efí' fuu ridhksl ixfhda. ksid wdydrfha .=Kd;aul Ndjh ^Wod ( fmdaIK ;;a;ajh"
meyeh" rih" .kaOh" jhkh& jeä oshqKq fõ'

317
 meiùfï l%shdj,sh uQ,slj u wdldr ;=kls'
(i) ,elaála wï, meiùu
fuys oS my; i|yka l%shdj,sh isÿ fõ'

,elafgdaia kï vhs ielrhsvh u; nelaàßhd l%shd lsÍfuka ,elaála wï,h idohs'

úúO ksIamdok ^Wod # Öia" fhda.Ü" uqojdmq lsß& iEoSfï oS fuu meiSfï l%shdj,sh Wmfhda.S
lr .kS' fuys oS ksmojk ,elaála wï,h ksid udOHfha pH w.h wvq fõ' túg udOHfha
isák wys;lr laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh yd l%shdldÍ;ajh k;r ùfuka wdydr mßrlaIKh isÿ
fõ'
• Öia ^flacq&
Öia ksIamdokhg b;d os.= b;sydihla we;s w;r" fïjd úYd, jHdmdr uÜgfï fuka
u f.dúfmd< ;;a ; a j
hgf;a o ksmojkq ,efí'
f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, nelaàßhd msßisÿ lsß
flacq iEoSu msKsi t< ieliSu uqyqka ,elafgdaia" fïoh" fm%daàka j¾Kl
.jhs k a f .a ls ß Ndú; frkÜ
lrk w;r" ó .jhska" ,elaála wï,h 320C
úkdä 30
neg`Mjka yd t`Mjkaf.a
o ls ß u.s k a ks m ojk Curd ieliSu leá .eiSu
úfYaI Öia j¾. olakg msiSu - 370C
,efí' kùk ;dlaIKsl
>k fldgi fudare
oekqu Wmfhda.S lr
.ekSfï fya;=fjka úúO fjka lsrSu" ,qkq oeóu
udos,fs ha Öia j¾. rdYshla fm%daáfhaia$,hsfmaia$
wo fjf<|fmdf< ys laIqø Ôùka
olakg ,efí'
flacq ksmoùfï fïÍu # udi 2- 12" 2 - 100C
l%shdj,sfha uQ,sl jhkh" rih" iqj|" j¾Kh
isoaOdka;h jkqfha Ndú;
Öia
lrkq ,nk lsß >k yd
øj fo fldgilg fjka
lr .ekSu hs' fuu >k fldgi "Curd" kñka y÷ka
.e,Sï igyk 15'1 #jkuDÿw;r"
Öia øj
ksIamfldgi
dokfha fudare kñka
mshjr
ye|ska fõ' >k fldgfi ys lsßj, wvx.= fïo uq`Mukska u mdfya /|S mj;S' ;j o wdrïNl
lsßj, wvx.= jkakd jQ fm%daàkaj,ska 75]la muK ^flaiSka& yd Lkscj,ska 50] la muK o"
fïo ødjH lefrdàka ^úgñka A mQ¾j.h& yd wfkl=;a fïo ødjH úgñka j¾. o wka;¾.;
fõ' flacq ksmoùfï oS neyer jk fudare fldgfi ys lsßj, wvx.= ,elafgdaia" we,aìhqñka
yd c, ødjH" úgñka j¾. wvx.= h'
flacq ksmoùu i|yd by< .=Kd;aul núka hq;a msßisÿ lsß ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
tfia ,nd .;a lsß m<uq j meiapÍlrKh lsÍfuka wk;=re j ,elaála wï,h ksmoùu i|yd
Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,nk nelaàßhd uqyqka fhdokq ,efí' bka miqj frkÜ tkaihsuh
wdOdrfhka lsß leá .ikq ,efí' fuys oS ,efnkakd jQ lsß leáh Öia ksmoùu i|yd Ndú;
lrk w;r b;sß øj fldgi fudare f,i bj;a lrkq ,efí'

318
 Streptococcus lactis yd Streptococcus cremoris Öia ksmoùu i|yd bjy,a jk
nelaàßhd fõ' Öiaj,g wdfõKsl .kaOh (aroma) ,nd fokafka o fuu nelaàßhd u.sks'
fufia idod .kakd ,o Öiaj, jhkh wkqj th ;o ^fpvd¾" iaúia&" uDÿ ^,sïn¾.¾"
ì%la& yd uOHu ^leuïnrÜ& hkdoS jYfhka j¾. lrkq ,efí' tfuka u iuyr fïÍfï
l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk nelaàßhd (Lactobacillus) yd os,Sr j¾. (Penicillium spp.)
wkqj o j¾. lrkq ,efí' Öia ukdj Ô¾Kh jk" fm%daàka" fïo" le,aishï yd úgñka
wka;¾.; fmdaIKSh wdydrhls'
• fhda.Ü
fï i|yd m%Odk jYfhka t< lsß Ndú; jk w;r" tys wvx.= fïo bj;a lrkq ,efí'
fuys § fhdod .kq ,nk lsß iucd;slrKh lsÍfuka fhda.Ü i|yd jvd ukd iqixys;Ndjla
,nd .; yels h' fhda.Ü ksmoùfï oS lsß 850C WIaK;ajfha úkdä 30 l muK ld,hlaa
meiapÍlrKh lrkq ,efí' bka miq 420C WIaK;ajhg isis,a lr" thg iSks iaj,amhla
tl;= lrkq ,efí' bka wk;=re j ms<sfh, lr .kakd ,o uqyqka tl;= lrkq ,efí' fuu
uqyqkaj, wvx.= m%Odk nelaàßhd jkqfha Streptococcus thermophilus yd Lactobacillus
bulgaricus hk tajd h' fuu nelaàßhd u.ska lsßj, wvx.= ,elafgdaia" ,elaála wï,h njg
m;a flf¾' uqyqka tl;= lrk ,o lsß 420C WIaK;ajfha meh 6 - 12 la olajd muK ld,hla
îfc!IKh i|yd ;nkq ,efí' bka miq th mßfNdackh i|yd fhdod .; yels w;r osk
5 - 7 olajd ld,hla YS;lrKh ;=< .nvd lr ;nd .; yels h'

msßisÿ kejqï lsß

msá lsß$iSks 7-10]
lsß ñY%Kh

kgjd ksjd .;a lsß ñY%Kh

uqyqka tl;= lsÍu meiagÍlrKh lrk ,o j¾Kl
b;d fyd|ska l,;d .;a fhda.Ü ñY%Kh

iqÿiq n÷kaj,g j;a lr jeiSu

ìfc!IK l=àrh ;=< ;eîu

40-450C WIaK;ajfha meh 4-6 la ;eîu

10 0C WIaK;ajfha .nvd lsÍu

.e,Sï igyk 15'2 fhda.Ü ksIamdokfha mshjr

fhda.Ü ksIamdok l%shdj,sh

wjYH wuqøjH # msßisÿ kejqï lsß 1l

iqÿ iSks 100g
uqyqka 25- -30 ml
jeks,d iaj,amhla
j¾Kl ^ì;a;r ly uofha mdg& iaj,amhla
fhda.Ü idok fldamam 9 la

319
idok l%uh
• lsß WKq lsÍu' ta i|yd oaú;aj ì;a;s iys; Ndckhla Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu jvd fhda.H
fõ' ^lsß WKq ùfï oS we;s jk leru,SlrK l%shdj,sh ksid we;s jk wñysß rih
j<lajd .ekSu i|yd&
• bkamiq fmrkhla Ndú;fhka lsß fmrd .ekSu
• iqÿ iSks tl;= lr 900C WIaK;ajfha úkdä 5la fyda 850C WIaK;ajfha úkdä 30la
;eîu' ^WIaK;ajudkhla fkdue;s úgl oS lsß fmk k.sñka W;=rk wjia:dj miq lr
fmk fkdue;s j kgk f;la ye|s .dñka r;a l< hq;= h' fuys oS lsßj, wvx.= c,h
hï m%udKhla jdIam ù lsß ;rul Wl= .;shla oefka'&
• iïmQ¾K fhdoh iys; lsß Ndú; lsÍfï oS r;a lr ksfjkakg ;sfnk úg u;=msg
fhdoh ñfok neúka ;=ka jrla muK ñfok fhdoh bj;a lsÍu' ^fufia bj;a lrk
fhdoh .sf;,a" ng¾ iEoSug Ndú; l< yels h'&
• lsß isis,a ùug ;eîu
• jeks,d ìxÿ 4-5la yd j¾Kl ìxÿ 3 -4la oud ñY% lsÍu
• WIaK;ajh 42 - 450C g isis,a lr" lsß ñY%Kfhka iaj,amhla yd uqyqï fïi ye|s 2 1$2
la ñY% lr" lsß ñY%Khg tl;= lsÍu
• idod .;a lsß ñY%Kh fhda.Ü fldamamj,g oud mshk jeiSu
• os. 45cm , 45cm la m<," 30cm la Wi ldâfndaâ fyda ,E,s fmÜáhla ^we;=<; frðf*daï
wdjrKhla iys;& /f.k fuh ;=<g 40w/60w n,anhla f.k lsÍu
n,anh fhda.Ü fldamamj,g 15cm muK by<ska iú lsÍu' túg 42 - 450C WIaK;ajh
,efnk f,i i,id meh 4l muK ld,hla ;eìh hq;= h'
• uqojk ,o lsß

ó lsß

jdfka fmfkarhlska fmÍu

WKq lsÍu 1000C

400C isis,a l< lsß ñY%Kh

fïoh iaj,am jYfhka bj;a l< lsß 400

uqyqï tl;= lsÍu

yÜáj,g oeóu

ksYap, j meh 6-8 ;eîu

uqojQ lsß

.e,Sï igyk 15'3 # uqojk ,o lsß ksIamdokfha mshjr

320
 lsß ñoùu i|yd úfYaIfhka u Ndú; lrkqfha ó lsß fõ' fuh Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s
l,dmSh m%foaYhka ys ^yïnkaf;dg" wïmdr" fmdf<dkakrej& b;d m%p,s; .Dy l¾udka;hls'
uqojk ,o lsßj, .=Kd;aul nj fndfyda úg taldldÍ njla fkdfmkajhs' thg fya;= jk
idOl lsysmhls' tajd kï ÿ¾j, .=Kd;aul núka hq;a wuq lsß" wia:dhS uqyqï Ndú;h" wmsßisÿ
Ndck fhdod .ekSu fya;=fjka wmøjH tl;= ùu wdosh hs' lsß ñoùfï oS wuq lsß WKq lr
.;a miq 400C olajd muK jk f;la isis,a ùug yßkq ,efí' bka wk;re j l,ska ms<sfh,
lr .kakd ,o uqyqï iaj,amhla thg tl;= lr ñY% lrkq ,efí' fndfyda úg uqyqï f,i
l,ska uqojk ,o lsß iaj,amhla fhdod .kq ,efí' fuu uqojk ,o lsßj,g uqyqï f,i
fhdok nelaàßhd u.ska lsß ñoùu isÿ lrkq ,efí' fï i|yd WÑ; nelaàßhd úfYaI 2 la
olakg ,efí' tajd Streptococcus lactis yd Streptococcus diacetilactis hkqfjka y÷kajkq
,nhs'
uqyqï tl;= lrk ,o lsß wjYH mßos Ndckj,g tlafldg meh 12 - 18 olajd muK
ld,hla 350C WIaK;ajfh ys ;nkq ,efí' tys o S nelaàßhdjkaf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh fya;=fldg
f.k lsß ñfoa' fufia uqojk ,o lsß idudkH WIaK;ajfha osk 2 - 3 olaajd ;nd .; yels
w;r YS;lrK ;=< i;shl muK ld,hla .nvd lr ;nd .; yels fõ'
(ii) uoHidr meiùu
fuys oS udOHfha we;s ir, iSks u; hSiaÜ j¾Okh ùfuka ks¾jdhq Yajikh ksid
t;fkda,a ksIamdokh isÿ fõ'
O

fuys oS iEfok uoHidr ksid laIqø Ôùkag Ôj;a jk udOHh wysñ ùfuka wdydrh
mßrlaIKh fõ' fufia uoHidr meiSu ksid ó rd u.ska rd ksIamdokh lrk w;r" jhska"
ìh¾ ksIamdokj, oS mßrlaIKh i|yd fuu l%shdj,sh Wmfhda.S fõ'
(iii) weisála wï, meiùu
weisála wï, meiùfï oS we;s jQ uoHidr u; Acetobacter nelaàßhdj l%shd lsÍu ksid
weisála wï,h ksmo fõ' úkdlsß iEoSfï oS fuu l%shdj,sh we;s jk w;r tys 4]la muK
weisála wï,h wvx.= fõ' fï ksid mßrlaIK l%shdj isÿ fõ' Wod( wÉpdre
• ÿï .eiSu
wdydrfha we;s c,h bj;a lsÍug wu;r j ÿïj, wvx.= úfYaI ridhksl ixfhda.
laIqø Ôùka we;s ùug úreoaO j l%shd lrk w;r" tajd wdydrj,g úfYaIs; rila" iqj|la f.k
foa' fuys oS Ydlj,ska ,nd .kakd oej fyda úh<s Ydl fldgia oykh lsÍfuka ,nd .kakd
ÿïj,g wdydr ksrdjrKh lrhs' tys oS wdydrh msiSula isÿ jk w;r" rihla o tl;= fõ'
fndfyda úg uia yd ud`M" f.drld" fmd,a ÿï .eiSu u.ska mßrlaIKh lrhs' Öia" t<j¨
jeks wdydr øjHj,g o ÿï .eiaùu isÿ lrhs'
ÿï .eiSfï l%u fol ls'
(i) WKqiï
q ÿï .eiSu (Hot Smoking)
ÿï .eiSu meh lsysmhla .; jk l%shdjls' uia fyda ud`M msiSu i|yd Ndú; lrhs'
ndnlsõ ÿï .eiSfï l%uhls' fuys oS wdydrh fl<ska u .skaorg by<ska r|jd ;eîfuka ÿï
.eiSu isÿ lrhs' fuys oS wjg mßirfha WIaK;ajh 80 - 850C muKg m;a lrhs' fuu l%ufha
oS wdydrh u; yd wdydrh ;=< isákd laIqø Ôùka iEfyk muK úkdY l< yels h'

321
(ii) isi,
s a ÿï .eiSu (Cold Smoking)
meh .Kkla fyda osk .Kkla .; jk l%shdj,shls' fuys oS wdydrh ÿug ksrdjrKh
lr we;s ia:dkhg neyer j isÿ lrhs' wdydrh ldur WIaK;ajfha ;sìhoS u ÿï .eiSu isÿ
lrhs' msiSula isÿ fkdfõ' wdydrfha we;=<; jhkh fjkia fkdjk w;r" we;=<; isák
laIqø Ôùka o úkdY fkdfõ' ta ksid mdrïmßl l%uj, oS wdydrhg ¨Kq oeóu o fï iu.
lrhs' Wod( f.davd Öia
• m%úlsrKh (Irradiation)
kùk wdydr ;dlaIKh fhdod f.k isÿ flfrk oshqKq wdydr mßrlaIK l%uhls'
fuys oS laIqø Ôùkag úI iys; mdrcïnq, lsrK yd whkslD; lsrK jk X lsrK" .eud
lsrK" îgd lsrK Ndú; flf¾' wdydrh ;=<ska fuu lsrK .uka lsÍug i,iajk w;r tysoS
wdydrfha laIqø Ôùka úkdY f õ' wdydrfha iajdNdjhg yd ixhq;shg lsisÿ ydkshla isÿ
fkdfõ' kuq;a fuys oS lsrK j¾.j, kshñ; ud;%dj Ndú; l< hq;= w;r ud;%dj jeä
jqjfyd;a úgñka j¾. ydks fõ' áka lsÍfuka miq fndfyda wdydr m%úlsrKhg Ndckh
lrk w;r t<j¨" m,;=re" l=`Mnvq j¾. mßrlaIKh i|yd Ndú; lrhs'
wdydr l¾udka;fha oS fï i|yd jeämqr Ndú; jkafka 260nm ;rx. wdhduhla iys;
mdrcïnq, lsrK jk w;r" tu.ska laIqø Ôùka úkdY lsÍu isÿ fõ' fuu l%ufha wjdish
jkafka m%d.aOkh jeämqr jeh ùu hs' tfuka u m%úlsrKh u.ska ffjria j¾. úkdY l<
fkdyels h'
• áka lsÍu (Canning)
wdydr krla ùug fya;= jk laIqø Ôùka úkdY lsÍfï wruqKska ixjD; Ndckhl we;s
wdydrhla i|yd ;dm m%;sldr lsÍfï l%shdj,sh áka lsÍu f,i y÷kajhs'
Wod( m,;=re" uia" udM
(i) ud`M áka lsÍu
wjYH wjia:djg" wjYH ;ekl oS myiqfjka ,nd .; yels ùu;a" ri jeä lsÍu yd
wdl¾IKSh nj ksid mdßfNda.sl reÑh jeä ùu;a ksid mßfNdackhg fm<öu;a fuys jdis
f,i oelaúh yels h' tfia u we;eï úg laIqø Ôù j¾Okh fya;=fjka úI øjH ksmoùfuka
mßfNdackhg wys;lr úh yels h' iajdNdúl rih" iqj|" j¾Kh fkdue;s ùu iy ñ,
wêl ùu ksid iuyr mdßfNda.slhka wleue;s úh yels h'
• mßrlaIK øjH (Preservatives) tl;= lsÍu
Wod ( NaNO2 / NaNO3
idudkHfhka fïjd uia wdydr ieliSfïoS tl;= lrkq ,nhs' uia kshñ;
WIaK;ajhl g ;ïnd .ekSfuka miq j fuu øjH tl;= lrkq ,nhs' fuu.ska
my; ld¾hhka bgq fõ'
• m%;s laIqø Ôù ls%hdjla oeßu
• uiaj, r;= meyeh wdrlaId lsÍu
• fnkafidhsla wï,h
fuh wdï,sl wdydr mrsrlaIKfha oS nyq, j Ndú; fõ'
Wod # ;lald,s fidaia

322
 15'4 wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh
mdßfNda.ls reÑl;ajhg .e<fmk mßos Ndú;hg myiq jk whqßka hïlsis wdydrhla
úúO uqyqKqjrj,ska fjf<|fmd<g bosßm;a lsÍu wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh kï fõ'
Wod# • iy,aj,ska iy,a msá" iy,a msá kQâ,aia" wdmam msá" b|s wdmam msá" yd,a msá ñY% mdka
wdosh ieliSu'
• lsß" kejqï lsß f,i fuka u fhda.Ü" uqojdmq lsß" úh<s lsß msá" Öia" ng¾ wdoS úúO
ksIamdok ieliSu'
wdydr úúOdx.SlrKfha oS wdydrh ire lsÍu" tl;= lsÍu$m%n, lsÍu jeks w.h jeä
lsÍfï ;dlaIKsl Wml%u fhdod .kS' Bg wu;r j úh<Su" WIaK;aj md,kh" meiùu yd
áka lsÍu jeks l,a ;nd .ekSfï Wml%u o Ndú; lrhs' Ndú;fha myiqj" fjf<|fmd<
wdl%uKh" fj<| mx.=j jeälr .ekSu" wmf;a hEï wju lsÍu" wdydrj, iq,N;dj" fi!LH
.eg¨j,g úi÷ï f,i" fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u iemsÍu" úúO ri yd .=K ,nd oSu yd
Ô¾Kl;dj jeä lsÍu jeks wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh lrkq ,efí'
fuys oS fhdod .kakd úúO ;dlaIKsl Wml%u
• ire lsÍu (Enrichment)
fuys oS wdydrhl ;sfnk fmdaIlhla fyda lSmhla jeä lsÍu u.ska wdydrfha fmdaIH
.=Kh jeä lsÍu isÿ flf¾' wdydr j¾. l,a ;nd .ekSug ilia lsÍfï oS iuyr fmdaIl
úkdY ùu fyda m%udKh wvq ùu isÿ jk w;r tu fmdaIl kej; tl;= lsÍu wdydrh ire
lsÍfï oS isÿ fõ' Wod( lsßj, iajdNdúl j ;sfnk le,aishï m%udKhg wu;r j jeämqr
le,aishï tl;= lsÍu" lsßj, úgñka A yd D m%udKh jeä lsÍu" ;%sfmdaIj,g úgñka tl;=
lsÍu'
• m%n, lsÍu$tl;= lsÍu (Fortification)
wdydrhl iajdNdúl j wvx.= fkdjk fmdaIlhla fyda lSmhla w¨;ska wdydrhg
tl;=lr wu;r fmdaIKhla ,nd oSu m%n, lsÍu$tl;= lsÍu f,i ye|ska fõ' Wod# ud.ßka
yd lsrs msá ksIamdokfha oS úgñka A yd D ndysr j tl;= lsÍu'
uQ,sl wdydrhla úúO whqßka fjf<|fmd<g bosßm;a lsÍu ;=<ska tys wd¾Ól jákdlu
jeä lsrSu wdydrfha w.h jeä lsÍu fõ' fuys oS wdydrfha .=Kd;aulNdjh /l .ekSu fyda
jeä lsÍu ms<Sn|j o ksIamdolhd ie<ls,su;a úh hq;= h' ksoiqkla f,i kejqï lsß
,Sgrhlska fhda.Ü ksmoùfï oS" lsß ,Sgrhlg ,efnk uqo,g jvd jeä uqo,la tu fhda.Ü
m%udKfhka ,efí' mdka msá lsf,da.%Euhl ñ,g jvd bka ksIamdokh lr úúO whqßka
fjf<|fmd<g bosßm;a lrk lEu j¾.j, ñ, jeä h' wdydrfha w.h jeä lsÍfï oS
ksIamdolhd ,dNhla Wmhd .kakd w;r u mdßfNda.slhdf.a fi!LHdrlaIs; nj /flk mßos
uqo,g iß,k fohla Tyqg oSug o j. úh hq;= h'
by; ;dlaIKsl Wml%u fhdod f.k wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍfï oS wdydrhl iajdNdúl
j wvx.= fmdaIl m%udKh fuka u mdßfNda.l s hdf.a fmdaIK wjYH;dj ms<ns |j o ksIm
a dolhd
oekqj;a úh hq;= fõ' óg wu;r j wdydrhlg ;j;a wdydrhla tla lsÍu o wdydrh
úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍuls' fuys oS wdydrhg fmdaIl lSmhla tl;= jk w;r wdydrhg wd¾Ól
jákdlula o ,efí' WodyrK f,i fhda.Üj,g m,;=re tl;= lsÍu" ;sß`.= msá mdka
fjkqjg yd,a msá ñY%s; mdka" l=rlalka msá ñY%s; mdka ksmoùu" ;ks m,;=re îu fjkqjg
ñY% m,;=re îu iEoSu'
iudcfha mj;sk iuyr fi!LH .eg¨j,g ms<shï f,i o wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh
fhdod .kS' .,.Kavh" <ore urK" u< ore Wm;a" wdndO iys; ore Wm;a" ñá nj jeks
;;a;aj rdYshlg whãka W!k;dj o n, mE yels nj fidhd f.k ;sfí' fujeks fmdaIl
mdßfNda.slhka jeä fofkla osklg jrlaj;a Ndú; lrk" ñ, wvq" Ndú;h myiq wdydr

323
iu. ,nd oSu tjeks ;;a;aj j<lajd .ekSfï myiq u ms<shu nj y÷kd .kakd ,o w;r" ta
wkqj whäka ñY% ¨Kq fjf<|fmd<g y÷kajd fok ,oS'
j¾;udk .DyKsh ld¾h nyq, ùu ksid úúOdx.SlrKh lrk ,o wdydr Ndú;h myiq
fuka u ld,h o b;sß lrhs' fï ksid myiq l%u" l,a ;nd .ekSfï l%u" laIKsl Ndú;hg
.; yels wdydr ksIamdok ìys ù we;' ksoiqka f,i laIKsl wdmam msá" b|s wdmam msá yd
f;dafia ñY%K" l=`M nvq j¾. l=vq jYfhka fjf<|fmdf<a we;' ;jo lDIs ksIamdok ilia
fkdlr wuqøjH f,i Rcq j fjf<|fmd<g ksl=;a l<úg tajdg fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u wvq
úh yels h' WodyrK f,i ishU,d Rcq j fjf<|fmd<g bosßm;a lsÍu fjkqjg fidaia
fyda pÜks f,i bosßm;a l< úg mdßfNda.sl b,a¨u jeä fõ' tfuka u úhe`ME f.drldj,g
jvd f.drld l%Sïj,g fjf<|fmd<la we;'
wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh ixl,amh oekqñka fmdfydi;a lsÍug uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.ka wmg
,enqKq oekqï iïNdrh b;d jeo.;a h' Tjqka w;sßla; wdydrj,ska wdydr ys`. ld,j, oS
m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd idïm%odhsl oekqu Ndú;fhka úúO rie;s yd .=Ke;s wdydr
ksmoùug wdydr ;dlaIK Wml%u f,djg odhdo l<y' Wod ( ¨Kq foys" wgq fldia" je,s
fldia weg" úh`ME ishU,d" f.drld" wÉpdre" úh`ME uia" lrj,

wdydr úúOdx.SlrKfha jdis

• mqoa., reÑl;ajh úúO ksid wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh lr úúO uqyqKqjrj,ska bosßm;a
lsÍfuka fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u" fjf<| mx.=j jeä lr .; yels ùu
• wdydr wmf;a hdï wju lr.; yels ùu
• wdydr ilia lsÍfï oS .=K ydks jk úg fmdaIl kej; ,nd oS ire lsÍu
• iuyr wdydr j¾. úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍfuka miq muKla wdydrhg .; yels ùu
Wod ( lÜgd ud`M rij;a núka wvq uqyqÿ ud`M j¾.hla jk w;r" bka ksmojk lrj,
rij;a núka jeä h
• wdydrfha wvx.= fkdjk fmdaIl wdydrhg tl;= lsÍfuka wdydrfha fmdaIKSh w.h
jeä ùu
• iuyr fnda. ld,Sk h ^lkak úp,;dj&' tjeks fnda. ksIamdok jdrfha iq,N jk
w;r" wmf;a hdï jeä fõ' tajd úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍfuka wmf;a hdï wvq lr l,a ;nd
.; yels fõ' Wod ( m,;=re j¾.j,ska cEï" fldaäh,a" pÜks ksmoùu
• ld,Sk ksIamdokj, ñ, WÉpdjpkh md,kh l< yels ùu
• iuyr fnda. tla m%foaYhl nyq, j j.d lrk w;r" úúOdx.SlrKh u.ska tajd ish¨
u mdßfNda.slhskag ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj Wod fõ'

wjdis
• ksis m%ñ;shlg wkqj úúOdx.SlrKh fkdlrk ,o wdydr øjH o fjf<|fmdf<a olakg
,efí' bka fi!LH .eg¨ Woa.; úh yelsh'
Wod ( r;= lel=`M iy,aj, r;= nj jeä lsÍug wkqu; fkdjk j¾Kl tl;= lsÍu
l=`M nvq l=vq j¾.j, m%udKh jeä lsÍug fjk;a øjH tla lsÍu
• wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍfï oS wdydrj, iajdNdúl rifhys .=Kfhys" jhkfhys yd
j¾Kfhys .=K ydksúh yels h'
Wod ( m,;=re cEï ksIamdokfha oS m,;=rej, wvx.= úgñka C úkdY ùu
^miqj ire lsÍfï oS úgñka C tl;= lrkq ,efí'&
• úúOdx.SlrKh l< miq iajdNdúl wdydrfha we;s wdrlaIdj ke;sù hd yels h
Wod ( fodvï f.äh f,i iajdNdúl ;;a;ajfha ;sfnk úg fndfyda úg laIqø Ôù

324
 wdidok wju fõ' kuqka bka fldaäh,a ^idkaøKh lrk ,o hqI& ksmoùfï
l%shdj,sh ;=< oS iuyr úg laIqø Ôùka we;=¨ ùu ksid tu iajdNdúl wdrlaIdj
ke;sù hd yels h
• wdydr úúOdx.SlrKfha oS Ndú; lrk ridhksl øjH" fhdod .kq ,nk ;dlaIKsl
Wml%u" fi!LHdrlaIs; njg ;¾ckhla úh yels h
Wod ( wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk fidaähï fugd nhsi,afmaÜ jeks
ixfhda." r;a lsÍfï oS isÿ jk fm%daàka wiajdNdúlrKh ksid o wdid;añl;d
we;s úh yels h
• úúOdx.SlrKh lrk ,o ksIamdok i|yd mdßfNda.slhdg jeä ñ,la f.ùug isÿ fõ

iSud
• wdydr úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍfï oS fi!LHdrlaIs; nj /l .ekSug j. n,d .; hq;= h
• ri .ekaùug" l,a ;nd .ekSug tl;= lrk øjH" wkqu; øjH úh hq;= w;r" tajd kshñ;
ud;%dj,ska tl;= l< hq;= h
• fhdod .kq ,nk ;dlaIKh wdydrfha iajNdjh wkqj fjkia úh hq;= h
• fhdod .kq ,nk ;dlaIKh ,dNodhS úh hq;= w;r u bka mdßfNda.sl reÑh j¾Okh
ùu;a" Ndú;fha myiqj;a we;s úh hq;= h

15'5 m%ñ;s yd kS;s Í;sj,g wkql+, j ilik ,o wdydr f;aÍu

mdßfNdackhg .kakd wdydrj, by< m%ñ;shla iEu flkl= u n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk
ksid u rch úiska ck;djg by< .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajhlska iy m%ñ;shlska hq;= wdydr
iemhSu ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi wdydr md,k jevms<sfj,la we;s fldg tu.ska wod< m%ñ;Skag
wkql+, j wdydr iemhSug lghq;= lrkq ,nhs'

m%ñ;s" weiqreïlrKh" f,an,a lsÍu yd wdl,k

• a md,kh (Quality Control)
;;a;j
hï ksIamdokhl we;s .=Kd;aul njg fuka u os.g u r|d mj;akd jQ .=Kd;aulNdjh
o ;;a;ajh hkak ;=< .eí ù we;' wjika ksIamdokh yd weiqreï øjH úoHd;aul
úYaf,aIKhlska ms<s.;a m%ñ;skag wkqj we;a oehs mÍlaId lsÍu ;;a;aj md,kh hs' wdydrhl
fmdaIKSh w.h" weiqreïj, fhda.H;dj" wdh;k ks¾Kdhlj,g wkqj mj;S o hkak fuys
oS i,ld nef,a'
• ;;a;aj wdrlaIKh (Quality assuarance)
fuh ;;a;aj md,k l%shdj,shg muKla iSud fkdfõ' uq¨ ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< oS
u ;sìh hq;= m%ñ;S yd Wiia ksIamdok l%u" wuqøjHj, ;;a;aj md,kh" ksIamdokh isÿ jk
wjia:dfõ oS ta ta ia:dkj, oS ksIamdok taldldÍ j mj;S o hkak fidhd ne,Su fuys oS isÿ
flf¾' fï u.ska ksIamdolhd idok øjH' ksIamdokh weiqreï lsÍu" fnod yeÍu wdosh ;=<ska
mdßfNda.slhdg ,efnk ;=re u Wiia ;;a;ajfha ;sfnk njg úYajdihla f.dv kef.a'
fuys oS GMP, HACCP hkdosh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
• GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices)
iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHjidhlhkaf.a wdydr ksIamdok fi!LHdrlaIs; j yd Wiia
;;a;ajfhka ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd bosßm;a lr we;s iy;sl lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ls' fuys oS
iuia; wdydr ksIamdok l%shdj,shg tkï" wuqøjHj, isg ksñ NdKavh olajd we;s ish¨ u
l%shdj,s fi!LHdrlaIs; j yd hym;a ;;a;ajfhka ksIamdokh lrk njg iy wLKav j
mj;ajd f.k hk njg iy;sl lrkq ,efí' fuh wëlaIKh lrkqfha Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s

325
wdh;kh u.sks' fuys uQ,sl moku m%ñ;s wdh;kfhka ksl=;a lrk ,o wdydr ksIamdokh
lrk l¾udka; Yd,dj, ms<smeosh hq;= hym;a iajia:;d l%u ms<sn| j jk SLS 143:1999
m%ñ;sh fõ' fuys oS my; l%shdjka flfrys wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'
• wdh;kh ( ie,iqu" myiqlï" WmlrK yd kv;a;=j
• l%shdldÍ;aj md,kh
• mú;%;dj yd ikSmdrlaIKh
• fm!oa.,sl iajia:;dj
• m%jdykh
• mqyqKq lsÍu
• ksIamdok ms<sn| f;dr;=re
• m<sfndaO md,kh
• wmøjH l<ukdlrKh
• weiqreïlrKh yd f,an,alrKh
• HACCP - Hazards Analysis Critical Control Point
wdydr mdk j¾. iïnkaOfhka we;s úh yels wjodkï wjia:d md,kh lsÍu i|yd
fuh jeo.;a fõ' j¾;udkfha oS l<ukdlrK moaO;sj, wdydr iy fi!LHdrlaIdj
iïnkaO uQ,sl kS;s Í;s yd ms<sfj;aj,g wkql+, ùu muKla fkdj isÿ úh yels yosis
wjia:d iy fjf<|fmd< ksIamdok bj;a lr .ekSu wdoS wjia:d i|yd o wdmod ie,iqï yd
mQ¾j iQodku we;=<;a úh hq;= h'
fï ksid tjeks wjia:d y÷kd .ekSfï oS HACCP iy;sllrKh jeo.;a fõ' wdydr
ms<sfh, lsÍu" ksIamdokh" wf<ú lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu" m%jdykh" fnod yeÍu wdoS iEu
lafIa;%hl oS u fuh jeo.;a fõ' fï u.ska" my; jdis we;s fõ'
• wdydr ¥IKh wju ùu yd fjf<|fmd< ksIamdok bj;a lr .ekSu u.ska isÿ jk
wmlS¾;sh j<lajd .ekSu
• mdßfNda.sl úYajdih ;yjqre ùu
• ksIamdokj, ;;a;ajh yd iqrlaIs;;dj Wiia ùu' ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd< ;=<
id¾:l wf<úh yd m%j¾Okh
• cd;Hka;r ms<s .ekSu
wdydr m%ñ;shl wjYH;dj
wdydr m%ñ;slrKh hkq mdßfNda.slhd .kq ,nk wdydr øjHj, mej;sh hq;= .=Kdx."
tajd ;sìh hq;= wdldrfhka u mj;sk njg iy;sl lsÍfï ud¾.hls' wdydr øjH ,nd
.ekSfï oS mdßfNda.slhd fkd/jfgk njg iy;sl ùula o fuhska isÿ fõ'
ksfrda.S osú fmfj;la i|yd wdydrhl iqrlaIs; nj b;d jeo.;a h' fï ksid wm
.kakd wdydr msßisÿ" wx. iïmQ¾K yd wmøjHj,ska ¥IKh fkdjQ tajd úh hq;=h' wdydr
ñksidf.a fmdaIKhg yd fi!LHhg Rcqj u n,mdk ksid fjk;a Wmfhdack NdKavhlg
jvd wdydr lafIa;%fha oS m%ñ;s md,kh jeo.;a ia:dkhla .kS' YS>%fhka fjkia jk iudÔh
yd wd¾Ól fjkia ùïj,g wkqrEm j ñksidf.a Ôjk rgdj fuka u fNdack rgdj o fjkia
ù we;' fuhg iu.dó j wdydr ;dlaIKh yd ta yd iïnkaO lafIa;%h ;=< we;s ù ;sfnk
oshqKqj iu. iQm Ydia;% l,dj o mq`M,a ù ;sfí' fï w;r jHdmdr idrO¾uj,g mgyeks j
wdydr nd, lsÍu" wdydr m%ñ;s .ek jHdc lreKq bosßm;a lsÍu jeks l%shdud¾. ;=<ska
mdßfNda.ls hd /jàug ksIm a dolfhda iy fnod yßkafkda mqreÿ ù isá;s' fuu ;;a;j
a hkaf.ka
mdßfNda.slhd wdrlaId lr .ekSu ;;a;aj md,kfha$m%ñ;s md,kfha wruqK hs' fï wkqj
mdßfNda.slhd n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ;;a;ajhg wdydr ksmoùu ksIamdolhkaf.a hq;=lu jk
w;r rgl ck;djg by< .=Kd;aul nfjka hq;= wdydr iemhSfï j.lSu rch i;= fõ' fï
i|yd wjYH kS;s fr.=,dis iïmdokh i|yd jevms<sfj<la rch u.ska l%shd;aul fõ'

326
m%ñ;S yd kS;s Í;sj, jeo.;alu
mdßfNda.slhd wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd ilia lr .kakd ,o .=K iuqodhla m%ñ;shla fõ' fï
wkqj mßfNdackhg .kakd wdydrj, by< m%ñ;shla mdßfNda.slhd n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'
• mdßfNda.slhd wdrlaId lsÍu # ;;a;aj md,kfha m%Odk u wruqK mdßfNda.slhd wdrlaId
lsÍu hs' rch úiska mdßfNda.slhdg wdrlaIdj iemhQj o mdßfNda.slhdg ;ud úiska u
wdrlaIdj i,id .; yels h' tkï wys;lr wdydr ñ, oS .ekSfuka je<lSu" wdydr ñ,
oS .ekSfï oS isÿjk wl%ñl;d" tkï nd, NdKav ñ, oS .ekSu" jxpksl fjf<| Wml%uj,g
yiq ùu wdosfhka je<lSug yels fõ' tfia u NdKav ms<sn| udOHfhka iemfhk
f;dr;=re wjfndaO lr f.k fkdu. hdïj,ska je<lSu o jeo.;a lreKq w;r fõ
• Wiia ;;a;ajfhka hq;= wdydr i|yd jeä b,a¨ula mej;Su ksid ksIamdolhdg o jdis
iy.; ùu
• lsishï wdydrhl wkkH;dj" Wiia nj yd iqrlaIs;;dj ;yjqre ùu ^mdßfNda.sl
úYajdikSh;ajh j¾Okh ùu&
• ;;a;ajfhka Wiia" iqrlaIs;;dj iys; wdydr mßfNdackh lsÍu ksid fi!LH iïmkak
ck;djla ìys ùu" f,v frda. i|yd jeh jk uqo,a wju ùu yd tu uqo,a fjk;a
m%fhdackj;a ld¾hhkag fhoúh yels ùu
• iïm;a Wmfhdack ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä ùu" kdia;sh wvq ùu
• wys;lr ridhksl øjH" laIqø Ôù u¾okh jeks lghq;= ksid isÿ úh yels wdydr krla ùu
wvq ùu
• Wiia m%ñ;shlska hq;= NdKav ksIamdokh u.ska wdh;kh l M,odhS;dj jeälr .; yels
ùu' Wod ( ksIamdok wdh;khl ksmojk NdKav ñ, oS .kakd mdßfNda.slhka ixLHdj
wvq kï" Tjqkaf.a ksIamdok wuqøjH ld,hla ;=< .nvdj, /|S mj;S' túg tu wdh;kfha
wdfhdack M,odhS fkdfõ' we;eï lDIs ksIamdok jeä l<la .nvd lr.; fkdyels ùu
ksid wmf;a hdï o isÿ úh yels h' Wod ( lsß
• ;ud ñ, oS .kakd yd mßfNdackh lrk NdKavh ms<sn| ienE f;dr;=re mdßfNda.slhd
oekqj;a ùu' ;uka ,nd .kakd wdydrfha wvx.= rildrl" mßrlaIl hkdosh yd tajdfha
;;a;ajh ridhksl j úYaf,aIKh lr oek .ekSu jeo.;a h'
• Wiia ;;a;ajfha wdydr ksIamdok wmkhkh lsÍu jeä lr .; yels ùu yd jeämqr úfoaY
úksuh Wmhd .; yels ùu
wdydr m%ñ;slrKfha oS i,ld n,kq ,nk lreKq
• fmdaIKSh w.h # wdh;kfha ks¾foaYj,g wkql+, j fmdaIKSh w.h mej;sh hq;= h'
Wod( áka lrk ,o wdydrj, >k øjH 70] la o lsß msáj, fïoh 26] la úh hq;= h'
• ridhksl øjH # wdydrhg ndysßka tlalr we;s ridhksl øjH mßfNdackhg iqÿiq wkqu;
j¾. úh hq;= h' wys;lr ;;a;aj we;s fkdjk uÜgñka kshñ; ud;%djg wvx.= lr ;sìh
hq;= h'
• msßisÿ nj
• wmøjH neyer lrk wdldrh
• ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS lïlrejkag we;s úh yels w;=re wdndO
• weiqreï øjH
wdydr j¾.hg fhda.H weiqreï øjH Ndú; lr weiqreïlrKh lr ;sìh hq;= h'

327
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lrk wdh;k yd m%ñ;s

wdh;k • Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh (Sri Lanka Standards Institute - SLSI)
• fi!LHdrlaIK yd fmdaIK wud;HdxYh
• mdßfNda.sl lghq;= wêldßh
• wNHka;r fjf<| flduidßia fomd¾;fïka;=j
m%ñ;s • Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s • cd;Hka;r m%ñ;s
• iud.ï m%ñ;s • wdh;k m%ñ;s
• l,dmSh m%ñ;s
wdydr m%ñ;s rg ;=< l%shd;aul ùfï oS tajd md,kh jkafka wdydr mk; u.sks' fuh
g wu;r j m%ñ;s wdh;kh u.ska y÷kajd ÿka m%ñ;s o we;' fïjd o wdydr mkf;a kS;s
Í;sj,g wkql+, h'
Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh hgf;a jQ wdydr m%ñ;s
Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh (SLSI) úiska y÷kajd oS we;s wdydr m%ñ;s fndfydaúg iafõÉPd
m%ñ;s fõ' fuu m%ñ;s wdydr ksIamdok yd ksIamdok l%shdj,s i|yd jk w;r" tu.ska Y%S
,xldfõ fjf<|fmd<g iqÿiq wdydrj, .=Kd;aul nj" iqrlaIs;;dj" ixhq;sh" weisÍu
hkdosfh ys ks, jYfhka y÷kd .kakd ,o uÜgï yd f,an,a lsÍfï fr.=,dis úia;r flf¾'
wdydr mk;
Y%S ,xldj ;=< wod< wdydr kS;s md,kh lrkq ,nkafka ta ms<sn| j ieliqKq wdydr
mk;la u.sks' fuh fi!LHdrlaIK yd fmdaIK wud;HdxYh hgf;a l%shd;aul fõ'
1980 wxl 26 ork wdydr mk; ^1991 oS ixfYdaê;&
mkf;a mßmd,kh

mkf;a 11 jk j.ka;hs wkqj m%Odk wdydr n,Orhd fi!LH fiajd wOHlaI ckrd,ajrhd
fõ' wdydr WmfoaYl lñgqjla m;a lsÍug mkf;a 8(i) j.ka;sh hgf;a m%;smdok i,id
we;' fuu mk; hgf;a wdydr m%ñ;s" fr.=,dis f,i .eiÜ m;%fha m%isoaO lrkq ,nk w;r
Y%S ,xldj ;=< wdydr ksIamdokh" wdkhkh" fnod yeÍu" úlsKSu isÿ lrk ´kEu wfhl=
fuu fr.=,disj,g wkqj lghq;= lsÍu wksjd¾h fõ' ta wkqj mqoa., fi!LHhg ydkslr
;;a;j a fhka nd, lrk ,o" mßfNdackhg kqiÿq iq wdydr øjH ksIm
a dokh lsÍfuka" wdkhkh
lsÍfuka" fnodyeÍfuka fyda úlsKSfuka je<lS isáh hq;= h'
rg ;=< wdydr ksIamdok iy ksIamdok l%shdj,Ska fndfyduhla wdjrKh lrkq ,nk
fuu m%ñ;Ska kS;shla njg m;a ùfï oS fi!LHdrlaIK yd fmdaIK wud;HdxYfha wdydr
ms<sn| WmfoaYk lñgqj u.ska ixfYdaOkh lr .eiÜ u.ska úêu;a f,i m%ldYhg m;a
lrhs' wdydrj, iqrlaIs; nj ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi iy wdydr md,k jevms<sfj, l%shdjg
kexùu i|yd osjhsk mqrd isák wdydr yd T!IO mÍlaIljre yd uyck fi!LH mÍlaIljre
lghq;= lr;s' fuys oS wdydr ieliSfï lïy,a" wdydr úl=Kkq ,nk is,a,r fjf<|ie,a"
fydag,a yd wdmkYd,d hkdosh m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, fiajh lrk by; ks,OdÍka úiska
mÍlaIdjg ,la lrhs' fudjqka ,nd .kakd iel lghq;= wdydr ksheos úYaf,aIKh rcfha ri
mÍlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j" ffjoH m¾fhaIK wdh;kh fyda fi!LH wud;HdxYh hgf;a
l%shd;aul jk ridhkd.drj, isÿ flf¾' fuu ,nd .;a idïm, wdydr mk; hgf;a olajd
we;s ;;a;ajhg mgyeks kï" Tyqg$wod< mqoa.,hkag úreoaO j kvq mjrkq ,efí'

328
mkf;a m%Odk wruqKq
1' wdydr ksIamdokh" wdkhkh" úlsKSu yd fnod yeÍu úêu;a lsÍu yd md,kh
2' wdydr yd T!IO mk; bj;a lsÍu
3' wdydr WmfoaYk lñgqjla m;a lsÍu
1991 wxl 20 ork wdydr mk;ska" fuu mkf;a we;eï j.ka;s ixfYdaOkh ù we;'
mdßfNda.sl wdydr iqrlaIs;;dj i|yd úê úOdk fuys wka;¾.; jk w;r" ;j ÿrg;a
wjYH ksfhda. iEoSug úIhNdr wud;Hjrhdg mkf;a 32 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a n,h mejÍ
we;' fuys m%Odk m%{ma;sfha wdydrhla ksIamdokh" wdkhkh" úlsKSu" úlsKSu i|yd
m%o¾Ykh lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu yd fnod yeÍu iïnkaO j úê úOdk bosßm;a lr we;'
wdydr mkf;a m%Odk m%{ma;sfha úê úOdk
^w& hï wdydrhla ;=< fyda ta u; tu wdydrh fi!LHhg ydkslr njg m;a lrk hï
iajdNdúl fyda tla l< wka;rdodhl øjHhka we;a o" tjeks wdydrhla ksIamdokh
lsÍu" wdkhkh lsÍu" úlsKSu" úlsKSu i|yd m%o¾Ykh lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu fyda fnod
yeÍu fkdl< hq;= nj
^wd& ukqIH mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq hï wdydrhla ksIamdokh lsÍu" wdkhkh lsÍu" úlsKSu"
úlsKSu i|yd m%o¾Ykh lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu fyda fnod yeÍu fkdl< hq;= nj
^we& hï wmú;%" l=Kq jQ" ms<sl=,a" osrdm;a jQ" krla jQ fyda frda.ia: i;a;aj øjHhlska fyda
osrdm;a jQ jDlaI øjHhlska fyda iïmQ¾Kfhka u fyda fldgilska fyda ixhqla; jk
fyda lDñ i;=ka .yk wdydrhla ksIamdokh lsÍu" wdkhkh lsÍu" úlsKSu i|yd
m%o¾Ykh lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu iy fnod yeÍu fkdl< hq;= nj
^wE& nd, l< wdydrhla ksIm a dokh lsÍu" wdkhkh lsÍu" úlsKu S " úlsKu
S i|yd m%o¾Ykh
lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu iy fnod yeÍu fkdl< hq;= nj
^b& hï wdydrhla ;=< fyda ta u; fï mkf;a fyda th hgf;a idok ,o hï ksfhda.hla
fyda úê úOdk lv lrñka hï øjHhla tl;= lr we;a o tjeks wdydrhla ksIamdokh
lsÍu" wdkhkh lsÍu" úlsKSu" úlsKSu i|yd m%o¾Ykh lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu iy fnod
yeÍu fkdl< hq;= nj
^B& fï mkf;a úê úOdk fyda th hgf;a idok ,o hï ksfhda.hla fyda lv lrñka hï
wdydrhla ksIamdokh lsÍu" wdkhkh lsÍu" úlsKSu" úlsKSu i|yd m%o¾Ykh lsÍu"
.nvd lsÍu fyda fnod yeÍu fkdl< hq;= nj
^W& hï wdydrhla ikSmdrlaIdjg wys;lr ;;a;aj hgf;a ksIamdokh lsÍu" iQodkï lsÍu"
mßrlaIKh lsÍu" weysÍu fyda .nvd lsÍu fkdl< hq;= nj
^W!& úlsKSu i|yd ikSmdrlaIdjg wys;lr ;;a;aj hgf;a ksIamdokh l<" iQodkï l<"
mßrlaIKh l<" weiqrE fyda .nvd l< hï wdydrhla wdkhkh" úlsKSu fyda fnod
yeÍu fkdl< hq;= nj
^t& hï wdydrhl tys iajNdjh" w.h" ;;a;ajh" ixhq;sh" .=Kh fyda wdrlaId iys; Ndjh
iïnkaOfhka wi;H" fkdu. hjk iq`M" /jfgk fyda jeros ye`.Sula we;s úh yels
wdldrhlska tu wdydrh moï lsÍu" ilia lsÍu" f,an,a lsÍu" .nvd lsÍu" úlsKSu"
úlsKSu i|yd m%o¾Ykh lsÍu" wdkhkh lsÍu fyda m%pdrKh lsÍu fkdl< hq;= nj
^ta& krla jQ fyda ukqIH mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq jQ hï wdydrhla i;a;aj wdydrhla jYfhka
fyda fjk;a ld¾hhla i|yd úlsKSug" úlsKSug bosßm;a lsÍug" úlsKSug ;eîu fyda
úlsKSu m%Odk wdydr n,Orhdf.a fyda tu n,Orhdf.a n,h ,;a ;eke;a;l=f.a úê
úOdkj,g wkql+, j l< hq;= nj
^T& úl=Kqïlreg wdydrfha iajNdjh" øjH iy ;;a;ajh iïnkaOfhka m%;s{d Ndrhla osh
hq;= nj

329
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIl mk;

979 wxl 1 ork mdßfNda.slhska wdrlaId lsÍfï mk;

wNHka;r fjf<|du úêu;a lsÍu" mdßfNda.slhd wdrlaId lsÍu" idOdrK fjf<|
iudpdr we;s lsÍu hkdosh wruqKq fldg .;a fuu mkf; ys mßmd,k lghq;= isÿ jQfha
wNHka;r fjf<|du ms<sn| fomd¾;fïka;=j u.sks' kuq;a 2003 wxl 9 ork mdßfNda.sl
lghq;= ms<sn| wêldÍ mk;ska fuu mk; bj;a lrk ,oS'

mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKfha kj m%jK;dj iy 2003 wxl 9 ork

mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldÍ mk;

2003' 03' 17 jk osk iïu; jQ fuu mk; l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd mdßfNda.sl lghq;=
ms<sn| wêldßhla msysgqúh hq;= nj 2(i) j.ka;sh u.ska olajd we;' 7 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a
oelafjk fuu mkf;a m%Odk wruqKq fufia h'
^w& mdßfNda.slhkaf.a Ôú; yd foam<j,g Wmøj isÿ jk NdKav wf<ú lsÍu yd fiajd
iemhSug tfrysj mdßfNda.slhka wdrlaId lsÍu
^wd& widOdrK fjf<| ms<f s j;aj,g úreoaO j mdßfNda.l
s hka wdrlaId lsÍu yd mdßfNda.l
s
whs;sjdislïj,g ie,ls,a,la oelaùu iy;sl ùu
^we& yels ieu úgl u mdßfNda.slhkag ;r.ldÍ ñ,lg NdKav yd fiajdj,g m%udKj;a
m%fõYhla ,nd oSug iy;sl ùu
^wE& widOdrK fjf<| ms<sfj;a" iSñ; fj<| ms<sfj;a fyda fjf<÷ka úiska isÿlrk ljr
fyda mdßfNda.sl iQrdlEïj,g tfrys j iyk ,nd oSu
fuu mk; hgf;a mdßfNda.slhd wdrlaId lsÍu" fjf<|du úêu;a lsÍu i|yd kS;s
fr.=,dis ilid we;' fuys § NdKav iemhSu yd úlsKSu iïnkaO wOHhk" Wmßu ñ,"
m%ñ;sh yd msßú;r" NdKav iEoSu" wdkhkh" .nvd lsÍu" fnod yeÍu" m%jdykh" wf<úh"
f,an,a lsÍu" úlsKSu iïnkaO .súiqïj,g t,eöug fjf<| ix.ïj,g iydh ùu isÿ
flf¾'
mdßfNda.slhd wdrlaId lsÍfï yd úl=Kkq ,nk NdKav fyda imhkq ,nk fiajdj,
;;a;ajh iy;sl lsÍfï ld¾hh i|yd hï NdKavhla ksIamdokh" iEoSu" iemhSu" .nvd
lsÍu" m%jdykh" úlsKSu yd fiajd iemhSug wod< m%ñ;s l,ska ;SrKh l< yels w;r tajd
.eiÜ m;%fha m< l< hq;= h' tfia u NdKavj, ñ, .Kka oelafjk mqjre m%o¾Ykh l<
hq;= w;r" úl=Kk iEu NdKavhla i|yd u l=ú;dkaishla .ekqïlre b,a,k úgl oS ,ndosh
hq;= h' f,an,a fjkia lsÍu yd lmd yeÍu fkdl< hq;= nj o fuu mk;ska wjOdrKh
flf¾' fï wkqj mdßfNda.slhdg ;u wdrlaIdj imhd .ekSug fuu mk;ska bvlv i,id
we;'

wdydr weiqreï lsÍu (Food packaging)

ksIamdokh lrk ia:dkfha isg wjidk mdßfNda.slhd f;la wdrlaIs; j" kdia;sh
wju jk fia" wdydrhla wvx.= lr we;s fuj,u fyda fuj,ï iuQyh weiqreu f,i
ye¢kaúh yels h' tfia weiqreï lsÍu i|yd jeo.;a jk uQ,O¾u" ixl,am yd ;dlaIKh
weiqreïlrKh hs' iemhqï odufha úúO wÈhrj, § weiqreï úúO iajrEm .kakd w;r
tajdfha ld¾hNdrh o úúO fõ'

330
weiqreïlrKfha jeo.;alu
wdydr øjHhg isÿjk fN!;sl ydks je<elaùu
• laIqø Ôùka" c,h" jd;h" wdf,dalh we;=¨ ùu fyda msg ùu je<elaùu wdydr weiqreul
wdrlaIK .=Kdx. u.ska bgq fõ'
• m%jdykh yd .nvd lsÍu myiq lsÍu # ksIamdolhdg" m%jdylhdg" .nvdlreg fuka u
mdßfNda.slhdg o m%jdykh yd .nvd lsÍu i|yd m%Yia; weiqreï fhdod .; fyd;a
myiqj fukau kdia;sh o wju fõ'
• wdydrfha .=Kd;aul nj wdrlaId lr .; yels ùu
• tallhla f,i f.dkq lsÍu u.ska fnod yeÍfï myiqj
• Ndú;fha myiqj u.ska kdia;sh wju ùu yd mdßfNda.slhdf.a ld,h o b;sß fõ'
• mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d yd reÑl;aj wkqj úúO m%udKj,g yd yevhg ilia lr wf<ú
lsÍug yels ùfuka fjf<|fmd< wjYH;djkag uqyqK §ug yels fõ'
• wdydr ksIamdokfh ys fmkqu yd mdßfNda.sl wdl¾IKh jeä l< yels ùu' ;r.ldÍ
fjf<|fmd<l ksIamdokhla i|yd fhdod we;s weiqreu ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok w;r lemS
fmfkk yd th ñ, oS .ekSfï oS fmd<Ujk wdldrhg ilia ùu wf<úh i|yd
WmldÍ fõ' tfia u tl u ksIamdokh úúO bosßm;a lsÍï i|yd ilid we;s weiqreï
wkqj ñ, wvq fyda jeä úh yels h' Wod( lsß msá melÜj,g jvd áka ñ, jeä h'
• wdydrh ms<sn| w;HjYH f;dr;=re mdßfNda.slhdg ,nd oSug yels ùu
• ikaksfõokh" y÷kd .ekSu" oekqj;a ùu
wdydr weiqreula m%n, ikaksfõok udOHhla f,ig fhdod .; yels h' wdydrhla
ms<sn| iuyr f;dr;=re wksjd¾h njg kS;s mkjd we;' Wod( ksIamdokfha øjH kduh"
l,a bl=;a ùfï oskh" wvx.= øjH' wvx.= m%udK" Y=oaO nr" ñ,

weiqreï øjH
úúOdldr weiqreï øjH we;;a mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lrk" mdßfNda.slhdg
myiq jk mßir ys;ldó weiqreï øjHhla fhdod .ekSu iqÿiq h' fujka weiqreïj, wdrïNh"
ng l+v" fld<m;" flfi,a fld< jeks idïm%odhsl weiqreï h' idïm%odhsl weiqreï yd
ii|k úg kùk weiqreïj,ska úúO wruqKq bgqlr .; yels h'

wdydr weiqreï lsÍug Ndú; lrk øjH iy weiqreïj, m%Odk .=Kdx.

fuys oS NdKavh" NdKav m%udKh" m%jdyk udOHh" kS;s Í;s" .nvd ;;a;aj yd ld,h"
fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| j m%ñ;shla ;sfí o hkak ms<sn|j o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
Wod ( • úI rys; ùu yd kshñ; wdydrh i|yd iqÿiq ùu
• wdydr øjH iu. m%;sl%shd fkdlsÍu
• fi!LHdrlaIs; ùu
• f;;ukhg yd fïohg frdaOl ùu
• iqj|$jdhq j¾. we;=¿ ùu yd msg ùu iSud lsÍu
• >Ügk jeks fN!;sl Wmøjj,ska ksIm a dokh wdrlaId lsÍu iy tajdg Tfrd;a;=
§u wjYH ùu
• úksúo fmfkk iq¨ nj
• újD; lsÍug we;s myiqj ^weiqrefuys nydÆ oE bj;g .ekSug we;s myiqj
yd kej; jid ;eîug we;s myiqj&
• wod< WIaK;aj ;;a;ajhkg Tfrd;a;= §u yd wjYH úg frdaOl ùu
• uqøKh lsÍfï yelshdj
• wdl¾IKSh nj yd ukd ksudjlska hq;= ùu
• wvq msßjeh

331
weiqreï j¾.SlrKh

• wvx.= øjHhg ióm;dj wkqj

m%d:ñl weiqreu - wvx.= øjH ^wdydrh& iu. iDcq j .efgñka mj;sk
Primary Pack ^wdikakj u we;s& weiqreu fõ' Wod( úh<s msá lsß melÜgqfõ
we;=<; ljrh ^uq,a weiqreu&
oaú;Shsl weiqreu - m%jdykhg yd mßyrKhg myiq jk fia lrkq ,nk
Secondary Pack weiqreu hs' fuh wdydrh iu. Rcq j fkd.efÜ' tfy;a
m%d:ñl weiqreu iu. .efÜ' ^lsß melÜgqfõ ndysrj we;s
ldâfndaâ fmÜáh - fojk weiqreu&
• iemhqï odufha md¾Yajlreg idfmalaIj
mdßfNda.sl weiqreu - mdßfNda.slhd w;g m;a jk wjia:dfõ ksIamdokh ord
isák weiqreu
m%jdyk weiqreu - mdßfNda.sl NdKav iuQyhla fyda ;ks NdKavhla fyda
m%jdykh lsÍu i|yd ilia l< weiqreu
• weiqreu ;=< we;s ;;a;ajh wkqj
ßla;l weiqreu - weiqreula ;=< jdhqj bj;a lr ;sfnk weiqreu
(Vacuum pack)
jdhq mqrjk ,o (Gas filled pack)
• weiqrefï fN!;sl iajNdjh wkqj - oDV ^Regid&" w¾O oDV ^Semi regid& yd kuHYS,S
j.=j 15'11 ( fN!;sl iajNdjh wkqj úúO weiqreï udOH
m,am
ùÿre f,day ^ldâfndaâ ma,diaála ñY%
lvodis&
oDV ùÿre fnda;,a we¨ñkshï >klï ma,diaála fndaâ iy
cd¾ lEka fndaâ j¾. fnda;,a w¨ñkshï iys;
fla%Ü fndaâ
w¾O oDV we¨ñkshï fÜ% /,s iys; ma,diaála fÜ%"
^Carrugated& fldamam
u| >klu ^fhda.Ü fldamam&
fndaâ j¾.
kuHYS,S we¨ñkshï lvodis ma,diaála mg, ma,diaála yd
mg, we¨ñkshï
iys; mg,

weiqreï øjH
ùÿre fnda;,a yd cd¾
• cEï j¾." fidaia" wÉpdre" lsß msá wdoS wdydr weisÍug nyq, j fhdod .kS'
• wdf,dalhg ixfõoS wdydr i|yd j¾K l< ùÿre Ndú; l< yels h'
• msßisÿ lsÍfuka miq kej; kej; Ndú; l< yels h' Ndú;fhka miq yd ydks jQ
fldgia m%;spl%SlrKh l< yelss h'
• nr jeä ùu" ìf|k iq¨ nj wjdis fõ'

332
f,day
(i) áka wdf,ams; jdfka ;yvqj,ska iE¥ lEka
• jdfka ;yvqjl áka f,dayh wdf,am lr ta u; iqÿiq ;j;a wdf,amk ;jrd áka yd
lEka idod we;'
• Yla;su;a h'
• mq`M,a WIaK;aj mrdihla i|yd Ndú; l< yels h'
• úh<s wdydrj, isg oshru h wdydr olajd o Ndú; l< yels h'
• îu j¾." ieuka" m,;=re len,s" m,;=re hqI jeks wdydr fïjdfha wiqrhs'
• iuyr oshr j¾. iu. áka f,dayh m%;sl%shd l< yels h' ta ksid tjeks wdydr j¾.
y÷kd f.k Bg iqÿiq ,el¾ j¾.h áka we;=<; wdf,am lsÍu l< hq;= h'
(ii) we¨ókshï lEka" fÜ% iy ojgk
• ieye,a¨ h'
• u, ne|Sug Tfrd;a;= foa'
• we¨ókshï m%;spl%SlrKh l< yels h'
• úhou wêl l%shdj,shls'
Ndú; jk wdldr(
• îu j¾. weisÍug Ndú; fõ' Wod( lEka
• we¨ókshï m;% (Aluminium foil) - fpdl,Ü t;Sug nyq, j Ndú; fõ'
• we¨ókshï mg, iu. ma,diaála lvodis jeks fjk;a mg, tlafldg iE¥
ixhqla; mg, t;=ï øjH yd ljr f,i Ndú; fõ'
• lma$gí iS,a lsÍu" áka i|yd" jdhqfrdaOl mg,hla f,i" fnda;,a lg jeiaula
f,i Ndú; flf¾'
nyq wjhúl øjH (Polymeric Material)
fif,daf*aka
• ri leú,s t;Sug nyq, j Ndú; lrhs' Wod ( fgd*S
• ñ, wêl h'
ma,diaála
ma,diaála f;aÍfï oS Yla;sh" frdaOl .=Kdx." WIaK;ajh wkqj isis,a ùfï yelshdj wdosh
i|yd ne,sh hq;= fõ' ñ, wvq h'
ridhksl j úúO jQ ma,diaála j¾. we;'
• fmd,s t;s,Ska
j¾. folls'
i. >k;ajh wvq fmd,s;Ska$fmd,s t;s,Ska - (Low Density Poly Ethelene - LDPE)
kejqï t<j¨ yd m,;=re weisÍug iqÿiq w;r f;,a iys;" wdf,dalh g ixfõoS"
iqj|e;s wdydr i|yd kqiqÿiq h'
ii. >k;ajh jeä fmd,s t;s,Ska (High Density Poly Ethylene - HDPE)
• >k;ajh wvq fmd,s t;s,Skaj,g jvd ndOl .=Kdx. we;'
• c, jdIam i|yd mdr.uH;dj wvq h'
• fílß ksIamdok weisÍu i|yd nyq, j Ndú; lrhs'

333
 • fmd,s fm%dms,Ska (Poly Propylene - PP)
Yla;su;a h' hï ;dla ÿrg c, m%;sfrdaë fõ' ìialÜ" iakela j¾. weisÍug nyq,
j Ndú; lrhs'
• fmd,stiag¾
fmd,s t;s,Ska fgÍ;ef,aÜ (PET)
kej; kej; Ndú; l< yels h' f;,aj,g ;rula ÿrg mdr.uH hs' Yla;su;a w;r
ñ, wêl h' Wod( isis,a îu fnda;,a$fu.d fnda;,a$j;=r fnda;,a
lvodis
ñ, wvq h' bÍ hdug yels h' c,h Wrd .kshs'
ldâfndaâ fmÜá
fndfyda úg we¨ókshï fyda ma,diaála ,eñfkaÜ lr we;s w;r fïjd ;=< wdydr jeä
l,la .nvd lr ;nd .; yels h'
• /<s iys; ldâfndaâ - Corrugated
fïjd fndfyda úg oaú;Shsl weiqreï f,i Ndú; fõ'

• lvodis" ma,diaála tla lr iE¥ nyq wdia;r øjH

by; weiqrï øjHj, .=Kdx. yd wjdis i,ld n,d weiqreï øjH folla fyda lSmhla
tla lr nyq wdia;r weiqreï udOH idod we;'
kùk weiqreï l%u
• jdhq weiqreu (Gas packaging)
Tlaiscka m%udKh wvqlr ldnka vfhdlaihsâ m%udKh jeä lrk weisÍu u.ska wdhq
ld,h jeä lr .; yels h' Wod( úh<s m,;=re weisÍu
• ÔjdKqyß; ;;a;aj hgf;a weiqreu (Aseptic Packaging)

ksIamdos;h yd weiqreu fjk fjk u ÔjdKqyrKh lr ÔjdKqyß; ;;a;aj hgf;a

weisÍu' Wod ( m,;=re hqI" laIKsl mdk wdosh yd fï i|yd we¨ókshï fyda lvodis
wfkl=;a ma,diaála j¾. iu. Ndú; fõ'
• ßla;l weiqreu (Vacuum Packaging)
jd;h bj;a lr weisÍu hs' Wod( rg b¢" .%SkamSia" lcq
• ;dm ia:dhS u¨ (Boil in bag packaging)
• mßir ñ;=re weiqreu
weiqreu wju ùu u.ska mßir ¥IKh wju fõ'
weiqreï ks¾udKfha §" f.dv ke.Sfï § yd f;dard .ekSfï § wju øjH m%udKhlska
Ndú; jk" kej; Ndú; l< yels ^Reusable& yd m%;spl%SlrKh l< yels ^Recyclable& j¾.
jvd;a mßir ñ;=re fia ie,flk w;r" iudðh jákdlula o ,efí'

334
weiqreïlrKh iïnkaO kS;s Í;s
mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd weiqreïlrKh yd iïnkaO kS;s Í;s jeo.;a
fõ' wdydr mk;" mdßfNda.sl wêldÍ mk; hk fï mk;a fofla u weiqreïlrKh l< hq;=
wdldrh ms<sn| kS;s Í;s bosßm;a lr we;' ta wkqj weiqreïlrKh iïnkaO j m%ñ;s o
m%ldYhg m;a lr ;sfí'
wdydr f,an,a lsÍu
mdßfNda.slhdg wdydrh ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla ,nd §fï wruqKska wod< lreKq
wka;¾.; uqøs; f,an,hla wdydr weiqrefï wka;¾.; lsÍu wdydr f,an,a lsÍu kï fõ'
wdydr øjH fjf<|du i|yd bosßm;a lsÍfï oS yd tajd ms<sn| fjf<| m%pdrKfha oS wdydr
fr.=,dis 2005 wkqj lghq;= lsÍu wksjd¾h fõ' wdydr f,an,a lsÍu iïnkaO j wjYH
;;a;aj ish,a, 1980 wxl 26 ork wdydr mkf;a 32 j.ka;sh hgf;a wdydr WmfoaYl lñgqj
úuid fi!LH wud;Hjrhd úiska idok ,o ksfhda. hgf;a m%ldYhg m;a ù we;' fuu
ksfhda. wdydr f,an,a lsÍfï yd m%pdrh lsÍfï ksfhda. 2005 f,i y÷kajhs' wxl 1376$9
- 2005 ckjdß 19 .eiÜ m;%fha fuh wvx.= fõ'
ta wkqj lsis u mqoa.,hl= úiska weiqreul fyda nyd¨ul wvx.= l=uk fyda wdydrh la
tu weiqreu fyda nyd¨u fuu ksfhda.j,g wkqj f,an,a lr fkdue;s kï th úlsKSu"
úlsKSug bosßm;a lsÍu" úlsKSu i|yd m%o¾Ykh lsÍu fyda úlsKSu msKsi ;nd .ekSu"
m%jdykh fyda úlsKSu i|yd m%pdrh lsÍu fkdl< hq;= h'
f,an,hl wka;¾.; úh hq;= uQ,sl lreKq
wdydr weiqreul m%Odk rduqfõ$f,an,fha my; lreKq ;=k i|yka úh hq;= h'
1' fmdÿ kduh (Common name) - ´kE u NdId follska meyeos,s j yd m%lg j
fmfkk f,i >k wl=ßka uqøKh l< hq;= h'
2' ksIamdokfha fjf<| kduh ^ikaku& (Brand name) - NdId tllska fyda jeä
.Kklska
uyckhd fkdu. fkdhk fia meyeos,s j igyka l< hq;= h'
3' Y=oaO wka;¾.;h (Net volume) - cd;Hka;r ixfla; weiqßka oelaúh hq;= h'
Wod ( • >k øjHhla kï g fyda kg
• øj iïnkaO j ml fyda l
• øj udOHfhka wiqrd we;akï oshr bj;a l< Y=oaO nr g fyda kg
fmdÿ kduh hkq wdydrh fmdÿfõ y÷kajk kduh hs' fuh i|yka flfrk wl=rej,
m%udKh" ikaku (Brand Name) i|yd Ndú; flfrk wl=rej, m%udKfhka ;=fkka tll
g fkd wvq úh hq;= h' ikaku iud.ï i|yd úfYaIs; h' fuhg wu;r j my;
i|yka f;dr;=re 1'5cm lg fkd wvq Wilska hq;a ;o meye wl=rska NdId ;=fkka ljr fyda
tla NdIdjlska fyda Bg jeä ixLHdjlska l=uk fyda rduqjl oelaúh hq;= h'
• wjir ,;a wdydr wdl,k tajdfha kï jYfhka fyda cd;Hka;r jYfhka wxl fhoSfï
l%ufhka (International Numbering System-INS) i|yka l< hq;= h'
• .nvd lsÍu iy Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn| j Wmfoia we;akï
• ksIamdolhdf.a ku iy ,smskh
• Y%S ,xldj ;=< weiqreïlref.a fyda fnodyßkakdf.a ku iy ,smskh
• ldKav wxlh fyda ixfla; wxlh fyda ryia ixfla; igyk ^lshjd f;areï .; yels
fla; ,l=K&

335
• l,a bl=;a ùfï oskh ^NdId ;=k w;ßka ´kE u NdId folla Ndú; l< yels h'&
l,a bl=;a ùfï oskh b,lalï iajrEmfhka m%ldY lrkq ,eìh yels h' oskh" udih"
j¾Ih fyda j¾Ih" udih" oskh hk ms<sfj<g ;sìh hq;= h' j¾Ih b,lalï y;rlska
oelaúh hq;= h' (DD/ MM/ YY fyda YY/ MM/ DD) Bg uq,ska Expiry fyda Exp hk flá
fhÿu ld'b'os' fh.NfFp f,i we;=<;a úh hq;= h' j¾Ih b,lalï follska muKla
olajhs kï" oskh" udih" j¾Ih hk ms<sfj< ;sìh hq;= h'
• ksIamdos; oskh" j¾Ih b,lalï 4lska olajhs kï" oskh$udih$j¾Ih f,i fyda
j¾Ih$udih$oskh f,i ksIamdos; oskh$ksIamdokh lrk ,o oskh$MFD$c. f,i
flá fhÿï bosßfhka ixLHd;aul f,i igyka l< yels h'
• wdydr f;d. jYfhka wdkhkh fldg kej; weiqreï lrkq ,nk úfgl ksIamdokh
l< oskh iy h<s weiqreï lrk ,o oskh
• tjeks wdydrhl wvx.= ix>glj, iïmQ¾K ,ehsia;=jla tajd i|yd Ndú; lrk
fmdÿ kïj,ska fhdod .kq ,nk m%udKhkag wkqj wjfrdayK l%uhg oelaúh hq;= h'
• wdkhkh lrk ,o wdydr iïnkaO j tu wdydr
ksIamdokh l< rg
• fjk;a ´kEu kshu lrk ,o m%ldY
fuhg wu;r j my; lreKq ms<sn|j o wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;= fõ'
• hï wdydrhla i|yd m%ñ;sh la ksYaÑ; f,i kshu lr
we;akï tjeks m%ñ;shla kï lr we;s ix>gl yer
fjk lsisjla tjeks wdydrhl fkdfhosh hq;= h'
• whksl úlsrK m%;l s drhg Ndckh lrk ,o wdydrhl
f,an,fha ta ms<sn| j oelafjk ,sÅ; m%ldYhla tu
wdydrfha fmdÿ kduhg b;d ióm j oelaúh hq;= w;r rEmh 15'17 # m%úlsrKhg
15'17 rEmfha oelafjk cd;Hka;r ixfla;h o fmdÿ kduhg ióm
,la l< j oela
wdydr i|ydúhixfla
hq;;= h'
h
• cdkuh úlsrKhg ,la l< wdydrhla wdkhkh lsÍug fyda ksIamdokh lsÍug m%Odk
wdydr wêldßfha wkque;sh ,nd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' wkque;sh ,o wdydr muKla
iqÿiq f,i f,an,a lsÍfuka wk;=re j fjf<|fmdf<a úlsKsh yels h'
fuu ;;a;ajj,g wu;r j ksIamdokh Ndú; l< hq;= wdldrh" .=K ydksh wju
jk mßos .nvd l< hq;= wdldrh" fmdaIK ixhq;shg wod< f;dr;=re o igyka lrkq ,nhs'
f,an,alrKfha jdis
• f,an,a iys; wdydr ksIamdok ñ,g .ekSu yd Ndú;h ksid we;s úh yels wk;=reodhl
;;a;aj wju lr .; yels ùu
• l,a bl=;a jQ wdydr yd ksis m%ñ;shla ke;s j ksIamdokh l< wdydr y÷kd.; yels ùu
• mdßfNda.sl reÑl;ajhg yd wjYH;djg .e<fmk wdydr y÷kd .; yels ùu
• mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq wdydr fjf<|fmd<g bosßm;a ùu md,kh ùu
wdydr wdl,k
wdydr wdl,khla hkq wdydrhla fkdjk w;r th wdydrfha l,a meje;au" jhkh"
iajNdjh (Consistency) fmkqu" .kaOh" wdï,sl$NdIañl nj jeä oshqKq lsÍu i|yd ksIamdok
l%shdj,sfha oS tl;= lrkq ,nk øjHhls' fjk;a wdldrhlg lsjfyd;a wdydrj, ksYaÑ;
;dlaIKsl .=Kdx. jeä oshqKq lsÍu i|yd wdydr ieliSfï l%shdj,sfha oS ndysr j tl;= lrk
øjH wdydr wdl,k fõ'

336
kuq;a my; i|yka øjH wdydr wdl,k hg;g fkd .efka'
• úgñka yd Lksc ,jK
• wdydr ri lsÍug .kakd iajdNdúl me<Eá yd l=`M nvq j¾.
• mqIam fldgia
• ¨Kq
• hSiaÜ fyda hSiaÜ ksiaidrl
• c, úÉfþokhg fyda iajhx úÉfþokhg ,la jQ ish¨ fm%daàka fldgia
• wdrïNl uqyqka
• fuda,aÜ yd fuda,aÜ ksiaidrl
• c,h fyda jd;h
wdldr wdl,k j¾.
wdydr wdl,k my; ldKav hgf;a j¾. l< yels h'
• j¾Kl (Colouring Agents)
• mßrlaIl (preservatives)
• m%;sTlaisldrl (anti oxidents)
• ff;f,daol (emulsifiers)
• >kSldrl (Thickners)
• ia:dhS ldrl (Stabilizers)
• ri ldrl ^iajdo& yd ri m%j¾Ol (flavours and flavour enhancers)
• wï, iy wï,hdul (acids and acidity regulators)
• m%;sjHqy .; l< msIagh (modified starch)
• m%;s>kSldrl (anticaking agents)
• meKs ri ldrl (sweetners)
• fmK fkdidok øjH (antiforming agents)
• ia:djr ldrl (firming agents)
• tkaihsu (enzimes)
• fc,s ldrl (gelling agents)
wkqu; j¾Kl
fooyilg;a wêl m%udKhla lD;su% j¾Kl fjf<|fmdf< ys mej;sh o wdydr j¾Kl
f,i fhdod .; yelafla j¾Kl 10 la muKs'
j.=j 15'12 ( wkqu; j¾Kl
j¾Kl wjYH;dj wkqu; j¾Klh
r;= (Red) Carmosin e
Fast Red E
Poceau 4R
ks,a (Blue) Indigo Carmine
Briliant Blue FCF
ly (Yellow) Tetrazine
Amaranth
Sunset Yellow
fld< (Green) Green S
Green FCF

337
 ish¨ u lD;S%u j¾Kl" ri ldrl" iqj| j¾. ksmojkqfha .,a w`.=re ;dr (Coar tar)
ridhksl ixhq;sh ;=<sks' fuh wêl ms<sld ldrl" ri ldrl ixfhda.hla jk w;r"
oSma;su;a j¾Kl iys; wêl ri ldrl iys; fyda iqj|j;a wdydr øjHj, fyda fuu
ridhkslh wka;¾.; fõ' fï ksid my; wdydr øjH i|yd lD;S%u j¾Kl tl;= lsÍu
iïmQ¾Kfhka u ;ykï fldg we;'
• fkdmsiQ yd ilia fkdlrk ,o uia
• wdydrhg .kakd ilia fkdl< mlaISka wdY%s; ksIamdok
• ud`M" m,;=re" t<j¨
• f;a fld<" fldams weg" weUrE fldams" fldams ksiaidrl
• mdka" whsia lS%ï Wl= lsß" úh<s lsß msá" Öia" ng¾
• <ore wdydr
iEu wdydr j¾.hla i|yd u fhdod we;s E fY%aKs.; wxlh ;=<ska tys j¾Klh
y÷kd.; yels h' ^15'12 j.=j& fuh wdydr f,an,fha m%o¾Ykh lsÍu wksjd¾h wjYH;djla
f,i kS;s .; fldg we;'
j.=j 15'13 # j¾Kl i|yd E fY%aKs.; wxl yd tajdfha Ndú;
E fY%aKs.; j¾Klh Ndú;h
wxlh
E 100 Curcumin ud.ßka
E 101 Eiboflavin fidaia j¾.
E 102 Tatracine isis,a îu
E 110 Sunset Yellow FCF ìialÜ j¾.
E 120 Cochineal u;ameka
E 122 Carmosine cEï j¾.
E 155 Chocolate Brown fpdl,Ü flala

j¾Kl i|yd E fY%aKs .; mrdih E 100-180 olajd fõ'

mßrlaIl (Preservatives)
mßrlaIl hkq wdydrh u; jeäh yels nelaàßhd" hSiaÜ fyda we;eï os,Sr j¾.j,
j¾Okh ksfIaOkh l< yels øjHhka h' fndfyduhla mßrlaIl ridhksl øjHhka h'
fuu ridhksl mßrlaIlj, l%shdldÍ;ajh udOHfha pH w.h" WIaK;ajh" ,jK;dj hk
ndysr idOl u; r|d mj;S' fmdÿ mßrlaIl" ldKav 7 la hgf;a j¾. l< yels h'

j.=j 15'14 # fmdÿ mßrlaIl ldKav

fmdÿ ridhksl ixfhda. tajdfha Ndú;
1' fidafíÜ lsß wdY%s; ksIamdok" ri leú,s"
2' fnkafitaÜ yd merd fnkafidtaÜ m,;=re m,am" isis,a îu" cEï
3' i,a*hsg m,;=re hqI" úh<k ,o t,j¨
4' nhsmSkhs,a foys" fodvï l=,fha m,;=rej, u;=msg
fhoùu i|yd
5' weók flfi,aj, u;=msg fhoùu i|yd
6' khsg%hsg yd khsfÜ%g uia yd Öia l¾udka;h
7' fm%dmsfhdfkaÜ fílß ksIamdok

338
 ridhksl mßrlaIl lD;%su ridhksl øjH ksid wêl f,i Ndú;h ;=<ska úúO
fi!LH .eg¨ u;= úh yels h' fï ksid fïjd Ndú;fha oS úúO ;;a;aj yd iSud y÷kajd
oSfuka isÿ úh yels fi!LH .eg¨ wju lr .; yels h' kuq;a cd;Hka;r m%cdj u tl`.
jk ;;a;aj fyda iSud fuf;la ilid ke;' ta ta rgj,a úúO iSud yd ;;a;aj mkjk w;r
tajd o l,ska l,g fjkia fõ'
ridhksl mßrlaIl w;ßka i,a*hsÜ" khsfÜ%Ü" khsg%hsg Wmßu úI ;;a;aj fmkajhs'
wêl j tl;= lrk i,a*hsg u.ska fmky¨ yd Yajik moaO;sfha wdidok we;s lrkq ,nk
w;r" khsfÜ%g yd khsg%hsg u.ska tajdfha w;=re M, f,i ksmojkq ,nk khsfg%dfid weók
ms<sld ldrlhls' mßrlaIl fh¥ wdydr ñ, oS .ekSug mdßfNda.slhka ue,s njla olajhs'
iajdNdúl wdydr f,i y÷kajd oS we;s weiqreï iys; wdydrj, iajdNdúl ;;a;ajh mj;ajd
.ekSug fndfyda mrdñ;sl ia:djr j ;nd .ekSu g isÿ fõ' ta i|yd o ridhksl øjH fhdod
.kakd kuq;a tajd ksIamdolhka fy<s fkdlrhs' fï wkqj ;;a;aj yd iSud okakd mßrlaIl
Ndú;h" fkdokakd iajNdúl f,aL,h hgf;a we;s wdydrj,g jvd wdrlaIdldÍ fõ'

m%;sTlaisldrl (anti - oxidents)

fndfyda wdydr øjH TlaislrKhg Ndckh fõ' Wod ( f;,a yd fïo
;U iy hlv hk f,day fuu ls%hdj,sfha W;afm%arl f,i l%shd lrhs' fï ksid
wdydr ieliSu i|yd tu f,dayj,ska ;ekQ fldgia ks¾foaY fkdlrk w;r u, fkdnef|k
jdfka fhdod .kS'
m%;sTlaisldrlhla hkq TlaislrKh j<lajk l%shdldÍ ix>glhls' we;eï wdydr
øjHj, iajdNdúl m%;T
s lail
s drl we;s w;r" ^úgñka C, E, we;eï i,a*¾ wka;¾.; weuhsfkda
wï,& by< l%shdldÍ;ajhla fmkajk lD;%su m%;sTlaisldrl o we;' fïjd wdydrj,g tl;=
lsÍu wdydr yd T!IO mßmd,kh u.ska wkqu; lr we;'
j.=j 15'15 ( m%;sTlaisldrl yd tajdfha Ndú;
E fY%aKs .; m%;sTlaisldrlh Ndú;h
wxlh
E 300 weiafldaìla wï,h m,;=re îu
E 307 fgdfldf*frda,a ^lD;S%u& OdkH wdY%s; <ore wdydr
E 310 fm%dms,a .ef,aÜ t<j¨ f;,a
E 320 ìhqáf,agâ yhsfv%dlais weksfida,a Öia ;ejreï
E 321 ìhqáf,agâ yhsfv%dlais fgd¨ùka pqhska.ï
E 322 f,is;ska fïoh wvq ;ejreu

TlaislrKh u.ska wdydrhg wñysß rihla fuka u fmdaIK w.h my; fy<Su o isÿ
fõ' wdydrj, jhkh uDÿ isg >k ùu" ÿUqre ùu wdosh o isÿ fõ'
wdydrhl ,smv
s Tlail s rKh tys we;s fïo ødjH úgñka i|yd o n,mdhs' Tlail
s rKh
je<elaúh yels tfy;a m%;T
s lail
s drl fkdjk ridhksl øjH o we;' fïjd u.ska Tlail s rK
l%shdj,sh hï ;rulg md,kh lrhs' Wod ( isá%la wï,h" fmdiafmdßla wï,h yd tys
jHq;amkak'

ri ldrl/iajdo (Flavours)
ri ldrlhla hkq ri ixfõokh ,nd fokakd jQ .;s ,laIKhkaf.a ixl,kfhka
hqla; jQ ix>glhla fyda ix>gl iuQyhls' fï u.ska wdydrfha reÑl;ajh yd wdl¾YKSh
nj jeä oshqKq l< yels h' uQ,sl ri ldrl j¾. 7 ls'

339
 j.=j 15'16 # uQ,sl iajdo yd tajdfha ridhksl iajNdjh
uQ,sl .kaOh ridhksl iajNdjh Wmia;rh

Campharaceous Camphor lmqre fnda, (moth baffs)

Musky Penadecano lactome Angelica root
Floral Phenyl ethyl alchohol frdai u,a (roses)
Peperminty Menthol ñkaÜ rie;s ^mint candy)
Ethereal Ethylene dichloride úh<s msßisÿ lsÍfï oS
Ndú; jk oshr
(dry cleaning liquids)
Pungent Acetic acid úkdlsß (vinegar)
Putrid Butyl mercaptan krla jQ ì;a;r (rotten eggs)
ish¨ u ri ldrl wefrdaueál ixfhda.j,ska iukaú; jk w;r" tajdfha iuia;
n,mEu ;=<ska wdydrfha rih fyda iqj| flfrys n,mEï we;s lrhs' fïjd m%Njh wkqj
fldgia 3 ls'
1' iajdNdúl j mj;sk Ydl fldgia u.ska ,nd .kakd rildrl
2' iajdNdúl j mj;sk Ydl fldgia wdijkhg" f;rmSulg fyda ksiaidrKhg ,la
lsÍu u.ska ,nd .kakd rildrl
3' iajdNdúl udOH u.ska ksiairKh lrk fyda ilid .;a ixY=oaO ridhk øjH u.ska
iajdNdúl j yuqjk rildrlhkag i¾jiu f,i ksmojk ,o lD;%su ridhksl
ixfhda.

ri m%j¾Ol
fïjdg ;ksj u wdydr ri.ekaúh fkdyels kuq;a wdydrfh ys iajdNdúl rifha
;Sj%;dj fu u.ska jeä l< yels h' fuu .=Kh wKql jHqyh u; fjkia jk w;r tajdfha
l%shdldÍ;ajh udOHfha pH w.h u; fjkia fõ'
Wod ( fudfkdfidaähï .a¨gfïÜ
g%hs fldaf,daksla wï,h
bfndfgksla wï,h
bfkdiska -5 -fudfkd fmdiafmaÜ (IMP)
fuu ixfhda. ms<sld ldrl fõ' fïjd kshñ; ud;%dj wNsnjd Ndú; lsÍfuka úI
iys; ;;a;ajhg m;a ùu fyda w;=re wdndO we;s ùu isÿúh yels h' Wod ( MSG wêlj
Ndú;h ksid YÍrh oeú,a," msmdih" ysiroh" wêl reêr mSvkh we;súh yels h'
m%ñ;s iy;sl
m%ñ;s iy;slh la ksl=;a lsÍfï oS wdydrhl ;sìh hq;= fmdaIKSh w.h" weiqreïj,
fhda.H;dj" ksIamdok ;;a;aj wdoS ish¨ u foaj,a wdh;k m%ñ;Skaf.a ks¾Kdhlj, g wkqj
mj;S oehs úêu;a f,i mÍlaId lr ne,Su isÿ lrhs' wdh;kfha ks¾Kdhlj,g wkqj mj;S
kï" ta ksIamdokj,g m%ñ;s iy;slh ,nd foa' túg tu ;;a;aj md,k iy;slh ,o
ksIamdokj, weiqrefu ys wod< m%ñ;s ,dxPkh m%o¾Ykh l< yels h' m%ñ;shlg wxlhla
oSu iïu; l%uhlg wkqj isÿ flf¾' m<uqfjka lshefjkafka wdh;kh .ekhs' ^bx.%Sis
wl=re& fojk fldgiska lshfjkafka wkql%ñl wxlh hs' Wod ( SLS 183 fuh fnda;,a l<
ldnfkagâ îu i|yd jQ m%ñ;sh hs'

340
SLS (Sri Lanka Standards)
hï NdKavhla m%ñ;shlg ksmojd we;s njg Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh (Sri Lanka
Standards Institute) u.ska fokq ,nk ;;a;aj wdrlaIK iy;slh hs' fuh Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s
iy;slh f,i y÷kajhs' fuu cd;sl msßú;r ilia lrkq ,nkafka SLSI u.ska m;a lrkq
,nk jev lKavdhula u.sks' fufia ieliQ m%ñ;s i|yd SLS ,l=Kq m%odkh lrhs' 1980 oS
wdrïN l< fuu ksIamdok i|yd jQ iy;sl ,dxPk l%uh úYajdijka; f,i ksIamdok ñ,
oS .ekSug bvlv újr lr ;sfí' fuu iy;sl ,dxPk ,nd ÿka miq wLKav j ;u ksIamdok
hym;a m%ñ;sfhka hqla; j fjf<|fmd<g uqod yeÍu ksIamdolhdf.a j.lSu hs' ksjeros
f;dard .ekSulg th m%udKj;a iy;slhls' fï u.ska mdßfNda.sl úYajdih ;yjqre jk
w;r b,a¨u o jeä fõ'
SLS ,l=K Ndú;hg wjir ,enqKq wdydr ksIamdok iud.ï SLS ,l=K ork wdydr
whs;uh Y%S ,xld m%ñ;shg wkql+, j wLKav j wëlaIKh yd md,k ;;a;aj hgf;a ksmojd
we;s njg iy;sl fõ' SLS u.ska GHP, GMP, HACCP u; mokï jk wdydr l¾udka;h
i|yd iafõÉPd moaO;s iy;sl msßkuhs' tfia u fuu.ska wksjd¾h wdkhk mÍlaIK
jevigyk l%shd;aul lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
m%ñ;slrKh ms<sn| jQ cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhg fhdok flá ku fõ' f,dj mqrd úysoS
we;s cd;sl m%ñ;sh wdh;k ish,af,ys ksfhdackfhka ieos ixúOdkh ls' Y%S ,xld m%ñ;s
wdh;kh o tys Y%S ,xldj ksfhdackh lrk cd;sl wdh;kh hs'
ISO m%ñ;s uq¿ f,dj u fyda jeä rgj,a ixLHdjl tl`.;ajfhka wkq.ukh lrk"
wka;¾ cd;sl m%ñ;s ixúOdkh úiska ms<s.kq ,enQ m%ñ;s fõ' fï wdh;kh fkdfhl=;a
NdKav yd fiajd i|yd m%ñ;s ksl=;a lrhs'
ISO u.ska jk jdis
wdh;khg jk jdis
• M,odhS;dj yd ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä oshqKq lsÍu
• wmf;a hdu wju ùu
• wdh;ksl ,dNh yd l%shdldÍ;ajh jeä oshqKq ùu
• ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd< ;=< id¾:l j /|S isàfï yelshdj j¾Okh
• wdh;kfha ;;a;ajh" m%;srEmh yd úYajdikSh;ajh j¾Okh
• iuia; jHdmdr lghq;= jeä oshqKq ùu
mdßfNda.slhdg jk jdis
• mdßfNda.sl ;Dma;sh jeä oshqKq ùu
• mdßfNda.sl úYajikSh;ajh j¾Okh ùu
• NdKav yd fiajd i|yd uqo,a jeh ùu wvq ùu

15'6 Y%S ,xldfõ fmdaIK .eg¨

ÿIafmdaIKh
ÿIafmdaIKh (Malnutrition) hkq jeros fmdaIKh hs' hï mqoa.,fhl= .kq ,nk
wdydrfhys hï w;HjYH fmdaIlhla fyda fmdaIl lSmhla wjYH muKg fkd;sîu fyda
wjYH muKg jvd fndfyda jeäfhka ;sîu isÿúh yels h' fufia ÿIafmdaIK ;;a;aj
j<lajd .ekSug kï mqoa.,hl= ffoksl j .; hq;= fmdaIl m%udKh ms<sn| j o< woyila
fyda ;sîu jeo.;a h'

341
 ÿIafmdaIK ;;a;ajhkag f.dÿre ùug jvd;a bv we;af;a <orejka" <dnd, <uqka"
.¾NkS uõjreka" lsß fok uõjreka" wdidos; fyda fjkhï frda.j,ska fmf<kakka h'
idïm%odhsl fkdjk Ôjk rgdjkag yqre ùu" ÿïmdkh" wêl f,i fïoh iys; wdydr
.ekSu" jHdhdu wvq lu jeks fya;= o ÿIafmdaIK ixl+,;djkag f.dÿre ùug we;s bv lv
jeä lrhs'
• ÿIafmdaIK wdldr
1' ukaofmdaIKh
2' wêfmdaIKh
ukaofmdaIKh (Under
nutritrion)
idudkH laIh ùu l=re nj jhig kshñ;
fmdaIl tlla fyda
nr fkdue;s ùu
ish,a, wjYH m%udKhg
fkd,eîu ks i d fi!LHhg
ukaofmdaIKh wêfmdaIKh
wys;lr n,mEï we;s fõ' fuu
;;a ; a j h uka o fmda I Kh hs '
ukaofmdaIK ;;a;ajhla we;s úg rEmh 15'18 # jhi wjq' 5 g wvq orejkaf.a ÿIafmdaIK wdldr
YÍrh tu ;;a;ajhg yev .eiSula
jYfhka l%shdldrlï wvq lrhs' oS¾> ld,Sk j fuu ;;a;ajh mej;sh fyd;a YÍrh laIh
ùu wdrïN fõ' fm%daàka le,ß ukaofmdaIKh (PEM) fmdaIKSh kSrla;sh" whãka W!k;dj"
úgñka A W!k;dj" *a¨fjdßka W!k;dj Y%S ,xldfõ jeo.;a fmdaIK .eg¨ lSmh ls'
• ukaofmdaIKhg fya;=
• m%udKj;a wdydr fkd,eîu
• wdydr ud¾. moaO;sfha frda. we;s ùu
• wdydr iemhqu m%udKj;a jqj;a fmdaIl wjfYdaIKhg ndOd we;s ùu
• ks;r u wdidok ;;a;ajj,g f.dÿre ùu

fm%daàka Yla;s ukaofmdaIKh (Protin Energy Malnutrition - PEM)

fm%daàka le,ß ukaofmdaIKh by< uÜgul mej;Su ixj¾Okh jk fndfyda rgj,
olakg we;s fmdÿ ,laIKhls' oshqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, <uhska 0 -5] w;r ixLHdjla
W.% fm%daàka Yla;s ukaofmdaIKfhka fmf<k w;r 50] olajd ukaofmdaIKfha W.% fkdjQ
wdldrh fmkakqï lrhs'

j.=j 15'17 # miq.sh jir lSmhl Y%S ,xldfõ jhi wjq' 5 g wvq orejkaf.a fm%daàka Yla;s
ukaofmdaIK ;;a;ajh
m%;sY;h
ukao fmdaIK ;;a;ajh 1993 2000 2006
ñá Ndjh 22'8 13'5 16'3
laIh ùu 15'5 14'0 14'7
jhig kshñ; nr fkdue;s ùu 37'7 29'4 21'6
fm%daàka le,ß ukaofmdaIKhg f.dÿre jk orejkaf.a Ôú;j, uq,a iufha oS jeä
ÿIalr;djkag uqyqK oSug isÿ fõ' YdÍßl j¾Ok W!k;d fuka u uq,a wjosj, we;s úh hq;=

342
udkisl j¾Okfha ÿ¾j,;d o fï ksid we;s fõ' urKhg m;a ùu fuka u orejkaf.a
j¾Okh yd úlikh nd, ùu o fuys oS isÿ fõ' .¾NKS ld,h ;=< yd Wmf;a isg udi 24
jk f;la ld,h ;=< oS ukaofmdaIKhg ,la ùu ksid fud<h j¾Okh wvq fõ' fï ksid
wvq Wm;a nr iys; orejka we;s ùu" ñá nj" jhig kshñ; nr ke;s ùu jeks ;;a;aj we;s
fõ' flfia fyda fuu ;;a;ajh je<elaúh yels iy m%;sldr l< yels fi!LH .eg¨jls'
fm%daàka Yla;s ukaofmdaIKfha uq,ska u we;s jk ;;a;ajh jkqfha nr wvq ùu hs'
wdydrfhka wjYH ;rï Yla;s m%udKh fkd,efnk úg YÍrfha we;s fïo yd fm%daàka mgl
Wmfhda.S lr f.k" Yla;s wjYH;dj imqrd .kS' fuu ;;a;ajh laIh ùu (Wasting) f,i
y÷kajhs' fuu ;;a;ajh flá ld,Sk ukaofmdaIK ;;a;ajhla jk ksid ksjeros lr .ekSug
yels fõ' kuq;a oS¾> ld,Sk j mej;Su ksid Wiska wvq ùu ^l=re ùu& isÿ fõ' fuh
úfYaIfhka n,mdkqfha jefvk jhfia <uqkag h' jhig kshñ; Wi fkd,enqK fyd;a
kej; ,nd .; fkdyels h' <uhl=f.a Ôú;fha m<uq jif¾ oS ,efnk fmdaIKh wkqj Tyq
jeäysáhl= jk úg Wi ;SrKh jk nj fmdaIK úoHd{hskaf.a u;hhs'
fm%daàka Yla;s ukaofmdaIKh ksid YÍrh laIh fõ' nr wvq fõ' l=re fõ' l=re ùfï
oS nr yd Wi tl u wkqmd;fhka wvq ùu ksid <uhska ndysr fmkqñka idudkH <uhska f,i
fmfka' fm%daàka Yla;s W!k;dj ksid ld,hla ;siafia flkl=f.a j¾Okhg wjYH fm%daàka"
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü yd fïo YÍrhg fkd,eîu ksid thg wkqj¾;kh ùug keUqre fõ' tkï
kshñ; Wi fkdue;s ùu kshñ; fmaYs j¾Okh fkdùu isÿ fõ' fuh os.= ld,Sk wdydr
ys`.lug YÍrh olajk wkqj¾;khla f,i ie,lsh yels h' fuh ld,Sk fyj;a W.%
ukaofmdaIKh hs' fuu ;;ajfha oS ksis fmdaIKh ,nd oSfuka h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a lsÍu
wmyiq h'
fm%daàka Yla;s ukaofmdaIKh os.= l,la mej;Su
ksid" ueriauia yd lafjdaIf
s hdaflda¾ hk frda.S ;;a;j
a hkag
Ndckh fõ'
ueriauia
Yla;sh" fm%daàka yd fjk;a fmdaIl m%udKj;a f,i
os.= l,la fkd,eîu ksid fuu ;;a;ajh we;s fõ' jhi
wjqreÿ tlg wvq <orejka w;r olakg ,efnk kuq;a
wdydr ys`. ;;a;aj hgf;a ´kE u jhil oS we;s úh yels
h'

fuu ;;ajfha miq jk orejkaf.a oelsh yels ,laIK rEmh 15'19

• # ueria
nr u ia frda
wvq h .hg
f.dÿre jQ orefjla
• YÍrfha ;ekam;a jQ fïo ke;' ta ksid iu /<s .eiS
we; • isrer jeyeÍu" uqyqK uy¨ fmkqulska
hqla; ùu • YÍrh j¾Okh ySk ùu
• YÍrh flÜgq ùu
• iu bß ;e¨Kq iajNdjhla .ekSu
• Worh úYd, ù bosßhg fkrd tau
• fkdreiakd .;sh yd fkdikaiqka;dj
• l=i.skak we;s ùu
• udxY fmaYS laIh ùu ksid w;a yd mdj, wiaÓ mEoSu
s hdaflda¾ (Kwashiorkor)
lafjdaYf
wdydrfha fm%daàka m%udKd;aul j yd .=Kd;aul j W!k
ùu fya;=fjka fuu frda.h yg .efkk w;r" fuys oS Yla;sh
m%udKj;a úh yels h' ldfndayhsfâ%g nyq, wdydr jk u[af[dla
rEmh l d" w,
15'20 jeks
# laf jdaIsffoa m%O¾dk
hdflda

343
wdydrh f,i .kakd rgj, ck;djg we;s úh yels h' lsß jrk orejkaf.a nyq, h' fuhg
fya;=j Tjqkg fm%daàka nyq, lsßj, isg ldfndayhsfâ%g jeä wdydr ,nd oSuhs' wjqreÿ 1 -
3 olajd orejka w;r nyq, j olakg ,efí'
frda. ,laIK
• w;a md" uqyqK yd Worh bosóu
• fm%daàk ys`.lu ksid fuh isÿjk w;r" bosóu ksid nr wvqjla fkdfmkaùu
• Worh bosßhg fkÍu
• ysi flia ÿUqre ùu" r;= meye ùu fyda ;=kS ùu
• fmaYS laIh ùu yd ÿ¾j, ùu
• wdydr wreÑh" yu me,Su yd fmd;= .e,ùu
• w;s fyda ukao j¾KSNjkh
• wlaudj úYd, ùu
• w,i .;sh
úgñka A W!k;dj
úgñka A W!k;dj oshqKq jk rgj, úYd, fi!LH .eg¨jla jk w;r" Y%S ,xldfõ
o iq`M jYfhka fuu ;;a;ajh mj;shs' Y%S ,xldfõ fuu ;;ajhg m%Odk f,i f.dÿre ù
we;af;a fmr mdi,a <uqka h'
úgñka A W!k;dj ksid we;s jk ;;a;aj
• rd;S% wkaO;dj
• iSfrdma;e,añhdj ^weiaj, úh<s nj& - m<uqfjka u wefia iqÿ bx.sßhdfõ /,s jegqKq
iajNdjhla we;s fõ' fuu wjia:djg m%;sldr fkdl< fyd;a" weiaj, ìfgda ,m kñka
ye|skafjk w`M meye;s ;%sfldaKdldr r`M ,m iqÿ bx.sßhdfõ oelsh yels fõ' fndfyda
úg fuh weia foflys u u;= fõ'
• ifï wdndO we;s ùu - úh<s .;sh yd r`M nj
• wmsÉPo mg,j, fjkia ùu - Yajik ud¾." fu!;% ,sx.sl ud¾." wdydr ud¾. wdia;rKh
lrk wmsÉPoj, jHqyu h fjkia ùï fya;= fldg f.k wdidok myiqfjka we;s úh
yels h'
• <uhskaf.a j¾Ok fõ.h wvq ùu
• frda.j,g YÍrh olajk m%;sfrdaë;dj wvq ùu
• ;on, W!k;djl oS wkaO nj
úgñka A wêl ùu ksid we;s úh yels ;;a;aj
• iu ly meye .ekaùu ^lefrdaáksóhd&
• wiaÓ bosóu yd kefuk iq¨ nj
• úh<s" r`M" lik iula yd r`M flia
• ysiroh yd lrleú,a,
• yu úh<Su" flia jeàu" wiaÓ >k ùu" wdydr wreÑh
rEmh 15'21 # lefrdaáksóhd
úgñka A W!k;dj je<elaùu
• úgñka A nyq, úúO wdydr j¾. wdydr fõ,g tl;= lsÍu
• wdydrj, úúO;ajh jeä lsÍu
• fïoh wvx.= wdydr tl;= lsÍu
• jeä WIaK;ajhl blaukska msi .ekSu ^Wod( m<d j¾." ue,a¨ï iEoSu&
• j¾K fjki wju jk f,i msi .ekSu

344
<orejkaf.a A úgñka W!k;dj je<elaùu
• fldf,iag%ï" úgñka A nyq, ksid th wksjd¾hfhka u <orejdg ,nd oSu
• udi 6 jkf;la uõ lsß muKla oSu
• jir 2 hk ;=re mßmQrl wdydr iu. uõ lsß oSu'
• mßmQrl wdydr iu. fïoh tl;= lr .ekSu'
• ujf.a wdydrhg úgñka A nyq, wdydr oskm;d tl;= lsÍu'
whãka W!k;dj
frda. ,laIK
• .,.Kavh ^jdhqf.ä& we;s ùu - oS¾> ld,hla wdydrfhys
whäka wvq jQ úg ;hsfrdhsâ fyda¾fudak jeä lsÍug
ork W;aidyhl m%;sM,hla f,i tu .%kaÓfha j¾Okh
W;af;ackh ù .%kaÓh úYd, fõ' fuh .,.Kavh hs'
.¾NKS Ndjfha oS" fh!jk jhfia oS" foay fyda¾fudak
l%shdldÍ;ajh fjkia jk úg .,.Kavh u;= fõ'
• WodiSk .;s mej;=ï iys; ùu
• nqoaê uÜgu wvq ùu
• m%ckk moaO;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajhg ndOd we;s ùu
• blaukska fjfyig m;a ùu rEmh 15'22 # .,.Kavh
• .eyekq <uhska jeä úhg m;a ùu m%udo ùu
• ;hsfrdhsâ .%kaÓfha ms<sld we;s ùu
• ujf.a wdydrfha whãka W!k ùfï m%;sM,hla f,ig N%EKh .íid ùu fyda u< orejka
ìys ùu
• N%EK Ôú;fha yd Wm;ska miq uq,a ld,fha oS ;hsfrdhsâ fyda¾fudakh wvq ùfï m%;sM,h
la f,i jeäfï mshjr m%udo ùu' jmrh" l:dfõ yd lka weiSfï wdndO" ukao nqoaêl
ùu" idudkH f,i ke.sg isàu fyda weúoSu g wmyiq ùu jeks ;;a;aj we;s úh yels h'
fuys W.% yd wn,ka ;;ajh fl%ák;dj hs ^ukao nqoaêl ùu" f.d¿ ìysß ùu" oeä f,i
l=re ùu&'
• Ôú;fha miq lf,l ;hsfrdhsâ wvq l%shdldÍ;ajh ksid my; ,laIK we;s úh yels h'
• ldhsl yd udkisl l%shdj, w,i nj
• YÍrfha nr jeä ùu
• YÍrh mqrd bosuqKq njla we;s ùu
• iu úh<s yd r`M ùu" flia jeàu
• úvdj yd ksosu; .;sh
• yDo iamkaokh wvq ùu
• reêrfha fldf,iagfrda,a wêl ùu
whäka W!k;djg ms<shï
• whäka nyq, wdydr oskm;d wdydrhg tl;= lr .ekSu ^uqyqÿ ud`M" biaika" fmdlsßiaika"
fc,s" wdydrhg .kakd uqyqÿ me<Eá j¾.&
• whäka ñY% ¨Kq ksjeros f,i Ndú;h' Wod ( wdydrhg tl;= lsÍug fmr fiaoSfuka
je<lSu" w÷re Ndckj, weisÍu" ysre t<shg ksrdjrKh fkdjk ;ekl ¨Kq n÷k ;eîu
wfkl=;a laIqø fmdaIl W!k;d
hlv W!k;dj
Y%S ,xldfõ ish¨ u ck fldgia w;r mj;sk fi!LH .eg¨jla f,i kSrla;sh
ye|skaúh yels h' wm rfÜ kSrla;sh we;s ùug m%Odk fya;=j hlv W!k;dj jqj o f*da,sla

345
wï,h" úgñka î 12" msßfvdlaiSka jeks úgñka yd ;U W!k;dj ksid o fuh we;s úh yels
h'
hlv wjYH jkafka wehs @
• YdÍßl yd udkisl j¾Okh ksis mßos isÿ ùug
• m%;sYla;sh ,nd .ekSug
• w,i núka f;dr osú fmfj;lg
• u;l Yla;sh iy wjOdkh jeä lr .ekSug
• .¾NKS iufha we;s jk ixl+,;d wju lr .ekSug
hlv W!k;djh ksid we;sjk frda. ,laIK
hlv W!k;djfha oS reêrfha ysfuda.af,dìka idkaøKh wvq fõ' ySfuda.af,dìka
idkaøKh iïu; w.hg jvd wvq jQ úg ksrla;sh we;s fõ' fuúg my; frda. ,laIK
y÷kd.; yels h'
• blaukska úvdjg m;a ùu
• w,i nj ^ld¾hlaIu;dj wvq ùu&
• j¾Okh ySk ùu
• ysi lrleú,a, yd ysiroh
• wjOdkh iy u;l ;nd .ekSfï yelshdj wvq ùu
• myiqfjka f,v frda. je<|Su
• wvq Wm;a nr orejka ìys ùu
• yu iqÿue,s ùu yd ysi flia ye<Su
• fkdreiakd .;sh
• osj u;=msg iqug ùu yd fõokdldÍ ùu
hlv W!k;djg n,mdk uQ,sl fya;=
• tosfkod wdydr fõf,ys m%udKj;a ;rï hlv fkd;sîu
• wdydr fõf,ys wvx.= hlv m%udKj;a f,i YÍrhg Wrd fkd.ekSu
• reêr jykh - yosis wk;=re" w¾Yia frda." udia Y=oaêh" ore m%iQ;sfha oS wêl j reêrh msg
ùu
• mrfmdaIs; wdidok Wod( fldl=mKq frda.h" uef,aßhdj

hlv W!k;dj ksid we;s jk kSrla;sh nyq, j olakg we;af;a ldka;djka yd <uqka
w;r h' fï yereKq úg .¾NKS yd lsß fok uõjreka ;=< o kSrla;sh we;s ùfï wjodku
jeä h' .¾NKS wjidk udi ;=k ;=< hlv wjYH;dj .¾NKS fkdjk whl=f.a fuka mia
.=Khls' hlv nyq, wdydr wkqNj lrk úg Wrd .kakd hlv m%udKh jeä h' tfia u
hlv mj;sk wdldrh o hlv wjfYdaIKh g n,mdhs'
wdydrj, wvx.= hlv wdldr
1' isrerg myiqfjka Wrd .kakd ySï hlv' Wod ( uia" ud`M" lrj," yd,aueiaika i;a;ajuh
wdydrj,ska ,efí'
2' isrerg fiñka Wrd .kakd ySï fkdjk hlv' Wod ( ;o fld< meye;s m<d j¾." rks,"
weg" OdkH' fïjdfha wjfYdaIKh wdydr fõf,ys we;s wfkl=;a ix>gl u; r|d
mj;S'
Y%S ,dxlsl wmf.a wdydrfhys by; wdldr fol u wvx.= jqj;a" jeämqr wvx.= jkafka
Ydluh wdydrj,ska fiñka Wrd .kakd hlv h'

346
hlv Wrd .kakd m%udKh jeä lsÍug l< hq;= foa
• úgñka C nyq, w¨;a t<j¨ yd m,;=re jeä jYfhka wdydrhg .ekSu' úgñka C j,
úfYaI;ajh jkafka uia" ud`M wvqfjka .kakd whf.a hlv wjfYdaIKh jeä lrk tlu
idOlh fuh ùu hs'
• wdydr ms<sfh, lsÍfï oS foys" ishU,d" ;lald,s jeks wdï,sl øjH tl;= lsÍu'
• lv," uqx weg jeks weg j¾. meh 24 la muK fmd`.jd wxl=r we;s jQ miq wdydr ms<sfh,
lr .ekSu'
• wdmam" f;dafia jeks oE ms<sfh, lsÍfï oS wkq.ukh lrk wdydr meiùfï l%shdj,sh
wkq.ukh lsÍu'
• yels iEu úgu uia" ud`M fyda lrj, b;d iq`M m%udKhla fyda wdydr fõ,g tl;= lr
.ekSu'
• wdydr fõ, iu. u fyda wdydr .ekSu wdikakfha ^mehla& ;=< f;a" fldams mdkfhka
je<lSu' fïjdfha wvx.= gekska hlv wjfYdaIKhg ndOd we;s lrhs'
*a¨fjdßka
*a¨fjdßka m%Odk jYfhka o;a yd wiaÓj, wvx.= jk w;r" o;a osrd hdu j<lajd wiaÓ
Yla;su;a lrhs'
W!k;d ,laIK
• o;a osrd hdu
• wiaÓ ÿ¾j, ùu
• j¾Okh wvq ùu
• o;aj, mq,a,s we;s ùu
• lrleú,a,
• iakdhq l%shdldÍ;ajhg ndOd we;s ùu ^5gg jvd .;a úg urKh mjd isÿ úh yels h'&
wêfmdaIKh (Over Nutrition)
wjYH m%udKhg jvd jeäfhka wdydr .ekSu ksid os.= ld,hla mqrd isÿ jk l%h
s dj,shl
m%;sM,hla f,i we;s jk ;;a;ajhla f,i wêfmdaIKh ye|skaúh yels h' fuys m%;sM,hla
f,i tjka mqoa.,hka ia:q, njla fmkakqï lrhs'

ia:q,;dj (Obesity)
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü yd fïo nyq, wdydr YÍrhg wjYH m%udKhg jvd jeämqr ,nd.;a úg
miqj tajd fïo njg mßj¾;kh ù ;ekam;a ùu isÿ fõ' fuh ia:Q,;dj hs' YÍrfha nr jeä
ùu" ;rndre nj fuysoS oelsh yels ,laIK fõ' fuu ;;a;j
a h we;s ùug wdõKsh o n,mdhs'
tfiau ia:q,;dj fjk;a fi!LH .eg¨ /ilg o fya;= fõ'
ia:q,;dj yd iïnkaO fi!LH .eg¨
• oshjeähdj • ms<sld
• lsÍgl yDo frda. • fldkao lelal=u
• Yajik wdndO • udkisl wjmSvkh ^úYdoh&
• kskao ms<sn| .eg¨ • wd¾:j fjkialï
• ms;a;dYfha .,a we;s ùu • .¾NKS iufha ixl+,;d
• ykaosj, m%odyh
fuu ;;a;ajh md,kh lsÍug wdydr rgdj fjkia lsÍu fuka u jHdhdu ,nd oSu o
w;HjYH h' WÑ; fmdaIKh" lh fjfyiSu u.ska ;u Wi yd nr jhig .e,fmk uÜgug
r|jd .ekSu ^YÍr ialkaO o¾Ylh 25 blaujd fkdhk f,i /l .ekSu& jeks l%shdud¾.
;=<ska fuu wjodku ÿre l< yels nj ms<s.efka'

347
oshjeähdj (Diabetic)
reêrfha wvx.= iSks ^.aÆfldaia& m%udKh kshñ; m%udKhg jvd jeä jQ úg fuu
;;a;ajh we;s fõ' wm wdydrhg .kakd ldfndayhsfâ%Ü ^msIagh& jeä m%udKhla isrer ;=< oS
.aÆfldaia njg yrjd fmaYS iy fjk;a mgl i|yd wjYH Yla;sh imhk m%Odk uQ,dY%h
f,i l%shd lrhs' YÍrhg wjfYdaIKh l< miq fuu .aÆfldaia reêrh u.ska mßjykh
lrhs' fuf,i reêrh iu. meñfKk .aÆfldaia fmaYS iy wfkl=;a mgl u.ska wjfYdaIKh
lr Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug kï bkaishq,ska fyda¾fudakh mej;Su wjYH h' w.akHdYh ;=<
m%udKj;a ;rï bkaishq,ska ksmojQfha ke;skï fyda w.akHdifhka ksmojQ bkaishq,skaj,g
YÍrfha m%;ps drh fkd,efnkafka kï fyda ld¾hlaIu f,i .aÆfldaia Ndú; lsÍfï wjia:dj
mglj,g fkd,eî hhs' túg reêr iSks uÜgu by< hhs' oshjeähdfõ oS isÿ jkafka fuh
hs' idudkH mqoa.,hl=f.a ksrdydr wjia:dfõ oS reêr 100ml lg .aÆfldaia 70-110mg l
^reêr ,Sgrhg ñ,s fuda,a 4-6& m%udKhla mj;S' fuu m%udKhg jeä uÜgulska reêrfhys
.aÆfldaia mej;Su fndfyda ixl+,;djkag fya;= fõ'
oshjeähdfjys ixl+,;d
• wkaO;dj ^wefia oDIaá ú;dkhg ydks ùu&
• jl=.vq wl¾uKH ùu
• iakdhq ydks ùu
• yDohdndO ^wd>d;&
• fomdj, ixfõoS nj wvq ùu
oshjeähdj md,kh
• YÍr ialkaO o¾Ylh (Body Mass Index) ksis whqre mj;ajd .ekSu" jHdhdu lsÍu yd
nr kshu ;;a;ajfha mj;ajd .ekSu
• wdydr md,kh iys; ldfndayhsfâ%g yd fïo
• ;ka;= iys; wdydr .ekSu
wêl reêr mSvkh (Hypertension)
reêr mSvkh hkq Ouks ;=< we;s reêrfhys mSvkh hs' tkï YÍrfha reêrh f.k hk
jdyskS ^reêr kd<&j, ì;a;s u; reêrfhka we;s lrk f;rmqu hs' fuh jhi" ia;%S mqreI
Ndjh wkqj fjkia fõ' Wod( ;reK úfha oS reêr mSvkh riosh ñ,s óg¾ 120$80" l=vd
orejkaf.a yd l%Svlhkaf.a fï w.h óg jvd wvq h' reêr mSvkh riosh ñ,s óg¾ 145$85
g fyda Bg jvd jeä ù os.= l,la mej;Su wê reêr mSvkh f,i ie,lsh yels h' Ouksj,
we;=`M me;af;a fïouh øjH ^fldf,iagfrda,a& ;ekam;a ùu ksid reêrh .e,Sug we;s bvlv
wvq ùfuka reêr mSvkh l%ufhka jeä fõ'
ngysr rgj, ck.ykfhka iEu y;r fokl=f.ka tla whl= wêl reêr mSvkfhka
fmf<k w;r" Y%S ,dxlslhka w;ßka 20] ^iEu mia fofkl=f.ka tla jeäysáfhla& wêl
reêr mSvkfhka fmf<k nj oela fõ' úúO fya;= ksid wêl reêr mSvkh we;s úh yels
h' Wod( ;rndre nj" jHdhdu u| nj" u;a meka Ndú;h" mjqf,a {d;Skag fyda f,a {d;Skag
wê reêr mSvkh mej;Su" os.= l,la ;siafia mj;sk udkisl wd;;sh" wêl ¨Kq Ndú;h'
wêl reêr mSvkh ksid yDohdndO" wd>d;h ^wxYNd.h&" yDoh yd reêr kd< wdY%s;
frda." jl=.vq frda. we;s lsÍfï wjodkula mj;S' reêr mSvkfhys w.h by< hk ;rug
urKh isÿ ùug mj;sk wjodku o by< hhs'
yDohdndO ^yDoh yd reêr ixirK moaO;sh wdY%s;&
wêfmdaIKfha m%;sM,hla f,ig úúO fi!LH .eg¨ u;= fõ' uyd Ouksh f,i
ye|skafjk reêr kd<fhka yg .kakd lsÍgl Ouks kï reêr kd< cd,h u.ska yDofha

348
fmaYSj,g reêrh imhhs' fuu lsÍgl Ouksj, tl kd<hla fyda wjysr jqjfyd;a tu
kd<h u.ska reêrh iemfhk yDo fmaYs m%foaYhg reêrh iemhSug ndOd we;s fõ' fuu
;;a;ajh we;s ùu yDohdndOhla kï fõ' (mio cardial infraction - iemfhk reêr iemhqu
wjysr ùu ksid yDoa fmaYsfha fldgila urKhg m;a ùu&
we;sfrdaud (Atheroma)
Ouks ;=< fïo ;ekam;a ùu ksid tys wNHka;r mDIagh wl%uj;a fjhs' fïo ;ekam;a
jk mDIag me,S hdu fyda msmsÍu ksid ta u; f,a leá we;s ùu werfò' fuu ;;a;ajh
we;sfrdaud kï fõ'
ukao wd;;sh (Hypotension)
ukao wd;;sh hkq wj reêr mSvkh hs' idudkH reêr mSvkhg jvd reêrfhys mSvkh
wvq fõ' t;rï Nhdkl fkdfõ'
fuu frda. ;;a;aj we;s ùu j<lajd .ekSug YÍr ia:q,;dj md,kh" wix;Dma; fïo
wêl wdydr wvqfjka .ekSu ^Wod ( i;a;aj fïo& jHdhdu lsÍu" reêr mÍlaId lsÍu wdosh l<
hq;= h'

YÍr ialkaO o¾Ylh (Body Mass Index - BMI)

ksis ldhsl hy meje;aula i|yd jhig iß,k Wi;a" Wig iß,k nr;a ;sîu jeo.;a
h' mqoa.,hl=g ;sìh hq;= nr ;SrKh jkafka Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a Wi u; h' mqoa.,hl=f.a
hym;a ldhsl hy meje;au iqÿiq uÜgul ;sîfï oS Wi yd nr" ukd m%;sYla;sh" ks;r f,v
frda.j,g f.dÿre fkdùu" läir j ;u jev lghq;= lr .ekSu jeks ,laIK ;sîu jeo.;a
h' mqoa.,hl= ksis ldhsl hy meje;aulska hq;= fõ o hkak mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd ffcj
ialkaO o¾Ylh ñkqula f,i fhdod .kS' fuh mqoa.,hl=f.a Wi yd YÍr ialkaOh weiqßka
,nd .kakd ñkquls' .Kkh lrkqfha YÍrfha nr ^lsf,da.%Eï& Wfiys ^óg¾& j¾.fhka
fnoSu u.sks' jeäysá mqoa.,hl=f.a ia:q,;dj ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd o fuh jeo.;a fõ'

by; iólrKhg wkqj fidhd.;a BMI w.h .Kkh lr 15'18 j.=jg wod< o;a;
weiqßka ldhsl fhda.H;dj mÍlaId l< yels h'

j.=j 15'18 # BMI wkqj ldhsl fhda.H;dj

YÍr ialkaO o¾Ylh ks.ukh
18'5 g jvd wvq nr wvq
18'5 - 24'9 iqÿiq
25 - 29'9 nr jeä
30 - 39'9 ia:q, ^;rndre&
40 fyda Bg jeä wêl ia:q,

349
 j.=j 15'19 # úúO jhia wkqj YÍr ialkaO o¾Ylh
jhi .eyekq <uqka i|yd msßñ <uqka i|yd
wjqreÿ ;sìh hq;= BMI mrdih ;sìh hq;= BMI mrdih
11 14'6 - 21'2 14'8 - 20'3
12 15'0 - 22'1 15'3 - 21'1
13 15'3 - 23'0 15'7 - 21'9
14 15'7 - 23'8 16'2 - 22'7
15 16'0 - 24'3 16'6 - 23'7
16 16'3 - 24'8 17'0 - 24'4
17 16'5 - 25'2 17'3 - 25'3
18 16'8 - 25'5 17'5 - 25'9

iólrKhg wkqj fidhd .;a BMI w.h" 15'19 j.=j Ndú;fhka jhig wod< BMI
mrdih ;=< isà oehs mÍlaId l< yels h' fuu o;a;j,g wkqj wod< mrdij,g jvd jeä
w.hla we;akï wêfmdaIK ;;a;ajhla yd wvq w.hla we;akï ukaofmdaIK ;;a;ajhla
fmkakqï lrhs' wêfmdaIK ;;a;ajhla we;s úg ldfndayhsfâ%Ü" fïo nyq, wdydr wvq l<
hq;= w;r" jHdhdu wjYH fõ' wdydr rgdj fjkia lsÍu" tkï ieye,a¨ wdydr fõ,a
lsyms hla .ekSu jeks l%h
s d o wkq.ukh l< yels h' ukaofmdaIK ;;a;j
a we;s úg fmdaIHodhS
wdydr ksis m%udKhg ,nd oSu l< hq;= h'
jeäysá mqoa.,hskaf.a ia:Q,;dj mÍlaId lsÍfï oS o YÍr ialkaO o¾Ylh ñkqula f,i
fhdod .; yels h' f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh 1990 oS bosßm;a l< ks¾foaY wkqj BMI w.h
20-25 olajd jQ úg fi!LH ;;a;ajh ms<sn| wjodku wvq h' BMI w.h 27'5 g jeä jQ úg
ia:Q,;dj iys; wfhl= fia ie,fla' tkï ie,lsh hq;= wjodkula we;'

350
 16' mßir ys;ldó lDIsl¾uh
16'1 mßirhg wys;lr lDIsld¾ñl l%shdldrlï yd tajdfha m%;súmdl
wm wjg we;s ish¨u foa" fN!;sl mßirhg we;=<;a fõ' fN!;sl mßirh uQ,sl
jYfhka ffcj (biotic), foaY.=Kls (Climatic) yd fN!u (Edaphic) hkqfjka fldgia ;=klska
iukaú; h' tfiau fN!;sl mßirfhka Ydl yd i;a;aj hk wx. fol we;=<;a iÔù
mßirh ffcj f.da,h f,i o" c,h" jd;h" mdIdK yd mdxY= wÔù f.da,h f,i o y÷kd.;
yels h' mßirh ms<sn| b;d iQlaIu wOHhkhla l<fyd;a" ta ;=< isÿjk iEu ls%hdjl u
hï ;=,H;djla we;s nj wmg jgyd .; yels úh' Ôj ls%hd ie,l+j o" Ôj wÔj ls%hd
ie,l=j o fuu ;=,H;dj wka;¾.; fõ' l%shdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| meyeos,s wjfndaOhlska
f;dr j" ñksid úiska mßirh ;udf.a wd;aud¾:h msKsi m%udKh blaujd m%fhdackhg
.ekSu (Over-exploitation) yd fjkia lsÍu ksid mßirh ¥IKh fõ' tkï" mßirfha jQ Ôj
yd wÔj iu;=,s;;djg ydks jk ´kEu fjkila mßir ¥IKh (environmental pollution)
f,i ye|ska fõ' fuys oS mßir ¥IKhg m%Odk jYfhka jdhq ¥IKh (air pollution)" mdxY=
¥IKh (soil pollution)" iy c, ¥IKh (water pollution) we;=<;a fõ' c, ¥IKh ùu ;j
ÿrg;a N+.; c, ¥IKh (ground water pollution)" fmdf<dj u;=mgs c, ¥IKh (surface water
pollution) f,i wOHhkh l< yels h' fï wdldrhg mßir ¥IKh isÿ ùug n,mdk m%Odk
idOlj,ska tlla jkafka wys;lr f,i isÿlrk lDIsld¾ñl l%shdldrlï h' fïjd my;
lreKq hgf;a ;j ÿrg;a wOHhkh l< yels h'
1' ìï ieliSu ksishdldr j fkdlsÍu
j.djla wdrïN lsÍug fmr mi wdjrKh jk jeiau bj;a lsÍfuka whym;a foaY.=Kl s
;;a;aj hgf;a mi fidaod hdug ,laúh yels h' fuhg wu;r j" my; l%shdldrlï ksid
o mdxY= Ldokh isÿ fõ'
• j.d lrk fnda.hg fkd.e,fmk f,i ìï ilia lsÍu ^Wod ( ù j.dj i|yd uq¨
l=Uqr u uv l< hq;= jqj;a flfi,a" wU jeks fnda. i|yd tfia isÿ l< hq;= ke;'&
• mi wêl f,i ishqï j leg fmdä lsÍu
• N+ñhg fkd.e<fmk WmlrK Ndú;fhka mi fmr<Su
• kshñ; ld,hg fmr wys;lr foaY.=Ksl ;;a;aj hgf;a ìï ieliSu
2' fmdfydr wksis f,i Ndú;h
jeäjk ck ixLHdjg wdydr ksIamdokh i|yd j.d lsÍug we;s iSñ; N+ñfhka Wmßu
wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug kï mfika laIh jk Lksc fmdaIl kej; mig lD;S%u j ,nd
osh hq;= h' kuq;a mfia W!k fmdaIlh y÷kd fkdf.k" m%udKh blaujd tu fmdaIl ,nd
ÿka úg" mfia fN!;sl" ridhksl yd ffcùh ,laIK ish,a, u mdfya fjkia fõ' mi ;=<ska
c,h .,d hk úg jeämqr we;s khsfÜ%g" fmdiafmag yd i,af*ag ødjKh ù .x.d" we< fod<"
jeõ" fmdl=Kq hk c,c mßirj,g tl;= fõ' fï ksid tosfkod mßfNdackhg .kakd
c,h ¥IKh fõ' ;jo c,c mßirj, yß; we,a.S jeä ùfuka iqfmdaIKh (eutrophication)
we;s ù u;aiHhka úkdY jk nj fidhdf.k we;' îug .kakd c,fha khsfÜ%Ü ,jK jeä
ùfuka reêr ixirKhg ndOd we;s ù fuf;fud.af,dìkañhd (methemoglobinmia Blue,
baby syndrome) kue;s frda.h l=vd <uhskag je<f|a' c, ÿIKh" judrd lk i;=kag o
wys;lr f,i n,mdhs'

351
 ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h ksid mfiys Ôj;ajk laIqø Ôùka úkdY ù th fN!;sl
mßirfha iu;=,s;;dj ì| jeàug ;=vq fohs' ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h c, pl%hg"
ldnka yd Tlaiscka pl%j,g ndOd we;s lrhs' fuu.ska fnda. wiajekak wvqjk w;r" túg
;j;a jeämqr fmdfydr fhoSu ksid iajdNdúl Lksc pl%SlrKhg ndOd we;s lrhs' mia
wdï,sl ùu ksid Ydlj,g fmdaIl ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj fjkia fõ'
3' wúêu;a f,i m<sfndaO kdYl Ndú;h
m<sfndaO md,kh i|yd kshñ; m%udK blaujd wúêu;a f,i m<sfndaO kdYl
Ndú;fhka" m<sfndaO kdYl fidaod hEu ksid mdxY= c,hg yd c, m%Njhkag tl;= ùfuka
c, ¥IKh ùu isÿ ùu" m<sfndaO kdYl iq<Õ u.ska .idf.k hdu ksid jdhq ¥IKh we;s
ùu jeks mdßißl .eg¨ we;s fõ'
4' wl%uj;a wmøjH neyer,Su
i;a;aj u<uQ;%" YÍr wjfYaI yd fnda. wjfYaI wdosh ksis ieleiaulska f;dr j
mßirhg tl;= lsÍfuka úYd, mßir ydkshla isÿ fõ' m%Odk jYfhka lDIsl¾ufha oS
W!re yd l=l=`M jeks i;a;aj f.dúfmd< yd ne÷Kq l¾udka;j,ska wmøjH wl%uj;a j neyer
lsÍfuka mßirh ¥IKh ùula isÿ fõ' iy,a ieliSfï l%shdj,sfha oS Ndú; lrk c,h
ksid o c,h ¥IKh fõ'
5' kqiqÿiq c, l<ukdlrKh
lDIsl¾ufha oS ta ta fnda.hg c,h iemhsh hq;= wjia:d" m%udKh yd wdldrh kS¾Kh
lsÍulska f;drj iemhSu ksid j.d ìfï we;s fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk øjH fiaoS f.dia
c, m%Njhkag tl;= ùfuka c,h ¥IKh ùu isÿ fõ' wêl f,i c,h fhoSfuka mdxY=
Ldokh isÿjk w;ru tu.ska bj;a jk mia wxY= .x.d" jeõ wuqKqj, ;ekam;a ùu ksid
c,dY o f.dv ùu isÿ fõ'
md,kfhka f;dr j c,h iemhSfuka N+ñh ;=< we;sjk ÿ¾j, c,jykh ksid
f.dfydre ;;ajhka mjd ks¾udKh úh yels h' ;jo wêl f,i frda. yd m<sfndaO me;sr
hdu o isÿ fõ' fuf,i N+ñhg fkd.e<fmk c, iïmdok l%u Ndú; lsÍu yd c,jyk
moaO;s ksis mßos ilid fkd;sîfuka" mßir ¥IKh isÿ fõ'
6' f.dú;eka l%u yd j.d rgd ksjeros f,i wkq.ukh fkdlsÍu
f.dú;eka l%u wkq.ukh lsÍfï oS kùk yd jvd;a ld¾hlaIu l%u Ndú; fkdlr
f.dú;eka l%uj, fhoSu ksid mßir ydkshla isÿ fõ' ;j o YIH udre f.dú;efka oS
ksjeros j fnda. f;dard" pl%hla f,i j.d fkdlsÍfuka o we;sjk ;;a;aj ksid mßir ydks
isÿ fõ'
j.d rgd hgf;a fkdlvjd fnda. j.dj ksid mi ksire ;;a;ajhg m;a úh yels h'
mfia we;s fmdaIl wêl f,i bj;a ù N+ñh ydhkhg ,laúh yels h' fkdlvjd j.d lsÍu
i|yd wêl f,i fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk Ndú; lsÍfuka mßirhg lDIs ridhk tl;=
ùu jeä fõ' i;a;aj fnda. udrej isÿ lsÍfï oS N+ñhg .e,fmk i;a;aj yd fnda. f;aÍu
isÿ fkdlsÍfuka o mdxY= Ldokh isÿ úh yels h'
by; oelafjk lDIsld¾ñl .eg¨j,g úi÷ï jYfhka .;hq;= l%shdud¾. .Kkdjls'
fuys,d b;d jeo.;a jkqfha mßir ydhkhg ;=vq ÿka lDIsld¾ñl l%u fjkqjg mßir
ixrlaIKh mokï lr.;a lDIsld¾ñl l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu h' neyeßka ,nd fok ridhksl
fmdfydr jeks oE fjkqjg ftkaøSh fmdfydr Ndú;h;a" tal fnda. lDIsl¾uh fjkqjg tu

352
fnda. iu. nyq jd¾Isl ñY% fnda. ixl,kh lsÍu;a tu ixrlaIK m%fõYfha wx. h' ìï
ilia lsÍu" fnda. j.dj" úúO fhojqï Ndú; lsÍu yd wiajekak iu. uq¨ Ydlh u
lafIa;%fhka bj;a lsÍu hkqfjka jQ f¾Çh iajNdjfha lDIsl¾uhla fjkqjg yels muK
f.dúfmd< ;=< u iajhx iïmdos; fhojqï we;=<;a pl%Sh iajrEmfha lDIs ;dlaIK l%u
y÷kajd oSu;a fuys oS ;jÿrg;a wjYH fõ'
fujeks l%u u.ska N+ñh mdxY= Ldokfhka wdrlaId ùu;a" ridhksl ñY%Kj,ska c,
iïm;a" mi yd jdhqf.da,h ¥IKh j<lajd .ekSu;a fya;=fldg f.k mdßißl ixrlaIKhla
isÿjk w;r ;sridr wiajekaklg o thska u. mEfokq we;'
by; oelafjk mßir ixrlaIK l%shdud¾. we;=<;a lDIsld¾ñl l%u lsysmhla oekg
Y%S ,xldjg y÷kajd oS we;' úfYaIfhka úh<s l,dmSh ;;ajhka i|yd uyb¨mam,a,u
lDIsld¾ñl m¾fhaIKdh;kh úiska y÷kajd oS we;s ixrlaIK f.dú;ek o l÷lr nEjqï
m%foaY i|yd by< uyje,s fmdaIl m%foaY l<ukdlrK jHdmD;sh hgf;a mdxY= Ldok
.eg¨jg ;sridr úi÷ula f,i nEjqï iys; lDIsld¾ñl ìï i|yd jQ ;dlaIK l%uh jk
SALT (sloping agricultural land technology) ta i|yd WodyrK fõ'
fuu l%u foflys u uQ,sl ,laIK fndfyda ÿrg tl iudk h' ixrlaIK f.dú;ek
b;d mq`M,a moaO;shla jk w;r N+ñh yd c,h ^f;;ukh& ukd f,i Ndú;h u.ska ia:djr
ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSu tys wruqK fõ' fuys oS ;j ÿrg;a mi" jDlaI,;d wdoS iajNdúl
iïm;a ixrlaIKh lrk w;ru n, Yla;sh" hkaf;%damlrK" ridhksl fmdfydr" lDñ
kdYl" j,a me<Eá yd os,Sr kdYl hkdoS jYfhka jQ ñ, wêl ndysr fhojqï Ndú;h wju
lsÍu o wfmalI a d flf¾' ta ta m%foaYhkag .e,fmk mßos fhdod.; hq;= ixrlaIK f.dú;efka
we;eï wx. lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
• nyq fnda. j.dj
• ld,Sk lDIs fnda. iy nyq jd¾Isl jQ jk Ydl taldnoaO j j.d lsÍu' ^agro
forestry&
• fnda. j.dj iy i;a;aj md,kh taldnoaO lsÍu' ^Integrated farming systems&
• fld< fmdfydr fhoSu'
• rks, fnda. weiqßka ffcj úoHd;aul j khsg%cka ;sr lsÍu'
• fnda. bmke,s wdia;rK Ndú;h
• fldïfmdaiaÜ ieliSu yd Ndú;h
• foaYSh fnda. j¾. f;dard .ekSu" jeäoshqKq lsÍu iy wNsckkh lsÍu'
• lDó ydks yd frda.j,g m%;sfrdaë yd m%foaYhg .e,fmk fnda. j.dj
• wvq úhoï iys; jeäoshqKq lrk ,o Y%uh b;sß lrk WmlrK Ndú;h
• foaYSh ffcj úoHd;aul l%u u.ska lDóka" Ydl frda. ldrl yd j,a me<Eá md,kh
^Wod ( fldfydU" ÿïfld< keá Ndú; lsÍu&
• lDó u¾okhg W.=,a Ndú;h
N+ñfhka ;sridr ksIamdokhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd by; oelajQ idOl fndfyda ÿrg
Wmfhda.S lr .; yels h' Wmßu ffcj ialkaOhla (biomass) j.d lafIa;%hkays mj;ajd
.ekSu u.ska mfia ldnksl øjH m%udKh jeälr .; yels h' nEjqï iys; N+ñ i|yd mdxY=
ixrlaIK l%u wkq.ukh lsÍfuka" ;sridr meje;aula f.dúfmd< ;=< we;sl< yels fõ'

353
 16'2 f.dú;eka l%u yd j.d rgd
^w& úúO f.dú;eka l%u
1' fyaka f.dú;ek
Y%S ,xldfõ w;S;fha isg l%shd;aul jk mdrïmßl f.dú;eka l%uhls' fuh nyq, j
úh<s l,dmfha l%shd;aul fõ' tl, .fï m%Odkshdf.ka w¨;ska újdm;a hqj<lg fyakla
flàu i|yd wjir ,enqKs' mjq,a Ôú; f.k hdug iqÿiq wd¾Ól" iudc úoHd;aul iy
fmdaIK wjYH;d imqrd,Su fuys wruqK úh'
fyaka f.dú;efka oS jkdka;rhl fylaghdr 0'4-0'8 la muK lafIa;%hla f;dardf.k
wjqreÿ lsysmhla tl os.g j.d lrhs' os.ska os.gu tu N+ñfha j.d lrk úg mdxY= Ldokh"
fmdaIl wvq ùu wdosh ksid tys iY%Sl;ajh msßfya' túg fjk;a ia:dkhl fyakla iEoSu
isÿ lrhs' fuysoS bvï udre l%uh l%shd;aul fõ' w;S;fha oS fyakla i|yd mejrE N+ñh j.d
lsÍu i|yd .fï m%Odkshdf.ka wjir ,nd.;
hq;= úh' ta u.ska kslrefka isÿ jQ jk úkdYh
wju úh'
Y% S ,xldfõ fya k a ieliS u wdrïN
lrkafka cQks" cQ,s udij, h' fï ld,fha oS
jkdka;rfha ia:dkhla f;dardf.k tu ia:dkh
.sks ;nhs' fuu ld,h j¾Idj rys; neúka
wf.daia;= udifha oS muK .sKs ;eîu isÿ lrhs'
tysoS b;sßjk fkdms<i s i
a k
q q ,S Ndú;fhka fyak
jgd o`vq jegla ilia lrhs' le<E lemSfï oS
úYd, .ia b;sß lrk w;r" bka tla .ila u;
i;=kaf.ka wdrlaId ùug me,la ;khs' .iaj,
uq,a Wÿrd oeóula fyda ìu fmr,Sula fuysoS
olakg fkd,efí' le<Ej ms<siaiSfuka ,enqKq rEmh( 16'1 ( mq¿iaik ,o jkdka;rhla
w¿ bvu mqrd iudldr j úiqrejhs' bkamiq îc isgqjkq ,efí' fuu îc Woe,a,lska fyda
f¾lalhlska mig hg lrkq ,efí' tu.ska l=re,a,kaf.ka jk ydks je<flk w;r" îc
úh<Sfuka isÿjk ydksh o j<lajhs'
fyakaj, ñY% fnda. j.djla oelsh yels h' f.dv ù" l=rlalka" nv bß`.=" mqyq,a" bo,a
bß`.=" ;," fufkaß" uqx" lõms" uE" ngq" ñßia" lrú," mqyq,a" uhsfhdlald" n;, wdoS flá
ld,Sk fnda. j.d lrhs' fnda.h lafIa;%fha ixia:dmkfhka miq fmdfydr fhoSu" j,a me<
md,kh we;=¿ f.dú;eka l%u idfmalaI j wvq m%udKhlska isÿ lrhs' ta ksid fmdfydr
i|yd hk úhou wvqjk w;r mfia idrj;a nj wkqj wiajkq ,nd foa'
j.=j( 16'1 ( fyaka f.dú;efka oS wkq.ukh lrk ld,igyk
frdamk l%shdj wdrïN lrk udih wjidk lrk udih
1' le,E t<s lsÍu cQ,s iy wf.daia;= uq, i;sh iema;eïn¾ uq, i;sh
2' le<E ms<siaiSu wf.daia;= wjidk i;sh iema;eïn¾ wjidk i;sh
3' jegj,a ieliSu iema;eïn¾ Tlaf;dan¾ f;jk i;sh
4' ìï ieliSu iema;eïn¾ m<uq i;sfha isg Tlaf;dan¾ wjidk i;sfha
isg fkdjeïn¾ wjidk i;sh
f;la
5' îc$me< isgqùu Tlaf;dan¾ f;jk i;sh fkdjeïn¾" foieïn¾ m<uq
i;sh
6' wiajkq fk<Su foieïn¾" ckjdß" ud¾;= ud¾;= wjidk i;sh
ueo olajd
354
fyaka f.dú;efka jdis
• wjYH m%d.aOkh wvq h'
• ridhksl fmdfydr fhoSu wdosh isÿ fkdjk ksid fhojqï i|yd hk úhou wvq h'
• lDIs ridhk øjH Ndú; fkdjk ksid tu.ska isÿjk mßir ¥IKh wvq h'
• ñY% fnda. j.d moaO;shla we;s ksid iu;=,s; wdydr fõ,la ,efí'
• mjqf,a Y%uh fhdod.; yels fõ'
• fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh isÿjk neúka wjodku yd wvudkh wvq h'
• mi ms<siafik neúka frda. yd lDó m<sfndaO úkdY fõ'
• j¾Idj muKla Wmfhda.S lr.kakd neúka c, iïmdokh l< hq;= ke;'
• úYd, .ia fkdlemSu ksid jk úkdYh wvq h'
• j,a me< md,kh nyq, j isÿjkafka Wo¿ .Efuka ksid mig isÿjk ydks wvq fõ'
• wiajkq fk,d.;a miq b;sßjk fnda. fYaI jk i;=kag wdydr msKsi ,nd.; yels
fõ'
fyaka f.dú;efka wjdis
• talSh lafIa;%M,hlska ,efnk wiajekak wvq h'
• by< wiajkq ,nd fok jeäoshqKq lrk ,o îc m%fNao Ndú; fkdfõ'
• .sKs ;eîu ksid ys;lr mdxY= Ôùka iy mdxY= jHQyh úkdY jk w;r mdxY= Ldokh
isÿ ù mßirh ¥IKh fõ'
• mdxY= fmdaIl jdhq njg m;a ù mfika bj;a fõ'
• bvï udrejla isÿjk ksid m%d:ñl jDlaI,;d .yKh wvq fõ'
• mig ldnksl øjH fkdfhdok ksid mfia fN!;sl" ffcj yd ridhksl .=Kdx.
msßfya'
• mi ;djld,sl j NdIañl ùu ksid fmdaIl ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj wvq fõ'
• le,E t<s lsÍfuka i;=kag iajdNdúl jdiia:dk wysñ fõ' iajNdj fi!kao¾hh
úkdY fõ' c, W,am;a is|S hhs' mßir WIaK;ajh by< hhs'
• ffcj úúO;ajhg ydks isÿ fõ'
• w;a yßk ,o bvï uqvq bvï njg m;a fõ'
fyaka f.dú;ek os.= ld,Sk j oshqKq lsÍfï § mdxY= ixrlaIK yd mdxY= mqkre;a:dmk
l%u wkq.ukh flf¾'
fyaka f.dú;efka oS ñY% fnda. j.dj mj;ajdf.k hdu" j,a me<Eá md,kh i|yd
úfYaI l%u fkdfhoSu u.ska mdxY= ixrlaIKh fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ b,a¨ula we;s fnda. f;dard
j.d lsÍu isÿ l<fyd;a tu fnda. i|yd fjf<|fmd<la ,efí' tfiau jeäoshqKq lrk ,o
fnda. m%fNao f.dùkag y÷kajd oSu" miq wiajkq ;dlaIK oekqu ,nd oSu" oshqKq j.d rgd
y÷kajd oSu wdosh u.ska tall N+ñhlska ,efnk wiajekak jeä l< yels h' tfiau bvï
udrej fjkqjg fnda. udrej fhdod .ekSu u.ska jkdka;r úkdYh o je<fla'
2' úh<s f.dú;ek

jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 508mm g wvq m%foaYj, we;s iq¿ c, m%udKh ld¾hlaIu f,i
m%fhdackhg .ksñka fnda. j.d lsÍu úh<s f.dú;ek f,i ye|skafõ'

355
 Y%S ,xldfõ fu;rï wvq j¾Idm;khla
,efnk m%foaY ke;' kuq;a j¾Idm;kh
1 750mm g jvd wvqfjka ,efnk m%foaY" tkï
úh<s l,dmfha" úh<s f.dú;efka isoaOdka;
Ndú; lr fnda. j.d l< yels h' úh<s l,dmfha
Tlaf;dan¾ isg fmnrjdß udih olajd fyd|ska
jeis ,enqK;a wfm%a,a isg cQ,s udih olajd
,efnk j¾Idm;kh wvq h' tu l,dmfha lkak
foflaoS u j¾Idm;k jHdma;sh wi;=gqodhl
neúka fnda. c, ys`.;djlg m;a fõ'
h, lkakfha mj;sk wêl iq<x yd wêl
rEmh( 16'2 úh<s f.dú;ekla
WIaK;ajh fya;=fjka jdIamSW;aiafõokh (Evapo-transpiration) jeä ùu;a" idfmalaI
wd¾ø;dj wvq ùu;a ksid c, W!k;dj jeä fõ' úh<s f.dú;eka l%u Ndú;fha oS jeis c,h
lafIa;%fha yels ;rï r|jd .ekSug lghq;= ie,eiaúh hq;= w;r lafIa;%fhka ,efnk c,h
bj;a ùu wju l< hq;= h'
úh<s f.dú;efka oS c, ixrlaIKh i|yd Ndú; lrk l%u
• ldnksl øjH mig tl;= lsÍu
• mi jiqka lsÍu
• mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u fhoSu' ^Wod( fy,au`M" jeá" ldKq&
• mfia fN!;sl ,laIK oshqKq lsÍu
• mfia we;s ;o ia;r ì| oeóu
• mi nqre,a lsÍu
• ìï ieliSfï oS ^úh<s f.dú;ek i|yd& ieliQ mfia mia legj, mDIaàh lafIa;M
% ,h
wvq úh hq;= h' tfia ke;fyd;a jdhq wjldY m%udKh jeä ù iq<x u.ska c,h
jdIam ù bj;a ùu jeä fõ' ta ksid wju ìï ieliSu fyda Y=kH ìï ieliSu úh<s
f.dú;efka oS fhdod .kS'
• iq<x jeá bos lsÍu
• j,a me<Eá u.ska jdIamS W;aiafõokh jeälrk ksid tajd bj;a l< hq;= h'
• wdjrK j.d fhdod .ekSu
• fijk ,nd oSu
• yels ;rï ÿrg lafIa;%h uÜgï lsÍu
• iqÿiq fnda. f;dard .ekSu
úh<s f.dú;ek i|yd fnda. f;dard .ekSfï oS i<ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq
• c, wjYH;dj wvq fnda. f;dard .ekSu'
úúO .eUqßka hq;a uq,a moaO;s iys; Ydl úfYaI f;dard .ekSfuka mi ;=< .eUqßka
hq;a ia;rj,ska c,h wjfYdaIKh l< yels h'
• blaukska j¾Ol j¾Okh ù mi wdjrKh l< yels fnda. f;dard .; hq;= h'
• flá ld,Sk fnda. f;dard .ekSfuka wys;lr foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajj,g Ndckh
ùug we;s yelshdj wvq fõ'
• c, ixrlaIKh lrk fnda. f;dard .ekSu
Wod ( lõms" rglcq" ñßia" uqx" ;, jeks we;eï Ydl wjfYdaIKh lr.kakd c,
m%udKh Ydlh ;=< .nvd lr .kS' ;j;a fnda. osjd ld,fha ue<ù c,h ixrlaIKh
lr .kS'

356
úh<s f.dú;efka oS îc$me< ixia:dmkh

lafIa;%fha fnda. ixia:dmkfha oS îc isgqùu" me< isgqùug jvd iqÿiq h' mdxY= c,
m%udKh wvq neúka me< isgqùu fhda.H fkdfõ' îc isgqùfï oS j¾Idj;a iu. îc isgqúh
hq;= w;r" îc isgqùfï oS îc isgqjd miska jid ;olr c,h ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj i,id osh
hq;= h' kshñ; mr;r ;nd îc isgqúh hq;= w;r" me< isgqjkafka kï osjd ld,fha tajd
wdjrKh l< hq;= h' f.dv ù j.dfõ oS idudkHfhka m%frdayKh fkdjQ ^lKq fkdlemqKq&
ìc Ndú; lrhs'
úh<s f.dú;efka jdis
• j¾Idm;kh wvq m%foaY i|yd Ndú;d l< yels f.dú;eka l%uhls'
• wêl iq<x iys; m%foaYj,g fhdod .ekSu wmyiq h'
úh<s f.dú;efka wjdis
• c, wjYH;dj wêl fnda. j.d lsÍu wmyiq h'
• iQlaIau l<ukdlrKhla wjYH fõ'
• m%d.aOkh jeämqr wjYH fõ'
3' ifudaOdks; f.dú;ek

tla jHdmdrhl w;=re M, ;j;a jHdmdrhl wuqøjH f,i fhdod .ksñka yd wfkHdkH
M, ,nñka fnda. j.dj" i;a;aj md,kh yd n, Yla;s ^Ôj jdhq& ksIamdokh jeks lDIs
jHdmdr lsysmhla tl u N+ñhla ;=< tlúg mj;ajdf.k hdu ifudaOdks; f.dú;ek f,i
ye|ska fõ' oshqKq f.dúfmd<j, fuu f.dú;eka l%uh olakg ,efí'
úúO f.dú;eka l%u w;ßka b;d id¾:l f.dú;eka l%uhla f,i fuu l%uh ye|skfa õ'
fuu l%ufha oS moaO;s w;r iajdNdúl iu;=,s;;djla oelsh yels h' fuu f.dú;eka
l%ufha oS úúO moaO;s lsysmhla oelsh yels h' ksji$f.dúfmdf<a md,k tallh mokï
lrf.k wfkl=;a jHdmdr ixia:dmkh flf¾' iEu jHdmdrhl u ksIamdok ksjig fyda
f.dúfmdf<a md,k ia:dkhg ,efnk w;r tu jHdmdrfha w;=re M, fjk;a jHdmdrhl
wuqøjH f,i Ndú; fõ' fuys oS fhdod .kakd úúO moaO;s fufia h'
• fnda. j.dj
• ;DK j.dj
• i;a;aj md,kh
• n, Yla;s tallh

f.dúfmdf<a

igyk 16'1( ifudaOdks; f.dúfmd<l wx.

357
 úúO md,k tallj, yd fnda. j.dfõ ksIamdok ksjig fyda f.dúfmdf<a ksIamdok
tallhg ,nd .kS' tajd mßfNdackhg fhdod .ekSu fyda wf<úh isÿ lrhs' tfiau
f.dúfmdf<a wmøjH f.dúfmd< fmdfydrla f,i ;DK fnda. j.djg Ndú; l< yels h'
tfiau tu wmøjHj,ska fldgila yd l=l=¿ md,kfha w;=re M, Ôj jdhq tallhg fhduq
lsÍu u.ska Ôj jdhqj ksIamdokh lrhs' ;DK yd fnda. bmke,s i;a;aj wdydr f,i fhdod
.kS'
ifudaOdks; f.dúfmdf<a jdis
• f.dúfmdf<a M,odhS;dj yd wdodhu jeä ùu' tkï iSñ; N+ñ m%udKhlska jeä
wdodhula ,eîu
• jHdmdr lsysmhla tlu N+ñhl mj;ajdf.k hk neúka wjodku yd wvudkh wvq
ùu
• f.dúfmdf<a iïm;a jk Y%uh" N+ñh" c,h" WmlrK" i;=ka" wmøjH" fmdfydr wdoS
ish,a, b;d ld¾hlaIu j kej; wdfhdackh ùu
• wmøjH m%;spl%SlrKh isÿjk ksid mßir ¥IKh wju ùu
• ldnksl fmdfydr yd i;a;aj wdydr ksmojd .; yels ksid o ta i|yd hk úhou
wvq ùu
• mj;ajdf.k hd yels iqrlaIs; ksIamdok rgdjla ìys ùu
• fhojqï i|yd jk úhou wvq ksid ksIamdok úhou wvq ùu'
• j¾Ih mqrd wdodhula ,eîu
• Ôj jdhq tallhla we;s ksid ksjig$f.dúfmd<g wjYH n, Yla;sh ,eîu
• úúO wdldrfha lDIs ksIamdok ,efnk ksid ksjeishkag iun, wdydr fõ,la
,eîu
• N+ñfha ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä ùu
ifudaOdks; f.dú;efka wjdis
• uQ,sl úhou wêl ùu
• moaO;s lsysmhla l%shd;aul jk ksid jeämqr N+ñhla wjYH ùu
• i;a;aj md,kh yd fnda. j.dj ms<sn| ;dlaIKsl oekqula wjYH ùu
4' ixrlaIK f.dú;ek
hï ia:dkhl mi" c,h" fmdaIl ixrlaIKh lsÍug Wml%u fhdoñka ffcj úúO;ajh
o wdrlaId lr.; yels mßos" fnda. j.d lsÍu ixrlaIK f.dú;ek hs' fuysoS ixrlaIKh
lrk uQ,sl iajdNdúl iïm;a jkafka c,h" mi yd Ôùka fõ'
ixrlaIK f.dú;efka m%Odk mshjr

fï hgf;a mi" c,h" fmdaIl yd Ôùka ixrlaIKh lsÍfï úúO mshjr úia;r flf¾'
mi ixrlaIKh lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh lrk l%shdud¾.
• mig c,h ldkaÿ ùfï yelshdj jeä lsÍu u.ska mdxY= Ldok fõ.h wvq lsÍu
• ifudaÉP f¾Ld wkqj fnda. j.d lsÍu yd mi wdjrKh jk fia fnda. j.d lsÍu
u.ska j¾Idj fmd<jg m;s; ùfï fõ.h wvq lrk w;r u;=msg wmOdjfha
m%udKh o wvq fõ'
• .,dhk c,h m%udKh md,kh i|yd ldKq fhoSu
• mdxY= Ldokh je<elaùu i|yd nEjqï iys; bvïj,g .,ajeá yd fy,au`M fhoSu'
• jiqka Ndú;h' fï u.ska o j¾Id c,h mig m;s; jk fõ.h yd c,h .,d
hEfï fõ.h wvq lrk w;r u;=msg wmOdjh wvq lrhs'
• ia:dkhg WÑ; whqßka ìï ieliSu' fuysoS wêl nEjqï iys;" mdxY= Ldokh i|yd
jeä wjodkula we;s ìïj, Y=kH fyda wju ìï ieliSfï l%u Ndú; lrhs'

358
c,h ixrlaIKh i|yd wkq.ukh lrk l%shdud¾.
• wêl iq<x u.ska mfika c,h jdIamSlrKh jk fõ.h jeä jk ksid iq<x ndOl
jeá fhoSfuka c,h ixrlaIKh l< yels h'
• ìï ieliSfuka mfia we;=,a ldkaÿ ùu jeä jk w;r mfia c,h /|S isàfï
yelshdj jeä fõ'
• ioS mfia we;s c, m%udKhg wkqj fnda. f;aÍu yd j.d lsÍu l< hq;= h'
• ldnksl jiqka fhoSfuka jdIamSlrKfhka bj;a jk c, m%udKh wju l<
yels h'
fmdaIl ixrlaIKh lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh lrk l%shdud¾.
• l%udkql+, j ìï ieliSu' tu.ska mdxY= Ldokh wvq ù fmdaIl ixrlaIKh fõ'
• ldnksl øjH mig tl;= lsÍu
• mfika fmdaIl bj;a ùu wju lsÍu
• fhda.H fnda. j.d lsÍu yd fnda. j.d rgd Ndú;h u.ska fmdaIl ixrlaIKh yd
fmdaIl pl%SlrKh lsÍu
• wiajkq f,i wjYH fldgia muKla lafIa;f % hka bj;a lsÍu yd bmke,a, lafIa;h
% g
tl;= lsÍu
ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKhg wkq.ukh lrk l%shdud¾.
• hdka;%sl mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u fjkqjg" Ôj úoHd;aul l%u Ndú;h' Wod ( fida,aÜ
l%uh
• lDIs jk j.dj" fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh" w;=re fnda. j.dj" ñY% fnda. j.dj yd nyq
fnda. j.d l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu
• taldnoaO m<sfndaO md,k l%u fhdod .ekSu
ixrlaIK f.dú;efka oS ñ, wêl fhojqï Ndú;h wju lsÍu o tla isoaOdka;hls' ta
i|yd fhdod .kakd fhojqï ish,a, ,dNodhS fhojqï ùu jeo.;a h' yels ;rï ldnksl
fmdfydr Ndú;h yd wjYH u wjia:dj, oS muKla ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h" jeä oshqKq
lrk ,o" wvq úhoulska kv;a;= l< yels" Y%uh msßuefik lDIs WmlrK muKla Wmfhda.S
lr .ekSu jeks l%shdud¾. u.ska fhojqï i|yd hk úhou wju lr.; yels h' tfiau fuys
oS taldnoaO j i;=ka yd Ydl we;s lsÍu u.ska i;=kaf.ka ,efnk fmdfydr fnda. j.djg
fhdod .ekSu yd i;aj wdydr i|yd tu fnda. fldgia fhdod .ekSu u.skq;a fhojqï i|yd
hk úhou wju fõ'
ixrlaIK f.dú;efka jdis
• mi wdjrKh lsÍu u.ska mig c,h Wrd .ekSu jeäoshqKq ùu yd mdxY= Ldokh
wju ùu' tu.ska fmdaIl fidaod hdu wju ùu ksid fmdaIl ixrlaIKh ùu'
^c,h ¥IKh ùu wju ùu&
• rks, fnda. j.djla f,i fhdod .ekSfuka mfia khsg%cka ;sr lsÍu'
• fnda. úúOdx.SlrKh u.ska wjodku yd wvudkh wvq ùu'
• fmdfydr Ndú;h wju ùu'
• jiqka fhoSu u.ska c,h jdIamSlrK fõ.h wvq ùu fuka u j,a me< md,khla
o isÿ ùu
• wvq úhoï iys; fhojqï Ndú;h ksid ksIamdok úhou wju ùu
• ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId ùu
ixrlaIK f.dú;efka wjdis
• wêl nEjqï iys; bvïj, ìï ieliSfï oS Y=kH ìï ieliSu fhdod .ekSu ixrlaIK
f.dú;efka oS isÿ fõ' tysoS j,a me< md,kh i|yd j,a kdYl Ndú; lsÍug
isÿjk neúka úhoï wêl ùu yd mßir ¥IKh isÿ fõ'

359
5' lDIs jk j.dj

lDIs jk j.dj hkq ixrla I K f.dú;efka Wm

moaO;shls' jkdka;rhl we;s iu;=,;s ;dj yels ;rï wdrlaId
lr.; yels jk mßos wd¾Ól j yd lDIsld¾ñl j jvd;a
M,odhS f,i;a" ;sridr f,i;a N+ñh mßyrKh lrkq ,nkakd
jQ" úúO ffcj ixl,khlska hq;a j.d l<ukdlrK moaO;shls'
fuysoS fnda. j.dj iu. taldnoaO j jk j.dj isÿ fõ'
oej o~q bkaOk" oej wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSu;a iu. u mfia
idrj;aNdjh ia:djr j /l .ekSug fuka u fjk;a úúOdldr
m%fhdack i|yd o Ndú; fõ' lDIs jk j.dfõ oS bvï tallhla
rEmh 16'3 ( lDIs jk j.djla
;=< .ia j¾. ^ldIaÁh yd nyq jd¾Isl Ydl& iu. wdydr fnda. ^jd¾Is l" nyq jd¾Isl& ;DK
j.dj iu. f.dúfmd< i;=ka we;s lsÍu isÿ l< yels h' ta wkqj lDIs jk j.dfõ m%Odk
ixrpl ;=kla y÷kd.; yels h' tkï" • .ia j¾.
• lDIs fnda.
• f.dúfmd< i;=ka fõ'
lDIs jk j.dj" jvd ixlS¾K jQ iajNdúl jkdka;r fjkqjg wdfoaY jk ir,
wdldrfha mßir moaO;shla f,i y÷kajd osh yels h' kuq;a fuh lDIs mdßißl moaO;shla
ksid iajNdúl mßir moaO;shlg jvd ia:dhS;djfhka wvq fõ' iajdNdúl jkdka;r iu.
ii|k úg fuys j,a me<" lDó m<sfndaO" frda. we;s ùu o wu;r j wys;lr yd ld,.=Ksl
;;ajj,g" foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùïj,g .%dySh;dj o jeä h'
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= jHdma; ùu;a iu. u Ndú;hg .eKqkq ñ, wêl lDIsld¾ñl
fhojqï ^Wod ( ridhksl fmdfydr" m<sfndaO kdYl" lDIs WmlrK wdosh& u.ska mßir
moaO;sfha ia:dhS;dj wvq ù we;' Wod ( mdxY= Ldokh we;s ùu" ffcj úúO;ajh úkdY ùu'
fï ksid N+ñfha ksIamdol;dj l%ufhka msßyqKs' kùk lDIsld¾ñl l%u u.ska isÿjk mi
ksire ùu" jkdka;r úkdY lsÍu jeks .eg¨j,g ms<shula f,i lDIs jk j.d y÷kajd oS
we;' fuh fndfyda ÿrg ia:dhS Ndjfhka yd l%shdfjka iajNdúl mßir moaO;shlg iudk
fõ'
oshqKq lrk ,o lDIs jk j.d moaO;s ,xldfõ f;;a yd w;rueos l,dmj, b;d nyq,j
jHdma; ù we;s w;r úh<s l,dmfha b;d wvq uÜgul mj;S' Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r m%udKh
fuu Y; j¾Ih wdrïNfha oS uq`M ìï m%udKfhka 70] la muK ;snQ w;r th oeka 20] lg;a
wvq m%udKhls' tu .eg¨jg ms<shula f,i o jeäjk ck.yKhg wjYH wdydr iemhSfï
.eg¨jg ms<shula f,i o lDIs jk j.dj wdrïN úh' fuys oS fhojqï wvq m%udKhla Ndú;
jk wju md,khla iys; ksIamdok moaO;shls' iajdNdúl jkdka;r wdrlaId ùu;a" fnda.
j.d lsÍu;a hk wjYH;d fol u fuysoS iemsf¾'
lDIs jk j.dfõ ld¾hNdrh
• iajNdúl pl% ;=,kh mj;ajd .kS' Wod ( c, pl%h" C yd N pl%
• mdxY= Ldokh wju lrhs'
• jdhqf.da,Sh iu;=,s;;dj wdrlaId lrhs'
• i;=kag wdydr yd jdiia:dk ,efí'
• ffcj iu;=,s;;dj mj;ajd .kshs'
• N+.; c, ixrlaIKh isÿ lrhs'
• mig ldnksl øjH tl;=jk ksid mi ire fõ'
• mdxY= fmdaIl pl%SlrKh fõ' úúO uq,a .eUqr iys; fnda. ksid fmdaIK
mßixl%uKh ld¾hlaIu j isÿjk w;r u c,h ld¾hlaIu j Ndú; fõ'

360
 • Wia .ia iq<x ndOl f,i l%shd lrhs'
• mßir WIaK;ajh hdukh lrhs'
• mdxY= Ôùkag ys;lr ;;a;aj we;s fõ'
• jdhj mßirh ld¾hlaIu j mßyrKh lrhs'
• oej yd bkaOk ,nd.; yels fõ'
lDIs jk j.d l%u
lDIs jk j.d l%u .Kkdjla we;' ta w;ßka"
• ùos fnda. j.dj
• nyq ia;r fnda. j.dj ms<sn| j fuys oS úia;r flf¾'
ùos fnda. j.dj
fuh fnfyúka Ndú; lrkafka my;rg úh<s l,dmfha nEjqu 20] g wvq N+ñj, hs'
fuys oS lafIa;%fha 4m la muK mr;rj,ska hq;a fma<sj, nyq jd¾Isl rks, Ydl isgqjkq
,efí' Wod ( .a,sßiSähd" bms,a bms,a" l;=reuqrex.d' fuysoS fma<s ;=< mr;rh 0'5 m muK
fõ' N+ñh nEjqï iys; kï" nEjqug ,ïnl j ifudaÉP wdldrhg fuu rks, Ydl isgqjkq
,efí' fuh Ôù jeáhla f,i jeùu i|yd wvq mr;rhlska rks, Ydl j.d lrhs' mi
ixrlaIKh ùug wu;r j rks, Ydl j.d lsÍfuka jdhqf.da,Sh khsg%cka ;sr lsÍu isÿ jk
ksid mi idrj;a fõ'
fuu rks, Ydl jirla ;=< jeãug bv yer j¾Id ld,h meñKs úg ógrhla muK
Wilska lmamdÿ lrkq ,efí' ^fuu jirl ld,h ;=<;a rks, Ydl fma<s w;r ùosfha lafIa;%
fnda. j.d l< yels h'& lmamdÿ lsÍfuka ,efnk w;= ßls<s" fld< wdosh rks, Ydl fma<s
w;r ùosfha ìu jiqkla f,i w;=rkq ,efí'
jiqk fhdod ld,hla .; jQ miq fld< yef,a'
b;sß jk w;= len,s or i|yd bj;a lr.; yels h'
ke;akï je,a j¾. mqyqKq lsÍug wjYH wdOdrl f,i
Ndú; l< yels h' fld<j,ska wdia;rKh jQ N+ñh u;
j¾Idj;a iu. fnda. j.d flf¾' lõms" uqx weg"
fidahd" ;," rglcq" bß`.= jeks fnda. nyq, j j.d
flf¾' fnda.j,g ysre t<sh ,nd oSu i|yd jrla fyda
fojrla rks, Ydl lmamdÿ lrkq ,efí' fyaka j.djg
úl,amhla f,i iaÓr id¾:l j.djla njg m;a lsÍu
i|yd fuu l%uh Ndú; l< yels h' j.d fkdlrk ld,fha oS fofma<shg
.a,sßiSähd fyda rks, Ydl jeá
jeùug bv yeÍu

úh<s ld,fha oS Ydl fldgia

lmd bkaOk yd jiqka i|yd fofma<s lmamdÿj;a iu.u fnda. j.dj
fhdod .ekSu isÿ lsÍu
rEmh 16'4 ( ùos fnda. j.dfõ wjia:d

361
ùos fnda. j.dfõ jdis
• lDIs fnda. i|yd wjYHjk mßos wdf,dalh$fijk ;;aj iemhSu u.ska laIqø
mßirh jeä oshqKq lsÍu ksid lDIs fnda.j,ska jeä wiajekakla ,nd.; yels h'
• rks, Ydlj, .eUqre uQ, moaO;s msysàu u.ska mfia .eUqre ia;rj, we;s Ydl
fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh lr lmamdÿfõ oS fhdok m;% u.ska mi u;=msg ia;rj,g ,nd
foa'
• lafIa;%fha fnda.hla fkdue;s ld,j, oS rks, Ydl j¾Okh jk ksid ùosh jiñka
w;=m;r jefvk úg fmdf<dj u;=msgg ysre t<sh jeàu je<lSfuka md,kh isÿ
fõ'
• lmamdÿ lr mi u;=msgg fhdok rks, m;%" fld< fmdfydrla f,i l%shdlr mfia
fN!;sl" ridhksl yd ffcùh .=Kdx. oshqKq fõ'
• mi u;=msgg jiqkla fhoSu u.ska mi yd c,h ixrlaIKh ùu ksid mdxY= Ldokh
wvq fõ' tfia u tu.ska j,a me<Eá md,kh fõ'
• rks, fnda. j.dj u.ska khsg%cka ;sr lsÍu ksid mig khsg%cka ,nd foa' tfia
u fndfyda rks, Ydl kshx ;;a;ajj,g ;rula m%;sfrdaë fõ'
• f.dúhdg wjYH fld< fmdfydr" oej yd or ,nd fohs'
• mßirfha iu;=,s;;dj wdrlaId lsÍug odhl ùu yd ffcj úúO;ajh /l .ekSug
odhl fõ'
ùos fnda. j.dfõ wjdis
• ;dlaIKsl oekqula wjYH ùu
• moaO;sh fyd|ska ie,iqï l< hq;= ùu
• wjYH wjia:dj, oS kshñ; l%shdldrlï isÿlr kv;a;= l< hq;= ùu ksid Y%u
wjYH;dj jeä ùu
• fnda. w;r ;r.hla we;súh yels ùu
• ld,h;a iu. rks, Ydlj, uq,a j¾Okh ksid" ùosh ;=< wksl=;a Ydl j.d lsÍfï
oS mi ilia lsÍu wmyiq úh yels h'
nyq ia;r fnda. j.dj
jkdka;rhl we;s iu;=,; s ;dj yels
muK wdrlaId jk mßos wd¾Ólj yd
lDIsld¾ñl j M,odhS f,i yd ;sridr j
N+ñh mßyrKh lsÍu i|yd úúO ffcj
ixl,khlska hq;= j.d l<ukdlrK
moaO;shla f,i nyq ia;r fnda. j.d moaO;s
ye|skaúh yels h'
lDIs jk j.d moaO;sh u
úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍu u.ska nyq ia;r j.d
moaO;sh ilia lr we;' nyq ia;r j.d
moaO;s f,i" rEmh 16'5 ( nyqia;r j.d moaO;shla
• f.j;= j.d moaO;sh
• Wvrg f.j;= j.d oelaúh yels h'
f.j;= j.d moaO;sh
Ydlj, uqÿka wjldYfha úúO ia;r f,i ilia jk mßos Ydl f;dard .kq ,efí'
fuysoS fnda. lsysmhla ñY% j j.d lsÍu ksid ;=re úhka .Kkdjla we;s fõ' tu ksid jeä

362
fõ.hlska tl t,af,a jeys ìxÿ fmd<jg m;s; ùu fjkqjg ;=re úhka u; jeà wvq
fõ.hlska ìug m;s; ùu fyda .fia l| osf.a my<g .,d tau isÿ fõ' ta u.ska mdxY= Ldok
yelshdj tla fnda.hla j.d lsÍug idfmalaI j wvq fõ' cd;sl oej wjYH;djfhka 16] la
o" bkaOk oej wjYH;djfhka 11] la o f.j;= j.d u.ska iemfha'
Wvrg f.j;= j.dj (Kandian home gardens)

fuh b;d jeo.;a idïm%odhsl lDIs jk j.d moaO;shls' fuhg m%Odk jYfhka ueorg
f;;a yd w;rueos l,dmhka ys ^kqjr" ud;f,a yd l=reKe., osia;%slalj,& nEjqï N+ñ wdY%s;j
oelsh yels h' fuu.ska wêl Ydl úúO;ajhla ,nd fohs'
fuu f.j;=j, fylaghdrhlg Ydl$m÷re 45-65 la muK oelsh yels jk w;r" th
ldIaÁh Ydl j¾. 23lska muK o wldIaÁh Ydl j¾. 17lska muK o m÷re yd je,a j¾. 33
lska muK o iukaú; fõ' tl moaO;shl wju jYfhka Ydl$fnda. j¾. 20 la muK j.d
lrkq ,nk ksid Ydl úúO;ajh wêl fõ' fo,a" fldia" f;a" fmd,a" rn¾" mqjla" ls;=,a"
idoslald" fldfldajd" fldams" lrdnq" .ïñßia" wU" rUqgka" uex.=ia" mefmd,a" lcq" w,sfmar"
flfi,a" foys" fodvï j¾." t<j`M j¾. fï f.j;= Whka ;=< nyq, j olakg ,efí'
Wvrg f.j;= j.d l%ufha oS fndfyda úg ;u mjqf,a wjYH;dj i|yd j.d lrk w;r
wf<ú lghq;= o isÿ lrhs' fuysoS f.dùka tu f.j;af;a nEjqï iys; fldgfia ffoksl
wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd Ydl j¾. isgqùu fyda i;a;aj wdydr i|yd ;DK j.d lrhs'
l%udkql+, j c, jykh isÿjk fia ilia fldg j.=re iys; N+ñj, ta i|yd WÑ; j.d we;s
lrhs' ;eks;,d ìï i|yd o iqÿiq fnda. j.d lrhs' fï l%ufha oS oeä ysre /iaj,g fyda
j¾Idm;khg Tfrd;a;= fok wdldrhg há frdamKh l%uj;a lrhs'
Wvrg f.j;= j.dfõ jdis
• by< wdodhula ,efí'
• wdydr" oej yd or imhhs
• iajNdúl jkdka;rhlg iudk h'
• Ydl úúO;ajh jeä h' ta ksid cdk úúO;ajh wdrlaId fõ'
• mjqf,a fmdaIKh jeä lrhs'
• i;=ka i|yd jdiia:dk ,nd fohs'
^wd& fnda. j.d rgd
f,dalfha ck.yKh jeä ùu;a iu. wdydr i|yd jk b,a¨u jeäjk ksid thg
iß,k iemhqula ,nd oSu i|yd l%u fiùu wjYH fõ' ta i|yd my; oelafjk l%shdud¾.
fhdackd l< yels h'
• j.d lrk N+ñ m%udKh jeä lsÍu
• tall N+ñ m%udKhlska ,efnk wiajekak jeä lsÍu
foaYSh ;;a;aj ms<sn| i,ld n,k úg j.d l<
yels N+ñ m%udKh iSñ; h' ta ksid tall N+ñ
m%udKhlska ,efnk wiajkq m%udKh jeä lsÍu i|yd
m%dfhda.sl j fhdod.; yels tla l%uhla f,i úúO
j.d rgd wkqj fnda. j.dlr tall N+ñ m%udKhl j.d
lrk fnda. ixLHdj jeä lsÍu oelaúh yelsh'
• tal fnda. j.dj (monocroping)
• nyq fnda. j.dj (polycroping)
f,i wdldr follg fnda. j.d l< yels h'

rEmh 16'6 ( tal fnda. j.djla

363
tal fnda. j.dfõ oS fnda. j¾. tlla muKla N+ñfha j.d lrk w;r" fuh fnda. j.dfõ
úfYaISlrKh f,i o y÷kajhs'
fnda. folla fyda jeä .Kkla tlu lafIa;%fha tlu ld,hla ;=< fyda j¾Ihla ;=<
j.d lsÍu nyq fnda. j.dj hs'
nyq fnda. j.dfõ oS oekg fhdod .kakd fnda. j.d rgd lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
• w;=re fnda. j.dj
• ñY% fnda. j.dj
• läka lv j.dj
• fnda. udrej
• i;a;aj fnda. udrej
1' w;=re fnda. j.dj
hï N+ñhl l%uj;a j j.dlr we;s m%Odk
fnda.hg wu;r j tu fnda.hg ;r.hla we;s fkdjk
fia fjk;a flá ld,Sk fnda.hla fyda fnda.
lsysmhla tu bvfï m%Odk fnda.h w;r j.d lsÍu
w;=re fnda. j.dj f,i ye|skafõ'
Wod( fmd,a m%Odk fnda.h f,i j.d l< úg rks,"
mefmd,a" wkakdis" nq,;a" flfi,a" w, fnda. wdosh
w;=re fnda. f,i j.d l< yels h' fuys oS fmd,a
.fia isg óg¾ folla muK wE;ska w;=re fnda. isgqjhs' thg
rEmhfya
16'7;(=jfmd,a
w;=ryd
e fnda
.h yd
flfi,a fmd,a
j.djla
.i w;r we;sjk ;r.h wju lsÍu hs' w;=re fnda. i|yd ,efnk wdf,dal m%udKh
ie,lSfï oS fmd,a .ig jhi wjqreÿ 5 g wvq wjia:dj, yd wjqreÿ 25 g jeä wjia:dj,
w;=re fnda. j.d l< yels h'
rn¾ j.dj m%Odk fnda.h f,i we;akï w;=re fnda.h f,i rks," flfi,a" je,a
fodvï" wkakdis" w, fnda." b`.=re" fldams" fldfldajd" j.d l< yels h' rks, Ydl udi
4lg jrla lmamdÿ lr jiqkla f,i Ndú; l< yels h'
w;=re fnda. j.dfõ jdis
• iïm;a Wmßu f,i m%fhdackhg .ekSu
• w;=re fnda. u.ska wdf,dal w;=relvkh u.ska mig jefgk wdf,dal m%udKh
md,kh ùu ksid j,a me<Eá md,kh fõ'
• fijk ,eîu
• tall lafIa;%M,hlska ,efnk wiajekak jeä ùu
• N+ñfha fnda. tllg jvd jeä ixLHdjla j.d lrk ksid wjodku yd wvudkh
wvq ùu
• m<sfndaO md,kh ùu
w;=re fnda. j.dfõ wjdis
• fnda. f;dard .ekSu ms<sn| j f.dúhdg ukd oekqj;a njla ;sìh hq;= ùu
• mYapd;a id;a;= isÿ lsÍug wmyiq ùu
• wiajkq fk,Sfï .eg¨ we;s ùu
• wjYH m%d.aOkh jeä ùu
• fnda. j¾. lsysmhla j.d lrk ksid hdka;%SlrKh myiq ùu
• tall lafIa;%hl fnda. jeä ixLHdjla we;s neúka c, iïmdok wjYH;dj jeä
ùu

364
2' ñY% fnda. j.dj
hï lafIa;%hl jd¾Isl" oaú jd¾Isl yd nyq
jd¾Isl Ydl ;r.hla we;s fkdjk fia iudk
wjOdkhlska hq;=j N+ñfhka Wmßu m%fhdack
,efnk fia j.d lsÍu ñY% fnda. j.dj hs' fuysoS
fnda. j¾. folla fyda Bg jeä ixLHdjla
lafIa;%fha ;sìh hq;= w;r" fuu fnda. fndfyda
ÿrg iu jhia fnda. úh hq;= h'
fyaka f.dú;efka oS iy lDIs jk j.dj,
oS o fuu j.d rgdj wkq.ukh flf¾'
ñY% fnda. j.djla i|yd fnda. f;aÍfï oS i<ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq rEmh 16'8 ( ñY% fnda. j.djla
• m%foaYfha foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajj,g .e,mSug' Wod ( úh<s l,dmfha j¾Idm;kh wvq
ld,j,g kshx m%;sfrdaë ,laIK iys; ;," rglcq" lõms jeks fnda. j.d lsÍu'
• jdhj mßirfha w;alr .kakd bv m%udK ms<sn| j i,ld ne,sh hq;= h' Wod( ly
fnda.h ;o iQ¾hdf,dalh m%sh lrk w;r" b`.=re fnda.h ;rula fijk m%sh lrhs'
ta ksid ñY% fnda. j.dfõ oS fuu fnda. fol tlg j.d lsÍfuka jeä wiajekakla
talSh lafIa;%M,hlska ,eìh yels h'
• fnda.j,g ydks lrk lDóka yd frda. ms<sn| j fnda. f;aÍfï oS ie,ls,su;a úh
hq;= h' j.d lrk fnda. ish,a,g u ydks lrk fmdÿ lDóka yd frda. ;;a;aj
we;akï yels ;dla ÿrg tu fnda. ñY% fnda. j.dj i|yd fhdod .ekSfuka je<lsh
hq;= h' Wod ( tms,elakd lDñhd rks, l=,fha yd l=l¾ìfÜisfha l=,fha Ydlj,g
ydks lrhs' ta ksid ñY% fnda. f,i fuu l=, folg wh;a Ydl wdikakfha j.d
l< úg lDó ydks ksid fnda. folg u ydks isÿ fõ'
• tfuka u Ydlj, Wi o fuys oS ie,lsh hq;= fõ' fuh ta ta fnda.fha wiajekak
fk<d .ekSfï oS jeo.;a fõ'
ñY% fnda. j.dfõ jdis
• úúO ld,j, wiajkq ,efnk ksid jir mqrd u wdodhula ,nd.; yels h'
• tla fnda.hla úkdY jqj o wfkla fnda.j,ska wdodhula ,efí' ta ksid wjodku
yd wvudkh wvq h'
• jir mqrd /lshd wjia:d ,efí'
• ñY% fnda. j.djl oS frda. yd m<sfndaO me;sÍu wju fõ'
• úúO .eUqr we;s uQ, moaO;s we;s ksid fmdaIl mßixl%uKh we;s jk w;r u
fmdaIl yd c,h i|yd ;r.h o wju lrhs'
• úúO fmdaIl wjYH;d we;s fnda. fhdod .kakd neúka fmdaIl iu;=,s;;dj we;s
fõ' tneúka fmdaIl ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä fõ'
• j,a me< md,kh isÿ fõ'
• tla fnda.h wjfYaI wfkla fnda.hg ldnksl fmdfydr f,i fhdod .; yels h'
• mi úúO .eUqrg ielfik ksid oeä ia;r iEoSu j<lS'
• mdxY= Ldokh wvq fõ'
• lafIa;%fha iEu ia:dkhl u laIqø mßirh taldldr fkdjk ksid ta tla tla
ia:dkj,g iqÿiq fnda. isgqùfuka N+ñfhka Wmßu m%fhdack ,efí'
• mßir ixrlaIKh yd ffcj úúO;ajh wdrlaId fõ'
• mßirhg ydkshla fkdjk fia oej ksIamdokh o l< yels h'
ñY% fnda. j.dfõ wjdis

365
 • wúfõlS nj yd ld¾h nyq, ùu we;s fõ'
• hkaf;%damlrK Ndú;h wmyiq h'
• c, iïmdokh lsÍfï .eg¨ we;s fõ'
• jeä Y%uhla wjYH fõ'
• ukd oekqula yd mqyqKqjla wjYH fõ'
• fmdfydr ks¾foaY lsÍu wmyiq fõ'
• frdamK lghq;= wmyiq h'
3' läka lv j.dj
fnda. tlsfkl w;r ;r.h wju jk f,i hïlsis lafIa;%hl j.d lr we;s tla
fnda.hl j¾Ok wjÈh wjika ù m%ckl wjÈhg t<Uqkq miq fjk;a fnda.hla tu lafIa;%fha
u j.d lsÍu läka lv j.dj hs' tu ksid fuys oS tlu lafIa;%fha fnda. lsysmhla we;s w;r"
tla fnda.hl wiajkq fk<k úg lafIa;%fha ta fjkqjg ;j;a fnda.hla olakg ,efí' Wod
( b`.=re isgqjd wiajkq fk<Sug fmr lsß w, j.d lsÍu'

m%ia;drh 16'1 ( läka lv j.dj

fuys oS lafIa;%fha iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd .ekSu isÿ lrhs' fnda.fha
j¾Ol wjosfha oS yd m%ckl wjÈfha oS wjYH jk fhojqï fjkia ksid N+ñh" fmdaIl" ysre
t<sh yd c,h ld¾hlaIu f,i m%fhdackhg f.k j¾Okh fõ'
mf;da, fyda lrú, j.d l< N+ñhl bos l< mkao,ï m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd tu
fnda.fha j¾Ol wjosh ksu l< miq tu lafIa;%fha fndaxÑ isgqjd" fndaxÑ m%frdayKh ù
j¾Okh jQ miq tu mkao,u Ndú; l< yels h' mf;da,$lrú, M,odj wjika jQ úg tu
je,a bj;a l< yels h'
läka lv j.dfõ jdis
• úúO wjia:dj, fnda. isgqùfuka iïm;a Wmßu f,i m%fhdackhg .; yels ùu
• j¾Ihlg j.d lrk fnda. .Kk jeä ùu
• fnda.hla i|yd N+ñ mßfNdack ld,h wju lr.; yels ùu
• frda. yd m<sfndaO md,kh
• j,a me<Eá md,kh
läka lv j.dfõ wjdis

366
läka lv j.dfõ wjdis
• N+ñfha iajNdjh" fnda.fha j¾Ok ú,dYh" foaY.=Ksl wjYH;d wdosh ms<sn| ukd
oekqula wjYH ùu
• l%udkQl+, j ie,iqula we;s j lghq;= lsÍug isÿ ùu
• kshñ; ld, iSudfõ oS u fnda.h isgqúh hq;= ùu
• w;=reh;a .Efï WmlrK Ndú;h wmyiq ùu
• wiajkq fk<Sfï .eg¨ we;s ùu
fnda. udrej ^YIH udrej&
f;dard .kakd ,o úúO j¾Ok ú,dY we;s fnda. lsym s hla l%udkql,
+ j tlu lafIa;f% ha
lkakfhka lkakhg udre lrñka j.d lsÍu YIH udrej kï fõ' b;d id¾:l fnda. j.d
rgdjla f,i fnda. udrej y÷kajd osh yels h' os.ska os.g u tlu fnda.hla lafIa;%fha j.d
lrk úg N+ñfhka tlu fmdaIl j¾. Wrd .kakd ksid mfia tu fmdaIl W!k;djla we;s
fõ' tfiau mfia tlu .eUqrlg uq,a úysfok ksid tu m%foaYfha we;s fmdaIl muKla Wrd
.kS' ;ks fnda.hla os.ska os.g u j.d lrk úg tu fnda.hg ydks lrk frda. ldrl yd
lDókaf.a .yKh by< uÜgulg m;ajk ksid blaukska m<sfndaO .yKh wd¾Ól ydksodhl
uÜgulg m;a fõ' fuu wys;lr ;;a;aj u`. yrjd .ekSu i|yd fnda. udrej jeo.;a fõ'
fnda. udrej i|yd fndfyda úg my; oelafjk fnda. ldKav fhdod .kS'
• OdkH fnda.
• rks, fnda.
• w, fnda.
• t<j¨ fnda.
• f;,a fnda.
fuysoS l=vd bvul kï uq`M lafIa;%fha u tla jrlg tla fnda.hla ne.ska j.d lsÍu
isÿ l< yels h'
Wod( ¨ f;,a

fuhg wu;r j úYd, bvula kï lafIa;%h y;rg fnod fnda. y;rla lafIa;%fha udre
jk wdldrhg o j.d l< yels h'
OdkH fnda.
rks, fnda.
w, fnda.
t<j¨ fnda.

fufia fnda. ;=kla udre jk wdldrhg j.d lsÍu ;=ka fnda. udrej f,i ye|skafõ'
A - OdkH FNDA .
fnda.
B -r- ks, fnda. A B C C A B B C A A B C
C - w, fnda.
1 lkakh 2 lkakh 3 lkakh 4 lkakh
fnda. udrej i|yd fnda. f;dard .ekSfï oS my; i|yka lreKq ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a
úh hq;= h'
• foaY.=Ksl idOl
• fnda.fha j¾Ok rgdj

367
 • mdxY= fmdaIl flf¾ olajk n,mEu
• fnda.fha jhia m%udKh
• ta ta fnda.hkag fmdÿ frda. yd lDó ydks
fnda. udrefõ jeo.;alu
• fmdaIl iu;=,s;;dj
úúO fnda. úfYaIs; fmdaIl i|yd úfYaI ,eoshdjla olajk ksid os.ska os.g u tlu
fnda.hla j.d lsÍfï oS mfia tu fmdaIlh W!k fõ' B ,`. lkakfha oS tu fmdaIlh mig
fkd fhÿjfyd;a fnda.fha j¾Okh yd wiajekak wvq fõ' Wod( ù yd fjk;a OdkH fnda.
j.d lsÍfï oS mfika khsg%cka yd fmdgEishï jeämqr wjfYdaIKh lrhs' túg tu
lafIa;%fha u tu fnda. j.d lf<d;a tu fmdaIlh kej; mig ,nd oSug isÿ fõ' ta ksid
fmdgEishï wêl j wjfYdaIKh lrk w¾;dm,a jeks fnda.j,g miqj fmdgEishï wjYH;dj
wvq ñßia jeks fnda. j.d lsÍu fyda khsg%cka wjYH;dj wêl OdkH fnda.hlg miqj
khsg%cka m%fhdacH l< yels rks, fnda.hla j.d lrhs' túg fmdaIl iu;=,s;;dj wdrlaId
jk neúka fmdfydr fhoSu wju l< yels h'
• fmdaIl mßixl%uKh
úúO fnda.j, uQ, moaO;s mfia úúO .eUqrg j¾Okh fõ' ;ka;= uQ, moaO;s we;s
fnda. j.d l< úg mfia u;=msg we;s fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh lrk w;r" uqÿka uq,a moaO;s iys;
fnda. mfia .eUqre ia;rj, fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh lrhs' ta ksid ;ka;= uq,a iys; fnda.hla
j.d l< miq uqÿka uq,a moaO;s iys; fnda.hla j.d l< úg úúO mdxY= ia;rj,ska fmdaIl
wjfYdaIKh isÿjk ksid mfia fmdaIl W!k;d we;s fkdfõ'
• frda. yd m<sfndaO md,kh
hï fnda.hla lafIa;%hl j.d lsÍfï oS tu fnda.hg ydkslr jQ frda. ldrl yd lDó
m<sfndaO meje;aug ys;lr jQ fmdaIKh ,efnk ksid tu Ôùkaf.a meje;au ia:dhS fõ' ta
ksid tu l=,hg wh;a fnda.hla B <`. lkakfha j.d fkdlsÍfuka tu m<sfndaO we;s ùu
j<lajd .; yels h'
Wod ( fndaxÑ ueiaidf.ka isÿjk ydksh j<lajd .ekSu i|yd rks, fnda. j.djlg
miqj fjk;a l=,hl fnda. j.d lrhs'
• úúO l=,j, fnda. j.d lrk úg mig tl;= jk ldnksl øjH m%udKh fjkia fõ'
jdhj fldgiaj, j¾Okh wêl rks, fnda. j.d lsÍfuka mfia ldnksl øjH m%udKh
jeä ù mi idrj;a fõ'
• mi wdjrKh jk fnda. tla lkakhl j.djg fhdod .ekSfuka j,a me<Eá we;s ùu
md,kh fõ' Wod( n;," fidahd fndaxÑ" bkak,
• iuyr fnda. j.d lrk úg mig i%djh jk úI ksid B <`. lkakfha oS ksis f,i
fnda. j¾Okh isÿ fkdfõ' fnda. udrej u.ska fuu ydksh o je<fla'
fïjd yereKq úg YIH udrefõ my; oelafjk jdis o we;'
• úúO fnda. j¾. j.dlrk ksid mfia fN!;sl" ridhksl yd ffcùh .=Kdx. oshqKq fõ'
• f.dúhdf.a wjodku yd wvudkh wvq fõ'
fnda. udrefõ wjdis

• fnda. f;dard .ekSu i|yd oekqula wjYH ùu

• fjkia fnda. j¾. fhdod .kakd ksid fhojqï úúO wdldrfhka Ndú; l< hq;= ùu
5' i;a;aj fnda. udrej

368
 fuysoS lafIa;%h fldgia follg fjkalr tla fldgil i;=ka we;s lrhs' wfkla
fldgfia fn`da. j.d lrhs' i;=ka udi 12 -24 l ld, iSudjla ;=< lafIa;%fha tla fldgil
we;s lrk w;r" wfkla fldgfia fnda. j.d lr wiajekak ,enQ miq fyda fnda. j.djka
iu. ;DK j.d lrhs'
bkamiq i;=ka fnda.h j.d l< fldgig fhdod i;=ka isá fldgfia fnda. j.d lrhs'
N+ñh fldgia lsÍfï oS fldgil úYd,;ajh ;SrKh jkafka my; lreKq wkqj h'
• N+ñfha úYd,;ajh
• f.dúhd i;= i;=ka ixLHdj yd j¾.h
• j.d lrk fnda. yd tajdhska wfmalaIs; wdodhu
• m%foaYfha foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajh yd mdxY= idOl
i;a;aj fnda. udrefõ jdis
• i;=ka we;s lsÍu ksid mig ldnksl øjH tl;= fõ' tfia u fnda. f,i rks,
Ndú; lsÍfuka mig khsg%cka tl;= fõ'
• ;DK j.d lrk ksid mdxY= ixrlaIKh isÿ fõ'
• fnda. wjfYaI i;a;aj wdydr f,i Ndú; l< yels h'
• i;=ka yd fnda. hk foflka u wdodhu ,efnk w;r" wd¾Ól wjodku wvq fõ'
• N+ñfha ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä ùfuka talSh lafIa;%M,hlska ,efnk wiajkq jeä fõ'
• i;a;aj wmøjHj,ska fldïfmdaiaÜ iEosh yels h'
• i;=kag o Wiia fmdaIKhla ,efí'
i;a;aj fnda. udrefõ wjdis
• i;=ka u.ska fnda.j,g ydks isÿ úh yels h'

369
 17 lDIs wd¾Ól úoHdj
17'1 ksIamdok idOl
wd¾Ól úoHdfõ oS ksIamdok idOl m%Odk jYfhka fldgia y;rlg j¾. lrkq
,efí' tkï N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh yd jHjidhl;ajh jYfhks' fuu idOl w;=ßka"
Y%uh yd jHjidhl;ajh" udkj iïm;a .Khg;a" N+ñh yd m%d.aOkh fN!;sl iïm;a
.Khg;a wh;a fõ'
ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS Ndú; lrk ish¨ u foa ksIamdok idOl (Factors of produc-
tion) fyda ksIamdok iïm;a f,i i,lkq ,efí' fïjd fhojqï f,i o i,lhs' fuu
ksIamdok idOl l,a meje;au wkqj o fldgia follg fnosh yels h' tkï .,d hk
iïm;a yd .nvd l< yels iïm;a f,ihs' .,d hk iïm;a hkq hï wjia:djl Ndú;
fkdl< fyd;a kej; Ndú;hg .; fkdyels iïm;a h' WodyrK f,i" Y%uh .; yels
h' .nvd l< yels iïm;a hkq tla wjia:djl Ndú; fkdl<;a .nvd lr ;nd miq
wjia:djl Ndú; l< yels iïm;a h' Wod ( m%d.aOkh
ksIamdok l%shdj,s fufyhúh yels m%Odk ld, mrdi folla we;' tkï os.= ld,Sk
j yd flá ld,Sk j hs' fuu os.= ld,Sk yd flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wkqj
ksIamdok idOl m%Odk fldgia follg fnosh yels h' tkï úp,H idOl (Variable
Factors) yd ia:djr idOl (Fixed Factors) f,i hs'
flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS fjkia l< yels idOl úp,H idOl f,i
y÷kajhs' Wod ( mqyqKq Y%uh" f.dvke.s,s" N+ñh' ´kEu ksIamdok l%shdj,shla i|yd fuu
ksIamdok idOl y;r u w;HjYH fõ' Wod ( mdi,a f.dúfmd< ilia lsÍu .; fyd;a fï
i|yd N+ñh wjYH fõ' Wo¨" f¾lal" msys" îc j¾." lDIs ridhk øjH wjYH fõ' fïjd
m%d.aOkh fõ' isiqka" Y%u idOlh fõ' f.dúfmd< i|yd Wmfoia fok úIh oekqu iys;
.=reNj;d jHjidhl;ajh fõ'
N+ñh (Land)
iajNdj O¾uh úiska imhd we;s" ñksidg ksmoúh fkdyels" NdKav ksIamdok
l%shdj,shg yjq,a lr .; yels ish¨ u iajNdúl iïm;a N+ñh f,i ye|skafõ' Wod ( osh
we,s" .x.d" jkdka;r" tys we;s i;=ka yd mlaISka" mfia we;s Lksc iïm;a
Y%uh yereKq úg b;d u jeo.;a idOlh N+ñh hs' N+ñh fkdue;s kï Y%uh o wkjYH
fyhska N+ñh jvd;a u jeo.;a idOlh fõ' rgl lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdokh r|d mj;skafka
fuu idOlh u; h' ld¾ñl ksIamdokh r|d mj;skafka" Lksc iïm;a yd iajNdúl iïm;a
u; h' fjf<|du r|d mj;skqfha jrdhj,a wdosh u; h' fï wkqj rgl iïmQ¾K ksIamdok
l%shdj,sh u r|d mj;skafka N+ñ idOlh u; fõ'
• N+ñh kue;s ksIamdok idOlhg úfYaI jQ ,laIK

N+ñh iajNdj O¾ufhka fkdñ,fha ,efnk odhdohla jk w;r" iSudiys; iïm;ls'

fuu N+ñ idOlh i|yd ork uQ,sl úhoula ke;' kuq;a N+ñ idOlh hï mqoa.,hl= úiska
w;a m;a lr .;a miq th ixj¾Okh i|yd úhoula oeÍug isÿ fõ' fuh iSñ; idOlhls'
fuu idOlh jeä l< fkdyels kuq;"a ixj¾Okh l< yels h' Wod ( N+ñh f.dv lsÍu" mdxY=
ixrlaIK l%u fhoSu' N+ñh" fN!;sl jYfhka ixprKh l< fkdyels h' kuq;a .;a
m%fhdackhlska fjk;a m%fhdackhlg udre l< yels h' Wod ( fuu jif¾ l=l¿
= f.dúfmd<la
mj;ajd f.k .sh N+ñh ,nk jif¾ lafIa;% fnda. j.dj i|yd fhoúh yels h' N+ñh
wl¾uKH ksIamdok idOlhls' kuq;a wfkl=;a ksIamdok idOlj,ska m%fhdack .ekSug

370
fuu idOlh w;HjYH fõ' fuu idOlh iucd;Sh fkdfõ' Wod ( tla N+ñhla j.djg
iqÿiq jk w;r ;j;a N+ñhla j.djg kqiqÿiq úh yels h' N+ñh whs;slreg nÿ l=,sh kue;s
f.ùu l< hq;= h'
• N+ñ M,odhS;dj jeä lr .; yels Wml%u
1' N+ñfha msysàu wkqj fhda.H ksIamdok l%shdj,shlg N+ñh fhoùu' iuyr N+ñ
j.djkag fhda.H jk w;r" iuyr N+ñ j.djka i|yd iqÿiq fkdfõ' j.djg iqÿiq
N+ñ jqj o N+ñfha msysàu wkqj fhosh hq;= fnda. j¾. fjkia fõ'
2' N+ñh wh;a m%foaYfha mfia ixhq;sh" foaY.=Ksl idOl" Lksc iïm;a wdosh i,ld
n,d ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha fhoùu
3' c, iïmdok l%u Ndú;h" mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u Ndú;h" lD;%su fmdfydr fhoSu
jeks Wml%u fhdod ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä l< yels h'
4' f.dv lsÍu jeks Wml%u u.ska N+ñh ixj¾Okh lsÍu
Y%uh (Labour)
wd¾Ól Wmfhda.S;djla we;s NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ksmoùu i|yd jeh lrk
YdÍßl yd udkisl fjfyi Y%uh hs' fuu idOlhg o úfYaIs; ,laIK we;' Y%uh
Y%ñlhdf.ka fjka l< fkdyels h' Y%uh .,d hk iïm;ls' tkï f.ù hk iïm;ls' wo
osk wysñ jk Y%uh kej; ,nd .; fkdyels h' Y%uh úlsKh s yels h' Y%ufha ld¾hlaIu;dj
úúO fya;+ka u; rod mj;S' Wod( wOHdmkh" jhi" mqyqKqj" ia;S% mqreI nj wkqj tlu
Y%ñlhdf.ka jqj o wjia:dfjka wjia:djg Y%uh fjkia fõ' Y%u idOlhg ixp,kh úh
yels h' Y%uh jeämqr Ndú; lrk l¾udka;" Y%u iQlaIu l¾udka; fõ' wêl ck.ykhla
iys; rgj, Y%u iQlI a u
a l¾udka; oelsh yels h' iuyr l¾udka; i|yd jD;a;k S g
a ksmK
q ;djla
olajk Y%ñlhska" tla tla ia:dkj, fyda úfYaIs; m%foaYj, ia:dk .; jk wjia:d we;'
th Y%ufha m%dfoaYSh úfYaISlrKh f,i ye|skafõ' Wod ( fõje,afoksh - fõje,a NdKav
ksIamdolhska" fudrgqj - jvq ld¾ñlhka' .=Kd;aul jákdlulska by< Y%uh udkj
m%d.aOkh f,i ie,fla' udkj m%d.aOkh i;= j úfYaI mqyK q jq la" olaI;djla yd ksmK
q ;ajhla
we;' tkï tu Y%uh .=Kd;aul Ndjfhka by< fõ' Y%uh i|yd jegqmla ysñ fõ' jegqm
úúO fya;= u; fjkia fõ' Wod( jhi" ia;S% mqreI nj" ld¾hlaIu;dj" mqyqKqj" rcfha
m%;ms ;a;'s
• Y%ufha M,odhS;dj jeä lr .; yels l%u

1' Y% u fha .= K d;a u l Ndjh u; wfkl= ; a ks I a m dok idOlj, Wmfhda c k

ld¾hlaIu;dj ;SrKh jk neúka Y%ufha .=Kd;aul Ndjh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a
úh hq;= h'
2' ixj¾Okh jk rgj, Y%uh iq,N h' tjeks rgj,a Y%u iQlaIau ks¾udK u;
mokï jQ ksIamdok l%shdj,shla fj; keUqre úh hq;= h'
3' mqyqKq Y%uh i|yd jeä b,a¨ula mj;sk w;r" ta i|yd jeä jegqma f.ùug isÿ
fõ' tu ksid mqyqKq Y%uh ukd f,i l<ukdlrKh l< hq;= fõ'
4' kqmqyqKq Y%uh ld,Sk j Ndú; fõ' mqyqKq Y%uhg idfmalaI j jegqma o wvq h' tu
ksid ukd l<ukdldÍ;ajfhka M,odhS;dj jeälr .; yels h'
5' Y%uh wLKav m%jdyhla f,i ie,fla' th .nvd l< fkdyels h' tu ksid iq,N
j we;s úg Ndú;h u.ska M,odhS;dj jeä lr .; yels h'
6' hï ksIamdok l%shdj,shla i|yd wjYH Y%u tall .Kk ;SrKh lr" wkjYH
úhoï wvq lr" M,odhS;dj jeä lr .; yels h'

371
 7' Y%u úNckh u.ska ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lr .; yels h' Y%u úNckh hkq
ksIamdok l%shdj,shl úúO fldgia Y%ñlhka w;r fnod yeÍu hs'
8' foaY.=Ksl idOl" ,nd we;s wOHdmkh yd Ôjk ;;ajh wdoS Y%u ld¾hlaIu;djg
n,mdk idOl ms<sn| j fï ;;a;aj i,ld n,d Y%uh ksIamdok l%shdj,shl
fhoùu u.ska M,odhS;dj jeä lr .; yels h'
m%d.aOkh (Capital)
m%d.aOkh hkq wkd.; ksIamdok wfmalaIdfjka ñksid úiska fhdod .kq ,nk ilia
lrkq ,enQ ish¨ u NdKav yd WmlrK fõ' uqo,a" ieliQ wuqøjH" hka;% iQ;% yd WmlrK"
f.dvke.s,s wdosh óg wh;a h' m%d.aOkh lD;s%u ksIamdok idOlhla jk w;r fuh kQ;k
ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha b;d jeo.;a w;HjYH ksIamdok idOlhls' m%d.aOkh ksid rgl
ksIamdok Odß;dj by< hhs' m%d.aOkhg lrkq ,nk f.ùu fmd<sh hs'
• m%d.aOkfha M,odhS;dj jeä lr .; yels ud¾.
1' ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ukd f,i ie,iqï lsÍu'
2' N+ñh" Y%uh" jHjidhl;ajh hk wfkl=;a ksIamdok idOl ukd f,i
l<ukdlrKh lsÍu'
3' hka;% iQ;%" WmlrK" f.dvke.s,s hkdosh ukd f,i md,kh lsÍu'
4' ck;dj b;sß lsÍï i|yd fm<Uùu
jHjidhl;ajh (Entrepreneurship/Management)
,dN fÉ;kdj uq,a lr f.k jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu iy ta i|yd ksIamdok iïm;a
m%Yia; wkaoñka yeisrùu jHjidhl;ajh f,i ye|skafõ' wfkl=;a ksIamdok idOl
jHdjidhl;ajh u.ska ixúOdkh lrkq ,nhs' ksIamdok l%shdj,shla ixúOdkh lsÍu
jHjidhlhd i;= ld¾hNdrh hs' jHjidhlhd" ksIma dok l%h
s dj,sfha mqfrda.dñhd" ixúOdhlhd"
md,lhd yd wjodku orkakd f,i lghq;= lrhs' ksIamdok l%shdj,shla wdrïN lsÍfï yd
ie,iqï lsÍfï yelshdj" m%;sm;a;s ilia lsÍfï yelshdj" ksIamdok l%shdj,shg iïnkaO
ish¨ u fldgia w;r iïnkaëlrKh mj;ajd .ekSu yd Tjqka fufyhùu" iqmÍlaIKh"
wjodku oeÍu" wkd.;h mqfrdal:kh lsßfï yelshdj yd wúksYaÑ;;djkag uqyqK oSfï
yelshdj jeks .=Kdx. /ila jHjidhlhd i;= úh hq;= h' jHjidh o udkj iïm;ls'
jHjidhlhd Y%ufhka fjkia jkafka o fuu .=Kdx. ksid h' Y%uh iemhSu ´kEu
Y%ñlhl=g yels h' tfy;a jHjidhl;ajh i|yd by; i|yka .=Kdx. ;sìh hq;= h'
jHjidhl;ajh i|yd lrkq ,nk f.ùu ,dNh hs'
jHidhl;ajfha M,odhS;dj jeä lr .; yels ud¾.
1' ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< oekqu oshqKq lr .ekSug jHjidhlhdg Woõ oSu' fï
i|yd fiajdia: ieis" iïuka;%K" úfoaY pdßld jeks foaaj,g Tjqka fhoùu l<
yels h'
2' wod< i`.rd" mqj;a m;a wdÈh lshùu u.ska ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< oekqu ;ud
u úiska oshqKq lr .ekSu'
3' ;u ksIamdok l%shdj,shg iudk fjk;a ksIamdok we;akï ta ms<sn| wOHhkh
i|yd myiqlï imhd .ekSu

372
17'2 Wmfhda.S;d kHdhfha Ndú;h
Wmfhda.s;dj (Utility)
NdKav yd fiajd mßfNdackh lsÍfuka fyda ysñ lr .ekSfuka ñksid ,nk ;Dma;sh
yd m%fhdackh Wmfhda.s;dj hs'
Wod( msmdihg c,h mdkh lsÍu
oekqu ,nd .ekSug fmd;a lshùu

Wmfhda.s;d kHdh
NdKavhl ñ, thg we;s fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u yd iemhqu u.ska ;SrKh fõ'
fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u uQ,slj u mdßfNda.sl yeisÍu u; r|d mj;S' mdßfNda.sl yeisÍu ú.%y
lsÍu i|yd úúO woyia wd¾Ól úoHd{hska úiska bosßm;a lr we;'
• ixLHd iQpl Wmfhda.S;d kHdh ^wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;d kHdh& (Marginal utility approach/
The theory of marginal utility)
l%s'j' 1890 oS we,am%â ud¾I,a úiska y÷kajd ÿka wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;d kHdh" mdßfNda.sl
yeisÍu ms<sn| merKs kHdh jk w;r" fuh m%Odk Wml,amk lsysmhla u; r|d mj;S'
1' mdßfNda.slfhla NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla mßfNdackh lsÍfuka Wmfhda.S;djla
,nhs' fuu Wmfhda.S;dj hQá,aia (Utils) keue;s tallfhka ixLHd;aul j ueksh
yels h'
2' tla tla NdKavh fyda fiajdj fyda mßfNdackh lsÍfuka ,nk Wmfhda.; S dj tlsfklska
iajdëk h' nv.skafka isák mqoa.,hl=g m<uqjk mdka fm;af;ka ,nk Wmfhda.S;dj
b;d by< h' fojk mdka fm;af;ka m<uq mdka fm;af;ka ;rï Wmfhda.S;djla
fkd,efí' ta wkaoug mdka fm;s tlska tl jeämqr mßfNdackh lsÍfï oS ,efnk
Wmfhda.S;dj o l%ufhka wvq fõ'
3' ;ud .ek ksÍlaIKh lr wfkla wh o tfia yeisf¾ hehs Wml,amkh l< yels h'
• wdka;l s dj (Marginal utility - MU) yd uq¿ Wmfhda.;
s Wmfhda.; s dj (Total utility - TU)

NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla mßfNdackfhka ,efnk iïmQ¾K m%fhdackh fyda ;Dma;h

s
uq`M Wmfhda.S;dj (Total Utility) f,i ye|ska fõ' NdKav mßfNdackh l%ufhka
tall 1 lska jeä lsÍfï oS uq¨ Wmfhda.S;djg tl;= jk m%udKh wdka;sl
Wmfhda.;S dj (Marginal Utility) kï fõ'
fuh ir, j .; fyd;a" uq`M Wmfhda.S;dj TU (Total Utility)
1 jk mdka fm;a; i|yd uq`M Wmfhda.S;dj TU1 = U1

2 jk mdka fm;a; i|yd uq`M Wmfhda.S;dj TU2 = U1 + U2

3 jk mdka fm;a; i|yd uq`M Wmfhda.S;dj TU3 = U1 + U2 + U3

wdka;l S dj (Marginal Utility - MU)
s Wmfhda.;
2 jk mdka fm;af;ka ,efnk Wmfhda.S;dj MU2 = U2 - U1
3 jk mdka fm;af;ka ,efnk Wmfhda.S;dj MU3 = U3- U2
by; WodyrKhg wkqj wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj l%ufhka wvq fõ' fuh ySk jk
wdka;l
s Wmfhda.;
S dj kï fõ' (Diminishing Marginal Utility)
 j.=j ( 17'1
mdßfNda.slhl= mßfNdackh lrk mdka fm;s .Kk wkqj TU yd MU fjkia jk whqre

mdka fm;s
.Kk

mdßfNda.slhd m<uqjk mdka fm;af;ka ,nk uqq`M Wmfhda.S;dj 20 la jk w;r" bka

,nk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj o 20 fõ' mdka fm;s follska ,nk uq`M Wmfhda.S;dj 36 la
jk kuq;a fojk tallfhka ,nk Wmfhda.S;dj 16 ls' fuh fojk tallh i|yd wdka;sl
Wmfhda.S;dj hs' yhjk tallh olajd l%ufhka uq`M Wmfhda.S;dj by< hhs' yhjk
tallfha oS wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj ìxÿj jk w;r" uq`M Wmfhda.S;dj Wmßu fõ' bka miq
y;ajk tallfha isg uq`M Wmfhda.S;dj my; jefgk w;r" wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj RK
w.hla .kS' fuh ySk jk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;d ixl,amh hs'
• ySk jk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;d kHdh (Theory of Diminishing Marginal Utility)
mrsfNdackh lrk wfkl=;a NdKav ksh; j mj;sk mdßfNda.slhl= hï NdKavhla
tallh ne.ska jeä lrñka mßfNdackh lrñka hk úg Tyqg ,efnk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj
l%ufhka ySk fõ' ke;fyd;a hï NdKavhl uq¿ mrsfNdackh jeä lrk úg tlsfkl
tallhg wkqms<sfj<ska mdßfNda.slhd fok jákdlu wvq fõ'

TU

MU

m%ia;drh 17'1

374
mdßfNda.l
s iu;=,;
s ;dj (Consumer Equilibrium)
fjf<|fmdf<a tla NdKavhla ñ, oS .ekSfï oS wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;d kHdh ls%hd;aul
jk whqre i,ld n,uq' fjf<|fmdf<a jQ X kue;s NdKavh iïnkaOfhka uq`q M Wmfhda.; s dj
yd wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;dj fjkia jk wdldrh 17'2 j.=fjka yd 17'2 m%ia;drj,ska oela fõ'
j.=j 17'2 ( uqq`M Wmfhda.S;dj yd wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj fjkia jk whqre

Qx ^tall& Px ^re'& Tux ^uqq`M Wm'& MUx ^wd'Wm&

1 4 7 7
2 4 13 6
3 4 18 5
4 4 22 4
5 4 25 3
6 4 27 2
7 4 28 1
8 4 28 0
9 4 27 -1

TU X

TU

E1

m%ia;drh 17'2

375
 fuu kHdhg wkqj ;d¾lsl mdßfNda.l s hd ks;r NdKav ñ, oS .kqfha ta ta tallfhka
,efnk wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;dj iu. NdKavfha ñ, ieioSfuks' 17'2 m%ia;drhg wkqj
mdßfNda.slhdf.a wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;dj os.ska os.gu my< jefÜ' hï b,a¨ï uÜgul oS
wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;dj yd NdKavfha fjf<|fmd< ñ, tlsfklg iudk jk úg
mdßfNda.l
s hd iu;=,;s ;djg m;a fõ' tkï Wmßufhka ;Dma;u s ;a fõ' ta wkqj iu;=,; s ;dj
E ,laIHfha oS isÿ fõ' tys oS NdKavfha ñ, re' 4 jk w;r wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;dj tall 4
ls' ta wkqj mdßfNda.slhd NdKav tall 4 la .ekSfï oS by< ;Dma;s uÜgulg meñK
iu;=,s; fõ'
ta wkqj mdßfNda.slhd iu;=,s; jkqfha"
Px = mux jk úg h'
ySk jk wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;d kHdhg wkqj tl NdKavhla ñ, oS .ekSfï oS
mdßfNda.slhd fï wdldrhg iu;=,s; fõ' kuq;a" NdKavfha ñ, re' 3 olajd wvq jqjfyd;a
miajeks tallh o ñ, oS .kS' túg
P1 = mux
th m%i;
a drfha E1 ,laIHfha olajd we;' fuu ú.%yfhka meyeos,s jkafka mdßfNda.l
s hd
ñ, oS .kakd NdKav m%udKh jeä jk úg wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;dj wvq jk nj h' tu
;;a;ajfha oS Tyq jeäfhka NdKav ñ, oS .ekSug kï NdKavfha ñ, wvq l< hq;= h'
bka fmkS hkafka NdKav ñ, wvq lrk úg jeä tall m%udKhla ñ, oS .kkd njls'
tfia lrkafka wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;dj ySk jk ksid h' ñ, oS .kakd m%udKh" ñ,g
m%;sf,dau j fjkia fõ' ta wkqj 17'3 m%ia;drfha nEjqï jk wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;d jl%h
b,a¨ï jl%hla njg m;a fõ'

wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;d jl%h

b,a¨ï jl%h

m%ia;drh 17'3 wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;d jl%h

376
wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;d kHdh meyeos,s lsÍu
idudkHfhka mdßfNda.slfhda ks;ru NdKav rdYshla ñ, oS .ks;s' tfia u
mdßfNda.slhdg úhoï l< yels uqo, iSud iys; h' NdKav rdYshla ñ, oS .kakd
mdßfNda.slfhla ;u Wmfhda.S;dj Wmßu lr mdßfNda.sl iu;=,s;hg m;a ùu fiùu
ixlS¾K h' ta i|yd Tyq mßfNdackh lrk NdKav tl tlla i|yd fjk fjk u uqo,a
tall wkqj wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj fiúh hq;= fõ'
WodyrKhla f,i A,B,C NdKav ;=kla mßfNdackh lrk mdßfNda.slhl= i,luq'
A NdKavfha ñ, PA f,i o" tu NdKavfhka ,nk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj MUA
f,i o is;uq' túg uqo,a tallhlska ,efnk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj jkqfha
fõ' fï wdldrhgu B NdKavh i|yd uqof,a wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj

fõ'

mdßfNda.slhd ;u Wmfhda.S;dj Wmßu lr mdßfNda.sl iu;=,s;hg m;a ùug kï

ish¨ u NdKav i|yd fuu uqo,a tallhlska ,nk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;d w.hhka iudk úh
hq;= h' tkï úh hq;= h'

MUA = A NdKavfhka ,nk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj

MUB = B NdKavfhka ,nk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj
MUC = C NdKavfhka ,nk wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj
PA = A NdKav tallhl ñ,
PB = B NdKav tallhl ñ,
PC = C NdKav tallhl ñ,
tfuka u mdßfNda.slhl= i;= uqo,a m%udKh o iSud iys; fõ' tu ksid tu NdKav
i|yd ork úhou Tyqf.a úhoï l< yels wdodhug iudk fyda wvq úh hq;= fõ'
QA x PA + QB x PB + QC x PC ≤ Y
QA = A NdKavfhka mßfNdackh lrk tall m%udKh
QB = B NdKavfhka mßfNdackh lrk tall m%udKh
QC = C NdKavfhka mßfNdackh lrk tall m%udKh
Y = mdßfNdalhdf.a wdodhu
A yd B NdKav fol ie,l+ úg
MUA = MUB P x MU = MU x P , MUA = PA
PA PB , B A B A
MUB PB

hï wdldrhlska PA jeä jqjfyd;a iu;=,s;;dj ,nd .ekSug kï MUA jeä úh

hq;= w;r wdodhu jeä fkdjk ksid .kakd NdKav m%udKh wvq l< hq;= h' tkï ñ, yd
NdKav ñ, oS .kakd m%udKh w;r we;af;a m%;súreoaO in|;djls'

377
l%u iQpl Wmfhda.S;d kHdh ( WfmalaId jl% kHdh (Ordinal Utility Approach Theory
of Indifference Curves)
wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;d kHdfha mj;sk Wml,amkj, w;d;aúl Ndjh fya;= fldg
f.k miq ld,Sk j wd¾Òl úoHd{hka úiska mdßfNda.sl yeisÍu ú.%y lsÍu i|yd úl,am
kHdhla f,i WfmaflaId jl% ú.%yh bosßm;a lrk ,oS'
NdKav ñ, oS .ekSfï oS mdßfNda.slhd ,nk ;Dma;sh Tyqf.a is; ;=< we;s jk yeÕSula
jk w;r th ixLHd;aul j uekSu l< fkdyels fohla neúka ta fjkqjg NdKavj,ska
,efnk Wmfhda.s;dj iei|Sug ,la lsÍu jvd ;d;aúl nj fuu WfmlaId jl% ú.%yfha oS
wjOdrKh flf¾' WfmalaId jl% ú.%yhg wkqj mdßfNda.slhdg ;u jrK l%udkql+,
j fm< .eiaúh yels neõ ms<s .kS' tneúka fuh l%u iQpl Wmfhda.s;d kHdh f,i
ye|skafõ'
WodyrKhla f,i A yd B jYfhka ye|skafjk NdKav foll ixfhdack rdYshla we;s
úg A ixfhdackhg jvd B ixfhdackhg leu;s hehs m%ldY l< yels jQj o" ta l=uk
m%udKhlska o hkak fuu ú.%yhg wkqj m%ldY l< fkdyels h' tla tla NdKav
ixfhdackfhka ,efnk ;Dma;f
s ha uÜgï w;r m%udKd;aul fjki Tyqg ye|sk.; fkdyels
h' Tyqg l< yelafla yqfola tla NdKav ixfhdackhlska ,efnk ;Dma;su;a uÜgula
idfmalaI j iudk uÜgula ,efí o hkak m%ldY lsÍu muKs'
WfmalaId jl%
mdrsfNda.slhdg iudk Wmfhda.S;djla ,efnk mßÈ mdßfNdackh lrk NdKav yd
fiajdjkaf.a úúO ixfhdack fmkakqï lrk ,laIH tlsfklg hd fldg w|sk f¾Ldj
WfmalaId jl%h kï fõ' X yd Y keue;s NdKav fol mßfNdackh lrk mdßfNda.slhl=
ms<sn| j i,ld neÆ úg Wmfhda.S;d f,aLkh yd ta wdY%fhka we|s WfmalaId jl%h my;
oelafõ'
j.=j 17'3 WfmalaId f,aLKh

m%ia:drh 17'4 ( WfmalaId jl%

WfmalaId jl%j, úfYaI ,laIK

1' WfmalaId jl% by< isg my<g nEjqï fõ' tkï iDK nEjqula iys; hs'
2' WfmalaId jl% uQ, ,laIHhg W;a;, fõ'
3' tla WfmalaId jl%hla ;j;a WfmalaId jl%hla yryd fkdhhs'
4' fuys oS my< WfmalaId jl%hl ,laIHhlg idfmalaI j by< WfmalaId jl%hl
,laIHhlska jeä ;Dma;shla ,efí'

378
 U1 WfmalaId jl%fha msysá a b c fyda ´kEu ,laIHhla i,ld neÆ úg tu ´kEu
,laIHhl ;sfnk NdKav ixfhdack mdßfNdackh lsÍfuka mdßfNda.slhd ,nkqfha tlu
;Dma;h
s ls'
Wod ( a ,laIHfha oS Y tall 10 yd X tall 1 la mßfNdackfhka ,efnk ;Dma;s
uÜgu" b ,laIHfha oS Y tall 5 la yd X tall 2 la mßfNdackfhka ,nd .kS'
X tall .Kkla jeämqr mßfNdackh lsÍug kï" Y tall m%udKhla w; yeßh
hq;= fõ' túg mdßfNda.slhd fmr Wmfhda.S;d uÜgfï u /|S isà'

jl%hl wdka;sl wdfoaYk wkqmd;slh

WfmalaId jl%hla ;=< ´kEu ,laIHhlska mdßfNda.slhdg iudk ;Dma;shla ,eîug
kï" X NdKavfhka .kakd m%udKh jeä l< úg ta i|yd Y NdKavfhka .kakd m%udKh
wvq lsÍug isÿ fõ' tkï NdKavfhka hï tall m%udKhla lem lsÍug isÿ fõ' X ys tl
tallhla jeä lsÍu fjkqfjka lem lrk Y NdKav m%udKh wdka;sl wdfoaYk wkqmd;slh
kï fõ' WfmalaId jl%hl nEjqu u.ska fuu wkqmd;h oela fõ'
Y
wdka;sl wdfoaYk wkqmd;slh
X

Y NdKavh

XNdKavh
X

m%ia;drh 17'5 ( wdka;sl wdfoaYk wkqmd;h

wh jeh f¾Ldj iy mdßfNda.sl iu;=,s;h

mdßfNda.slhd yeu úg u yels ;rï by< WfmalaId jl%hlg hdug wksjd¾hfhka u
leu;s h' Tyq yeu úg u Wmßu Wmfhda.S;djla ,eîug W;aidy lrhs' tfy;a thg n,mdk
iSudldÍ idOlhla we;' tkï mdßfNda.slhdg úhoï l< yels uqo,a m%udKh hs' ^wdodhu&

X yd Y NdKav fol ñ, oS .ekSu i|yd mdßfNda.slhdg úhoï l< yels uqo, R kï"
X NdKavfhka .; yels Wmßu tall m%udKh }

Y NdKavfhka .; yels Wmßu tall m%udKh }

PX = X NdKavfha ñ,
PY = Y NdKavfha ñ,

379
 Y NdKav

>
m%udKh
R
PY

< whjeh f¾Ldj

> X NdKav m%udKh

m%ia;drh 17'6 wh jeh f¾Ldj

X yd Y NdKavhkaf.ka ñ, oS .; yels Wmßu tall m%udK oelafjk by; ,laIH

fol X yd Y wlaIhka ys ,l=Kq lr tu ,laIH fol hd l< úg ,efnk f¾Ldj wh jeh
f¾Ldj (Budget Line)f,i ye|skafõ' iudk Wmfhda.S;d uÜgï ;sfnk úúO NdKav
ixfhdackhka wdY%fhka uQ,hg W;a;, j ´kEu WfmalaId jl% ixLHdjla ks¾udKh l<
yels fõ' ta w;=ßka wh jeh f¾Ldj iam¾Y jk WfmalaId jl%fha oS Wmßu Wmfhda.S;dj
,efí' fuu iam¾Y jk ,laIHh mdßfNda.sl iu;=,s;h hs' (Consmer's equilibrium)

wdka;sl wdfoaYk wh jeh f¾Ldfõ

wkqmd;slh = nEjqug iudk fõ'
G R
PX

O mdßfNda.sl iu;=,s;;dfõ §
wdka;l
s wdfoaYk wkqmd;slh
ñf,ys mriamrhg iudk fõ'
m%ia;drh 17'7 ( mdßfNda.sl iu;=,s;;dj

AB = wh jeh f¾Ldj
I1,I2,I3 = úúO Wmfhda.s;d uÜgï fmkajk WfmalaId jl%
C = iu;=,s; ,laIHh
OD = Wmßu ;Dma;sh ,nd.ekSug Tyq mdßfNdackh lrk Y NdKav m%udKh
OE = Wmßu ;Dma;sh ,nd.ekSug Tyq mdßfNdackh lrk X NdKav m%udKh

fuu m%ia:drfha G yd H ,laI fol o whjeh f¾Ldj iam¾I jk ,laI jQj o

mdßfNda.sl iu;=,s;;djh tu f,i ,laI fkdi,ld yßkafka tu ,laI mj;skafka
my, Wmfhda.S jl%hl ^ I1 < I2& neúks' iu;=,s;;d ,laIh C jkafka I2 by< Wmfhda.S;d
jl%hl h'

380
17'3 mdßfNda.sl b,a¨u (Consumer Demand)
ta ta ñ, .Kka hgf;a lsihs ï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ñ, oS .ekSug mdßfNda.l
s hkag
we;s yelshdj yd leue;a; mdßfNda.sl b,a¨u hs' fuh iM, b,a¨ula ùu i|yd
1' mdßfNda.slhdg Wmfhda.S;djla ;sîu
2' mdßfNda.slhdg l%h Yla;shla ;sîu
3' NdKav ñ, oS .ekSfï iQodkula ;sîu
hk wjYH;d bgq úh hq;= h' ta wkqj mdßfNda.sl reÑh iy l%h Yla;sh tla jQ úg we;s
jk b,a¨u iM, b,a¨u f,i y÷kajhs'

l%h Yla;h
s (Purchasing Power)
uqo,a f.jd hï NdKavhla ;uka i;= lr .ekSug mdßfNda.slfhl= fj; we;s yelshdj
fõ'

b,a¨fï j¾.SlrKhka
úúO wjia:dj, oS úúO iïnkaO;d u; úúO kïj,ska b,a¨u y÷kajkq ,efí'
Wod( • fm!oa.,sl b,a¨u (Personal Demand)
• fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u (Market Demand)
• Rcq b,a¨u (Direct Demand)
• jHq;amkak b,a¨u (Derived Demand)

• fm!oa.,sl b,a¨u ^mdßfNda.sl b,a¨u&

hï wjia:djl oS tla tla mdßfNda.slhd fm!oa.,sl jYfhka fjk fjk u ta ta ñ,

.Kka hgf;a ta ta NdKav m%udKhkag lrk b,a¨u hs'

• fj<|fmd< b,a¨u

hï wjia:djl oS fjf<|fmd<l isák ish¨ u mdßfNda.slhka iuia;hla jYfhka

ta ta ñ, .Kkaj,g b,a¨ï lrk úúO m%udKhka h' fuh f,aLkhla f,i oelafõ' tkï
ta ta mdßfNda.slhkaf.a b,a¨ï m%udKj, ;sria tl;=fjka fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u f.dv
kefÕa'
j.=j 17'4 mdßfNda.sl b,a¨ï m%udKh yd fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u
fjf<|fmd<
uq¿ b,a¨u
^tall&

381
• Rcq b,a¨u
kej; ksIamdokh i|yd fkdj mßfNdackfhka fl<jr lsÍu i|yd" tkï wjidk
mßfNdackh i|yd hï hï NdKav yd fiajdj,g lrk b,a¨u hs'
Wod ( iy,a" t<j¨" mdka" we÷ï
• jHq;amkak b,a¨u

mßfNdackhg iqÿiq NdKav ms<sfh, lsÍfï wruqKq we;sj hï NdKavhla i|yd lrk
b,a¨u jHq;amkak b,a¨u hs'
Wod ( ) iy,a ksIamdokh i|yd îc ù" fmdfydr" ridhk øjH i|yd b,a¨ula we;s
ùu
) mdka ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd ;sß`.= msáj,g b,a¨ula we;s ùu
b,a¨fï uQ,sl m%fNao
b,a¨fï uQ,sl m%fNao lSmhla we;'
1' m%;snoaO b,a¨u ^wkqmQrl b,a¨u&
NdKav folla fyda lSmhla tl úg mdúÉÑ lsÍu i|yd tl úg tu NdKav b,a¨ï
lsÍu m%;snoaO b,a¨u kï fõ' Wod ( iSks yd f;a fld<" îc ù yd uQ,sl fmdfydr
2' kdkd¾: b,a¨u
hï NdKavhla úúO wjYH;d i|yd b,a¨ï lsÍu hs' Wod ( úÿ,sh" .Eia" c,h" Y%uh
3' ñ, b,a¨u
hï ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< oS úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a mdßfNda.slhd úiska b,a¨ï
lrkq ,nk NdKav m%udKh hs'
4' wdodhï b,a¨u
mdßfNda.sl wdodhu jeä ùu fyda wvq ùu ksid we;s jk b,a¨u hs'
5' yria b,a¨u
wka NdKavj, ñ, fjkia ùu ksid we;s jk b,a¨u hs'
Wod ( ) fndaxÑj, ñ, by< hdu ksid uEj,g ;sfnk b,a¨u jeä ùu
) ñ, by< hk úg lõmsj,g ;sfnk b,a¨u jeä ùu
b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk idOl ^b,a¨ï ;Srl&
hï wjia:djl fjf<|fmdf<a we;s jk b,a¨ula hï hï lreKq fya;= fldg f.k
fjkia jkafka kï tu lreKq b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk idOl f,i ye|skafõ' tjeks
idOl lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
• i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, (P)
• wdfoaYl yd m%;snoaO NdKavj, ñ, .Kka (P(n-1) )
• mdßfNda.sl wdodhu (Y)
• mdßfNda.sl reÑh (T)
• wkd.; ñ, wfmalaIK (Pe)
• iudcuh ;;a;ajh ^ia;%S mqreI nj" kd.ßl" .%dóh nj" jhia m%udKh& (R)
• rcfha m%;sm;a;s
• m%pdrKh
• foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajh
• wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl fya;=

382
• wdfoaYl NdKav
hï NdKavhla mßfNdackh lsÍfuka ,efnk Wmfhda.S;djg fndfyda fihska iudk
Wmfhda.s;djla ,nd .; yels fjk;a NdKav wdfoaYl NdKav fõ'
Wod ( m,;=re îu yd ;eô,s" f;a yd fldams
• m%;snoaO$wkqmQrl NdKav
tla NdKavhla m%fhdackhg .ekSfï oS wksjd¾hfhka fhdod .; hq;= fjk;a NdKav
m%;snoaO fyj;a wkqmQrl NdKav fõ' Wod ( gh¾ yd áhqí" .Eia yd .Eia Wÿka
• b,a¨ï Y%;
s h (Demand Function)
NdKavhl b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk idOl yd tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r
mj;akd iïnkaO;dfõ .Ks;uh iajrEmh oelaùu b,a¨ï Y%s;h f,i ye|skafõ'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh

hï wjia:djl NdKavhl b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk idOlj,ska tlla muKla fjkia
ùu ksid tu NdKavfha b,a¨u flf¾ n,mEu ú.%y lsÍug kï tu idOlh yer wfkl=;a
idOl ia:djr j mj;S hehs Wml,amkh lsÍug isÿ fõ' fï wkqj NdKavfha ñ, yer b,a¨u
flf¾ n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j mj;sk nj Wml,amkh lr b,a¨u" ñf,ys
Y%s;hla f,i fmkajd osh yels h'

fuhska woyia jkafka b,a¨u ñf,ys muKla Y%s;hla jk nj h' tkï ñ, .Kka
fjkia ùu u; muKla b,a¨u fjkia jk neúka ñ, yer wfkl=;a idOl ish,a, ia:djr
j mj;sk nj;a h' fuu uQ,O¾uh b,a¨ï kHdfha moku f,i ie,fla'
• b,a¨ï kHdh (Theory of Demand )
b,a¨ug n,mdk fiiq idOl ia:djr j mj;akd úg i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, jeä
ùfï oS tys b,a¨ï m%udKh wvq ùu;a" ñ, wvq ùfï oS b,a¨ï m%udKh jeä ùu;a b,a¨ï
kHdh f,i ye|skafõ' fuu b,a¨ï kHdh u.ska fmkajk iïnkaO;dj b,a¨ï f,aLkhla
(Demand Schedule) u.ska yd b,a¨ï jl%h (Demand Curve) u.ska bosßm;a l< yels h'
• b,a¨ï f,aLkh
wksl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j mj;sk úg i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, muKla fjkia
ùfï oS tu úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a mdßfNda.slhka úiska ñ,g .ekSug iQodkï úúO NdKav
m%udK ms<sn| ixLHd f,aLkhla b,a¨ï f,aLkhla f,i ye|skafõ'
j.=j 17'5 ( b,a¨ï f,aLkh

iy,a
1kg l ñ,

383
• b,a¨ï jl%h

b,a¨ï jl%hla hkq wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh oS lsishï NdKavhla i|yd lsishï
wjia:djl oS fjf<|fmdf<a ;sìh yels" ñ, yd b,a¨ï lrk m%udKhka w;r iïnkaO;dj
fmkakqï lrkq ,nk cHdñ;sl jl%h hs'

D-D b,a¨ï jl%h

m%ia;drh 17'8 ( b,a¨ï jl%h

b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg nEjqï fõ' th RK nEjqula iys; h' ir, f¾Çh
b,a¨ï jl%hla my; mßos iólrKhlska oelaúh yels h'
fuys b,a¨ï m%udKh NdKavfha ñ,
b,a¨ug n,mdk idOlj,g wkqj b,a¨u fjkiajk whqre
• i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ,
NdKavfha ñ, wvq jQ úg mdßfNda.slhka jeäfhka ñ, oS .kakd w;r NdKavfha ñ,
jeä jQ úg wvqfjka ñ, oS .ekSug fm<fò'
• wdfoaYl NdKav yd wkqmQrl NdKavj, ñ, .Kka
wdfoaYl NdKavj, ñ, wvq jQ úg tu NdKav i|yd b,a¨u jeä fõ' tys oS i,lk
,o NdKavfha b,a¨u wvq fõ' wkqmQrl NdKavj, ñ, wvq jQ úg i,lk NdKavfha o b,a¨u
jeä fõ'
Wod( gh¾j, ñ, wvq jQ úg gh¾j, b,a¨u jeä fõ' túg áhqíj, b,a¨u o jeä fõ'
• mdßfNda.slhdf.a wdodhu
mdßfNda.slhdf.a l%h Yla;sh ;SrKh jkafka Tyqf.a wdodhu u; h' tkï" wodhu
jeä jQ úg l%h Yla;sh jeä fõ' túg NdKav i|yd b,a¨u jeä fõ'
• mdßfNda.sl reÑh
NdKavhlg reÑl;ajhla ke;s kï tu NdKavfha ñ, fl;rï my< .sh;a th ñ, oS
fkd.kS' tneúka reÑl;ajh jeä jk úg b,a¨u jeä fjhs'
• rcfha m%;sm;a;s
rcfha m%;m
s ;a;h
s la f,i lsih
s ï NdKavhla wdkhkh lsÍu keje;ajj
q fyd;a YS% ,xldfõ
Bg wdfoaY l< yels NdKavj, b,a¨u jeä fõ'
Wod( lv, wdkhkh k;r l< fyd;a lõms i|yd b,a¨u jeä fõ'
• m%pdrKh
hïlsis NdKavhla i|yd jeä m%pdrKhla ÿka úg reÑl;ajh jeä ùu ksid b,a¨u jeä
fõ'

384
• ixialD;sl yd iudchSh n,mEï
ixialD;sl yd iudÔh n,mEï ksid we;eï NdKav i|yd jk b,a¨u fjkia fjhs'
Wod( wd.ñl o¾Ykh u; uiaj,g we;s b,a¨u ;SrKh fõ'
• foaY.=Ksl idOl
foaY.=Ksl ld,.=Ksl idOl u; NdKav i|yd jk b,a¨u fjkia fjhs'
Wod( YS; foaY.=Khla mj;sk m%foaYj, WKqiqï lnd i|yd b,a¨u jeä fõ'
• b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu
fuhska woyia flfrkafka NdKavhl b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr
j mj;sk úg NdKavfha ñ, fjkia ùulg m%;spdr jYfhka b,a¨ï m%udKfha we;s jk
fjkia ùu h' fufia ñ, muKla jeä ùfuka b,a¨ï m%udKfha wvq ùu b,a¨ï ixfldapkh
hkqfjka o ñ, muKla wvq ùfuka b,a¨ï m%udKfha jeä ùu b,a¨ï m%idrKh hkqfjka
o ye|skafõ' fuh hï b,a¨ï jl%hla u; msysáhd jQ ,laIHla by< fyda my< .uka lsÍuls'

O Q1 Q2
m%ia;drh 17'9 ( ñ, wkqj b,a¨ï m%udKfha fjkia ùu
b,a¨u fjkia ùu ^b,a¨ï jl%h ú;eka ùu&
NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKhg n,mdk idOl w;=ßka ñ, ia:djr j mj;soaoS b,a¨u
flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl tlla fyda lsysmhla fyda fjkia ùu ksid b,a¨u fjkia
ùu b,a¨u fjkia ùu f,i ye|skafõ' fuh tlu b,a¨ï jl%hl oelaúh fkdyels w;r"
tjekakla olajkq ,nkafka b,a¨ï jl%h ú;eka lsÍfuks' ñ, yer fjk;a idOl fjkia
ùu ksid b,a¨u jeä fõ kï b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka fõ'

O (Q)

m%ia;drh 17'10 ( b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka ùu

385
 ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh oS (P1) fjk;a idOlj, n,mEu ksid b,a¨u jeä ù we;s w;r"
b,a¨ï jl%h DD isg D1D1 olajd ol=Kg ú;eka ù we;' ta wkqj kj b,a¨ï m%udKh Q1
isg Q2 olajd jeä fjhs'
Wod ( wdfoaYl NdKavj, ñ, jeä ùul oS" wkqmQrl NdKavj, ñ, wvq ùul oS"
mdßfNda.l
s hdf.a wdodhu jeä ùfï oS" mdßfNda.s reÑh jeä ùfï oS yd wkd.;fha
oS NdKav ñ, jeä fõ hehs wfmalId l< úg fï ;;ajh we;s úh yels h'
ñ, yer fjk;a idOlhla fjkia ùu ksid b,a¨ï m%udKh wvq fõ kï b,a¨ï jl%h
jug ú;eka fõ'

Q2 Q1
m%ia;drh 17'11 ( b,a¨ï jl%h jug ú;eka ùu
17'11 m%ia;drhg wkqj ñ, (P1) ia:djr j ;sìh oS fjk;a idOl ksid b,a¨u wvq ùu
fya;=fjka b,a¨ï jl%h jug ú;eka ù we;s w;r" P1 ñ, hgf;a Q1 isg Q2 olajd b,a¨ï
lrk NdKav m%udKh wvq ù we;'
wdfoaYl NdKavj, ñ, wvq ùfï oS" wkqmQrl NdKavj, ñ, jeä ùfï oS" mdßfNda.sl
wdodhu yd reÑh wvq ùfï oS yd wkd.;fha oS NdKav ñ, wvq fõ hehs wfmalaId lsÍfï § fï
;;a;ajh we;s fõ'

b,a¨ï kuH;dj
b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk hï idOlhl idfmalaI fjkia ùulg wkqrEm j b,a¨ï
m%udKfha we;s jk m%;spdrh fldmuK o hkak b,a¨ï kuH;dj hs'
b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk úúO úp,Hhka mokï lrf.k b,a¨ï kuH;dj m%Odk
wdldr ;=klg fnosh yels h'
1' ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj
2' wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj
3' yria b,a¨ï kuH;dj
fuys oS ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj ms<sn| j muKla i,ld n,uq'

• ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj
b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j mj;soaoS `ñf,a idfmalaI
fjkia ùu wkqj b,a¨ï m%udKfha we;s jkakd jQ idfmalaI fjki b,a¨fï ñ,
kuH;dj hs'
b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùfï idfmalaI fjki ^m%;sY; fjki&
ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj =
NdKavfha ñ, fjkia ùfï idfmalaI fjki ^m%;sY; fjki&
(Ed)

386
b,a¨ï m%udKfha idfmalaI fjkia ùu

ñf,a idfmalaI fjkia ùu

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

m%ia;drh 17'12 ( ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh

ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj i|yd ,efnk w.h (E d)
fyj;a kuH;dfj ys ;ru ñ, b,a ¨ ï kuH;d
ix.=Klh kï fõ' kuH;d ix.=Klh wkqj ñ,
b,a¨ï kuH;dj m%Odk fldgia 5 lg fnosh yels h'

1' Y+kH kuH;dj ^mQ¾K wkuH b,a¨u&

wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j mj;soa oS ñf, ys we;s
jkakd jQ fjkialïj,g b,a¨ï m%udKh lsisu
m% ; s p drhla fkdola j ka f ka kï ^fjkia
fkdjkafka kï& tjeks NdKavhlg we;s b,a¨u
mQ¾K wkuH fõ' fuys oS Ed = O fõ'
wdfoaYl lsis;a fkdue;s NdKav i|yd mQ¾K
O

m%ia;drh 17'13

387
 wkuH b,a¨ula mej;sh yels h'
Wod( ,qKq
2' tlg wvq kuH;dj ^wkuH b,a¨u& D
ñf,ys we;s jkakd jQ fjkig jvd b,a¨ï
m%udKfha we;s jk m%;sY; fjki wvq kï P 2
tjeks NdKavhlg we;s b,a¨u wkuH fõ'
P1
fuys oS (E d) 1 g wvq fõ' lDIsld¾ñl
NdKav i|yd wkuH b,a¨ula we;' D

O Q2 Q1

m%ia;drh 17'14

3' talSh b,a¨ï kuH;dj D

ñf,ys we;s jk m%;sY; fjkilg iudk jQ

m%;Y
s ;hlska b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia jkafka kï
th talh S b,a¨ï kuH;dj f,i ye|ska fõ' fuys
oS E d = 1 fõ'

O
m%ia;drh 17'15 D Qd

4' tlg jeä kuH;dj ^kuH b,a¨u&

ñf,ys we;s jk m%;sY; fjkilg idfmalaI j
b,a¨ï m%udKfha isÿ jk m%;sY; fjki jeä
kï tjeks NdKavhlg we;s b,a¨u kuH b,a¨ula
f,i ye|skafõ' túg kuH;d ix.=Klh 1 g
jvd jeä h'
Wod( wdfoal NdKav jeä NdKav

O
m%ia;drh 17'16 Qd

388
5' wmßñ; kuH;dj ^mQ¾K kuH b,a¨u&
wmßñ; kuH;dj hkq hï NdKavhl ñ,
fkdfjkia j mej;sh o b,a¨ï m%udK fndfyda
fihska fjkia úh yels nj h' tys oS kuH;d
D
ix.=Klh α fõ'

lDIsld¾ñl NdKavj, b,a¨fï iajNdjh

m%ia;drh 17'17
fndfyduhla lDIsld¾ñl NdKav i|yd we;af;a jHq;amkak b,a¨ula fõ' lDIs NdKav
ks I a m dolhdf.ka ke;fyd;a f.dúfmdf<ka lDIs ks I a m dok ñ,oS .ka f ka wjidk
mßfNdackhg fkdfõ' ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha u ;j;a ld¾hhla i|yd h'
tfuka u Rcq mßfNdackh i|yd we;s lDIsld¾ñl NdKav fndfyduhla w;HjYH
NdKav fõ' fï ksid fuu NdKav i|yd fndfyda úg we;af;a wkuH b,a¨uls' tkï fuu
NdKavj, ñ, ljr m%;sY;hlska fjkia jqj;a tys b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia fkdù mj;S'

17'4 fjf<|fmd< iemhqu

iemhqu
tla;rd ld,hla ;=< oS hï ñ,lg úlsKSu i|yd ksIamdolhka úiska fjf<|fmd<g
bosßm;a lr we;s NdKav m%udKh iemhqu kï fõ'

fjf<|fmd< iemhqu
fjf<|fmd< iemhqu f,i woyia lrkafka iemhqïlrejka ish¨u fokd úiska
fjf<|fmd<g ksl=;a lrk uq`M iemhqïj, tl;=j hs'

j.=j 17'6 ( iehqï m%udK

fjf<|m<

iemhqug n,mdk idOl

1' i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, (P)
2' foaY.=Ksl idOl (Q)
3' NdKavh ksmoùug fhdod .kakd Ys,am l%uh (R)
4' m%jdyk myiqlï we;=¿ wf<úlrK myiqlï (S)
5' foaYmd,k ia:djr Ndjh (T)

389
 6' nÿ yd iykdOdr (U)
7' iemhqïlrejka ixLHdj (V)
8' úl,am ksIamdokhkaf.a ñ, (W)
9' ksIamdok idOlj, ñ, .Kka (x)
10' jev j¾ck (Y)
iemhqï f,aLkh (Supply Schedule)
wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh oS hï wjia:djl fjf<|fmd<l iemhqïlrejka
úiska úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a iemhSug iQodkï NdKav m%udK oelafjk f,aLkh iemhqï
f,aLkh f,i ye|skafõ'
j.=j 17'7 ( iemhqï f,aLkh

iemhqï jl%h (Supply Curve)

úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a iemhqïlrejl= iemhSug iQodkï NdKav m%udKhka oelaùu
i|yd ks¾udKh lrk jl%h iemhqï jl%h kï fõ'

m%ia;drh 17'18 ( iemhqï jl%h

iemhqï Y%;
s h (Supply Function)
hï NdKavhl iemhqï m%udKh iy NdKavfha ñ, w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dfõ
.Ks;uh iajrEmh iemhqï Y%s;h f,i ye|skafõ'

x NdKavfha iemhqu .; fyd;a" wfkl=;a idOl ksh; j we;s úg"

390
 by; iemhqï Y%s;h ixlS¾K iemhqï Y%s;hls' fuh ir, lr .ekSu i|yd NdKavfha
ñ, yer wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j mj;S hehs Wml,amkh lrkq ,efí' túg th my;
mßÈ fjhs'
Q sx = f (Px )
by; w|sk ,o iemhqï jl%hg wkqj tys uQ,sl yevh jfï isg ol=Kg by<g nEjqï
ùu hs' iemhqï jl%fha fuu yevhg uQ,sl fya;=j jkafka NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKh yd tys
ñ, w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djla mej;Su hs' tkï jeä ñ,g jeä m%udKhl=;a wvq ñ,g
wvq m%udKhl=;a iemhqï lsÍu h' fuh iemhqï kHdh f,i ye¢kafõ'
iemhqug n,mdk idOlj,g wkqj iemhqu fjkia jk whqre
1' i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ,
Wmßu ,dN wfmalaIdfjka lghq;= lrk ksIamdolhd ieu úg u jeä ñ,la hgf;a
jeä m%udKhla iemhSug leue;a;la olajhs' ñ, wvq jk úg iemhqu wvq fõ'
2' foaY.=Ksl idOl
lDIsld¾ñl NdKavj, iemhqu flf¾ fnfyúka u n,mdk idOlhls' ksh`.h"
.xj;=r jeks foaY.=Ksl ;;aj hgf;a j.djka úkdY jk ksid tajdfha iemhqu wvq
fõ'
3' Ys,am l%uh
NdKavh ksmoùug fhdod .kakd Ys,am l%uh fyj;a ;dlaIKh oshqKq jk úg iemhqu
jeä l< yels h' Wod ( mdka ksIamdokh i|yd w;ska ñY% lsÍu fjkqjg hka;% u.ska
ñY% lsÍfï oS wvq ld,hlska jeä m%udKhla ksmojd iemhqu jeä l< yels h'
4' m%jdyk myiqlï yd wf<úlrK myiqlï
ksmojk NdKavh m%jdykhg yd wf<úhg m%udKj;a myiqlï ie,fia kï iemhqu jeä
l< yels h'
5' nÿ yd iykdOdr
rch hï hï NdKav u; nÿ mekùu ksid tu úhou o ksIamdolhd u; megfõ'
ksIamdok úhou jeä jk ksid ksIamdolfhda ;u iemhqu wvq lr;s' rch ksIamdok
i|yd iykdOdr ,nd oSu ksid tajdfha fjf<|fmd< iemhqu jeä fõ'
Wod ( ù j.dj i|yd fmdfydr iykdOdrh ,nd oSu ksid f.dùkaf.a ksIamdok úhou
wvq fõ' túg Tjqyq jeä jeäfhka ù j.d lr fjf<|fmd<g iy,a iemhqu jeä lr;s'
6' úl,am ksIamdokj, ñ,
tlu ksIamdok idOl fhdod ksmoúh yels NdKav j¾. folla ;sfí hehs is;uq' fï
NdKav j¾. fol i|yd ksIm
a dok úhou o tl u fõ' kuq;a tla NdKavhla úlsKf
S uka
jeä wdodhula ,nd .; yels kï th ksmojd fjf<|fmd<g iemhSug ksIamdolhd
fm<fò' túg wfkla NdKavfha fjf<|fmd< iemhqu wvq fõ'
7' fhojqï ñ, ^Y%uh" fmdfydr&
fhojqïj, ñ, jeä jk úg iemhqu wvq fõ'

391
iemhqï m%udKfha fjkia ùu yd iemhqfï fjkia ùu
• iemhqï m%udKfha fjkia ùu
iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh oS hï NdKavhl ñ, fjkia
ùulg m%;spdÍ j iemhqï m%udKfha isÿ jkakd jQ fjki iemhqï m%udKfha fjki f,i
i,lkq ,efí' th tlu iemhqï jl%hla u; jQ ,laIHhla tu jl%h Tiafia u by<g
^m%idrKh& fyda my<g ^ixfldapkh& .uka lsÍuls'
i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ,g wkqj tys iemhqu fjkia ùu ^m%ia;drh 17'19& fmkajhs'

)
)
)
)

m%ia;drh 17'19 ( NdKavfha ñ, wkqj iemhqu fjkia jk wdldrh

• iemhqu fjkia ùu ^iemhqï jl%h ú;eka ùu&

NdKavfha ñ, ia:djr j mj;soaoS iemhqug n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl tlla fyda
lsysmhla fjkia ùula ksid Bg m%;spdÍ j iemhqu fjkia ùu iemhqfï fjkia ùula
f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs' fuu isÿ ùu ksid iemhqï jl%h jug fyda ol=Kg ú;eka ùu isÿ fõ'
iemhqï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka jk wjia:d
1' NdKavh ksIamdokh i|yd wjYH ksIamdok idOlj, ñ, wvq jQ úg
2' ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kakd Ys,am l%ufha oshqKq ùula jQ úg
3' lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok i|yd foaY.=Ksl idOl ys;lr jQ úg
4' rdcH m%;sm;a;sh ys;lr jQ úg ^Wod( nÿ wvq lsÍu" iykdOdr §u&
by; wjia:dj, oS tu mj;sk ñ,g u fjf<|fmd< iemhqu jeä l< yels h' túg
th tlu iemhqï jl%hl fmkaúh fkdyels fõ' iemhqï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka ùfuka fuh
fmkaúh yels h' fï wkqj j iemhqu Q1 isg Q2 olajd jeä fjhs'

m%ia;drh 17'20 ( iemhqï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka ùu

392
iemhqï jl%h jug ú;eka jk wjia:d

1' ksIamdok idOlj, ñ, jeä ùula isÿ jQ úg"

2' lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok u; wys;lr foaY.=Ksl n,mEula we;s jQ úg"
3' ksIamdolhkag wys;lr rdcH m%;sm;a;s ^Wod( wdkhk wmkhk iSud" by< nÿ
mekùu iykdOdr lmd yeÍu hkdosh&
4' l¾udka;fha wúksYaÑ;;djla we;s jQ úg
by; wjia:dj, oS tu mj;sk ñ,g u fjf<|fmd< iemhqu wvq fõ' túg tu
fjkia ùu fmkaúh yelafla iemhqï jl%h jug ú;eka ùfuks' fuys § kj iemhqu Q1 isg
Q2 olajd wvq ù we;'

O Q2 Q1

m%ia;drh 17'21 ( iemhqï jl%h jug ú;eka ùu

iemhqï kuH;dj
NdKavfha iemhqu;a tu NdKavfha ñ,;a w;r ixfõoS;dj iemhqï kuH;dj f,i
ye|ska fõ' ke;fyd;a NdKavhl ñf,ys we;s jk idfmalaI fjkig m%;spdr f,i tys
iemhqï m%udKfhys we;s jk idfmalaI fjki iemhqï kuH;dj hs'

iemhqï m%udKfha idfmalaI fjki ^m%;sY; fjki&

iemhqï kuH;dj =
(Es) ñf,a idfmalaI fjki ^m%;sY; fjki&

Es =

∆QS x P
Es =
QS ∆P

Es = ∆QS x P
∆P QS

iemhqï kuH;dj .Kkh l< úg ,efnk iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klh wkqj iemhqï
kuH;dj (Es) wdldr lsysmhlg oelaúh yels h'

393
1' mQ¾K wkuH iemhqu S
fuys oS ñ, fjkia ùug m%;spdßl j
iemhqï m%udKh fjkia fkdfõ'
tneúka Es = 0 fõ'

O
m%ia;drh 17'22

P
S
2' wkuH iemhqu

ñf,ys isÿ jk m%;sY; fjkia ùug P2

idfmalI a j iemhqï m%udKfha isÿ jk
m% ; s Y ; fjki wvq ùu wkuH P1
iemhqfï ,laIKhhs' Es 1g wvq h'

O Qs
Q1 Q2
m%ia;drh 17'23

3' talSh kuH iemhqu

S

ñf,ys isÿ jk m%;Y

s ; fjkig
iudk j iemhqï m%udKfha
fjkia ùu talSh kuH iemhqu
fõ' fuys oS Es = 1 fõ'

m%ia;drh 17'24

394
4' kuH iemhqu

ñf,ys isÿ jk m%;Y

s ; fjkig
idfmalaI j iemhqï m%udKfha
isÿ jk m%;Y
s ; fjki jeä kï
kuH iemhqula we;ehs lshkq
,efí' fuys oS Es = 1 g jvd S
úYd, h'

m%ia;drh 17'25

5' mQ¾K kuH iemhqu

ñ, ks h ; j mj;s o a o S mjd
iemhqï m%udKh fjkia jk
wjia : djl oS mQ ¾ K kuH
iemhqula ;sfí' fuys oS Es
α la .kS ' idudkHfhka S
wdkhkh lr imhkq ,nk
NdKa v i|yd mQ ¾ K kuH
iemhqula mj;S'

O
m%ia;drh 17'26
lDIsld¾ñl NdKavj, iemhqfï iajNdjh
lDIsld¾ñl NdKav ksIamdokh yeu úgu foaY.=Ksl idOl u; r|d mj;S' ta wkqj
f.dùka j.djka isÿ lrkqfha lkak rgdjg wkqj h' fï ksid fjf<|fmd< ñ, ljr
m%;sY;hlska fjkia jqj o Bg m%;spdr f,i fj<|fmd< iemhqu fjkia lsÍu wmyiq h'
WodyrK f,i iy,a i|yd fj<|fmd< ñ, by< .sh o laIKslj u iy,a ksIamdokh
jeä lr fjf<|fmd<g iemhSu wmyiq h' ta i|yd ld,hla .; fõ' fï ksid lDIsld¾ñl
NdKavj,g mQ¾K wkuH iemhqula mj;S'

17'5 fjf<|fmd< ;;aj wkqj lDIs jHdmdrj, ;SrK .ekSu

fjf<|fmd< (Market)
NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre lr .ekSfï oS b,a¨ïlrejka yd iemhqïlrejka w;r
yqjudre iïnkaO;djka f.dvk.d .ekSug fya;= jk ´kEu ;;a;ajhla fjf<|fmd<ls'
fjf<|fmd< hkakg ksYaÑ; N+f.da,Sh iSudjla ke;'
Wod ( i;s fmd<" fldgia fjf<|fmd<" f;a fjkafoaish
fjf<|fmdf<a mj;akd ;r.fha iajNdjh wkqj fjf<|fmd< wdlD;s (market mod-
els) my; f,i j¾.SlrKh lr oelaúh yels h'

395
 • mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<
• taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd<
• taldêldÍ ;r. fjf<|fmd<
• l;smhdêldÍ fjf<|fmd<
• mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd< (Perfect Competition)
b,a¨ïlrejka yd iemhqïlrejka úYd, ixLHdjlska iukaú;" mejreKq ñ,la u;
l%shd;aul jkakd jQ fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd< kï fõ'
fuu fjf<|fmd< ;=< my; ,laIK oelsh yels h'
1' .ekqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka rdYshla isàu
fuys oS b,a¨ïlrejkag yd iemhqïlrejkag odhl úh yelafla fjf<|fmd< uq`M
b,a¨fuka yd uq`M iemhqfuka b;d iq¿ fldgilg muKs' tu ksid b,a¨ïlrejkag
yd iemhqïlrejkag fjf<|fmd< ñ, flfrys n,mEula we;s l< fkdyels h'
2' NdKav iu cd;Sh ùu
fuys iemhqïlrejka úiska imhk iEu NdKavhla u rih" .=Kh" yevh" ;ru
hkdoS ,laIKj,ska tl yd iudk NdKav nj fuhska woyia fõ'
3' msúiqu yd msgùu i|y ndOd fkdue;
hï wdh;khlg ndOdjlska f;dr j fjf<|fmd<g we;=¿ ùug;a" fjf<|fmd<ska
msg ùug;a ksoyi mej;Su fuhska woyia fõ'
4' mejreKq ñ,la hgf;a l%shd;aul ùu
fjf<|fmdf<a ;SrKh jQ ñ, fjf<|fmdf<a /|S isák ish¨ u wdh;kj,g
fhdod .ekSug isÿ ùu fuhska woyia fõ' fuu ñ, ;SrKh ùu isÿ jkafka
fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u yd fjf<|fmd< iemhqu u; fõ' tneúka tla tla iemhqïlreg
;ks ;ks j ñ,g n,mEï l< fkdyels h'
5' kS;suh iSudjla fkd;sîu
fjf<|fmd< iïnkaO j lsisÿ kS;suh iSudjla ;sìh fkdyels h' tkï"
1' rch ueosy;a ù ñ, md,kh lsÍula fyda iykdOdr oSula isÿ fkdlrhs'
2' ;r.h j<lajk fjk;a .súiqï fyda fldkafoais ;sìh fkdyels h'
• taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd< (Monopoly)
hï NdKavhla i|yd b,a¨ïlrejka rdYshla isáh oS tla iemhqïlrejl= muKla isák
fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd< kñka ye|skafõ'
fuu fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh hgf;a taldêldÍ iemhqïlref.a ;ks wNsu;h mßos
fjf<|fmd<g NdKav iemhSu isÿ fõ' fuu NdKav iemhSu Tyqg wjYH mßos iSud lrñka
NdKav i|yd fjf<|fmdf<ys jeä ñ,la mj;ajd .ekSug;a" ta u.ska ;u ,dNh Wmßu lr
.ekSug;a fuu iemhqïlre l%shd lrhs'
fuu fjf<|fmd< ;=< my; ,laIK oelsh yels h'
• tla iemhqïlrejl= muKla isà'
• fj<| m%fõYh i|yd ndOl mj;S'
• NdKav i|yd wdfoaYk fkdue;'
• fjf<|fmd< ;=< ;r.ldÍ m%pdrKhla fkdue;s w;r" NdKav y÷kajd oSfï
m%pdrKhla muKla mj;S'
• wê m%udKsl ,dN wLKav j mej;sh yels h'
• iemhqïlre ;SrKh lrk ñ,g b,a¨ïlreg tu NdKavh ñ, oS .ekSug isÿ fõ'

396
 taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd<la my; ;;a;aj hgf;a fjf<|fmd< ;=< ìys úh yels h'
• ksIamdok iïm;aj, mQ¾K whs;sh ysñ ùu
• fjf<|fmd< mQ¾K jYfhka .%yKh lr .ekSu
• rdcH taldêldÍ n,h
• fjf<| ,l=Kq hgf;a ysñ jk taldêldÍ ;;a;ajh
• iqúfYaIS jQ iyc yelshd u; ysñ jk taldêldÍ n,h
• taldêldÍ ;r. fjf<|fmd< (Monopolistic Competition)
b,a¨ïlrejka rdYshla yd taldêldrhg idfmalaI j iemhqïlrejka jeä m%udKhla
isák" ksmojkq ,nk NdKav m%fNaokhla iys; fjf<f|fmd< ;;a;ajh taldêldÍ
;r.h hs' fuh taldêldrh;a" mQ¾K ;r.h;a w;r mj;akd fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhls'
fuu fjf<|fmd< ;=< my; ,laIK oelsh yels h'
• taldêldrhg idfmalaI j iemhqïlrejka úYd, ixLHdjla isá;s'
• wdndO msúiqula yd msgjqula we;'
• NdKav m%fNaokhla oelsh yels h'
• NdKav m%pdrKhla we;'
• flá ld,Sk jYfhka wê m%udKsl ,dN ,eìh yels jqj;a os.= ld,Sk jYfhka
,eìh yelafla m%udKsl ,dN muKs'
• NdKav m%fNaokh ksid iq¿ ñ, fjkia ùï mej;sh yels h'
• l;smhdêldÍ fjf<|fmd< (Oligopoly)
.ekqïlrejka rdYshla o" iemhqïlrejka lsysm fokl= o muKla isák" ksmojkq ,nk
NdKavh m%fNaokhla iys; fyda rys; fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh l;smhdêldßh hs'
fuu fjf<|fmd< my; ,laIK fmkajhs'
• iemhqïlrejka lsysm fokl=f.ka muKla fjf<|fmd< iukaú; fõ'
fudjqka NdKavh fyda fiajdj ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka b;d m%n, jQ ;r.ldÍ
wdh;k fõ'
• b,a¨ïlrejka rdYshls'
• wdndO msúiqula fyda msgjqula fkdue;'
• NdKav m%fNaokhla we;'
• ;shqKq fjf<| m%pdrKhla mej;sh yels h'
• wê m%udKsl ,dN wLKav j mej;sh yels h'
• iemhqïlrejka w;r wfkHdkH /|shdjla mj;S' fï ;;a;ajh mokï fldg
f.k iemhqïlrefjda iajdëk j ñ, ;SrKh lr;s'
YS% ,xldfõ lDIs fjf<|fmd<
,xldfõ lDIsl¾udka;h ;=< úúO fjf<|fmd< ;;a;aj y÷kd.; yels h' tla
j¾.hl iy,a .;a úg ^Wod( iqÿ lel=¿& iu cd;Sh NdKavhla" úl=Kï
q lrejka iy .ekqïlrejka
rdYshla" mejreKq ñ,la olakg we;' fndaxÑ jeks ;ks t<j¨ fnda.hla iïnkaOfhka o
fujeks ;;a;ajhla oelaúh yels h'
iuia;hla f,i iy,a fjf<|fmd< yd t<j¨ fjf<|fmd< i,ld ne¨jfyd;a
taldêldÍ ;r. fjf<|fmd<la oelsh yels h' ndiau;S iy,a fjf<|fmd< l;smhdêldÍ
fjf<|fmd<ls' jHdmdßlfhda lsysm fofkla iq`M m%fNaokhla iys; ndiau;S imh;s'
NdKavfha iajNdjh" úl=Kqïlrejka iy .ekqïlrejka ixLHdj wkqj fjf<|fmd< fjkia
úh yels h'

397
;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l iu;=,s;;dj (Market equilibrium)
lsishï ñ,la hgf;a NdKavhl fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ï m%udKh;a" iemhqï m%udKh;a
ksYaÑ; jYfhka u iudk ùu" ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l iu;=,s;h f,i ye|skafõ' ñ,
iemhqïlre yd b,a¨ïlre hk fofokd u tl. jkakd jQ ñ,la fõ' tu ñ," fjf<|fmd<
iu;=,s; ñ, f,i ye|ska fõ'
tu iu;=,s; ñf,a oS Qd = Qs fõ'
tu iu;=,s; ñf,a oS fuu fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ;;a;ajh hgf;a mj;sk ñ,
iu;=,s; ñ, hkqfjka o" ;SrKh ù we;s b,a¨ï yd iemhqï m%udKh iu;=,s; m%udKh
hkqfjka o ye|skafõ'

P1

P2

m%ia;drh 17'27 ( iu;=,s; ñ,

fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;fha oS my; ;;a;aj oelsh yels h'
• b,a¨ï ñ, yd iemhqï ñ, tlsfklg iudk fõ'
• b,a¨ï m%udKh yd iemhqï m%udKh tlsfklg iudk fõ'
• wê b,a¨ula fyda wê iemhqula fkdue;'
• wê b,a¨ï ñ, yd wê iemhqï ñ, Y=kH fõ'
fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h bosßm;a l< yels l%u ;=kls'
1' .Ks;uh wdldrfhka
fï i|yd b,a¨ï Y%s;h yd iemhqï Y%s;h fhdod .kS'
Wod ( b,a¨ï Y%s;h
iemhqï Y%s;h
NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh ^lsf,da .%Eï&
NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKh ^lsf,da .%Eï&
NdKavfha ñ, ^remsh,a&
fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ;;a;ajfha oS"
fõ'

remsh,a
fuh NdKavfha iu;=,s; ñ, fõ' fï wkqj by; b,a¨fï Y%s;h yd iemhqï Y%s;h
i|yd Px fjkqjg remsh,a 20 wdfoaY lr" iu;=,s; NdKav m%udKh lsf,da'.%Eï 30 nj fidhd
.; yels h'

398
2' ixLHd;aul wdldrfhka
fï i|yd b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk Ndú; l< yels h'
j.=j 17'8 ( b,a,qï yd iemhqï f,aLk
wê b,a¨ï m%udKh wê iemhqï m%udKh
lsf,da .%Eï lsf,da .%Eï lsf,da .%Eï lsf,da .%Eï

17'8 j.=fõ oelafjk f,aLkh wkqj iu;=,s; ñ, re' 20 jk w;r" iu;=,s; m%udKh
lsf,da .%Eï 30 fõ'
3' cHdñ;sl wdldrfhka ^fï i|yd b,a¨ï yd iemhqï jl% fhd .kS'&

)
m%ia;drh 17'28
17'28 m%ia;drfha mßÈ DD b,a¨ï jl%h o SS iemhqï jl%h o fõ' fuu jl% fol
fþokh jk ia:dkfha fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h oelafjhs' fï wkqj iu;=,s; ñ, re'20 o
iu;=,s; m%udKh 30kg la fõ'
iu;=,s;;dj flfrys we;s jk n,mEï
iu;=,s;h Wod jkafka b,a¨u yd iemhqu hk n,fõ. ;djld,sl j iu;=,s; ùfuks'
tneúka b,a¨ï jl%h yd iemhqï jl%h ú;eka ùug fya;= jk ´kEu lreKla u.ska
iu;=,s;h fjkia úh yels h' fï wkqj"
• iemhqu ia:djr j ;sìh oS b,a¨u fjkia ùu
• b,a¨u ia:djr j ;sìh oS iemhqu fjkia ùu
• b,a¨u yd iemhqu hk fol u fjkia ùu
u; iu;=,s;h fjkia ù kj iu;=,s;hla yd kj iu;=,s; ñ,la we;s úh
yels h'

399
1' fjf<|fmd< iemhqu fkdfjkia j ;sìh oS b,a¨u muKla fjkia ùu
fuhska woyia jkafka iemhqï jl%h ia:djr j mj;sk úg b,a¨ï jl%h muKla ú;eka
jk nj h' b,a¨ï jl%h ú;eka ùu wdldr follg isÿ fõ'
• b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka ùu' fuh fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u jeä ùu ksid isÿ fõ'
• b,a¨ï jl%h jug ú;eka ùu' fuh fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u wvq ùu ksid isÿ fõ'

O
m%ia;drh 17'29
17'29 m%ia;drfha DD b,a¨ï jl%h D1D1 f,ig ol=Kg ú;eka ùu ksid iu;=,s; ñ,
yd iu;=,s; m%udKh hk fol u jeä jk w;r" fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u wvq ù b,a¨ï jl%h
D2D2 f,ig jug ú;eka jqjfyd;a iu;=,s; ñ, yd iu;=,s; m%udKh hk fol u wvq fõ'
b,a¨u fkdfjkia j ;sìh oS iemhqu muKla fjkia ùu ^m%ia;drh 17'30&
fuhska woyia jkqfha fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u fkdfjkia j ;sìhoS fjf<|fmd< iemhqu
muKla fjkia jk njhs' túg iemhqï jl%fha ú;eka ùu isÿ fõ' fuh o wdldr follg
isÿ fõ'

m%ia;drh 17'30

17'30 m%ia;drfha f,ig fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u ia:djr j mj;sk úg fjf<|fmd<

iemhqu jeä jQ úg iemhqï jl%h SS j, isg S1S1 f,ig ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' túg iu;=,s;
ñ, wvq jk w;r iu;=,s; m%udKh muKla jeä fõ' tfuka u fjf<|fmd< iemhqu wvq
jqjfyd;a iemhqï jl%h S2S2 f,ig jug ú;eka fõ' iu;=,s; ñ, muKla jeä jk w;r
iu;=,s; m%udKh wvq fõ' óg wu;r j fuu fj<|fmd< iu;=,s;hg rch o úúO n,mEï
lrhs' ta wkqj o ñ, yd iu;=,s; m%udKh fjkia úh yels h'

400
1' rch úiska NdKavhla úlsKsh yels Wmßu ñ, kshu lsÍu
fjf<|fmdf<a úúO w;HjYH NdKavj, ñ, b;d úYd, f,i by< hk úg
mdßfNda.slhdg tajd idOdrK ñ,lg ,nd oSfï wruqKska fuu Wmßu ñ, kshu lsÍu isÿ
lrhs' fuu Wmßu ñ, ieu úgu fjf<|fmdf<a mj;sk ñ,g jvd wvq ñ,ls'

m%ia;drh 17'31
17'31 m%ia;drfha b,a¨ï jl%h yd iemhqï jl%hg wkqj iu;=,s; ñ, re' 50 la jk
w;r iu;=,s; m%udKh tall 1 000 fõ' fuu NdKavh úlsKsh yels Wmßu ñ, re'40 f,ig
rch úiska kshu l< fyd;a we;s jk ;;a;ajh úuid n,uq' m%ia;drhg wkqj fuu Wmßu
ñ, re' 40 hgf;a b,a¨ïlrejka tall 1 500 la ñ, oS .ekSug leu;s h' kuq;a iemhqïlrejka
fjf<|fmd<g imhkqfha tall 600 la muKs' fï wkqj tall 900 l ^b,a¨u 1 500 " iemhqu
600& wê b,a¨ula we;s fõ' th rch úiska iemhSug lghq;= l< hq;=hs' ke;fyd;a Wmßu
ñ, re' 40 hgf;a iemhqï m%udKh jk tall 600 úlsKSu i|yd i,dl l%uhla fhdod
.ekSug isÿ fõ' fuu i,dl l%uh ksis mßos l%shd;aul fkdjqjfyd;a rch mekjQ Wmßu
ñ,g jvd by< ñ,lg fuu NdKavh úlsfKa' tu by< ñ, l¿lv ñ, f,i y÷kajhs'
fuys th re' 70 fõ' fufia l`M lv ñ,la we;s jkafka NdKavh i|yd w;sßla; b,a¨ula
mej;Su fya;=fjks'
2' rch úiska NdKavhla úlsKsh yels wju ñ, kshu lsÍu
NdKavhla fjf<|fmdf<a úlsKsh yels wvqu ñ, rch úiska kshu lrk wjia:d
mj;S' hï NdKavhl ksIamdokh by< kexùu" lDIs ksIamdolhkaf.a iqNidOkh jeks fya;=
ksid rch úiska fufia wju ñ,la kshu lrk wjia:d mj;S' fuh ieu úg u fjf<|fmdf<a
mj;sk ñ,g jvd jeä ñ,la jk w;r fuh iy;sl ñ, f,i o ye|skafõ' wms fuh o my;
WodyrKh weiqßka i,ld n,uq'

m%ia;drh 17'31

17'32 m%ia;drfha DD yd SS b,a¨ï iemhqï jl%j,g wkqj iu;=,s; ñ, re'50 jk

w;r" iu;=,s; m%udKh tall 700 fõ' rch ueosy;a ù fuu NdKavh i|yd re' 80l

401
wju ñ,la kshu lf<a kï tu ñ, hgf;a b,a¨ï m%udKh tall 300 jk w;r" iemhqï
m%udKh tall 1 300 la fõ' fï wkqj tall 1 000 l wê iemhqula we;s fõ' fuu wê
iemhqï fldgi ñ,g f.k f;d. /ia lr úlsKSfï l%uhla rch úiska l%shd;aul l< hq;=
fõ' tjeks mshjrla fkd.; fyd;a rch kshu l< wju ñ,g jvd wvq ñ, .Kkaj,g
NdKavh wf<ú fõ' Wod ( ù i|yd rch iy;sl ñ, kshu lsÍu
b,a¨u yd iemhqu fol u ú;eka ùu
1' b,a¨ï jl%h yd iemhqï jl%h iudk f,i ú;eka ùu
fuh my; 17'33 m%ia;drh wdY%s; j úia;r lruq'

m%ia;drh 17'33
fï wdldrhg b,a¨ï jl% yd iemhqï jl% iudk f,i ú;eka ùu ksid fjf<|fmd<
ñ,g n,mEula we;s fkdfõ' kuq;a iu;=,s; m%udKh fjkia fõ'
2' iemhqï jl%h b,a¨ï jl%hg jvd fõ.fhka ú;eka ùu
Wod(- b,a¨ï jl%h yd iemhqï jl%h hk folu ol=Kg ú;eka ùu' ^m%ia;drh 17'34&
Ys,amSh l%uj, oshqKqj yd fhojqï iykdOdr ksid M,odj by< f.dia iemhqu jeä ù
iemhqï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' Bg idfmalaI j wvq fõ.hlska b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka
fõ' fï ksid iu;=,s; ñ, uÜgu my< f.dia f.dúhdf.a wdodhu wvq fõ'

O
m%ia;drh 17'34

3' iemhqï jl%hg jvd fõ.fhka b,a¨ï jl%h ú;eka ùu

Wod(- iemhqï jl%h jug ú;eka ùu yd b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka ùu
^m%ia;drh 17'35&

402
 O
m%ia;drh 17'35
fï ;;a;ajh Y%S ,xldj jeks ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, oelsh yels h' Ys,amSh
l%u" fhojqï iSud ùu wdoS ;;a;aj ksid lDIs ksIamdok iemhqu iSud jk w;r" lDIs NdKav
i|yd we;s b,a¨u imqrd,sh fkdyels fõ' fï fya;=fjka b,a¨u jeä ù b,a¨ï jl%h
iemhqï jl%hg idfmalaI j jeä fõ.hlska ú;eka fõ'
fuys oS iu;=,s; ñ, uÜgu by< hdu isÿ fõ'

17'6 ksIamdok wd¾Ól úoHdj

NdKavhl ñ, thg we;s fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u yd iemhqu u.ska ;SrKh jk nj;a" bka
b,a¨u uQ,sl jYfhka mdßfNda.sl yeisÍu u; r|d mj;sk nj;a wms oksuq' NdKavj,
fjf<|fmd< iemhqu iu. ne|S we;af;a ksIamdokh ksid" ksIamdokh flfia ;SrKh jkafka
oehs fï fldgfia oS idlÉPd flf¾'
N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh yd jHjidhl;ajh hk ksIamdok idOl fyj;a fhojqï" NdKav
yd fiajd fyj;a ksuejqï njg m;a lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ksIamdokh kï fõ' ´kEu ksIamdok
l%shdj,shla i|yd ksIamdok idOl wjYH fõ' fuu ksIamdok idOl m%Odk fldgia
follg fnosh yels fõ'
1' úp,H idOl (Variable factors)
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh isÿ lr f.k hk w;r laIKsl ;SrK ^flá ld,hl §& u.ska
iemhqu fjkia l< yels idOl fï kñka ye|skafõ' Wod ( fmdfydr" lDIs ridhk
øjH
2' ia:djr idOl (Fixed factors)
ksIamdok l%shdj,sh isÿ lr f.k hk w;r laIKsl j fjkia l< ^flá ld,hl
§& fkdyels idOl fï kñka ye|skafõ' Wod( f.dvke.s,s" hka;% iQ;%
ksIamdok l%shdj,shla fufyhúh yels ld, mrdi folla we;' tkï flá ld,h yd
os.= ld,h hs' úp,H idOlj, iemhqu fjkia lrñka ksIamdokh fjkia l< yels ld,h
flá ld,h kï fõ'
Wod ( h, lkakfha wdrïN l< 1ha l ù ksIamdok l%shdj,shla ie,l+ úg fmdfydr"
lDIs ridhk øjH" Y%uh jeks úp,H idOl fjkia lrñka j.dj lr f.k hd
yels w;r" tu lkakh i|yd ia:djr idOlhla jQ j.d ìï m%udKh jeä l<
fkdyels h' kuq;a fuu ia:djr idOlh o B<`. j¾Ifha oS tkï os.= ld,Sk j
fjkia l< yels h' tkï B<`. jif¾ oS 2ha l j.d lr ia:djr idOlh o
úp,H idOlhla njg m;a l< yels h'

403
 fï wkqj úp,H idOl yd ia:djr idOl msßjeh hk foj¾.fha u iemhqu fjkia
lrñka ksIamdokfha fhosh yels ld,h os.= ld,h f,i ye|skafõ'
ksIamdok msßjeh (Production Cost)
msßjehla hkq ,dN wfmalaIdfjka isÿ lrkakd jQ uqo,a fhojquls'
hï ksIamdok l%shdj,shl NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu fjkqfjka fhdojd .kq
,nk ksIamdok idOl fjkqfjka orkq ,nk úhou ksIamdok msßjeh kï fõ' ´kEu
ksIamdok l%shdj,shl ksIamdok msßjehla we;' Wod ( ù j.djl oS j.d ìu" fmdfydr" lDIs
ridhk øjH" Y%uh hkdosh i|yd msßjeh oeÍug isÿ fõ'
ksIamdok msrsjeh fldgia 2 ls'
• flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh
• os.= ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh
fuys oS wm i,ld n,kqfha flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh ms<sn| j muKla jk w;r
flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh wdldr lsysmhls'
• uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh (Total Fixed Cost - TFC)
hï wdh;khl flá ld,hla ;=< oS fjkia l< fkdyels fhojqïj, uqo,auh
jákdlu ia:djr msßjeh kï fõ' ksIamdolhd NdKavhla ksIamdokh l<;a fkdl<;a fuu
ia:djr msßjeh ksIamdolhd oeßh hq;= h' Wod ( f.dvke.s,s" hka;% iQ;% i|yd ork msßjeh"
hka;% laIh ùï" rlaIK .dia;=
• uq¿ úp,H msßjeh (Total Variable Cost - TVC)
hï NdKavhla fya fiajdjla ksIamdokh i|yd ia:djr fhojqïj,g wu;r j flá
ld,fha oS fjkia l< yels fhojqïj, uqo,auh jákdlu uq¿ úp,H msßjeh f,i ye|skafõ'
Wod( wuqøjH yd Y%uh i|yd msßjeh
• uq¿ msßjeh (Total Cost - TC)
lsishï NdKav f;d.hla ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd ork ,o uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh yd uq¿
úp,H msßjeh hk foflysu tl;=j uq¿ msßjeh f,i ye|skafõ'
uq¿ msßjeh = uq¿ úp,H msßjeh + uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh
Total Cost

TC = TFC + TVC

• idudkH úp,H msßjeh - (Average Variable Cost - AVC)

uq¿ úp,H msßjeh ksIamdok tall .Kkska fn¥ úg idudkH úp,H msßjeh ,nd
.; yels h' fuh tla ksIamdok tallhla i|yd jeh lrk úp,H idOlh fjkqfjka jeh
lrk úhou idudkH úp,H msßjehhs'
uq¿ úp,H msßjeh

ksIamdok mßudKh jeä j;au iudkH úp,H msßjeh l%ufhka wvq ù hï iSudjlska
miqj kej; jeä fõ' thg fya;=j wdka;sl M,odj ls%hd;aul ùu hs'

404
• idudkH ia:djr msßjeh (Average Fixed Cost - AFC)
tla ksIamdok tallhla i|yd jeh lrk ia:djr idOlh fjkqfjka jeh lrk úhou
idudkH ia:djr msßjeh hs' ksuejqï tall ixLHdj jeä fj;au tallhla i|yd orkq ,nk
úhou fyj;a AFC w.h wvq fõ'
uq¿

• idudkH uq¿ msrj

s eh (Average Total Cost - ATC)
tla ksIamdok tallhla i|yd jeh lrk uq¿ msßjeh idudkH uqq¿ msßjeh hs'
uq¿ uq¿

• wdka;l
s msrj
s eh (Marginal Cost - MC)
ksIamdok m%udKh tallh ne.ska jeä lsÍfï oS uq¿ msßjeh jeä fõ' ta wkqj tu tla
w;sf¾l tallhla ksmoùu i|yd oeÍug isÿ jk w;sßla; msßjeh wdka;sl msßjeh fõ'
uq¿

j.=j 17'9 ( ksIamdok msßjehj, fjkia ùï

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
uq¿ uq¿ idudkH idudkH uq¿ idudkH wdka;ls
ia:djr úp,H ia:djr úp,H msßjeh msßjeh msßjeh
msßjeh msßjeh msßjeh msßjeh re' re' re'
re' re' re' re'

17'8 j.=fõ oelafjk msßjeh o;a;" m%ia;drhlg ke.= úg ,efnk msßjeh jl%j, yev
17'36 yd 17'37 odr m%ia;drj,ska oelafõ'
17'36 m%ia;drhg wkqj uq¿ ia:djr
msßjeh (TFC) flá ld,Sk ksIamdok
l%shdj,shla ksid fjkia fkdfõ'
tneúka uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh jl%h ;sria
wlaIhg iudka;r j msysghs'
T•

O
m%ia;drh 17'36

405
 ksuejqu Y=kHfha oS úp,H msßjehla oeÍug isÿ fkdfõ' kuq;a ksuejqula lsÍug mgka
.ekau;a iu. úp,H úhoula wdrïN ù ksuejqu jeä jk úg th o l%ufhka jeä fõ' th
TVC jl%fhka meyeos,s fõ' tu jl%fha iajrEmh flá ld,fha oS ls%hd;aul jk ySk jk
wdka;sl M,od kHdhg wkqj ;SrKh fõ'
tu jl%fha T ,laIHh olajd ia:djr idOlhg tl;= lrk úp,H idOlfha m%udKh
jeä lrk úg msßjeh wvq jk fõ.hlska by< f.dia T ,laIHh blauùu;a iu. ySk jk
M,odj ls%hd;aul ùu ksid jeä jk fõ.hlska by<g .uka lrhs'
uq¿ msßjeh jl%h TC by; TFC yd TVC foflys tl;=j jk ksid;a" TFC ;sria
wlaIhg iudka;r ksid;a uq¿ msßjeh jl%h TFC jl%h wdrïN jk ;ekska werö TVC
jl%fha wdldrhu .kS'

ATC

O
m%ia;drh 17'37
flá ld,fha oS ksIamdokh jeä ùug wkqj uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh fjkia fkdjk ksid
ksIamdokh jeä ùug wkqj idudkH ia:djr msßjeh my< niS' tfy;a th ;sria wlaIhg
iam¾Y fkdfõ'
fmdÿfõ ATC yd AVC yd MC jl% U wl=rl yev .kS' thg fya;=j ySk jk
wdka;sl M,od kHdh ls%hd;aul ùu hs' tkï uq,a wjia:dfõ oS ksIamdokh jeä ùug
idfmalaI j wvq jk fõ.hlska uq¿ úhou (TC) jeä jk ksid;a miq wjia:djl oS ksIamdokh
jeä ùug idfmalaIj jeä jk fõ.hlska uq¿ úhou jeä jk ksid;a ATC yd AVC jl%
fuu yev .kS' ATC yd AVC jl%j, wju ia:dk yryd wdka;sl msßjeh (MC) jl%h by<
k.S' idudkH uq¿ msßjeh jl%h (ATC) wdka;sl msßjeh jl%h (MC) yryd hk wjia:dfõ
m%Yia; msßjeh ,efí'
• wdjiaÓl msßjeh

hï ksIamdokhla fjkqfjka lem lrk fyd|u úl,amh ksid wysñ jk jákdlu

wdjiaÓl msßjeh hkqfjka ye|skafõ'
Wod ( f.dúhl= ;ud i;= bvfï wkakdis j.djla lf<a h' kuq;a tys .ia ,nq j.d
lsÍfï yelshdjla ;snQ w;r wkakdis j.d lsÍu ksid .ia ,nq j.dfjka Tyqg
,efnk wdodhu wysñ úh' Tyq wkakdis j.d lsÍfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh jkqfha
.ia ,nq j.dj fkdoeóu ksid wysñ jQ wdodhu hs'

406
 17'7 ksIamdok iïnkaO;d fhdod .ekSu
lDIsld¾ñl NdKav ksIm
a dokfha oS fhojqï ^idOl& yd ksuejqï w;r úúO iïnkaO;djka
we;s fõ' fï iïnkaO;d iuyrla ir, jk w;r iuyrla b;d u ixlS¾K fõ'
fuu ksIamdok iïnkaO;d m%Odk wdldr ;=kls'
1' fhojqï - ksuejqï iïnkaO;dj (Factor- product relationship)
2' fhojqï - fhojqï iïnkaO;dj (Factor- Factor relationship)
3' ksuejqï - ksuejqï iïnkaO;dj (Product- product relationship)

fhojqï - ksuejqï iïnkaO;dj (Factor - Producl relationship)

tla úp,H idOlhla yd tla ksIamdokhla w;r iïnkaOh fhojqï - ksuejqï
iïnkaO;dfjka fmkajhs' ksIm
a dok Y%;
s hlska fuu fhojqï - ksuejqï iïnkaO;dj fmkaúh
yels h'

ksIamdok Y%s;hla hkq hï ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< oS fok ,o ;dlaIK uÜgula hgf;a
úúO fhojqï ixfhdack u.ska ksmoúh yels Wmßu NdKav m%udKh oelafjk ùÔh m%ldYkhls'
ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kHdh
flá ld,Sk ksIamdok ls%hdoduhl ksIamdokh ^M,odj& ms<sn| wd¾Òl úoHd{hska
úiska bosßm;a lr we;s kHdhls'
fhojqï - lsysmhla fhdojk ksIamdok l%shdj,shl" bka fhojqï iuQyhla ksh; j ;nd
.ksñka tla fhojqula muKla jeä lrñka hk úg tu.ska uq¿ ksuejqu jeä fõ' kuq;a tla
wjia:djlska miqj tu idOlfhka ;j ÿrg;a fhdojk m%udKh jeä lrk úg tu jeä
lrk fhojqï tallhla fjkqfjka uq¿ ksIm a dokhg w¨;ska tl;= jkakd jQ ksuejqï m%udKh"
tkï wdka;sl ksIamdokh l%ufhka wvq fõ' ta ksid u uq¿ ksIamdokh jeä jk fõ.hlska
jeä ù miqj wvq jk fõ.hlska jeä fõ' fuh my; 17'10 j.=j wdY%s; j úia;r lr
fmkaúh yels h'
j.=j 17'10 ( fhojqï wkqj ksIamdok fjkia jk whqre

uq ¿
fuys N+ñh ia:djr idOlh jk
w;r tu j.d ìug fhdok 10kg
hQßhd fmdfydr u¨ .Kk úp,H
idOlh fõ'

407
 wjÈh wjÈh wjÈh

uq¿

^fhdok hQßhd fmdfydr 10kg

fmdfydr u¨ m%udKh&

m%ia;drh 17'38 ( fhojqï wkqj ksIamdokh fjkiajk whqre

uq¿ ksIamdokh (TP)

hï ia:djr idOlhlg úp,H idOlhla l%ufhka tl;= lsÍu ksid ,efnk uq¿
ksuejqï m%udKh uq¿ ksIamdokh kï fõ'
idudkH ksIamdokh (AP)
úp,H fhojqï tallhla fjkqfjka ,efnk ksIamdok m%udKh hs'
idudkH ksIamdokh (AP) = uq¿ ksIamdokh (TP)
hQßhd fmdfydr uq¿ .Kk (Qx)

AP = TP
Qx
wdka;sl ksIamdokh (MP)
jeä lrk úp,H fhojqï tallhla fjkqfjka uq¨ ksIamdokhg tl;= jk
m%udKh hs'
uq¿ ksIamdokfha fjki
wdka;sl ksIamdokh = hQßhd fmdfydr u¨ .Kfka fjki

MP = ∆TP
∆Qx

wfkl=;a idOl ish,a, u ksh; j ;nñka ù j.d lr we;s l=Uqrlg ^fylaghd¾ 1&
fhdok hQßhd m%udKh muKla l%ufhka jeä lr we;' fuf,i jeä lr f.k hk úg uq,
oS uq¿ ksIamdokh jeä jk fõ.hlska jeä ù we;' ^10 kg hQßhd fmdfydr u¨ 3 la olajd&
fï ld,h ;=< uq¿ ksIamdokhg w¨;ska tl;= jk m%udKh fyj;a wdka;sl ksIamdokh o
jeä ù we;' kuq;a ;j ÿrg;a fhdok hQßhd m%udKh jeä lrk úg wdka;sl ksIamdokh
wvq fõ' fuúg uq¿ ksIamdokh jeä jqj;a" th isÿ jkafka wvq jk fõ.hlsks' ia:djr
fhojqïj,g m%Yia; f,i úp,H fhojqï .e,fmk f;la uq¿ ksIamdokh jeä fõ' bka
miq úp,H fhojqu fld;rï jeä l<;a uq¿ ksIamdokh wvq fõ' tfia jkqfha wdka;sl
ksIamdokh RK w.hla .kakd ksid h'

408
 uq¿ ksIamdok jl%h hQßhd u¨ 5 olajd by< f.dia kej; 6 isg l%ufhka my; niS'
hQßhd fmdfydr u¨ 5 iy 6 w;r oS uq¿ ksIamdokh Wmßu fõ' idudkH ksIamdok jl%h uq,
oS by< f.dia bka miq l%ufhka my; niS' uq¿ ksIamdokh Ok w.hla .kakd ksid idudkH
ksIamdokh o ks;ru Ok w.hla .kS'
wdka;sl ksIamdok jl%h uq, oS by< ke. idudkH ksIamdok jl%hg fmr Wmßuhg
meñK Bg miq l%ufhka my; niS' idudkH ksIamdok jl%fha Wmßu ,laIHh yryd
wdka;sl ksIamdok jl%h my;g nEjqï jk w;r uq¿ ksIamdokh Wmßu jk wjia:dfõ
wdka;sl ksIamdokh ìxÿj fõ' wdka;sl ksIamdok jl%fha my;g nEjqï jk fldgiska ySk
jk wdka;sl M,od kHdh fmkakqï lrhs' m%ia;drfha uq¿ ksIamdok jl%fha A ,laIHfha isg
ySk jk M, ,eîu wdrïN fõ'
idudkH ksIamdok jl% yd wdka;sl ksIamdok jl% w;r iïnkaO;dj u.ska fhdok
fmdfydrg idfmalaI j ksIamdokfha wjia:d ;=kla oelaúh yels h' fïjd flá ld,Sk
ksIamdok l%shdj,shl oS ksIamdolhl=g yeisßh yels ksIamdok l,dm fõ'
ksIamdok l,dm
• m<uq ksIamdok wjosh

ksIamdokh tall 0 isg wdka;sl ksIamdokh (MP) yd idudkH ksIamdokh (AP) iudk
jk f;la (AP = MP) wjÈh hs' fuu ksIamdok wjÈfha oS uq¿ ksIamdokh uq, oS jeä jk
fõ.hlska jeä ù" miqj wvq jk fõ.hlska jeä fõ' tkï fuu l,dmh ;=< oS u ySk jk
M, ,eîu wdrïN fõ' ^m%ia;drfha A ,laIHfhka miq& kuq;a ;j ÿrg;a fhojqï jeä l<
fyd;a ksIamdokh jeä lr .ekSfï yelshdj we;' tu ksid ksIamdolhd fuu l,dmh ;=<
;u ksIamdok l%shdj,sh k;r lrkafka ke;' wdka;sl M,odj idudkH M,odfõ Wmßu
,laIHhg iudk jk úg m<uq ksIamdok woshr ;SrKh fõ'
• fojk ksIamdok wjosh

idudkH ksIamdokh yd wdka;sl ksIamdokh iudk jk wjÈfha isg uq¿ ksIamdokh

Wmßu jk wjia:dj olajd l,dmh fõ' uq¿ ksIamdokh Wmßu jk wjia:dfõ wdka;sl
ksIamdokh Y+kH fõ' fuu wjosfha oS uq¿ ksIamdokh Wmßuhg <Õd jQjo ksIamdokh by<
f.dia we;af;a wvq jk fõ.hlsks' AP yd MP wvq fjñka mej;=K o Ok w.hla .kS' fï
ksid fuu l,dmfhka Tíng ;j ÿrg;a úp,H fhojqï jeä lsÍu M,odhS fkdfõ' fhdod
.kq ,nk úp,H idOl m%udKh" ia:djr idOlhg ukdj .e<mS ksuejqu m%Yia;h lrd
<Õd jkqfha fuu wjosfha oS h' tneúka ksIamdolhd ieu úgu l%shd lrkafka fuu
l,dmfha h'
• ;=kajk ksIamdok wjosh
fuys oS uq¿ ksIamdokh wvq fõ' wdka;sl ksIamdokh RK w.hla .kS' tneúka iDK
M,hla iys; wjÈ f,i ye|skf a õ' ksIm
a dolhd jeh lrk úp,H fhojqï tallhla fjkqfjka
Tyqg ,efnk uq¿ M,odj wvq jk ksid fuu l,dmh olajd meñKSu ksIamdolfhla fkdl<
hq;= l%shdjls' ia:djr idOlj,g Tfrd;a;= fkdfok ;rñka ;j ÿrg;a úp,H idOl tl;=
l< úg ksIamdokh my; neiSu fuys oS isÿ fõ'
• m%Yia; fhojqï wjia:dj fiùu
ksIamdok tallhl m%Yia; fhojqï wjia:dfõ oS wdka;sl úhou wdka;sl wdodhug
iudk úh hq;= h'
wdka;sl úhou (MC) = wdka;sl wdodhu (MR)

409
• wdka;sl wdodhu (MR)
úp,H fhojqï tallhla jeä lsÍfï oS jeä jQ wdodhï m%udKh hs' th wdka;sl
ksIamdokh" ksIamdok tallhl ñf,ka jeä lsÍfuka ,nd .; yels h'
wdka;sl wdodhu (MR) = wdka;sl ksIamdokh (MP) ksIamdok tallhl ñ, (Py)
MR = MP Py
fhojqï - fhojqï iïnkaO;dj (Factor - Factor Relationship)
yeu úg u ;d¾lsl ksIamdolhl= ;u úhoï wju lr .ksñka yd wdodhu Wmßu lr
.ksñka ;u ,dNh Wmßu lr .ekSug l%shd lrhs' fuf,i ,dNh Wmßu lr .ekSu i|yd
Tyq ;u úp,H fhojqï yd ia:djr fhojqï yiqrejk wdldrh fuys oS idlÉPd flf¾' fuh
úia;r lsÍu i|yd iu ksIamdok jl% yd iu msßjeh f¾Ld fhdod .kS'
• iu ksIamdok jl%h (Isoquant Curve)
fhdod .kq ,nk ish¨ u idOlhkays iemhqu jeä lrñka ksIamdok lghq;= isÿ lrk"
os.= ld,h ;=< ksIamdokh ;SrKh jk wdldrh ú.%y lsÍu i|yd wd¾Òl úoHd{fhda iu
ksIamdok jl% ú.%yh fhdod .ks;s'
lsishï NdKavhla ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd fmdfydr yd Y%uh (Labour) fhdod .kafka
kï 17'39 m%ia;drfhka oelafjkafka úúO ksIamdok lsÍfï oS ta i|yd fhdod .; yels tlS
idOlj, ixfhdack h'
fuu ,laIH w;r iudk ksIamdok uÜgula ,nd .; yels úúO idOl ixfhdack
fmkajk ,laIH yuq fõ' tu ,laIH hd lr w|skq ,nk f¾Ldj iu ksIamdok jl%h fõ'

fmdfydr

Y%uh

m%ia;drh 17'39 ( iu ksIamdok jl%

fujeks iu ksIamdok jl%hl ´kEu M1, M2 ,laIHhlska oelafjkafka tl iudk

ksIamdok ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels úúO idOl ixfhdack h' bka l=uk idOl
ixfhdackhla f;dard .kafka o hkak ksIamdolhskaf.a msßjeh u; ;SrKh fõ'
wdka;sl Ys,amSh wdfoaYk wkqmd;h
by; iu ksIamdok jl%hl nEjqfuka ksIamdok idOl folla wdfoaY lsÍfï yelshdj
fmkajhs' tkï iu ksIm a dok jl%hl nEjqu ^wkqlu % Kh& wdka;l
s Ys,m
a h
S wdfoaYk wkqmd;h
(MRTS - Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution) kï fõ'

410
 wdka;sl Ys,amSh wdfoaYk wkqmd;h = ∆L
(MRTS) ∆M

fuu ksIamdok iu;=,s;h ;SrKh lsÍfï oS tu ksIamdolhdf.a iu msßjeh jl%h

jeo.;a fõ'
• iu msßjeh jl%h
´kEu ksIamdokhla i|yd msßjehla oeÍug isÿ fõ' wdfhdackh i|yd we;s uq¿ uqo,
fyj;a mssßjeh" Ndú; lrk idOlhkays tu wjia:dfõ fjf<|fmd< ñ, i,ld iu msßjeh
jl%h weosh yels h'
fmdfydr

Y%uh
m%ia;drh 17'40 iu msßjeh jl%h

OA } ksIamdolhd i;= iïmQ¾K wdodhu u fmdfydr ñ, oS .ekSug jeh lf<a kï

ñ, oS .; yels tall .Kk
OB } ksIamdolhd i;= iïmQ¾K wdodhu u Y%uh ñ, oS .ekSug jeh lf<aa kï ñ, §
.; yels tall .Kk
ta wkqj iu msßjeh f¾Ldjl ´kEu ,laIHhlska fmkajkafka uq¿ msßjeh jeh lr
,nd .; yels Y%uh yd fmdfydr m%udKh hs'
fuu jl%fha nEjqfuka fhojqïj, ^fmdfydr yd Y%uh& ñ, wkqmd;h fmkajhs'
• iu ksIamdok jl%hla u.ska ,dNh Wmßu jk wjia:dj ;SrKh lsÍu
´kEu ksIamdokhl oS ,dNh Wmßu lr .ekSug kï tu NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu
i|yd hk ksIamdok msßjeh (Production Cost) wju lr .; hq;= h' ta wkqj ,dNh Wmrsu
jkafka iu ksIamdok jl%h yd iu msrsjeh jl%h tlsfkl iam¾Y jk ,laIfha oS h' tfia
u fuu ,laIHh u.ska m%Yia; ksIamdok idOl ixfhdackh o fmkajhs' fjk;a whqrlska
lsjfyd;a ,dNh Wmßu jkafka"
wdka;sl Ys,amSh wdfoaYk wkqmd;h = idOl w;r ñ, wkqmd;h jk úg h'
∆A PB
=
∆B PA

ksuejqï - ksuejqï iïnkaO;dj (Product - Product Relationship)

hï ksIamdolfhl=g Tyq i;= iïm;a úúO foa i|yd wdfhdackh lr úúO ksIamdok
,nd .; yels h' Wod ( ;ud i;= bvula i;a;aj f.dúfmd<la i|yd fyda hï j.djla i|yd
Ndú; l< yels h' tkï tu ksIamdok idOlj, úl,am m%fhdack we;' ksIamdolhd ;ud

411
i;= ksIamdok iïm;a úúO wdldrhg wdfhdackh lr ,nd .kakd ksuejqï - ksuejqï
iïnkaO;dj,ska m%Yia; ixfhdackh f;dard .kakd whqre fuys oS idlÉPd flf¾'
• ksIamdok yelshd jl%

ksIamdolhd i;= fhojqï mj;akd Ys,am l%u hgf;a NdKav folla ksmoúh yels kï
Wmßu ksuejqï ixfhda.h oelafjk jl%h ksIamdok yelshd jl%h kï fõ'
lerÜ
^ksuejqu I&

.y

x
.z

îÜ
^ksuejqu II&
m%ia;drh 17'41 ksIamdok yelshd jl%

;d¾lsl ksIamdolhd wju msßjehla hgf;a ,dNh Wmßu lr .ekSfï wruqKska fhdod
.kq ,nk idOl ixfhdackh X fõ' Tyq Y fyda Z jeks ,laIHhla f;dard fkd.kafka
wehs@ tu ,laIHj, oS iudk ksIamdok m%udK ,nd .ekSu i|yd jeä msßjehla oeßh hq;=
h' túg ,dNh wvq fõ'
• iu wdodhï jl%h
hï ksIamdolhl=g úhoï lsÍug we;af;a ia:djr uqo,a m%udKhls' tu ia:djr úhou
hgf;a hï fhojqï ixfhda.hlska ksmoúh yels NdKav m%udKh ksIamdok yelshd jl%fhka
oelafõ' X yd Y hkq ksIamdolhdg ksmoúh yels NdKav folls' fuu NdKav foflka
ksIamdokh l< yels Wmßu NdKav ixfhda. 17'42 m%ia;drfha AB jl%fhka oelafõ' fuu
AB jl%h iu wdodhï jl%h hkqfjka ye|skafõ'

m%ia;drh 17'42 ( iu wdodhï jl%h

ksuejqu I lerÜ f,i o" ksuejqu II îÜ f,i o .ksuq' Tyq ;ud i;= N+ñh iïmQ¾K
ju lerÜ j.djg fhojQfha kï Tyq ,nk ksuejqï m%udKh OA f,i o" iïmQ¾K N+ñh u
îÜ j.djg fhdod .kafka kï ,nk ksuejqï m%udKh OB f,i o f.k we|s f¾Ldj iu
wdodhï jl%h hs'

412
m%Yia; ksuejqï ixfhdackh fiùu
iu wdodhï jl%h ksIamdok yelshd jl%h iam¾Y lrk ,laIHfha Wmßu wdodhu ,eîu
i|yd wjYH m%Yia; ksuejqï ixfhdackh fmkajhs'

m%ia;drh 17'43 ( iu wdodhï jl%h

R ,laIHh Wmßu ksuejqï ixfhdackh fmkajhs' Tyqg OP m%udKhla lerÜ o" OQ

m%udKhla îÜ o ksIamdokh l< yels jk f,i ;ud i;= bvfï j.d lsÍfuka Wmßu wdodhu
,eìh yels h'

17'8 f.dúfmd< jd¾;d

f.dúfmd<
f.dúfmd<la hkqfjka y÷kajkafka lDIs mdßfNda.sl øjH tlla fyda lsysmhla
ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd ixúOdkh jQ jHdmdr tallhls' jHdmdrhl m%Odk wruqK ,dN
bmehSu hs'
f.dúfmd< md,kh
f.dúfmd<la i;= iïm;a ^tkï N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh" oekqu jeks oE& ld¾hlaIu j
id¾:l f,i fhdod .ksñka f.dúfmd< ,dNodhS j mj;ajdf.k hdu f.dúfmd< md,kh
kï fõ' ta wkqj wkd.;h ;lafiare fldg Wmßu ,dNhla ,nd .ekSu f.dúfmd<
md,kfha wruqK hs' fï i|yd ksjeros ;SrK .; hq;= fõ' ksjeros ;SrK .ekSug ksjeros
fN!;sl yd uQ,H f;dr;=re w;HjYH fõ' f;dr;=re u;lfha ;nd .ekSu wiSre neúka
igyka lr ;nd .ekSug isÿ fjhs' f.dúfmd<la l,ukdlrKh i|yd fufia igyka lr
;nd .kakd f;dr;=re f.dúfmd< jd¾;d f,i y÷kajhs'
f.dúfmd< jd¾;d ;eîfï jeo.;alu
• f.dúfmdf<a úúO ksIamdok wxY i|yd hk úhou" wdodhu" ,efnk ,dNh fyda mdvqj
oek .ekSu i|yd
• f.dúfmd< úhou úYaf,aIKh lr fhojqï Ndú;h ld¾hlaIu lsÍu i|yd
• ld,Sk j fhojqï wjYH;dj oek .ekSu i|yd' Wod ( f.dúfmd<g wjYH Y%uh"
WmlrK" fmdfydr wdosh
• f.dúfmdf<a mj;sk úúO fN!;sl yd uQ,Huh iïm;a weia;fïka;= lr .ekSu i|yd
fï u.ska f.dúfmd< j;alï yd j.lSï ms<sn| j oek .; yels h'
• f.dúfmdf<a wdodhï nÿ f.ùu i|yd
• wjodku wju lr .ekSu i|yd
• f.dúfmd< ld¾hlaIu f,i os.= ld,Sk j mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd
• f.dúfmd< ;=< ÿ¾j,;d fy<sorõ lr .ekSu i|yd

413
• f.dúfmdf<a wkd.; b,lal ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd
• j;alï" j.lSï yd foam<j, wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd
f.dúfmd< jd¾;d j¾.SlrKh
f.dúfmd< jd¾;dj, iajNdjh wkqj tajd m%Odk fldgia follg j¾. l< yels h'
• uQ,H jd¾;d
• fN!;sluh jd¾;d
uQ,H jd¾;d
hï lDIs jHdmdrhl uQ,Huh ,eîï yd f.ùïj, f;dr;=re we;=<;a jd¾;d uQ,Huh
jd¾;d kï fõ' m%Odk uQ,H jd¾;d y;rla my; oelafõ'
• uqo,a fmd;
• iq¿ uqo,a fmd;
• f<| yd ,dN w,dN .sKqu
• fYaI m;%h
uqo,a fmd;
´kEu jHdmdrhl tla m%Odk uqo,a fmd;la kv;a;= fõ' f.dúfmdf<ys uqo,a ,eîï
yd f.ùï fuys jd¾;d ;nhs' nexl= .kqfokq we;akï tajd jd¾;d lsÍug nexl= ;Sre o fjk
u we;'
uqo,a fmd;l wdlD;shla

f.ùï

l=l=¿ megõ ñ, §
.ekSug

bj; ,k i;=ka
úlsKSfuka

m%jdyk l=,S

iq`M uqo,a fmd;

jHdmdrhl m%udKd;aul núka wvq" tkï uQ,Huh jákdlu wvq" laIKslju l< hq;=
jk f.ùï lsÍu i|yd mj;ajd f.k hk uqo,a fmd; iq`M uqo,a fmd; kï fõ'
Wod( ;eme,a .dia;=" .uka úhoï
• iq`M uqo,a fmdf;a úfYaI ,laIK
• jákdlñka idfmalaI j wvq f.ùï isÿ ùu'
• uqo,ska muKla f.ùï isÿ ùu
• úhoïj,g muKla iSud ùu

414
 • iq`M uqo,a tall úYd, m%udKhla ùu
• laIKslj u uqo,ska f.úh hq;= f.ùï isÿ lsÍu
• w.%suh ^Wmßu m%udKh& uqo,a fmdf;ka m%;s mQrKh lr .ekSu

,sms øjH

my<g

fj<| yd ,dN w,dN .sKqu

j¾Ihla ;=< oS jHdmdrhla ,enQ ,dNh fyda w,dNh .Kkh lsÍu fu u.ska isÿ fjhs'
ì;a;r i|yd we;s lrk l=l=¿ md,k jHdmdrhla i|yd
fj<| yd ,dN w,dN .sKqul wdlD;shla
wh ^wdodhï&
megõ ñ, § .ekSu
bj;a l< i;=ka
úlsKSfuka

megõ ñh hdu

fYaI msßlaiqu
uqo,a fmd;" iq¿ uqo,a fmd; yd ,dN w,dN .sKqfï igyka l< .kqfokqj, ish¨ fYaI
Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ms<sfh, lrkq ,nk idrdxY .; f,aLkhls' wxl .Ks;uh jYfhka
fYaI msßlaiqfï yr ;Srej yd ner ;Srej iudk fõ'

415
fYaI m;%h
lDIs jHdmdrhl .sKqï j¾Ihl i,lk Èklg wod< jHdmdrfha j;alï yd j.lsï
ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd fok ,shú,a, fYaI m;%h f,i y÷kajhs'
fYaI m;%hl wdlD;shla
^ì;a;r i|yd l=l=,a md,k jHdmdrhl&
j.lSï j;alï
m%d.aOkh ia:djr j;alï
Kh ysñhka Y%uh
nexl= Kh$whsrd f.dvke.s,s
hka;% iQ;%
jdyk
úp,H j;alï
w; we;s uqo,a
nexl=fõ uqo,a
Kh .e;shka

fN!;sluh jd¾;d
f.dúfmd< i;= foam<" j.lSï yd j;alï jeks ish¨ f;dr;=re wvx.= jd¾;d óg wh;a
h' m%Odk jYfhka fN!;sl jd¾;d f,i we;=<;a jkafka my; i|yka f,aLkhka h'
• nvq jÜfgdare fmd; • lïlre jd¾;d
• ld,.=K jd¾;d • ksIamdok jd¾;d
nvq jÜfgdare fmd;
f.dúfmd<la i;= j.d yd i;=ka yer ish¨ u iïm;a fuys wvx.= fõ' f.dúfmd< i;=
foam<j, wdrlaIdj i|yd nvq jÜfgdare fmd; WmldÍ fõ'

jï mi ol=Kq mi
,enqfKa
ldf.ka o$ jeh jqKq
,nd .;af;a
flfia o
hkak yd
fjk;a lreKq

;:H fYaIh

416
 lïlre jd¾;d
jHdmdrhla mj;ajd f.k hdfï § wjYH ñksia n, meh .Kk wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd
lïlrejka wjYH fõ' lïlrejka m%udK fldgia follg fjka lr jd¾;d ;nd .;
hq;= h'
• mqyqKq lïlrejka iïnkaO jd¾;d
• kqmqyqKq lïlrejka iïnkaO jd¾;d
m
mqyqKq kqmqyqKq ish¨ u lïlrejka i|yd úúO jd¾;d ;nd .; hq;= h' ta w;r ;nd
.; hq;= jeo.;a jd¾;d lSmhla my; oelafõ'
• meñKSfï f,aLkh
• ksjdvq ,nd .ekSfï f,aLkH
• jev l< ñksia meh .Kka iïnkaO jd¾;d
• lïlre l=,S ^jegqma& f.ùï jd¾;d
• lïlre Kh iy jegqma w;a;sldrï f.ùï iy ,nd .ekSï iïnkaO jd¾;d
• fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a iïnkaO jd¾;d
foaY.=Kl
s jd¾;d wdlD;shla

WIaK;ajh
wdf,dal ;sj%;dj
jdIamSlrKh

wd¾ø;dj ]
n,an CO
CO
(mm)

(mm)

úh<s

iq<

417
 la

me<

ksÍlaIK jd¾;d
Wi$m;% ixLHdj$ fk¿E
mqIam fyda M, j¾Ok
i;sh

wiajkq
ú,dYh wdÈh m<sfndaO
m%udKh

17'9 lDIs jHdmdrhla i|yd jHdmdr ie,eiau

jHdmdrhla hkq NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu i|yd jQ l%shdj,s iuQyhl ixúOdkd;aul
m%h;akhls' lDIsld¾ñl NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu i|yd jQ jHdmdrhla lDIs jHdmdrhla kï
fõ' Wod( y;= ksIamdokh" fhda.Ü ksIamdokh'
fujeks iq¿ mßudK lDIsld¾ñl jHdmdr" my; wruqKq bgq lrk wdh;k fõ'
• NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|fmd<g imhhs'
• /lshd W;amdokh lrhs'
• .=Kd;aul núka hq;a Ôjk ;;a;ajhla ,nd foa'
• rgl wd¾Ól j¾Okhg yd ixj¾Okhg odhl fõ'
iq`M mßudK lDIs jHdmdrhla i|yd n,mdk m%Odk lafIa;% ;=kla y÷kd.; yels h'
• jHdmdßl mßirh
• jHdmdßl iïm;a
• jHdmdßl wdpdr O¾u
jHdmdßl mßirh
jHdmdrfha ndysr yd wNHka;r lghq;= flf¾ n,mdk ish¨ n,fõ. jHdmdßl
mßirh hs' fuh ndysr yd wNHka;r mßirh f,i m%Odk fldgia folls'
• wNHka;r mßirh
iq`M mßudK lDIs jHdmdrhla i|yd wNHka;r mßirh jkqfha th fufyhjkakka
fiajlhka mdßfNda.slhka yd ie,iqïlrejka fõ' fujeks lDIs jHdmdrhla ukd f,i
mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd fiajlhka yd whs;slre fyda l<ukdlre lem ùfuka l%shd l< hq;=
fõ' whs;slre fyda l<ukdlre fiajlhka n|jd .ekSfï oS" Tjqkag jev mejÍfï oS" Tjqka
kshdukfha § yd wëlaIKfha oS" Tjqkag jegqma f.ùfï oS yd iqnidOkfha oS ksjeros ;SrK
u; l%shd l< hq;= fõ'

418
• ndysr mßirh
´kEu jHdmdrhl ndysr mßirhg my; fldgia wh;a fõ'
• iajdNdúl mßirh
• foaYmd,k yd ffk;sl mßirh
• m%cd mßirh
• iudc yd ixialD;sl mßirh
• wd¾Ól mßirh
• ;dlaIKsl mßirh
• f.da,Sh mßirh
iajdNdúl mßirh
jHdmdrfha fhojqï f,i fhdod .kakd iajdNdúl iïm;a óg wh;a fõ' jHdmdr
uqyqK fok m%Odku .eg¨j iajNdúl iïm;a W!k;dj hs' iEu jHdmdrhla i|yd u wuqøjH
f,i iajdNdúl iïm;a wjYH fõ' iajNdúl iïm;a YS>%fhka laIh ùu isÿ jk ksid ta
i|yd úl,am fiúh hq;= fõ' iq`M mßudK lDIs jHdmdrhla f,i y;= ksIamdokh ie,l+ úg
ta i|yd ,S l=vq wuqøjH f,i wjYH fõ' ;jdka me< ksIamdokh i|yd ldnksl fmdfydr
wjYH fõ' fïjd imhd .kakd wdldr ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fõ'
foaYmd,k yd ffk;sl mßirh
úúO foaYmd,k mlaI rdcH n,h ,nd .ekSfuka miq úúO m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrhs'
tajd Rcqj u jHdmdr flf¾ n,mEï lrhs'
Wod ( úúO w;HjYH wdydr øjH msgráka f.kajk úg rch ueosy;a ù ta u; mkjd
we;s nÿ bj;a lsÍu isÿ lrhs' fï ksid fndfyda úg iq`M mßudK lDIs jHdmdßlfhda
wmyiq;djg m;a fj;s' fndïnhs Ækq wdkhkhlrejkag mkjd we;s nÿ bj;a
l< úg Tjqka jeäfhka msgráka fndïnhs Ækq f.kaùu isÿ lrhs' túg
fndïnhs Ækq iq`M mßudK j j.d lr we;s iq`M f.dùkag ;u ksIamdok úl=Kd
.ekSu wmyiq fõ'
m%cd mßirh
rgl ck.ykh ms<sn| o;a; óg we;=<;a fõ' rgl iuia; ck.ykh u ie,ls,a,g
f.k Tjqka ish,a,f.a u wjYH;d yd jqjukdj,g wkqj jHdmdr ie,iqï lsÍu wmyiq h'
;u ksIamdokh imhkafka fjf<|fmdf<a l=uk j¾.hl mdßfNda.slhkag o hkak ;SrKh
l< hq;= h' fuh b,lal mdßfNda.sl lKavdhu hs'
Wod ( iq`M mßudK lDIs jHdmdrj, ksIamdok fndfyda úg .DyKshka b,lal lr
ksmojhs'
iudc yd ixialD;sl mßirh
iudchl jákdlï moaO;s" isß;a úß;a" iudc leue;a;" wdl,am" iudc yeisÍï rgd"
wd.ñl lKavdhï" úYajdi yd weoys,s wdoS idOl fï hgf;a úia;r fõ' fuu iudc uÜgu
ie,ls,a,g f.k jHdmdr mj;ajd .; hq;= fõ'
Wod ( W!rka we;s lsÍu j;a;," cdwe," ó.uqj wdoS m%foaYj, nyq, j isÿ fõ' fuu
m%foaYj, W!re uia i|yd jeä b,a¨ula meje;Su fuhg fya;= ù we;'
wd¾Ól mßirh
jHdmdrfha lghq;= flf¾ wd¾Ól jYfhka n,mEula we;s lrk ish¨ n,fõ. wd¾Ól
mßirh hs' jHdmdrh weröug ;udg we;s iïm;a" tu jHdmdrfha lghq;= i|yd ;udg we;s
yelshdjka yd fkdyelshdjka fuys oS ie,lsh hq;= fõ'
Wod ( ì;a;r i|yd lsls<shka md,kh lrk l=vd jHdmdrhla mj;ajd f.k hdfï oS
l=l=`M md,kh ms<sn| oekqu jeo.;a fõ'

419
;dlaIKsl mßirh
úoHd;aul fyda ixúOdkd;aul oekqu m%dfhda.sl ld¾hhka i|yd Ndú;hg .ekSu
;dlaIKh f,i ye|skafõ' úoHdfõ oshqKqj;a iu. we;s jk ;dlaIKsl fidhd .ekSï kj
ksIm
a dok flfrys n,mdhs' ;u jHdmdrh id¾:l lr .ekSug kï fuu ;dlaIKsl fjkialï
y÷kdf.k tajdg wkqj¾;kh ùug yels úh hq;= h'
Wod ( l=l=`M md,k jHdmdrhla mj;ajd f.k hk jHdmdßlfhla" w;S;fha oS fydg
lemSu i|yd l=vd l;=rla Ndú; lr bámkaoï oe,a,g w,a,d iS,a lsÍu isÿ lf<a
h' kuq;a oeka fï i|yd De-beaker kï WmlrKh Ndú; lr th myiqfjka yd
wvq ld,hlska isÿ l< yels h'
f.da,Sh mßirh
f,dalh u f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK oekqu ksid úYaj .ïudkhla njg m;a
ùu f.da,ShlrKh hs' fï hgf;a rgj,a foaYmd,k iSud" wd¾Ól ndOl" yd ;yxÑ ì| oud
újD; wd¾Ólhg fhduq fõ' fï wkqj jHdmdr lafIa;%j,g o úúO n,mEï t,a, fõ' fuu
f.da,Sh ;r.hg uqyqK osh yels f,i ;u jHdmdr ilia lr .; hq;= h' kuq;a iq`M mßudK
lDIs jHdmdr i|yd fuu mßir n,mEu fkdi,ld yeßh yels h'
jHdmdßl iïm;a
jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug yd mj;ajd .ekSug wjYH oE jHdmdßl iïm;a kï fõ'
fïjd my; whqre fõ'
1' Y%uh 4' ;dlaIKh$Ys,am l%u
2' uqo,a$m%d.aOkh 5' fhojqï
3' hka;% iQ;%
óg wu;r j fjf<|fmd<" iaj Yla;sh" f;dr;=re ixl,am o fya;= fjhs'
by; jHdmdßl iïm;a ms<sn| ukd jegySula ,nd .ekSfuka iq¿ mßudK lDIs
jHdmdßlhkag ;u jHdmdrh jvd;a id¾:l lr .; yels fõ'
fjf<|fmd<

;ud ksmojk NdKav yd fiajd bosßm;a flfrkafka fjf<|fmd<g ksid ;u ksIamdok

i|yd fjf<|fmd<la ;sfí o hkak fidhd ne,sh hq;= h' ,dNodhS j fkdlvjd /|S isáh
yels fjf<|fmd<la ;sîu ukd jHdmdßl wjia:djls'
Wod ( iq¿ mßudK lDIs jHdmdrhla f,i fld< t<j¨ j.djla mj;ajd f.k hkafka
kï ;udg tajd úl=Kd .ekSug fjf<|fmd<la ;sfí o hkak m<uq j fidhd
ne,sh hq;= h'
iaj Yla;sh
jHdmdrh wdrïN lr ,dNodhS f,i mj;ajd f.k hdug wjYH jHjidhl;aj .=Kdx.
;uka ;=< ;sfí o hkak fuhska woyia lrhs' jHdmdßlhl= id¾:l ùug kï" my;
jHjidhl;aj .=Kdx. Tyq ;=< ;sìh hq;= h'
• wjodkug uqyqK oSfï yelshdj
• ;uka isÿ lrk jHdmdr ld¾hfha kshe<Sug wjYH oekqu yd w;aoelSï
• jHdmdrh i|yd wruqo,a imhd .ekSfï yelshdj
• ;u jHdmdrh wLKav j lr f.k hdug ld,h" Wkkaÿj yd lem ùfï yelshdj
• we;s úh yels .eg¨ y÷kdf.k" tajdg uqyK
q oS ksjeros ;SrK f.k ms<h
s ï fhoSfï
yelshdj
• ish mjqf,ka yd ndysr whf.ka ,efnk iyfhda.h ms<sn| oekqj;a nj
• ;ud ;=< we;s ÿ¾j,;d jgyd .ekSu yd tajd uÕ yrjd .ekSu

420
Y%u iq,N;dj
iq¿ mßudK lDIs jHdmdr fndfyduhla Y%u iQlaIau fõ' ;u jHdmdrh i|yd wjYH
Y%ñlhka y÷kd f.k wjYH m%udKhg Tjqka fiajfha fhoúh hq;= fõ' Tjqkg jegqma
f.ùfï moku ^ffoksl" udisl& l,a ;shd ;SrKh l< hq;= h' Y%ñlhka fiajfha fhdojd
.ekSug wod< kS;s Í;s ms<sn| oekqj;a úh hq;= h' Tjqkag wjYH myiqlï imhd osh hq;= h'
;u mjqf,a whf.ka imqrd .; yels Y%uh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' ;u jHdmdrfha
wjYH;dj wkqj wu;r Y%ñlhka imhd .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| oekqj;a úh hq;= h'
Wod ( fndfyda úg iq¿ mßudK lDIs jHdmdr mjqf,a Y%uh u; mokï fõ' lsls<shka
50 la isák l=vd l=l=¿ jHdmdrhl i;=kag lEu yd c,h oeóu" w;=rKqj msßisÿ
lsÍu jeks lghq;= mjqf,a Y%uh u;ska u lr .; yels h' i;=kaf.a fydg lemSu"
tkak;a ,nd oSu jeks lghq;= i|yd wu;r Y%uh ,nd .; hq;= h'
m%d.aOkh
´kEu jHdmdrhla weröug yd mj;ajd f.k hdug m%d.aOkh wjYH fõ' iq`M mßudK
lDIs jHdmdrhla fndfyda úg ;ud i;= uqo,a j;alïj,ska wdrïN lrhs' uQ,H wdh;kj,ska
Kh f,ig o uqo,a ,nd f.k fïjd wdrïN l< yels h' rdcH nexl= fndfyduhla iq`M
mßudK lDIs jHdmdßlhkag Kh ,nd oSu i|yd l%shd lrhs' kuq;a fuf,i Kh ,nd
.kafka kï tajdfha fmd,S wkqmd;" wem bosßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj" Kh wdmiq f.jk
wdldrh" nexl=j, ta i|yd we;s fldkafoais" Kh wdmiq f.jk w;r;a jHdmdrh ,dNodhS j
mj;ajd f.k hk wdldrh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
wuqøjH iq,N;dj
;u jHdmdrh weröug wjYH wuqøjH fudkjd o hkak" tajd imhd .; yels ud¾."
tajdfha ñ, .Kka" tajd imhd .; yels úl,am ud¾." wuqøjH m%jdykh lrk whqre" tajd
úYd, f,i wjYH kï .nvd lr ;nd .kakd whqre" wuqøjHj,ska mßirhg we;s jk
n,mEu" wuqøjH imhd .ekSu iïnkaO j we;s kS;suh n,mEu hkak i,ld ne,sh hq;= h'
Wod ( ;jdka me< ksIm
a dok jHdmdrhla wdrïN lrkafka kï wuqøjH f,i fldïfmdaiÜ
a
úYd, f,i wjYH fõ' fïjd ,dNodhS j ,nd .kakd wdldr ms<sn| j oekqj;a
úh hq;= h' fmd,s;ska n÷ka Ndú; lrkafka kï tajd ;ek ;ek úisrùfuka
we;s jk mßir n,mEu wju l< hq;= h'
Ys,amSh l%uh
jHdmdr m%Odk Ys,am l%u folla hgf;a md,kh fõ'
1' m%d.aOk iQlaIau Ys,am l%u
ksIamdok ld¾hh i|yd jeämqr u Ndú; lrkqfha m%d.aOkh hs' Y%uh wvqfjka
Ndú; lr jeäfhka hka;% Ndú; lrhs'
2' Y%u iQlaIau Ys,am l%u
ksIamdok ld¾hh i|yd jeämqr u Y%uh Ndú; fõ' Y%S ,xldj jeks Y%u iq,N;djla
iys; rglg fujeks Ys,am l%u Ndú;h ,dNodhS fõ' tfuka u iq`M mßudK lDIs
jHdmdrj,ska o Wmßu ,dNh ,nd .ekSug kï jeämqr Y%uh Ndú; l< hq;= fõ'
ixúOdk l%uh
jHdmdr ixúOdkh ù we;s m%Odk l%u 3 ls'
1' tal mqoa., jHdmdr 2' yjq,a jHdmdr 3' ixia:dms; iud.ï
iq¿ mßudK lDIs jHdmdr tal mqoa., jHdmdr f,i fuka u yjq,a jHdmdr f,i o isÿ
l< yels h'

421
iudc j.lSï yd wdpdr O¾u
jHdmdrhla ne|S we;s iodpdrd;aul j.lSï iuQyh jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u fõ' fïjd
rdcH kS;sj,g jvd fjkia h'
1' wNHka;r wdpdr O¾u
iq`M mßudK lDIs jHdmdrj, fiajlhkaf.a yd l<ukdlrejkaf.a yeisÍu" l:d ny"
.kqfokqj, oS olajk wjxlNdjh" .kqfokqlrejkag Woõ lsÍu" mqo. a ,hkag fjkialï
lsÍfuka je<lSu" .kqfokqlre idorfhka ms<s.ekSu" Tyqf.a wjYH;d läkñka bgq
lr oSu" jHdmdrfha uqo,a wh:d mßyrKfhka je<lSu" jHdmdrfha oshqKqjg u lem ùu
wdosh fï hgf;a i,ld n,hs'
Wod ( iajhx /lshdjla f,i lsß .j md,kfha fhfoa kï ;u lsß ksIamdok úlsKSfï
oS tajd kshu .=Kd;aul núka hqla; úh hq;= h' lsßj,g c,h fyda fjk;a øjH
l,jï lsÍu fkd.e<fma'
2' ndysr wdpdr O¾u
;u jHdmdrhgu iïnkaO ndysr md¾Yajhka iïnkaO wdpdr O¾u fõ'
Wod ( fjk;a f.dúfmd<l fiajlhska wia lrjdf.k ;u f.dúm<g n|jd .ekSfuka
je<lSu" ksIamdok ryia fidrlï lsÍug fiajlhka fm<Uùfuka je<lSu'
iudc j.lSï
iudch flf¾ jHdmdßlhd olajk wjOdkhhs'
Wod ( iq¿ mßudK lDIs jHdmdr iuyrla úYd, wmøjH m%udKhla ndysr mßirhg uqod
yÍ' fïjdhska mßirhg jk ydksh wju jk f,i lghq;= l< hq;= h' ,dNh
.ek muKla u fkdis;d .=Kd;aul NdKav ksmojd mdßfNda.slhdg fnod oSu
iudc j.lSu fõ'
fndfyduhla l=l=`M yd W!re f.dúfmd<j, wmøjH m%Odk mdrj,a wi,g yd
c, ud¾.j,g f.keú;a oeóu isÿ lrhs' tajd iudc j.lSu meyer yeÍula fõ'
fïjd bj;a lrk wdldrh ms<sn|j jHdmdrh weröug fmr ie,iqï ilia l<
hq;= h'
jHdmdr ie,eiau
w¨;ska weröug fyda mq`M,a lsÍug hk jHdmdrhla i|yd wruqo,a ,nd .ekSu yd tajd
fhoùu fmkakqï flfrk f,aLkhla jHdmdr ie,eiau kï fõ' fuh ´kEu jHdmdrhla
i|yd u. fmkajk ud¾. is;shula f,i ye|skaúh yels h'
jHdmdr ie,eiaul wjYH;dj
´kEu jHdmdrhlska jHdmdßlhd n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ;u jHdmdrh id¾:l j
mj;ajd .ksñka ,dN ,eîug hs' ta i|yd ´kEu jHdmdrhlg wruqKq ;sìh hq;= h' fuu
wruqKqj,g wkqj jHdmdr ie,eiau ilia lrhs'
fuu jHdmdr ie,eiau ksid jHdmdrh fuka u jHdmdßlhd o my; i|yka m%fhdack
,nhs'
• jHdmdrh l%udkql+, j ixúOdkh lr .kS'
• wruqKq yd mrud¾: bgq lr .ekSug fm<fò'
• nexl= Kh yd wdfhdack wruqo,a ,nd .ekSug Woõ fõ'
• jHdmdrhg olaI fiajlhka n|jd .ekSug yels fõ'
• ;u jHdmdrfhka ,enQ ,dNh fyda mdvqj ms<sn| j woyila ,nd .; yels fõ'
• tf,i mdvq ,nk ud¾.j,g m%úIag ùug we;s bvlv u`. yrjhs'
• jHdmdrh mq`M,a lsÍug wjYH jQ úg f;dr;=re ,nd fohs'

422
 • jHdmdßlhd i;= iïm;a ksis f,i Ndú; lsÍug yels fõ'
• ksjeros ;SrK .ekSug yels fõ'
jHdmdr ie,eiau m%Odk fldgia y;rlska hqla; fõ'
• wf<ú ie,eiau
• ksIamdok yd ;dlaIKsl ie,eiau
• udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK ie,eiau
• uQ,H ie,eiau
wf<ú ie,eiau
;u jHdmdrfha ksIamdokh" oekgu;a hï jHdmdßlfhla ksmojd wf<ú lrkafka kï
tfia wf,ú lrk m%udKh" ;uka fjf<|fmd<g bosßm;a lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;j= k m%udKh"
;u ksIamdokh i|yd b,lal mdßfNda.sl lKavdhu" wf<ú lsÍug woyia lrk m%foaY" ;u
ksIamdokhg iudk ksIamdok wf<ú lrk wh isà o" ta whf.a wf<úlrK Wmdh ud¾.
fudkjd o hkak yd wf<ú úhoï wdosh fuu ie,eiaug wod< fõ'
ksIamdok yd ;dlaIKsl ie,eiau
;u ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd .e,Sï igyk" wjYH ia:djr j;alï" wuqøjH wjYH;d"
Y%u wjYH;d" wmøjH neyer lrk wdldrh yd tajdhska we;s jk mßir n,mEu" uq`M
ksIamdokh i|yd hk msßjeh yd ;u tla ksIamdok tallhla i|yd msßjeh óg we;=<;a h'

frda m K
øjH

udOH

øjH isgqùu

udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK ie,eiau

;u jHdmdrfha yjq,alrejka isà kï ta ms<sn| f;dr;=re" ixúOdk jHqyh" uQ,sl
;k;=re yd tajdfha j.lSï óg we;=<;a h'
Wod ( y;= j.d jHdmdrh i|yd .kakd w;a Woõlrejka m%udKh" Tjqkaf.a j.lSï"
Tjqka i;= ld¾hNdrh fjk fjk u mejßh hq;= h'

423
uQ,H iïm;a ie,eiau
jHdmdrh i|yd msßjeh" ,eîug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wdodhï ms<sn| úia;r" ;ud nexl=
Khla ,nd .kafka kï th wdmiq f.jk wdldrh wdosh fuys i|yka l< hq;= fõ'
jHdmdr ie,eiaula ms<sfh, lsÍu
jHdmdrhla weröfï oS u. fmkajk m%n,;u WmlrKh jHdmdr ie,eiau hs' fï
ksid jHdmdr ie,eiaul my; lreKq wka;¾.; úh hq;= h' jHdmdrh i|yd wjYH m%d.aOkh
imhd .ekSug nexl=jla fj; fuh bosßm;a l< yels h'
fuys my; lreKq wvx.= úh hq;= h'
1' mgqk
2' úOdhl idrdxYh
3' jHdmdr úia;rh
4' fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| úia;r
5' ;r.h
6' wf<úlrK Wmdh ud¾.
7' fufyhqï ie,eiau
8' l<ukdlrK lKavdhï
9' wruqo,a wjYH;dj
10' w;sf¾l f;dr;=re
mgqk
ie,eiafï uq,a msgqj hs' bosß msgqj, we;=<;a oE ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuys wvx.= h'
úOdhl idrdxYh
ie,eiafï bosß msgqj, wvx.= lreKqj, idrdxYhla wvx.= fõ' jHdmdrh y÷kajd oSu
fuys ir, j wdl¾IKSh f,i l< hq;= h'
jHdmdr úia;rh
ksIamdÈ; NdKavfha úia;r fuys wvx.= fõ' tu ksIamdos;fha úfYaI;ajh" wfkl=;a
tjeksu NdKavj,ska fjkia jkafka flfia o" wfkl=;a tjeksu NdKavj,g jvd .=Kd;aul
Ndjh by< nj hkdosh fuys i|yka fõ'
Wod ( jHdmdßlhska lsysm fofkla fje<|fmd<g y;= melÜ ksl=;a lrhs kï" ta ta
ksIamdokj,g b,a¨u jeä lr .ekSug kï tajdfha úfYaI;ajhla ;sìh hq;= h'
fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| úia;r
;u ksIm
a dokhg b,lal .kqfokqlrejka ixLHdj" bosßfha oS we;s úh yels .kqfokq
lrejka ixLHdj hkdosh fuys i|yka úh hq;= h'
;r.h
;u jHdmdrhg iudk j oekg mj;akd ;r.ldÍ jHdmdrj, Yla;h
s " Tjqkf
a .a ÿ¾j,;d"
Tjqka yd ;r.hg uqyqK fok whqre úia;r l< hq;= h'
wf<úlrK Wml%u
;u ksIamdokh Rcq wf<úh isÿ lrkafka o" is,a,r fjf<÷ka u.ska isÿ lrkafka o
hkak yd m%j¾Ok Wml%u meyeos,s l< hq;= h'
fufyhqï ie,eiau
;u jHdmdrfha fiajl ixLHdj" Tjqkf
a .a m<mqreoao" ksIm
a dok l%h
s d ms<f
s j," f.dúfmd<
ia:dk .; lrk whqre wjYH WmlrK hkdosh fuys i|yka l< hq;= h'
l<ukdlrK lKavdhu
;u jHdmdrfha l<ukdlrKh isÿ lrk lKavdhula isà kï" Tjqkaf.a ;k;=re"
j.lSï fuys i|yka l< hq;= h' iq`M mßudK lDIs jHdmdrhla i|yd fuh wod< fkdfõ'

424
wruqo,a wjYH;dj
;u jHdmdrh i|yd wjYH uqo,a m%udKh" thska ,efnk m%;s,dN" fhdok uq¿ uqo,"
wdmiq ,eîug .;jk ld,h fuys i|yka úh hq;= h'
w;sf¾l f;dr;=re
Tnf.a jHdmdrhg wod< rEm igyka" o;a; hkdosh fõ kï tajd fuys wvx.= fõ'

17'10 lDIs ksIamdok wf<úlrKh

wf<úlrKh hkq ñksia jqjukd yd wjYH;d ;Dma;su;a lsÍu ;=<ska jHdmdßl wruqKq
bgqlr .kakd jQ ifudaOdksl l%shdj,shls' lDIs ksIamdok wf<úlrKh wfkl=;a ld¾ñl
NdKav yd fiajd wf<úlrKh yd ieie|Sfï oS úfYaIs; ;;ajhla Wiq,hs' tfia ùug my;
fya;= n,md we;'
1' fuu wf<úlrK moaO;shg lDIs ksIamdokfha fhfok iq¿ mßudK fuka u uyd
mßudK ksIamdolhska fyj;a f.dùka úYd, m%udKhla iyNd.S ùu
2' fuu iq`M mßudK ksIamdolhska fyj;a f.dùka wf<úlrK l%shdj,sfha oS flaj,a
lsÍfï Yla;sh w;ska my< ;,hl isg l%shd lsÍu'
3' lDIsld¾ñl øjH fndfyduhla u mdßfNda.sl NdKav jYfhka w;HjYH ;;a;ajhl
mej;Su' tajdg we;s wdfoaYl øjHhka iSñ; ùu' fï ksid fjf<|fmdf<a lDIsld¾ñl
NdKavj,g m%uqL;ajh ysñ ùu'
4' lDIs NdKavj, ñ, ;SrKh lsÍfï n,h f.dúhdg jvd w;rueoshd i;= ùu'
5' lDIs ksIamdokj,g foaY.=Ksl n,mEu Rcqj u we;s ksid jir mqrd u wLKav
taldldr ksIamdokhla fkdue;s ùu
6' fï ksid u lDIs ksIamdokj, fjf<|fmd< ñ, ks;ru WÉpdjpkh ùu' újD;
wd¾Ól l%uh hgf;a tu ñ, jeä jk ld,hg wod< NdKav msgráka f.kaùu ksid
fï ;;a;ajh jvd;a wjq,a iy.; ùu
7' lDIs ksIm
a dok ksh`.h" .xj;=r" frda. yd m<sfndaO Wjÿre jeks iajNdúl n,mEïj,g
hg;a jk ksid" b,a¨ug .e<fmk f,i iemhqï lsÍfï ÿIalr;d mek ke.Su
8' l=vd mßudK ksIamdolhska úYd, ixLHdjla isák ksid NdKavj, .=Kd;aul
Ndjh w;sYhska u úp,H ùu
9' wf<úlrKh ms<sn| f.dùka i;=j we;s oekqu w,am ùu'
lDIs wf<úlrKfha mshjr
lDIs wf<úlrK l%shdj,sh f.dúfmd< lvq,af,ka wdrïN ù mdßfNda.slhl=f.ka
wjika fõ' f.dúfmd< hkq lDIs ksIamdokfha l¾udka; Yd,dj hs' fuu wf<úlrK
l%shdj,sh ;=< i,lk NdKavh fndfyda úg tla flkl= fyda lSm fokl= w;r yqjudre úh
yels h' th my; wdldrhg oelaúh yels h'

425
1' .%dóh uÜgfï we;s wf<ú fmd<j, oS f.dúhd yd mdßfNda.l
s hd w;r Rcq wf<úlrK
l%shdj,sh fuhska fmkajd we;' iuyr úg mdßfNda.slhd f.dúhd <`.gu f.dia Tyq
ksmojk øjH ñ,g .ekSu fyda f.dúhd mdßfNda.slhd lrd f.dia lDIs øjH úlsKSu
fuhska fmkakqï lrhs' fuys oS f.dúhd fuka u mdßfNda.slhd o jdis ,nhs'
2' f.dùkaf.a ksIamdok úúO .%dóh uÜgfï lDIs øjH tl;= lrkakka úiska ,nd f.k
tajd i;s fmd< fyda is,a,r fjf<|fmd<j,a ud¾.fhka mdßfNda.slhkag ,nd fohs'
fuys oS .%dóh uÜgfï lDIs øjH tl;= lrkakka w;rueoshka jk w;r" Tjqyq o hï
,dN ,eîula isÿ lrhs'
3' w;rueosfhda f.dùkaf.a ksIamdok .%dóh uÜgñka tl;= lr f;d. fjf<÷kag ,nd
fo;s' f;d. fjf<÷ka is,a,r fjf<÷ka yryd mdßfNda.slhskag tu NdKav ,nd foa'
fuys oS f.dùkag ;u ksIm
a dok i|yd idOdrK ñ,la fkd,efnk w;r" mdßfNda.l
s hdg
NdKav i|yd jeä ñ,la f.ùug isÿ fõ' w;rueÈhd f;d. fjf<kaod iy is,a,r
fjf<kaod ,dN ,nd .ks;s'

lDIs wf<úlrK l%shdoduh

wf<úlrK l%shdj,shg yjq,a jk md¾Yajlrejka rdYshls' fufia ksIamdolhd yd
mdßfNda.slhd w;r úYd, msßila w;rueos fjf<÷ka f,i l%shd lsÍu ;=<ska ksIamdokj,
wf<úlrK msßjeh by< hdu ksid NdKav wmf;a hdu;a" wjidk is,a,r ñ, fkdis;+ f,i
by< hdu;a olakg ,efí' fï ;;a;ajh wju lr .ekSu i|yd o jvd;a úêu;a wf<úlrK
l%shdj,shla i|yd o rdcH ueosy;aùï wjYH fõ' l,dmSh yd m%Odk wd¾Ól uOHia:dk we;s
lsÍu ta i|yd rch f.k we;s id¾:l jevms<sfj,ls' ksIamdolhdg;a" m%dfoaYSh f;d.
fjf<kaodg;a" ;u ksIamdok wd¾Ól uOHia:dk fj; f.k taug yelshdj ,eî we;' fuu

426
wd¾Ól uOHia:dk yryd wvq msßjehlska NdKav fnod yeßug yelshdj ,eî we;' fuu
wf<úlrK l%shdj,sh my; f,i oelaúh yels h'

lDIs wf<úlrK ld¾hhka

lDIs wf,úlrK ld¾hhka m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnod oelaúh yels h'
1' yqjudre lsÍfï ld¾hhka
) ñ,oS .ekSu
) úlsKSu
2' fN!;sl ld¾hhka
) .nvd lsÍu
) m%jdykh
) weisÍu
) j¾.SlrKh
) yeisrùu
) ieliSu
3' myiqlï ie,iSfï ld¾hhka
) m%ñ; lsÍu
) uQ,H iïmdokh
) wjodku oeÍu
) fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re iïmdokh
yqjudre ld¾hhka
1' ñ,oS .ekSu
wf<úlrK l%shdj,sfha m%Odku l%shdj f,i ie,fla' f.dùkaf.ka fyj;a
ksIamdolhskaf.ka ñ, oS .kakka úYd, m%udKhla isáhs' iuyre ;u mßfNdackh
i|yd ñ,oS .kakd w;r iuyre f;d. fjf<÷kag úlsKSfï wjYH;djh i|yd ñ,
oS .ks;s'
2' úlsKSu
f.dúhd fyj;a ksIamdolhd ;u ksIamdok mdßfNda.slhskag fyda fjk;a wjYH;d
i|yd ñ, oS .kakkag úl=Kd oeóu ñka woyia fõ'
.nvd lsÍu
hï lDIs fnda.hl wiajekak fk`ME miq mßfNdackh lrk f;la tys .=Kd;aulNdjhg
ydks fkdjk mßos r|jd ;nd .ekSu hs' Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, ksis úêu;a ie,iqulska f;dr
j isÿlrk j.d lsÍï ksid fnda.hl wiajekak fk,k ld,fha oS tys iemhqu" b,a¨ug jvd

427
úYd, f,i by< hhs' túg fj<|fmdf<a lDIs fnda.fha ñ, úYd, f,i my< hhs' kuq;a
fï ;;a;ajh i;s lsysmhlska my ù f.dia B<`. wiajekak ,efnk f;la jk ld, mrdifha
oS wod< fnda.fha úYd, ys`.;djhla we;s ù iemhqu wNsnjd b,a¨u by< hhs' túg tu
NdKavj, ñ, wêl f,i by< hhs' jeä wiajkq ,enQ ld,fha iqÿiq ;;a;ajhka hgf;a
.nvd lr ;nd fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ug wkqj muKla ksl=;a lsÍu ;=<ska fï ;;a;ajh md,kh
lr taldldÍ ñ,la ieuod mj;ajd .; yels h' fï ;=<ska ksIamdolhdg idOdrK úl=Kqï
ñ,la o" mdßfNda.slhdg idOdrK .ekqï ñ,la o ,nd.; yels h'
m%jdykh
f.dúfmd< lvq,af,a isg wf<úlrK l%shdodufha úúO mshjr yryd wjidk
mdßfNdackh olajd fN!;sl jYfhka ksIamdok f.khdu m%jdykh kï fõ'
ld¾hlaIu m%jdyk fiajdjka ;=<ska wf<úlrK l%shdj,sh jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lr
.; yels h'
weisÍu
lDIs NdKav weisÍu i|yd wjYH jk nyd¨ï ie,iqï lsÍu yd ksIamdokh fuys oS
isÿ lrhs' fndfyduhla lDIs NdKav Ôj .=Kfhka hqla; h' tajdfha Ôjk meje;au
fláld,Sk fõ' ;e,Sug" fmdäùug Ndckh ù tajd blauKska úkdY ù hd yels
h' Wod ( t<j¨" m<;=re" u,a
ksis mßos weisÍu ;=<ska fuu NdKav f.dúfmd< lvq,af,a isg wjidk mdßfNdackh
olajd wju ydkshlska m%jdykh l< yels jkq we;'
j¾. lsÍu
fuysoS f.dúfmdf<a u NdKav .=Kd;aul j yd m%udKd;aul j fjka flf¾' túg
tu NdKavfha wf<ú ñ, ;SrKh lsÍu myiq fõ'
Wod ( ly yd fld, fndaxÑ ñY% j we;s úg mdg wkqj f.dvj,a follg fjka l<
úg tajd i|yd jeä ñ,la ,nd.; yels h' frda. ,laIK iys;" lDñ ydks jQ
m<;=re yd t<j`M bj;a lr ksfrda.S ukd fmkqula iys; tajd fjk fjku
f.dv .eiSfuka hym;a ñ,la ,nd.; yels h'
yeisrùu
f.dúfmd< lvq,af,a isg wjidk mdßfNda.slhd olajd lDIs NdKav m%jdykh
lsÍfï oS úúO wjia:djka ys tajd yeisrùug isÿfõ' Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, fuu
yeisrùu fndfyda úg isÿjkafka ñksia Y%ufhks' tfy;a ixj¾ê; rgj, tajd
fndfyda ÿrg hdka;%SlrKh lr we;'
ieliSu
uq,a NdKavfha iajrEmh fjkia lr mdßfNda.slhdf.a b,a¨ug iß,k iajNdjhg
wod< j lDIs NdKavh fjkia lsÍfï iuia; l%shdj,sh ieliSu hs' lDIs NdKav
fndfyduhla mßfNdackhg fmr ieliSu l< hq;= fõ' fuh ksoiqklska meyeÈ,s
l< yels h' l=Uqfrka ,nd.kakd ù mdßfNda.slhd fj;g ,ndosh hq;af;a iy,a
jYfhks' ùj, fmd;= bj;alr .,a yd je,s o bj;a lr iy,a njg m;a lsÍu
ieliSu hs' fufia ilia lrk iy,a" ùj,g jvd jákdlñka jeä h' tkï
ieliSu ;=<ska lDIs NdKavhg jákdlula tl;= flf¾'

428
m%ñ; lsÍu
fuysoS NdKavj, nr" m%udKh" j¾Kh" iqj|" ri" jHQyh" meiqk nj" fmdaIHodhS nj
ie,ls,a,g .kq ,efí'
Wod ( úh<k ,o f;a m%ñ; lsÍfï oS f;a len,sj, m%udKh" j¾Kh" rih yd iqj|
wdoS .=Kd;aul ,laIK i,ld n,hs'
uQ,H iïmdokh
´kEu ksIamdok moaO;shla i|yd wuqøjH wjYH jk w;r fï i|yd uQ,sl úhoï
i|yd ksIamdolhdg uQ,H iïmdokh lr .ekSug isÿ fõ'
wjodku oeÍu
wf<úlrKfha oS .x j;=r" iq<siq<x" N+ p,k jeks iajNdúl úm;a fya;=fjka .nvd
lr we;s fyda m%jdykh lrñka ;sfnk NdKav úkdY úh yels h' fï i|yd
wjodku oeÍug ksIamdolhdg fyda wf<úlreg isÿfõ'

fj<|fmd< f;dr;=re iïmdokh

fj<|fmd< f;dr;=re" o;a; /ialr újrKh lsÍu" jHdma;s lsÍu hk lghq;=
fj<|fmd< f;dr;= r e iïmdokh kï fõ' fï ;= < s k a ks I a m dolhdg"
mdßfNda.slhdf.a wjYH;djhka" reÖka ms<sn| ksis f;dr;=re oek.; yels h'
NdKav wf<úh i|yd fhdod.; hq;= iqÿiqu ud¾. y÷kd .ekSug" wod< NdKavh
i|yd Wmßu b,a¨ula we;s fj<|fmd< y÷kajd oSug" fuu f;dr;=re jeo.;a fõ'
lDIs wf<úlrKfha ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lsÍu
lDIs wf<úlrKfha ld¾hlaIu;djh jeä lsÍu i|yd my; mshjr wkq.ukh l<
yels h'
1' NdKav f;d. mj;ajdf.k hdu
m%udKj;a f;d. mj;ajd .; fkdyels jqjfyd;a ;u mdßfNda.slhskaf.a wjYH;d
yd jqjukd ksis whqßka ;Dma;su;a lsÍug wdh;khg yelshdjla fkdue;s fõ'
2' iqÿiq m%jdyk l%u Ndú;h
m%jdykh lDIs NdKav wf<úlrKh flfrys oeä f,i n,mdhs' iuyr fnda. j¾.
ta ta foaY.=Ksl l,dmj,g iSud fõ' túg tu ksIamdok fkdue;s m%foaYj,g tajd
m%jdykh lsÍug isÿfõ' tysoS iqÿiq m%jdyk l%uhla f;dard .ekSu b;du jeo.;a h'
tfia ke;fyd;a tu ksIamdokj, .=Kd;aul nj msßyS i;=gqodhl ñ,la fkd,eî
hd yels h'
3' iqÿiq weiqreï øjH Ndú;h
lDIs ksIamdokj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh yd m%udKd;aul Ndjh wdrlaId lr .ksñka
tajd iqrlaIs; j m%jdykh l< yels weiqreï øjH Ndú;h jeo.;a fõ'
4' fmr wiajkq l%shdj,sh
lDIs ksIamdokj, ld¾hlaIu wf<úlrKhla i|yd ksIamdok wjÈfha isg u ta
i|yd wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fõ' Wod ( j.djl wiajekak fk<k wúêu;a
fmdfydr yd lDIs ridhk øjH Ndú;h ksid wf<úlrKfha .=Kd;aul njg ndOd
meñfKa'

429
 5' miq wiajkq ;dlaIKh ^l%shdj,sh&
wiajkq fk<k yd tl;= lrk l%uh" fk<k wjia:dj yd m%jdykfha oS yeisrùu
wdosh o úúO weiqreï l%u Ndú;h" wdydrj, yevh" rih" iqj| wdosh fjkia lsÍu"
ta ta ksIamdokhg wod< whqßka isÿ l< hq;= h' Wod ( iy,a i|yd r`M yeisrùu iqÿiq
jqj o" t<j¨ yd m,;=re i|yd r`M yeisrùu iqÿiq fkdfõ'
6' m%pdrKh lsÍu
mqj;a m;a" i`.rd" m;%sld" uqøs; udOH" fjf<| m%o¾Yk" fmdaiag¾" .=jka úÿ,sh"
rEmjdysks ;=<ska ;u ksIamdokj,g m%pdrKhla ,nd oSu u.ska wf<ú l%shdoduh
ld¾hlaIu lr .; yels h'
7' úl=Kqï m%j¾Okh
;u ksIm
a dokj, idïm,a fkdñf,a ksl;
= a lsÍu jeks úúO Wml%u u.ska mdßfNda.l
s hd
;u ksIamdos;h fj; weo ne| .ekSu ñka woyia lrhs'
8' rcfha ueÈy;a ùu
w;rueoshkaf.ka l=vd mßudK ksIamdolhska wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd wf<úlrK
l%shdj,shg rch Rcqj u ueosy;a ùu
lDIs wf<úlrKfha we;s jeo.;alu
jvd;a ld¾hlaIu wf<úlrK moaO;shla we;s lsÍu rgl wd¾Òl ixj¾Okhg
iDcqj u odhl fõ' ksIamdokh lrk fnda.j,ska by< u m%;sY;hla wmf;a
fkdhjd" tajdfha .=Kd;aul njg ydks fkdlr mdßfNda.slhd fj; ,efnkakg
ie,eiaùu;a" ta i|yd wju úhoï m%udKhla jeh lsÍu;a" ld¾hlaIu lDIs wf<úlrK
fiajdjl uQ,sl ,laIK úh hq;= h' fufia lDIs wf<úlrKh ld¾hlaIu yd by<
.=Kd;aul núka hqla; ùu ;=<ska rglg fuka u tys ck;djg o ,efnk jdis yd
m%fhdack lsysmhla my; oela fõ'
1' lDIs ksIamdolhd fj; jvd;a ñ;%YS,S ñ,la ,eîu ksid Tyqf.a wd¾Òl Yla;sh jeä
ùu iy ta ;=<ska jvd;a by< ;dlaIK uÜgfï lDIs ksIamdok ls%hdj,shlg Tyq
fhduq ùu
2' f.dúfmd< lvq,af,a isg wjidk mdßfNda.slhd fj; lDIs øjH yqjudre ùfï
ls%hdj,sfha oS tajd wmf;a hdfï m%;sY;h wju ùu ;=<ska" ksIamdolhdg" fjf<÷kag
yd wjidk mdßfNda.slhdg hk ;sfokdg u jvd;a ñ;%YS,S ñ,lg NdKav úlsKu
yd ñ, oS .ekSug yels ùu
3' jvd;a úêu;a j lDIs øjH fnod yeÍu ;=< wdydr ys`.hla we;s ùu je<lSu

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