isxy,

NdIdj yd idys;Hh

11 fYa%‚h

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

i
m<uqjk uqøKh 2015
fojk uqøKh 2016
f;jk uqøKh 2017
isõjk uqøKh 2018
miajk uqøKh 2019

ish¨ ysñlï weúß‚

ISBN 978-955-25-0408-2

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

msgfldaÜfÜ" mdf.dv mdr" fkd' 110"
isidrd m%skaÜfõ m%hsjÜ ,sñgâys
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§'

ii
 Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh

Y%S ,xld ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/¢ w;s fidanudk ,xld
OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd
wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
Tn fõ wm úoHd
Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s
wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla
wmf.a wkqm%dfKa
Tn wm Ôjk fõ
wm uqla;sh Tn fõ
kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d
{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd
tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
huq huq ù fkdmud
fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d

iii
wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd

wdkkao iurfldaka

iv
v
 fmrjok

f,dalfha wd¾Ól" iudÔh" ixialD;sl yd ;dlaI‚l ixj¾Okh;a

iu`. wOHdmk wruqKq jvd ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kS' ñksia w;a±lSï"
;dlaI‚l fjkiaùï" m¾fhaIK iy kj o¾Yl weiqfrka bf.kSfï yd
b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh o kùlrKh fjñka mj;shs' tys§ YsIH wjYH;dj,g
.e<fmk f,i bf.kqï w;a±lSï ixúOdkh lrñka b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh
mj;ajdf.k hdu i`oyd úIh ks¾foaYfha ±lafjk wruqKqj,g wkql+,j"
úIhdkqnoaO lreKq we;=<;aj fm<fmd; iïmdokh ùu wjYH h'
fm<fmd; hkq YsIHhdg bf.kSfï WmlrKhla muKla fkdfõ' th
bf.kqï w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSug;a keK .=K j¾Okhg;a p¾hduh yd
wdl,amuh j¾Okhla iys;j by< wOHdmkhla ,eîug;a bjy,a jk
wdYS¾jdohls'

ksoyia wOHdmk ixl,amh h:d¾:hla njg m;alrñka 6 fY%aKsfha

isg 11 fYa%Ksh olajd fm<fmd;a 91la muK rcfhka Tng ;s<sK flf¾'
tu .%ka:j,ska Wmßu M, ,nk w;r u tajd /l .ekSfï j.lSu o Tn
i;= nj isysm;a lrñ' mQ¾K fm!reIhlska fyì" rgg jevodhSs hym;a
mqrjeishl= ùfï mßph ,nd .ekSug fuu fm<fmd; Tng WmldÍ fj;ehs
uu wfmalaId lrñ'

fuu fm<fmd;a iïmdokhg odhl jQ f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï

uKav, idudðl uy;au uy;aókag;a wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;f= õ
ld¾h uKav,hg;a udf.a ia;=;sh m< lr isáñ'

ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl"
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
biqremdh"
n;a;ruq,a,'
2019'04'10

vi
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

fufyhùu ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ^ixj¾Ok&
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

iïnkaëlrKh m%.S;sld chfialr

iyldr flduidßia
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ixialdrl uKav,h
1' r;akisß wrx., uydpd¾h
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h

2' i|f.dañ fldamrfyajd uydpd¾h

fld<U úYajúoHd,h

3' B' wd¾' ksu,a fma%ul=udr fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

4' Ys%hdks wfíúl%u ksfhdacH wOHlaI

NdId yd udkj Ydia;% wxYh
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

5' m%.S;sld chfialr iyldr flduidßia

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

NdId ixialrKh
uydpd¾h mS' î' talkdhl

vii
wjidk we.hSu
1' uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a
2' uydpd¾h r;ak úfÊ;=x.

f,aLl uKav,h

1' khk ;s,la r;akdhl úY%dñl isxy, úIh wOHlaI" -je,a,jdh

2' mS' Ô' Ô' .hd jehsfyak .=re WmfoaYl

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" fydaud.u

3' î' ã' iqks,a ìhkaú, .=re fiajh

.sß$úl%uYs,d cd;sl mdi," .sßW,a,

4' ví,sõ' tï' tka' nKavdr .=re fiajh

nm$.ï$fodïfm uy úÿy," fodïfm

5' wreK m%§ma; fldaÜfgf.a .=re fiajh

y$Wvu,, uy úÿy," Wvu,," yïnkaf;dg

fidaÿm;a lshùu

ch;a mshoiqka l¾;D uKav,h" is¿ñK"
,xldfõ iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u

msgljr ks¾udKh
bkaÈl .=Kj¾Ok

mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh

tia' ù' Ô' trx.d È,arelaIs mß.Kl ;dlaI‚l iydhl"
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

viii
 mgqk

1 o<od fmryer 1
jpk fjka fldg ,sùu 6
2 ÿlg lshk lú iSmo 8
3 wlaIr ud,dj yd wlaIr úkHdih 13
4 úYajfldaIh 25
isxy, wldrdÈ ms<sfj< 28
5 riska ri ujk nia uysuh 33
6 jdlH Í;s 41
l¾;D ldrl l¾u ldrl fNaoh 42
úfYaI jdlH Í;s 45
7 jdlH rpkh 49
8 idys;H ri úkaokh yd úpdrh 56
idrdxYlrKh 69
9 Èhjr isßir 73

ix
10 YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia 80
11 úNla;s 89
12 ni bmÿKq ieá wikq h úia;r 100
rdcldß yd jHdmdßl ,sms ,sùu 110
13 nyq úO udOH Ndú;h 113
ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms yd iÕrd ,sms 117
l;= jels 118
;Sre ,sms 119
14 rg jgd mo rgd 121
ikaê 127
15 iudi 129
16 fYdalh;a rihla l< ñksfila 137
17 m%;Hhd¾: kdu 145
;oaê; 146
lDoka; 153
18 ñys ,sh k<f,a wxck ;s,fla''' 156

19 n<kaf.däka .eÆ meKir fu;a .Õ=, 161

20 woH;k idys;H ks¾udKhkays NdIdj 168
wjHh mo 174
21 j;=r u, 179
22 mqj;am;a jd¾;d" ±kaùï iy m%dfhda.sl f,aLk 190
mqj;am;a jd¾;d 191
±kaùï 195
fj<| ±kaùï 198
wdlD;s m;% ilia lsÍu yd iïmQ¾K lsÍu 199
23 iqNdIs;h 202
24 w;aoelSï m%;sks¾udKh 207
25 YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl hq.h 216
úrdu ,laIK 224
26 ;, u, msms,d 226
w;aoelSï yd kdgH msgm;a rpkh 232
idïm%odhsl fhÿï 236

x
 o<od fmryer 1

wei<
wei< fyj;audifhyscQ,s udifhys
^cq,s-wf.da
Èjhsifa;ka=& m%O
Èjhs
dk fúydria
ka m%:Odk dk
úydria
lsysmhla
:dk uqls ,a ysm
fldg
hla uqf.k,a fldg meje;a f.kfjkmeje;aw,xldr
fjk
w,xldr
fmryer foa fmryer
YSh ckhdf.a foaYShfukackhdf.a
u úfoaYslfuka hkaf.a ou
úfoa
wdl¾IKhg
Yslhkaf.a ,la o wdl¾IKhg
jQ foaYSh ixia ,lalD;sjQldx.hls
foaYSh '
ixia
uykqljD;sr"lw¨;a
dx.hlskq ' uykq
jr" kj.uq
jr fukaj" fojq
u l;r.u"
kaor" r;afojq
kmqk
raoh"r"
w¨;a
l;r.u
kqjr"wdÈ kj.uq
ia:dkj,j" r;aokwei<
mqrh wdÈfmryer ia:dkj,
meje;awei<
jqK
fmryer
o b;d W;a meje;a
l¾Ifhka
jqK o b;dwei< W;afmryer
l¾Ifhkameje;a wei<ffmryer
jkafka
meje;a
uykqjfrjka o<od
fka ud,s
uykq .dj
jr wdYs
o<od
%;jud,s
h' .dj wdYs%;j h'
mrïmrdkq
mrïmrdkq..;j ;jmejf;k
mejf;kk¾;k" k¾;k" jdok
jdok yd rx.k
yd rx.k wx.
rdYs
wx.hlsrdYs
ka h
ydlsk bmer‚
a yd bmer‚
pdß;%j,s pdß;%
ka iuka
j,skúa ;iuka
fï ú fmryer
; fï
YSfmryer"
% ,dxflah YSwkkH;dj
% ,dxflah ms<wkkH;djsìUq lrk W;a ms<isìjhla
Uq lrkf,i
ie,flhs
W;aijhla ' wfma
f,i wei< ie,flhs
fmryer ' mer‚
wfma wei<bkaÈhdfõ fmryer
mej;s
wdIdV
mer‚W;a bkaiÈjhdfõ
fyj;a mej;s
wei< wdIdV
fl<sf W;a
ha i
mßKdufhka
j fyj;a wei< we;s
jQfl<s
jla fia
fha msmßKdufhka
<s.efka' uykqwe;s jr wei< jQjlafmryer
fia ie,flhs j¾;udk '
uquykq
yqKqjjrr f.k
wei<we;a fmryer
f;a lS¾;s j¾;udk
YS% rdcisxuqyyqKrdcqjriufhys
f.k
mgka
we;af;anjlS¾fmfka ;s YS% ' rdcis
úúOxym%f rc
oaYj,iufhkawei<miqfmryer j nj
meje;a
fmfkaf'jkq úúO fham%ftaoaYtaj,m%f
wei<
oaYhgfmryer wêm;s meje;a
fia ie,flkfjkqfha
foúhl=
ta ta m%foauq
Y, hga lrwêm;s .ksfia
ñksie,flk
' tfy;a foúhl= uykqjruq,wei< a lr
fmryer
.ksñks' uykqo<odjjruqwei< ,a ;ekafmryer
ys ,d o<odj meje;auqf, jk a ;eka
fn!oa
ys,dO
ufyda
meje;a;aifjk
jhla fn!oajk Ow;rufyda thg ;aimßjdr
jhls' jYfhka
tfy;a thg úúO
foújreka
mßjdr jYfhka iïnkaúúO O lr foújreka
.ekSu is iïnka
ÿ flf¾'O lrtfyhs .ekSuka
o<od
isÿ flf¾'
fmryer tfyhs úúO ka o<od
wd.ï fmryer
w;r iyÔjkh úúO wd.ï j¾Okh
w;r
lrk
iyÔjkh pdß;%j¾Okhjdß;%j,slrkka iukapdß;% ú;pdß;%
jQjlaj,sfia
ka iuka
w.h úl< ;
yels
jQjlah'fia isxy,
w.h úYal<
jfldayels
Ifha h' ;=kisajxk
y,ldKaúYav jflda
fha wei<
Ifha
fmryer
;=kajk ldKa uefhka vfhajk wei< ,smfmryer
sh wdY%fuefhkahka iïmdÈ; jk ,smfï sh
mdvu
wdY%fhkao<odiïmdÈ;
fmryerfuu ms<sn|mdvu fláo<od ye¢kafmryer
ùuls' ms<sn|
flá ye¢kaùuls'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 1

 o<od fmryer wdrïN jQfha ljod o hkak ms<sn| ksYaÑ; ks.ukhla Èh yels fkd
fõ' úch m%uqL W;=re bkaÈhdkq wd¾h ckhdf.a wd.ukh iu. oUÈj mej;s wdIdV
W;aijh fuys o meje;aùug lghq;= fh§u wei< fmryer wdrïN ùug fya;= jQ nj
fuys wdrïNh iïnkaO tla woyils' wei< fmryer" iqrdiqr hqoaOfha § iqrhka
ch.%yKh ,eîu ieuÍug wdrïN jQ njg o u;hla fjhs' ;j;a woyila kï
jxlkdisl ;siai rcq ^ls%'j' 110-113& iufhys fid<S wdl%uKfha § meyer .;a isxy,
isrlrejka 12000la o 12000la fid<S ckhd o md;%d Od;=j o iu. m;a;sks foaúhf.a
rka i,U wdÈ mQcH jia;=" .cnd rcq úiska kej; isß,lg f.k tau isys lsÍug
wei< fmryer wdrïN jQ nj hs'
j¾;udk uykqjr wei< fmryef¾ wdrïNh ls%'j' oy wgjk ishji ueo Nd.fha §
muK isÿ jkakg we;ehs ie,fla' Bg we;=<;a jQfha kd:" l;r.u" úIaKq" m;a;sks
hk i;r foajd,fha fmryer mu‚' je,súg irKxlr ix>rdc ysñhkaf.a wkqYdikd
mßÈ lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rcq ^ls%'j'1747-1782& úiska tlS i;r fmryerg o<od ud,s.dfõ
fmryerla o tla lsÍu fya;=fjka wei< fmryerg fn!oaO uqyqKqjrla ,enqKq fia
ie,lsh yels h' ta wkqj j¾;udk o<od fmryef¾ wdrïNh lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rc
oji isÿ jQ fia ie,lSu fhda.H h'
mer‚ o<od fmryer ixialD;sldx. m%o¾Ykhg jvd rdcH n,h fmkaùfï wjia:djla
jQ nj mer‚ jd¾;d msßlaiSfï § fmkS hk lreKls' tjlg ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd
jQ YS%u;a tâjâ ndkaiaf.a wjirh mßÈ 1828 uehs 29 Èk meje;ajqKq o<od fmryer
ms<sn| ,sÅ; úia;rhg wkqj" fmryer wdrïN ù we;af;a hqoaOdpdr uOHfha h'

“ld,;=jlal= fjä iy fldä;=jlal= úismy .Kka .; fkd yels ;rï
uy;a f>daIdjla tod meje;a;=jd h' fuhdldr uy;a f.!rjfhka lr`vqj
jevujd f.keú;a we;d <Õ isáh m,af,a.ïmfya uyks,fï w;g
W;=udKkajykafiaf.ka lr`vqj ,enqKd h' we;d msg isáh ud;f,a
Èidm;s uy;auhd iy Wvm<df;a Èid uy;auhd;a úiska rkays,sf.a
wNHka;rhg lr`vqj jevujd we;d msáka ìug neyemq ;ek f;ajdj
NdKav wr.;a iEu ro,jre úiska u W;=udKkajykafiag jev isàug
;kd ;snqK m%:u uKavmhg W;=udKkajykafia le|jdf.k f.dia tys
fmdfrd;a;= l<d h'”

tl, w,s we;=ka msßjrd .;a m%foaYSh kdhlfhda Tjqkaf.a Oc iy ,dxPk /f.k
yuqqodj msßjrd f.k fmryerg tla jQy' j¾;udkfha th o<od ud,s.dfõ ks,OdÍka
iy .x oyfha úodfk,d we;=¿ m%dfoaYsl iq¿ ks,OdÍka msßilg iSud ù ;sfí' by;
oelajqK wjêhg jvd j¾;udkfha o<od fmryer k¾;kdx. /ilska iukaú; h'
fjia kegqï wdÈ úÑ;%dx. /ila thg tla ù ;sfí'

2 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

o<od ud,s.dfõ kel;a fudfydÜgd, úiska kshu lrkq ,nk iqn fudfyd;ska ‘lma
isgqùfuka’ fmryer wdrïN fjhs' lma isgqùu hkq i;r foajd,fha msßila wei< ui
wudjl Èkg Èk lsysmhlg fmr m, fkd yg .;a fldia .ilg mqo mQcd mj;ajd
tys wrla .;a foúfhla fõ kï bj;aj hk f,i wdhdpkd fldg .i lmd" tys
lf|ka ßhk ne.ska È.e;s fldgia i;rla lmd f.k foajd, i;rg fnod f.k
fmryeßka f.k f.dia foajd, N+ñfhys isgqùu hs'
i;r foajd,fha lmqjka foajd,hg wh;a rka wdhqO lm jgd jevu lrjk" l=v"
fldä" fiai;a" ojq,a" fydrKE iys; fmryer" ‘foajd, fmryer’ f,i ye¢kafjhs'
th lma isgqjQ Èk isg mia Èkla ikaOHd ld,fha meje;afjhs' mia jk Èkfha isjq
foajd,fha niakdhl ks,fujreka we;=¿ ks,OdÍyq rkaisúf.hl rka wdhqO ys÷jd
rkaisúf.h we;=msg ;nd fmryeßka wjq;a o<od ud,s.dj bÈßmsg foaj ixysf|a § o<od
lr`vqj iys; rkaisúf.h jevujk" ud,s.dfõ we;d m%uqL fmryer fmrgq lr f.k
mia Èkla ùÓ ixpdrh lr;s' fuh ‘l=U,a fmryer’ kï fjhs' fmruqfKa rd,"
.ckdhl ks,fï" ldßhlrjk rd," Èhjvk ks,fï wdÈ ks,OdÍka o lilrejka"
fldä" fiai;a" mkaoï orkakka" mdjv t<kakka" ojq,a" fnr" fydrKE wdÈh
jhkakka" keÜgqjka" mkaf;arelrejka wd§kaf.ka fï fmryer iukaú; fjhs'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 3

 i;r foajd,hkays foajdNrK jevujk jdyk ^rka foda,s&" l=U,a fmryer wdrïN ù
mia jk Èkfhys fmryer w.g tla flfrhs' ‘rka foda,s fmryer’ kñka ye¢kafjkafka
th hs' o<od fmryef¾ l+gm%dma;sh f,i ie,lsh yels fuu fmryer fyaúislrejka
yd fydrKElrejka" keÜgqjka" w,s we;=ka wd§kaf.ka m%udKd;aulj l=U,a fmryerg
jvd úYd, jk w;r u úÑ;%;ajfhka o wkQk h' fuh o Èk myla uq¿,af,a
meje;afjk w;r wjidk Èk foflys fmryer w;sYh w,xldrj;aj mj;ajkq ,efí'
lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rc iuhg fmr we;a fmryef¾ tla mfilska rka foda,s f.k hEfï
isß; mej;sh o rcqf.a ksfhda. mßÈ th fmryef¾ w.g tla jQ nj lshefõ'

rka foda,s fmryef¾ mia jk Èk rd;s%fha fmryer wjidkfha wia.sß úydrfha

wdodyku¿ úydrfhys lr`vqj pdß;%dkql+,j ;ekam;a flfrhs' miqod w¨hu i;r
foajd, fmryer .egfò f;dfÜ Èh lemSug tla fjhs' Èh lemSu iqr wiqr hqoaOfha
§ wiqrhka uerE lvq iqrhka úiska fia§u ixfla;j;a lrkq ,nk njg u;hls' ta
ms<sn| wfkla woyi jkafka .cnd rcq iu. fid<S rgg .sh kS, uyd fhdaOhd ish
h.odfjka .id uqyqÿ Èh fonE l< whqre oelaùug Èh lemSu isÿ flfrk njhs'
foajd,hj, lmq uy;ajre .Õ ueog .uka lr fmryerg isgqjQ lm iy .sh j¾Ifha
,nd .;a c,h .x c,hg tl;= lr;s' bka miqj rka lvqfjka .Õ Èh fonE lr
flKaähg .kakd c,h fmryeßka f.k tkq ,efí' Èh lemSfuka miq uykqjr .K
foú fldaú,g meñfKk fuu fmryer tys § kej;S mqo mQcdj, ksr; fjhs' ijia
jrefõ o<od fmryer wia.sß úydrfha § iQodkï jk w;r kshñ; fõ,dj yÕjk
fjä y`v wkqj isjq foajd, fmryer o tla ù ùÓ ixpdrh fldg iqn fudfyd;ska
o<od ud,s.hg m%úIag fjhs' isjq foajd, fmryer ta ta foajd,h lrd hhs' fuh ‘oj,a
fmryer’ kï fjhs' ñka miq Èk y;la úIaKq foajd,fha ‘j,shla kegqu’ kue;s
Ydka;sl¾uh isÿ flfrk w;r i;a jk Èkfha jia fodia yeÍu i|yd jk ‘.rd hla
kegqfuka’ fmryer yd iïnkaO lghq;= wjika flfrhs'

4 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'



w;S;fha isg fï olajd úúO fjkialïj,g Ndckh fjñka mj;ajd f.k wd kuqÿ
o<od fmryer .uka lsÍfï idïm%odhsl wkqms<sfj<la o olakg ,efí' tlS
fm<.eiafï ;sfnk iuyr fmryer wx.j, ixfla;d;aul w¾: o we;s njg woyila
mj;S' kshÕfhka yd ÿ¾NslaIfhka rg wdrlaId lr f.k rdcH úpdÍu md,lhdf.a
hq;=luls' ta i|yd c,h w;HjYH h' jeiaig wêm;s bkaø foúhkaf.a ksfhdað;hd
f,i rc;=ud fï ish,a, ixfla;d;aulj bgq lrhs' lma isgqùu" Èh lemSu wdÈh
c,h yd iïnkaO ixfla;d;aul ld¾h fia ie,fla' tksid u o<od fmryer c,h
wdYs%; W;aijhla f,i o ie,flhs' jeiai wdYs%;j flfrk úÿ,s flàu li
msmsrùfuka ixfla;j;a flfrhs' bkaø foúhkaf.a jeis j,dl=¿ fuka u rcqf.a
Yla;sh o w,s we;=kaf.ka ixfla;j;a flf¾' idudkH ckhdf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka
flfrk fmryerj, § w,s we;=ka fjkqjg .jhd fhdod .ekSu oelsh yels h'
kj.uqj m;a;sks foajd,fha wei< fmryer Bg ksoiqkls' fyK yf`vys fodaxldrh
isys .ekaùug fnr y`v fhdod .efkk nj ms<s.efka'
uq,a hq.fha wei< fmryefrys wisßh yd ieris,s pdß;% jdß;% ms<n
s |j foaYh
S uQ,dY%hj,
fuka u *dyshka" yshxq idx wd§kaf.a foaYdgk jd¾;dj, o i|yka fõ' frdnÜ
fkdlaif a .a ,xldj ms<n
s | .%k:
a fhys iy ì%;dkH md,k iufha Wvrg ixpdrhl
fhÿKq ffjµ jhsg¾ fydama bÈßm;a l< jd¾;dj, lma isgù q fï mgka f.j§u olajd
jQ ish¨ úia;r we;=<;a lr we;' fcdaka fâú" ú,afy,aï .hs.¾" y¾nÜ l=Iu a dka
wd§kaf.a f,aLkj, o wei< fmryer ms<n s | f;dr;=re we;=<;a h' ú,shï ,sÜ,audka
keue;a;d wei< fmryer Ñ;%hg o k.d we;'
úfoaYslhkaf.a weiska ÿgq idlaIsj,g wu;rj uydjxih" §mjxih" odGdjxih"
mQcdj,sh" o<od isß;" o<od mQcdj,sh" o<od j;=r" t¿ o<od jxYh" o<od mqj;" o<od
jreK wdÈ .%ka:j, o ta ta wjêfha o<od fmryer meje;ajQ wdldrh ms<sn| f;dr;=re
/ila we;=<;a h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 5

 wjfndaOh
1' uq,a hq.fha wei< fmryer iukaú; jQfha l=uk foajd,hkays fmryerj,ska o@
2' ‘lma isgqùu’ hkafkka woyia flfrkqfha l=ula o@
3' o<od ud,s.dj wdYs%; W;aijj,g wjYH ish¨ kele;a ilia lrk ,oafoa
ljqreka úiska o@
4' o<od fmryefrys .uka .;a w,s we;=kaf.ka ixfla;j;a jQfha l=ula o@
5' ‘rka foda,s fmryer’ hkq l=ula o@

jpk fjka fldg ,sùu

úfYaIK mo
hula j¾Kkd lsÍu" úia;r lsÍu" iajNdjh oelaùu i|yd Ndú; lrk mo ‘úfYaIK
mo’ hs' bka j¾Kkd fjk moh ‘úfYaIH moh’ hs'
W.;a úpdrlhd ish¨ idys;H ks¾udK uOHia:j úfõpkh lrhs'
by; jdlHfha ‘úpdrlhd’ hk kdu mohg ‘W.;a’ hk úfYaIK moh;a ‘úfõpkh
lrhs'’ hk ls%hd mohg ‘uOHia:j’ hk úfYaIK moh;a fhdod we;' kdu mohlg
uq,ska fhfok úfYaIK mo ‘kdu úfYaIK’ f,i;a ls%hd mohlg uq,ska
fhfok úfYaIK mo ‘ls%hd úfYaIK’ f,i;a ye¢kafõ'
fuu ljr úfYaIKhla jqj o f,aLkfha § fjk u mo f,i fjka fldg ,sùu Í;sh
hs' tfy;a úfYaIKh úfYaIHh yd tla fldg ,sùfï iïm%odhla o mj;S'

r;= u, r;=u,
WKq j;=r WKqj;=r
N+ p,k N+p,k
N+ñ lïmdj N+ñlïmdj

Wmi¾.

Wmi¾.hla ks;r u kdu mohl fyda ls%hd mohl uq,g tl;= jkakls' tksid
Wmi¾. fjk u mohla f,i f,aLkfha fkd fhfohs'
w;solaI f,i wNsO¾uh foiQ wkqkdysñhkag odhlfhda oyï m`vqre ms<s.kaj;s'
fuys w;solaI" wNsO¾uh" wkqkdhl" ms<s.kaj;s hk moj, w;s" wNs" wkq" ms<s hk
Wmi¾. olaI" kdysñs" O¾uh" .kaj;s hk mo iu. tlaj fh§ we;'

6 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 m%;Hh
w¾:j;a kdu mohla fyda ls%hd mohla iEfokafka m%lD;shg m%;Hhla tla ùfuks'
kdu mohl kï Yío m%lD;shlg úNla;s m%;Hhla o" ls%hd mohl kï Od;= m%lD;shlg
ls%hd m%;Hhla o tl;= fjhs'
fufia m%;Hhla m%lD;shlg tla ùfuka ñi ;ks mohla f,i Ndú; fkd fjhs'
ñksia¬wdf.a > ñksidf.a
fuys ‘wdf.a’ hk m%;Hh ‘ñksia’ hkakg tl;=j ñi fjk u fkd fhfoa'
lr¬hs > lrhs
fuys ‘hs’ hk m%;Hh ‘lr’ hkakg tl;=j ñi fjk u fkd fhfoa'

,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ¸' úfYaIK mo fh¥ jpk mylaa mdvfuka Wmqgd olajkak'
¸¸' my; oelafjk jpkj,g úfYaIK mo fhdod ,shkak'
<uhd" foudmshka" ßhÿrd" f,aLlhd" fmd;" lrhs" kghs" iskdfihs" ,shhs"
ÿjhs
2' ¸' my; oelafjk Wmi¾. fhdod jpk idokak'
mr" iq" ÿ" ix" ÿIa" ks¾" wê" ú" m%
¸¸' my; oelafjk moj, we;s Wmi¾. háka bß w¢kak'
ksYaYío" w;sri" ikaksfõokh" mn," wjudkh
3' m%lD;s yd m%;Hh tla fldg ,shkak'
n¨¬wd" ß<d¬wd" ñksia¬wdf.a" fmd;a¬j," .ia¬tka"
lr¬ñ" ÿj¬;s" kg¬ñka" n,¬uq" ,sh¬ys

2' r' uq' kS' i' 180543 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 7
 2 ÿlg lshk lú iSmo

ruŒh yeÕSï .eí jqKq rpkdjla idys;H ks¾udKhla

fia y÷kajkq ,efí' idys;H ks¾udKhl .eí jk
yeÕSï tys ks¾udmlhdf.a fyj;a rplhdf.a w;aoelSï
weiqfrka Wmka tajd fuka u rplhd úiska ld,amkslj
f.dvkÕk ,o tajd o úh yels h' wo idys;Hh hkq
,shkq ,enQjla jqj o ukqIHhd f,aLkh wdrïN lsÍug
fmr isg u idys;Hh wdrïN ù ;sì‚' th Y%jH
udOHfhka mj;ajd f.k hkq ,enQ w;r ri ú£u o
isÿ jQfha ijka §fuks' f,aLkh jHdma; jQ miq o
ijka §u wruqKq lr .ksñka idys;Hh ìys úh' ijka
§ ri ú£fï § ks¾udKfha w¾:h fuka u thska u;=
jk Yíoh o jeo.;a fjhs' Yíoh mµh w¾:h
o mµhfukaw¾:h
u
fuka uo leá fldg .;a idys;H ks¾udKhls' bmer‚
Yíoh
.µ o ijka §u i|yd ,shejqKq nj fmfka' nq;airK"
o<od isß; jeks isxy, .µ lD;s Bg ksoiqka fjhs'
úkaokh ,eîu i|yd jk ks¾udKd;aul idys;Hh
yereKq úg oekqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd jk idys;Hh o
tod mßYS,kh flrefKa Y%jH udOHfhks'
fï lú lúfm<fm<g,shù jiawe;a
;= f ù;awe;a
t<si f;a
u is.eñ
jq moiudchl
wdlD;sfhks
yg'
ud;%dK17" kEkd
.ekq 18" 19 wdÈ
- uia m%uidKj,s
skd fm%ka auhq;iïnka
= mµ tys
Ohls
we;=
' <lú
;a
ù ;sfí' Wmhqla; jpk ud,dj kEkd - uiaiskd
fmf<ys
fm%
NdIdauhg,lamokï
IK w;s jkka .eñ i,lk iudch l, Ñ;% Kh fmf<ys
lú lsÍug
fhda
wka;¾.;hg .e<fmk nia jyrla Wmfhda.s .eñ
. H ùu;a ta weiq f rka WmÈk Yíod,xldr" lr
jHjydrhg wkq l + , ùu;a
.ekSu úfYaI wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;= h' lú fm<g fï lú fmf<ys
id¾:l;a jhgf;afya.eñ
jia;= ù we;a ;= ùiudchl;sfí' NdIdyg .ekq ,laK
IKkEkdw;sk-a
i,lk
uiaiskd l, lúiïnka
fm%au fmf<ys wka
Ohls ' ;lú
¾.;hg fmf<ys.e<fmk
Wmhql nia
a;
jyrla Wmfhda . s lr .ekS u úfYa
jpk ud,dj kEkd - uiaiskd fm%auhg mokï jk I wjOdkhg ,la
l<
.eñ hqiudch
;= h' Ñ;%Kh lsÍug fhda.H jpk ùu;a ta
fï lúweiq
jpk fm<frka
,shWmÈk
ù we;afYíod,xldr"
;a t<siu isj.eñ
q mo wdlD;s
jHjydrhg
fhks'
wkqld +,17"ùu;a
ud;% 18" 19fï
wdÈlú
m%ufmf<ys
dKj,skid¾:l;a
a hq;= mµjtyshg we;=
fya;<= ;a
ù
;sf;sí'fí'
ù

8 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

msf<aa meÿr fyakg wrf.k tkjd
t<d meÿr ueiafia tys ie;fmkjd
rgd úhmq w;a fol ug isysfjkjd
ysf;a ÿlg t;fldg lú lshfjkjd

br mdhd br wjrg .shdfoda

y| mdhd y| wjrg .shdfoda
we`vQ l÷¿ uQog tla jqKdfoda
<ud <má kEkd fldhs .shdfoda

tf.dv;a ne,sñ tf.dv;a kqU kef;ahd

fuf.dv;a ne,sñ fuf.dv;a kqU kef;ahd
fof.dv u ne,sñ fof.dv u kqU kef;ahd
isjqmo lshk uu ;kshu mef,ahd

tf.dv f.dfâ W, f,akd w`vkafka

fuf.dv f.dfâ uu iSmo lshkafka
fof.dv yßh f.ú,d msks jefgkafka
fof.dv f.däka fld;k o kqU isákafka

iS; lrk W÷jma uy ÿre;af;a

iS;, Wyq,kav ug nerejd i;af;a
lef,a uÿre ueis lror f;dr ke;af;a
mef,a .skak ú;rhs ;kshg we;af;a

Wfò lrg u,a ud,d f.d;kakg

uÿ u,a msfmkjd fyafka jeg È.g
Wfò láka .S iSmo wykakg
;ju;a .srjq tkjd fmr mqreoaog

wfka .srjqfka ud ni widmka

kÕd isák ;ek fld;ek o fidhdmka
mef,a ;ksj ud b¢f;hs lshdmka
ysf;a ÿlg ks¢ ke;sjd lshdmka

? ;sia mefha me,a /l ksÈ urkafka

mdkaorg hka;ï wei msfhkafka
fyafka lvq,a,g tmsáka isákafka
ySfkka weú;a kEkd w; jkkafka

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 9

 WUhs udhs wms fokakd tl;= fj,d
lef,a lmd j,a fldg,d .sks ;sh,d
jejQ l=rlalka f.dn oeka l¿ .eys,d
fudarhs nxä u| iq<Õg keó,d

rka oEle;s wrka fokakd fomi isg

ng fmd;= fmÜá mqrjd tl msg tlg
kEfka jfrka ta wiajka fk<kakg
l=ryka meyS fudlg o WU ke;s odg

Tmke,s háka fm;s f.daur bfyk kfÕa

we¢ fiaf,a /,s iq<Õg kgk kfÕa
nq,;a ymd ym iq<Õg msôk kfÕa
l=ryka lmkakg fyakg jäka kfÕa
ilajd,sys‚ - uy.u fialr ^1964&

wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu

wiajka - wia jeÿKq foa" mSÿKq foa" yg.;a foa" wiajekak
W,f,akd - le,Enoj fjfik" ksYdpr mlaIsfhls¦ W,ud" W,f,akd"
W,,sys‚hd" W,f,aks hkqfjka o kï flf¾'
W,f,akdf.a y`v wms%h ckl fia ie,lSu .eñ úYajdihls'
.eñhkaf.a u;h th urKhl fmr ksñ;a;la nj hs'
Tmke,s - we÷fï fhdok /,a,¦ we÷ï yev jev oud w,xldr lr
.ekSug fhdod .kakd /,s ud,djls' ldka;d we֕ i|yd
w,xldrhla f,i o Tmke,s fhdod .efka'
;siameh - Èklska w¾Ohla¦ ^isxy, ld, .Kka l%uh wkqj Èklg
meh yegls' j¾;udk jHjydr mehl ld,hla i|yd isxy,
meh folyudrla we;=<;a h'& ? ;sia meh hkq /hla myka
jk ;=re ld,hhs'
fof.dvyßh - uOHu rd;s%h fome;a;g u iuj ;sfnk fõ,dj'
ms< - f.hl ;kd we;s ñá mgq fõÈldj" ys| .ekSu yd ksod
.ekSu i|yd ;ekQ ñá ì;a;sh' mqrdK ksfjiaj, fujeks
ms<la ;ekSu o ta u; meÿrla w;=rd ;sîu o olakg ,eì‚'
fm;s f.daur - f.daur hkq YÍrfha yg .kakd le,e,a úfYaIhls' fuh
mqia ^È,Sr& fya;=fjka yg .kakd p¾u frda.hls' tfy;a
f.daur yg.;a ia;S% YÍrfha fYdaNdjla we;ehs lúfhda
mji;s' th lúhdf.a iïu;h hs'

10 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

uÿ u,a - .sß;s,a, l=,fha je,a úfYaIhl yg.kakd u,a¦ ck lúhd
ks;r ÿgq u,a j¾.h fuh nj fmfka'
ueiai - ,S fldagq iu Wilska rgdjlg wkqj ;nd yryg ne| ks|d
.ekSug yels jk f,i me,l ;kd .kakd we|¦ ,S ;Ügqj"
wÜgd,h hk w¾: o fohs'
fia,h - bKg w¢k m%udKfhka È. froao

wjfndaOh

1' lúhdf.a is;g ÿl oefkkafka l=ula ksid o@

2' kEkd ms<sn|j u;lhg kxjk isoaê f,i lúhd olajd we;af;a fudkjd o@
3' ‘<ud <má kEkd’ hk fhÿfuka èjks; jkafka l=ula o@
4' fuys l:lhd iy Tyqf.a kEkd wfkHdakH iyfhda.fhka Ôú;h .; l< nj
m%ldY jk mµh l=ula o@
5' kEkdf.a fl<s f,d,a Ôú;h ms<sn|j ye`.Sï biau;= lr olajk mµ mdGhla
Wmqgd olajkak'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka tla tla fhÿug iudk fhÿu mµ mka;sfhka Wmqgd ,shkak'
¸' <dnd, -
¸¸' ks|d .kakjd -
¸¸¸' ueÈhu wjika ù -
¸¹' iS;, we;s ckjdßfha -
¹' iS;, ord .kak -
¹¸' /h myka jk ;=re -
¹¸¸' kskao hkafka -
¹¸¸¸' iq<Õg fi,fjk -

2' my; bÈßm;a lr we;s tla tla fhÿfï jHx.Hd¾: ,shd olajkak'
¸' rgd úhmq w;a fol ug isys fjkjd -
¸¸' we`vQ lÿ¿ uqyqog tla jqKd foda -
¸¸¸' isjq mo lshk uu ;kshu mef,ahd -
¸¹' mef,a .skak ú;rhs ;kshg we;af;a -
¹' wfka .srjqfka ud ni widmka -

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 11

 ¹¸' ySfkka weú;a kEkd w; jkkafka -
¹¸¸' l=ryka meyS fudlg o WU ke;s odg -
¹¸¸¸' l=ryka lmkakg fyakg jäka kfÕa -

3' my; i|yka tla tla fhÿï i|yd mµ mka;sfha we;=<;aj ;snQ ckjyr bÈßm;a
lrkak'
¸' rgd úhQ -
¸¸' túg -
¸¸¸' ueÈhu -
¸¹' fkdue; -
¹' fkd yels h -
¹¸' Tnf.a uqúka -
¹¸¸' wE;ska -
¹¸¸¸' keÕ‚fhda -
¸º' fidhkak -
º' ksÈj¾ð;j -

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' mka;sh lKavdhï jYfhka ilia ù mµ mka;sh wdYs%;j my; olajd we;s
ls%hdldrlï bÈßm;a lrkak' wjYH úg § .=re iydh ,nd .kak'
1 lKavdhu
mµ mka;sfha wka;¾.;h meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2 lKavdhu
mµ mka;sfha we;=<;a Yío rih WodyrK iys;j úia;r lrkak'
3 lKavdhu
mµ mka;sfha w¾: rih ms<sn| flá idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'
4 lKavdhu
mµ ks¾udKh ri ú¢ñka flá úpdrhla bÈßm;a lrkak'
5 lKavdhu
.=re iydh ,nd f.k by; bÈßm;a lsÍïj, W!k mQrKh" we.hSu" iudf,dapkh
isÿ lr" wjik ia;=;sh mqo lrkak'

12 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

wlaIr ud,dj yd wlaIr úkHdih 3

udkjhdf.a jeo.;a u iudÔh yd Ôj úoHd;aul

Wreuh jkafka NdIdj hs' NdIdjl uqLH iajrEmh
jkafka l:kh fyj;a NdIKh hs' È.= l,la l:kh
ud¾.fhka ikaksfõok ld¾hfhys ksr; jqKq udkjhd
ish m‚úvh jeä l,la ;nd .ekSug yd jeä ÿrla
lrd f.k hEug f,aLkh ks¾udKh lr .ekSfuys
iu;a úh' NdIKh fyj;a l:kh ie,flkafka
ukqIHhdf.a udkisl wkqN+;Ska ksfhdackh lsÍfï
ud¾.hla jYfhks' f,aLkh tlS NdIKh fyj;a
l:kh oDYH rEm njg m;a lsÍfï ud¾.hls'
isxy, NdIdj o f,dj ÈhqKq f,aLk l%u iys; NdId
w;=frka tlls' isxy, NdIdj fyda f,aLk l%uh fyda
ljr odl wrïN ù o hkak iïnkaO ksYaÑ; idOl
fuf;la yuq ù ke;' oekg wm yuqfõ we;s f;dr;=re
wkqj furfgys ,shejqKq wmg yuq jk mer‚
u f,aLk ls%ia;= mQ¾j ;=kajk ishjig wh;a hehs
ms<s.efka' t;eka isg wo olajd isxy, f,aLk l%uh
yd wlaIr rEm;a NdIdj;a úmßKduhg ,la fjñka
mej; wd wkaou ms<sn| idOl wm i;= h' ta wkqj
wdrïNfha § furg Ndú; ù we;af;a wl=re 25lska
iukaú; jQ wlaIr ud,djls' wk;=rej úúO wjYH;d
i|yd jßka jr úúO wl=re tla lr .ksñka j¾Okh
jQ isxy, fydaäh wo jk úg wlaIr rEm 60lska
iukaú;j ;sfí'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 13

 isxy, NdIdfjka ,sùu i|yd Ndú; flfrk wlaIr iuQyh “isxy, wlaIr ud,dj”
f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu wlaIr ud,dj fydaäh" j¾K ud,dj" wl=re je, hk kïj,ska
o ye¢kafõ'
wo Ndú;fha mj;akd isxy, wlaIr ud,dj wlaIr 60lska iukaú; fjhs' tu wlaIr
ud,dj y÷kd .ksuq'
w wd we wE b B
iajr 18
W W! R RD Ì Ï
t tA ft T ´ T!
^w&x ^w&#
l L . > X Õ
p P c ® [ `c
g G v V K ~
jH[ack
; : o O k |
42
m M n N u U
h r , j
Y I i y < *
Tn óg fmr W.;a wlaIr j¾.SlrKh kej; isysm;a lr .kak'
² wlaIr uQ,sl m%fNao folls'
1' iajr ^m%dKdlaIr$mKl=re& 18ls'
2' jH[ack ^.d;%dlaIr$.;l=re& 42ls'
fuu wlaIr úúO m%fNao hgf;a y÷kd .ksuq'

iajr j¾.SlrKh

y%iaj ^flá$¨yq$,>q& iajr wgls' w we b W R Ì t T

§¾> ^Èla$.=re& iajr wgls' wd wE B W! RD Ï tA ´
ixhqla; ^ñY%& iajr folls' ft T!

² iajr folla ixhqla;j iEfok ksid ft" T! iajr ixhqla;

iajr$ñY% iajr f,i ye¢kafõ'

w ¬ t - ft ^tal ¬ tal - taffll&

w ¬ T - T! ^oka; ¬ ´IaGc - okaf;!IaGc&

14 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 jHCoack j¾.SlrKh

wkqiajdrh ^mQ¾K kdislHh& ^w&x

úi¾.h ^úi¾ckSh& ^w&#
l - j¾.h l L . > X
p - j¾.h p P c ® [
j¾.dlaIr 25³ g - j¾.h g G v V K
; - j¾.h ; : o O k
m - j¾.h m M n N u
j¾.dka; wkqkdisl wlaIr X [ K k u
i[a[l wlaIr 5 Õ `c `v | U
wka;#ia: wlaIr 4 h r , j
^w¾O iajr&
W!Iau wlaIr 5 Y I i y * ^w&#
uydm%dK wlaIr 10 L P G : M > ® V O N
w,amm%dK wlaIr 10³³ l p g ; m . c v o n
^w&x
. c v o n
> CO V O N
f>daI jH[ack wlaIr
27 X [ K k u
Õ `c `v | U
h r , j
y <
^w&#
wf>daI jH[ack wlaIr l p g ; m
15
oka; ´IaGc wlaIr j L* P G : M
Y I i *
³ j¾;udkfha we;eïyq i[a[l wlaIr my ^Õ" `c" `v" |" U& o we;=<;a fldg j¾.dlaIr 30la fia
i,l;s'
³³ w,amm%dK hkqfjka idudkHfhka ye¢kafjkafka uydm%dK wlaIr oyhg wkqrEm w,amm%dK
wlaIr oyh muKls' tfy;a uydm%dK wlaIr oyh yer fiiq j¾.dlaIr ish,a, w,amm%dK fõ'

3' r' uq' kS' i' 180543

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 15
 W;am;a;s ia:dkh wkqj wlaIr j¾.SlrKh
lKaGc wlaIr w wd l L . > X Õ y ^w&#
;d¨c wlaIr b B p P c ® Co `c h Y
uQ¾Oc wlaIr R RD g G v V K ~ r I <
oka;c wlaIr Ì Ï ; : o O k | , i
´IaGc wlaIr W W! m M n N u U
lKaG ;d¨c wlaIr we wE t tA ft
lKaG ´IAGc wlaIr T ´ T!
oka; ´IaGc wlaIr j *
mQ¾K kdislH ^w&x
² X" [" K" k" u wlaIr WÉpdrKh jkqfha kdia l=yrh Tiafia Yíoh msg ùfuks'
fï wlaIr kdislH wlaIr jk w;r úfYaIfhka tu wl=re my j¾.dka;dkqkdisl
f,i ye¢kafõ'
² Õ" `c" `v" |" U hk wlaIr WÉpdrKfha § w¾O jYfhka kdih o WmldÍ fõ' tu
wlaIr w¾Odkqkdisl wlaIr f,i o ye¢kafõ'

ms,s y÷kd .ksuq

jH[ackdlaIrhla m%lD;s jYfhka u y,a wl=rla f,i mj;S' tAjdg iajr ixfhda.
lsÍfuka y,a iajNdjh ke;sj f.dia myiqfjka WÉpdrKh l< yels ;;a;ajhg
m;a fõ'
jpkhl uq, fhfok iajrh muKla iajrdlaIrfha uq,a iajrEmfhka u ,shkq ,efí'
wur R;=j
bínd t<sh
Wi T!IO
tfy;a m%lD;s jHCoackhlg iajr tl;= l< nj fmkaùug úfYaI ,l=Kq Ndú;
flf¾' tu ,l=Kq ms,s ^ms,a,ï& f,i ye¢kafõ' ms,a,lska ksrEmKh jkafka iajr
Yíohls' fï ms,a,la wl=rl uq,g" Wvg" hgg" w.g fyda we;eï úg lSm ;ekl
u fhfoa' tA ixfhda. jk iajrh wkqj hs' jH[ackhlg ‘w’ iajrh tl;= jQ nj
fmkajkqfha jH[ackfha y,a ,l=K bj;a lsÍfuks'
la ¬ w } l
ï¬w}u
ha ¬ w ¬ ;a ¬ W ¬ ¾ ¬ w ¬ } h;=r
la ¬ W ¬ ò ¬ W ¬ ¾ ¬ t ¬ ka } l=Uqfrka

16 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 y,a ,l=K( y,a ,l=K ms,a,la fkd fõ¦ fuh fhfokafka Y=oaO
jH[ack Yíohla fyj;a iajrhla iu. tla kqjQ jH[ackhla
oelaùug hs'
fuys iajrEm folls' jdudj¾;j by<ska wjika jk wl=re i|yd
‘ ’ ixfla;h o olaIsKdj¾;j my<ska fyda wdk;j ol=Kq mig
fyda wjika jk wl=re i|yd ‘ a ’ ixfla;h o fhfoa'
y,a ,l=Kq( ‘ a ’ ^fldäh&
‘ ’ ^/yek&
my; § we;s j.=j weiqfrka jH[ack yd tla jk iajrh;a tA i|yd fhfok i,l=K;a
th y÷kajk ku;a wlaIrhl fhfok wdldrh;a y÷kd .kak'
iajrh ms,a, ms,s kduh fhfok whqre
la ¬ w úfYaI - lúh
ms,a,ula ke;
la ¬ wd d we,ms,a, ldish
la ¬ we e weoms,a,$weoh$weldrdxYh lejqu$/yek
la ¬ wE E Èla weo ms,a,$ §¾> lEor$?k
weoh$§¾> weldrdxYh
la ¬ b s biams,a, lsß
la ¬ B S §¾> biams,a, lSg
la ¬ W = mdms,a, l=,a,
¾¬W e mdms,a, rejk
ka ¬ W q mdms,a, kqjK
la ¬ W! + §¾> mdms,a, l+vh
¾ ¬ W! E §¾> mdms,a, rEu;a
ka ¬ W! Q §¾> mdms,a, kQ,
la ¬ R D .eg we,ms,a, lD;%su
;a ¬ RD DD .eg we,ms,s fol Ydia;DDka
la ¬ t f fldïnqj flfi,a
la ¬ tA f a$f fldïnqj iys; §¾>;aj fla;,h$fïih
ï ¬ tA i,l=K
la ¬ ft ff fldïnq fol ffl,di
la ¬ T f-d fldïnqj yd we,ms,a, fld<U
la ¬ ´ f-da fldïnqj yd §¾>;aj flda,u
i,l=K iys; we,ms,a,
la ¬ T! f-! fldïnqj yd .hkqls;a; fl!Y,H
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 17
 ® yd [ ne¢ wl=re fia fmkqK o tajd ;ks Yío hs'

jH[ackdlaIr fjkqjg fhfok ixfla; lsysmhla isxy, f,aLk jHjydrfhys yuq

fjhs'
% rldrdxYh - jH[ackhlg mrj nef|k z¾Z fjkqjg fhfoa'
jlar - jl% P;ar P;%
ñ;ar - ñ;% Ñ;ar - Ñ;%

f¾Mh _- jH[ackhlg fmr y,aj fhfok zrZ fjkqjg fhfoa'

O¾u - Ou–
l¾u - lu–
j¾Id - jI_d

H hxYh - jH[ackhlg mrj nef|k zhZ fjkqjg fhfoa'

úoahdj - úoHdj
i;ah - i;H
ffjoah - ffjoH
úfYaI wlaIr rEm lsysmhla o isxy, jHjydrfha yuq fõ' tajd fydaähg we;=<;a
fkd fõ'
¿ - uQ¾Oc <a iu. ixfhda. jQ zWZ iajrh ^uQ¾Oc <q hkak& oelaùug fhfoa'
¿ - y%iaj uQ¾Oc <q
¿E - §¾> uQ¾Oc <Q
‘<’ iu. W iajrh fhÿKq úg < w.g ‘<q’ jYfhka fyda fjk;a
ms,s rEm fyda fhdokq fkd ,efí'

{ - Ê ¬ [ wl=re fol iïñY%Kfhka ieÿKq ne¢ wl=rls'

wjfndaOh

1' j¾;udkfha Ndú; isxy, wlaIr ud,dfjys uq¿ wlaIr .Kk lSh o@
2' h" r" ," j wlaIr y÷kajkafka l=uk kulska o@
3' Y - I - i - y - * W!IaudlaIr f,i y÷kajkafka l=ula ksid o@
4' nyq,j Ndú; jk i[a[l wlaIr y;r ,shd WodyrK jpk fol ne.ska
,shkak'
5' wkqiajdrh iys; mo folla o úi¾.h iys; mo folla o ,shkak'

18 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 ,sÅ; wNHdi
1. my; i|yka m%ldYkj, ysia;ekaj,g iqÿiq mo fhdod jdlH iïmQ¾K lrkak'
¸' g" >" :" l" P" N hk wlaIrj,ska ''''''''''''''''''''''''' hk wlaIr w,am%mdK
wlaIr jk w;r ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' hk wlaIr uydm%dK wlaIr f,i ye¢kafõ'
¸¸' wlaIr ud,dfõ we;;a ''''''''''''''''''''''' hk iajr fol j¾;udk f,aLk
jHjydrfha yuq fkd fõ'
¸¸¸' g" G" v" V" K wlaIr ''''''''''''''''''''''''' wlaIr f,i ye¢kafõ'
¸¹' ,Ùldj" [dKh" ñysß ;o l¿ wl=ßka we;s wlaIr '''''''''''''''''' wlaIr .Khg
wh;a fõ'
¹' ´IaGc wlaIr hkq '''''''''''''''''''''' WmÈk wlaIr fõ'
2' my; § we;s moj, jHCoack yd iajr fjka lr ,shkak'
Wod - ;drelS - ;a ¬ wd" ¾ ¬ W" la ¬ B
¸' jeisfhda ¸¹' m%fõ‚
¸¸' foaYSh ¹' ffjoHjre
¸¸¸' kexjqKq
3' my; § we;s moj, fh§ we;s ms,s kï lrkak'
Wod - ;re‚ - mdms,a," biams,a,
¸' ldhsl ¸¹' fn!oaOhd
¸¸' ieliqu ¹' lD;sh
¸¸¸' uqref.aiq
4' ¸' rldrdxYh fhÿKq mo ;=kla ,shkak'
¸¸' hxYh fhÿKq mo ;=kla ,shkak'
¸¸¸' f¾Mh fhÿKq mo ;=kla ,shkak'
¸¹' fldïnqj yd .hkqls;a; iys; mo ;=kla ,shkak'
¹' mdms,a, fhfok wdldr ;=k i|yd WodyrK ;=kla olajkak'

5' my; § we;s nyqjrK m%Yakj,g jvd;a u iqÿiq ms<s;=r f;dard ,shkak'
»' y%iaj iajr muKla we;=<;a ms<s;=r f;darkak'
¸' w" wd" we" wE
¸¸' w" we" b" W
¸¸¸' R" Ì" ft" T!
¸¹' wE" W!" tA" ´
»»' ‘f.!rjh’ hk mofha we;s ms,s oelafjk ms<s;=r f;darkak'
¸' fldïnqj yd mdms,a, ¸¸¸' fldïnqj yd .hkqls;a;
¸¸' fldïnqj yd we,ms,a, ¸¹' fldïnqj yd .egms,a,

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 19

 »»»' rldrdxYh" f¾Mh" hxYh" .egms,a, wkqms<sfj<ska fh§ we;s jrKh
f;darkak'
¸' l%uh" ;l_h" kdgHh" mDÓúh
¸¸' lD;s%u" j._h" úoHdj" f.!rjh
¸¸¸' kD;H" w.%" i;Hh" ;DK
¸¹' oDYH" jdlH" ud._" l¾;D
»¼' j¾.dlaIr .Khg we;=<;a fkd jk wlaIr iys; jrKh f;darkak'
¸' I" <" y" i" Y ¸¸' K" v" g" V" G"
¸¸¸' ." l" L" >" X ¸¹' N" M" m" u" n

wlaIr úkHdih
wlaIr úkHdih hkq lsishï NdIdjlg wod< f,aLk jHjydrfha § wjYH ksjerÈ
yd iïu; wlaIr Ndú;h hs' isxy, wlaIr úkHdih hgf;a y%iaj-§¾>" w,amm%dK -
uydm%dK" f>daI - wf>daI m%fNao fuka u K" k" ," < fNaoh" ;d¨c ‘Y’ uQ¾Oc ‘I’
yd oka;c ‘i’ ldr fh§u flfrys úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' ^k" K" ,"
<" Y" I" i wlaIr fhfok Í;s 10 fY%a‚fha § y÷kd f.k we;'& ;j ÿrg;a wlaIr
ksjerÈj fhÈh hq;= wdldrh y÷kd .ksuq'

w,amm%dK yd uydm%dK wlaIr Ndú;h

isxy, NdIdfjys uydm%dK wlaIr yuq jkafka md,s yd ixialD; NdIdj,ska f.k
we;s ;;aiu jpkj, mu‚' uydm%dK wlaIr oyhla o Bg wkqrEm w,amm%dK wlaIr
oyhla o we;s nj by; olajk ,È' tAjd jpkj, fh§fï § iqÿiq mßÈ fh§ug yqre
úh hq;= h'
w,amm%dK wlaIr l p g ; m . c v o n
uydm%dK wlaIr L P G : M > ® V O N
^j¾.dlaIrhkaf.a m<uqjk yd f;jk ;Sre w,amm%dK jk w;r fojk yd isjqjk
;Sre uydm%dK fõ'&
fï w,amm%dK wlaIr yd uydm%dK wlaIr ksjerÈ f,i fkd fh§fuka jpkj,
wre; fjkia úh yels h' my; oelafjk jdlHfhys m%Odk - m%odk hk mo fh§
we;s wdldrh wkqj th meyeÈ,s fõ'
² m%Odk wuq;a;d ;Hd. m%odkhg iyNd.s úh'
m%Odk - m%uqL" uQ,sl hk w¾:h hs'
m%odk - mß;Hd.hla" ukd odkh hk wre; fohs'
ksodk - fya;=" uq,a jQ lreK
ksOdk - ;ekam;a l< jia;=j

20 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 w,amm%dK uydm%dK
l ld,h" Ydlh" f,aLl L LKav" f,aLk" f¾Ld
. .‚;h" w.," j¾. > >Kagd" §¾>" ud>
p pß;" úÑ;%" WÉp P Pkaoh" iajÉPh" idlÉPd
c ckhd" rch" c,c ® ®xldr" uʯu
g ghrh" oDIaáh" úYsIag G GmkSh" fldÜGdi" fYa%IaG
v vlal=j" wvd<" oeä V rEÎ" wdIdV" oDV;r
; ;,h" u;h" újD; : :Qm" m%:u" wjia:d
o orejd" Woh" lkao O Oj," fl%daOh" jDoaO
m md,s" pdmh" w,am M M," ksIaM," f¾M Nh"
n nK" wnrK" iqn N Nh" wdNrK" lafIdaN

i[A[l wlaIr Ndú;h

isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ yuq jk Õ" `c" `v" |" U hk wlaIr i[A[l fyj;a
w¾Odkqkdisl wlaIr kñka ye¢kafjhs' i[a[l wlaIr yd i[A[l fkd jk
. - c - v - o - n hk wlaIr fh§u wkqj mohl w¾: fjkia fõ'
i[A[l iys; i[A[l rys;
;rÕ - ;rx. ;r. - ;rla lsÍu
iÕ - ix>hd i. - iaj¾.h
w~ - weéu wv - w¾Oh
w`vq - WmlrKhls wvq - W!k
y| - pkaøhd yo - yDoh
l| - .il YÍrh lo - fofldfkys nr t,aÆ ,Sh
kqU - Tn kqn - wyi
wU - m,;=re j¾.h$c,h wn - T!Iëh Ydl úfYaIhla

úfYaI Í;s lSmhla

wkjYH §¾>h
WodyrK( ksrjoH idjoH
w;HjYH ^w;s¬wjYH& w;HdjYH
kS;Hkql+, ^kS;s¬wkql+,& kS;Hdkql+,
m%dix.sl ^m%ix.¬bl& m%didx.sl
idu¾:Hh ^iu¾:¬h& idud¾:Hh

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 21

 wdÈ wd§
Oqrh OQrh
úoHudk úoHdudk
jHdl=, jHdl+,
ia;=;s ia;+;s
iaÓr iaÒr

wkjYH f,i y%%iaj ^flá& iajr Ndú;h

WodyrK( ksrjoH idjoH

¥rl:kh ÿrl:kh
¥ria: ÿria:
uQ,H m%;smdok uq,H m%;smdok
;+IaŒïN+; ;=Ia‚ïN+;
jHQyh jHqyh

ikaê moj, isÿ jk wkjYH wlaIr f,damh
WodyrK( ksrjoH idjoH
m%;Hhd¾: ^m%;Hh¬w¾:& m%;Hd¾: ^ha w;ayeÍu&
jHx.Hd¾: ^jHx.H¬w¾:& jHx.d¾: ^ha w;ayeÍu&

ikaê moj, isÿ jk wkjYH wlaIr wd.uh

WodyrK( ksrjoH idjoH
wjiaf:daÑ; ^wjia:d¬WÑ;& wjia:dfjdaÑ; ^õ wd.uh&
ßoaudkql+,
^ßoau¬wkql+,& ßoauhdkql+, ^ha wd.uh&

‘ft$whs’ Ndú;h
WodyrK( ksrjoH idjoH
ft;sydisl fft;sydisl$whs;sydisl
ftlHh fftlHh
ftrdjK fftrdjK$whsrdjK
ffjrh jhsrh
ffu;%S uhs;%S

22 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 ‘R’ ldr Ndú;h
ksrjoH idjoH

l¾;D l;D
.Dyia: .%yia:
m%lD;s m%lD¾;s$m%l=¾;s
ud;Dld ud¾;Dld$ud;_Dld

‘H’ ^hxYh& Ndú;h

WodyrK( ksrjoH idjoH
jdlH jdlaH
jdpH jdÉH
úoHq;a úoaHq;a
l,HdK l,aHdK

zrZ iu. hxYh fkd fhfoa'

ksrjoH idjoH
iQ¾hhd iQ¾Hhd$iQrHhd
ù¾hh ù¾Hh$ùrHh

,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ksjerÈ wlaIrh f;dard ysia;ek iïmQ¾K lrkak'
¸' mdvï lr'''' <uhdf.a kqj'''' jefâ' ^k$K&
¸¸' l=l='''' megjd l=re'''' .Khg wh;a h' ^¨$¿&
¸¸¸' iajdNdúl jH''''k ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Sug úfYa'''' úu¾''''k
lKavdhula furgg meñ‚ nj mqj;am;aj, i|yka úh' ^Y$I$i&
¸¹' f,a''''ï;=ud mß''''Kl f,a'''k úuid n,d ld¾h uKav,hg §¾'''' f,i
Wmfoia ÿkafka h' ^l$L$.$>&
¹' msß;a iÊ''''hkdj, § uekúka WÉ''''rKh l< yels NslaIQka jykafia,d
iyNd.s lr .; hq;= nj ''''';sl ix> iïfï,kfha § idlÉ'''' flß‚'
^pd$Pd$cd$®d&
¹¸' fcHaIa'''' YsIHhka YsIa'''' iïmkak f,i yeisrùug oD'''' kHdhka fuka u
,>q oKa'''khka o ,nd §ug isÿ ù we;s nj úÿy,am;s;=ud mejiS h'
^g$G$v$V&
¹¸¸' k¾'''k l=i,;d j¾''''kh lr .;a isiqka úiska ;u m%''''u ika''''¾Ykh
bÈßm;a lrk ,È' ^;$:$o$O&

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 23


¹¸¸¸' úYajfha m%'''jh ms<sn|j we;euqka bÈßm;a l< m%'''kaO m%;slafIam jQ ksid
Tjqkaf.a m%h;akh ksIa'''', jQ njg m%jD;a;s ''''< úh' ^m$M$n$N&
¸º' wkqrmqr kg'''ka ne,Sug ;u w'''j o iu. .sh chr;ak" i'''fudla iqj
,nkqj njqka jvk i'''' .K olakg ,enqKq nj mejiS h' ^Uq$nq$Õ$.&
º' w'''o~q f,dl= uy;a jqK;a .=Kfhka w'''' fld,a,ka o we;s nj l''''
/f.k hk ñksid l''' u; b| f.k l,amkd lf<a h' ^vq$~q$o$|&
2' ksjerÈ moh f;dard ,shkak'
¸' yDohdx.u$yDohx.u ia;=;sh'
¸¸' iudc wOHkh$wOHhkh
¸¸¸' f,aLl$f,alL uKav,h
¸¹' mqia;ld,Sh$mqia;ld,hSh f;dr;=re
¹' iajNdúl$iajdNdúl iïm;a
¹¸' fftrdjK$ftrdjK yia;shd
¹¸¸' wdOHd;añl O¾u;djh$O¾u;dj
¹¸¸¸' fm%au jD;dka;h$jD;a;dka;h
¸º' rdc wd{dj$wk{dj
º' kS;Hdkql=,$kS;Hkql+, l%uh
3' my; § we;s moj, wlaIr úkHdih jerÈ kï ksjerÈ lr ,shkak'
¸' m%ia;djkdj º¸' fldÜgdi ld¾hd,h
¸¸' f,aLK ffY,sh º¸¸' iS>%.dó ÿïßh
¸¸¸' m%YaK m;% º¸¸¸' le<‚ úydrh
¸¹' f;dr;=re úYaf,aYKh º¸¹' mß.kl ;dlaIKh
¹' u<< l%Svd º¹' ms<s;=re m;%h
¹¸' ksIAYío l,dmh º¹¸' oka; ffY,d.drh
¹¸¸' Wmßu wdYajdoh º¹¸¸' wNsryia urKh
¹¸¸¸' ksIam, jHdhduh º¹¸¸¸' iqr.k /Õ=u
¸º' o<od ud,s.dj º¸º' kHYaÀl m%ydrh
º' uOHidr Ndú;h ºº' l‚IaG mq;%hd

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' Tfí iy Tfí ñ;=rdf.a fjk;a úIhhka iïnkaO igyka fmd;a /f.k
tajdfha wlaIr úkHdi jerÈ ksjerÈ lrkak'
2' we;eï mqj;am;aj, fndfyda wlaIr úkHdi fodaI olakg ,efí' tajd tl;= lr
ksjerÈ lrkak'

24 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 úYajfldaIh 4

úYajfldaIh hkq úIh iSudjla ke;sj fyda ;ks

úIhhla
úYajfldaIh hkq úIh msls <y sn|j
smhlafyda f;da
ms<sn |jrdfyda .;a;ks jeo.;a ud;Dld
úIhhla ms<sn hgf;a
|j fyda f;dr;= f;dr;= re rix.% y lrñka
e ix.% y lrñka iïmdÈ; lD;s
iïmdÈ; lD;s úfYaIhls' we;eï úg úYajfldaIhla ;ks fmd;la
úfYa I hls ' we;eï úg úYa j flda I hla
jYfhka m<
;ks fmd;la jYfhka m<lr lr;s;s ìh ìh yelsyels h' h' fndfyda úg fïjd
fndfyda
fmd;a ldKa v ls
úg fïjd fmd;a ldKav lsysmhla jYfhka m< flf¾' y s m hla jYfhka m< flf¾' ;ks
;ks úIhhla úIhhla
hgf;a hgf;a fyda úúO fyda úúO úIhúIh hgf;a hgf;a fyda iïmdokh
fyda
iïmdokh jqjq jj oo úYa úYajjfldafldaIIhl hl f;dr;=f;dr;=rree ix.% ix.%yy flfrkqfha
flfrkqfha ud;Dld mdGj, wldrdÈ ms<sfj< wkqwkq
ud;Dld mdGj, wldrdÈ ms < s f j< j j h' úúO
h' úúO fmd;m;fmd; iïmdokh
m; iïmdokh lr lr .ekS.ekS
ug ufuka g fuka u u úúO úIh
úúO úIh lreKq fidhd .ekSug mdGlhkag jfldaIj,ska
lreKq fidhd .ekS u g o mdGlhka g úYa
úYajfldaIj,skuy;a
a uy;amsg msqn
g,hla
qn,hla iemfha iemfha' ' fuufuu mdvu mdvu úYajfldaI
Ndú;h
úYajfldaI Ndú;h ms<snms|<uQ sn,| sluQwoyila
,sl woyila ,nd .ekS ,ndug .ekSug u.
u. fmkajhs' fmka j hs '
isxy, idys;HisúYa
xy, idysI;h"H iuhdka
jflda úYajflda ;Irh"úYaiuhdka
jfldaI;h"r úYajfldaIh"
k¾;k úYajfldaIh" ckY%e;s úYajfldaIh úYa
k¾;k úYa j flda I h" ckY% e ;s wdÈhjfldaIh wdÈh
isxy,
isxy, NdIdfjka tlaNdIdfjka
tla úIhh tlahgf;a tla úIhhm< fldg hgf;a m< fldg
we;s úYajfldawe;s
I lsyúYa jflda
smhls ' isIxy, lsyNdIdfjka
smhls' isxy,m< NdIdfjka
jk m< jk
m% O dk cd;s l úYa
m%Odk cd;sl úYajfldaIh jk isxy, úYajfldaIh" j flda I h jk is x y, úYa j flda Ih"
úúO úIhkagúúO wod<j úIhka
iïmdokh g wod<j jkaiïmdokh
kls' fï jk jkaúgkls' fï jk úg
tys ldKa v 13la m<
tys ldKav 13la m< fldg we;' EncyclopaedeaEncyclopaedia fldg we;'
Britannica
Britannica hkq hkq bx.S%isiïmdÈ;
bx.S%is NdIdfjka NdIdfjkaf,dj iïmdÈ; f,dj
jvd;a m%p,s; jvd;a
úYajflda m%pI ,sh; hsúYa jfldaisIgh m<
' 1768 hs' 1768
flfrk isg m< flfrk
tys" fï jk úg ixialrK 18la ksl=;a ù ;sfks
tys " fï jk úg ixia l rK 18la í'l=;a ù ;sfí'
j¾;udkfha th j¾;udkfha
ksl=;a flfrkq th ksflha=;a úµq flfrkq
;a .%kfa:hahla úµq;a .%ka:hla
jYfhka ix.;
jYfhka ix.; ;eá ud¾.fhka yd wka;¾cd, ;eá ud¾.fhka yd wka;¾cd,
udOHfhka mu‚'udOHfhka Wikipedia mu‚' hkq Wikipedia
wka;¾cd,fhys hkq wka;¾cd,fhys
m%p,s; ckms m%%h
p,s;úYajckms flda%h IhlsúYa ' jfï fldaImdvfuka
hls' fï mdvfuka
oelafjkafka isxy, úYajfldaIfha isõjk ldKavis
oela f jka f ka is x y, úYa j flda I fha jqjk ldKavfhka
fhka
Wmqgmsdg.ka
Wmqgd .kakd ,o q follskd ,o ' tysmsgúúO q folls
úIh ' tys
mdol úúO lrúIh mdol lr
f.k f;dr;=re ix.%y lr we;s nj tu msgq wOHhkh msgq wOHhkh
f.k f;dr;= r e ix.% y lr we;s nj tu
lsÍfuka y÷kd lsÍ.;fuka yels y÷kd h' .; yels h'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 25
26 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 27
 wjfndaOh
1' fuys oelafjk úYajfldaI msgqj Wmldr lr .ksñka my; oelafjk m%Yakj,g
ms<s;=re imhkak'
¸' brKuvq jefjys c, uQ,dY%h kï lrkak'
¸¸' fy< bruqiq iy l¿ bruqiq ixialD; ks>Kagqj, y÷kajd we;af;a flfia
o@
¸¸¸' YS% ,xldjg wdfõ‚l brrdc Ydlh jefjkafka ljr m%foaYj, o@
¸¹' brKuvq" brngq ;rej" bruqiq" brrdc" brjä hk mo fm< .iajd we;af;a
l=ula mokï lr f.k o@
¹' ta whqßka jpk fm< .iajd we;s fldaI .%ka: folla kï lrkak'

isxy, wldrdÈ ms<sfj<

NdIdjl wldrdÈ ms<sfj< ilia jkafka tys fydaäh ilia ù we;s wdldrh wkqj h'
fï ksid wldrdÈ ms<sfj< ta ta NdId wkqj fjkia fõ' isxy, fydaäfha wlaIr
mámdáh fndfyda ÿrg ixialD; wldrdÈ ms<sfj< wkqj ilia ù we;' isxy, wlaIr
ud,dj fm< .iajd we;af;a ta ta wlaIrhg ysñ iïu; ia:dkhg wkql+,j h'
isxy, f,aLk jHjydrfha we;s wlaIr .Kk yegls' tajdyss wldrdÈ ms<sfj< my;
oelafõ'

w1 wd2 we3 wE4 b5 B6

W7 W!8 R9 RD10 Ì11 Ï12
t13 ta14 ft15 T16 ´17 T!18
wx19 w#20
l21 L22 .23 >24 X25 Õ26
p27 P28 c29 ®30 `Co31 `c32
g33 G34 v35 V36 K37 `v38
;39 :40 o41 O42 k43 |44
m45 M46 n47 N48 u49 U50
h51 r52 ,53 j54
Y55 I56 i57 y58 <59 *60

28 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

by; wl=re 60 w;=ßka wl=re wgla mohl uq, fkd fhfoa' tkï" RD" Õ" `c" `v" |"
X" x" # hk wl=re h' isxy, wldrdÈ ms<sfj< wkqj iajr" jH[ackdlaIrj,g l,ska
fhfok w;r" w,amm%dK wlaIrh Bg wkqrEm uydm%dKdlaIrhg l,ska fhfoa'
jH[ackdlaIrhla iu. ms,s fh¥ úg we;s jk wldrdÈ ms<sfj< oek isàu o
m%dfhda.sl jYfhka jeo.;a fõ' ksoiqkla jYfhka ‘la’ Yíohg tla tla iajrh
fhÿK l, Bg wkqj ms,s iy ixfla; fh§fï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= wlaIr mámdáh
fufia h' l ld le lE ls lS l= l+
lD lDD fl fla ffl fld flda fl!
la lH l% l%d la/ la? ls% lS%
lare larE fl% fla% ffl% fl%d fl%da fl%!

y,a wl=r fh§u

wldrdÈ ms<sfj< wkqj jpk fm<.eiaùfï § y,a wl=r fhfokafka fld;ekl o
hkak wdOqkslhkag muKla fkd j úh;=kag o we;s jQ .eg¨jls' y,a jQ jH[ackdlaIrh
.d;%dlaIr ud,dfõ uq,g fyda w.g fyda fhÈh yels h' fï iïnkaOfhka YíofldaI
l¾;Djreka l%u folla wkq.ukh lr we;s nj fmfka' je,súáfha fidar; ysñhkaf.a
YS% iqux., YíofldaIh fï iïnkaOfhka wkq.ukh lrk l%uh kï y,a wl=rlska
wjika jk jpkh m<uqfjka o bka wk;=rej ta y,a wl=rg ‘w’ isg ‘T!’ f;la iajr
fhÿKq rEm o oelaùfuka miqj y,a wl=rg miq fjk;a jH[ackdlaIrhla fhfok
mo oelaùu hss' ksoiqkla jYfhka ‘w’ hkakg mrj ‘l’ fhfok úg ta mo YS% iqux.,
YíofldaIfhys bÈßm;a fldg we;s wkqms<sfj< fufia h'

la ( wla ^wxlh" w. ,l=Kq&
l ( wlïm
ld ( wld,
le ( wlem
ls ( wlsßh
lS ( wlSlre
l= ( wl=re
lD ( wlD;{
fl ( wflõ ^je<lSu&
fld ( wfldia ^nekSu&
fl! ( wfl!Y, ^wúµdj&
lalaw ( wlalr
lalawd ( wlald
laIaw ( wlaIr
laIaT! ( wlafI!ysŒ
laIahawd ( wlaIHdfrda.HYd,dj
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 29
 wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g wkqj jpk fm< .eiaùfï § y,a wl=r fh§u iïnkaOfhka
ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska iïmdÈ; isxy, YíofldaIh yd yßYapkaø
úch;=x.f.a m%dfhda.sl isxy, YíofldaIh wdÈfhys wkq.ukh lr we;s ms<sfj;
wkqj" y,a jH[ackhlska wjika jk mo ix.%y fldg we;af;a iajr Yío wjidkfhys
h' fuys wldrh fmrgqj fhfok ‘w¬la’ tkafka ‘w¬la¬w’" ‘w¬la¬T!’ wdÈ jYfhka
fhÿKq jpkj,g miqj h' ixialD; bx.sßis we;=¿ Ydia;S%h YíofldaI wkq.ukh
lr we;af;a uq,ska lS l%uh hs'
l ( wlïm
ld ( wld,
le ( wlem
ls ( wlsßh
lS ( wlSlre
l= ( wl=re
lD ( wlD;{
fl ( wflõ ^je<lSu&
fld ( wfldia ^nekSu&
fl! ( wfl!Y, ^wúµdj&
la ( wla ^wxlh" w. ,l=Kq&
lalaw ( wlalr
lalawd ( wlald
laIaw ( wlaIr
laIaT! ( wlafI!ysŒ
laIahawd ( wlaIHdfrda.HYd,dj

fï l%uhg wkqj" iajrhlg yd jH[ackhlg miqj wl=re fhfok ms<sfj< fufia h'
wl wld wle wlE wls wlS
wl= wl+ wlD wlDD wfl wfla
wffl wfld wflda wfl! wla wlala

wkqiajdrh yd úi¾.h fh§u

wkqiajdrh yd úi¾.h jH[ackdlaIr jk kuqÿ iajrdrEVj fkd fhfohs' ta wkqj

wkqiajdrh yd úi¾.h folska wk;=rej fhfokqfha jH[ackdlaIrhla mu‚' fï
fya;=j ksid wldrdÈ ms<sfj<ska jpk fm< .eiaùfï § wkqiajdrh yd úi¾.h
oelaúh hq;af;a iajr wjidkfhys h¦ j¾. jH[ackdlaIrhkays wdrïNl wlaIrh
jk ‘l’ ldrhg fmrgqj h'
w wT wx w# wl wl= wla
lx l# l ld le fl! la

30 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'


lx ( lxldku
lxldßh
lxl=ka
l ( ll=,
ld ( ldy,
le ( leú,s
ls ( lsß
úi¾.h o fï wdldrfhka jH[ackdlaIr uq,ska fhfoa'

ÿ# ( ÿ#Lodhl" ÿ#Å;
ÿ#YSS," ÿ#idOk
l ( ÿl
l= ( ÿl=,d
la ( ÿlaL

hxYh iys; wl=r

hxYh hkq jHxck Yíohlg miqj tk ‘h’ hkak ,shd oelaùug fhfok ixfla;hla
fyhska hxYh iys; wl=re tkafka wldrdÈ ms<sfjf<ys ‘u’ hkakg miqj h'
ka - uq ( lkauq,
ka - h ( lkHld
ka - hd ( lkHdj
hxYh iys; wl=rla iu. ms,s fhfok úg tajdfhys wldrdÈ ms<sfj< fufia h'

lH lHd lHq lHQ flH flHa flHd

rldrdxYh iys; wl=r

rldrdxYh hkq jHxck Yíohlg miqj tk ‘r’ hkak ,shd oelaùu ms‚i fhfok
ixfla;hla fyhska" rldrdxYh iys; wl=re tkafka wldrdÈ ms<sfjf<a ‘h’ hkakg
miqj h'
la - ud ( wlaudj
la - hd ( wlahd,
la - r ( wl%u
la - rd ( wl%dka;
la - ß ( wls%h
la - frda ( wfl%daO
la - ,d ( wla,dka;
la - j ( wlajrej
la - I ( wlaI

4' r' uq' kS' i' 180543

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 31
 f¾Mh iys; wl=r
jHxck Yíohlg bÈßfhka tk ‘¾’ Yíoh ,shd oelaùu ms‚i fhfok ixfla;h
‘f¾Mh’ kï fõ' tfy;a f¾Mh fjkqjg ‘¾’ hkak fh§ug iuld,Sk isxy,
f,aLlfhda jeä leue;a;la olaj;s' tu ksid f¾Mh iys; wl=re fhÈh hq;af;a o ‘¾’
hkakg ysñ ia:dkfha h'

¾ - ´ ( wfrdaI
¾ -l ( wl_
¾ - > ( w>_
¾ - K ( wK_j
¾ - : ( w:_
‘{a’ hk wl=frka wdrïN jk jpk lsysmhla o isxy, jHjydrfhys yuq fõ' ‘{’
hkq ixhqla; jH[ackhla fyhska th isxy, fydaähg we;=<;a fkd jk ixfla;hls'
tneúka tn÷ jpk ia:dk.; l< hq;af;a flfia oehs oek .ekSu m%fhdackj;a h'
‘{’ iE§ we;af;a ‘Ê’ yd ‘[a’ hk wl=re ixfhda. ùfuka neúka ‘{’ hkafkka
wdrïN jk jpk fhÈh hq;af;a ‘Ê’ wl=frka werfUk fia ie,lSfuks'
fcda;sl {ma;s {dkjDoaO {dmk fcHaIaG
fcda;su;a {d; {dkúNd.h f{ah O¾uh fcHda;s¾ úoHdj
fc!.v {d;s {dfkdamfoaYh cHdñ;sh Êjrh
fc!;sIs; {dk {dml cHdh Êj,k
fuys wkqms<sfj< fufia h'
''' fcda fc! Ê[ ^{& ''' Êhd ^cHd& '''

,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk kdu wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g ilikak'
¸' w;a;d" uq;a;d" k;a;d" mk;a;d" ls;a;d" lsßls;a;d" weáls;a;d
¸¸' fkañkao" BIOr" úk;l" iqo¾Yk" wYajl¾K" hq.kaOr" lrùl
¸¸¸' fld<U" rcrg" fudrgqj" reyqK" le,‚h" fmardfo‚h" hdmkh
¸¹' w.=<" w.Dys;" w.ia;s" w.aks" w.s,a" w.dO
¹' wudj;=r" O¾um%§msldj" nq;airK" ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh" mQcdj,sh"
ioaO¾ud,xldrh

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' úIh ixl,am meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu ms‚i mdi,a mqia;ld,fha we;s úYajfldaIh
Ndú; lrkak'
2' isxy, wldrdÈ ms<sfj< ,shd mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

32 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

riska ri ujk nia uysuh 5
zf,aLk ffY,shZ fyj;a zm%ldYk ú,dihZ hkq f,aLlhd
ish jdla fldaIfhka f;dard .kakd jpk .<md ish
f,aLkh f.dv ke`.Sfï § wkq.ukh lrk ;d,h" ;dkh
yd jd.,xlrK wdÈh hs' Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl §
ksYaÑ;d¾:j;aj o ks¾udKd;aul f,aLkfha §
Ndúld¾:j;aj o jpk ixl,kh l< hq;= fjhs' tfuka u"
;;aiu mo fyda tajdfha ;oaNj rEm fyda úl,am jYfhka
Ndú; flf¾'
jd.a ú,dih hkq f,aLlhd Tyqg wdfõ‚l jdla fldaIfhka"
j¾Kkd flfrk wjia:djg fhda.H jpk f;dard f.k
ish f,aLkh f.dv ke`.Su hs' thska Tyqf.a zf,aLk
ffY,shZ tkï zm%ldYk ú,dihZ f.dv kefÕa' fï wkqj
m%ldYk ú,dih yd jd.a ú,dih fol Rcqj u NdId
Ndú;h iïnkaO wx. jifhka ie,lsh yels h'
rpkd Í;sh hkq NdId Ndú;fha § úYsIag f,i flfrk mo
.e<mSu hs' th f,aLlhdf.a jpk f;dard .ekSu yd jpk
.e<mSu;a l:k l%uh;a hk folays u ixl,kfhka ilia
jk m%ldYk Wml%uhls' rpkd Í;s úúO h' jeä fokd
iïu; f,aLk jHjydrh wkq.ukh lroa§ we;efula
NdIK jHjydrh wkq.ukh lr;s' ta Í;s fol u iuld,Sk
isxy, jHjydrh hg;g .efka' f,aLlhd u tla tla
pß;fha Ñ;a;iajNdjh rEmK$l:k ud¾.fhka bÈßm;a
lsÍu m%nkaO idys;Hfha § iq,nj olakg ,efí' ta ta pß;
,jd u tlS pß;j, is;=ú,s iuqodh wkdjrKh lsÍu
ú{dkOdrd Í;sh hs' w;S;dj¾ckh" ,shqï" Èkfmd;a"
PdhdrEm yd levm;a ms<sìUq wdÈh u.ska o we;eï f,aLlfhda
l;d bÈßm;a lr;s' iuyre zf,aLk ffY,shZ ye¢kaùug
o zrpkd Í;shZ hkak fhdo;s'
f,aLlhdf.a NdId Ndú;h m%ldYk ú,dih fyj;a f,aLk
ffY,sh" jd.a ú,dih yd rpkd Í;sh hk ;=fkys u
iïñY%Khls' fï mdvu úúO m%ldYk ú,di" jd.a ú,di
yd rpkd Í;s ms<sn| úuid nef,kakls'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 33

 mer‚ isxy, idys;Hfha úúO rpkd ffY,s i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla u;= oelafõ'
lshjd f;areï .ekSug jvd wid ri ú£ug fhda.H Ndúld¾:j;a rpkd ú,dihla
fhdod .;a wdldrh mkaish mkia cd;l fmdf;ka Wmqgd .ekqKq uyd lms cd;lfhka
meyeÈ,s fjhs'

hg .sh oji nrKeia kqjr n%yauo;a; kï rÊcqre flfkl=ka oirdc O¾ufhka rdcHh
mßmd,kh lrk l,ays liS okõfjys iS id Ôj;a jk tla;rd nuqfKla l=Uqfrys iS id
f.dka f.a uqod yer kshr fldgkag mgka .;af;a h' f.dka ;K ld f.k hkakdyq
le,E ld f.k hñka l%ufhka uy jkhg jkakdy' tf;u f.dka ke;la fõ,d fkd
olafka h' blaì;s Woe,a, ;nd,d weú;a f.dkqka fkd oel uy;a fodïkig meñK
Tjqka fidhñka jkfhys wE; uE; weúÈkafka ysuj;a fmfoi yd taldnoaO jQ jkhg
jeo wd w;a hk w;a fkd okafka i;shla ksrdydrfhka j,au;aj weúo" tla ;sôß rellg
ke.S fkd ú,slaiqKq M, wkqNj lrkqfha weÕ n, ke;s jQfhka w;= w.ska .s,S ysig
w;a;la muK keUqre we;s f,dawe¢ß krlh fia ìysiqKq fia uy;a krl m%md;fhl
yqKqfha h' fudyq jegqKq iojila úpr bl=;a jQ l,g jdkr ckaufhlays bmso fndaê
i;a;ajhka jykafia fkdfhla M,dM, lñka weúÈfka tu w;= w.g meñ‚fha w;s.ïNSr
m%md;fhys jeà laIqOdfjka fm<S fl¢ß.dñka fyd;a mqreIhd oel ish ÿlg jvd furud
ÿla bjish fkd fyk ta uyi;a f;u fkdfhla cd;sfhys mqreÿ lreKdj fudyq flfrys
nyd u;= fndfyda i;=ka iir uyd j<ska f.dv jkag mQ¾j ksñ;a; mdkd fia ñksfil=
úpr nr we;s .,la bK ne|f.k .,a l=f<lays isg ìug mek kej; Wvg mek
fumßoafoka wNHdi fldg tf,i mqreI m%udK j<g mek ta mqreIhd weÕ jyjdf.k
fõ. okjd f.dvg mek úvdj f.dia tlshk mqreIhd flfrys ksiaixlj Wl=f,ys bi
;nd jeofyd;af;a h'
ti| ta flf<ys.=K fkd okakdyq ñ;%fødayS jQ mqreI f;u is;kqfha uu ojia .Kkla
ksrdydrfhka lsis n,hla ke;sfhñ' jkfhys M,dM, lEfuka YÍrfhys n, jvd.;
fkd yelal' fï wfiaj jeofyd;a j÷rd urd uia fldg wkqNj lsÍfuka YÍrh;a mqIaá
fldg f.k fuhska ud¾f.damlrKhl=;a imhd .ksñ' is;d ;u foujqmshka urd;a iem
Wmojd .; hq;= hhs is;k fia kqÿfrkaj ;=nQ .,a,E,a,la werf.k fndaêi;a;ajhka
ksoñka fyd;a;jqka uqÿfka myf<a h' túg uy fndaêi;aj f;u Wkkaÿj w;= w.lg
mek fï lsfulafoda fyda hs úuikqfha wka lsisfjl= úiska l< fohla fkd fjhs' fï
múgq f;ke;a;jqka f.ka u úh hq;=h hs oek “tïn, ñ;% fødays jQ oDIag n%dyauKh" ;d
oeka IIaá mqreI udk jQ j<lska f.dv ke.Sñ" f;da oeka Bg jvd .eUqre ñ;% fødays kue;s
jf<lays jegqfKa h' ;d l< fia fkd fhfohs” lshd ´ yg kskaod fldg bÈka fu;k
yer mshd .sfhï kï fu;k isxy jHd>%d§kag f.dÿre fjñka ñhkafka h' kej; udf.a
lreKdjg iqÿiq fkd jkafka hhs is;d “tïn, mqreIh ;d flfrys uu iel we;af;ñ'
tneúka uu w;= w.ska w.g mek ;g u. mdñka fhñhs” lshd fudyq le|jd f.k
jkfhka t<shg nyd udj; isgqjd kej;;a wei jid yqKq uia jeoe,a, w;ska Tijd
f.k ;=re ysiska ;=re ysig mek f.dia ;uka jik m¾j; m%dka;hg f.diska jkay' ta
ñ;% fødays mqreI f;fï;a uy fndaêi;ajhka flfrys wmrdO fldg tu mdmfhka
Yaafõ;l=IaG .d;sj laIqOd msmdidfjka mSä; jQfha tu wd;auNdjfhys u ukqIH fma%;
jQfha h'

uyd lms cd;lfha w;S; l;dfõ fldgila

34 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
w¾:hg jvd Yío rih u;= jk mßÈ isÿ l< mo ixfhdackhg ksoiqkla jk fï
fPaoh ioaO¾ur;akdlrfhka Wmqgd .;a;ls(

“kdkdúO úyÕ .Khdf.a uOqr ®xldr l=yl=ydrj .=uq.=udrjd§ka lkal¨ jQ
iqmqIams; jEfld| ;ud,,;dÈ ,;dloïn pqïì; mdomfY%a‚ka úis;=re jQ ¨ïìks
jfkdaoHdkhg jeo tys kka úis;=re n,kakdyq úis;=re ;=r. fmdl=re ,U fok
iqjm;a ú,sl=ka ñhqre wU isU ;=vq ;nd uOqr ri Wrd î u;aj ika ȧ fl<kd rka
;s;a fjfy,a le, oel flld ir kÕd rÕd niakd u;a fudkr le,kaf.a i|eia ms,a
le,a le¨fuka tl¨ jQ'''”

ioaO¾ur;akdlrh

isxy, .µ idys;Hh msßfyñka meje;s uykqjr wjêfhys f,aLk yd l:k jHjydrh

ñY% f,aLk jHjydrhla Ndú;hg .ekqKq wdldrh yd iïu; f,aLk jHdlrK Í;s
fkd i,ld we;s wdldrh rdcdj,sfhka fy<s fjhs'

“fofjks mE;siai rcqf.a u,a rÊcqrejka bkakd wjêfha u jeõ n¢kav .shdy' jeõ
n¢kd ;ekg fojk mE;siai rcqf.a l=udrhd .shdy' ta l=udrhdg rdÊch ysñ lr
fokag ´kE ksid tìij wU f.kakjd ie<shl ,d u;=msg úi fhdod ;snd ie<sh
jeiqï ne| weßhdy' jej n¢kd ;ekg tjqfõ ula ksid o lSfjd;a m<uq ie<sh uqod
rÊcqrefjda l;S is;d weßhdy' miqj l=udrhdg fo;shs is;d weßhdy' ta ie<sh f.k
jej n¢kd ;ekg f.dia rcq isákd ;ek ;snqfõ h' <Õ isá l=udrhd ie<sh lvjeiau
uqojd u;=msg ;snq úi fmjQ wUh lñka tfõf,a u keiqfKa h' ”

rdcdj,sh

uqøK Ys,amh meñŒu;a iu. fmd;a m;a m%ldYkh jHdma; fõ' lshjkq weiSu
fjkqjg iudch l%ufhka lshùug yqre fõ' mqiafld<j,g iSud jQ mer‚ .µ
idys;H lD;s o uqøK oajdrfhka ksl=;a fõ' mqj;am;a yd iÕrd m%ldYkhg m;a fõ'
fuf;la lshjkq wid ri ú£ug f.dv keÕ=Kq idys;Hh úkaokd;aulj lshjd ri
ú£ug WÑ; NdId ffY,shla fhdod .ekSfï wNsfhda.h ful, f,aLlhka yuqfõ
mej;s‚' ta i|yd mer‚ iïNdjH .µ idys;Hh weiqfrka ñY% isxy, f,aLk
ffY,shla fj; fhduq jkakg oerE W;aidyh mqj;am;a ,smsj,ska o m%lg fõ'

5' r' uq' kS' i' 180543 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 35

“fï iÕrdfõ m%Odk woyi kï WmfoaYfhka muKla fkd j wdo¾Yfhka o YsIagdpdr
.=Kh j¾Okh lrùu fõ' YsIagdpdr .=Kh iu. idu.%Hh o thska j¾f.dakak;sh o
jefâuehs' ta ms‚i {dk m%fndaOhg fya;= fõ' tfyhska {dk m%fndaOhg fya;= jQ
kdkdúO Ydia;%hka iïnkaO jQ m%fhdackj;a jdlHhkaf.ka irid fï iÕrdj m%isoaO
lrkq ,efí' f,dalh iïnkaO jQ f;dr;=re o ixialD;" Y=oaOud.ê" m%lD;" isxy, hk
NdIdjka yd ;;a iy.; jQ jHdlrK ksrela;s Pkafoda,xldr ldjH kdgldÈ Ydia;%hka
o iïnkaê; jQ jdlHhka m%isoaO lsÍu fuys m%Odkdx.hla fõ'” ^is¿ñK" 1908&
^WoaOD;hs( m%{dfYaLr 1964( 54-55&

is¿ñK i`.rdj - 1908

tl u w;aoelSu úúO NdId jHjydr Ndú;fhka bÈßm;a lsÍfuka úúOd¾: WmÈk

wkaou my; oelafjk ksoiqkaj,ska meyeÈ,s fjhs'

“ud W;aijhg f.dia uf.a fudfgda r:fhka wj;S¾K jQ ú.i u" f,f,k kremáka
hq;a Tißfhka ieriS yqka ,,kdfjda mia fofkla uql=¿ iskd mdñka ud foig wdjdyq
h' Tjqka w;r foj`.k rE we;s tla rEmsldjla" u,a oï hqj,lg n÷ jQ fldau, oE;
uf.a f., jgd hjd" ;j;a u,a oulska uf.a lr me,ekaÿjd h' fjk;a iqkaoßhla"
wvla msmqKq fk¨ulg n÷ jQ ;u foda;ska f.k wd iq.kaO l=iqu mq[achla ug mqo
l<d h' wk;=re j fï ÈjHdmairdfjda ud jg fldg isg f.k" fldals, rdjhg n÷ jQ
iajrfhka uf.a hYia .S .hkag jQy' uu ta .Sfhka ijka mskjd f.k" Tjqka .hd
wjika jQ miq" iqoï iNdj fia w,xlD; fldg irik ,o Yd,djg msúi fõosldj u;
wiqka .;af;ñ'”

“ud W;aijhg f.dia fudfgda ßfhka neiai ú.i u Wvrg idß ye| f.k isá
;re‚fhda mia fofkla wdpdr iïmkak ú,difhka u| iskdfjka hq;=j ud foig
wdjdyq h' Tjqkaf.ka tlshla ;ud wf;ys jQ u,a ou uf.a lfrys me,÷jd h' ;j;a
tlshla ;ud f.k wd u,a fmdl=rla ug msßkeuqjd h' wk;=rej Tjqyq ud bÈßfhys isg
f.k ud ms<s.ekSug iqNdisxik .S;sldjla .ehQy' uu Bg lka § f.k isg" Tjqka .hd
yudr jQ miq" tu wjia:dj i|yd ;kk ,o úfYaI Yd,djg msúi fõÈldjg kexf.ñ'”

“uu Tjqkaf. f;dúf,g .sys,a, ld¾ tflka neiai yeáfh u" idß fldgj,a ojg
f.k ysgmq fl,af,d rxpqjla úß;a; f.k ud Èydjg ÿj f.k wdj' tla fl,a,la
uf.a fn,af, .er`äfhla T;kj jf.a u,a ud,djla f.k,a, uf.a lr Wv w;
weßh' ;j;a fl,a,la w;ska .=,s lr f.k wdmq u,a fmdl=rla ug Èla flrej' Bg
miafi" uQ‚Épdjg lshk mo j.hla f.d;d, yomq isx.drula há .sßfhka lsh lshd
lE.ykak mgka .;a;' ta lkafodialsßhdj uu bji f.k b|, hka;ka bjr jqKd
u .sys,a," me;af;ka yod, ;sìÉp yrla .d,g we;=¿ jqKd'”

idys;H úoHdj - tÈßùr irÉpkaø

36 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

by; fþoj,ska o tl u wjia:dj ;=ka wdldrhlska mejfihs' m<uqjekak Bg
iïnkaO jk l:lhd th m%S;su;a yd ika;=Iaáodhl wjia:djla fia i,lk wdldrh
hs' tys yeu wx.hlska u Tyqg i;=g we;s fjhs' fojekak ta ms<sn| uOHia: bÈßm;a
lsÍula jk w;r f;jekak wmg fy<s lrkafka l:lhdf.a wm%ido ckl ufkdaNdjh
hs' tl u wjia:dj fþo ;=fkys tlsfklg fjkiaj olajk wdldrh iy ta i|yd
fhdod .kakd jdxud,dj úuikak'
fnda .i Y%S ,dxlslhdf.a fuka u f,daljdiS fn!oaO ckhdf.a o f.!rjdorhg md;%
jQ o mQckSh;ajfhka ie,flkakd jQ o Ydlhls' my; oelafjkafka ta ms<sn| WoaNso
úoHd;aul f;dr;=re we;=<;a fldg ,shk ,o fldgils(

isxy,fhka “fnda” hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nk Ydl úfYaIh úYd, iodyß; fyda
m;kYS, Ydlhla fyda kq. iajrEmS (banyan) Ydlhls' lf|ka yg .kakd jdhj uq,a
rys; h' m;% úkHdih i¾ms,dldr h' <má m;% frdai meye;s h' isks÷ flaYr iys;
md§h ksm;% yd Wmm;% yereKq úg wksla m;% flaYr rys; h' m;% ;,h 7-26 « 4-16
cm jk w;r wKavdldr" yDodldr fyda ¥Ial m;% mdohla iys; wKavdldr yevhla
.kS' m;% w.%h imqÉP" w;s;Sj% fõ' 25-90 mm È.á h' jhkh ;=kS p¾u, fyda isks÷
fõ' m;% odrh taldldÍ fkd fõ¦ ke; fyd;a l=vd LKavl iys; h' md¾Yaúl kdrá
hq., 6-9 jk w;r mq¿,a fldaKhlska hqla; h' we;eï ia:dkj, § fkd meyeÈ,s
wlajla úkHdihla orhs' jDka; 35-130 mm ;rï jk w;r fndfyda úg m;% ;,hg
jvd §¾> fõ' M,h llaISh h¦ hq.añ; h¦ ks¾jDka; h' mßK; wjia:dfõ § frdai" oï
fyda l¿ meye .kS' mdoia: ksm;% 3" 3-5 mm È.á" wKavdldr-fudg" isks÷-flaYr
iys;" u| flaYr iys; fyda flaYr rys; fõ' mqudx.s mqIam oajdßld iys; h¦ ks¾jDka;
h¦ tal-j,hdldrj msysgd we;' mßmqIamh fldgia folls¦ r;= meye;s h" ksoyia h'
wKavdldr-,xidldr fõ' cdhdx.s mqIamh ks¾jDka; h' mßmqIam fldgia 3-4" r;= meye;s
h¦ ksoyia h¦ flá h' äïn fldaIh ly meyefha isg mßfõIagl fõ' w.%ia:h fyda
by< Nd.h ks¾jDka; fyda jDka; iys; fyda fõ' jDka; iys; kï jDka; 1'5mm
muK È. h' m;% ;,fha há wmsp¾uh muKla fldaIaGdIau orhs¦ mQáld mDIaÁh fõ'
jHdma;sh rdj,amsKaä isg kefÕkysß È.g ysud,hdkq jkdka;r yd hqkka" fldÑka
Ökh" W;=re ;dhs,ka;h f;la m%foaYh fjhs' mßir l,dmh Wml÷lr jkdka;r jk
fuys j,a o¾Y wo jk úg w;sYhska ÿ¾,N h' fï Ydlhg wdfrdams; ixialD;sl yd
mQckSh w.h fya;= fldg f.k wo jk úg f,dj fndfyda m%foaYj, j.d lrkq ,efí'

fï fþofhys we;=<;a jkafka tu Ydlfhys m;%" mqIam" M, wdÈ wx.;a tys mdßißl
jHdma;sh;a ms<sn| f;dr;=re h' fï f;dr;=rej, úfYaI;ajh jkafka ksYaÑ; ùu;a
wod< f;dr;=rej, i;Hdi;HNdjh wjYH ljrl=g jqj o mÍlaId lr ksYaph lr
.; yels ùu;a h'
ñka wk;=rej oelafjkafka fnda .i iïnkaOfhka ,shjqKq fjk;a f;dr;=rej,g
uq,a ;ek ÿka f,aLkhls' fuhska lshfjkafka Ydlfha fN!;sl iajrEmh fkd j tys
jHdma;sh yd Bg wod< iudc-ixialD;sl miqìu iïnkaO úia;rhls(

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 37


isxy,fhka weigq kñka o fou< niska wrpq" yska§ m%uqL kQ;k bkaÈhdkq NdIdj,ska
msm,a yd ixialD;fhka wYaj;a:" md,sfhka wiai;a: hkqfjka o ye¢kafjk fï
Ydlh WoaNso úoHd;aulj *sl=ia fr,sðfhdaid ^Ficus religiosa& hkqfjka y÷kajkq
,efí' th Moraceae kï Ydl l=,hg (family) wh;a h' j¾;udkfha ,xld jdiSka
w;r fuka u fiiq f,dalhd w;r o fuh m%lgj we;af;a “fnda”" “fndaê” hkqfjks'
kq. fyj;a *sl=ia ^Ficus& .Khg wh;a Ydl wd.ñl iïm%odh lsysmhlg u oeä
f,i iïnkaO jk w;r isoaOd¾: f.!;u ;dmihd f.!;u nqÿka jYfhka
i;HdjfndaOh ,nk wjia:dfjys *sl=ia fr,sðfhdaid Ydlhl fijfKys .; l<
njg we;s m%jdoh fya;=fjka fï Ydlh fn!oaOhdf.a mQckSh jDlaIh njg m;a ù
;sfí' frdamKh lrk ,o Èkh iïnkaO ksYaÑ; b;sydi jd¾;djla iys; f,dj
mer‚ u Ydlh f,i ie,flkafka o *sl=ia fr,sðfhdaid fyj;a fnda .ils' l%sia;=
mQ¾j 288 § ,xldfõ md,lhdj isá foajdkï msh ;siai rcqg iuld,Sk bkaÈhdkq
md,lhd jQ wfYdal rcq úiska mß;Hd. lrk ,o" f.!;u nqÿka jykafia fijK ,enQ
uq,a Ydlfhys YdLdjlska frdamKh lrk ,oehs ms<s.efkk fï jDlaIh ,xldfõ
m<uq jk rdcOdksh jQ wkqrdOmqrfhys msysgd we;' fuh Y%S uyd fndaêh" ch Y%S uyd
fndaêh hk kïj,ska y÷kajkq ,efí' fï ft;sydisl yd mQckSh jDlaIh ta jgd
f.dv keÕ=Kq ixialD;sh fya;=fjka Y%S ,dxlslhdf.a wkkH;d i,l=K njg m;aj
;sfí'

fnda Ydlh ms<sn| idys;Huh WoaOD; folla my; oelafjhs' tys § Wmud wdÈ
w,xldr ndyq,Hh" yeÕSï okjk NdId Ndú;h wdÈ iqúfYaI;d u;= ù fmfkhs'

<d ;U m;a ,sh,k i|
oU r;arka leghula h
ta ;U m;a fudark u|
m,d meyeh uysuhla h'

<d iq<Õg ief,k <m¨

weig lkg .S;hla h'
ó foa ÿj big keÕ=j
b÷ ks,a ñ‚ fiai;la h'

m%nqoaO - uy.u fialr

38 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'


<d oï meyefhka hqla; jQ w¨;a o¨ folla ta jk úg fnda me<fha keÕS ;snQ w;r"
bka miq yßhg u Èk ;=kla .; jQ ;ek ijia jrefõ ysre neif.k hk iufha §
.fia my< u ;snQ ly meye;s fld<h keÜfgka .e,ù iqÿ je,s we;srE l=vd fnda u¿j
u; m;s; jkakg úh' th jefgk f;la je,s u¿j hdno .,la u; jdä ù n,df.k
Wka Tyq th foda;ska u f.k ta foi ál fõ,djla n,df.k issáfha h' Tyqg uy;a jQ
wdvïnrhla - wNsudkhla oefkkakg úh' ;ud ÿre l;r f.jdf.k /f.k wd ta
wk¾> jia;=fõ oeka wmQre Ôj .=Khla ls%hd;aul fjñka ;sfí' Èfkka Èk kj o¨
ouhs' mefik fld< .fyka bj;a ù fmdf<djg jevu lrhs' ljrod fyda wkd.;fha
Èkl fuu fndaêh uyd fhdaOhl= fia iqúi,aj jev isg" .u i;r w; foaj;d t<s
úysÿjkq we;ehs Tyqg is;s‚'

fixfldÜgx - uyskao m%idoa uiabUq,

fï tla tla WoaOD;h ,shQ f,aLlhdf.a wNsm%dh l=ula o hkak ta tla tla fþofhys
m%ldYk ú,dih" jd.a ú,dih fuka u Wmhqla; rpkd Í;sh o wkqj meyeÈ,s jkq
we;' úoHd;aul yd Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl § biau;= jkafka lreKq" f;dr;=re yd idOl
hs' tys ,d f,aLlhdf.a ufkdaNdj fyj;a yeÕSï we;=<;a fkd fõ' tl u úIhhla
wrNhd Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhla fuka u ufkdaNdjd;aul f,aLkhla o iïmdokh l<
yels nj;a tys ,d jeo.;a jkafka m%ldYk ú,dih yd jd.a ú,dih nj;a by;
WoaOD; i;r lshùfuka Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
w;S; iudcfhys lkska wid ri ú¢ idys;H lD;s uqøs; yd úoHq;a udOH ÈhqKq
j¾;udkfhys weiska n,d lshùug fndfyda fokd mqreÿ ù isá;s' tu ksid wo ìys
jk idys;H ks¾udK o Y%e;s f.dapr rgdfjka ñ§ oDIaá f.dapr rgdjg wkql+, jk
fia ,shefjhs' tod isá Y%djlfhda wo mdGlhka njg m;a ù isá;s' j¾;udk mdGlfhda
oekqu i|yd o úkaokh i|yd o lshj;s' Bg iß,k fia wµ;k idys;H .%ka:j, o
mqj;am;a yd iÕrdj, o m%ldYk ú,di" jd.a ú,di fuka u rpkd Í;s o úúO;ajfhka
yd úÑ;%;ajfhka Tm fjhs'

wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu

f.dka f.a - yrla ndk
fkd ú,slaiqKq M, - fkd bÿKq f.ä
laIqOdfjka - l=i .skafkka
furud - wkHhkaf.a
wfiaj - fjfyij
mqIaá fldg f.k - fmdaIKh ,en
IIaá mqreI udk jQ - mqreIhka yeg fofkl=f.a muK .eUqr we;s
uOqr ®xldr - ñysß jQ z®xZ hk kdo we;s

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 39

 l=y l=ydrj - ‘l=y l=y’ hk kdo we;s
jE fld| - l=kao kï mqIam úfYaIh
;ud,,;dÈ - ;u¨ ,sh f.duq wdÈ
,;d loïn pqïì; - je,a iuQyfhka isôkd ,o
mdom fYa%Œka - jDlaI mka;sj,ska$.ia fma<sj,ska
fmdl=re ,Ufok - fmdl=re jYfhka t,af,k
ú,sl=ka - bÿKq
fjfy,a le, - uqj iuQyhd
j¾f.dakak;sh - cd;sfha ÈhqKqj
;;a iy.; jQ - Bg tl;= jQ$Bg wh;a
ksrela;s - mo iE§ we;s wdldrh

,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk jpk i|yd úreoaOd¾:j;a mo mdvfuka Wmqgd olajkak'
¸' fkd .eUqre - ¸¹' wñysß - ¹¸¸' wkjYH - º' mgyeks -
¸¸' ielfhka - ¹' wiu.sh - ¹¸¸¸' wúksYaÑ; -
¸¸¸' l,HdK ñ;%hd - ¹¸' wm%lg - ¸º' wdOHd;añl -
2' my; i|yka fldgia fjk;a wdldrfhka ,shkak'
¸' “tf;u f.dka ke;la fõ,d fkdolafka h”
¸¸' uu ojia .Kkla ksrdydrfhka lsis n,hla ke;sfhñ'
¸¸¸' ;d l< fia fkd fhfohs'
¸¹' thska u j¾f.dakak;sh o jefâ uehs
¹' idudkHhlg kSri jQjd fya ri Nß; flfrhs'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' mdvug we;=<;a uyd lms cd;lfha fldgi Yío k.d lshjkak'
2' my; oelafjk jpk ;;aiu yd ;oaNj jYfhka fjka fldg j.= .; lrkak'
m%md;fhl" Woe,a," rdcHh" M,dM," j÷rd" n%dyauK" jHd>%dÈka" lkal¨" úyÕ"
Yafõ;" ie<sh" cq.=maidj" mµh" mrud¾:h" m<uq" uqiq" isU" i|eia" ud¾f.damlrK"
úhrK
3' my; i|yka WoaOD;hkays we;=<;a ;oaNj ;;aiu jpk iys; ñY% isxy,
Í;sfhka rÑ; jdlHh ne.ska Wmqgd ,shkak'
¸' uyd lms cd;lh ¸¸' is¿ñK i`.rdj
¸¸¸' WoaNso úµd;aul f,aLkh ¸¹' ioaO¾ur;akdlrh
4' ioaO¾ur;akdlrfha i|yka Yío rih u;= flfrk fhÿï myla Wmqgd ,shkak'
5' rdcdj,sfha i|yka l:k yd f,aLk ni ñY% jQ jdlHhla Wmqgd olajkak'
40 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
 jdlH Í;s 6

jdlHhla hkq iïmQ¾K w¾:hla iys; mo tl;=jls'

Wla;dLHd; mo iïnkaO;dfjka hq;a jdlHhla
ksjerÈj Ndú; lsÍfuka hï f;dr;=rla fyda úia;rhla
jvd;a m%n,j yd ksrjq,aj bÈßm;a l< yels h' jdlH
ks¾udKfha m%fNao lsysmhla olakg ,efí' l¾;D
ldrl jdlH" l¾u ldrl jdlH" l¾;D mo fyda l¾u
mo fyda lsysmhla iys; jdlH" m%Odk jdlHhla ;=<
wm%Odk jdlH tlla fyda lsysmhla we;=<;a jdlH wdÈ
jYfhks' úÑ;%dx." idlÉPd" m%jD;a;s wdÈ udOH jev
igyka m%Yia; f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd o Ydia;S%h
,sms f,aLk jvd;a ksjerÈj ilia lsÍu i|yd o by;
jdlH Í;s y÷kd .ekSu wjYH fõ' tu Í;s wkq.ukh
lrñka m%Yia; f,i NdIdj Ndú; lsÍu ikaksfõok
ld¾hfha § jeo.;a jkq we;'
Wla;-wkqla; fNaoh" jdlH Í;s yd Wla;-wdLHd; mo
iïnkaOh ms<sn| úia;r 10 fYa%‚fha fm< fmdf;ys
o we;=<;a h' fï mdvfuka l¾;D ldrl-l¾u ldrl
jdlH fNaoh yd úfYaI jdlH Í;s lsysmhla Tng
y÷kajd fohs'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 41

 l¾;D ldrl l¾u ldrl fNaoh
l¾;D ldrl-l¾u ldrl fNaofha § jdlHhl wjidk ls%hd mofha ,laIK y÷kd
f.k ;sîu jeo.;a h' ls%hd" j¾. folla hgf;ys ,d oelaúh yels h' ta wl¾ul
ls%hd yd il¾ul ls%hd hkqfjks' l¾u ldrlhg yerúh yelafla il¾ul ls%hd
mohla we;s jdlH mu‚' ls%hdj wl¾ul fõ kï jdlH l¾u ldrlhg yerúh fkd
yels h' my; oelafjk ksoiqka úuid n,uq'
¸' .dhlhd .S .hhs' ^il¾ul jdlHh& ¸¸' u,a msfmhs' ^wl¾ul jdlHh&

l¾;D ldrl jdlH

orefjda foudmshka ku¢;s'
fï jdlHfha ‘kuÈ;s’ hkak ls%hdj hs' ku¢;s hk ls%hdj lrkafkda orefjda h'
ls%hdfjka Wla; jkafka ‘orefjda’ hk moh hs' th fï jdlHfha l¾;D h' l¾;Df.a
‘kuÈ;s’ hk ls%hdjg hg;a jkafka ‘foudmshka’ h' th l¾u moh hs' fuu jdlHfha
olakg ,efnk m%Odk wx. ;=kls' tkï Wla;h" l¾uh yd ls%hdj hs' ta wkqj Wla;h
l¾uh yd ls%hdj iys; jdlHj, ls%hdfjka l¾;D lshfjk úg" ta jdlH l¾;D
ldrl jdlH kñka ye¢kafjhs'
l¾;D ldrl jdlHhl Wla;fha yd ls%hdfõ jpk" mqreI" ld, wdÈh ksis f,i
.e<msh hq;= h'
l¾;D ldrl jdlH ú.%yh
orefjda ^Wla;h& foudmshka ^l¾uh& kuÈ;s ^ls%hdj&
l¾;D Wla; h' l¾uh wkqla; h' l¾;D ldrl ls%hdjls'
nyq jpk nyq jpk m%:u mqreI
mqreI ,sx. nyq jpk
j¾;udk ld,
l¾;D ldrl jdlHj, wjidk ls%hd mo mqreI;%fhys yd ld,;%fhys o tal jpk yd
nyq jpk jYfhka o fhfok wdldrh úuid n,uq'
zn,Z Od;= m%lD;sh

j¾;udk ld,h wkd.; ld,h w;S; ld,h
mqreI tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk
m%:u n,hs n,;s n,hs$ n,;s$ ne,Sh$ neÆy$
mqreI n,kafka h$ n,kafkda h ne¨fõ h$ ne¨fjda h'
n,kakS h ne¨jd h
uOHu n,ys n,yq n,ys$ n,yq$ ne,Sys neÆyq
mqreI n,kafkys n,kafkyq
W;a;u n,ñ n,uq n,ñ$ n,uq$ ne,Sñ neÆuq
mqreI n,kafkñ n,kafkuq

42 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 l¾u ldrl jdlH
‘orefjda foudmshka ku¢;s'’ hk l¾;D ldrl jdlHh"
‘orejka úiska foudmsfhda keuf|;s$ku¢kq ,n;s'’ hkqfjka o ,súh
yels h' tfia ,sùfï § fjkialï lSmhla isÿ fjhs'
uq,a jdlHfha ;snQ orefjda hk Wla; moh orejka hkqfjka wkqla; ù we;'
úiska hk úNla;s w¾: fok ksmd;hla tl;= ù we;'
foudmshka hk wkqla; l¾u moh foudmsfhda hkqfjka Wla; ù we;'
foudmsfhda hk Wla; l¾uhg wkqj keuf|;s$ku¢kq ,n;s hk l¾u ldrl
ls%hdjla fh§ we;'
ld," jpk" mqreI" ,sx. wdÈh Wla;hg yd wdLHd;hg .e<fmk f,i fh§ we;'
fulS úfYaI;d ksid;a" l¾u moh Wla;j mj;sk ksid;a fun÷ jdlH l¾u ldrl
jdlH kñka ye¢kafjhs'
l¾u ldrl jdlH ú.%yh
orejka úiska foudmsfhda keufo;s$kuÈkq ,n;s
wkqla; rEmh l¾u ldrl l¾uh Wla; ù we;' l¾u ldrl ls%hdj
fhfoa' w¾: fok m%:u mqreI
nyq jpk ksmd;h nyq jpk nyq jpk
,n;s hkafka z,nZ
Od;=fjka ilia ùu
j¾;udk ld,
l¾u ldrl jdlHj, wjidk ls%hd mo mqreI;%fhys" tal jpk yd nyq jpk w;S;"
j¾;udk" wkd.; ^wk;S;& jYfhka fhfok wdldrh úuid n,uq'
zn,Z Od;= m%lD;sh
j¾;udk ld,h wkd.; ld,h w;S; ld,h
mqreI tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk
m%:u nef,hs$ nef,;s$ nef,hs$ nef,;s$ ne,s‚$ ne¨‚$
mqreI n,kq ,efí n,kq nef,kafka h$ nef,kafkda h n,k ,È$ n,k
,efn;s nef,kakS h n,k ,oafoa h$ ,oy$
,oa§ h ,oafoda h
uOHu nef,ys$ nef,yq$ nef,ys$ nef,yq$ ne,sKsys$ ne¨Kqyq$
mqreI n,kq n,kq nef,kafkys$ nef,kafkyq n,k ,oafoys$ n,k
,efnys ,efnyq n,kq n,kq n,k ,oys ,oafoyq$
,nkafkys ,nkafkyq n,k
,oyq
W;a;u nef,ñ$ nef,uq$ nef,ñ$ nef,uq$ ne,s‚ñ$ ne¨‚uq$
mqreI n,kq n,kq nef,kafkñ$ nef,kafkuq$ n,k ,Èñ$ n,k
,efnñ ,efnuq n,kq n,kq ,oafoñ ,Èuq$
,nkafkñ ,nkafkuq ,oafoñ

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 43

 ,sÅ; wNHdi

1' iqÿiq moh f;dard ysia;eka mqrjkak'
¸' ^f.dúfhda$f.dúhka& .jhka wdrlaId lr;s'
¸¸' <uhs ^.=rejre$.=rejreka& ku¢;s'
¸¸¸' l=re,af,da f.dÿre fidhd ^mshdU;s$mshdUhs&'
¸¹' ^nd,sldfjda$nd,sldjka& wirKhka wdrlaId lr;s'
¹' md,lfhda ^lïlrefjda$lïlrejka& mii;s'
2' ksjerÈ moh jryka ;=<ska f;darkak'
¸' ^ñ;=rka$ñ;=frda& úiska ^i;=ka$i;a;=& wdrlaId flfr;s'
¸¸' wOHlaIjrhd úiska ^.=rejre$.=rejreka& m;a flfr;s'
¸¸¸' kS;s{hd úiska ^fiajdodhlhka$fiajdodhlfhda& wu;kq ,n;s'
¸¹' ^ßheÿrka$ßhÿfrda& úiska nia r: Odjkh lrk ,È'
¹' ksfõÈldj úiska y`v md,kh lrk ^,È$,oa§ h&'
3 my; i|yka jdlH l¾u ldrlhg yrjd ,shkak'
¸' foudmsfhda wm hyu. hejQy'
¸¸' orefjda ls%lÜ lS%vd lr;s'
¸¸¸' .dhlfhda rislhka i;=gg m;a l<y'
¸¹' ld¾ñlfhda Woaf>daIKh lr;s'
¹' foaYfma%óyq foaYh wdrlaId l<y'

ue;s inh úiqrejd yef¾'

u;a øjH fpdaokdj,g isjqfofkla w;a wvx.=jg .efk;s'
.=rejrekaf.a fiajh we.fha'
uy jeiafika rcrg jeõ msf¾'
fun÷ mqj;am;a YS¾I mdG Tn oel we;s nj ksiel h' l¾;D moh fyda ‘úiska’
ksmd;h olakg fkd ,enqK o tu fhÿï l¾u ldrl jdlH iajrEmh .kshs'
lsishï fmdÿ lreKla bÈßm;a lsÍfï fyda ksYaÑ;j l¾;D m%ldY l< fkd yels
wjia:dj, § m%dfhda.sl jHjydrfha fun÷ l¾u ldrl fhÿï oelsh yels h'
tfuka u Ydia;S%h f,aLkj, § nyq,j Ndú; flfrkafka l¾u ldrl jdlH hs'
my; i|yka jdlH flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
wudj;=r" fmdf,dkakre hq.fha rpkd lrk ,oehs ie,fla'
j.d <sxj,ska bj;a l< mia" N+ úoHd{hka úiska mÍlaIdjg ,la flß‚'

44 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 úfYaI jdlH Í;s

ixYhd¾:h

¸' ud úNd.fhka iu;a fj;s’ hs uj is;=jd h'

¸¸' ;reK ;re‚hka ieKfl<shg meñfK;sZhs ixúOdhlfhda is;;s'
¸¸¸' ks<shl /Õ=ula md;sZhs fm%alaIlfhda wfmalaId l<y'
¸¹' Tyq újdofha § fyd¢ka ;¾l l<yZhs fma%laIlfhda mejiQy'
by; jdlHj, m%Odk jdlHhg wu;rj w;=re jdlHhla o olakg ,efí' uq,a jdlHfha
uj is;=jd h" ixúOdhlfhda is;;s" fma%laIlfhda wfmalaId l<y" fm%alaIlfhda mejiQy
hkq m%Odk jdlH h' ta idudkH Wla;dLHd; Í;shg wkqj h' tfy;a ta iu. we;s"
‘ud úNd.fhka iu;a fj;s'’
‘;reK ;re‚hka ieKfl<shg meñfK;s'’
‘ks<shl /Õ=ula md;s'’
hk wka;¾ jdlHj, l¾;D wkqla; iajrEmfhka o wdLHd;h m%:u mqreI nyq
jpkfhka o fh§ we;' tu jdlHj,ska ixYhd¾:hla" ielhla" wdrxÑhla" jd¾;d
lsÍula" is;Sula" wfmalaIdjla" úYajdi lsÍula fyda wúYajdi lsÍula m%ldY úh
yels h' tjeks woyila iys; jdlH ixYhd¾: jdlH f,i ye|skafjhs'

my; jdlH ksfodia fldg ,shkak'

¸' i;=frda myr fo;s’hs md,lfhda ìh jQy'
¸¸' ud .ug h;sZhs foudmshka is;;s'
¸¸¸' nure oIag lr;s’ hs wms ìh ùuq'
¸¹' u.Syq ud¾. kS;s ms<smÈ;s’ hs fmd,sia ks,OdÍyq is;=fjda h'
¹' merkafkda .ia .,a jkaokd l<yZhs fndfyda fokd úYajdi lr;s'

zwe;Z" zke;Z fhda.h

¸' foudmsfhda thg iïnkaO ke;'
¸¸' wOHlaI uKav,fha ldka;dfjda o we;'
¸¸¸' ld¾hd,fha fiajlfhda we;'
fïjdfha foudmsfhda" ldka;dfjda" fiajlfhda hk l¾;D mo Wla;j fh§ we;'
wdLHd;h we;" ke; hkq hs' ta wkqj wdLHd;hla fjkqjg zwe;$ke;Z fhfok úg
l¾;D Wla; ù m%:ud úNla;s .kshs'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 45

 jryka ;=<ska f;dard f.k ysia;eka mqrjkak'
¸' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' mka;sfha ke;' ^YsIHhka$YsIHfhda&
¸¸' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' lS%vd msáfha we;' ^lS%vlhka$lS%vlfhda&
¸¸¸' '''''''''''''''''''''''''' nia ßfhys ke;' ^u.Ska$u.Syq&
¸¹' fõÈldfõ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ke;' ^k¿fjda$k¿jka&
¹' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ld¾hd,fhys we;' ^,smslrejka$,smslrefjda&
my; jdlH o úuid n,kak'
¸' ud isßmd lreKd lr ke;'
¸¸' ish¨ lS%vlhka iQodkï ù we;'
¸¸¸' Tjqka ñysß .Shla .hkq we;'

fïjdfha ‘we; ke;’ fhÿK o l¾;D wkqla; h' Bg fya;=j ‘lreKd lr" iQodkï ù’
hk mQ¾j ls%hd yd ‘.hkq’ hk Ndj ls%hd fhÿKq neúks'

ta wkqj jdlH wjidkfha ‘we;$ke;’ fhÿK o Bg uq,ska mQ¾j ls%hdjla fyda Ndj
ls%hdjla fhÿK fyd;a l¾;D wkqla; fjhs'
my; jdlH ksjerÈ lr ,shkak'
¸' <ufhla l:djla mj;ajkq we;'
¸¸' ixpdrlfhda iS.sßh krUd ke;'
¸¸¸' wfmalaIlfhda úNd.hg iQodkï ù we;'
¸¹' l=re,af,da leo,s lrd mshUkq we;'

‘yd’" ‘iy’ ksmd; fhda.h

‘yd’" ‘iy’ ksmd; iuqÉphd¾:fhys o iu. hk w¾:fhys o fhfoa' my; oelafjk
jdlH iuqÉphd¾:h m< lrhs'
¸' .=rejre o YsIHfhda o /iaùug wdy'
.=rejre yd YsIHfhda /iaùug wdy'

¸¸' .xj;=frka f.j,a o mdrj,a o hg úh'

.xj;=frka f.j,a yd mdrj,a hg úh'
ysia;eka mqrjkak'
¸' YsIHfhda iy .=rejre mdif,ys '''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸' .dhlfhda yd .dhsldfjda .S '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸¸' fjf<kafoda iy mdßfNda.slfhda idlÉPd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¹' .ia iy je,a mßir w,xldr '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¹' mqgq yd fïi ld¾hd,fha ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

46 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

yd" iy ksmd; iu. hk w¾:h m< lsÍfï § tals ksmd; moj,g mQ¾jfhka fhfok
kdu moh wkqla; rEmh .kS'
uu Tjqka yd ñ;% ùñ'
iqrka iy iyieia fkd lr isáfha wyia l=ia ysia
iy ksmd;h j¾;udk jHjydrfhys iu. hk w¾:h m< lsÍu i|yd fndfyda úg
fkd fhfoa'

jryka ;=<ska iqÿiq moh f;darkak'

¸' wms ^frda.Ska$frda.Syq& yd ms<si|frys fhÿfKuq'
¸¸' isjqmdfjda ^l=re,a,ka$l=re,af,da& yd jkh w;a yer h;s'
¸¸¸' f.ú,sfhda ^f.dúhka$f.dúfhda& yd l=Uqrg h;s'
¸¹' ^mshjre$mshjreka& ujqjreka yd úfoia .; jQy'
¹' ^uu$ud& Tjqka yd .ukg tl;= ùñ'

‘iu.’" ‘legqj’ ksmd; fhda.h

¸' f.dúhka iu. f.ú,sfhda o l=Uqre jmqr;s'

¸¸' YsIHhka legqj WmfoaYljre foaYk Yd,djg meñfK;s'
fuu jdlHj, we;s ‘iu.’" ‘legqj’ hk ksmd; ‘tlaj’ hk w¾:h .kS' túg ta iu.
we;s kdu moh wkqla; fjhs' f.dúhka iu." YsIHhka legqj hkdÈ jYfhks'

iqÿiq mo fhdod ysia;eka mqrjkak'

¸' wlald fhfy<shl iu. mdvï ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸' f.dúfhda ks,OdÍka iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= '''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸¸' nd,sldfjda nd,lhka iu. Odjkfhys ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¹' isxyhd megjqka legqj f,k ;=<g ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¹' .=rejßhla YsIHdjl legqj mdi,g '''''''''''''''''''''''

úl,amd¾: ksmd; fhda.h ^fyda$fkdfyd;a&

¸' <uhs fyda .=rejre pdßldfõ fhfo;s'

¸¸' uu fkdfyd;a kqU mdvï lrkafkys'

fï jdlHj, we;s ‘fyda’" ‘fkdfyd;a’ ksmd;j,ska úl,amd¾:hla oelafjhs' tys

§ l¾;D mo fol u Wla; iajrEmfhka ;eìh hq;= h' tjeks jdlHj, ls%hd moh
fhfokafka thg wdikakfha u we;s Wla; mohg wkqrEmj h' by; jdlHj, m<uq
jdlHfha .=rejre hkakg;a fojeks jdlHfha kqU hkakg;a wkqrEmj ls%hd moh fh§
we;'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 47

 my; oelafjk jdlH ksjerÈ lr ,shkak'

¸' ks,Odßka fkdfyd;a md,lfhda úfoia .; jQy'
¸¸' úÿy,am;sjre fyda wOHlaIjrhka iNdj wu;;s'
¸¸¸' bxðfkarefjda fkdfyd;a ld¾ñl Ys,amSka jeõ wuqKq ;ekjQy'
¸¹' lS%äldjka fkdfyd;a YsIHdfjda fl<s ìug msúiqfKda h'
¹' fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fkdfyd;a ßhÿrka ud¾. kS;s lv fkd l<y'

iudkd¾:jdÖ ksmd; fhda.h

¸' ñ.s|d fyj;a isxyhd jkfha wdêm;Hh m;=rejhs'
¸¸' uj fyj;a wïud orejkg fifkyi mdkakS h'
fï jdlHj, fyj;a hk ksmd;fhka tl u fohla fyda tl u whl= .ek lshfõ'
tneúka th iudkd¾:jdÖ ksmd;hls' ls%hd mohg iómfhys u we;s Wla; mohg
wkqj ls%hdj ;eîu Í;sh hs' m;=rejhs hk ls%hd moh isxyhd hk Wla;hg wkqj;a
mdkakS h hk ls%hd moh wïud hk Wla;hg wkqj;a fhfoa'
7' ysia;ekg iqÿiq mo ,shkak'
¸' mshd fyj;a ;d;a;d orejka wdrlaId ''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸' ysre fyj;a Èklr f,dj ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸¸' fk¨u fyj;a ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ú, w,xldr lrhs'
¸¹' pkaøhd fyj;a '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' f,djg u isis, fnohs'
¹' ñysl; fyj;a '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' wm ord isáhs'

WmudjdÖ ksmd; fhda.h

¸' wms hym;a ñksiqka fia yeisfruq'
¸¸' weh iqrÕkl fuka iqkaor h'
¸¸¸' Tyq Wmdilhl= jeks h'
fuu jdlHj, lsishï Wmudjla oelafjhs' ta i|yd Ndú; lr we;af;a fia" fuka"
jeks hkdÈ WmudjdÖ ksmd; h' tjeks ksmd;hlg mQ¾jfha fhfokafka wkqla; kdu
mohls' ñksiqka fia" iqr`.kl fuka" Wmdilhl= jeks hkq ksoiqka h' mßÈ" ú,i" tõ"
n÷" jf.a" f,i hkdÈh o WmudjdÖ ksmd; mo hs'

iqÿiq moh jryka ;=<ska f;darkak'

¸' Tyq ^foúhl=$foúfhla& jeks ñksfils'
¸¸' w| ^nd,hka$nd,fhda& f,i fkd yeisfrõ'
¸¸¸' wms ^fhdaOhka$fhdaOfhda& fia keÕS isáuq'
¸¹' weh ^Wmdisldjl$Wmdisldjla& ú,i yeiqreKd h'
¹' uu ^jd¾;dlrejl=$jd¾;dlrefjla& f,i fmkS issáfhñ'

48 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 jdlH rpkh 7

ukqIHhd NdIdj ud¾.fhka woyia m< lrk l%u

folls' tlla kï lSu" foiqu ke;fyd;a foãu hs'
wfkl ,shd oelaùu − tkï f,aLkh − hs' tla
lreKla wrNhd oelaúh hq;= ish,a, iïmsKavkh
fldg iSud iys; È. m%udKhlska hq;=j ms<sfj<lg
ilia l< .µ ksnkaOh jdlH rpkhls' jdlH
rpkfha jia;= úIh ms<sn| iSudjla ke;' f;dard
.kakd ,o úIhhlg fyda ud;Dldjlg fyda wod<j
/ia lr .kakd lreKq ta iïnkaOj iajlSh woyia o
mokï lr .ksñka úYaf,aIKd;aulj yd ;¾ldkql+,j
,sùu" rpkhl iajNdjh hs' ud;Dldjg wod<j yrj;a
lreKq rij;a f,i iy l%udkql+,j ksrjq,aj fm<
.eiaùu;a id¾:l rpkhl § jeo.;a fõ' tfuka u
úÑ;% yd ksrjµ NdId Ndú;h fuka u ;udg wkkH
jQ ffY,shlg wkqj rpkh iïmdokh lsÍu o wjYH
fõ' mo fn§u" úrdu ,laIK wdÈ Ys,amSh m%fhda.hkays
ksjerÈ Ndú;h o id¾:l rpkhlg w;HjYH
lreKls' úúO úIhhkag wod< fmd;a m;a" .=jkaúÿ,sh"
rEmjdysksh yd wka;¾cd,h wdÈ uqøs; yd úµq;a udOH
mßYS,kfhka ,nk wjfndaOh" wdhdihlska f;drj
rpkd iïmdokhg bv i,ihs' lshùu" rpkd ,sùug
fyd| mQ¾jdo¾Yhls' rpkd ,sùu" f,aLk l=i,;d
j¾Okhg bjy,a jk ls%hdldrluls' fyd| jdlH
rpkhla idys;Huh .=Kfhka hqla; ksnkaOhla fia
o ie,fla' fuu mdvu rpkd ,sùu i|yd ud¾f.damfoaY
imhkakls'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 49

 ls%' mQ' 4 jeks ishjfiys mgka ls%' j' 11 jeks ishji muK olajd ,xldfõ m%Odk
rdcOdksh jQ wkqrdOmqrh Èjhsfka b;d u jeo.;a ft;sydisl k.rh hs' m<uqjk jrg
,xldfjys nqÿiiak msysgqjk ,oafoa wkqrdOmqrfhys neúka th Èjhsfka m%Odk mQckSh
k.rh o fõ'
kef.kysr foaYdka;r 80º' 24' yd W;a;r wlaINd. 8º' 21' wdYs%;j ,xldfõ W;=re È.
;eks;,dfjys u,aj;= Th nv msysá fï k.rh uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg idudkHfhka wä
295la muK Wi h' idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 57''ls' idudkH jd¾Isl WIaK;ajh
me'81º ls' wkqrdOmqrh úh<s l,dmfha m%Odk ld,.=K m¾fhaIK uOHia:dkhla o
fõ'
1874ys mgka wkqrdOmqrh W;=re ueo m<df;a w.kqjr hs' fld<U isg wkqrdOmqrhg ÿr
ie;mqï 127 1$2ls' uykqjr isg ^oUq,a, yryd& ie;mqï 85 1$2ls' oykjjeks Y;
j¾Ifha w. yßfha § mqrdjia;= mÍlaIK iy jeõ wuqKq m%;sixialrK weröfuka miq
wkqrdOmqrh kj uqyqKqjrlska ÈhqKq jkakg úh' ta ld,fha § wkqrdOmqrfhys ÿïßh
kej;=ïm<la o bÈ lrk ,È'
fm!rd‚l wkqrdOmqr k.rfha mqrdjia;= wdrlaId lr .ekSu;a mQckSh k.rhla
jYfhka tys Y=oaO;ajh /l .ekSu;a Wfoid ksjdi" úÿy,a" fj<|m<j,a" wkHd.ñl
f.dvke.s,s wdÈh Y=oaO k.rfhka bj;a fldg kùk kd.ßl Wjukdjla msßuid ,k
kj k.rhla u,aj;= Tfha kef.kysr bjqfrys f.dv kÕd ;sfí'
,xldfõ fYa%IaG;u mQckSh fn!oaO k.rh jQ wkqrdOmqrfhys mer‚ isxy, krm;Ska
úiska bÈ lrk ,o fn!oaO isoaOia:dk w;=frka wNh.sßh" biqreuq‚h" lsßn;a fjfyr"
fÊ;jkh" :Qmdrduh" olaIsK úydrh" o<od ud,s.h ^mer‚&" kLd fjfyr" mdÖk;siai
mín; úydrh" ñßijeáh" uydfndaê úydrh" rejkaje,siEh" ,xldrduh"
f,dajduydmdh" úchdrduh" fjiai.sßh" ix>ñ;a;d fÉ;sh" is,d fÉ;sh hkdÈh
m%;sixialrKh lrkq ,en fyda kIagdjYsIagj ;ju;a mj;S' f,dalfha we;s b;d u
Ydka; jQ ffY,uh iudê ms<suh yeáhg c.;a lS¾;shla Wiq,k fY%aIaG l,d lD;sh
o f,dj mqrdK;u ft;sydisl jDlaIh yeáhg ms<s.kq ,nk YS% uyd fndaëkajykafia
o we;af;a wkqrdOmqrfhys h' by; i|yka mQckSh ia:dk oel je| mqod .ekSu ms‚i
fmdfidka iufha § wkqrdOmqrhg Èjhsfka iEu m<d;aj,ska u we§ tk ,laI ixLHd;
jkaokdlrejka ksid wjqreÿ m;d tu ld,fha § wkqrdOmqr Y=oaO k.rh W;aijYS%hla
Wiq,hs'

isxy, úYajfldaIh - 1 ldKavh

“hula rgdjlg ,shd bÈßm;a lsÍu rpkh kï fjhs' ta wkqj rpkh hkq rgdjlg
ieliSu hk w¾:h hs' th jvd;a meyeÈ,sj m%ldY l< hq;af;a( “ksYaÑ; ud;Dldjla
hgf;a Bg wod< lreKq yd yeÕSï l%uj;aj ixúOdkd;aulj yd ks¾udKd;aulj
f,aLk udOHfhka bÈßm;a lsÍu jdlH rpkh fõ” hkqfjks' fï wkqj jdlH
rpkh lsishï ie,iqï l%uhlg wkqj ,súh hq;= m%nkaOhls'
jdlH rpkh hgf;a ud¾f.damfoaYs; rpkh hkak ye¢k .; hq;= fõ' rpkd
ud;Dldj hgf;a bÈßm;a lr we;s u. wkqj ke;fyd;a Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka
,súh hq;= rpkh" ud¾f.damfoaYs; rpkhls'

50 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

“YS% ,xldj iajNdj fi!kao¾hfhka wkQk rgls' th jkdka;r" Èh we,s" uqyqÿ fjr<
jeks o¾YkSh ia:dkj,ska w,xldrj;a ù we;' tfy;a fïjd keröug meñfKk
ckhd úiska ta ia:dkj,g neyer flfrk fmd,s;Ska yd ma,diaála jeks wmøjH
fya;=fjka ta ;ekaj, iqkaor;ajh jekfiñka mj;S' fï ;;a;ajh j<lajd .ekSu
flfrys ldf.a;a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h'”
‘mßirh wdrlaId lr .ekSu’ hk ud;Dldjg wkql+,j by; rpkd m%Yakh bÈßm;a
lr we;af;a ud¾f.damfoaYs; l%uhg h' fï hgf;a lreKq bÈßm;a l< hq;= ms<sfj<
rpkd m%Yakfhka u bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' ta fufia h'

1' YS% ,xldj iajNdj fi!kao¾hfhka wkQk nj

2' YS% ,xldj o¾YkSh ia:dkj,ska w,xldrj;a nj
3' krUkakka neyer lrk wmøjH ksid tlS ia:dkj, iqkaor;ajh jekfik
nj
4' fï mßir úkdYh j<lajd .; hq;= nj
5' iudf,dapkh jYfhks'
fï whqßka ks¾foaYs; WmfoaYhla ;sîu" ks¾udKd;aul f,aLkhg ndOdjla fkd fõ'
lreKq jvd;a fyd¢ka ixúOdkh lr .ksñka ud;Dldjg wod< úIh lreKq bÈßm;a
lsÍug th msájy,ls'

ud;Dldjla fh§u

jdlH rpkfhys ,d Tfí ks¾udKd;aul f,aLk yelshdj bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd Tn

f;dard .;a úia;rhg .e<fmk ud;Dldjla fh§ug o Tng isÿ fjhs' lsishï
úia;rhlg .e<fmk u ud;Dldjla fh§u ks¾udKd;aul yelshdjls' fï ksid" §
we;s úia;rh lsysm jrla fyd¢ka lshjd tys we;=<;a ish¨ lreKq ksfhdackh jk
ud;Dldjla fh§u jeo.;a h' tfia u úia;rfhka wfmalaId l< lreKq ud;Dldfjka
o meyeÈ,s úh hq;= h' úia;rhg .e<fmk ud;Dld mdGhla fh§u ms<sn| wjfndaOhla
,nd .ekSu i|yd my; WodyrKh wOHhkh lrkak'
“cx.u ¥rl:k Ndú;h fï jk úg fnfyúka jHdma; ù we;' f.da,ShlrKh;a
iu. we;s ù ;sfnk kj úm¾hdi yuqfõ ikaksfõok ld¾hh myiq lsÍfï ,d
fujeks kj ;dlaI‚l fuj,ï ufydamldÍ fjhs' tfy;a tajd wksis f,i m%fhdackhg
.kakd wys;lr wjia:d .ek o ks;r wikakg ,efí'”
by; úia;rhg cx.u ¥rl:k Ndú;h yd kQ;k iudch hk ud;Dldj fhÈh
yels h'

6' r' uq' kS' i' 180543 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 51
 jdlH rpkhl o< wdlD;sh

m%fõYh fyj;a ud;Dldkql+, iudf,dapkh

wdrïNh úIh lreKq fyj;a wjidkh

m%fõYh fyj;a wdrïNh

rpkfha wdrïNl jdlHfhka u iuia; rpkh flfrys mdGlhdf.a wjOdkh fhduq
fõ' fï ksid tys wdrïNl jdlHh ks¾udKYS,Sj ,shd oelaùu l< hq;a;ls' ta i|yd
ud;Dldjg iïnkaO l< yels lsishï WoaOD; mdGhla fyda ud;Dldj ms<sn|
ks¾jpkhla fyda bÈßm;a l< yels h'
‘oekqu jvk lshùu’ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a jdlH rpkhla ,sùfï § my; bÈßm;a
lrk jelsj,ska tla m%fõY jdlHhla bÈßm;a lsÍu WÑ; h'
¸' fï f;dr;=re f,dalhls' f;dr;=re oek .ekSug fmd; m; fuka u wka;¾cd,h
o mßYS,kh lsÍug isÿ fjhs'
¸¸' oekqu yd lshùu w;r we;af;a wúfhdackSh iïnkaOhls'
¸¸¸' oekqu fudfyd;ska fudfyd; w¨;a fjhs' th hdj;ald,Skj mj;ajd .ekSu
i|yd lshùu ufydamldÍ fjhs'
¸¹' oekqu jvk úúO ud¾. w;=frka jvd M,odhS ud¾.h jkafka lshùu hs'
¹' lshùu wx. iïmQ¾K ñksil= ;khs'
¹¸' lshùfuka oekqu msf¾'
¹¸¸' oekqu keue;s ;lai,dfõ Wmßu ;,hg hd yelafla fmd; m; lshùfuks'
fun÷ tla jelshlska wdrïNh ,shd wk;=rej fojk jelsh uq,a jelshg .e<fmk
whqßka bÈßm;a l< hq;= h' fiiq jels o .e<fmk whqßka bÈßm;a lr m<uq fþofha
ud;Dldj ye¢kaùu l%uj;aj isÿ l< hq;= fõ' th ;jÿrg;a wjfndaO lr .ekSu
i|yd my; tla tla ud;Dldj hgf;a bÈßm;a lr we;s m%fõY jdlH lsysmh wOHhkh
lrkak'

úÿ,sh wrmsßuisuq

Èhq Kqfõ rka fodrgq w;r wrmsßueiau o tlls' msßuid f.k mdúÉÑ lsÍu
wrmsßueiau hs' c,h" wdydr mdk" ñ, uqo,a" wrmsßueiafuka mdúÉÑ l< fyd;a tajd
wmg fndfyda ld,hla hk ;=re u mßyrKh l< yels h' wm rfÜ wrmsßueish hq;=
cd;sl iïm;a w;r úÿ,sh m%Odk tlls'

52 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl jHdmdrh

YS
% ,xldj oel=ïl¨ tfuka u iajNdj fi!kao¾hfhka wkQk rgls' WKqiqu isys,
w;r iu .=Kh iys; YS% ,xldj" úfoaYslhkaf.a fkdu| wjOdkhg fhduq jkafka tu
foaY.=‚l ;;a;ajh o fya;=fjks'

isxy, idys;Hfha j¾Okh

ck;djlf.a iNH;ajh;a nqoaê úldYh;a úksYaph lsÍug Tjqkaf.a idys;H l,d
Wmldr fjhs' idys;Hh jQ l,s iNH;ajfhys jeãu ni okakjqkag muKla wefik

fia lshkakls'

isxy, idys;Hfha ke.Su - ud¾áka úl%uisxy

ud;Dldkql+, úIh lreKq

rpkfha úia;rd;aul fldgi fuh hs' fuys § ud;Dldjg wod< lreKq wkqms<sfj<ska
iy ;¾ldkql+,j fþo jYfhka ,súh hq;= h' tys m%udKj;a nj o jeo.;a fõ' fþo
fjka lsÍfï § l%uj;a fm< .eiaula ilia lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' fjk;a fþohl
igyka lrk ,o lreKq kej; kej; igyka lsÍu WÑ; fkd fõ'

iudf,dapkh
jdlH rpkfha wjidk fþoh" iudf,dapkh i|yd fhdod .; hq;= h' tys § f;dard
.;a ud;Dldj hgf;a bÈßm;a l< lreKq l%uj;aj wjika l< hq;= fõ'
iudf,dapkfha § rpkfha bÈßm;a l< lreKqj, idrdxYhla wod< ud;Dldj ms<sn|
rplhdf.a ks.ukh fyda úksYaph iys;j bÈßm;a flf¾'

id¾:l rpkhl ,laIK

rpkh id¾:lj ,sheù ;sfí oehs hkak uQ,sl lreKq ;=kla hgf;a i,ld nef,a'
1' ud;Dldjg wod< nj
2' rpkd ffY,sh yd NdId ú,dih
3' Ys,amSh olaI;d jYfhks'

ud;Dldjg wod< nj
uq,alr .;a ud;Dldjg .e<fmk lreKqj,ska rpkh fmdaIs; úh hq;= h' ta i|yd
wod< lreKq muKla wkqms<sfj<ska fm< .iajd .; hq;= h' rpkh i|yd lreKq
úúO ck udOHj,ska" iÕrd yd fmd; m; lshùfuka idlÉPd yd iïuka;%K wdÈhg
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 53
 ijka §fuka" /ia lr .; yels h' tfia /ia lr .;a lreKq rpkd ud;Dldjg
.e<fmk f,i wkqms<sfj<ska fm< .iajd .; hq;= h' ,sùfï § tajd uq,a lr .;a
ud;Dldjg wod< whqßka ;¾ldkql+,j yrj;aj ixúOdkd;aulj ks¾udKd;aul f,i
yd m%udKd;aulj bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' ta i|yd rpkd iels,a,la ms<sfh, lr .ekSu
m%fhdackj;a h'

rpkd ffY,sh yd NdId ú,dih

rpkh i|yd fhdod .;a NdIdfõ iajNdjh tys w.h i|yd n,mdkakls' ta i|yd
ks¾udKd;aulj jdlH bÈßm;a lsÍu uQ,sl fõ' jelshla ks¾udKd;aul ùug Bg tla
flfrk jpk ud,dj" úfYaIK" Wmud wdÈ w,xldr" jdla iïm%odh" wjHla; yd fkd
.e<fmk m%ldYj,ska f;dr ùu wdÈ lreKq n,mdhs' tneúka jdlH rpkhla ,sùfï
§ ta ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fõ' tfuka u iïu; f,aLk Í;s wkq.ukh lsÍu
o jeo.;a fõ'
Ys,amSh olaI;d
jdlH rpkhl Ys,amSh olaI;d hkq"
rpkh meyeÈ,s w;a wl=ßka hqla; ùu
wlaIr úkHdih ksjerÈj fh§u
jdlHj, ksis ;kays ksjerÈj úrdu ,laIK fh§u
mo fjka fldg ,sùu
wod< mßÈ fþo fjka lr ,sùu wdÈh hs'
id¾:l rpkhla" lshjkakdg fjfyilska f;drj lshùug yels" ish oekqu nqoaêh
j¾Okhg bjy,a jk f,aLkhla úh hq;= h'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' fï tla tla ud;Dldj hgf;a jdlH rpkh ne.ska ,sùu i|yd wod< lreKq
wxl myla hgf;a ixúOdkh lr olajkak'
¸' wfma hym;a isß;a úß;a
¸¸' lS%vdj wmg lshd fok mdvï
¸¸¸' f,dal iduh i|yd f,dal n,j;=ka fj; mejfrk j.lSu
¸¹' uu .xj;=rg ueÈ ùñ
¹' wdmod l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu

54 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

2' my; i|yka rpkfhka ks¾udKd;aul rpkh i|yd .; yels Wmfoia fm<
.iajkak'
fydaæ fydaæ fydaæ
.iaje,aj, uyd l,n,hls' ;on, fkd ikaiqka luls' fodr cfk,a lg lg .d
fjjq,hs' ì;a;sj, ;Èka yefmhs' fl¢ß .dhs' mska;+r ta fï w; meoafohs' fïifha
isg ieye,a¨ fmd;a ìug mkS' lvodis ta fï w; mshdUhs'
r;a flfy,a m÷f¾ È.á fld< fi,fjhs' kefuhs' weUfrhs" bfrhs' we;eï u,a
.ilg" msmqKq u,a wysñ fjhs' bÿKq fld< wysñ fjhs' ÿn, w;a;la folla wysñ
fjhs' ta iu. u ySka fmdo jeiafils' wk;=rej fudr iQrk uy jeiafils' oeka
wfma f.hs ñÿ, mqxÑ .fÕls' lvodis Tre md l< yels lÈu .fÕls'
^mn| yqrej" uÿrisxy .=K;s,l&

3' my; oelafjk tla tla úia;rh hgf;a jpk 250la muK jk fia rpkd
,shkak' ta tlsfklg iqÿiq ud;Dldj ne.ska fhdokak'

¸' mß.Kl ;dlaIKh uq¿ f,dj úYaj .ïudkhla njg m;a lr yudr h'
bka iudchg ie,fik hym; w;suy;a h' bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh
mß.Klfhka jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lr .; yels h' tfy;a oreoeßhka mß.Kl
Ndú;hg fhduq lrùu mfriaifuka l< hq;a;ls'

¸¸' idys;Hh ck;d Wreuhls' bka rfÜ idudðl" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,ksl

f;dr;=re o ksrEmKh fõ' mqoa.,hd ;=< hym;a wdl,am j¾Okh i|yd
idys;Hh mdol fjhs' ta wkqj rfÜ ck;d is;=ï me;=ï hyu.g m;a lr
iduldó mqrjeis msßila ìys lr .ekSug idys;Hh bjy,a lr .; yels h'

¸¸¸' mqj;am; ;ju;a ck;djg f;dr;=re imhk m%n, uqøs; udOHhls' mqj;amf;a
ld¾h Ndrh w;r jeo.;a jkafka ksjerÈ f;dr;=re l,g fõ,djg iemhSu h'
mqj;am;ska iudc" wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfuka ck;djf.a
oekqu fmdaIKh fjhs' jd‚c;ajhg nr jQ we;eï mqj;am;aj, m< jk ydkslr
mqj;a rgg úkdYhls' mqj;amf;a j.lSu iudc iqpß;h ie,iSu h'

¸¹' c, ysÕh" kdh hEu" .xj;=r" <eõ .sks wdÈh we;s ùug fndfyda ÿrg fya;= ù
we;af;a iajNdj O¾uhg jvd ñksia lghq;= h' ñksiqka wd;aud¾:h .ek u ñi
fmdÿ hym; .ek fkd i,lkafka wehs@ fï úkdYldÍ lghq;= ue`v meje;aùu
fkd l< fyd;a wm lrd uyd úkdYhla <Õd jkq we;' th je<elaùu i|yd
È.= ld,Sk fuka u flá ld,Sk jevms<sfj< wjYH fõ'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 55

 8 idys;H ri úkaokh yd úpdrh

iyDohd ;=< pu;aldrhla ckkh jk mßÈ lrk ,o

,sÅ; ks¾udK" idys;Hhg wh;a h' fujeks
pu;aldrhla ckkh lrk ks¾udK" ldjHh jYfhka
o ye¢kafõ' lúhl= lúhla ks¾udKh lsÍfuka
wfmalaId lrkafka lsishï wmQre w;aoelSula iQpkh
fldg mdGlhd ;=< pu;aldrhla oekùu nj uydpd¾h
úu,a Èidkdhl kjlúir‚h lD;sfha § fmkajd §
we;' .µ ldjH ^kjl;d - flál;d&" mµ ldjH"
pïmq ldjH ^.µ - mµ ñY%& oDYH ldjH ^kdgH& wdÈ
úúO idys;H ks¾udKj, uQ,sl wruqK ri ksIam;a;sh
hs' ri úkaokhg wod< iyc Yla;sh jdikd .=Kh hs'
rih hkq ú| .; hq;a;ls'
Wiia YsIagdpdrhla yd iNH;ajhla iys; rgl
idys;Hh W;a;Í;r ;;a;ajhl mj;S' wkqrmqr"
oUfo‚" l=reKE.," fldaÜfÜ jeks idys;H hq. Bg
idlaIH orhs' fuf,i idys;Hh fmdaIKh ùu flfrys
m%;sNdiïmkak ks¾udKlrejka isàu;a tn÷ ks¾udK
ri ú£ug yels ixfõ§ ukilska yd jdikd .=Kfhka
hq;= risl msßila isàu;a hk lreKq fya;= ù we;'
idys;H ks¾udKh yqol,dj ;sìh hq;a;la fkd fõ'
th lshúh hq;= h' th ri ú¢h hq;= h' úpdrh l<
hq;= h' idys;H ks¾udKhla ri ú£ug yd úpdrh
lsÍug u. fmkaùula fï mdvfuka ,nd fohs' tys
fojk fldgi mßYS ,kfhka idrdxYlrKh .ek
wjfndaOhla ,eìh yels
h'

56 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

idys;H ri úkaokh hkq mqoa., fõÈ;hls' rih ú¢k ;eke;a;d iyDohd f,i
ye¢kafõ' tkï idys;Hlrejdg iudk yoj;la we;af;ls'

“iriúh ne¨ufilaks - fj;ajd lsú ofkda
fmfoys riyõ ú÷kd - fofk;d b;d ÿ,fnda”

lõ is¿ñK - »» mrdl%undyq

^iriúhf.a ne¨ï ud;%hlska jqj flfkl= lúhl= jkq we;' tfy;a lúfhys riNdj
ú¢k ckhd kï b;d ÿ,n h'&
idys;H ks¾udKhla ri ú£fï w.%M,h is; msßisÿ njg m;a ùu hs' tneúka ri
úkaokh hkq wOHd;auh fmdaIKh lr .ekSuls'
idys;H úpdrh hkq ;ud idys;H ks¾udKfhka ú¢ rih ms<sn|j lrkq ,nk
m%ldYkhls' ri ú¢k ish¨ fokdg u fï ld¾hh ksis f,i l< fkd yels h'
úpdrlhd ldjHfha we;s jdpHd¾:h fuka u jHx.Hd¾:h o jgyd .; hq;= h'
idudkH f,dalhdg úIh fkd jQ úkaokhla Tyq ,nd .kS' idys;H ks¾udKhla
úpdrh l< hq;af;a fufia h hs iïu; Í;shla ke;' tys iajrEmh úúO whqßka
fjkia fõ' tkï( iyDohdf.a is;=ï me;=ï" nqoaê uÜgu yd lD;sfha iajNdjh
wkqj hs'
idys;H ks¾udKhl id¾:l wid¾:l nj ueksh yelafla uOHia:j isg th úpdrh
lsÍu u.sks' úpdrh o tla;rd wdldrhl l,djls' úpdrfha wruqK idys;H lD;sfha
.eí ù we;s ri biau;= fldg olajñka thg hï ndOd we;s ù kï tajd fmkajd §u h'
idys;H ks¾udKfhka rplhd ;u wOHdYh flf;la ÿrg bgq lr .ekSug iu;a ù
o" wiu;a ù o hkq úpdrfha wjidk ks.ukh hs'
hï idys;H ks¾udKhla ri ú|Sfï § fyda úpdrh lsÍfï § úpdrl wjOdkhg fhduq
úh hq;= mshjr lsysmhls'
³ idys;Hlrejdf.a mrud¾:h l=ula o@
³ ta i|yd Tyq Ndú; l< Wml%u fudkjd o@
³ tlS Wml%u u.ska Tyqf.a mrud¾:h id¾:l ù o wid¾:l ù o@
mrud¾:h l=ula o hkak úuiSfï § úpdrl wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;= wx. 2ls' tkï"
ks¾udKfhka idys;Hlrejd wfmalaIs; wruqK l=ula o@
tu wruqK bgq lr .ekSug úIh lr .;a w;aoelSu$jia;=úIh$wkqN+;sh l=ula o@

‘jeys j,dl=< mE l¿ hehs Tfí
fkd fydì;sZhs lsis f,ia fkd if;dia fkdjka
isrer mEfhkq .;a iqofkda f,dfõ
fkd y÷k;a W;=uka .=Kfhka úkdZ

jeys j,dl=< - l=udr;=x. uqksodi

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 57
 fuys lúhdf.a wruqK ù we;af;a iqok - ÿok .;s lshd mEu h' tkï mqoa.,hd y÷kd
.; yelafla j¾Kfhka fkd j ls%hdfjka nj fuhska lshefjhs' lúhd fï i|yd
w;aoelSu$jia;= úIh lr .kq ,nkafka iajNdj O¾ufha wmQ¾j ks¾udKhla jQ jeys
j,dl=< hs'
ks¾udKlrejd w;aoelSï ,nd .kakd úê l%u ;=kls'
1' fm!oa.,slj ,nd .kakd w;aoelSï
2' wkqkaf.ka wid oek.;a w;aoelSï
3' ckudOH fyda fmd; m; weiqßka ,nd .kakd w;aoelSï
fm!oa.,sl w;aoelSï hkq ;ud u ,o w;aoelSï h'

“.ï fmr<sh ,shkq i|yd uf.a l,amkdj msìÿfKa lsishï w;aoelSï ud;%hla ksid
fkd fõ' lhsidrej;af;a mjqf,a Ôú;h ksihs' ta mjq, ms<sn| l;dj rpkhg jia;=
fldg .;af;a uf.a <Õ u kEhka ms<sn| uf.a w;aoelSï' uf.a uõmshka" ifydaoßhka"
uymamd" ndmam,d" udu,d wdÈkaf.a mjq,aj, Woúh o ud b;d l=¨m.j weiqre l<d'
Tjqka ms<sn| w;aoelSï ;ud .ï fmr<sh rpkd lrkakg uf.a l,amkdj msìojQfha' ”

ks¾udK miqìu

“Wmdilïud kue;s flál;dj ,shkak uf.a l,amkdj mqnqok ,oafoa ud mdif,a

W.kakd ld,fha ,enq w;aoelSula'”

ks¾udK miqìu

ud¾áka úl%uisxyhkaf.a by; i|yka m%ldY u.ska fm!oa.,sl w;aoelSï

ks¾udKlrejdg jeo.;a jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

“rdc;s,l ,hk,a yd ms%hka; fmdf;a rdc;s,lf.a pß;h ks¾udKh lsÍfï § uQ,sl
jYfhka kï ug u;la jqfKa wfma m<df;a bkak m%N+jrfhla'”

ks¾udK miqìu
ks¾udKlrejd weiqre lrk iudcfhka o w;aoelSï ,nd .kakd nj uy.u fialrf.a
by; m%ldYfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'
mqj;am;aj, yd fjk;a ckudOHj, m< jk f;dr;=re o lúhd ;u w;aoelSï i|yd
fhdod .kS'
“wjqreÿ foiShla Ôj;a ùfuka ,eìh fkd yels w;aoelSula" udkj pß;h ms<sn|
oekqug;a ;ekam;a kqjKg;a jeä w;aoelSula cd;l l;d fmd; W.ekafuka ,eìh
yels h” hs ud¾áka úl%uisxy uy;d mjihs'

58 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

ks¾udKlrejd úúO wdldrfha w;aoelSï mdol lr .kq olakg ,efí' lsishï
wjia:djla" isÿùula" úpdr Ñka;djla" l;d m%jD;a;shla" iqkaor ixl,amhla fyda
woaN+; ixl,amhla" iudc úIu;djla" iudc widOdrKhla" foaYmd,k .eg¨jla"
mjq,a w¾nqohla wdÈ úúO f;aud fhdod .kq olakg ,efí'
l=uk w;aoelSula f;dard .;a; o tys wmQ¾j;ajhla fyj;a kj;djla o w¾:dkaú;
Ndjhla o mej;sh hq;= h'
rplhd f;dard .;a w;aoelSfuys jeo.;alu yd thska iudchg isÿ jk fufyjr
flf;la o hkak úpdrlhdf.a úuiqug ,la úh hq;= h'
ks¾udKfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd rplhd fhdod .;a Wml%u flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq
úh hq;= h'
NdIdj" ixl,am rEm" úß; fyda ßoauh" iïm%odh wdÈ lreKq ta w;r m%Odk fõ'
NdIdj hkq ks¾udKlrejdf.a idys;H fuj,u hs' ñksia isf;a yg .kakd woyia yd
yeÕSï m%ldY lrk WmlrKh NdIdj hs' úoHd{hd mßyrKh lrk NdIdj ksYaÑ;d¾:
oekjqj o idys;Hlrejd èjksmQ¾K nia jyrla Ndú; lrhs'
fï wkqj idys;Hlrejd fhdod .kakd NdIdfõ úfYaI ,laIKh yeÕSï oekùfï
Yla;shhs' th Ndúl .=Kh f,i ye¢kafõ'
ldjH NdIdfõ mej;sh hq;= ;j;a ,laIKhla jkafka wmQ¾j mo ix>gkh hs' tkï
jHjydrfha § tlg fkd fhfok fhÿï idys;Hlrejd tlg Ndú; lrhs'

“jeysfmdo tlsfkl jefgkj n,dmkafld fmd<j Wvg
fmd<j f,dúkjd jeysfmdo Èj Èla lr,d ykslg'”

jlalv n¢uq - .=Kodi wurfialr

idys;ahsl NdIdj jd¾;d NdIdfjka fjkia jkafka idys;Hlrejd rEmld¾:hg yd

w,xldfrdala;shg uq,a ;ek Èh hq;= neúks' tys rEmld¾:j;a njla we;s jkafka
lúhd wmQ¾j;ajhla we;s jk mßÈ mo ix>gkh lsÍu fya;=fjkss'

“fmrÈ. f.drye`ä rl=fida
uf. OHdkh wehs lvkafka
ksod .kak fmdrj .;a;
l¿ frÈ fmdg
fudlg o fï
;Srej,g brd oukafk'”

Woh - isß .=kisxy

ixl,am rEm hkq jpk u.ska bÈßm;a flfrk Ñ;%hls' tkï( idys;H ks¾udKhla
mßYS,kfhka mis÷rka u.ska mdGl ukig msúi mdGlhdf.a Ndj m%fndaOkhg fya;=
jk jpk ixfhdackh hs' ‘jdlaa Ñ;%’ hkqfjka o ixl,am rEm ye¢kafõ'
ufkda rEm" bkaøsh rEm" Ñ;a; rEm jeks kïj,ska o fïjd ye¢kafõ'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 59
 ixl,am rEm ksrEmKhg lúhd Wmldr lr .kq ,nkafka ldjHd,xldr h'
ks¾udKfha w¾: èjksh yd Yío èjksh flf¾ ldjHd,xldr n,mdhs' ldjHfha
w¾: ri Yíofha Woa§mkh lr oelaùug fhdod .kq ,nk Wmud rEml wdÈ fhÿï
ldjHd,xldr .Khg wh;a fõ'

Wmud
Wmudj hkq WmudjdÖ ksmd;hla fhdod .ksñka jia;=jla ;j;a jia;=jlg iudk
lr oelaùu hs' fuhska mqoa., is; ;=< ixl,am rEm ueùug bv m%ia;d ie,fia' ;u
w;aoelSu rislhdg ióm lr,Sug idys;Hlrejdg bv lv ie,fia'

“fï fka;%oajh ksid wE iqfka;%d kï jkakS h' taa j¾Kfhka yd §ma;sfhka b÷ks,añ‚
rejkla n÷ h' fkdfyd;a úksúo fmfkk meyem;a wyilg n÷ h' wef.a rkajka uqj
l=vd h¦ cmd mqIamhla ^frdai u,la& n÷ h' o;a fom< isyska h' §ma;su;a h' lmd Tm
uÜgï lrk ,o fyhska úÿreñ‚ fom<la fuka is¿gq h' iu h' fya u,afm;s
hqj<laj fof;d,ska wdjrKh jqj o iskdfik l, mqIam .¾Nhla fuka úlis; jk
neúka iskyjg u ieÿKq uqj mshqfule”hs lsh hq;= h'

iqfka;%d - ví' ta' is,ajd

iqfka;%d l=ußhf.a rE imqj j¾Kkd lsÍug f,aLlhd Wmud fhdod .;a whqre úuid
n,kak'

j;ska fidñ i| jQ
f;fkka rka fm| jQ
rka,sh isßka n| jQ
Èh‚hka ;u <`.g le| jQ

ldjHfYaLrh - rdyq, ysñ

nuqKq ÿjf.a uqyqK fi!uH pkaøhdg;a mfhdaOr rka mkaÿj,g;a" YÍrh rka je,lg;a
lúhd Wmud lr we;'

rEml
rEmlh hkq ksmd;hla fhdod fkd f.k jia;=jla i;= ,laIK ;j;a jia;=jlg
wdfrdamKh lr oelaùuls'

l;d nfyka iskdfiñka
Ôú;fha .sßÿ¾.h
k.sk
fid÷re .eyeksh Tn'

wika m;a;sks foaj;dù - fudksld rejka m;srK

60 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

“tal fkd fjhs uydêlrK;=uks" m%Yakh fï ujf. yoj; we;=<; nqr nqrd k.sk
ÿla.skaor hs'”

yqKqjgfha l;dj - fykaß chfiak

by; Wmqgd .ekSïj, fh§ we;s ‘Ôú;fha .sßÿ¾.h’" ‘ÿla.skaor’ rEmlj,g ksoiqka
l< yels fõ'

w;sYfhdala;sh

w;sYfhdala;sh hkq hul mj;akd iajdNdúl ;;a;ajh blaujd W;al¾Ifhka hq;=j

j¾Kkd lsÍu hs'


isisjk jqjk bÕ iqÕ .; yels ñák
ksis mq¿¨l=, ßh ilhqre ;sir ;k
Èis rk,sfhõ rE isß hq;a fumqrÕk
weismsh fy<k mu‚ka fkdfj;s fojÕk

ie,<sys‚ ixfoaYh - rdyq, ysñ

iajNdfjdala;sh
iajNdfjdala;sh hkq hul iajNdjh we;s ieáfhka u mejiSu hs'

idr m,h wU oU rU o j,amsg

ór c,h we< fod< l÷ msáka ng
kEr f,d,h jvjk ÿgq okka ;=g
lEr .,h jecfUhs fï f,iska isg

yxi ixfoaYh - ùod.u ffu;%ah ysñ

lEr., .fuys iqkaor;ajh mj;akd whqßka u j¾Kkd lsÍug lúhd iu;aj we;'
fuf,i fhdod .kakd ldjHd,xldr ks¾udKlrejdf.a wruqKg fldf;la WÑ; o
hkak yd tys wmQ¾j;ajh ^kjH nj& ms<sn|j o úuid ne,sh hq;= h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 61

 Yío rih
idys;H ks¾udKhl úuid ne,sh hq;= wfkla ,laIKhla kï Yío rih hs' Yío
rih oekùu i|yd ks¾udKlrejka fndfyda úg fhdod .kafka wkqm%dih hs'
wkqm%dih hkq tl u wl=r fyda tl u moh kej; kej; fh§u hs' fuhska ks¾udKhl
w¾: rih fuka u Yío rih o ckkh fõ'

“ijkla .k nqÿ/iska uq¿ f,dj ioñka jvq;a jvq;a ish¨ /iska iefo;a
iefo;a f.hs f.hs ms,aila úoyd fudkre kg;a kg;a ueÈßfhys yqka .srd
ie,<sys‚ wdÈ mlaISka mshd meyer y`v;a y`v;a'''”

nq;airK - úoHdpl%j¾;s

fuys jvq;a jvq;a" iefo;a iefo;a" f.hs f.hs" kg;a kg;a" y`v;a y`v;a wdÈ jYfhka
mo kej; kej; fh§fuka .S;j;a nj jeä ù we;s whqre fmfka'
fjr< b.s<" ;=< r< je< f,i Wf,<
ken< mg< fm< f,<jñks fl< fl<
lr< flr< fud< n< o< om my<
mqj< isy< o< n< uq¿ ks;s Ti<

.srd ixfoaYh

uy;a jQ m<sy f,<jñka lS%vd lrñka l¾lY jQ flar< yuqodjkaf.a tä my l<

isxy, fiakdj uy uqyqfoys r< fm< jeks h hs úÑ;%j;a f,i Yío rih okjñka
lSug yels jqfKa ‘<’ ldrh fhdod .ekSu u.sks' th wkqm%dih hs'
t<siuh u.ska mµ ks¾udKhlg w,xldrhla ,efí' t<siuh hkq mµ mdohkays
fl<jr fyda lSm ;ekl iudk wl=rlska fl<jr jk whqßka mo fh§u hs' fï u.ska
rihg WÑ; ;d,dkqrEm njla we;s flf¾' mo wjidkfhys jk t<siuh t<sjeg
hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ'

me ye i r ‚ h ñ‚ me ñ ‚ h fld;a w.g
n| ls ls ‚ h o o .s yss ‚ h úuka jg
fkdj me r ‚ h j k r u ‚ h úáka úg
ie , <s ys ‚ h j ÿ le , ‚ h mqrjrg

ie,<sys‚ ixfoaYh - rdyq, ysñ

we;eï mµ ks¾udKj, wdhdifhka hq;=j lSm m<l t<siuh ;eîug f.dia wid¾:l
jQ wjia:d o olakg ,efí'

62 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

ks¾udKhla ri úkaokfha §" úpdrfha § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= ;j;a jeo.;a
lreKla kï lúhd fhdod .;a úß; fyda ,h fldf;la ÿrg Tyqf.a wruqK id¾:l
ùug WmldÍ jQjd o hkak hs' i|eia ldjHhl úß;la olakg ,efnk w;r ksi|eil
olakg ,efnkafka mo ix>gkdj wkqj ckkh jk ,hls' úß; f.dv k.d .kq
,nkafka mµ mdofha fhdod .kakd ud;%d .Kk wkqj hs' m%;sNd iïmkak lúhd
jia;=jg WÑ; f,i úß; f;dard .ekSug iu;alï olajd we;s wdldrh my; oelafjk
mµj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

iojd iqÿ je,s msú;=re
n|jd rka oo mshlre
isgqjd fodr fodr rU;=re
;njd mqka l=Uq úis;=re
^ud;%d 12&

.=;a;s, ldjHh


<Õ <Õjd Wkqkg lr jdoh
fkdjrojd ùKd mo jdoh
rÕ wÕjd iqrÕk rÕ fíoh
fio lrjd rc inh mfndaoh
^ud;%d 16&

.=;a;s, ldjHh

úfok f,f<k kre nr mq¿¨l=< /£
fy<k k.k w; kqjk. ne¨ï ȧ
reúk Èf,k wnrK le¨u .; fh§
ief,k myk is¿ jeks rÕk ,sh ie§
^ud;%d 18& fuh iuqøf>daI úß; h - jvd;a m%lg úß;ls&

ie,<sys‚ ikafoaYh

rE /fia w¢kd f,fia w;a f,< ȧ úÿ,sh mnd
rka rfia tla jk f,fia fjK kdokQ md ;n ;nd
lï mfia fok ir f,fia foi n, n,d fk;.ska ind
uï flfia mjiï tfia jr iqr <÷ka ÿka rÕ fidnd

^ud;%d 26&
.=;a;s, ldjHh

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 63

 úß; fuka u ldjHfha ,h o mdGl ukfiys rih oekùug fndfyda ÿrg bjy,a
fõ'
isodÈhg tkakg ug
nqoaêh WU ;uhs tod
mdr lshd ÿkafka
.fuka Wreu jQ jia;=j
fmdÈhla ne| lr ;shdk
Wfò nyg /jà,hs
isodÈhg wdfõ'

.u wu;lhs - uy.u fialr

is,s,dfrl fy,aue,S
fm;s w;ßka ie,s ie,S
lkg fkdfhk is;g oefkk
is,s is,shl meg,s,d

iskd l=uß - pkaør;ak udkjisxy

lúhd ksrEmKh lrk isÿùu fyda wjia:dj úß; fyda ßoauh fya;= fldg f.k
risl ukfiys Ñ;a;rEm ckkh lsÍug iu;a fõ'
lúhd mµ ks¾udKfha § fhdod .kakd wdlD;sh fyj;a iajrEmh o úúOdldr h'
ldjH wdlD;sh hkq tys ndysr yevh hs' th wka;¾.;hg wkql+,j úúOdldr fjhs'
mer‚ ldjH ks¾udKj, wdlD;sh flf¾ úfYaI ie,ls,a,la oelajqj o kQ;k lúhd
ta flf¾ jeä ie,ls,a,la fkd olajk nj fmfka'
idys;H úpdrl u;hg wkqj ldjHhl wdlD;sh u.ska Yío èjks yd w¾: èjks hk
fol u u;= l< yels h' úúO wdlD;s wkqj ,shejqKq mµ lSmhla y÷kd .ksuq'
isjqmo ldjH


mefihs ksn| iqj|e,a fl;aj;a wjg
wefihs <ud jiq meáhka y`v ÿrg
Èfihs fjfyr tys iqr úukla f,ig
rfihs wud riuh taa mshi ÿg

yxi ixfoaYh

64 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

.S ldjH


mqr fhdakka jqjka
kqjka ms<sìUq Èiakd
ñ‚ leg ìf; mqrjf¾
mshquqmq,jq,a ú,a wE

uqj foõ od j;
fomo ldjH

miq.sh k;a;,a ldf,a ksjdvqfjhs ux wdfõ
mqxÑ fíì tlal, mdi,aa hkakhs ux wdfõ

mshfiak weiQ m%Yakhla - fudksld rejka m;srK

ieye,s ldjH


ÿofkdo ì|
n| f;o l|
l| foõ ro idñfka
uf. l=l=<d keiQ tld
ooh Tnf. md¿ h ld
;j tl nqo Èkla ;ld
bkakg bv fkd § uld

l=l=¿ yeú,a, -/hsmsh,a f;kakfldka

ksi|eia

ysi kud .;s wE
isyska r;eÕs,s mg,jd .;s
i;shlg fmr f.kd jr
ú<ssnr h uf. rkajka ukd,sh

w¨; f.kd ukd,sh - Ô' î' fiakdkdhl

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 65

 idys;H l,d ks¾udK mßYS,kfhka ,efnk wdiajdoh fya;=fjka ñksia isf;ys
yeÕSï m%fndaO fjhs' fuh rih hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs' rihg fya;= jkafka l,d
ks¾udKhlska ñksia isf;ys we;s jk yeÕSï tu l,d ks¾udKfhys we;s úúO
m%fhda. fya;=fjka wdiajdokSh ;;a;ajhlg m;a ùu hs' fujeks uQ,sl yeÕSï yd tajd
mokï lr .;a wdiajdokSh ;;a;aj fyj;a ri lsysmhla .ek fmrÈ. idys;Hl,d
úpdrfha i|yka fõ'
fujeks ish¨ lreKq úuid ne,Sfuka wk;=rej ks¾udKlrejdf.a wruqK id¾:l
ù o fkd ù o hkak úuid ne,Su idys;H úpdrl ld¾hfha § jeo.;a fõ' tys §
úpdrd;aul nia jyrla mßyrKh lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'

wjfndaOh

1' idys;H ri úkaokh yd idys;H úpdrh w;r we;s fjki l=ula o@

2' idys;H lD;shla ri úkaokfha § fyda úpdrfha § fyda wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;=
lreKq fudkjd o@
3' wruqK yd jia;=úIh ^w;aoelSu& w;r fjki myokak'
4' idys;Hlrejd w;aoelSï ,nd .kakd ud¾. fudkjd o@
5' ldjHd,xldr f,i fhdod .efkk Wmud yd rEml w;r fjki myokak'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka fhÿïj, wre;a biau;= jk f,i jdlH ;kkak'

¸' m%;sNdj ¸¸' wmQ¾j;ajh
¸¸¸' T!Ñ;Hh ¸¹' mßl,amk Yla;sh
¹' wkqN+;sh
2' my; oelafjk mµh weiqßka wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,shkak'
ßúìïnd hqre ßúl=, lu,lr
mshquïnd ksf;drj /¢ Wrue÷r
fukrïnd ysñ rE isßks ukyr
merl=ïnd krks÷ i| ol= ñ;=r

¸' fï mµfha we;s Wmud folla Wmqgd ,shkak'

¸¸' fuhska rEml folla Wmqgd ,shkak'
¸¸¸' wkqm%dih oelafjk wjia:djla olajkak'
¸¹' t<siuh fhdod .efkk wjia:djla olajkak'
¹' lúhd fhdod f.k we;s úß; y÷kajkak'

66 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
 m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' úúO úß;aj,ska ,shejqKq mµ tla /ia lrkak'

2' idys;H úpdrh yd ri úkaokh ms<sn|j mqj;am;aj, ks;r ,sms m< fõ' tajd
tl;= lrkak'
3' idys;Hd;aul jpk tl;= lr l=vd YíofldaIhla ilia lrkak'
4' mµ mka;shla f;dardf.k Ñ;%hla ks¾udKh lrkak' ^by; m%dfhda.sl
ls%hdldrlï" lKavdhï mejreula f,i mka;shg fhduq lrkak'&
5' my; § we;s .µ fþoh yd mµ mka;s ms<sn| riúkaokhl fhfokak'
¸' nq¿ u,a msfmk ld,hg uq¿ fk,a,s lef,a tl u ó me‚ uqÜáhla fia ó me‚
iqj¢ka iqj|j;a fjhs' u¢ka u| bÈß miq ù msfmk fiiq ;=re ,sh u`vqj,
.ejefik ;j;a fkdfhla lDókaf.a .=uq .=uqfjka tl, th msfrhs' m, .ekS"
lsß jÈk w;r ish .Kkska ieÈ l=re¨ rxpq tys meñfK;s' m, muKla fkd
j fld< o¨ yd uq,a o j<|k ß<d j÷re i;a;= ljo;a yeisfr;s' meiS" b§ ìu
jefgk wr¿ nq¿ fk,a,s wdÈfha .=K okakd fyhska foda f.dak uqj wd§yq o
ks;r t<fU;s' j,id we;eï úg lyg f.ä lEug .iaj,g o nv .dk w;r
uqj ß<d j÷re wdÈ f.dÿre we;s fyhska fldá ymqjd mjd tys fkd .ejfikafka
fkd fõ' fufia WoaNso i;a;aj foj¾.fha u m%lD;s w,xldrfha uOHia:dkhla
n÷ jQ fk,a,s lef,a ug uf.a rdcHhg wh;a rdclSh WoHdkh jQfha h'
^uf.a rdcHh - udhd rxcka&
¸¸' yex.suq;a;x
u,a,sg kx fldfydu;a nE jeä fõ,d yexf.kak g
wyqq fjkjd tl mdrla ta w; fï w; hk fld g
;d;a; kx yex.=Kdu fydhd .kak nE fldfydu ;a
fydhkak nE oji ;siafi wms tlaù,d fyõj ;a
ke.sákakg fmr wm ljqre;a ;d;a; yexf.k jd
ySka ief¾" wms kskaog .sh miq t<shg tk jd
jevg .sys,a,d ;d;a;" yexf.kjd fkdfjhs mq f;a
lsh,d wïud lsõj;a ta fndrejla lshd ys f;a
wy, my, wh jev weß,d tkjd f.or l,s ka
wïud lshkafka fndrejla nj f;afrkjd tafl ka
kE kE ta yexf.kafka wms;a tlal fi,a,ug hs
wo ? kx ke.sg b|ka ;d;a; w,a,kjdu hs

^úu,a Èidkdhl&

7' r' uq' kS' i' 180543

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 67
 ¸¸¸' ëjÍ .S;h
ysñ Tn ihqr ueo reÿ igkl h /fha
fmd,a w;= mef,a uu ;kshu fjfiñ ìfha
we;suq;a yqre mqreÿ tä;r .;sh <fha
;rul ielhlsks Tn wo iji .sfha
wyfia w÷re meye jeys l¿ k.sk fldg
iq<fÕa fjki fuys .y fld< lshk fldg
f.rú,s iys; úÿ,sh y`v wefik fldg
ysñhks uf.a ys; jdjkq neß h ug
yn,g Tfí iún, w; ßfokjo
Tre l| Wäka o< r< fm< k.skjo
iS;, iq<Õ r¿jg weÕ jefokjo
ysñhks fjfyi ksÈ u; fol oefkkjo
f.dv ìu fldfyo ke;s uy uqyqfoys wE;
ysñ we; fjfyfiñka" fjfyiS we;s oE;
Tn ke;s ksid ysñhks fï <Õ md;
iq<fÕa uelS hhs uf. ÿla uqiq .S;
t<shla fmfkk úg ysñhks fjr< nv
ke;fyd;a oefkk úg Trejla wefok yev
foijk jefgk úg lsisjl= kÕk y`v
ud fkd oekqj;aj u uu uf. fomh Wv
jeysfmdo uf. ysñf. ysiu; fkd jefÜjd
fï reÿ iq<x /<s r< msg fkd .efÜjd
meo hk Trej fj; uiq le, oejfÜjd
,k weu .s,sk ;rug Wka /jfÜjd
Tn tk;=rd ke; uf. ys; iekfikafka
ud .ek fkd fj o ysñ fï yeá fjfyfikafka
ijig hdughs Tn Wohg tkafka
fufyuo Ôúf;a È.g u .; fjkafka
Tn uy uqyqo ueo ;kshu fjfik l,
isyshg kef.kq we; fuys ud ksok me,
ysñhks Tng uf. yoj; ñysß l<
iekiqu ;sfí fï fmd,a w;= l=áh ;=<
^flahia&

68 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
 idrdxYlrKh
lsishï jdlHhl" fþohl" ,smshl" m%ldYkhl" foaYkhl wka;¾.; idrh fyj;a
jeo.;a u woyia ms`vq fldg oelaùu ‘idrdxYlrKh’ hs' hula wjfndaO lr .ekSfï
yelshdj;a tys idrh jgyd f.k ixlaIsma;j kej; m%ldY lsÍfï yelshdj;a fuhska
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'
“Wiia YsIagdpdrhla yd iNH;ajhla iys; rgl
idys;Hh W;a;Í;r ;;a;ajhl mj;S' wkqrmqr"
fmdf,dkakre" oUfo‚" l=reKE.," fldaÜfÜ jeks
idys;H hq. Bg idlaIH orhs' fuf,i idys;Hh
fmdaIKh ùu flfrys m%;sNd iïmkak ks¾udKlrejka
isàu;a tn÷ ks¾udK ri ú£ug yels ixfõ§ ukilska
yd jdikd .=Kfhka hq;= risl msßila isàu;a hk
lreKq fya;= ù we;'”
fuu mdGh idrdxY l< úg fufia oelaúh yels h'
“Wiia ixialD;shla o ks¾udKlrejka yd rislhka o iys; rgl idys;Hh fmdaIKh
jk nj ft;sydisl hq. idlaIs orhs'”
^jpk 17&
hï mdGhla idrdxY lsÍfï § wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;= lreKq /ils'
³ m<uqj fþoh yrh jegfyk f;la lSm jrla lshjkak'
³ fojkqj tys jeo.;a woyiaj,g háka bß w¢kak' ke;s kï fjk u
fld<hl ,shd .kak'
³ tys § kso¾Yk" Wmud" úfYaIK" w,xldr" mqkrela;s" wkjYH ksmd; wdÈ
ish,a, neyer lrkak'
³ bÈßm;a lr we;s lreKqj, jeo.;alu wkqj tajd ms<sfj<g f.dkq lrkak'
³ idrdxYh ,súh hq;= jpk .Kk .ek ie,ls,su;a jkak' ^idudkHfhka idrdxYh
§ we;s fldgfika ;=fkka tlla úh hq;= h'&
³ m%Odk fþofha woyi uekúka m%ldY jk mßÈ ,shkak'
³ fþo lSmhla ;snqK;a th tla fþohla f,i ,súh hq;= h'
³ idrdxY.; fþofha we;=<;a jpk .Kk fþoh wjidkfha wksjd¾hfhka u
,shkak'
my; fþo idrdxY lr we;s whqre úuid n,kak'
rgl ienE ÈhqKqjla we;s ùug trg jeishka nqoaêu;a wh úh hq;= w;r kSfrda.s wh
o úh hq;= h' Tjqka wx. iïmQ¾K wOHdmkhla ,eìh hq;= h' wx. iïmQ¾K
wOHdmkfhka woyia lrkafka Wmdê ,eîu fyda fkdfhla fkdfhla úIhhka .ek
f;dr;=re bf.kSu fkd fõ' wOHdmkh kï Ôú;hg iEu w;ska u iQodkï lsÍu hs'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 69

 wdo¾Y ms<s;=r

^rgla ÈhqqKq ùug tys jeishka kshu bf.kSula o nqoaêh yd kSfrda.sNdjh o ,enQ wh
úh hq;= h'&
^jpk 16&
my; oelafjk fþoh jpk 50-60 w;r jk fia idrdxY lr ,shkak' Tfí idrdxYfha
jpk ixLHdj W;a;rh w. ,shkak'
18-19 jeks Y;j¾Ihkays isÿ jQ we;eï iudc úm¾hdi idys;Hh flfrys n,mE nj
o th w¨;a uqyqKqjrlska ilia lsÍfuys ,d WmldÍ jQ nj o j¾;udk idys;Hh foi
úpdrdlaIsfhka n,k úg fmkS hhs' hdka;s%l hq.hg iß,k mßÈ iudch yev
.eiSfuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka tys w¨;a mka;shla mek kexf.a h' tkï( kd.ßl ueo
mka;sh h' j¾;udk f,aLlhka fndfyda fihska ìys jQfha w¨f;ka Woa.; jQ ueo
mka;sfhka h' w;S;fhys isg jeä jYfhka meúÈ l;=jrekag Ndrj ;snQ f,aLk
l,dj l%ufhka Tjqkaf.a w;ska .s,syS" .sys f,aLlhkaf.a w;g meñfKkag mgka
.;s' fï jQ l,s idys;H f,dalfhys tla;rd úma,jhla we;s lsÍfuys ,d iu¾: jQ
isÿùuls' meúÈ f,aLlhkaf.a lD;sj,g idudkHfhka úIh fkd jQ we;eï ud;Dld
.sys f,aLlfhda ;u rpkdj,g jia;= fldg .;ay' fnfyúka wd.ñl iajrEmhla
oerE mer‚ isxy, idys;Hh fmdÿ ckhdf.a idys;Hhla njg fmr¿fKa fï iudc
úm¾hdifha m%;sM,hla jYfhke hs lsj yels h' lúhdf.a fm!oa.,sl yeÕSï
.eí fldg rpkd lrk ,o YDx.drd;aul mµ úfYaIhla isxy,fhys my< jQfha fï
iudc úm¾hdihg wm idys;Hh f.dÿre jQ m%:u wjia:dfjys h' tkï( ud;r
wjêfhys h'

wdo¾Y ms<s;=r
18-19 ishjiaj, we;s jQ iudc úm¾hdih j¾;udk idys;Hhg n,md ;sfí' hdka;s%l
hq.hlg wkqj ieliqKq iudcfha m%;sM,hla f,i kd.ßl uOHu mka;sh ìys úh'
NslaIQka Ndrfha mej;s wd.ñl idys;Hh fmdÿ ck idys;Hhla njg mßj¾;kh
ùu;a ud;r wjêfha § YDx.drd;aul mµ isxy, idys;Hhg tla ùu;a tys m%;sM,hls'
^jpk 55&

70 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 ,sÅ; wNHdi

my; oelafjk mdG tys jpk ixLHdfjka ;=fkka tlla jk fia idrdxY lr
,shkak' idrdxYfha jpk .Kk ms<s;=r w. ,shkak'

1' úpdrh hs lshkafka ldjHfha rih iïnkaOfhka ta ú¢kakka úiska lrk ,o

m%ldYkhg h' tfy;a ri ú¢k yeu fokdg u fï ld¾hh ukd f,i bgq l<
fkd yels h' ni okakd ish¨ fok u ldjHfha ri ú¢;s' tfy;a ;ud ú¢ rih
flnkaola oehs m%ldY lsÍu jQ l,s yeu fokdg u l< yelalla fkd fõ' Bg
wd;audkafõIKh wjYH h' úpdrlhd ;udf.a yoj; foi n,d tys Ndjuh
w;aoelSu iqÿiq jpkfhka lshd mE hq;= h'

2' ni okakd ish¨ fokdg ri úkaokfha YlH;dj ;sfnk kuq;a ks¾udK

úIhfhys fuka úkaok úIhfhys o mßph we;akï uekú' ni oekSu jQ l,s
tla tlaflkd ;=< tla tla m%udKhg msysgd ;sìh yelalls' hka;ï jpkd¾:h
f;areï .ekSu o ni oekSula fõ' tfy;a ni iïmQ¾Kfhka oek .ekSug kï
nia jyf¾ úúOd¾: jgyd .; ukd h' u;= msáka fmfkk jdpHd¾:h fkd j
jHx.Hd¾:h o wjfndaO l< hq;= h' nfia nqoaêf.dapr jk fldgi muKla fkd
j yDohf.dapr jk fldgi o o; hq;= h'
ri úkaokhg ni oek .ekSu wjYH jk w;r ldjH ri úkaokh fya;= fldg
f.k ni ms<sn| oekqu o j¾Okh fõ' ula ksid o h;a ni b;d iQlaIau f,i
mßyrKh lrkafka lùka jk neúks' lúhd NdIdfõ we;s uq¿ YlH;dfjka
m%fhdack .kakd flfkls' msiuka okakd wrlaleñhd fkdfhla øjH f.k
fkdfhla whqßka ñY% fldg wmQre rifhka hq;a wyr msikakd fia u lúhd o
fkdfhla jpk f.k" fkdfhla wre;a f.k" úúO f,i ñY% fldg" fmr kqjQ
úrE jHx.Hd¾: Yío èjks we;s fldg wmQre rihla ks¾udKh lrhs'
3' ldjH úpdrh i|yd fuys fhdod we;s jpk ud,dj ixialD; rijdofha jpk
ud,dj wkqj ilia lr .kakd ,oaols' rijdoh hs lshQ úg ljr rijdo
úfYaIhla oehs meyeÈ,s fkd jkakg mq¿jk' ixialD;fhys rijdoh o l,ska
l,g fjkia jQjls' wdÈfhys Nr; uqksjrhd úiska bÈßm;a lrkag fhÿKq
rijdoh ldjH úpdrh i|yd ukd WmlrKhla fldg .kakd ,oafoa kjjk
Y;j¾Ifhys úiQ wdkkaoj¾Ok wdpd¾hhka úisks' Nr; uqksjrhd úiska
ri jdoh fhdok ,oafoa oDYH ldjHh fyj;a kdgHh iïnkaOfhka nj Tyq
úiska “úNdjdkqNdj jHNspdÍ ixfhda.doa riksIam;a;s#” hk iQ;%h úia;r fldg
;sfnk whqßka fmkS hhs' kdgHfhys kï" ri ksIam;a;shg ldrK jk wNskh
i;r j¾.hls' fuhska jdÑldNskh tlla mu‚' tfy;a Y%jH ldjHfhys
we;af;a tl u udOHhls' tkï jpkh hs' tneúka Y%jH ldjH úfõpkfhys §
jpkhkaf.a jHdmdrh ú.%y lsÍu w;HjYH h' fï lghq;a; uekúka flf<a

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 71

 wdkkaoj¾OkdpdÍka yd Tjqka wkq.ukh l< YsIH mrïmrdj h' jpkd¾:
ú.%y l< wdkkaoj¾OkdpdÍyq èjksjdoh bÈßm;a l<y' jdpHd¾:" jHx.Hd¾:"
èjksh wdÈ jpk idys;H úpdrhg msúiqfKa ñka miq h'

4' ckY%e;s hkqfjka wm úiska y÷kajkq ,nk ck iïm%odhka ish,af,ka u uQ,slj

u isÿ lrkq ,en we;af;a tla mrïmrdjla úiska ,nd .kakd ,o iuia; oekqï
moaO;sh B<Õ mrïmrdj i|yd Wreu fldg §u h' fï oekqï iïNdrh hkq tl
wxYhl tl me;slvla muKla iïnkaO jQ tajd fkd ù h' tfyhska l=uk
ckY%e;shla úYaf,aIKhg Ndckh lrkq ,enqj;a hï wxYhla yd ne¢ oekqï ta
jgd f.dkq ù we;s nj oelsh yels jkq we;' ñkafkaßh jej fõjd" l,d jej
fõjd" fidrfndr jej fõjd wdY%h fldg .;a ckm%jdo i,ld neÆ l,ays
tajdfhys úksúo oelsh yelafla me/kakka jeõ ne£u i|yd fhda.H ia:dk
ksYaÑ; fldg .ekSug mdol fldg .;a lreKq h' jeõ ne£u i|yd fhdod .;a
;dlaI‚l l%ufõo h¦ wkq.ukh l< isß;a úß;a h¦ bgq lrk ,o mqo ms<sfj;a
h' wkqrdOmqrh fõjd" fmdf,dkakrej fõjd" oUfo‚h fõjd w.kqjr weiqre
fldg .;a ckm%jdo u.ska wmg wdrlaId iys; ch.%dyS rdclSh w.kqjrla bÈ
lsÍu i|yd fhda.H ;eka fidhd .ekSug fhdod .;a oekqï iïNdrh fuka u
tu k.r bÈ lsÍu i|yd lrk ,o ie,iqï yd Wmfhda. fldg .;a l%ufõo
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla o ,o yels h'

72 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 Èhjr isßir 9

Y%jKh fyj;a ijka §u ikaksfõok ud¾.hls'

Y%jKfhka lreKq Wlyd .ekSu fuka u OdrKh lr
.ekSu wiSre l¾;jHhls' ta i|yd wjOdkfhka ijka
Èh hq;= h' wjOdkfhka ijka § lreKq .%yKh lr
.ekSfï l=i,;dj Ôú;hg wjYH fõ' .=jkaúÿ,s
jevigyka" rEmjdyskS jevigyka wdÈ úµq;a udOH
jevigykaj,g ijka §u tu l=i,;dj j¾Okh lr
.ekSug fyd| wNHdihls' ld,Sk jákdlulska hqla;
fyda ft;sydisl" ixialD;sl" úoHd;aul f;dr;=re
we;=<;a úµq;a udOH jevigykaj,g ijka § Tfí
oekqu j¾Okh lr .; yels h' tfuka u mq¿,a
Ôú;djfndaOhla o ,eìh yels h' fï mdvug we;=<;a
jkafka c, iïm; ms<sn|j ieliqKq .=jkaúÿ,s
jevigykls' c, iïm; ms<sn| jeo.;a lreKq /ila
y÷kd .kakd w;r u c, iïm; /l .ekSfï
jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .ekSug o th Tng u.
fmkajhs'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 73

 ksfõol( wdhqfndajkaæ wdorŒh Y%djl ys;j;=ks" wo ud¾;= 22" f,dal c, Èkh'
wo mßir isßir .=jka ld,h" Èhjr isßir fjkqfjka fjka fjkjd'
ta i|yd wm iu. tla jkafka mßirfõ§ l=udr ,shk.u uy;d iy
mßir ks,Odß c.;a l=udr uy;d hs'
wdhqfndajka" Tn fom<gæ
wrdê;hka( wdhqfndajkaæ
ksfõol( Ôjfha meje;au r|d mj;skafka c,h u;' ñksiqkag wdydr ke;sj
uilg jeä ld,hla Ôj;a fjkak mq¿jka jqKdg c,h ke;sj Ôj;a
fjkak mq¿jka Èk ;=kla muK flá ld,hla' c.;a uy;audKks"
c, iïm; .ek jeä úia;r oek .kak wm leu;s hs'
c.;a uy;d( wNHjldYfha isg n,k úg fi!r.%y uKav,fha b;du;a w,xldr
.%yf,dalh jYfhka fmfkkafka ks,a .%yf,dalh jk mDÓúh hs'
mDÓú .%yf,dalhg fï w,xldrh ,eî we;af;a tys mDIaGfhka jeä
fldgila c,fhka jeiS we;s ksihs' mDÓúfhys Ôjfha iïNjhg
fya;= jQ m%Odk idOlj,ska tlla jkafka c,h hs' wm jgd we;s
id.rj, w;súYd, m%udKhla c,h we;s ksid o m%Odk ú,a yd .x.dj,
wmg fmfkk wdldrhg laIh fkd jk w;suy;a c,ialkaOhla we;s
ksid o" ukqIH j¾.hdg lsis Èfkl c, ysÕhla we;s fkd fõ

hehs fndfyda úg Wml,amkh

flfrkjd' tfyu jqK;a
bÈß oYl lsysmh ;=< § msßisÿ
c,h ÿ¾,N fohla jk njg
idlaIH bÈßm;a fjñka
;sfhkjd' wo jk úg uq¿
f,dalh u ms<s.kakjd c,h
hkq ksrdhdifhka ,efnk
wiSñ; iïm;la fkd j
wdhdifhka ,efnk iSñ;
iïm;la nj' ‘ks,a .%yf,dalh’

ksfõol( Ôjfha meje;aug c,fha wjYH;dj ;j ÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lf<d;a"

c.;a uy;d( ish¨ u Ôj moaO;sj, meje;au i|yd c,h w;HjYH hs' ñksia isrer
;=< ishhg 60la 80la olajd jQ c,h m%udKhla ;sfhkjd' wfkla
fN!ñl mDIaGjxYSka ;=< ishhg 65la muK o u;aiHhka ;=< 80la
muK o we,a.S yd fjk;a c,c Ydl ;=< 90la 95la olajd o fN!ñl
Ydl ;=< ishhg 50la 75la olajd m%udKhla o c,h ;sfhkjd' iÔj
moaO;sj,g c,h w;HjYH nj fï ixLHdj,ska meyeÈ,s fjkak ´kE'
74 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ksfõol( c,fhys jákdlu ms<sn| w;S; ckhd jgyd f.k isá wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lsÍu fï idlÉPdj w¾:j;a jf.a u rij;a fjkak fya;=jla
fõú' tfyu fkao" ,shk.u uy;audKks@
,shk.u uy;d( Tõ" wdÈ ñksid c,h foaj;ajfhys,d ie,l=jd' tAl fkd
oekqj;alñka l< fohla h is;Su fyd| kE' foaj;ajfhys ,d ie,lSu
ksid c,h wdrlaId jqKd'
nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lr,d ;sfhkjd c,hg wmøjH oeóu wdm;a;s
ldrKhla nj' tA jf.a u fmr nuqKka úYajdi l<d Wol mdßY=oaêh
ksid n%yau iyjH;djg m;a fjkjd h lsh,d'
ksfõol( c,h yd ne÷Kq ixialD;sl jákdlï rdYshla ;sfhkjd' ta ms<sn|
flá ye¢kaùula lf<d;a'
,shk.u uy;d( ñksid yd iïnkaO jeo.;a u wjia:dj, c,hg iqúfYaI w.hla
ysñ jqKd" WodyrK jYfhka rdcdNsfIalfha § jf.a u újdyfha § w;
meka j;alsÍfuka ;uhs tA lghq;= iy;sl jqfKa' tA jf.a u fn!oaOhka
urKfha § meka jv,d ;uhs mska muqKqjkafka' iqn .ukl § msreKq
Èh l<hla yuq ùu iqn fmr ksñ;a;la nj wog;a ckhd úYajdi
lrkjd" ie<,sys‚ ikafoaY lúhd tA nj wmQrejg j¾Kkd lf<a
fufyuhs'
k, uqÿ iqj| msß l=Uq ñhqre wU f.ã
mq, fy< l=iqu ,sh msh f;m, rka fl`ã
i, iqÿ fiur fiai;a .sð÷fkdo jeã
n, iqn ksñ;s fmr u. kel;g;a jeã
fuys Èh msreKq l<h y÷kajkak ;uhs ‘msß l=Uq’ hk moh fhÿfõ'
isxy, yd oñ< w¨;a wjqreoafoa mjd ckhd .kqfokq lf<a <s|;a
tlalhs' tA jf.a u kel;g uq,ska u f.g .;af;;a .skaor yd c,h hs'
ksfõol( c,h fldf;la ;snqK;a m%fhdackhg .; yelafla bka b;d iaj,amhla
muK hs' tA ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lrkak ux wdrdOkd lrkjd mßir
ks,OdÍ c.;a uy;audg'
c.;a uy;d( uq¿ c, m%udKfhka ishhg 97la lrÈh' ishhg 3la muKhs ñßÈh'
thskq;a jeä fldgila O%eùh whsia ;Ügqj, iy .a,eishrj, ne£
we;s ksid m%fhdackhg .kak neye' ñksidg myiqfjka m%fhdackhg
.; yelafla ú,a" .x.d" we<" fod< wdÈfha we;s ñßÈh iy fmdf<dfõ
u;= msg wdikakfha we;s ñßÈh hs' th mDÓúfha uq¿ c, m%udKfhka
0'03la muK jQ iq¿ fldgila' ta c,h o mDÓúfha jdihg iqÿiq
ia:dkj, iudk f,i me;sß,d keye' tA ksid ;uhs c,h W.%
w¾nqohla njg m;a jkafka' wo jk úg f,dal ck.ykfhka ì,shk
folla muK mdkSh c, w¾nqoh ksid mSvdjg m;a fjkjd" f,dalh
fl;rï ÈhqKq jqj;a j¾Ihlg f,dalh mqrd mkaoyila muK" wmsßisÿ
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 75
 c,h ksid yg .kakd fld,rdj" w;Sidrh" mdpkh jeks frda. ksid
ñh hkjd' fÄokSh ;;a;ajh ;uhs bka jeä msßila l=vd <uhska ùu'
ksfõol( c,fha m%fhdack ms<sn| ,shk.u uy;df.ka wms úuiuq'
,shk.u uy;d( fm!oa.,sl lghq;= i|yd c,h wjYH fjkjd" tkï mdkh" mú;%;d
lghq;=" ikSmdrlaIl lghq;= wdÈ jYfhka" tA jdf.a u lDIsl¾uh yd
l¾udka; i|yd c,h w;HjYH hs' n,Yla;sh W;amdokhg wo c,h
Ndú; flfrkjd" w;S;fha isg m%jdyk lghq;=j,g c,h m%Odk
udOHhla jqKd'
idudkH jeäysá mqoa.,hl= Èklg c,h ,Sg¾ 2la muK mdkh
lrkjd' YS% ,xldfõ mqoa.,hl= úiska Èklg m%fhdackhg .kq ,nk
c, m%udKh ,Sg¾ 135la muK' thska ,Sg¾ 9la îug yd wdydr msiSug;a
,Sg¾ 13la fia§ï ld¾hh i|yd;a 68la iakdkh i|yd;a 45la jeisls<s
ld¾hh i|yd;a Ndú; flfrkjd' ixj¾ê; iudcj, fï wjYH;d
óg fnfyúka fjkia w.hla .kakjd'

c,fha m%fhdack

ksfõol( wfma rfÜ b;sydifha mgka u fyd| c, l<ukdlrK l%ufõohla

;snqKd fkao c.;a uy;a;hd@
c.;a uy;d( we;a;g u c, l<ukdlrKh iïnkaOj uq¿ f,djg u wdo¾Y
iemhqfõ furg w;S; mrmqr nj wNsudkfhka isys lrkak ´kE"
wfma jdß YsIagdpdrfha Bg ksoiqka we;s ;rï ;sfhkjd" ‘wyiska
jefgk tl u Èh ì|laj;a uqyqog .,d hd fkd § m%fhdackhg .;
hq;= h’ hk uyd mrdl%undyq rc;=ud l< m%ldYh" c, iïm; ms<sn|

76 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 b;d u oekqj;aNdjhlska yd ÿr olakd kqj‚ka l< m%ldYhla'
ksfõol( jej" c, l<ukdlrKh iïnkaOj jeo.;a fjkafka fldfydu o
,shk.u uy;auhd@
,shk.u uy;d(we;a;g u jej c, l<ukdlrKfha iod;ksl ixfla;hla' furg
fndfyda jeõj, wdrlaId ù ;sfhkafka jeis c,h' fl;rï úh<s
foaY.=Khla hgf;a jqK;a jejl c,h is£ .sfha ke;s ;rï'
jdIamSlrKh wju lrkak fk¨ï" udfk,a jf.a c,c Ydl
me;sfrkak bv yeßhd" fïjdfha m;% c,h u; we;sß,a,la jf.a
me;sreKd" c,fha isis,a nj;a /l=Kd' fï ksid c,c Ôùkag;a hym;a
mßirhla ks¾udKh jqKd' jej by;a;dfõ .ia f.dïuk;a jej È.g
me;sreKq lÜglvqj;a ksid c,h jvd;a iqrlaIs; jqKd' jejla wdY%s;j
mkai,la bÈ lf<;a jefõ whs;sh mkai,g mejrefj;a c,h wdrlaId
lr .ekSfï Wml%uhla jYfhka úh hq;= hs'
c.;a uy;d( Tõ" Tõ" we< ud¾. mjd oÕrdldrfhka ks¾udKh lf<a c,h jeä
fõ,djla r|jd .kak hs' fhdaO we< WodyrKhg .;af;d;a tys neiau
ie;mqulg wÕ, hs' fiñka .,d hk ksid Wmßu M,odhs;djlska
c,h Ndú; lrkak wjia:dj ,enqKd' we< ud¾. fomi l=Uqla .ia
jeõfj;a .,d hk c,fha jdIamSlrKh wju lsÍu;a we< lKaä fia§
hEu je<elaùu;a wruqKq lrf.k hs' l=Uqla .fia uQ, moaO;sh we<
lKaähg fyd| Yla;shla jqKd" fï ksid j¾Idj wêl ld,fha § j;a
we< lKaä fia§ .sfha keye' tfuka u mdxY= Ldokh wju jqKd' tA
ksid c,dYj, r|jd .; yels Odß;dj;a jeä hs'
ksfõol( fï jk úg c, l<ukdlrKh yd iïnkaOj ls%hd;aul uÜgfï
mj;sk jHmD;s yd jevigyka fudkjd o@
c.;a uy;d( rdcH yd rdcH fkd jk wdh;k u.ska úúO jevigyka ls%hd;aul
fjkjd" tA w;r m%uqL yd id¾:l jHdmD;shla f,i by< c,dOdr
l<ukdlrK jHdmD;sh y÷kajkak mq¿jks' jeis c, l<ukdlrK
gexls y÷kajd §u" ìkaÿ c, iïmdoh yd úisß c, iïmdokh" wvq c,
wjYH;d iys; fnda. ckms%h lrùu" N+;, c, .nvd we;s lsÍu
fyj;a l=vd jeõ" fmdl=Kq wdÈh ks¾udKh lsÍu" úêu;a yd wúêu;a
f,i m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍu" mqrdK jeõ m%;sixialrKh lsÍu wdÈh
úfYaI fjkjd'
ksfõol( mßir isßir .=jka
ld,h ksud lrkakg
fmr" c, iïm; /l
.ekSu Wfoid ck;djg
.; yels ls%hdud¾.
ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍu
jeo.;a fka o@
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 77
 c.;a uy;d( c, iïm; úkdY ùug m%Odk u yd tl u j.lsj hq;a;d ñksid hs'
tA ksid fm!oa.,sl yd fmdÿ jYfhka lghq;= lroa§ c,fha jákdlu
isys ;nd f.k lghq;= l< hq;= hs' .eñhka yd,a mdkq j;=r mjd j<x
fia§u jf.a mú;%;d lghq;=j,g fhdod .;a;d" tfyu ke;akï fmd,a
w;= fmdÕjkak Ndú; l<d" ud¿ fidaomq c,h mjd ksú;s je,lg j;a
lr,d c,fhka Wmßu m%fhdack ,nkak mqreÿ fj,d isáhd' jk
úkdYh wju lrkak yelshdj we;af;a ñksidg u hs' úfYaIfhka c,
uQ,dY% wdrlaId lr .ekSug yeÕSfuka hq;=j lghq;= lsÍu jeo.;a' bÈ
lsÍï jf.a u j.d lghq;= i|yd bvï fhdod .ekSfï § c, uQ,dY%j,g
ydks fkd jk f,i isÿ lsÍu wksjd¾h fohla' k< c,h Ndú;
lrkakka kv;a;= lghq;= iqmÍlaIKfhka hq;=j isÿ lsÍu o b;d u
jeo.;a'
ksfõol( mdglaa ke;;a iqj|la ke;;a rihla ke;;a c,h ;rï jákd fohla
;sfí o@ is;kak' wo Èk c,h iïnkaOj úoHd;aul yd ixialD;suh
jYfhkq;a lreKq bÈßm;a lrñka wfma .=jka ld,h idrj;a l<
mßirfõ§ l=udr ,shk.u uy;dg;a mßir ks,OdÍ c.;a l=udr
uy;dg;a ia;=;sh mqo lrñka Tfnka iuq .kakjd' ,nk i;sfha ;j;a
ld,Sk ud;Dldjla iu.ska yuq fjuq'

wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu

wdm;a;s - meñŒu" wdmodj" úm;" jrog meñŒu
Wol mdßY=oaêh - c,fhka we;s jk msßiqÿ nj
lÜglvqj - jeõ neïfï my< ;Srejl" Èh iSrdj f,i yd N+.; c,h
f,i tk c,fha ,jK;dj md,kh lsÍu i|yd ilia lr
we;s m%foaYh
.ia f.dïuk - w;=m;ßka jeiS .sh ;=re f.duq nyq, le,Ej
n%yau iyjH;dj - n%yauhd iu. tla ùu
N+;, c, .nvd - fmdf<dj u;= msg we;s ú,a" fmdl=Kq wdÈ c,h iys; ;eka

78 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 wjfndaOh
1' mDÓúfha we;s ñßÈh yd lrÈh c, m%udKh m%;sY;hla jYfhka olajkak'
2' jej hkq c, l<ukdlrKfha m%n, ixfla;hls' fï m%ldYh ;yjqre lsÍug
wod< lreKq mdvu weiqfrka olajkak'
3' c,fha ixialD;sl jákdlu idOkh lsÍug idlÉPdfõ § bÈßm;a jQ lreKq
fudkjd o@
4' c, l<ukdlrKh Wfoid wo jk úg ls%hd;aul jevigyka yd jHdmD;s
fudkjd o@
5' we< ud¾. fomi l=Uqla .ia jeùfuka ie,iqKq jdish l=ula o@

,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjkqfha mdvfuka Wmqgd .;a ixjdo fldgils' tA weiqfrka wid we;s
m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
wNHjldYfha isg n,k úg fi!r.%y uKav,fha b;du;a w,xldr .%yf,dalh
jYfhka fmfkkafka ks,a .%y f,dalh jk mDÓúh hs' mDÓú .%yf,dalhg fuu
w,xldrh ,eî we;af;a tys mDIaGfhka jeä fldgila c,fhka jeiS we;s
ksihs' mDÓúfhys Ôjfha iïNjhg fya;= jQ m%Odk idOlj,ska tlla jkafka
c,h hs' wm jgd we;s id.rj, w;súYd, m%udKhla c,h we;s ksid o m%Odk
ú,a yd .x.d ;=< o wmg fmfkk f,ig laIh fkd jk w;suy;a c,ialkaOhla
we;s ksid o ukqIH j¾.hdg lsis Èfkl c, ysÕhla we;s fkd fõ hehs
fndfyda úg Wml,amkh flfrkjd' tfyu jqK;a bÈß oYl lsysmh ;=< §
msßisÿ c,h ÿ¾,N fohla jk njg idlaIH bÈßm;a fjñka ;sfhkjd' wo jk
úg uq¿ f,dalh u ms<s.kakjd c,h hkq ksrdhdifhka ,efnk wiSñ; iïm;la
fkd j wdhdifhka ,efnk iSñ; iïm;la nj'
¸' fï fþoh jHdlrKdkql+,j ,sÅ; NdIdfjka olajkak'
¸¸' fþofha we;=<;a Wmi¾. yd ksmd; mo fjka fjkaj olajkak'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' fuys we;=<;a f;dr;=re weiqre lr .ksñka c, l<ukdlrKh hk ud;Dldj
hgf;a rpkdjla ,shkak'
2' iuia; idlÉPdj ms<sn| jpk 50la muK jk fia idrdxYhla ilikak'
3' fï idlÉPdj mka;sh bÈßfha wkqlrKd;aulj olajkak'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 79

 10 YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia

YS% ,xldfõ Wiia wOHdmkh ms<sn|j l;d lsÍfï §

ì%;dkH cd;slhl= jQ YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia wu;l
l< fkd yels úoajf;ls' wfma rfÜ j¾;udk
úYajúoHd, moaO;sh wdrïN lsÍfuys mqfrda.dñhd
Tyq h' t;=udf.a úYsIag fufyjr idlÉPdjg n÷ka
flfrk fuu ,smsh uydpd¾h fla' tka' ´' O¾uodi
úiska iïmdokh lrk ,oaols'

80 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
YS% ,xldfõ úYajúoHd, wOHdmkfhys ks¾ud;Djrhd f,i ye¢kaúh hq;= YS%u;a whsj¾
fcksx.aia uy;d ì%;dkH cd;slfhls' Tyqf.a mqfrda.dñ;ajfhka 1942 § fld<U §
msysgqjk ,ÿj miqj 1952 § fmardfo‚hg f.k hk ,o ,xld úYajúoHd,h wm
Èjhsfka msysgqjk ,o m<uq kQ;k úYajúoHd,h fõ'
fojeksj fcksx.aia uy;d YS% ,xldjg ;j;a jeo.;a fufyjrla bgq lf<a h' tkï
1948 ,xldj ì%;dkH md,kfhka ñ§ ksoyi ,nk úg m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%u
jHjia:djla furgg iïmdokh lr §u hs'
YS% ,xldfõ wOHdmk b;sydifha kQ;k úYajúoHd,hla msysgqùfï lghq;a; oYl
.Kkdjla ;siafia foaYSh úoaj;=ka úiska lrk ,o Woaf>daIKhkays m%;sM,hla úh'
j¾I 1815 § ,xldj ì%;dkH hg;a úð; md,khg k;= ùfuka miqj fuys me;sreKq
bx.S%is wOHdmkh ,enQ we;eïyq uyd ì%;dkHfhka iy fjk;a úfoaYSh rgj,ska
Wmdê ,nd furg o úYajúoHd,hla msysgqjd ,sh hq;= hehs hg;a úð; md,lhka fj;
b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lf<da h' ,xldfõ úYajúoHd,hla msysgqjd .ekSfï wruq‚ka 1904 §
,xld úYajúoHd, ix.uh kñka ixúOdkhla o msysgqjd .ekq‚' fun÷ ixúOdkhkays
Woaf>daIKj, m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1921 j¾Ifha § ,xldj i|yd Wiia wOHdmk
wdh;khla msysgqjd §ug hg;a úð; rch lghq;= lf<a h' fld<U ;¾iagka mdf¾
^j¾;udk uqksodi l=udr;=x. udj;& f.dvke.s,a,l msysgqjk ,o ,xld úYajúoHd,
fld,Sðh ^Ceylon University College& hk tu wdh;kh iajdëk úYajúoHd,hla
fkd j ,kavka úYajúoHd,h hgf;a mej;s wkqnoaê; wdh;khla úh' tys Ydia;%
^l,d& úIhhka fuka u úoHd úIhh o we;=<;a úh' bka m%odkh flreKq Wmdê
,kavka úYajúoHd, Wmdê jQfha h'
iajdëk ,xld úYajúoHd,h talSh jQ o fkajdisl jQ o wdh;khla úh hq;= njg
tlÕ;djla hg;a úð; md,kh;a úYajúoHd, jHdmdrfha wh;a w;r ia:dmkh úh'
ó<Õg mek ke.=Kq m%Yakh jQfha tu wdh;kh fld;ek msysgqúh hq;= o hkak h'
fï .ek §¾> újdohla isÿ úh' we;euqka th mßmd,k flakaøh jQ fld<U msysgqúh
hq;= hehs lshd isá w;r wkHhka lshd isáfha w. k.rfha ld¾hnyq, mßirfhka
ñÿKq Ydia;% .fõIKh i|yd iqjodhl mßirhla we;s uykqjr m%foaYfha th
msysgqúh hq;= nj h' jir .Kkdjla ;siafia È.ska È.g isÿ jQ fï újdoh 1928 jk
úg wjika jQfha ‘th uykqjr m%foaYfha msysgqúh hq;= h’ hk ;SrKfhks'
fhdað; ,xld úYajúoHd,h i|yd ie,iqula bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd rch úiska 1928 §
tjlg uyd ì%;dkHfha úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñifï iNdm;s jQ YS%u;a fjda,ag¾
nqlekka-ßâ,a uy;df.a m%Odk;ajfhka lñgqjla m;a lrk ,È' tys jd¾;dj 1929 §
ksl=;a úh' ì%;dkH úYajúoHd, ie,iqï mokï lr .;a ta jd¾;dj u.ska fhdað;
,xld úYajúoHd,fha jHQyh ms<sn| ks¾foaY bÈßm;a fldg ;sì‚'
uykqjr m%foaYfha l=uk ia:dkhl th msysgqúh hq;= o hkak .ek ksYaÑ; ;SrKhla
.kq ,enqfõ 1938 j¾Ifha § h' m<uqj woyi jQfha th ÿïnr ñáhdjf;a msysgqúh
hq;= h hkqfjks' wremam, N+ñ m%foaYhla o ta i|yd y÷kd f.k ;sì‚' tfy;a tu
m%foaYh uef,aßhd jix.;h mej;s m%foaYhla nj;a tys ;jÿrg;a m%idrKh i|yd

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

81
 bv lv u| nj;a fmkajd ÿka msßila jvd;a iqÿiq ia:dkh f,i fhdackd lf<a
fmardfo‚fha f;a yd rn¾ j;= N+ñhls' yka;dk l÷jeáfhka werö uyje,s .Õ
fj; Èfjk nEjqulska hq;a fï N+ñh fhdað; ,xld úYajúoHd,h i|yd iqÿiq;u
N+ñh nj rdcH uka;%K iNdj úiska 1938 iema;eïn¾ 30 Èk ;SrKh lrk ,È'
fhdað; ,xld úYajúoHd,h msysgqjd,Sfï NdrOqr l¾;jHfhys j.lSu mejßh yels
wOHdmk{hl= uyd ì%;kHfha úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjreka w;ßka fidhd neÆQ hg;a
úð; n,OdÍyq" tjlg ,kavkays lS¾;su;a úYajúoHd, wdh;khla f,i mej;s
,kavka wd¾Ól úoHd Ydia;%d,fhys ^London School of Economics- LSE&
m%dpd¾h moúhla fydnjñka isá ú,shï whsj¾ fcksx.aia uy;d ta i|yd f;dard
.;ay'
whsj¾ fcksx.aia uy;d ,kavka wd¾Ól úoHd Ydia;%d,hg n|jd f.k ;snqfKa 1929
j¾Ifha § h' tys § Tyqf.a úYsIag W.ekaùï yd m¾fhaIK we.hQ tu wdh;kh úiska
1930 § m%dpd¾h moúhg Wiia ùula ,nd fok ,È' fcksx.aia uy;d t,a' tia' B'
wdh;khg taug fmr tx.,ka;fha ,Sâia úYajúoHd,fha kS;sh ms<sn| lÓldpd¾h
moúhla orñka isáfha h' Tyq Wm; ,nd ;snqfKa 1903 j¾Ifha § W;=re tx.,ka;fha
íßiag,a kqjr h' Tyqf.a mshd jvq ld¾ñlfhls' ;u <ud úfha § È<s÷lñka mSvd
ú¢ fcksx.aia uy;dg wOHdmkfhka by<g ke.Sug WmldÍ jQfha tjlg olaI
orejkag wOHdmk wjia:d ,nd §ug ieliS ;snqKq YsIHdOdr l%uh h' ta wkqj
íßiag,ays mdi,l oaú;Shl wOHdmkh ,o Tyqg ish olaI;d wkqj iqm%lg flaïíßÊ
úYajúoHd,fhys wOHdmkh ,eîu ms‚i YsIH;ajhla ,eì‚' tys § .‚;h úIhfhka
fuka u kS;sh úIhfhka o m%:u mka;s idu¾:Hh ,eîug Tyqg yels ú‚' 1925
j¾Ifha isg W;=re tx.,ka;fha ,Sâia úYajúoHd,fha lÓldpd¾h moúhla oerE Tyq
1929 § flaïíßÊ iriúfhka neßiag¾ Wmdêh o ,nd .;s'
fcksx.aia uy;d ,xldfõ meje;s hqksj¾isá fld,Sð wdh;kfha m%Odkdpd¾h f,i
m;a l< rch" th iajdëk úYajúoHd,hla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï ld¾hh t;=ud
fj; mejÍ h' 1940 § fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh weröu ksid ,xld úYajúoHd,h
msysgqùfï l¾;jHhg ndOd isÿ ú‚' th Ndr jQ fcksx.aia uy;dg tod ;snqKq m%Odk
.ukd.uk ud¾.h jQ keõ u.ska ,laÈjg taug jirla muK l,a n,d isákakg isÿ
úh' ta w;r;=r rch úiska fhdað; úYajúoHd, N+ñh jQ fmardfo‚h j;=hdfha N+ñh
;=< úYajúoHd, f.dvke.s,s ia:dmkh l< hq;= wdldrh i|yd N+ñ ie,eiaula
iïmdokh lsÍfï ld¾hh tx.,ka;fha isá úYsIag jdia;= úoHd{hl= jQ meÜßla
wen¾lafrdïì uy;d fj; mjrd ;sì‚' 1941 j¾Ifha ud¾;= ui w. Nd.fha § whsj¾
fcksx.aia uy;d ,laÈjg meñfKk úg tu ìï ie,eiau iïmdokh ù ;snqfKa h'
,laÈjg imeñ‚ fcksx.aia uy;d hqksj¾isá fld,Sðfha m%Odkdpd¾h moúh Ndr
f.k tys lghq;= lrñka ;uka fj; mejÍ ;snqKq úYajúoHd, msysgqùfï l¾;jHhg
wod< ,smsf.dkq mÍlaId lf<a h' fhdað; kj úYajúoHd, uykqjr iómfha
fmardfo‚fhys msysgqùug ;SrKh ù we;s w;r tu N+ñfha f.dvke.s,s ie,iqï úh
hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| uQ,sl ie,eiau o iïmdÈ; neõ Tyqg fmks‚' wfma%,a ui uq,a
i;sfha ,enqKq uy isl=rdod ksjdvq Èkfha Tyq fmardfo‚hg .sfha ;ud msysgqjk kj
82 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
úYajúoHd,h fld;ek úh hq;= o hkak .ek woyila ,nd .ekSu ms‚i h' Tyq ;u
pß;dmodkfha fufia ,shd we;( “mrK .,y mdr Èf.a ßh mojd f.k .sh uu
^j;auka ikd;k ukaÈr f.dvke.s,a, msysgd we;s& Wia ;eks;,dj fj; meñ‚fhñ'
ßfhka nei jefvñka ;snQ le<Ej ueÈka by<g ke.=Kq uu tys jQ .ia fldghl
ys|f.k YS%u;a meÜßla wen¾lafrdïì uy;d úiska ie,iqï l< N+ñ is;shu È.yer
.;af;ñ' fhdackd l%ufha W;alDIagd,xldrh ud bÈßfha ueù fmfkkakg jQfha
túg h' ta .ek lsisÿ ielhla ke;' fuh fYa%IaG úYajúoHd,hla jkjd we;'” ^Road
to Peradeniya, p.178& fmardfo‚ iriú N+ñh f,dalfha úYsIag;u iriú
ksfla;khla njg m;a lsÍu i|yd fcksx.aia uy;d uy;a lemùulska lghq;= l<
nj fmfka' uQ,sl N+ñ ie,eiau iïmdokh lsÍfuka miqj f.dvke.s,s ie,iqï lsÍu
i|yd ‘úYajúoHd, jdia;= úµd{’ moúhla we;s fldg Bg w;solaI YS% ,dxflah jdia;=
úoHd{hl= jQ I¾,s o w,aúia uy;d m;a lrkq ,eî h' Ñrd.; isxy, .Dy ks¾udK
Ys,amfhys úúOdx. tla;eka lrñka Tyq úiska ie,iqï lrk ,o f.dvke.s,s wiydh
jdia;= úoHd;aul ks¾udK f,i uy;a w.hlska hq;=j iriú ìu mqrd úisÍ mj;S'
1940 oYlfha § werö 1950 oYlfha § ksud jQ tu f.dvke.s,s foaYSh jdia;= úoHd;aul
wkkH;dj f,djg y`v .d lshk isysjgk f,i b;sydihg tla ù we;' ì%;dkH
cd;slhl= jqj o YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia fï f.dvke.s,sj, l,d;aulNdjh uy;a fia
w.h lf<a h'

Tyq fld<U isáh o yels iEu úgl u fmardfo‚hg meñfKñka f.dvke.s,s bÈ

jk whqre ksÍlaIKh l<d muKla fkd j úYajúoHd, N+ñh w,xlrKh lsÍu i|yd
iqÿiq ;=re,;d w¨;ska frdamKh lsÍug o mshjr .;af;a h' kqÿßka msysá rdclSh
WoaNso WoHdkfha md,ljrhdf.a iyfhda.h f.k jif¾ l,ska l, iqmqIams; jk
;=re,;d f;dard f.k tajd frdamKh lrjQ fcksx.aia uy;d wjik iriú ìu
w,xldr f.dvke.s,sj,ska muKla fkd j l,d;aul mßirhlska o fyì ia:dkhla
njg m;a lsÍug fjfyi .;af;a h'

8' r' uq' kS' i' 180543 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
83
 ;u pß;dmodkfha Tyq fufia i|yka lr ;sfí(
“ud ksr;j isá l¾;jHh jk úYajúoHd,hla f.dvkexùu lsishï whl=g
NdrÈh yels jákd u l¾;jHhla fõ' ta ksid th ug Wfoa 9 isg iji 4 olajd
l< /lshdjla jQfha ke;' th we;eï úg iji 4 isg ? 9 olajd jQfha h' ;j;a
we;eï úfgl ? 9 isg miqjod Wfoa 4 olajd jQfha h'”
fï lshufkka fmfkkafka fcksx.aia uy;d Èjd ? fkd n,d úYajúoHd,h
msysgqjd,Sfï lghq;af;ys ksr; jQ wdldrh h' kj úYajúoHd,h i|yd tys jHQyh"
mSGj,g fnod ,Su" wdpd¾h uKav,h n|jd .ekSu yd Tjqkaf.a Wiia ùï mámdá"
YsIHhka n|jd .ekSu" m%fõY úNd. meje;aùu yd Wmdê mdGud,d ieliSu wdÈ
oyila foa Tyqf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka isÿ úh' ta wjêfhys úYajúoHd, m%fõY úNd.h
mj;ajk ,oafoa úYajúoHd,h úiska u nj fuys § i|yka l< hq;=j we;' úYajúoHd,h
wNHka;r jYfhka ixúOdkh lsÍug wu;rj th f,dalfha wkH úYajúoHd, úiska
ms<s.kq ,nk wdh;khla njg m;a lsÍu o isÿ l< hq;=j ;sì‚' fcksx.aia uy;dg
uyd ì%;dkHfha fuka u wka;¾cd;slj wOHdmk{hl= jYfhka jQ ms<s.ekSu" ,xld
úYajúoHd,hg wka;¾cd;sl ms<s.ekSula ,nd .ekSu i|yd ufydamldÍ jQfha h'
iajdëk úYajúoHd,h i|yd kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfuka miq 1942 cq,s 1 Èk tjlg
hqksj¾isá fld,Sðh wdh;kfha ld¾hd,h msysgqjd ;snQ ;¾iagka mdf¾ ^j¾;udk
l=udr;=x. uqksodi udjf;a& fldf,aÊ yjqia kï f.dvke.s,af,a by< ud,fhys
fldä .il iajdëk ,xld úYajúoHd, Och fcksx.aia uy;d úiska kexùfuka
,xld úYajúoHd,h msysgqùfï isoaêh ixfla;d;aulj isÿ úh' bka miq úYajúoHd,fha
lghq;= ukdj mj;ajd f.k hk w;r fhdað; mßÈ th fmardfo‚fha bÈ fjñka
mej;s kj f.dvke.s,s fj; f.k hEug fcksx.aia uy;d ie,iqï lf<a h'
fmardfo‚fha ,xld úYajúoHd,h fkajdisl úYajúoHd,hla úh hq;= hehs ;SrKh ù
;snqKq fyhska ta i|yd wfmalaIs; 500l muK YsIH YsIHdjkaf.a fkajdisl wjYH;d
imqrd ,Su ms‚i fkajdisld.dr .Kkdjla iriú ìfuys ;ekska ;ek bÈ fjñka
mej;s‚' cd;sl iïm%odhg f.!rj lrñka tla uq,a ldka;d fkajdisld.drhla
‘ix>ñ;a;d Yd,dj’ hehs kï úh' tla msßñ fkajdisld.drhla hqksj¾isá fld,Sðfha
m<uq m%Odkdpd¾h frdnÜ ud¾ia uy;d isys lrkq jia ‘ud¾ia Yd,dj’ f,i kï
84 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
flß‚' úis jk ishjfia cd;sl ksoyia wr.,fha mqfrda.dóka isysm;a lrñka
ch;s,l Yd,dj" wreKdp,ï Yd,dj" rdukdoka Yd,dj" fÊïia mSßia Yd,dj wdÈh
kï fldg ;sì‚' úYajúoHd,h i|yd uy;a Ok mß;Hd.hla l< ys,avd Tfífialr
ue;sksh kñka o Yd,djla kï flß‚' fï fkajdisld.drj, lghq;= ixúOdkh
lrkq ms‚i kS;s Í;s ud,djla o fcksx.aia uy;d úiska iïmdokh lrk ,È'
fkajdisl úYajúoHd,hla msysgqjd ,Sfï wruqK jQfha ksrka;rj wdpd¾h YsIH
iïnkaO;d u.ska yqfola mka;s ldurj, isÿ flfrk Ydia;% .fõIKhg yd
wOHdmkhg wu;rj idlÉPd yd iïuka;%K wdÈfhka {dkh j¾Okhg;a idys;H"
ix.S;" kdgH wdÈ l,d lghq;= m%j¾Okhg;a bv i,ik mßirhla ilid §u h'
miqj isxy, idys;Hfha;a" kdgH l,dfõ;a úYsIag ks¾udK ìys ùug;a wka;¾cd;sl
jYfhka mjd iïudkhg md;% jQ Ydia;% .fõIK yd m%ldYk t<s oelaùug;a moku
jegqfKa YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aiaf.a mqfrda.dñ;ajfhka ls%hd;aul jQ fkajdisl
úYajúoHd, ixl,amh neõ lsj yels h' ,xld úYajúoHd,fha lghq;= .Kkdjlg Tyq
mqfrda.dñ;ajh iemhqfõ h' olaI tfy;a wd¾Ól w.ysÕlï we;s YsIHhkag úYajúoHd,
wOHdmkh ysñ lr §fï wruq‚ka YsIH;aj l%uhla msysgqùug Tyq mshjr .;af;a h'
úYajúoHd, l,d lghq;= ixúOdkh lsÍu ms‚i l,d uKav,hla msysgqjd ta i|yd
Wkkaÿj isá wdpd¾hjrekag tys lghq;= Ndr lf<a h' úYajúoHd,h i|yd Ñ;%
m%o¾Ykd.drhla iys; fl!;=ld.drhla ie,iqï l< Tyq" th i|yd m%:u mshjr
f,i iqm%lg Ñ;% Ys,amS fcda¾Ê lSÜf.a ‘mQcdj’ kï Ñ;%h ñ,hg .ekSug lghq;=
lf<a h' tu fl!;=ld.drh ;j u bÈ ù ke;;a Ñ;%h úYajúoHd, mqia;ld,fha
m%o¾Ykh ù ;sfí'
fcksx.aiaf.a fufyjr úYajúoHd,hg iSud jQfha fkd fõ' 1948 § ,xldj ksoyi
,nk wjia:dfõ ta ksoyia rdcHh i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokh lsÍfï
l¾;jHh ì%;dkH rcfha fuka u YS% ,dxlsl foaYmd,k kdhlhkaf.a tlÕ;dfjka
whsj¾ fcksx.aia uy;d fj; mejß‚' 1948 ksoyi ,enQ od isg 1972 kj ckrc
jHjia:djla ia:dmkh jk f;la furg md,kh jQfha fcksx.aia úiska iïmdokh
lr fok ,o wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj wkqj h' Tyqf.a tu olaI;dj y÷kd .;a kj
ksoyia rdcH lsysmhl tkï" mlsia:dkh" uef,aishdj" >dkdj" .hdkdj" fkamd,h
iy ud,Èjhsk rdcHhkays wdKavql%u jHjia:d iïmdokh jQfha Tyqf.a Wmfoia
wkqj h'
ld¾hnyq, Ôú;hla .; l< kuq;a YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia ish oekqu f,dalhd fj;
m%odkh lrkq i|yd .%ka: .Kkdjla ,shd m< lsÍug iu;a úh' The Law and the
Constitution ^kS;sh yd wdKavql%u jHjia:dj&" Cabinet Government ^leìkÜ rdcH
md,kh&" Parliament ^md¾,sfïka;=j&" The Commonwealth in Asia ^wdishdfõ fmdÿ
rdcH uKav,h&" Nationalism, Colonialism and Neutralism ^cd;sljdoh" hg;aúð;
jdoh yd uOHia:jdoh&" The Constitutional Laws of the Commonwealth ^fmdÿrdcH
uKav,fha jHjia:d kS;s&" Approach to Self-Government ^iajhx md,khg m%fõYh&
wdÈh bka iuyrls'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

85
 fcksx.aia uy;d 1941 ,laÈjg meñ‚fha furgg úYajúoHd,hla f.dv k.d § jir
mylska wdmiq tx.,ka;hg hEfï woyisks' tfy;a fuys lghq;=j, È.ska È.g ksr;
jQ Tyqg 1955 jk f;la u jir 14la muK fuys /£ isàug isÿ úh' ,laÈfjka
tx.,ka;hg .sh Tyq fj; Tyqf.a .=re N+ñh jQ flaïíßÊ úYajúoHd,h úiska tys
á%ksá fyda,a wdh;kfhys m%Odk;ajh ^Master& mjrk ,È' Tyq ñh hk ;=re u tu
moúh oerefõ h' h<s 1961 -1963 f;la flaïíßÊ iriúfha Wml=,m;s moúh oerE
Tyq fj; kS;sh ms<sn| võksx uydpd¾h moúh o msßkeñ‚' 1965 foieïn¾ 19 jk
Èk Tyq ñh hk ;=re u iriú fiajfha fh§ isáfha h' /ðkf.a kS;s{ ^Queens
Counsel& ì%;dkH wêrdcHfha khsÜ moúh ^KBE& wdÈ f.!rjkdu fuka u ,xld
úYajúoHd,h we;=¿ úYajúoHd, .Kkdjlska iïudk wdpd¾h Wmdê o Tyqg
msßkeñ‚' fcksx.aia uy;df.a pß;h wOHhkh l< úoaj;=kaf.a u;h jkafka Tyq
;u Ôú; ld,h ;=< fndfyda lghq;= bgq lr ;snqK;a ;ud w;ska bgq jQ úYsIag;u
fufyjr jQfha fmardfo‚fha ,xld úYajúoHd,h msysgqjd ,Su hehs ie,l+ nj h'
iajpß;dmodkhla ^autobiography& ,shd ;enQ Tyq th kï lf<a fmardfo‚hg udj;
^The Road to Peradeniya& hkqfjks' Tyq ñh hk úg wuqøs;j ;snqKq fuu fmd;
ixialrKh fldg 2005 jif¾ § uqøKh lrjk ,È'
YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia w.h l< idrO¾u fln÷ ù o hkak úoyd mdk isoaêhla
Tyqf.a jeäuy¨ Èh‚h jQ laf,hd¾ uy;añh úiska i|yka lr ;sfí' Tyqf.a
ld¾hnyq, Ôú;h ksid ;u ¥jreka fofokdf.a wOHdmkhg ndOd isÿ úh' nd,
Èh‚h jQ I¾,s" fu,an¾ka iriúfhka Wmdêhla ,enQ uq;a laf,hd¾g ta jru fkd
,eì‚' miqj ,laÈjg meñK mqj;am;a l,dfõÈkshl f,i lghq;= l< wE" ;u mshd
Wml=,m;s jQ ,xld úYajúoHd,hg m%fõY ùug wfmalaId l<d h' tfy;a mshdf.a
m%;spdrh jQfha ‘Tn nqoaêu;a uÈ’ ^You are not intelligent enough& hkak h' fmr<d
tx.,ka;hg .sh miq laf,hd¾ uy;añh tys § Wiia fm< úNd.h iu;aj flaïíßÊ
úYajúoHd,hg u we;=¿ ù 1965 § mshd ñh hEug iuilg fmr Wmdêh ,enqjd h'
fï isoaêfhka ms<sìUqj we;af;a m%;sm;a;s.rel mshl=f.a iy fkd miqniakd ffO¾hh
we;s ÿjlf.a l:dj h'

wjfndaOh

1' foaYmd,k úoHd lafIa;%hg whsj¾ fcksx.aiaf.ka isÿ jQ odhl;ajh úia;r

lrkak
2' fcksx.aiag wOHdmkfhka by< u ;ekg taug yels jQfha l=ula ksid o@
3' úYajúoHd,h msysgqùu i|yd fcksx.aia Èjd ? fjfyiqKq neõ oelafjk m%ldYh
Wmqgd olajkak'
4' fuys oelafjk mßÈ fkajdisl úYajúoHd, ixl,amh u.ska wfmalaIs; wruqKq
fudkjd o@
5' whsj¾ fcksx.aia .%k:
a iïmdokh lr we;af;a lskï úIh lafIa;h% lg wod<j o@

86 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 ,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjk jpkj,g .e<fmk úreoaOd¾: mo mdvfuka Wmqgd ,shkak'

¸' úfõlS - ¹¸' ndysr -
¸¸' ixfldapkh - ¹¸¸' wúoHd;aul -
¸¸¸' mrdëk - ¹¸¸¸' wkfmalaIs; -
¸¹' wúYsIag - ¸º' miqniakd -
¹' foaYSh - º' wjudk -

2' my; oelafjk moj, m%lD;s yd m%;Hh fjka lrkak'

¸' úoaj;=ka - ¹¸' úoHd{hl= -
¸¸' wdh;khla - ¹¸¸' .fõIKhg -
¸¸¸' jHdmdrfha - ¹¸¸¸' m%o¾Ykh -
¸¹' orejkag - ¸º' isoaêfhka -
¹' úYajúoHd,hla - º' f.dvke.s,af,ys -

3' my; § we;s mo úikaê fldg olajkak'

¸' Ydia;%d,fhys - ¹¸' m%Odkdpd¾h -
¸¸' YsIHdOdr - ¹¸¸' ufydamldÍ -
¸¸¸' ksrka;r - ¹¸¸¸' pß;dmodkh -
¸¹' .ukd.uk - ¸º' fkajdisld.drh -
¹' W;alDIagd,xldr - º' wNHka;r -
4' uq,ska oelafjk jHdlrK j¾.hg wh;a fkd jk mo f;darkak'
¸' ;oaê; kdu - cd;sl" m%Odk;ajh" l¾;jH" jHQyh
¸¸' lDoka; kdu - wdh;k" ie,iqï" f.dvke.s,s" ;snqKq
¸¸¸' ksmd; mo - kuq;a" fyì" i|yd" úiska
¸¹' Wmi¾. iys; mo - isysjgk" mßj¾;kh" m%j¾Okh" m%;spdr
¹' i¾j kdu mo - Tyq" uu" Tjqka" ckhd

5' my; § we;s ;oaê; moj, m%lD;s yd m%;Hh fjka lrkak'

¸' Èh‚ - ¹¸' nqoaêu;a -
¸¸' úYsIag;u - ¹¸¸' ld¾ñl -
¸¸¸' YsIH;aj - ¹¸¸¸' Ys,amS -
¸¹' wkkH;d - ¸º' kQ;k -
¹' wd¾Ól - º' oaú;Shl -

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

87

6' my; oelafjk moj, Wmi¾. fjka fldg olajkak'
¸' m%;sM, - ¹¸' ksÍlaIKh -
¸¸' mßmd,k - ¹¸¸' iqmqIams; -
¸¸¸' ms<s.ekSu - ¹¸¸¸' m%j¾Okh -
¸¹' iïmdokh - ¸º' wuqøs; -
¹' w;solaI - º' Wml=,m;s -

7' my; oelafjk jpk fhdod jdlHh ne.ska ,shkak'

¸' mqfrda.dóyq - ¹¸' ksfla;k -
¸¸' iqjodhl - ¹¸¸' iqm%lg -
¸¸¸' cd;Hka;r - ¹¸¸¸' l,d;aul -
¸¹' NdrOqr - ¸º' fYa%IaG -
¹' ix.%duh - º' m%;sm;a;s.rel -

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia uy;df.a pß;hg wod< lreKq my; oelafjk
wkqud;Dld Tiafia fm<.iajkak'

¸' Ôjk f;dr;=re yd wOHdmkh

¸¸' Ydia;S%h fufyjr
¸¸¸' wfma rgg isÿ l< fufyh
¸¹' pß;fha lemS fmfkk ,laIK

88 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 úNla;s 11

iïmQ¾K w¾:hla m%ldY jk j.ka;shlg jdlHhla

hehs lshuq' jdlHhla w¾: iys; ùug kï wju
jYfhka ls%hd mohla yd Bg iïnkaO kdu mohla
;sìh hq;= h' hï kdu mohla w¾:j;a jkafka th
flaj,j ^;ksj& mj;soa§ fkd j jdlHhl fhfok
úg hs' tfia fh§fï § w¾:h fia u mo rgd o fjkia
fjhs' kdu m%lD;shlska mrj w¾: fnod oelaùu i|yd
ixfhda. jkafka úNla;s hs' kdu m%lD;shlg úNla;s
m%;Hh tl;= l< úg moh úúO w¾:j, fhfohs'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

89
 kdu m%lD;sh ¬ úNla;s m%;Hh } úNla;s moh

f.dú wd } f.dúhd

tal jpk nyq jpk

f.dú ¬ wd - f.dúhd f.dú ¬ ´ - f.dúfhda
f.dú ¬ wdg - f.dúhdg f.dú ¬ wkag - f.dúhkag
f.dú ¬ wdf.ka - f.dúhdf.ka f.dú ¬ wkaf.ka - f.dúhkaf.ka
f.dú ¬ wdf.a - f.dúhdf.a f.dú ¬ wkaf.a - f.dúhkaf.a

m%:ud" l¾u" l¾;D" lrK" iïm%odk" wjê" iïnkaO" wdOdr" wd,mk hkqfjka tjeks
fn§ï" tkï ‘úNla;s’ kjhla isxy, NdIdfjys olakg ,efí' lsishï kdu m%lD;shla
fuu úNla;s kjfhys tal jpk yd nyq jpk jYfhka fnod oelaùu ‘jrkeÕSu’
hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' mqreI" ia;S%" kmqxil hk ,sx. ;=kg u wh;a kdu mo fufia
jrkeÕsh yels h'

1' m%:ud úNla;sh

^w& mshjre orejka rls;s'

fï jdlHfha rls;s hk ls%hdj lrkafka mshjre h' rlskafka ljfrla
o hk m%Yakh keÕ+ úg ms<s;=r jkafka mshjre hkak hs' tkï rls;s
hk ls%hdfjka Wla; ù we;af;a mshjre hk moh hs' th Wla; l¾;D h'
Wla; l¾;D ks;r u fhfokafka m%:ud úNla;sfhks'

¸' f,aLlhd fmd;la ,shhs'

¸¸' f.dúfhda .jhka rls;s'
¸¸¸' YsIHhd lS%vd lrhs'
¸¹' u,a,S mß.Klh ls%hd lrjhs'

fï jdlHj, ‘,shhs" rls;s" lS%vd lrhs" ls%hd lrjhs’ hk ls%hd moj,ska Wla; jkafka
‘f,aLlhd" f.dúfhda" YsIHhd" u,a,S’ hk l¾;D mo hs' tajd fh§ we;af;a m%:ud
úNla;sfhks'

90 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

jdlHhl l¾u moh Wla; jQ wjia:d o mj;S'
^wd& mshjreka úiska orefjda /fl;s'

fï jdlHh ‘mshjre orejka rls;s’ hkakg jvd fjkia h' tfy;a
woyiska tl iudk h' /fl;s hk ls%hd mofhka Wla; jkafka orefjda
hk l¾u moh hs' tu Wla; l¾u moh fhfokafka o m%:ud úNla;sfhks'

¸' f.dúhka úiska l=Uqre jemsfrhs$jmqrkq ,nhs'

¸¸' ffjµjreka úiska frda.Syq iqjm;a flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s'
¸¸¸' fin¿ka úiska ;%ia;jd§yq merofj;s$mrojkq ,n;s'
¸¹' i;a;ajfõ§ka úiska i;a;= mÍlaId flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s'

fuys ‘jemsfrhs" flfr;s" merofj;s" mÍlaId flfr;s’ hk wdLHd;j,ska Wla;

jkafka ‘l=Uqre" frda.Syq" ;%ia;jd§yq" i;a;=’ hk l¾u mo hs' tajd m%:ud úNla;s .kS'
² l¾;D ldrl jdlHhl tkï" l¾;D Wla; jk jdlHhl ‘Wla; l¾;D’ m%:ud
úNla;sfhka fhfoa'
² l¾uldrl jdlHhl tkï" l¾uh Wla; jk jdlHhl ‘Wla; l¾uh’ m%:ud
úNla;sfhka fhfoa'

1'1 my; oelafjk jdlHj, we;s m%:ud úNla;s mohg háka brla w¢kak'
¸' jE;a;Efõ ysñ .=;a;s, ldjHh rpkd lf<a h'
¸¸' l,dlrefjda iïuka;%Khg iyNd.s jQy'
¸¸¸' nd,sldfjda WoEik u mdi,g meñfK;s'
¸¹' b;sydi{fhda Ydia;S%h idlÉPd mj;aj;s'
¹' l;=jreka úiska YsIHfhda lS%vdjg fhduq flfr;s$fhduq lrkq ,n;s'
¹¸' olaI ks<shka úiska rislfhda i;=gq flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s'
¹¸¸' uj úiska orefjda we.fh;s$w.hkq ,n;s'
1'2 m%:ud úNla;s mo myla fhdod jdlH myla ks¾udKh lrkaak'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

91
 2' l¾u úNla;sh

mshjre orejka rls;s'

fï jdlHfha rls;s hk ls%hdjg hg;a jkafka orejka h' tksid

orejka hk moh jdlHfha l¾uh f,i ie,fla' l¾uh wkqla;j
fhfok neúka wkqla; l¾uh hkqfjka o ye¢kafjhs' wkqla;
l¾uh ks;r u fhfokafka l¾u úNla;sfhks'

¸' foudmsfhda orejka hyu. hj;s'

¸¸' fmd,sia ks,OdÍyq ksjerÈlrejka wdrlaId lr;s'
¸¸¸' wOHdmk wOHlaI;=ud .=rejreka oekqj;a lrhs'

¸¹' lïlrefjda b,a,Sï Èkd .ks;s'

fïjdfha hj;s" wdrlaId lr;s" oekqj;a lrhs" Èkd .ks;s hk ls%hdj,g hg;a j
we;af;a orejka" ksjerÈlrejka" .=rejreka" b,a,Sï hk l¾u úNla;s mohs'

² fuka" fia" jeks" tõ" f,i" uq;a" ú,i" mdid" fj;" lrd hkdÈ
ksmd; mo iu. fhfokafka o l¾u úNla;s mohs'

¸' weh fojÕkl fuka rEu;a h'

¸¸' ÿokka f,i fkd yeisfruq'
¸¸¸' uu Tjqka fj; fkd hñ'
¸¹' orejka úkd udmshkag ljr iïm;la o@
¹' hdplhd ñksiqka lrd meñK isÕuka b,a,S h'

2'1' my; oelafjk jdlHj, we;s l¾u úNla;s mo Wmqgd ,shkak'

¸' iNdm;s;=ud idudðlhka wu;hs'
¸¸' ;reK ;re‚fhda jeäysáhka ku¢;s'
¸¸¸' foujqmsfhda lS%vd W;aijh krU;s'
¸¹' md,lhd fiajlhka le|ù h'
2'2 my; oelafjk l¾u úNla;s mo fhdod jdlHh ne.ska idokak'
ñ;=rka" b;sydi{hka" lS%vlhka" kdhlhka" f,aLlhka

92 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 3' l¾;D úNla;sh

mshjreka úiska orefjda /fl;s'

fï jdlHfha /fl;ss hk ls%hd mofhka biau;= jkafka$Wla;

jkafka orefjda hkakhs' mshjreka úiska hkak biau;=
fkd fõ$Wla; fkd fõ' tneúka th wkqla; l¾;D h' jdlHhl
wkqla; l¾;D l¾;D úNla;sfhka fhfohs'

¸' wdÈ YsIHhka úiska .=rejre keuf|;s$ku¢kq ,n;s'
¸¸' mdßfNda.slhka úiska NdKav ñ, § .efkhs$.kq ,nhs'
¸¸¸' mrd¾:ldóka úiska wirKfhda fmdaIKh flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s'
¸¹' l=re,a,ka úiska ;u megjq mßirhg yqre flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s'

fïjdfha keuf|;s$ku¢kq ,n;s" .efkhs$.kq ,nhs" fmdaIKh flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s"

yqre flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s" hk ls%hd moj,ska Wla; ù we;af;a .=rejre" NdKav"
wirKfhda" megjq hk mo hs' wdÈ YsIHhka úiska mdßfNda.slhka úiska" mrd¾:ldóka
úiska l=re,a,ka úiska hk mo fh§ we;af;a wkqla;j ksid tajd l¾;D úNla;sh .kS'

3'1 jryka ;=< § we;s mo iqÿiq mßÈ ilia lr ysia;ekg fhdokak'

¸' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' nih mojkq ,nhs' ^ßheÿre&
¸¸' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' iqr;,a i;a;= we;s flfr;s' ^fidhqßh&
¸¸¸' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' f.ysñfhda úuikq ,n;s' ^wd.ka;=lhd&
¸¹' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' fiajlfhda le|jkq ,n;s' ^m%Odkhd&
¹' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' YsIHfhda hyu. hefj;s' ^.=rejrhd&
3'2 my; oelafjk l¾;D úNla;s mo fhdod jdlH ilikak'
idudðlhka úiska" <oeßh úiska" ksIamdoljrhd úiska" ks,OdÍka úiska"
fjf<kaod úiska

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

93
 4' lrK úNla;sh

mshjre fifkyiska orejka rls;s'

fuu jdlHfha rls;s hk ls%hdjg WmldÍ ù we;af;a fifkyi hs' l¾;Df.a

ls%hdjg WmldÍ jk moh fhdokafka lrK úNla;sfhks' tksid fifkyiska
hk moh lrK úNla;s .kS' thska ‘fya;= fldg f.k’" ‘lrK fldg f.k’
hk w¾: m%ldY fõ'

¸' wms fmd;m;ska W.ksuq'

¸¸' wfmalaIlhd uhslarf*dakfhka ckhd wu;hs'
¸¸¸' meiqKq ysiska nqyquka ,nj'
¸¹' f,dj u,aj,ska w,xldr fjhs'

fïjdfha l¾;Df.a ls%hdjg Wmldr ù we;af;a fmd;m;ska" uhslarf*dakfhka" ysiska"

u,aj,ska hk mo hs' tajd lrK úNla;sfhka fhfohs'
4'1 my; i|yka jdlHj, lrK úNla;s w¾: fok moj,g háka brla w¢kak'
¸' wms iqj| u,ska nqÿka mqouq'
¸¸' ksu,a ÿïßfhka .ug .sfha h'
¸¸¸' YsIHfhda bf.kqfuka ch .;ay'
¸¹' Tyq iem iïm;aj,ska fmdfydi;a h'
¹' u,a,S mEfkka wl=re ,shhs'
4'2 my; i|yka jpk fhdod lrK úNla;s w¾: fok jdlH idokak'
r:fhka" rEmfhka" Okfhka" wdhqOj,ska" wdNrKj,ska

5' iïm%odk úNla;sh

mshjre orejkag /ljrKh fo;s'

fï jdlHfha /ljrKh ,nkafka orejkaa h' hula ,nkakd tkï
m%;s.%dylhd yÕjk moh orejkag hkqfjka iïm%odk úNla;sfhka

fhfohs'
¸' ne;su;ayq foúhkag m`vqre mqo;s'
¸¸' md,lfhda W.;=kag myiqlï i,i;s'
¸¸¸' foudmsfhda orejkg wjjdo fo;s'
¸¹' fmd,siam;s;=ud Wiia ks,OdÍkag Wmfoia fohs'
94 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
by; jdlHj, m`vqre ,nk" myiqlï ,nk" wjjdo ,nk" Wmfoia ,nk" wh
y÷kajkafka foúhkag" W.;=kag" orejkag" Wiia ks,OdÍkag hkqfjks' t neúka
tajd iïm%odk úNla;sfhka fhfoa'
² jia" ms‚i" Wfoid" i|yd hk ksmd; iïm%odk úNla;s mo iu. fhfoa'

¸' fin¿ rg rlskq jia fmruqKg .shy'
¸¸' NslaIQyq oka ms‚i ms`vq isÕd jeähy'

5'1 my; oelafjk kdu moj, iïm%odk úNla;s rEm ,shd olajkak'
jks;dj" ixpdrlhd" úoHd{fhda" fiakdj" uqrlre
5'2 tu iïm%odk úNla;s jpk fhdod jdlH ilia lrkak'

6' wjê úNla;sh

mshjre mdif,ka orejka /f.k h;s'

fuys /f.k hdfï iSudj olajkafka mdif,kaa hk mofhks' tfia
iSudjla" fjka ùula" my ùula yÕjk mo fhfokafka wjê
úNla;sfhks'

¸' úfoaYslfhda ráka kslau h;s'

¸¸' fjf<kafoda mÈl fõÈldfjka bj;aj h;s'
¸¸¸' f.dúfhda j.d <sf|ka c,h .;ay'
¸¹' lïlrejd jy,fhka ìug niS'

fï jdlHj, kslau hdug" bj;aj hdug" c,h .ekSug" ìug neiSug iSudj oelajqfKa
‘ráka" mÈl fõÈldfjka" <sf|ka" jy,fhka’ hk moj,sks' fï mo wjê úNla;sfhka
fhfohs'

6'1 my; oelafjk moj,g wkqrEm wjê úNla;s mo ,shkak'

k.rh" mdi," .x.dj" fmd;" .i
6'2 tu wjê úNla;s mo fhdod jdlH idokak'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

95
 7' iïnkaO úNla;sh

mshjre orejkaf.a oialï w.h;s'

fï jdlHfha tk oialï hkak wh;a jkafka orejkag h' hï fohl" hï
flfkl=f.a whs;sh" iajdñ;ajh" ysñlu fyda iïnkaOh oelaùfï § fhdod
.kafka iïnkaO úNla;s mo hs' tksid orejkaaf.a hk moh iïnkaO
úNla;shg wh;a fõ'
¸' fï wfma mdi, hs'
¸¸' fï iqr;,a kx.Sf.a ud,h hs'
¸¸¸' orejkaf.a woyia jeo.;a h'
¸¹' ta b;d ñysß lúh .e,alrejdf.a h'

fï jdlHj, wfma" kx.Sf.a" orejkaf.a" .e,alrejdf.a hk moj,ska iajdñ;ajhla

whs;shla .ek lshfjk neúka iïnkaO úNla;sfhka fhfohs'
7'1 my; oelafjk jdlHj, iïnkaO úNla;s mo kï lrkak'
¸' f,aLlhkaf.a fmd;a w.h lruq'
¸¸' wmf.a oialï n,d i;=gq jkak'
¸¸¸' wE;ska wefikafka fudkrekaf.a y`v hs'
¸¹' mqgqfjys ll=,a wn,ka h'
¹' .iaj, w;= lvd jefghs'
7'2
kdu mo myla f;dard f.k tajd iïnkaO úNla;s w¾:fhys fhdod jdlH
ks¾udKh lrkak'

8' wdOdr úNla;sh

mshjre ksfjiays fjfik foújre h'
mshjre orejka flfrys ohdj md;s'

fï jdlHfha mshjrekag jdih lsÍug wdOdr ù we;af;a ksjdi hs' hï

fohla meje;aug fyda ord .ekSug wdOdr jk moh wdOdr úNla;sfhka
fhfohs' ksfjiays hkak fhfokafka o wdOdr úNla;sfhks' fojk jdlHfha
fh§ we;s orejka flfrys hkak o wdOdr úNla;s .kS'
¸' YsIHfhda mka;s ldurfhys bf.k .ks;s'
¸¸' ;reKfhda ieKfl<s ìfuys ießir;s'
¸¸¸' rcq flfrys f;aci mj;S'
¸¹' isiqyq mqgqj, jdä fj;s'
96 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fï jdlHj, mka;s ldurfhys" ieKfl<s ìfuys" rcq flfrys" mqgqj, hk mo wdOdr
úNla;sfhka fh§ we;'
8'1 my; jdlHj, wdOdr úNla;s mo háka bß w¢kak'
¸' .=rejreka flfrys f.!rjh m;=rejuq'
¸¸' jkfhys u,a msmS we;'
¸¸¸' foudmsfhda orejka flfrys fu;a m;=rej;s'
¸¹' .iaj, isfhd;ayq ko fo;s'
¹' is,aj;=ka flfrys is;a my§'

9' wd,mk úNla;sh

orejks" mshjrekag f.!rj lrkak'

fuys orejks hk moh wduka;%Kh i|yd fhdod .kS' hï flkl=g wu;k

úg weu;=u ,nkakd fhfokafka wd,mk úNla;sfhks'

¸' ÿj" fuys tkak'
¸¸' jks;djks" fmrg tkak'
¸¸¸' krUkafkks" ijka fokak'
¸¹' l=ureks" fï u,a ou ms<s.kak'

fï jdlHj, ‘ÿj" jks;djks" krUkakks" l=ureks’ hk mo wd,mk úNla;sfhka

fhfohs'
9'1 my; jdlHj, wd,mk úNla;s moj,g háka bß w¢kak'
¸' ksokak mq; rkalsß'
¸¸' tkak u| kf,a'
¸¸¸' ÿfõ" fï wykak'
¸¹' mq;=fka" fï n,kak'
¹' ñksiqks" hy jefvys fhfokak'

9'2 § we;s kdu moj, wd,mk úNla;s nyq jpk mo ,shkak'

jks;dj" uka;S%jrhd" f,aLlhd" ßheÿrd" úpdrlhd

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

97
 kdumohla ^kdu m%lD;shla& ta ta úNla;sfhys tal jpk" nyq jpk f,i jr kefÕk
wdldrh úuid n,uq'

úNla;sh tal jpk nyq jpk

m%:ud fldjq,d fldjqf,da
l¾u fldjq,d fldjq,ka
l¾;D fldjq,d úiska fldjq,ka úiska
lrK fldjq,d lrK fldg f.k fldjq,ka lrK fldg f.k
iïm%odk fldjq,dg fldjq,kag
wjê fldjq,df.ka fldjq,kaf.ka
iïnkaO fldjq,df.a fldjq,kaf.a
wdOdr fldjq,d flfrys fldjq,ka flfrys
wd,mk fldjq, ^fldjqf,da& fldjq,ks

1' my; oelafjk j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

kdu moh úNla;sh tal jpk nyq jpk

ñksidg Wod( iïm%odk  -
n,a,df.a
l=re,af,da
ñ;%jreks
.fia
isiqka úiska
NslaIQkag
uj flfrys
lS%äldjkaf.a
msh;=uks
2' my; oelafjk l;dfjys ;o l¿ wl=ßka oelafjk moj, úNla;s olajkak'

n,j;dg ÿn,hd o msysg fjhs'

tla Èfkl isxyfhla iajlSh .=ydj ;=< ks|d isáfha h' hï lsis Yíofhlska ìhg
m;a ófhla ;e;s f.k ÿjkafka yÈisfhka isxyhdf.a weÕg mekafka h' thska
msìÿKq isxy f;fï iajlSh Yla;su;a yia;fhka óhd jid .;af;a h'
“wfkaæ foajhka jykai" laIud l< uekú" fuh ud is;d l< jefvla fkd fjhs'
tfyhska ud jeks ksySk ÿn,hl= ueÍfuka Tn jykafiaf.a rdclSh yia;h ls,sá

98 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

fkd lr .kakd fialajd” hs ó f;fï hdÉ[d lf<a h' isxyhd iskd iS óhd yeßfha h'
ld,hla .; úh' jkfhys f.dÿre fidhd .sh isxy rdchd ovhïlrejl= úiska
wgjk ,o W.=f,l ne¢‚' thska ñfokakg Tyq l< yeu W;aidyfhlska u jQfha
ne÷ï jv jvd;a ;o ùu h' wfydaæ iaj,am fõ,djlska ta wkNsNjkSh uD. rdchdg
fi,ùug mjd fkd yels úh' l< yels jQfha tl u jefvls' th fya fkd kj;ajd
flf<a h' isá msh fkd fid,ajd isg jkh lïmd jk fia .¾ckd flf<a h'
fudfyd;la .; úh' mrK,d fi,fjk Yíohla weisK' mr f,dj isysk n,ñka
;e;s f.k isá isxy rdchdf.a weig yuq jQfha lsfula o@ Èfkl ;ukag ne.E m;a
f,i hdÉ[d fldg urKfhka .e,eù .sh l=vd ó meáhd h' Wf.ka ljr msysgla
m;kakg o@
óhd l:d flf<a h' “foajhka jykai" wfydaæ Tn jykafiag fï lsfula ù o@ Tn
jykafia tla Èfkl ug wkqlïmd fldg Ôú; odkh l< fial' tfyhska Nh fkd
jk fialajdæ uu b;d ÿn,hl= jqj;a Tn jykafia fï nkaOkfhka uqod yßkafkñ'
foajhka jykafiag Wmldrhla lsÍfuka flf<ys .=K ie,elSfï uyÕ= .=Kh
fmkajkakg wjia:djla ,eîu .ek uu b;d mS%;s fjñ'”
“wfydaæ l=vd ñ;%h" ljrl=f.ka jqj o msysgla ,efnf;d;a ,eìh hq;af;a kï oeka h'
tfy;a f;dm jeks b;d l=vd ÿn, ñ;=rl=f.ka oeka ug ,eìh hq;= msysg ,efí h hs
is;Su ÿIalr h” hs isxyhd lSfha h'
tfia fkd fõjd foajhka jykai" ;j fudfydf;lska b;d l=vd ÿn, udf.ka b;d
n,j;a Tn jykafiag oeka ,eìh hq;= jk wiydh msysg ,efnk ieá n,kq
uekeje” hs lshd óhd jyd u mek ta Yla;su;a ,Kq ish ;shqKq o;aj,ska lmkakg
jkafka h'
,Kqq is£ .sfha h' isxyhd nkaOkfhka ñ§ .sfha h' mS%;sfhka l=,au;a jQ isxy rdchd
ish l=vd ñ;=rd w;ska Tfidjd ism .ksñka lD;{;dj fmkaù h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

99
9' r' uq' kS' i' 180543
 12 ni bmÿKq ieá wikq h úia;r

lsishï úIh lafIa;%hl m%ùK;ajhla we;s úoaj;=kaf.a

iyNd.s;ajfhka" lsishï f;audjla mdol lr f.k
lrkq ,nk idlÉPdjla" nqoaê uKav, idlÉPdjla
ke; fyd;a úoaj;a uKav, idlÉPdjla f,i i|yka
l< yels h' tn÷ idlÉPdjlg ijka §u úpdrYS,Sj
ijka §fï l=i,;dj j¾Okh i|yd fyd|
ls%hdldrluls' úpdrYS,Sj ijka §u hkq" wefik foa
ukdj .%yKh lr .ksñka" wjfndaO lr .ksñka"
;yjqre lr .ksñka lrk weyqïlka §u hs' tu.ska
wid isá foa ms<sn| ish u;h yd woyia m%ldY lsÍug;a"
thska lreKq Wmqgd oelaùug;a yelshdj ,efí' fï
mdvug we;=<;a jkafka 2015-03-13 Èk YS% ,xld .=jka
úÿ,s ixia:dfjka m%pdrh lrk ,o ‘fy< nia uysuh’
jevigyk weiqfrka ilia lrk ,o úoaj;a uKav,
idlÉPdjls' úoaj;a uKav, idlÉPdjla fufyhjk
;eke;a;d o wod< úIh lafIa;%h ms<sn| ukd
wjfndaOhlska hqla; whl= úh hq;= h' mdvfï we;=<;a
idlÉPdj mßYS,kfha § th Tng jegfykq we;'

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a

100 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 ¡
fufyhjkakd( wdhqfndajkaæ
wo;a fy< nia uysuh jevigyfkka wm iQodkï jkafka
NdIdfjys úfYaI;ajh" nfiys ri uqiq ;eka lrd Tn f.k
hdug hs' tA i|yd wm iu. tla jkafka uydpd¾h úu,a Ô'
n,.,af,a iQÍka iy uydpd¾h fÊ' î Èidkdhl iQÍka' Y%S
,xld .=jkaúÿ,s ixia:dj fjkqfjkq;a iqjyila Y%djl
ckhd fjkqfjkq;a fï úoaj;=ka fom< wdhqfndajka lshd
ms<s.kakjd" idor f.!rjfhka'
fofokd u( wdhqfndajkaæ
fufyhjkakd( ¡ uydpd¾h;=uks" wm miq.sh idlÉPdfõ § NdIdj hkq l=ula
o hkak fláfhka újrKh l<d' NdIdj kï udkj
Wreuh" udkjhdf.a ixialD;sl ch.%yKh flfia wdrïN
jQfha o hkak ms<sn|j wo wfma wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=
hehs ud ys;kjd'
uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( NdIdj udkj ksIamdokhla" iudÔh ksIamdokhla f,i wms
l;d l<d' tA ms<sn|j iudcfha ñksiqka w;r fohdldrhl
ms<s.ekSï ;sfnkjd' tl u;hla fndfyda ÿrg wd.ñl úYajdi
u; mokï jQjla' wfkl mßKdujdoh mokï lr .;a
úoHd;aul u;hla'
wd.ñl úYajdi wkqj mqkre;am;a;sh ms<s.kakd fn!oaO" yskaÿ
wdÈ iudcj,;a tfia fkd jk fjk;a iudcj,;a ñksid
urKfhka miq h<s;a ñksil= yeáhg WmÈk njg ms<s.ekSula
;sfnkjd' ñksid iodld,slj ixidrfhka ixidrhg .uka
lrk flfkla yeáhg úYajdi lrkjd'
fofjks tl jk mßKdujdofha óg jvd fjkia woyila
m%ldY flfrkjd
m<uq ms<s.ekSfï §" fn!oaO b.ekaùï ne¨j;a" l,am
úkdYhlska miafia f,dalh my< jqKd u" tA f,dalfha
m<uqfjka u ñksiqka yeáhg mÈxÑ fjkafk" wdNiair n%yau
f,dalfhka meñ‚ n%yauhka' taf.d,af,da l%ufhka msßySug
m;afj,d ;uhs" ukqIHhka njg m;a fjkafk' tA fn!oaO
wd.ñl úYajdi wkqj udkj iudch ks¾udKh jQ wdldrh'
wfkla wd.ïj,;a fun÷ úYajdi ;sfnkjd" foúhka úiska
ñksid uejQ nj wdÈ jifhka'
ta;a fndfyda ÿrg wms mdi,aj, W.kajkafka mßKdujdohg
wkql+,j' ñksid lshkafka f,dalh my< jQjdhska miq" tA
lshkafka úYajfha fldgila jk fi!r.%y uKav,fha
idudðlhl= jk fmdf<dfõ mßKduh ie,lSfï § tla
wjêhl § Ôùka my< fjkjd' uq,ska u laIqø m%dŒka my<
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
101
 fj,d l%ufhka úldYkh fjkjd' fufyu úldYkh fj,d
Èh i;=ka" f.dv i;=ka jdkrhd olajd ÈhqKq fjkjd' jdkr
;;a;ajfhka miq jdkr udkj wjia:djg ÈhqKq fjkjd' fï
wdldrhg jdkr udkj wjia:dj blaujd ienE udkj
wjia:djg m;a ùu;a NdIdfõ my< ùu;a tlu wjêhl isÿ
jqKd lsh,hs úoHd{hka ms<s.kafka'
fï iïnkaOfhka m¾fhaIK lrkafka jdkrhkaf.a"
udkjhkaf.a mdId‚N+; weg iels,s" YS¾I lmd,h wdÈh
wdY%h lr f.k' tA wkqj l< ld, iSud ks¾Kh mokï lr
f.k" l,ska úYajdih ;snqfKa wjqreÿ ;=ka ,laIhlg by;
ienE udkjhdf.a wdrïNh;a iu. NdIdfõ wdrïNh isÿ jQ
njg' kuq;a 1959 gekaidkshdfõ T,avqjdhs lshk ia:dkfha
;sì,d yuq jqKq mdId‚N+; weg iels,a,la ud¾.fhka lrk
,o ld, ksYaph u.ska ks.ukh lr we;af;a" wjqreÿ ody;a
,laI mkia odylg fmr" ñksid ienE udkj ;;a;ajhg m;a
jQ nj' tA wkqj wmg wkqudk lrkak mq¿jka" NdIdfõ
wdrïNh;a tA ;rï wE; ld,hl isÿ jQ nj'
fufyhjkakd( ¡ b;ska t;fldg tA ienE udkjhdf.a ìys ùu;a iu. u
NdIdj ksmojd .;af;a fldfydu o lsh,d ielhla u;=
fjkjd fkao uydpd¾h;=uks'
uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( Tõ" udkjhdf.a ;snqK YlH;d w;r tlla ;uhs NdId
YlH;dj" ikaksfõok YlH;dj' tA lshkafka woyia m%ldY
lsÍu i|yd Yío ksl=;a lsÍfï yelshdj' wfkla i;=ka jf.a u
ñksid jdkr udkj wjia:dfõ §;a nv.skak" fjk;a úúO
wjYH;d m%ldY lsÍu i|yd Yío fhdod .kak we;s' kuq;a
tfyu fkd fjhs" ;ukaf.a úúO wjYH;d i|yd fukak fï
Yíoud,dj f;dard .kakd njg lsishï iudchla" iudc
lKavdhula tla ù iïuq;shlg meñ‚hd kï" fukak fï
Yíoh fï w¾:h i|yd wdÈ jYfhka úúO Yío i|yd;a" Yío
ixhq;s tA lshkafka Yío folla" ;=kla fyda lSmhl tl;=jla
i|yd;a" fukak fï úúO Yío yd Yío ixhq;s i|yd
iïuq;shlg meñŒu NdIdfõ Wm; yeáhg y÷kajkak
mq¿jka'
uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( oeka n,.,af,a uydpd¾h;=ud m%ldY l< wdldrhg meyeÈ,s
fjkjd" wE; wE; w;S;fha NdIdjla ;snqfK kE' l;d lf<a
kE' uq,ska u tla;rd wjêhl udkj NdIdj ìys jqKd' bka
miafia tl tl NdId we;s jqKd' f,dalfha fkdfhla ;ekaj,
Ôj;a jk udkjhka l;d lrk NdId we;s fj,d" wo fjk
fldg Ôj NdId y;a oyia .Kkla muK ;sfnk nj
lshfjkjd'
102 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fufyhjkakd( ¡ y;a oyia .Kkla lshkafka" wmg tA ixLHdj ksYaÑ;j lsj
fkd yels o uydpd¾h;=uks"
uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl(¡ NdIdj lshkafk fmd;a m;a jf.a w;g wyq fjk fohla
fkd jk ksid tfyu lshkak wudrehs' bx.%Sis NdIdj f,dalh
mqrd u Ndú; lrkjd' Ök NdIdj;a fndfyda rgj, Ndú;
flfrkjd' we;eï NdId lsishï m%foaYhlg iSud fj,d
;shkjd" wo fjoa§ Ndú;fha ;sfnkjd o okafk kE'
j¾;udkfha wms l;d lrkjd NdId j| ù hdula .ek' tA
ksid yßhg u .Kk lshkak wudrehs" wo f,dalfha lsishï
m<d;l ujq ni lsh,d ;ukaf. ni lsh,d NdIdjla Ndú;
lrkjd' tA wkqj NdId fldmuK ;sfhkjd o lsh,d yßhg u
lshkak wudrehs' NdIdfõ Wm; .ek l;d folla ;sfhkjd'
NdIdfõ Wm; iy NdIdjl Wm; lshkafka folla' udkj
NdIdj iy isxy," fou< wdÈ tl NdIdjl Wm; lshkafk
folla'
uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( f,dalfha fumuK NdId ;sfnk nj ksYaÑ;j lshkak nE'
NdId YlH;dj yd Ndú; lrk NdIdj folla' f,dalfha
Ndú; flfrk NdId .Kk ksjerÈj .Kkh lrkak
wudre hs' lKavdhulg ikaksfõokh lr .; yels Yío yd
w¾: iïuq;shla wms NdIdjla f,i y÷kajkjd' Bg iudka;rj
Ôj;a jk fldgila Ndú; lrk NdIdj,g WmNdId lsh,d
wms lshkjd' NdId" WmNdId lsh,d j¾. folla ;sfhkjd'
WmNdIdj, m%dfoaYsl WmNdId ;sfnkjd' bkaÈhdj jf.a rgla
.;a;d u tl m%foaYhl Ndú; jk yska§ NdIdj ;j m%foaYhlg
jvd fjkia' W;=f¾ ol=fKa wdÈ jifhka fï l=vd rfÜ mjd
tn÷ fjkialï tla;rd m%udKhlg w;aoel,d ;sfhkjd'
jd.a úoHd{fhda NdId .Kka lsÍfï § fndfyda úg WmNdId;a
iuyrla NdId .Kkg .kakjd' tA ksid iuyre mkaoyila
iuyre yhoyila wdÈ jifhka lshkjd' tlÕ;djlg tkak
wudrehs'
uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( .Kka lsÍfï ;j m%Yakhla ;sfhkjd' tA foaYmd,k iSudj'
iamd[a[h yd mq¾;=.d,h lshkafk wi,ajeis rgj,a' NdIdj
tl jqKdg kï folla' tl u NdIdjg iamd[af[ È iamd[a[
NdIdj lshkjd' mq¾;=.df, È mq¾;=.Sis NdIdj lshkjd'
ud,Èjhsfka l;d lrk NdIdj Èfjys ni" ud,a lsh,d ;j
nila ;sfhkjd'
reyqfKa ck;dj .;a;d u oeka kï isxy, NdIdj l;d
lrkafk' tA;a lsishï ldrKhla u; fjk u tAllhla
jqfKd;a" “oeka wms iajdëk hs" wms l;d lrkafk wfma ni”
lsh,d fjk u nila yod .kak mq¿jka'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
103
 fufyhjkakd( Tn fom<f.a woyia oelaùfï § NdId oyia .Kkla ;sfnk
nj lshjqKd' wmg m%Yakhla u;= fjkjd" wdrïNfha l;d
l<d NdIdj Ôj úoHd;aul Wreuhla nj' udkj mßKdufha
§ uq,ska u NdIK YlH;dj" NdId yelshdj we;s fjkjd'
fojkqj NdIdj we;s fjkjd' fï oyia .Kkla NdId w;f¾
iïnkaOh fln÷ o@ wm" kï jYfhka i|yka l<d" isxy,"
fou<" yska§" bx.%Sis" Ök" mq¾;=.Sis" iamd[a[" ud,a" Èfjys
wdÈ NdId .ek' fï NdId w;f¾ {d;s;ajhla mj;skjd o@
tA fln÷ iïnkaO;djla o @
uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a(NdId {d;s;ajh ms<sn| wOHhkj,g óg Y;j¾I follg
Wv § muK hqfrdamfha Wkkaÿjla we;s jqKd' kuq;a Y%S
,xldfj;a fï ms<sn|j ls%ia;= j¾I y;rjk ishjfia b|,d
Wkkaÿjla ;snqKq nj ysgmq mqrdúoHd{fhl= jQ uydpd¾h
fikr;a mrKú;dk i|yka lr ;sfnkjd'
NdId {d;s iïnkaO;d ms<sn| wOHhkh iEfyk ;rï l,l
isg W.;=ka w;r mejf;k l=yq, oekjQ lreKla jqKd' ta
l=;+y,h mokï lr f.k uQ, NdId lshk ixl,amh fndfyda
YsIag iudcj, my< fjÉp tlla'
uQ, NdIdj .ek fn!oaO l%sia;shdks wdÈ iEu YsIagdpdrhl u
Wkkaÿjla olajd ;sfnkjd' uQ, NdId iïnkaOfhka fn!oaO
u;h yeáhg i,lk u;hla ;sfhkjd uQ, NdIdj fyj;a
uq,a u NdIdj md,s fyj;a ud.ë lsh,d i,lk' fn!oaO u;h
lsõj;a fuh nqÿ yduqÿrefjda lsjQ u;hla fkd fjhs' m<uqfjka
u wgqjdpdÍka ;uhs fufyu lsh,d ;sfhkafka' wgqjdpdÍ
u;hla lsh,d ;uhs lshkak mq¿jka' máiïNsod u.a. wgqjdj
lshk fmdf;a —id ud.ë uQ, Ndid - krdhd wdÈlmamsld
n%yaufKda piaiq;d,dmd - iïnqoaOd prms Ndif¾’ wdÈ jYfhka
f,dj uq,a u NdIdj ud.ë nj;a nqÿ yduqÿrefjd;a" n%yaufhd;a"
l,ska lg y~la lfka fkd jegqKq orefjd;a l;d lrkafk
ud.ë NdIdfjka nj;a lshfjkjd' wïudf.a lg y`v uq,ska u
wefik orejkag wïudf.a lg y~ n,mdkjd lsh,d lshkjd'
ujq ni lshkafk tAl hs'
uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( f,dalfha we;eï rgj,a ;shkjd ms;= ni olskak mq¿jka'
c¾uksh .;a; u ms;D NdId" ms;D N+ñh lsh,d y÷kajkafka"
uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( NdIdj iïnkaOfhka fndfyda iudc ujg f.!rj lr
;sfnkjd' fjk;a NdIdjla lk fkd jeà m<uqfjka l;d
lf<d;a" orefjla l;d lrkafka md,s NdIdj lsh,d
wiaiq;d,dm hk fhÿfuka lshfjkjd' tA iïnkaOfhka
m¾fhaIKhla l< njg;a máiïNsod u.a. wgqjdfõ i|yka
fjkjd'
104 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
 —ud;d oñ<S ms;d wkaOflda ˜
uj fou< NdIdj l;d lrkjd' mshd wkaOl" tA lshkafk
wdkaød" wkavr fou< l;d lrkjd'
uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( wkavr fou< u fkfjhs" wdkaø fou< fkao@
^iskdfiñka&
uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( Tõ' tA ujf.a lg y~ uq,ska u weiqfKd;a orejd fou<
NdIdj l;d lrkjd' mshdf.a lg y~ l,ska lk jegqfKd;a
wdkaø fou< NdIdj l;d lrkjd lsh,d wgqjdfõ i|yka
fjkjd'
uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( úch l=udrhd uÿrd foaYfhka Nd¾hdjla f.kdjfka' uj
ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq NdIdjla l;d lrkak we;s' mshd l;d lf<a
jx. jf.a NdIdjla fjkak we;s'
fufyhjkakd( NdId w;f¾ iïnkaO;d .ek wms l;d l<d' Tn;=ud ±ka
l;d l<d wdkaø fou<" fou< .ek' NdId ish,a, u tl u
mjq,l idudðlfhd o@ fjkialï ;sfnkjd o@
uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( fjkialï ;sfnkjd' tA .ek ;uhs wms B<Õg l;d
lrkafka' uQ, NdId ixl,amh' nhsn,fha mrK
f;ia;fïka;=fõ yeáhg foúfhda uq,ska u l;d l< NdIdj
foúhkaf.a NdIdj" tA lshkafka ySírE NdIdj ;uhs uQ, NdIdj'
ta tl u;hla'
.%Sl cd;sl b;sydi{hl= jk fyrfvdagiag wkqj l%sia;= mQ¾j
yhjk ishjfia ñirfha idñ;slia lshk rc;=ud uQ, NdId
m¾fhaIKhla lr ;sfnkjd" l;d lsÍfï yelshdj wysñ lrk
,o .¾NsŒ ldka;djla" ñksia lg y~la ke;s mßirhl
/lj,a iys;j r|jd wehg orejd ,efnkakg ie,eiaiqjd ¨'
orejd j¾Okh fj,d l;d lroaÈ uq,ska u lsõfõ ‘fnfldia’
lsh,d ¨' rÊcqrefjda fï jpkh f,dalfha fudk NdIdfõ o
lsh,d fydhkak lghq;= fhÿjd' fydhd f.k hoa§ j¾;udkfha
iq¿ wdishdj hkqfjka ye¢kafjk m%foaYfha jHjydr jqKq
*aÍðhka lshk NdIdfõ jpkhla nj fydhd f.k ;sfnkjd'
fï NdIdj oekg jHjydrfha ke;s NdIdjla' *aÍðhka
NdIdfjka ‘fnfldia’ lshkafk mdkaj,g' f,dalfha uq,a u
NdIdj *aÍðhka njg fï m¾fhaIlhka úYajdi l<d'
fufyhjkakd( fïl yß u rij;a jD;a;dka;hla' ñksiaiqkag l=;+y,hla
;snqKd" mer‚ u NdIdj l=ula o lsh,d oek .ekSug' tA
fiùug .;a m%h;akfha m%;sM,hla ;uhs Tn;=ud i|yka
lf<a'
uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( mÍlaIKhla fk" lf<a' nila kEfik mßirhl ;sh,d
ne¨jd'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

105
 fufyhjkakd( fu;ek § f;areï wrka ;sfhkjd" NdIdjla .%yKh lr
.kafka" NdId Wmd¾ckh isÿ jkafka lkg wefik foa
mokï lr f.k nj' NdIdj lshkafka f,a Wreufhka
,efnk wdfõ‚l fohla fkfjhs lsh,d'

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( kE" kE" NdIdj ldhslj ,efnk fohla fkd fjhs' mßirfhka
,nd .kakd fohla' Ök foudmshkaf. orefjla ud;r
m%foaYfha we;s oeä jqfKd;a reyqKq isxy, jHjydrh bf.k
.kakjd'
uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( NdId YlH;dj tlla' Ndú; lrk NdIdj ;j tlla' NdId
YlH;dj Wm;ska ,enqK;a Ndú; lrk NdIdj ,nkafka
mßirfhka' tla;rd wdldrhlg ujq ni lshkafka w¾O
i;Hhla' bx.S%is l;d lrk isxy, ujqmsfhd fokafkl=g
tx.,ka;fhÈ WmÈk orefjl=g ujq ni fjkafk bx.%Sis
NdIdj'
fufyhjkakd( NdIdj lshkafk ixialD;sl Wreuhla' NdIdj mrïmrdfjka
mrïmrdjg f.k hkafka NdIdj u.ska' Tn;=ud NdIdj
ixialD;sfha jdylh lshd olajd ;sfnkjd'
ixialD;shla ksfhdackh lrkafka" ksrEmKh lrkafka
NdIdj u.ska" B<Õ mrïmrdjg ixialD;sh f.k hkafka
NdIdj u.ska' NdIdj yd ixialD;sh w;r we;af;a
wúfhdackSh iïnkaO;djla'
uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( NdIdj wkkH;dfõ ,laIKhla' uu isxy, lsh,d lshkafka
uf.a uj" ujf.a uj isxy, l;d l< ksid' uf.a rEmfha
;sfhk uqyqKqjrla ke;akï f,aj, ;sfhk fohla fkfjhs'
fuh miq lf,l § fjkia fjkak mq¿jka' uj isxy, jqK;a
tx.,ka;fha WmÈk orejl=g ujq ni fjkafk bx.%Sis'

fufyhjkakd( wms fï ixjdofha jeo.;a ;eklg m%úIag jqKd' wmg isxy,

lshkafka ixialD;sl Wreuh fya;=fjka' fï ixialD;sl
Wreufha uq, fidhd hEu" wfma wkkH;dj meyeÈ,s fldg
.ekSu" NdIdj ud¾.fhka fï wkkH;dj úoyd oelaùu hs"
fï jevigyka ud,dfõ wruqK' isxy, NdIdfõ fï
wkkH;dj" f,dj oyia ixLHd; NdId w;f¾ isxy, NdIdj
msysgqúh yels ia:dkh .ek wms bÈßfha § fun÷
jevigyklska idlÉPd lruq'

106 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 Y%S ,xld .=jkaúÿ,s ixia:dj yd Y%djl ckhd fjkqfjka"
uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,ag;a uydpd¾h fÊ' î'
Èidkdhlg;a uf.a lD;{;dj msßkukjd" fï rij;a
tfuka u jeo.;a lreKq wmg wkdjrKh lr §u ms<sn|j'
wdhqfndajkaæ

wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu

ixialD;sl ch.%yKh - udkj iudch úiska ixialD;sl úldikfha
m%;sM, jifhka we;s lr .kakd ,o yelshd yd
fidhd .ekSï
mßKdujdoh -hul l%ñl úldikh hs¦ w;S;fha úiQ Ôùka
úúO fjkialïj,g ,la ùfuka wo olakg
,efnk Ôùka we;s jQ nj mjik kHdh

mßKdujdoh hs' Ôùka fuka u iudch yd
ixialD;sh o l%ufhka úldikh jk nj fï
kHdfhka meyeÈ,s flf¾'
mqkre;am;a;sh - mqk¾ ¬ W;am;a;sh" kej; bm§u
l,am úkdYhlska - yskaÿ yd fn!oaO .%ka:j,g wkqj f,dalfha fyda
úYajfha fyda wdrïNfha isg wjidkh f;la
ld,h l,amhls' tla l,amhla fl<jr f,dalh
úkdYhg m;a fj;ehs lshkq ,efí'
laIqø m%dŒka - mshú weig fkd fmfkk w;sYh l=vd Ôùka
mdId‚N+; - f*dis, njg m;a jQ¦ w;S;fha úiQ i;=ka yd Ydl
iyuq,ska u fyda fldgia jifhka fuka u i;=kaf.a
wä igyka jeks oE o tajdys uq,a iajrEmh fmkakqï
flfrk mßÈ mia njg m;a ù wdrlaId ù ;sîu'
YS¾I lmd,h - ysia ln,
ld, iSud ks¾Kh - l=uk ld,hlg wh;a oehs úoHd;aul l%u
Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka ;SrKh lsÍu
iïuq;sh - ms<s.ekSu$tlÕ;dj
NdId Wmd¾ckh - ñksia <orejl= NdIdjla bf.k .kafka ;ud
wjg jHjydr jk NdIdj Y%jKh lsÍfuks' ta
i|yd Tyqf.a YÍrfha bkaøsh lsysmhla
úfYaIfhka yev .eiS ;sfí'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

107


NdId {d;s;ajh - f,dalfha jHjydr flfrk úúO NdId tla fmdÿ

NdIdjlska we;s ù fjkia NdId njg m;a ù we;s
nj ms<s.efka' tjeks iïnkaO;d iys; NdId tl u
NdId mjq,lg wh;a fia ie,flhs' isxy, NdIdj
kQ;k bkaÈhdkq NdId jk ysk§a " fnx.d,s" .=crdá" W¾ÿ
wdÈ NdId iu. fuka u mer‚ bkaÈhdkq NdId jk
ixialD; yd md,s iu.;a bx.sßis" m%xi" c¾uka wdÈ
kQ;k hqfrdamSh NdId yd mer‚ .%Sla" ,;ska NdId
iu.;a {d;s;ajhla we;s NdIdjls' fï ish,a, tla
NdId mjq,lg ^bkaÿ- hqfrdamSh NdId mjq,& wh;a
fia j¾. flf¾'
uQ, NdId - {d;s;ajhla iys; úúO NdId ish,a,g u fmdÿ
jQ mer‚ tla NdIdjla mej;s nj NdId{hkaf.a
u;h hs' by; úia;r l< bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh mjq,g
wh;a NdIdj,g uq,a jQfha tjeks tla mer‚
NdIdjla nj ie,flhs' th bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh uQ,
NdIdj hkqfjka kï flf¾'
jD;a;dka;hla - l;djla
jdylh - f.k hkakd
wúfhdackSh - fjka l< fkd yels
wkkH;dj - ;udg u wh;a nj

wjfndaOh
1' mdvfï we;=<;a .=jkaúÿ,s idlÉPdjg mokï ù we;s ldrKh l=ula o@
2' NdIdfõ wdrïNh ms<sn| uQ,sl u;jdo ks¾udKh ù we;af;a l=uk ldrKd
mokï lr f.k o@
3' NdIdfõ Wm;g iu.dój isÿ jQ udkjhdf.a j¾OkSh wjia:dj l=ula o@
3' f,dalfha mj;akd NdId .Kk ksYaÑ;j m%ldY lsÍug fkd yelafla l=uk
fya;= ksid o@
4' NdIdj ixialD;sfha jdylh f,i y÷kajkafka wehs@

108 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 ,sÅ; wNHdi
1' mdvfuka Wmqgd .kakd ,o my; fþo fyd¢ka lshjd" tla tla fþofha woyia
idrdxY fldg f,aLk jHjydrfhka ,shkak'
¸' udkjhdf.a ;snqK YlH;d w;r tlla ;uhs NdId YlH;dj" ikaksfõok
YlH;dj' tA lshkafka woyia m%ldY lsÍu i|yd Yío ksl=;a lsÍfï yelshdj'
wfkla i;=ka jf.a u ñksid jdkr udkj wjia:dfõ §;a nv.skak" fjk;a
úúO wjYH;d m%ldY lsÍu i|yd Yío fhdod .kak we;s' kuq;a tfyu fkd
fjhs" ;ukaf.a úúO wjYH;d i|yd fukak fï Yíoud,dj f;dard .kakd
njg lsishï iudchla" iudc lKavdhula tla ù iïuq;shlg meñ‚hd kï"
fukak fï Yíoh fï w¾:h i|yd wdÈ jYfhka úúO Yío i|yd;a" Yío
ixhq;s tA lshkafka Yío folla" ;=kla fyda lSmhla tl;=jla i|yd;a" fukak
fï úúO Yío yd Yío ixhq;s i|yd iïuq;shlg meñŒu NdIdfõ Wm; yeáhg
y÷kajkak mq¿jka'
¸¸' .%Sl cd;sl b;sydi{hl= jk fyrfvdagiag wkqj l%sia;= mQ¾j yhjk ishjfia
ñirfha idñ;slia lshk rc;=ud uQ, NdId m¾fhaIKhla lr ;sfnkjd" l;d
lsÍfï yelshdj wysñ lrk ,o .¾NsŒ ldka;djla" ñksia lg y~la ke;s
mßirhl /lj,a iys;j r|jd wehg orejd ,efnkakg ie,eiaiqjd ¨' orejd
j¾Okh fj,d l;d lroaÈ uq,ska u lsõfõ ‘fnfldia’ lsh,d ¨' rÊcqrefjda fï
jpkh f,dalfha fudk NdIdfõ o lsh,d fydhkak lghq;= fhÿjd' fydhd
f.k hoa§ j¾;udkfha iq¿ wdishdj hkqfjka ye¢kafjk m%foaYfha jHjydr
jqKq *aÍðhka lshk" NdIdfõ jpkhla nj fydhd f.k ;sfnkjd' fï NdIdj
oekg jHjydrfha ke;s NdIdjla *aÍðhka NdIdfjka ‘fnfldia’ lshkafk
mdkaj,g' f,dalfha uq,a u NdIdj *aÍðhka njg fï m¾fhaIlhka úYajdi
l<d'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' lKavdhï mylg fn§ my; oelafjk ud;Dld hgf;a nqoaê uKav, idlÉPd
mj;ajkak'
¸' fvx.= Wjÿr ÿre lruq
¸¸' fmd;a lshùfï jeo.;alu
¸¸¸' mdßißl w¾nqo ks¾udKh lrkafka ñksid u h'
¸¹' o<od fmryer
¹' iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r ue;s;=ud wOHdmk lafIa;%hg l< fufyjr
2' ‘NdIdjl Wm; ms<sn| mßKdujd§ u;h’ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a l:djla
mj;ajkak'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
109
 rdcldß yd jHdmdßl ,sms ,sùu

úúO rdcldß lghq;= iïnkaOfhka wmg f,aLk.; f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍug

isÿ fjhs' tfia bÈßm;a flfrk f,aLk rdcldß ,sms jYfhka kï flf¾' rdcH
wud;HdxY" fomd¾;fïka;=" uKav, yd fjk;a rdcH wdh;k iu. fuka u
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdh;k iu. o rdcldß lghq;= isÿ lsÍfï § fujeks ,sms
bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ'
fj<|du uQ,sl lr.;a úúO jHdmdßl lghq;= iïnkaOfhka o f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh
lsÍu i|yd ,sms ,sùu isÿ fjhs' tfia jHdmdßl lghq;= iïnkaOj bÈßm;a flfrk
f,aLk jHdmdßl ,sms jYfhka kï flf¾'
fm!oa.,sl ,smshl;a rdcldß ,smshl;a w;r we;s fjki Tn my< fYa%‚j, §
yodrkakg we;' fm!oa.,sl ,smshla wmg lsisÿ wdlD;shlg wkqj fkd f.dia ksoyfia
,súh yels h' tfy;a rdcldß yd jHdmdßl ,smshla tfia ,sùug fkd yels fõ'
rdcldß ,smshl hjkakdf.a ,smskh fuka u ,nkakdf.a ,smskh o i|yka l< hq;=
h' wduka;%Kh i|yka lsÍu w;HjYH fkd fõ' rdcldß$jHdmdßl ,smshl th
,sùug mokï jQ ldrKh ixlaIsma;j oelafjk ud;Dldjla ;sìh hq;= h'
rdcldß ,smsfha ueo fldgi" tkï wka;¾.;h" wod< ldrKh meyeÈ,s jk fia
,súh hq;= h' fuys o ixlaIsma;j tfuka u wod< lreKq muKla igyka lsÍu iqÿiq
h' tu lreKq wkqms<sfj<ska fm< .eiaùu o jeo.;a fõ' idys;H ks¾udKhl § fuka
j¾Kkd;aul NdId ffY,shla Ndú; lrkq fjkqjg" Rcqj u wod< ldrKh meyeÈ,s
jk wdldrhg ,smsh ,súh hq;= h' wfmalaIs; ld¾hh bgq lr .ekSug wjYH ish¨ u
f;dr;=re meyeÈ,sj we;=<;a l< hq;= h'
tÈfkod Ôú;fha § rdcldß ,sms ,sùug isÿ jk wjia:d lsysmhla fufia h'
1' wmf.a rdcldß wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd
2' rdcldß lghq;= iïnkaOfhka tjQ ,smshlg ms<s;=re iemhSu i|yd
3' rdcldßuh jYfhka bgq fkdjQ lreKla ms<sn| h<s isys .ekaùu i|yd
4' ksr; ù isák rdcldßfha wjYH;d i|yd wdÈ jYfhks'
rdcldß$jHdmdßl ,sms ,sùfï wdlD;s igykla 10 fYa%‚fha § Tn bf.k f.k we;'

B<Õ msgqfõ oelafjkafka rdcldß ,smshl wdo¾Yhls'

110 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

úÿy,am;s"
úoHdpkaø úµd,h"
Wvu,afj,'
2020-02-17

iNdm;s"
YS% ,xld rEmjdyskS ixia:dj"
fld<U 07'

rEmjdyskS ixia:dj keröug wjir ,nd .ekSu

wm úoHd,fha 11 fYa%‚fha bf.kqu ,nk YsIH YsIHdjkaf.a jd¾Isl

wOHdmk pdßldj 2020-05-12 Èkg fh§ ;sfí'

fujr tu pdßldfõ § .%yf,dald.drh" cd;sl fl!;=ld.drh wdÈ

ia:dk keröug isiqka /f.k hEug wfmalaId flf¾' tfuka u tys
§ rEmjdyskS ixia:dj keröu yd tys iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu 11
fYa%Ksfha YsIH YsIHdjkag jeo.;a nj wdpd¾h uKav,h fhdackd
lr isáhs'

tneúka 2020-05-12 Èk 11 fYa%‚fha YsIH YsIHdjka 200la we;=¿

250l muK lKavdhulg rEmjdyskS ixia:d mßY%hg we;=¿ ùug
iy rEmjdyskS ixia:dj keröug wjir ,nd §" Bg wjYH myiqlï
i,id fok f,i f.!rjfhka b,a,d isáñ'

ia;=;shs"

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
mS' ví,sõ' úoHdfialr
úÿy,am;s

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

111
 m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
my; i|yka isoaê i|yd rdcldß ,sms ,shkak'
¸' Tn Ôj;a jk .fï isg bf.kqu ,nk úÿy, olajd .uka .ekSu i|yd mdi,a
nia r:hla fhdojk f,i b,a,d Tng wod< m<df;a äfmda wêldßjrhdg
,shqula ,shkak'
¸¸' Tfí mdif,a meje;afjk ks¾udK úkaok jevigyk wdjrK lsÍu i|yd
meñfKk f,i wdrdOkh lrñka udOH wdh;khlg rdcldß ,smshla ,shkak'
¸¸¸' Tn f,alï Oqrh ork r;au,a.u tlai;a iqn idOl ix.uh m%foaYjdiSkaf.a
mdkSh c, wjYH;dj imqrd ,Su i|yd .%dóh c, jHdmD;shla wdrïN lr
we;ehs is;kak' fï c, jHdmD;sh ls%hd;aul flfrkafka ue‚la .fÕa c,h
,nd f.k th msßmyÿ lr .%dóh ck;djg fnod yeÍfuks' fï i|yd ñ,shk
2l uqo,la Tn iñ;shg rcfhka ,eî we;s neúka c, jHdmD;sh ls%hd;aul
lsÍug wjYH c, fudag¾" c,k< yd tajd i|yd wjYH Wmdx." c, gexls i|yd
wjYH øjH iñ;shg ,nd .ekSu msKsi nÿ,a, uyd ùÈfha msysá chfiak
^fm!oa.,sl& fj<| uOHia:dkfha l<ukdlre fj; heúh hq;= jHdmdßl ,smsh
,shkak'
¸¹' l=Kq li< oeófuka isÿ jk mßir ydks j<lajd ,Su i|yd ksis ls%hdud¾.hla
.kakd f,i b,a,d Tn m<df;a uyck fi!LH mÍlaIljrhdg ,shk ,smsh
ilia lrkak'

112 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 nyqúO udOH Ndú;h 13

ñksidf.a uQ,sl u ikaksfõok l%uh l:kh hs'

l:kh u.ska woyia bÈßm;a lsÍu" tÈfkod Ôú;fha
§ fuka u úfYAI wjia:dj, § o jeo.;a fõ' úfYaI
wjia:dj, § lrk bÈßm;a lsÍï jvd;a id¾:lj iy
ld¾hlaIuj bgq lr .ekSug Ndú; l< yels úúO
udOH mj;S' N+ñld rx.k" msgq fmr<k" Wysia
m%lafIaml (OHP – Over Head Projector) nyq udOH
m%lafIaml (Multimedia Projector) yd fmdaiag¾ tn÷
udOH lsysmhls'
hï lsis bÈßm;a lsÍula úÑ;% ùug yd wdl¾IŒh
ùug tn÷ nyqúO udOH Ndú;h fya;= fjhs' jvd;a
wdl¾IŒh f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu ksid .%dylhdg th
.%yKh lr .ekSug ,efnk msgqn,h o w;suy;a h'
fï udOH w;ßka iuyrla kj ;dlaI‚l fuj,ï h'
tAjd ksjerÈj Ndú;h ms<sn| mqyqKqjla ,eîu o wjYH
fõ' bÈßm;a lsÍug kshñ; ldrKh jvd;a fyd¢ka
iïfm%aIKh lsÍug tA i|yd jvd;a WÑ; udOHhla
f;dard .ekSu o bjy,a fõ' ta ta udOHfha .=Kdx.
y÷kd f.k Bg wkqrEmj ish bÈßm;a lsÍu ilia lr
.; hq;= h' fï mdvu" nyqúO udOH Ndú;fhka
flfrk bÈßm;a lsÍï ms<sn| ir, u. fmkaùuls'
nyqúO udOH Ndú;h ixfla;j;a lrk ldgQka Ñ;%
ks¾udKh lrk ,oafoa oñkaøs fl!Y,Hd fld<Uf.a
fufKúh úisks'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

113
 —kqjK ,nd fok foúfhda
wl=re h bka fkdjkq úfhda''''˜
Wvu,afj, úoHdpkaø úoHd,fha
jd¾Isl isxy, NdId Èkh
2015'03'02 Èk
fm'j' 10'00 isg m'j' 3'00 olajd
úoHd,hSh m%Odk Yd,dfõ §'
f;audj ( isxy, wlaIr ud,dj
m%Odk wdrdê;hd (
uydpd¾h iqmika lreKdfoaj

fï wjia:djg tla ù nfia uysuh

ri ú¢kakg Tn;a tkak'

úoHd,hSh isxy, ix.uh

Wvu,afj, úoHdpkaø úoHd,fha oekaùï mqjre" by; fmdaiagrfhka ieriS ;sì‚'

kshñ; Èkh t<ô‚' m%Odk wdrdê;
wuq;a;d legqj úÿy,am;s;=ud m%uqL wdpd¾h
uKav,h Yd,djg msúiqKy' fmd,af;,a
myk oe,aùfuka wk;=rej wuq;a;ka
ms<s.ksñka isxy, ix.ufha jd¾Isl
jevigyk bÈßm;a lf<a ix.ufha iNdm;s
hyoiks úfÊj¾Ok YsIHdj hs' weh isxy,
ix.ufha l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lsÍu
i|yd nyq udOH m%lafIamlh Wmfhda.s lr
.;a w;r tys § PdhdrEm yd ùäfhda o¾Yk
weiqfrka ix.ufha jd¾Isl l%shdldrlï
úia;r flßKs' wef.a l:k ffY,sh fuka
u bÈßm;a lsÍï iy úúO ;dlaI‚l
WmlrK Ndú;h o iNdfõ we.hSug ,la
úh'

114 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

B<Õ wx.h jQfha ‘úúO isxy, wlaIr ud,d’
hk f;audj mokï lr .;a bÈßm;a lsÍuls'
th isxy, ix.ufha YsIH YsIHdjka msßila
úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,È' Tjqyq úfYaI r|jkhl
iú lrk ,o le,ekavrhla jeks WmlrKhla³
fõÈldjg /f.k wdy' tys m<uq fld<fha
igykaj ;snqfKa kQ;k wlaIr ud,dj hs' th
fyd¢ka lshjd OdrKh lr .ekSug iNdjg
wjia:dj ,nd ÿka Tjqyq B<Õ msgqj fmr¿Ey'
tys igykaj ;snqfKa iso;a iÕrdfõ we;=<;a
wlaIr ud,dj hs' kQ;k isxy, fydaäfha
we;=<;a" tfy;a iso;a iÕrd fydaäfha ke;s
wlaIr fudkjd o hkak iNdfjka úuiñka"
m<uq jr ms<s;=re ,nd ÿka whg ;Hd. ,nd
§ug lKavdhu lghq;= l<y' fï wkaoug
wfkla isxy, wlaIr ud,d o bÈßm;a lrñka
tlsfkl ii|d m%YAk úuiSula fuys § isÿ úh'
YsIH YsIHdjkaf.a lõ .S .dhkd" kegqï wdÈ ixialD;sldx. /ila o bÈßm;a flreKq
w;r Bg wod< o¾Yk" nyq udOH m%lafIamlh u.ska ;srh u; m;s; flß‚' B<Õ
úfYaIdx.h jQfha zisxy, mdvuZ flá kdgHh hs'
^fõÈldj u; mka;s ldurhl f,i mqgq ;nd ilia lr we;' isiqyq we;efula
ys|f.k fmd;a lshj;s' we;efula fld< .=<s ùis lr;s' .=rejßhl f,i ieriqKq
YsIHdjla meñfKhs' weh mka;sh bÈßhg meñ‚ úg isiqyq ke.sg wdhqfndajka lsh;s'&
.=re;=ó( wdhqfndajkaæ wo wfma mdvu ‘isxy, j¾K ud,dj’
^weh tu ud;Dldj fõÈldj u; we;s mqjrefõ ,shhs'&
isiqfjla tla jr u ke.sáhs'
isiqjd( ñia" j¾K lshkafka mdgj,g fkao@
^mka;sfhka iskd y`vla u;= fjhs&
.=re;=ó( fyd|hs oiqka" jdä fjkakfld' oeka ljqre;a ksYAYío fjkak'
‘j¾K’ lshkafka mdgj,g lsh,d fka wms okafk' yenehs
wl=rej,g;a ‘j¾K’ lsh,d lshkjd' iso;a iÕrdfõ ‘‘fmr’’mr
jKka ksis úÈks .<mkq i| kï” lsh,d fka ikaê y÷kajkafka'
mQ¾j wmr wlaIr ;uhs ‘fmr mr jKka’ lshkafka' tfykï
lshkak n,kak" isxy, j¾K ud,dj lshkafka fudloao lsh,d'
isiqyq( ^tl yçka& isxy, fydaähg
.=re;=ó( fndfydu fyd|hs' isxy, j¾K ud,dj lsõj;a isxy, fydaäh
lsõj;a
fï wdldrhg iNdj wms y÷ka
úfgl iskdjid.rhl
kafk isxy,
.s,ajwla
ñkaIrtfuka
ud,djg ;uhs
u is xy,' wlaIrud,dj
³ msgq fmr<kh
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
115
10' r' uq' kS' i' 180543
 isxy, wlaIr ud,dj ms<sn| mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd foñka fõÈldj u; t<soelajqKq
N+ñld rx.kh" ieuf.a is;a weo ne| .;a wx.hla úh'

B<Õ wjia:dj t<ôfha wdrdê; foaYkh i|yd h'

m%Odk wdrdê;hd jQ uydpd¾h iqmika
lreKdfoaj uy;d ta i|yd fõÈldjg
meñ‚fha h' Tyqf.a foaYkfha ud;Dldj jQfha
‘isxy, wlaIrj, mßKduh’ hs' wdrïNfha §
Tyq mer‚ isxy, wlaIrj, iajrEmh fmkaùu
i|yd úúO hq.j,g wh;a fi,a,sms lsysmhl
fiahdrE Wysia m%lafIamlh Ndú;fhka ;srh
u; oelaù h'
úÿy,am;s;=udg yd isxy, ix.uh Ndr .=re
Nj;=kag m%Kdu iïudk m%odkh iy NdId
Èkhg iu.dój mj;ajk ,o rpkd" oekqu
ñkqu" újdo" lÓl ;r.j, ch.%dylhkag
;s<sK m%odkh" W;aijfha wjidk wx.h úh'
isxy, ix.ufha f,alï iis;a .=Kj¾Ok YsIHhdf.a ia;=;s l;dfjka miq cd;sl .Sh
jdokh flrefKa W;aijfha iudma;sh igyka lrñks'

116 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 wjfndaOh

1' PdhdrEm yd ùäfhda o¾Yk bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd Ndú; l< yels" mdvfï i|yka
fuj,u l=ula o@
2' wl=re ‘j¾K’ kñka ye¢kafjk nj ;yjqre l< yels mer‚ kso¾Ykhla
mdvfï we;=<;a fõ' ta l=ula o@
3' YsIHhka msgq fmr<kh Wmfhda. lr f.k m%o¾Ykh lf<a l=ula o@
4' mdvfï i|yka mer‚ jHdlrK .%ka:h l=ula o@
5' NdId Èk Wf<f,a § Wysia m%lafIamlh Ndú; flrefKa l=ula i|yd o@

ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms

ì;a;shl r|jk ,o úfYAI mqjrejl

fyda ì;a;sfha w,jk ,o lvodishl
újD; f,i m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;s
m%ldYkhla ì;a;s mqj;am;la f,i
ye¢kafõ' fndfyda úg w;ska u ,shd
w;ska w¢k ,o is;=jï fhdod fïjd
ilia flfrhs' mdi,aj, muKla
fkdj úúO wdh;kj, o ì;a;s
mqj;am;la oelsh yels h' lsishï ld, mrdihla ;=< ^foi;shla" udihla" wdÈ
jifhka'''& m%o¾Ykh flfrk ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms kej; w¨;a flf¾' m%jD;a;suh
,sms" ks¾udKd;aul ,sms wdÈh ì;a;s mqj;am;l ,sms w;r oelsh yels h'

iÕrd ,sms
lsishï úfYAI wruqKla f;audjla mokï lr f.k iÕrd iïmdokh flf¾'
iÕrdjl m%jD;a;suh" ld,Sk ,sms fuka u ks¾udKd;aul úfYaIdx. ,sms o we;=<;a
fõ' lsishï iÕrdjl we;=<;a flfrk ,sms o wod< iÕrdfõ f;audjg wkq.;j
iïmdokh flfrhs'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

117
 l;=jels
mqj;am;l fyda iÕrdjl fyda m%Odk ixialdrljrhd ^editor& fyda ixialdrl uKav,
idudðlhl= fyda úiska ld,Sk m%ia;=;hla mokï lr f.k" wod< m%ia;=;h ms<sn|
iajlSh mqj;amf;a ke;fyd;a iÕrdfõ ia:djrh" wdl,amh ms<sìUq lrñka rpkd
lrk ,sms úfYaIhla f,i l;=jels fyj;a l¾;DjdlH ye¢kaúh yels h' jd¾;d"
úfYaIdx. ,sms" ;Sre ,sms lsysmhla we;=<;a jqj o tla mqj;am;l fyda iÕrdjl fyda
tla l,dmhl we;=<;a flfrkafka tla l;=jelshla muKls' th iudchg jeo.;a
ishqï ldrKd biau;= lrñka rÑ; ir, tfy;a yrj;a úo.aO f,aLkhla ùu wjYH
fõ' wod< m%ia;=;h ms<sn| iunr újrKhla ùu l;=jelshl ,laIKhls' we;eï
mqqj;am;aj, ndysr mqoa.,hka ,jd ,shjd .kakd l;=jels o fjhs' YS% ,xld idys;H
uKav,fha iydh we;sj ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska m< lrk ,o
idys;Hh ff;%udisl iÕrdfõ 1969 j¾Ifha m<uqjk l,dmfha m< flreKq
l;=jelsh my; oelafõ' th ukdj lshjd l;=jelshl iajNdjh wjfndaO lr .kak'

isxy, bf.kSfï ud¾. myiq lsÍu

wmg fmfkk yeáhg isxy, bf.kSu i|yd myiq ud¾. ;kd .ekSfï jevms<sfj<la ;du bÈßm;a
ù ke;' fï lreK .ek fï ;dla wmf.a ie,ls,a, fhduq fkd ùu f,dl= u wvqjls'
isxy, jHjydr NdIdfõ;a ,shk NdIdfõ;a úYd, mr;rhla mj;S' Ôjudk NdIdjl ta ;;a;ajh
tfia mej;Su iajNdjhla jqj;a" ta ms<sn| mj;sk mr;rh yels ;dla wvq úh hq;= nj h wfma yeÕSu'
,shd bÈßm;a lrk fofhys m%Odk wruqK" lshjkakdg ,shQ fofhys woyi ksrjq,aj wjfndaO ùug
myiqlu ie,iSu hs' l:dfjys § fuka fkd j" lsheùfï § ,shQ fofhys l%uj;a njla ;sìh hq;= h'
fï l%uj;a nj hs" ,shk-lshk NdIdfjys we;s úh hq;= mr;rh'
‘uu hkjd" wms jev l<d’ jeks jyr l:djg ñi ,sùug fyd| ke;s nj fndfyda fokdf.a
l,amkdj hs' tfy;a" isxy, myiqfjka bf.kSfï u.la yeáhg fujeks l:djyr ,sùfuys§;a
ksjerÈ yeáhg ms<s.ekSfuys jrola we;ehs wmg fkd fmfka'
jHdlrKh myiq lrùu" ´kE u Ôj NdIdjla bf.kSug i,ik myiq ud¾.h hs' jrl ;ekQ
úhrKh" Ôj;a jk NdIdjl yeuod u tl fia mj;skafka ke;' Ôj;a jk NdIdj fkdfhla woyia
wruqKqj,ska jeä ÈhqKq ùu iajNdjhls' ta ksid wjqreÿ ish .Kklg fmr ;ekQ jHdlrKhla u;
Ôjudk NdIdjla bÈßhg .uka lrùu lsis fia;a fkd l< yelalls' tn÷ ;e;la id¾:l jkafka
u< NdIdjla iïnkaOfhka mu‚'
isxy, jeks NdIdjla wo uqyqKmd we;s .eg¨jls" ta yd iïnkaO jk wks;a NdIdh;a; jpk
Ndú; h' wo isxy, NdIdjg we;=¿ jk fndfyda jpk bx.S%is hs' fï jpkj,g wuq;= u jpk fkd
f.k" tu bx.S%is jpk u isxy, lr .ekSu yqÕdla u myiq j.hs' isxy, jyrg meñ‚ we;s ‘ler
fldamamqj" .rdÈh" ndia" bx.S%is’ wdÈ jpk .ek is;k úg tajd mq¾;=.Sis" ,xfoais jpk tfyu msáka
u isxy,g f.k we;s yeáhls m< ù we;af;a' ta jpk tfia Ndú; lsÍfuys fodila we;ehs wmg
fkd fmfka' ta ksid ´kE u kqyqre jpkhla isxy, jHjydrhg .ekSfï § m<uqj i,ld ne,sh
hq;af;a isxy, lgg yqre jk whqre hs' tys lD;s%u yqrejla lsis fia;a we;s l< fkd yels hs'
WodyrKhla jYfhka ‘nia ßh’ .ek n,uq' ‘nih’ lshd lD;s%u yqrejla §ug wm fldf;la jEhï
l<;a" isxy, jyrg yqre ta jpkh ‘nia tl’ lshd uhs' ta ksid ‘nia tl’ hkak u jyrg .ekSfuys
jrola fkd fmfka'
,Sùfï § nr jpk Ndú;h o yels ;dla ÿrg ke;s lr .ekSu uekú' jerÈ jpk fndfyda ÿrg
,shefjkafka fï nr jpk Ndú;h ksihs' fï lrefKys § n,mdk m%Yakhls" w,amm%dK-uydm%dK
wl=re fNaoh' fmdÿck jHjydrfha myiqj ;ld isxy, lgg yqre kï" uydm%dK w,amm%dK lr ,sùfï

118 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

jrola o fkd fmfka' ‘wmrdOh-wmrdoh( fNaoh-fíoh"’ jeks ;eka ta i|yd ie,lsh hq;=hs' fufia u
‘Y" I’ wl=re fol;a ‘k" K’ wl=re fol;a isxy,g yqre mßÈ laIudj-iudj" lreKd-lrekd yeáhg
,sùu je/È fkd úh yelafla ms<s.;a iïm%odhla we;s lr .; fyd;a mu‚' tfyhska fï l%uhka
wkq.ukh lsÍu isxy, bf.kSu myiq lsÍfï ud¾. mdod .ekSuls'
isxy, ñksiqka w;r isxy, bf.kSu wudre" bx.S%is mkakhg neimq whg muK hs' tfy;a isxy,
bf.kSfï myiqlï ie,iSfï § Tjqkag jvd ie,ls,a, fhduq l< hq;af;a wfkla cd;slhka
iïnkaOfhks' úfYaIfhka fou< uqia,sï jeks cd;slhka isxy, bf.kSug fm,Uùfï Wml%uhla
yeáhg" isxy, bf.kSu myiq lrùu wo l< hq;a;la fia fmfka' ta i|yd l%udkql+,j ilia l<
fmd;a mka;shl;a" YíofldaIhl;a wjYH;dj by<ska u u;= ù ;sfí' fï ld¾hh l< hq;= m%Odk
wdh;k kï" ,xldfõ úYajúµd, hs' tfy;a idys;H uKav,h jeks wdh;khla u.ska jqj;a" th l<
fkd yels ld¾hhla fkd fõ'
,S,a .=Kfialr
mqxÑ nKavdr ikakia.,

idys;Hh - 1969" m<uqjk l,dmh ckjdß - ud¾;=

;Sre ,sms
ld,Sk" wdl¾IŒh f;audjla mokï lr f.k ,shefjk ixlaIsma; mqj;am;a ,sms
úfYaIhla" ;Sre ,sms f,i ye¢kafjhs' ;Sre ,smshl Bg wod< m%ia;=;h ms<sn| iuia;
mqj;amf;a wdl,amhg jvd rplhdf.a wdl,amh ms<sìUq flf¾' tl u ldrKh mokï
lr .;a ;Sre ,sms folla l;=jrekaf.a rpkd ffY,sh" NdId ú,dih" jdla fldaIh"
ixfla; Ndú;h wdÈ lreKq wkqj úúO fõ¦ tlsfklska fjkia fõ' tl u f,aLlhd
jqj o fjkia ud;Dld foll § fjkia ffY,shlg" NdId ú,dihlg wkqj ;Sre ,sms
iïmdokh lrhs' we;eï úg l;=jre ish kduh fjkqjg wdrEV kduhlska ;Sre ,sms
iïmdokh lr;s' pkaør;ak udkjisxy uy;df.a j.;=. o ohdfiak .=Kisxy
uy;df.a rhs.ï rd< yd Wl=iaid o w;sYhska ckms%h jQ ;Sre ,sms ud,d h' ;Sre ,smshl
§ Ndú; lrk NdId ffY,sh úfõpkd;aul h' mejish hq;= lreKq fláfhka kuq;a
;shqKq f,i mejiSu o id¾:l ;Sre ,smshl lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'
fï mdvfï j.;=. ;Sre ,sms ud,dfjka ,sms foll fldgia we;=<;a lr we;' th ;Sre
,smshl iajNdjh wjfndaO lr .ekSug Tng bv i,ikq we;' tl u rplhd f;aud
foll § NdIdj Ndú; lr we;af;a fohdldrhlg nj o thska meyeÈ,s fõ' l=udr;=x.
ms<sn| oelafjk ,smsfha l=udr;=x. rpkdjkays NdId ffY,shg wkqrEmj ilia lr
.;a jHjydrhla Ndú; lrk Tyq wdkkao iurfldaka ms<sn| ,smsfha § Ndú; lrkafka
fjkia NdId ffY,shls'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

119
 fy<rej wdkkao iurfldaka
fy< ìu .,la fldge" fy< nia .,a lgqfjka wdkkao iurfldaka uy;df.a wNdjh oeßh fkd
fk¿E fy< /fia rej kï l=ur;=Õ= uqksoiayqf.a yels ;rfï ÿlls' Tyq .ek kef.k fYdalh
rej he' fy< nia ihqr; ksfjia .;a fy< /ia m%ldY lsÍfï § Èj;a mEk;a fol u f.d¿ .eiS
fjka ken ißka my< je isá fï rka .endf.a hkakdla fuka oefka' ksy`v w÷rlg f.k .sh
isysh" oekau" kqjK" úuiqu úiska m;< j;a ñksia isf;ka l=uk m%ldYhla n,dfmdfrd;a;=
i;frls' úh yels o@
msÿu
l==re¨ ujla
ckms%h .dhlhl=" jdolhl=" ix.S; Ydia;%{hl=
,enqKq ,enqKq oE fydgfha r`ojdf.k leoe,af,a
jYfhka ye¢kaùu muKlska f.!rj mQ¾jl
l=pq l=pq .dk meáhkaf.a ;=v. ;nd fmdfydkd
mQfcdamydrhla lsÍu Tyqf.a fiajdjg m%udKj;a
l=re¨ ujl fuka uqksoiqkaf.a ysig wiq jQ oehla
fkd fõ' Tyqf.ka fï rfÜ ix.S;h wuq;= u.lg
Tjqka i`oyd fjka le/f.k fkd ;nd fy<
fhduq jQ ta ishqï f¾Ldj foi wdmiq yeÍ n,k
nia leoe,af,a k<shk meáhkaf.a ;=v. ;enQ
úg Tyqf.a l,d fl!Y,Hhg l=ulska msÈhe hq;=
ieá" Tjqkaf.a ;gq hï;ñka b£ .sh weis,af,a ue
o hk yeÕ=u ks;e;ska u u;= fjhs'
fodrg jvk u`.=f,a ;=gq /õ k.d Woï jQ ieá"
tl ue foa .ek fldf;l=;a lE.eiSu ta foh
wo fuka u;l h'
wreÑ ù hdug fya;=jla jk nj fndfyda fokd
fy< ne;sh
fkd oks;s' fn!oaO kdufhka fldf;l=;a oUÈj
uqksoiayqf.a w¿ fmryerg;a iure Wf<,g;a
w;S;h u /õ ms<s/õ l< .S;hka muKg jeäfhka
msÿfKa iqmsßisÿ fy< ne;sh hs' tys mq`.=,a
fkd j jeäfhkq;a jeäfhka úisr .sh hq.hl §
.e;s njla fyda lsisÿ ls¨fgla ke;a ue he'
‘wefia uOqr Ôjkfha .S;d’ hkqfjka .S;h w¨;a
jdish" ,dNh" n,h" ;ld mqok msÿfuka" j¢k
u.lg f.k .sh wdkkao iurfldaka isxy,
je÷fuka" kuk ysfika" .hk .=Kfhka" hÈk
rislhdf.a is; rij;a lf<a h' fi!kao¾hh yd
heÿfuka" ÿUq¨ je .sh fï hq.fha foi /i ni
Ôjk udOq¾hh tla lf<a h' ñysr u;= lf<a h'
.ek we;s kshu <eÈhdfjka yrir mE fy<hka
“fldhsno”
oelau o uy msfkls' iev ßú /iska ;ejqKq" je,s
isxy,hdg Tjqkaf.a u jgdmsgdfjys ieÕù ;sfnk
l=Kdgqfjka ñßl=Kq" urel;f¾ ysS,a fyj‚ka
ñysr Tjqkaf.a u is;=ú,sj,ska je<| .ekSug
isys,a Èfhka hq;a flï ìula oelau ljr ;rfï
yelshdj i,id ÿka iurfldakaf.a wmQre fldau,
i;=fgla o@ uqksoiayqf.a w¿ ;ejreKq ;ek o
uOqr;r .S;hkaf.a t<sfhka fï rfÜ msmqKq u,a
yeu i|myka /hl u iriúh fjK jhd kgkq
fndfyda h' ta msmS jekS .sh u,a jgd /,a ne| .;a
we;s'
nur óueis .Khdf.a ixLHdj fndfyda h' ‘mqxÑ
fure
iqod iqÿ leáhd’ hk .dhkfha fldhsn o Wofha
oeka wfka uqksoiaks" ÿlauqiq l;djlg o wjir'
hk jpk fofla we;s isxy, fhÿï uf.a kEUq,a
oeka we;eï mqj;am;a nia n,a,kg .sh lf,ls'
iqj| wmf.a Ôjk w;S;fha .ïudkhka Tiafia
mqj;la i`oyd k`.k uefhl mjd fy< hehs
f;rla bula fldkla fkd olakd ;eklg msysrd
kful=ÿ .Eù ke;s fia h' fjfiiska u udi
hhs'
myl yhl isg ue hï hï fodiska nr je" m<
l,dj
jqKq kuqÿ ‘isxy, mqj;a mf;le’ hs lsj yels
ñksiaiq Ôú;h wrNhd jev lghq;= lr;s' ta
je ;snqKq mis`ÿ mqj;am;a mjd m< jkafka isxy,
lrk lghq;= .ek l;d lr;s' tfy;a Tjqkaf.a
niska fkd j wKavr fou¿fjks' ljr iriú
Ôú;j, l=uk úêfha reÑ wreÑlï oejà ;sfí
;=Uilska b.s<S wd fure oehs i,ld .; yels
oehs fiùug fjfyi fkd .ks;s' l,dlrejka
fkdfõ' ,sh;s' ,sh;s' ojiska oji u ni nishs'
ksy`v je Ôjk mS%;sh i|yd imhk foa wkqj
uqksoiqka iufha furge ;=ka jekafka mdi,a
reÑ wreÑlï f.dv kef.hs' fjkia jQ ;ekg
orefjda o fï Bkshd mqj;am;a l,dfõ§kg jvd
fyda fjkia jQ ldrKh is;g k.d f.k fidhd
nig yqre jQfjda fj;s'''
ne,Sug ñksiaiq Wkkaÿ fkd fj;s'''
j.;=." ,xldÈm 1961 ud¾;= 6 j.;=." ,xldÈm 1962 wfm%a,a 8
120 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
 rg jgd mo rgd 14

NdIdj udkj ixialD;sfha moku jYfhka ie,flhss'

ñksid i;a;aj f,dalfha fiiq idudðlhkag jvd
úYsIag ;;a;ajhla w;a m;a lr f.k we;af;a o NdId
YlH;dj fya;=fjks' NdIdfõ úNj;d Wmfhda.s lr
.;a ñksid Ôj f,dalh fuka u øjH f,dalh o
md,kh lsÍfï Yla;sh ;ud i;= lr f.k ;sfí' fï
ksid NdIdfõ úúO;d" úIu;d yeoEÍu udkj iudcfha
Wkak;shg fya;= jk lreKls' YS% ,xldfõ WmNdIduh
jHjydr yd mßñ; NdId wdYs%; fhÿï lsysmhla fï
mdvug we;=<;a fjhs' j¾;udkh jk úg m%dfoaYsl
yd iudÔh WmNdIduh jHjydr Ndú;fhka wE;a jk
wdldrh oel .; yels h' nyqck ikaksfõok udOH
jHdma;sh fya;=fjka iïu; jHjydr m%p,s; ùu;a
iudk wOHdmk wjia:d;a Bg fya;= ù ;sfí'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

121
 isxy,h úúO;ajfhka o úÑ;%;ajfhka o wkQk NdIdjls' mßñ; yd m%dfoaYsl jHjydr
hkq isxy, NdIdfõ wmQ¾j;ajh m%lg lrk iqúfYaI wx. folls'

m%dfoaYsl WmNdId
lsishï m%foaYhlg úfYaI jk NdId jHjydr m%dfoaYsl WmNdId f,i y÷kd .;
yels h' lsishï m%dfoaYsl WmNdIdjla me;sr mj;akd m%foaYh WmNdId l,dmhla
jYfhka kï flf¾' reyqK" Wvrg" W!j" È.du`vqq,a," i;afldar<h" kqjr l,dúh
wdÈh isxy, NdIdfõ m%Odk m%dfoaYsl WmNdId l,dm lsysmhls'
reyqKq WmNdIdj

reyqKq WmNdIdj hkq wo ol=Kq m<d; jYfhka ye¢kafjk m%foaYhg úfYaI jQ

WmNdIdj hs' je,a,nvm;a;=j" .Õnvm;a;=j" ysksÿïm;a;=j" ;,afmam;a;=j"
.srejdm;a;=j" ud.ïm;a;=j hk m%foaY Bg wh;a fõ'
fmdÿ jyr reyqKq ck jyr
l+ôhd yskakd
Tn Tfya
mqxÑ wïud nd,ïud
uqÿk fldKavqj
ysñÈßh l¿lmdt<sh
f,,s .ikjd Thkjd
fudlo ulalhs
lrÈh lßÊc
l;d lrkjd fodvkjd
l=vd ysÉÑ$yskaks

Wvrg WmNdIdj
j¾;udk uOHu m<d; jYfhka ie,flk l÷lrhg;a by< W!j f,i ie,flk
l÷lrhg;a y;r fldar<hg;a úfYaI jQ WmNdIdj Wvrg ck jyr jYfhka .efka'
fmdÿ jyr Wvrg ckjyr
óyrld weïnrhd
yÜá wmam,af,a
uÕ=,a lmqjd fla,ïldrhd
m‚úvh myskh
ys;=jlaldrhd .=;a;d
ysñÈßh ysksñÈßh
lrorh wlr;eính
k<jkjd mqkakkjd
122 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
 È.du~q¨ WmNdIdj
j¾;udk kef.kysr m<d;g yd W!j m<d;g wh;a ìï;ekakm;a;=j" jeõ.ïm;a;=j"
mdku yd fj,a,iaim;a;=j hk m%foaYj, jHjydr jk nia jyr hss'
fmdÿ jyr È.du~q¨ ckjyr

uj fuda$fudù

uy¨ l; fydá wïud

n,a,d lEgd

óyrla fnda,a¨

j,id mßhd

fydoao ldhu

lsßn;a mqlald

fyjKe,a, fyau,hd

u,ajr ùu ms,sfyd| ùu

frda. je,£u úidÈh

i;afldarf<a WmNdIdj

j¾;udk jhU m<d;g wh;a jEWvú,a,sy;am;a;=jg;a rcjkaksh yd l=udrjkaksh

we;=<;a fou<y;am;a;=j hk m%foaYj,g;a úfYaI jQ WmNdIdj hs'
fmdÿ jyr i;afldarf<a ckjyr
WoEik jhs;d,h
rKavqj ynh
msßñ <uhd l=vy¨jd
uykais ù jev lsÍu iqfï
yuq ùu uq,sÉÑ ùu$yÈ .eiSu
W;aidy lrkjd ;;kkjd
j.d <sx m;y
cgdj iqïnf¾
fyaka flàu j,a we,a,Su

inr.uq WmNdIdj
r;akmqr Èia;s%lalhg wh;a l=l=¿fldar<h" wgl,kafldar<h" fldf<dkakfldar<h
hk m%foaYj,g úfYaI jQ WmNdIdj hs'
fmdÿ jyr inr.uq ckjyr
mÈxÑ ùu me,mÈhï ùu
jeiai .Õ=, ndkjd
w,s w,a,k mqoa.,hd mks;a;,hd
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
123
 úY%du Yd,d uvï
w,s we,a,Su l=refj rdcldßh
l=vd ksji uvq me,

kqjr l,dúfha WmNdIdj

W;=reueo m<d;g wh;a kqjr.ï m<d;" yqre¨.ï m<d;" l,d.ï m<d; hk
m%foaYj,g úfYaI jQ WmNdIdj hs'
fmdÿ jyr kqjr l,dúfha ckjr
jeäuy¨ ifydaorhd nlald
ìß| udhshd
újdyhg fmr ;re‚hf.a f;dr;=re úuiSu fllsksm;a .eiSu
fkdyslauqKq ;eke;a;d uodúhd
mrïmrdj ikqyf¾
újdy ùu me,a.eySu
w¨;a fyak kjoe,s fyak
me‚ flduvq Èhfodia
nEjqu t,a,x.dj

mßñ; NdId

hïlsis wjia:djla fyda ia:dkhla mokï fldg f.k ksYaÑ; iSudjla ;=< Ndú;
jk NdId" mßñ; NdId f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' úúO jD;a;Ska" wd.ñl ia:dk" úúO
iudc lKavdhï yd wNspdruh wjia:d uq,a fldg .;a NdId jHjydr óg wh;a fõ'
tA wkqj ëjr" m;,a" fyaka wdÈ jD;a;s wdYs%; NdId jHjydr o YS%mdo jkaokdj" f;dú,a
jeks wjia:d mokï fldg .;a jHjydr o mßñ; NdId jHjydr jYfhka y÷kd .;
yels h'
my; oelafjkqfha mßñ; NdId lsysmhlg wod< ksoiqka jpk ud,djls'

lu;a NdIdj

fmdÿ jyr lu;a nia jyr

luf;a w¿j,ska hka;%hla we£u w¿yka jeãu
oE;ska w,a,d .; yels ;rï jQ f.dhï m%udKh Wmamsä
fld< ueãug yrl=ka tlg wE|d .ekSu yrla le/,a,$wE÷;a;
wE÷;af;a kdhlhd uqÿkd

124 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

wE÷;af;a fiiq yrla isjqfokd fld<uq;a;d" t<úiaid"
uÜghd" l,d;hd
f.dka fokakl= fh¥ le/,a, ndk
l=,a, h;=r
mhska f.dhï md.k úg t<k meÿr ud.,
ù uekSug Ndú; l< WmlrKhls' l+gd,u
ldgqj fíÍug Ndú; lrk WmlrKhls' fonr w;a;

ëjr NdIdj

fmdÿ jyr ëjr nia jyr

uiqka ueÍu mkak lrkjd
fofokl=g muKla hEug yels Tre úh,a Tre
l=U .i yeka
ëjr lKavdhfï kdhlhd urlal,dfya
Tre whs;slrejd yekakÈrd,
fhd; ì<S ukao
jeys lndh cïmr l¿j
oe, cd,h
oe,a wÈk mqoa.,fhda wïndfjda$cd,sfhda
ud¿ fjf<|fmd< w¨hïfmd<

fyaka NdIdj

fmdÿ jyr fyaka nia jyr

mdjyka jdxm;=,a
jhil ñksid nqvd
mlaISyq il,fhda
mlaISkag fjka l< fldgi l=re¨ md¿j
úYd, .ia o oeù .sh ;eka w¿ fmd<
fyaka jmqrd Wo¨ .E miq lre iys; ,Shlska frdvq .eoe,a, .Eu
bj;a lsÍu
w÷r jefgk fõ,dj w,shka fj,dj
w,shd uy tld
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
125
 m;,a NdIdj

fmdÿ jyr m;,a nia jyr

leg .,a iys; mia ;Ügqj b,a,u
mia iy b,a,ï f.dvg .ekSug Ndú; lrk onrh
WmlrKhls'
ySka hlv l+r b,a,ï l+r
fkd jákd .,a ikakï
m;f,a m;=f,a isg b,a,ï we;s ÈYdjkag b,a,ï fodakdj
lvñka hk ud¾.h
Wo¨ ;,hl muK mia oeñh yels l=vd l+vhla leg l+vh
b,a,u ue‚la jÜáhg oeóug fmr uy.,a leg lÜg l+vh
bj;a lrk l+vh
.eÍfuka miq m;=f,a b;sß jk fldgi kdïnqj
by< ñ, lshQ ;eke;a;dg ue‚l úlsŒu ., §u

YS% mdo jkaokdj wdYs%; NdIdj

fmdÿ jyr YS% mdo jkaokdj wdY%s; nia jyr

YS%mdo wvúh fohshkafk rg
YS%mdo lkao ;rKh lreKd lsÍu
jkaokd lKavdhu kvh
lKavdhfï kshuqjd kfâ .=rd
m<uq jrg jkaokdfõ hk ;eke;a;d fldavqldrhd
jkaokdlrejkaf.a .uka u,a, ieye,a¨j
jeiai jyskjd .Õ=, ndkjd

m%dfoaYsl yd mßñ; NdId ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu u.ska isxy, NdIdj yd isxy, ck;dj
ms<sn| jeo.;a jQ;a rij;a jQ;a f;dr;=re Wlyd .ekSug yels h' idys;H
ks¾udKlrKfha § NdIdj ilia lr .ekSug o ñka wjia:dj Wod fõ' Ñrka;k
isxy, idys;Hh ms<sn| úoHd;aulj úu¾Ykh lsÍug m%dfoaYsl yd mßñ; NdId
oekqu jeo.;a fõ' ck;djf.a ixialD;sl rgdj yeoEÍug ñka ,efnk msgqn,h
buy;a h'

126 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 wjfndaOh

1' m%dfoaYsl WmNdId we;s ùug n,mE fya;= ;=kla olajkak'

2' isxy, NdIdfõ m%dfoaYsl WmNdId l,dm lsysmhla kï lrkak'
3' mßñ; NdId i|yd ksoiqka olajkaak'
4' m%dfoaYsl WmNdId wOHhkfhka ,o yels m%fhdack kï lrkak'
5' m%dfoaYsl WmNdId fmdÿ NdIdfjka fjkia jkafka ljr wxYj,ska o@

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi


1' Tn Ôj;a jk m%foaYhg wdfõ‚l jpk fldaIhla ms<sfh, lrkak'
2' u.S m%jdykh yd iïnkaOj nia r: wdY%s;j jHjydr flfrk jpk fldaIhla

ilikak'
3' fla' ch;s,l iQÍkaf.a ‘pß; ;=kla’ kjl;dj lshjd tys m%dfoaYsl yd mßñ;
NdId fhÿï ks¾udKlrKhg fhdod .;a wdldrh úuiSug ,la lrkak'

ikaê
mQ¾j yd wmr j¾K fyj;a wlaIr ksishdldrfhka .e<mSu ikaê kï jk nj iso;a
iÕrdj olajhs'
mQ¾j wlaIrh f,i ie,flkafka uq,a mofha w. we;s wlaIrh hs' fojk mofha uq,
we;s wlaIrh wmr wlaIrh hs' mQ¾j yd wmr wlaIr w;r f,dam" wdfoaY" wd.u wdÈ
ikaê ld¾h u.ska mo ikaê ùu isÿ fõ'
ikaê úêh WodyrK
mQ¾jiajrf,dam ikaê iqr;" .sr." k<Õk
mriajrf,dam ikaê .=re;=ud" nqÿl=re" ms<s;=re
iajr ikaê rejkdr" u,iqk" Wkqka
iajrdfoaY ikaê fudfydr" fufyiqre" jfgdr
.d;%dfoaY ikaê o~qjï" .skshï" nq;airK
mQ¾jrEm ikaê w;a;ï" ikakia" lïu,
mrrEm ikaê yoaoji" fld.a.," wiaik
.d;%dlaIrf,dam ikaê kshxidh" <sxj;=r" fk¨ïu,a

wd.u ikaê ksrjq,a" úhjq,a" lgqj,
oaú;ajrEm ikaê ÿkak" jeoaod" l=re,a,d

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

127
 ,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka mo úikaê lrkak'

¸' w.a.<d ¸¸' w;a;ïud
¸¸¸' wiaieoaÿu ¸¹' l=vïud
¹' uqo,s÷
2' my; i|yka mo ikaê lrkak'
¸' fldia bkak ¸¸' ÿlaa m;a
¸¸¸' uq`.= ìh,s ¸¹' mka y,
¹' uys wx.K
3' ksjerÈ ms<s;=r f;darkak'
^w& w,a,ia" oEi hk mo ms<sfj<ska wh;a jkafka ljr ikaê úêj,g o@
¸' mrrEm ikaê" iajrdfoaY ikaê
¸¸' mQ¾jiajrf,dam ikaê" iajrdfoaY ikaê
¸¸¸' oaú;ajrEm ikaê" mriajrf,dam ikaê
¸¹' mQ¾jrEm ikaê" iajr ikaê
^wd& Tjqfkdjqka" is;shï hk mo ms<sfj<ska wh;a jkafka ljr ikaê úêj,g o@
¸' mrrEm ikaê" iajrdfoaY ikaê
¸¸' mrrEm ikaê" iajr ikaê
¸¸¸' iajr ikaê" .d;%dfoaY ikaê
¸¹' iajrdfoaY ikaê" wd.u ikaê
^we& tl u j¾.hg wh;a ikaê mo we;=<;a jrKh f;darkak'
¸' fk;." .=re;=ud" fmrmr" keKe;s
¸¸' W;a;udpdr" ifydaor" j,a,ïn,u" iqß÷
¸¸¸' kqjk." mieia" mq¿¨l=," iqrks÷
¸¹' hfkk" jegqism;" ñys÷;,d" uq,iqk
^wE& uq,ska § we;s ikaê moh ksjerÈj úikaê lr we;s jrKh f;darkak'
¸' ;Ufrdar - ;Ur¬frdar ¸¸' <s.a., - <sma¬.,
¸¸¸' ju; - ju¬w; ¸¹' j;a;, - j;a¬w,
^b& uq,ska § we;s fomoh jerÈ f,i ikaê fldg we;s jrKh f;darkak'
¸' ix¬Wmldrh - iuqmldrh ¸¸' w;s¬wjYH - w;HdjYH
¸¸¸' we;a¬o< - weoao< ¸¹' fmd,a¬w;a; - fmd,a,;a;

128 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 iudi 15

kdu mo f,aLk jHjydrfha § fuka u l:k

jHjydrfha § o w¾: m%ldYkh i|yd uq,a jk mo
úfYaIhls' isxy, NdIdfjys fhfok kdu mo" kdu
kdu" i¾j kdu" iudi kdu" ;oaê; kdu yd lDoka;
kdu hkqfjka mia jeoEreï fldg oelafjhs'
mo lSmhla leá fldg .ekSfuka tla mohla njg
ilia jqKq mo iudi kdu hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs'
f,aLkfha yd NdIKfha §¾>;ajh wvq fldg ixlaIsma;
.=Kh we;s lsÍu i|yd iudi kdu mo Wmldr fõ'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

129
 wms isxyrdc jk mshi keröu i|yd .uka weröuq' .=re fo.=reka iu. YsIH
YsIHdfjda Bg iyNd.s jQy' jk fm;g we;=¿ j;a u ;=re ,;d ism tk u| iq<Õ;a
fijK;a ksid wfma .uka úvdj úhelS .sfha h' rEiai .ia w;=frka m;s; jqKq
ysre /ia jkfhys wmQre rgdjla ujd we;' jk fm; mqrd l=re¨ .S y`v /õ fohs'
yd;ami le,E u,a msmS we;' thska kef.k iqj| .; is; mqnqÿjhs' Èh myrla
wi, isjqmdjqkaf.a wä i,l=Kq ols;a u wmg ìhla o oeks‚' ysre ngysr wyiska
iuq.kakg iQodkï fjhs' ld,h fkd oekqj;aj u f.ù f.disks' .=re nig lka
ÿka wms .ufka bñysß u;lhka o fmdÈ ne| jy jyd nia r:hg f.dv jqfKuq'
fï fþofhys ;o l¿ wl=frka uqøs; mo iE§ we;af;a fjka fjka w¾: we;s mo tl;=
ùfuks'
.=re o fo.=reka o - .=re fo.=reka
YsIHfhda o YsIHdfjda o - YsIH YsIHdfjda
;=re o ,;d o - ;=re ,;d
u| fõ.fhka yuk iq<Õ - u| iq<Õ
.ukska jQ úvdj - .uka úvdj
ysref.a /ia - ysre /ia
l=re,a,kaf.a .S - l=re¨ .S
le,Efjys u,a - le,E u,a
^ukd jQ& iq ¬ .| - iqj|
.; o is; o - .; is;
md i;rla we;a;jqkaf.a - isjqmdjqkaf.a
ysre nisk ÈYdj - ngysr
.=rekaf.a nig - .=re nig
^b;d& b ¬ ñysß - bñysß

fjka fjka jQ w¾: we;s mo fufia tla ùu NdIdfõ § iudi hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs'
by; oelajqKq mo iudi ùu;a iu. uq,a mo tlg iïnkaO fldg ;snQ ksmd; mo o
lDoka; mo o uq,a mofha úNla;s m%;Hh o we;eï kdu mo o bj;a ù we;s nj Tng
meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
WodyrK( ;=re o ,;d o - ;=re ,;d ^o ksmd;h bj;a ù we;'&
.ukska jQ úvdj - .uka úvdj ^.uka¬bka jQ& úvdj - ^úNla;s m%;Hh yd
w;S; lDoka;h bj;a ù we;'&
u| fõ.fhka yuk iq<Õ - u| iq<Õ u| ^fõ.¬tka& yuk& iq<Õ -
^kduh" úNla;s m%;Hh yd j¾;udk lDoka;h f,dma ù we;'
fufia iudi ùfï § w¾:h fuka u mo o ixlaIsma; ù tla mohla njg m;a ùu
fndfyda úg oelsh yels h'
by; fþofhys i|yka" tfy;a ;o l¿ wl=ßka fkd oelafjk iudi mo úuid
n,kak'
130 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
isxy, NdIdfõ iudi úê myls'
1' wjHh iudih
2' úNla;s iudih
3' úfYaIK iudih
4' wkHd¾: idudih
5' oldrd¾: iudih

wjHh iudih

wjHh mohla ^Wmi¾.hla fyda ksmd; mohla& fjk;a mohlg uq,ska fh§
isÿ jkafka wjHh iudih hs'

Wmi¾.hla uq,ska fh§ iudi ùu

Wm ¬ jkh - Wmjkh ^ióm jkh&
wkq ¬ n,h - wkqn,h ^msgqn,h&
l= ¬ lú - l=lú ^krl lúhd&
ÿ ¬ isß;a - ÿisß;a ^krl isß;a&
iq ¬ ñysß - iqñysß ^b;d ñysß&
m% ¬ n, - m%n, ^Wiia n, we;s&

fï iudi mo ilia ù we;af;a uq,ska Wmi¾.hla tla ùfuks'

ksmd; mohla uq,ska fh§ iudi ùu
‘k’ ksmd;h uq,ska fh§ fï iudi úêh isÿ fjhs' ‘k’ ksmd;h jH[ack wlaIrhlg
uq,ska fhfoa kï Bg ‘w’ wdfoaY fõ'

k ¬ l=i,a - wl=i,a ^l=i,a fkd jkqfha&

k ¬ m%udK - wm%udK ^m%udK ke;af;a&

iajr wlaIrhlg uq,ska fhfok ‘k’ ksmd;h ‘wka’ njg m;a fõ'

k ¬ wjYH - wkjYH ^wjYH fkd jkqfha&
k ¬ w,ia - wk,ia ^w,i fkd jkafka&
k ¬ T!Ñ;H - wfk!Ñ;H ^WÑ; Ndjhla ke;af;a&

11' r' uq' kS' i' 180543 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
131
 jH[ack wlaIrhlg mQ¾jfhka fhfok ‘k’ ksmd;h we;eï úg fkd" kq iajrEmfhka
o isà'
k ¬ leu;s - fkd leu;s ^leu;s fkd jkafka&
k ¬ iqÿiq - kqiqÿiq ^iqÿiq fkd jkqfha&

úNla;s iudih

m%:ud yd wd,mk hk úNla;s fol yer fiiq úNla;Skag wh;a mohla uq,ska
fh§ isÿ jk iudih úNla;s iudih kï fõ'

lïlrejka fjfyiS jev lrkq wms ÿgqfjuq'

uy .;alre ud¾áka úl%uisxyfhda kjl;d lSmhla ,shQ y'
fï jdlHj, lïlrejka yd .;alre hk mo iE§ we;af;a
lï ^jev& ¬ lrkafka .;a ^.%ka:& ¬ lrkafka
hk mo tla ù iudi ùfuks' lïlrejka yd .;alre hk iudi moj, lï" .;a hk
mo l¾u úNla;shg wh;a neúka by; iudi jQ mo l¾u úNla;s iudi hkqfjka
.efka'
fï wdldrhg úNla;s y;g wh;a úNla;s iudi my; oelafjk WodyrK u.ska
y÷kd .kak'
1' .jhka md,kh lrkafka - .jm,a ^f.dm,a&
l¾u úNla;s iudih
fufy lrkakS - fufyldÍ
2' mrd úiska mqgqfha - mrmqgq l¾;D úNla;s iudih
foúhka úiska lshk ,o - foajNdIs;
3' lsfrka msiQ n;a - lsßn;a lrK úNla;s iudih
w;ska l< lï - w;alï

4' ckhdg ms%h - ckms%h iïm%odk úNla;s iudih

uqks÷g lrk mqo - uqksmqo

5' .skafkka jk ìh - .sksìh wjê úNla;s iudih

jeiafika ,efnk c,h - jeisc,h
6' we;df.a o< - we;ao< iïnkaO úNla;s iudih
ujf.a lsß - ujqlsß
7' rfgys jeis - rgjeis wdOdr úNla;s iudih
ir;a ld,fhys i| - irdi|

132 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 úfYaIK iudih

úfYaIK yd úfYaIH mo folla iïnkaO ù isÿ jk iudih úfYaIK

iudih hs'

ks,a ¬ uyfk,aa - ks,auyfk,a ^ks,a meye jQ uyfk,aa&

olaI ¬ YsIHhd - olaI YsIHhd ^olaI jQ YsIHhd&

ks,auyfk,a hkafkys ks,a meyeh uyfk,a hkafkys .=Khls' olaI YsIHhd hkafkys
olaI hkq YsIHhd hkafkys .=Khls'
úfYaIK iudih lsysm wdldrhlska isÿ fõ'
iqÿ ¬ u,a - iqÿu,a ^iqÿ meye jQ u,a&
È.= ¬ jr, - È.=jr, ^Èla jQ jr,&
fuys iqÿ yd È.= hk úfYaIK u,a yd jr, hk moj,g úfYaIK jYfhka uq,ska
fh§ iudi ù we;'
fiakl ¬ m`ä - fiaklm`ä ^m`äjrhl= jQ fiakl&
.jqï ¬ fmdä - .jqïfmdä ^fmdä .jqï&
fiaklm`ä yd .jqïfmdä hk moj, m`ä yd fmdä hk úfYaIK mo fh§ we;af;a
úfYaIH mohg miqj h'
i| ¬ j; - i|j; ^i| jeks j;&
uq;= ¬ o;a - uq;=o;a ^uq;= jeks o;a&
by; iudi moj, i| hkafkka ‘i| jeks’ yd uq;= hkafkka ‘uq;= jeks’ hk
WmudjdÖ w¾: m%ldY fjhs'
md ¬ mshqu - mdmshqu ^fk¨ï u,la jeks mdo&
uqj ¬ ;Ur - uqj;Ur ^;Ur jeks uqj&

.=K ihqr yd uqj;Ur hk iudi mohkays w.g fh§ we;s mshqu" ;Ur hk úfYaIK
moj,ska fk¨ï u,la jeks hk WmudjdÖ w¾:h m< fõ'
ixLHdpdÖ mohla úfYaIKhla fia uq,g fh§fuka o úfYaIK iudi mo ilia fõ'
oi ¬ rcoï - oircoï
;=ka ¬ ìh - ;=kaìh

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

133
 wkHd¾: iudih

fjka jQ w¾: we;s mo folla tl;= ù tu moj, w¾:hg jvd fjkia jQ

^wkH jQ& w¾:hla m< lrk iudih wkHd¾: iudih kï fõ'
ish ¬ m;a hk fomofha" we;s ‘m;a ishhla we;af;a’ hk w¾:h blaujd m< jkafka
‘fk¨ï u,’ hk wkHd¾:h hs'
my; § we;s mo o wkHd¾:h m< lrhs'

;s ¬ fk;a ^fk;a ;=kla we;af;a & - ;sfk;a - BYajrhd

;dr ¬ m;s ^;rej,g wêm;s jQfha& - ;drm;s - i|
u,a ¬ wú ^u,a wú orkafka& - u,ú - wkx.hd
È.a ¬ wei ^Èla jQ weia we;a;S& - È.ei - ldka;dj
oi ¬ n, ^n, oyhla we;af;a& - oin, - nqÿka jykafia

oldrd¾: iudih

o ksmd;fhka iïnkaO ù we;s fjka fjka w¾: we;s mo ‘o’ ksmd;h rys;j
.e<mSu oldrd¾: iudih kï fõ'

ÿl o iem o - ÿliem
rka o ߧ o - rkaߧ
br o y| o ;re o - bry|;re
orefjda o oeßfhda o - oreoeßfhda
wlald o kx.S o - wlalkfÕda

uq,a mo .e<mSfï § ‘o’ ksmd;h bj;aj mo tla ù we;'

134 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

isxy, NdIdfõ fndfyda mo iïnkaOfhka iudi ùu isÿ fõ' tajd tla fldg fyda
fjka fldg ,sùu isÿ jk wjia:d lSmhla y÷kd .ksuq'

iudi jQ mo tla fldg fyda fjka fldg tl u f,aLkhl iurEm;dfjka hq;=j

Ndú;h ^ieu ;ek u tla l%uhla wkq.ukh lsÍu& fhda.H fõ'
WodyrK( ysre/ia$ysre /ia" ;=re,;d$;=re ,;d" iqÿu,a$iqÿ u,a
wjHh iudifhka tla jQ mo tla mohla fia ,súh hq;= fjhs'
WodyrK( wjuka" ksjerÈ" wysxil" iqok" Wm.=re" wkqlñgqj

wkHd¾: iudi mo o tla fldg ,sùu fhda.H fõ'

WodyrK( oin," ishm;

l¾u úNla;s iudi mo o tla fldg ,súh hq;= h'

WodyrK( lïlrejd" .;alrejd" rkalrejd

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl iudi kdu mo ;j;a whqrlska ;=ka jeoEreï
fldg olajhs'
1' oaúmo iudi ^mo folla tla ùfuka iEfok iudi&
w. kqjr - w.kqjr wU hd¿fjda - wUhd¿fjda
flá l;d - flál;d .=K oyï - .=Koyï
2' ;s%mo iudi ^mo ;=kla tla ùfuka iEfok iudi&
wg od f.a - wgodf.a nla uy wl=Kq - nlauywl=Kq
i| lv myK - i|lvmyK Èh jvk ks,fï - Èhjvkks,fï
3' p;=Iamo iudi ^mo y;rla tla ùfuka iEfok iudi&
lõ ñ‚ u,a ou - lõñ‚u,aou
we;a wia ßh mdn< - we;awiaßhmdn<
uy je,s .x f;r - uyje,s.xf;r
u,a j;= kd ysñ - u,aj;=kdysñ
idïm%odhsl iudi úê myg wh;a jk mo o kQ;k jHjydrfha we;s jpk o
iudi f,i fhfok ;eka óg we;=<;a fõ' fï iudi mo tla fldg fyda
fjka fldg ,súh yels h' oyïirK jeks merKs
isxy, .oH .%ka:j, úis ;sia .Kka ixialD; jpk
tla ù ieÿKq iudi mo o olakg ,efí'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

135
 ,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjk mo iudi fldg ,shkak'

¸' we< o fod< o ¸¸' .,a jeks ys;a
¸¸¸' iq ¬ ok ¸¹' rcqf.a ksfhda.
¹' ÿl o iem o ¹¸' u,a jeks jeiai
¹¸¸' uf,ys me‚ ¹¸¸¸' l= ¬ lúhd
¸º' ;reKfhda o ;re‚fhda o º' if|ys t<sh
2' my; oelafjk iudi mo ljr úNla;shlg wh;a oehs i|yka lrkak'
¸' ueáfhka l< n÷ka -
¸¸' mskg fok yd,a -
¸¸¸' ìÕ=kaf.a ko -
¸¹' jev lrkqfha -
¹' fõhka úiska keÕ+ mia -
¹¸' .fuys jeis -
¹¸¸' lDókaf.ka jk ydks -
¹¸¸¸' rkska l< wnrK -
¸º' <uhska i|yd ,shQ fmd;a -
º' rcqf.a msßi -

3' my; § we;s jdlHj, ;o l¿ wl=ßka uqøs; fldgia i|yd iqÿiq iudi mo
,shkak'
¸' iS.sßh k.sk w;r wms .,ska ne¢ mä .Kka lf<uq'
¸¸' i;=kag olajk lreKdj ñksiqka fj;ska wE;a fjñka mj;S'
¸¸¸' ieoeye;sfhda b;d msßisÿ j;ska ieriS fndau¿jg /ia jQy'
¸¹' ;reKfhda o ;re‚fhda o W;aijh ixúOdkh lsÍug fjfyiqKy'
¹' wm iudch jkik krl isß;a msgq oelsh hq;= h'
¹¸' mqrdúoHd leŒïj, § ueáfhka lrk ,o n÷ka lSmhla yuq úh'
¹¸¸' orejd lsß jeks o;a úoyd iskd iqfKa h'
¹¸¸¸' Tjqyq .=K o kqjK o jevqKq orefjda jQy'
¸º' wms ish,af,da u Y%S ,xldfõ jeisfhda fjuq'
º' bka§h id.rfha b;d n,j;a N+ñlïmdjla we;s úh'

136 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

fYdalh;a rihla l< ñksfila 16

úYaj idys;Hfha mqfrda.dó f,aLlhka w;r ú,shï

fYalaiamsh¾ wurŒh pß;hls' Tyqf.a rpkd iy NdId
Ndú;h fl;rï m%n, jQfha o h;a ‘fYalaiamsh¾ bx.S%is’
kñka m%Yia; .Kfha bx.S%is f,aLk jHjydrhla o
fjhs' iïNdjH lD;s f,i j¾;udkfha mjd
iïNdjkdjg md;% jk fYalaiamsh¾f.a ks¾udK
rdYshls' tu ks¾udKj,ska ms<sìUq jk" ñksiqka ms<sn|
fYalaiamsh¾f.a o¾Ykh o ixjdohg n÷ka jQjls' Tyq
bx.S%is NdIdjg yd idys;Hhg muKla fkd j f,dal
idys;Hhg o lrk ,o fufyjr ksrka;rfhka
we.hSug ,la fjhs' fuu mdvug we;=<;a jkafka
m%ùK f,aLl" wdpd¾h ví,shq' ta' wfíisxy úiska
rpkd lrk ,o ,smshls' th ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a
pß;h" o¾Ykh yd idys;H fiajdj ms<sn| ixlaIsma;
ú.%yhls'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

137
 “bx.S%is l;d lrk f,dalfha" lsis u ksjila - ta ksjfiys Y=oaO jQ nhsn,fha
msgm;la iy ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a lD;s tl;=fõ msgm;la ke;skï -
iïmQ¾K jkafka ke;' fï fmd;a" meiqKq úfhys § lshúh hq;= hehs yeu
úg u n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka o ke;' tf;l=ÿ" ta lD;Ska fol ish wd.fï;a"
ish bx.S%is ixialD;sfha;a ixfla; fia ie,flhs'”

iqm%lg bx.%Sis idys;HOrhl= jk wdpd¾h Ô' î' yeßika fYalaiamsh¾ ye¢kaùu

(Introducing Shakespeare) kue;s lD;sfhys ,d" uyd lúhd y÷kajd §ug fhdod
.;af;a" by; oelajqKq rpfkdala;sh hs'
f,dal mQð; uyd kdgHlre ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾" bx.%Sis idys;Hfhys w.%;u lúhd o"
oDYHldjH rplhd o yeáhg oekqÿ wújdofhka ms<s.efkhs'
fYalaiamsh¾f.a Ôú;h ms<sn| mßmQ¾K igykla bÈßm;a lsÍu wmyiq h' ukao h;a"
Tyqf.a Ôú;h ms<sn| f;dr;=re" wjYH muKg b;sydi{hka yd idys;Hfõ§ka w;g
m;aj ke;s fyhsks'
Tyqf.a Wmka Èkh yeáhg ie,flkqfha" 1564 wfm%a,a 23 jeks Èk h' wfm%a,a 24
jeks od Tyqf.a fn!;Siau Èkh jYfhka ye¢kafjhs' m%foaYSh jYfhka m%uqL ;;a;ajfha
fjf<kaol= jQ fcdaka fYalaiamsh¾f.a ;=kajeks orejd" ú,shï jQfha h' fcdaka
fYalaiamsh¾g iy Tyqf.a ìß| jQ fïß wd¾vkag orefjda wg fofkla jQy' fYalaiamsh¾f.a
uj bvï ysñ frdaudkq lf;da,sl m%N+jrhl=f.a ÿjls' ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ ckau ,dNh
,enQ ia:dkh tx.,ka;fha fjda¾úlaIh¾ m%foaYfha iaÜ/Ü*¾â - wfmdaka - tajka
kue;s ia:dkh neõ ms<s.efka'

138 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

ú,shï" tu m%foaYfha .%dóh mdif,ys bf.k .kakg we;ehs is;sh yels h' fuu
.%dóh mdi,a" tl,ays y÷kajk ,oafoa “.a/u¾ ial+,aia” ^Grammar School& kñks'
mjqf,a ;=kajekshd jqj o ú,shï" fcdaka fYalaiamsh¾f.a jeäuy¨ u mq;d úh' tfia
fyhska" Tyqg ish mshdf.a fj<|if,a fj<|dï lghq;= bf.k .kakg o isÿ úKehs
is;sh yels h'
flfia jqj o" ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a nd, úh iïnkaOfhka mj;akd ckm%jdo"
tlsfklg mgyeks h' ish mshdf.a jHdmdrh jeàu fya;= fldg f.k ú,shïg uia
uvqjl iydhlhl= yeáhg jev lrkakg isÿ úKehs flfkla lsh;s' ;j;a
ckm%jdohl oelafjkqfha ú,shï ;reK úfha § mdi,a .=rejrhl= f,i fiajh l<
nj h' flfia jqj o ish ;reK úfha §" ú,shïg wjYH ;rï úfõlh ;sfnkag we;'
ukao h;a" iuld,Sk wka lsisÿ kdgH rplhl= m< fkd l< muKg" Tyq ovhu;a
fmdÜgksldr fjf<|du;a ms<sn| oekSula m< l< fyhsks'
1582 jif¾ § Tyq wEka yeofõ kue;s ;re‚hl yd újdy úh' m%foaYSh iudodk
kvqldrhl= jQ f;dauia ¨iS idñjrhdf.a jfkdaoHdkfhys fydfrka uqjka ovhï
lsÍu fya;=fjka" ;reK ú,shïg iaÜ/Ü*¾â .u w;yer hkakg isÿ úKehs o lsh;s'
1588 jif¾ § ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ ,kavkfha mÈxÑhg meñ‚ neõ lshfjhs' 1592 jk
úg Tyq k¿jl= o kdgH rplhl= o yeáhg id¾:l;ajhla ,nd ;sì‚' u| l,la
wejEfuka" ioïgkays" fykaß ßfhdaf;ia,s kue;s ro, m%N+jrhdf.a wkq.%yh
fYalaiamsh¾g ,efnkakg úh'
ùkia wekaâ wefvdaksia ^1593& iy o f¾ma T*a ¨laÍ ^1594& hk YDx.drd;aul ldjH
ks¾udK fol o fidkÜia kue;s ;=ÿia mo ieye,s o ^1609& m%ldYhg m;a ùfï
fya;=fjka lúhl= yeáhg fYalaiamsh¾f.a lS¾;sh me;sr hkakg úh' fYalaiamsh¾f.a
wmQ¾j lú;ajh uekúka m< flfrk Tyqf.a ;=ÿia mo ieye,s (sonnets) uq,ska u
m%pdrh lr yerefKa wuqøs; w;amsgm;a f,i neõ o mejfihs'
bkslaì;sj ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ f,dal idys;H o¾Yk m:h u; keÕS isákakg jQfha
wiydh kdgH rplhl= yeáhg h' Tyq úiska ,shk ,o ixLHdfjka ;siawgla jk
kdgH lD;Skag mokï jQfha b;sydi l;d;a ckm%jdo;a Tyqg oek .kakg ,enqKq
we;eï ienE isoaëkq;a h' tjka uQ,dY%hka úIhh lr f.k ks¾udKh lrk ,o fulS
kdgH ks¾udKj,ska u;= flfrk Ôú;h ms<sn| .eUqre oekSu;a f,dal iajNdjh
ms<sn|j lrk ,o újrKh;a b;d úiauhckl h'
kdgH lafIa;%fha ;udf.a jD;a;Sh id¾:l;ajh fya;= fldg f.k" tjlg iqm%lg
kdgH ksIamdok iud.ulaj mej;s peïn¾f,aka iud.fï fldgialrejl= ùug o
fYalaiamsh¾g yels úh' Bg wu;rj" fYalaiamsh¾ úiska kD;HYd,d folla o msysgqjk
,oafoa h' tajd y÷kajkq ,efnkafka .af,daí (Globe) iy í,ela*aßhd¾ia (Blackfriars)
hk kïj,sks' m<uqjeks t,sin;a /ðkf.a iy m<uqjeks fÊïia rcqf.a rdc iNdjkays §
fYalaiamsh¾f.a kdgHj, úfYaI o¾Yk ks;r ks;r u rx..; lrk ,oafoa h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

139
 .af,daí (Globe) kD;HYd,dj í,ela*aßhd¾ia (Blackfriars)

tmßÈ" fYalaiamsh¾g ,enqKq rdcH wkq.%yh o w;suy;a úh' tlS rdcH wkq.%yh Tyqg
wysñ jQfha tla wjia:djl § mu‚' ta" 1599 jif¾ § lsx.a ßp¾â o filkaâ kdgHh
iïnkaOfhks' tu kdgHhg úIhh jQfha fojeks ßp¾â rcq rclfuka my lsÍu;a
miqj Tyq urd oeóu;a ms<sn| l;d mqj; h' tys ,d fYalaiamsh¾g úreoaOj m<uqjeks
t,sifn;a /ðkg fla,dï lSfuka lrk ,o l=uka;%Khla .ek o i|yka fjhs'
flfia jqj o miqj fYalaiamsh¾f.a fuka u Tyqf.a kdgH iud.fï o lS¾;s kduh
h<s;a ia:dms; úh'
1608 jirg miqj fYalaiamsh¾f.a kdgH ksIamdokhkays my; jeàula olakd ,efí'
ta jk úg" wdmiq iaÜ/Ü*¾â .ug meñ‚ fYalaiamsh¾" ish mjq, Wfoid iqúYd,
ukaÈrhla ;ekùu wrUd ;sì‚' tlS ukaÈrh “ksõ me,ia” (New Palace) hkqfjka
y÷kajkq ,eì‚' ta jk úg" fYalaiamsh¾ iajlSh m%foaYfha ms<s.;a m%N+jrhl= njg
m;aj isáfha h' uyd lúhd" ffofjdam.; f,i" yßhg u wjqreÿ 52la wdhq ú|" 1616
wfm%a,a 23 jeksod ñh .sfha h' Tyqf.a foayh iaÜ/Ü*¾â foajia:dkfha ñysoka lrkq
,eî h'

ksõ me,ia (New Palace) iaÜ/Ü*¾â foajia:dkfha fYalaiamsh¾

ñysoka lr we;s ia:dkh

140 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

idys;Hfõ§yq" fYalaiamsh¾f.a ks¾udK Ôú;fha wjê y;rla olaj;s'
fYalaiamsh¾f.a ks¾udKlrKfha uq,a wjêh" w;ayod ne,Sfï wjêhla úh' l,ska
i|yka l< ùkia wekaâ wefvdaksia iy o f¾ma T*a ¨laÍ hk ldjH ks¾udKj,g
wu;rj" fldgia ;=klska hqla; jQ yhjeks fykaß kdgHh;a ;=kajeks ßp¾â kdgHh;a
wh;a jkafka tu wjêhg h' tfia u Tyqf.a b;d iqm%lg iqLdka; kdgH lD;Ska jk
o flduä T*a tria ^1592& " o fÜñka T*a o YarE ^1594&" ,õia f,an¾ia f,diaÜ ^1594&
hk lD;s wh;a jkafka o tu wjêhg h'
fojeks wjêhg wh;a jkqfha bx.%Sis b;sydih mokï lr f.k ks¾udKh lrk ,o
kdgH lD;s h' tajd w;r" fojeks ßp¾â ^1595&" fldgia follska hq;= y;rjeks
fykaß ^1597&" miajeks fykaß ^1599& iy gqfj,a;a khsÜ ^1600& hk lD;s fjhs' Tyqf.a
iqm%lg fYdaldka; kdgH oajhla jk frdañfhda wekaâ cq,shÜ ^1595& iy cq,shia iSi¾
^1599& wh;a jkafka o tlS wjêhg h'
fYalaiamsh¾f.a ks¾udK Ôú;fha mßK;Ndjh m< flfrk ;=kajeks wjêfhys
,shjqK lD;Ska yeáhg .efkkafka" yeï,Ü ^1601&" Tf;f,da ^1604&" lsx.a ,sh¾
^1605&" wekagks wekaâ la,sfhdameÜrd ^1606& iy uelan;a ^1606& h' fuu lD;Ska
ish,a, u yrfhka ÿlaLdka; jqj o we;eï kdgHhl .eí jk lsishï úfYaI
.=Kdx.hla fya;= fldg f.k tlS ks¾udK “w÷re fyda ;s;a; iqLdka;” (Dark or
Bitter Comedies) fia o úpdrlhka úiska y÷kajkq ,efí' ´,aia fj,a oeÜ tkaâia
fj,a ^1602& iy fuI¾ f*da fuI¾ ^1604& hk iqLdka; kdgH oajh wh;a jkafka o
fuu wjêhg u h'
fYalaiamsh¾f.a ks¾udK Ôú;fhys isjqjk wjêh" Tyqf.a ÿlaL-iqLdka;
^Tragi - comedies& ìys jqKq ld,h jYfhka ie,flhs' fmßla,Sia" ms%kaia T*a gh¾
^1608&" o úkag¾ia fÜ,a ^1610&" isïn,Ska ^1610&" o fgïmiaÜ ^1611&" fykaß o thsÜ;a
^1613& iy gQ fkdan,a lsxiauka ^1613& hk ks¾udK wh;a jkafka" fulS wjêhg h'
lúhl= yeáhg" fYalaiamsh¾f.a m;< lS¾;sh Tyqf.a úúO ldjH ks¾udKj,ska iy
;=ÿiamo ieye,sj,ska m< jk kuqÿ" tlS wmQ¾j lú;ajh jvd;a u Tma kexù m%ldYhg
m;a jkafka" Tyqf.a kdgH ks¾udKhkays wka;¾.; mµuh ks¾udKj,sks' wka
fndfyda lùkaf.a ks¾udKhkays fkd olakd ,efnk úfYaI;ajhla o ta lú;ajfhys
úh' fYalaiamsh¾f.a kdgH ks¾udKhkays m%ldY jkqfha lúfha iqkaor;ajh blaujd
isák m%{dj hs' ienúka u" lúhl oejgqKq m%{dj m< l< f,dal mßudKfha uyd
lúhd" fYalaiamsh¾ h'
wEia hQ ,hsla bÜ kdglfhys §" ish u,Kqjka úiska rc jdif,ka m,jd yefrk
fogq wdÈmdojrhd" wka;sfï § kj;skafka jk wrKl h' tys jQ iekiqu;a Ydka;
iqjh;a Tyqf.a u jokaj,ska fYalaiamsh¾ úiska olajk ,oafoa fuu ldfjHdala;sfhks'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

141
 “Under the greenwood tree, “fï .%Skajqâ ;=re fyjfKa
Who loves to lie with me je;sr ys¢kakg ud yd
And turn his merry note ljqo leue;af;a" ljqo leue;af;a
Unto the sweet bird's throat Tyqf.a fidïkia iqñysß iajrh
Come hither, come hither, come hither úyÕ .S; rdjh yd uqiq fldg
Here shall he see je;sr ys¢kakg ljqo leue;af;a
No enemy, but winter and rough tkak fufya" tkak fufya" tkak fufya"
weather.” lsis i;=rl= fuys fkduef;a
lgqlj oefkkd isisr iuh ñi
f.dryeä l¾lY ld,.=Kh ñi”

iqm%lg jekSisfha fjf<kaod kdglfhys" fmda¾Ishdf.a w; m;d f.k tk tla

;eke;a;l= jkqfha" fudfrdlafldafõ l=udrfhls' Tyqg wehf.a w; .; yelafla"
rka" ߧ" Bhï hk lr~q ;=fkka fmda¾Ishdf.a PdhdrEmh nyd we;s lr~qj f;dard
.;fyd;a mu‚' fudfrdlafldafõ l=udrhd f;dard .kafka" rka lr~qj h' t;=<
we;af;a" uereKq ñksfyl=f.a ysia ln,l is;a;uls' thg háka fufia o ,shd ;sì‚'
“È,sfik ish,a, r;a;rka fkd fõ'” “All that glitters is not gold” fuh wo iqm%lg
msre<ls' th jyrg meñ‚fha" fYalaiamsh¾f.a ta jekSisfha fjf<kaod kdglfhks'
m%{dj oejgqKq tjka joka fldf;l=;a Tyqf.a lD;Skays olakd ,efnhs' frdañfhda
cq,shÜ kdglfha tkñka ye¢kafjk fmïj;=kaf.a fYdaldka;hg fya;= jQfha"
fh!jkfha wkaO jQ wd,h hs' fYalaiamsh¾ lshkafka “wd,h wkaO kï" b,lalh .;
fkdfyk” nj h' lska.a ,sh¾ kdglhg n÷ka jkqfha" mshl= flfrys jk orejkaf.a
.=Kul=lu h' “orejl=f.a l<.=K fkd o;alu" i¾mhl=f.a úi o<g;a jeäfhka
;shqKq he” hs uyd lúhd lshk úg" wmQ¾j ldfjHdala;shla muKg u" Ôú;h ms<sn|
.eUqre we;a;la o m< flfrhs' o fÜñka T*a o YarE kdglh" onrldr ìß|l yslaujd Æ
ieñhl= .ek h' fYalaiamsh¾ lshkafka" ta “ieñhd ìß|f.a foúhd” nj h' tu;= fkd
fjhs lúhd fufia o f;m,hs' “Tfí Ôú;h o Tfí m%Odkshd o Tfí n,Orhd o Tn
/l n,d .kakd ;eke;a;d o Tyq u jkafka h'” ^fu;ek" n,Orhd hk moh"
Sovereign hk jofkys wre; olajkag h'&
fYalaiamsh¾f.a yeu kdglhl u .eíj we;af;a ñksia Ôú; m;af,ka u;= jk
wmQ¾j;ajh hs' iqm%lg yeï,Ü kdglfhka fy<s jkafka" .eyekshlf.a pm,lu
fya;= fldg f.k" .eyekq msßñ foj. u" wfmalaIs; fuka u wkfmalaIs; brKulg
f.dÿre jk j. h' ;u mshdKkaf.a urKh ryis.;j isÿ l< iq¿mshd mdjd .kakd
ish uE‚hkaf.a pm,lu isys lrk yeï,Ü l=ure lshk fujoka" lvq uqK;l
uqjy; jka ;shqKq Wmydid,dmhls' “tïnd pm,lu" kqfò ku .eyekshhs'”
(“O! frailty, thy name is woman”). kdglh wjika jkafka" fvkaud¾lays l=udrhd
jk yeï,Üf.a urKfhks' tfudfyd;" Tyqf.a iqñ;=re fydf¾fIdaf.a uqjg"
fYalaiamsh¾ kxjk fï jeks joka f,dal idys;Hfhys jqj b;d úr, h'
142 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
“Now cracks a noble heart. “oeka mqmqrd hhs" W;=ï yoj;la"
Good night, sweet prince, iqn /hla fõjd" wdorŒh l=ureksæ
And flights of angels sing thee to thy iqr¥; rdiS" Tfí Ydka;shg .S .hkq
rest!" we;af;a h'”

fYalaiamsh¾f.a kdglhkag fndfyda úg úIhh jQfha rdIag% md,kh hs' ta w;ska" uyd
lúhdf.a wmQ¾j;u kdgH ks¾udKh jkqfha" cq,shia iSi¾ h' frdauhg lS¾;sh f.k
wd cq,shia iSi¾ >d;kh lrkag msys myrj,a ÿka wh w;ßka wka;suhd jQfha" Tyqf.a
fyd| u i.hdj isá írEgia h' írEgiaf.a msys myr ld ñhefok iSi¾f.a uqjg
fYalaiamsh¾ kxjkafka" fødayslu;a mdjd §u;a .ek lsj yels fyd| u joka h'

“Et tu Brute? “fudkjd" Tn;a írEgia@

Then fall Caesar!” tfykï" iSi¾ jegqKdfj”

ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a lúh;a kdglh;a .ek ye¢kaùula lsÍu b;d wiSre h' Tyqf.a
idys;H ks¾udKhkays jk m%{dj .ek lSu Bg;a jvd wiSre h' ñksiqkaf.a ffojh;a
fY%aIaG;ajh;a fol u .ek lshk uyd lú fYalaiamsh¾" gqfj,a;a khsÜ ´ jÜ hQ ú,a
hk kdglfhys lrk fuu újrKh" f,dalh;a" f,da oyu;a ukqIH;ajh;a ms<sn|
Tyqf.a .eUqre wjfndaOh fï hhs mjik oDIagdka;hla jekak'
“Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust
upon them.”
“iuyre fYa%IaGj WmÈ;s' iuyre fYa%IaG;ajh Wod lr.ks;s' fYa%IaG;ajh"
iuyrekaf.a wefÕa .ikq ,efnhs'”
oywg jeks ishji f;la u ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ i,lk ,oafoa wm%udK m%;sNdfjka
hqla; jqj o ksis f,i wOHdmkh fkd ,o f.dryeä ks¾udKlrejl= yeáhg h'
fYalaiamsh¾f.a kñka m%p,s; ks¾udK tjlg rdcH md,lhl= yd od¾Ykslhl=j isá
Y%Su;a *a/kaisia fílka fyda ^fYalaiamsh¾f.a u wkq.%dylhdj isá& ioïiagkays
wdÈmdojrhd fyda lrkag we;ehs o u;hla f.dv keÕS ;sì‚' flfia jqj o fYalaiamsh¾
ks¾udK flfrys idys;H f,dalfha wjOdkh jeä jeäfhka fhduq jkag jQfha
oykj jk ishjiska miqj h' fï wmQre ñksyd i;= jQ Ôú;h ms<sn| .eUqre ;shqKq
oekqu;a f,dal iajNdjh msßis| oelSfuka m< lrk ,o Ôjk o¾Ykh;a t;eka isg
ksis úuiqug ,la jkakg úh' tys m%;sM,hla yeáhg f,dalh yuqfõ wkdjrKh
jQfha lúhl= o oDYHldjH rplhl= o yeáhg fYalaiamsh¾ i;=j meje;a;d jQ oejeka;
m%;srEmh hs'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

143
 wjfndaOh

1' ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾g ;u <ud ld,fha § uqyqK §ug isÿ jQ ÿIalr;d ljf¾ o@
2' fYalaiamsh¾ lúhl= f,i m%isoaO ùug ;=vq ÿka lD;s fudkjd o@
3' fYalaiamsh¾ ;u kdgH lD;s rpkd lsÍu i|yd mdol lr .;a uQ,dY%hka
ljf¾ o@
4' fu;=udf.a ish¨ kdgH lD;s j¾. ;=kla hgf;a úia;r lr we;' tu j¾. ;=k
kï lrkak'
5' ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ pß;fhka Tng ,nd .; yels wdo¾Y ljf¾ o@

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjk jpkj, w¾: ,shd olajkak'

¸' mßmQ¾K ¸¸' jfkdaoHdkh
¸¸¸' ;=ÿia ¸¹' úiauh ckl
¹' kD;HYd,d ¹¸' ishji
¹¸¸' m%;sNdj ¹¸¸¸' msßis|
¸º' oDYH ldjHh º' ckau,dNh
2' my; oelafjk jpkj,g úreoaOd¾: fok jpk ,shkak'
¸' uqøs; -
¸¸' újdo -
¸¸¸' .%dóh -
¸¹' nd, úh -
¹' lS¾;sh -

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' f,dal m%isoaêhg m;a úfoaYSh idys;Hlrejkaf.a úia;r we;=<;a lr iÕrdjlg
iqÿiq ,smshla ilia lrkak'
2' fYa%IaG idys;Hlrejka yd Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'
3' ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a Tn leu;s lD;shla lshjd tys wka;¾.;h idrdxY lr
olajkak'

144 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 m%;Hhd¾: kdu 17

‘m%;Hhd¾: Yío’ fyj;a ‘m%;Hhd¾: kdu’ isxy,

NdIdfjys mo iEfok l%uhls' m%;Hh m%Odk fldg
isÿ jk fï úhrK úÈh yeoEÍfï § ‘m%;Hh’ hkq
l=ula oehs jgyd .; hq;= h'
m%;Hh hkq ‘m%lD;shlska mrj w¾:j;a jQ mo idOkh
i|yd tl;= jk fldgils'
‘m%;Hhd¾: kdu’ hk fhÿu ie§ we;af;a m%;Hh ¬
w¾: hk mo fol tla ùfuks' tA wkqj m%;Hhd¾:
kdu hkq m%;Hh ksid w¾: .ekafjk kdu hkak
hs' ‘m%;Hhd¾: kdu’ i|yd l=udr;=x. uqksodi uy;d
Ndú; lf<a ‘m%;Hh ix.%y kdu’ hk jyr h' tA i|yd
u ‘isxy, NdIdj’ kï jHdlrK .%ka:fha ;shfvda¾
Ô' fmf¾rd msh;=ud i|yka lr we;af;a ‘m%;Hhd¾:
Yío’ fyj;a ‘mire;a io’ hkak hs'
m%;Hh Ndú;fhka w¾: .ekaùug NdIdfjys uq,a
jkafka kdu m%lD;s yd Od;= m%lD;s hk NdIdx.
fol h' kdu m%lD;shla hkq kdu mohlg uq,a jk
fldgi hs' Od;= m%lD;shla hkq l%shd mohlg uq,a jk
fldgi hs' fï NdIdx. fol i|yd lsishï m%;Hh tla
ùfuka kdud¾:hla ,efí kï tAjd ‘m%;Hhd¾: kdu’
fõ' isxy, NdIdfõ m%;Hhd¾: kdu fofldgils'
1' kdu m%lD;shlg m%;Hhla tla ùfuka
iEfok m%;Hhd¾: kdu - ;oaê;"
2' Od;= m%lD;shlg m%;Hhla tlaùfuka iEfok
m%;Hhd¾: kdu - lDoka;" jYfhks' fï tlsfklska
mo idOkh jk whqre fï mdvfï úia;r flf¾'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

145
 ;oaê;

w¨hu msìÿKq .eñhd ;u f.dúm<g msg;aj .sfha h'

fï jdlHfha ;oaê; kdu moh jkafka ‘.eñhd’ hk moh hs' tu moh iliaj we;af;a
.ï + b } .eñ + wd } .eñhd
jYfhks' f;dáhd" keúhd" /áhd hk ;oaê; kdu o ilia jkafka by; bÈßm;a
l< ksoiqfka i|yka l%uhg h' fï WodyrKh wkqj kdu m%lD;shlg ;oaê; m%;Hh
tla ù iEfok kdu ‘;oaê; kdu’ nj meyeÈ,s fjhs' ;oaê; hkq ;;a ¬ ys; hk mo
weiqfrka iEÿKls' ;;a ¬ ys; hkafka w¾:h ta yd fhÿKq Bg fhda.H jQ hkak hs'
tla kdu m%lD;shlg m%;Hh tla l< úg ;efkk kdu moh uq,a mohg wkqrEmj
ilia jk ksid tu l%shdj,sh ;oaê; hkqfjka y÷kajd ;sfí' fï ;oaê; hkak wfma
nig ,eî we;af;a ixialD; yd md,s úhrK Í;s weiqfrks'
;oaê; Yíoj, § Bg iïnkaO jk m%;Hfhka m%ldY jk f;areu uq,a fjhs' tfy;a
th tys m%Odk mofha w¾:hg wkql+,j ilia fõ' by; bÈßm;a l< ‘.eñhd’ hk
moh úuid ne,Sfuka bÈßm;a l< lreK jvd;a meyeÈ,s fjhs'
;oaê; kdu ilia lr .; yels ;oaê; m%;Hh fhÿKq mo iuqyhla iso;a iÕrdfõ
oelafjk w;r wk;=rej tn÷ m%;Hh 23la l=udr;=x. uqksodi uy;d bÈßm;a lr
;sfí' tA fufia h'
b" uqjd" uh" j;a" u;a" ;r" ;u" b;s" wá" wgq" wia" w;a" n" ;d" wdK" wKq" w‚" w" tla"
W" w<" wd" W;= jYfhks'
fun÷ ;oaê; m%;Hh úúOd¾: foñka mo idOkhg bjy,a fjhs' NdIdj fmdaIKh
lrhs' bka lsysmhla ms<sn| lreKq úuid n,uq'

1' ‘b’ m%;Hh

fï m%;Hh w¾: .Kkdjl fhfoa' tA w¾: wvq jeä jYfhka úhrK

.%ka:hkays bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'

¸' tys jQfhah hk w¾:h - N+;d¾:h

.fuys jQfha .eñ - .ï¬b } .eñ¬wd } .eñhd
.eñhd ksoyia ksjy,a Èúhla f.jhs'
/áhd" ksheßhd hk kdu o fï w¾:fha u fhfoa'

146 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 ¸¸' tys kshq;= jQfha hk w¾:h - kshqla;d¾:h
f;dfgys kshq;= jQfha f;dá - f;dg ¬ b } f;dá ¬ wd } f;dáhd
f;dáhd yn, w;g .;af;a h'
keú" oeyeñ" leñ hk kdu o fï .Khg wh;a fõ'
¸¸¸' th okS hk w¾:h - cdkkd¾:h
Ys,am Ydia;%h okafka Ys,ams - Ys,am ¬ b } Ys,ams ¬ wd - Ys,amshd
uQ¾;s Ys,amshd ukyr m%;sudjla ks¾udKh lf<a h'
kel;s hk ;oaê; kduh o óg wh;a fõ'
¸¹' th u hk w¾:h - iajd¾:h
w÷r u - w÷re ¬ b } we¢ß ¬ w } we¢ßh
ysre .s,S .sfhka we¢ßh rc úh'
len,s" leo,s" ue¢ß" jeo,s hk ;oaê; kdu o óg wh;a fõ'

2' ‘j;a’ ‘u;a’ m%;Hh

fï m%;Hh fol u ‘we;af;a h’ hk w¾:fhys wia;Hd¾:fhys fhfoa'

fmr mofha w. wl=r y,a wl=rlska fyda w" wd" t" ta hk iajrhlska fyda wjika jQ
l, ‘we;af;a h’ hk w¾:h i|yd j;a m%;Hh fhfohs'
is,a we;af;a - is,a ¬ j;a } is,aj;a - is,aj;a NslaIqj
.=K we;af;a - .=K ¬ j;a } .=Kj;a - .=Kj;a mqoa.,hd
kqjK we;af;a - keK ¬ j;a } keKj;a - keKj;a orejd
Ok we;af;a - Ok ¬ j;a } Okj;a - Okj;a mqoa.,hd
fifkfy we;af;a - fifkfy ¬ j;a - fifkfyj;a - fifkfyj;a uj

fmr mofha w. b" B" W" W! hk iajrhlska wjika jQ úg ‘we;af;a h’ hk w¾:h
i|yd u;a m%;Hh fhfoa'

rej we;af;a - rE ¬ u;a } rEu;a - rEu;a hqj;sh
biqr we;af;a - biqre ¬ u;a } biqreu;a - biqreu;a ñksid
Èßh we;af;a - Èß ¬ u;a } Èßu;a - Èßu;a mqreIhd
kqjK we;af;a - ë ¬ u;a } ëu;a - ëu;a YsIHhd

2'1 my; bÈßm;a lr we;s tla tla woyi i|yd iqÿiq ;oaê; moh ,shkak'
¸' iem we;af;a - ¹' Yla;s we;af;a -
¸¸' lS¾;sh we;af;a - ¹¸' ri we;af;a -
¸¸¸' fõ. we;af;a - ¹¸¸' m%fhdack we;af;a -
¸¹' n, we;af;a - ¹¸¸¸' nqoaê we;af;a -
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
147
12' r' uq' kS' i' 180543

3' ‘uqjd’ ‘uh’ m%;Hh

‘thska lrk ,o’ ‘tu iajNdjh we;s’ hk w¾:h i|yd fhfoa'

rkska lrk ,o - rka ¬ uqjd } rkauqjd - rkauqjd isyiqk"
iaj¾K ¬ uh } iaj¾Kuh - iaj¾Kuh isxydikh
ue‚laj,ska lrk ,o - ñ‚ ¬ uqjd } ñ‚uqjd - ñ‚uqjd lsre<
ud‚lH ¬ uh } ud‚lHuh - ud‚lHuh lsÍgh

3'1 my; tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H ;oaê; moh ,shkak'
¸' hlvfhka lrk ,o -
¸¸' m,sÕ=fjka lrk ,o -
¸¸¸' ßÈfhka lrk ,o -
¸¹' ,Sfhka lrk ,o -
¹' ;ka;= iajNdj we;s -

4' ‘wá’ m%;Hh

fï m%;Hh 1' yqre jQfha

2' m%foaYh hk w¾: fol i|yd fhfoa'
yqre jQfha(
l¿jg yqre jQfha - l¿ ¬ wá } l<á - l<á fmd,a
fuf<lg yqre jQfha } fudf<dla ¬ wá } fud<leá - fud<leá orejd

m%foaYd¾:h

bÕ m%foaYh } bÕ¬wá } bÕá - bÕáh f,<jd
;=kq m%foaYh } ;=kq ¬ wá } ;=ká - ;=káfha fõokdj

4'1 my; i|yka tla tla fhÿu fjkqjg iqÿiq u ;oaê; moh ,shkak'
¸' by m%foaYh -
¸¸' È. iajNdjh -
¸¸¸' lr m%foaYh -

148 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 5' ‘wia’ ‘w;a’ m%;Hh we;eï úg fï m%;Hh fol u tl u
kdu m%lD;sh iu. fhfoa'
‘th u’ hk w¾:fha ^iajd¾:fha& fhfoa' fjr<¬wia- fjr<ia"
fjr<¬w;a - fjr<;a

isis, u - isis, ¬ wia } isis,ia uqyq< ¬ w;a - uqyq<;a"
uqÿk u - uqÿk ¬ w;a } uqÿk;a
uqyq< ¬ wia - uqyq<ia

5'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd iqÿiq ;oaê; moh ne.ska ,shkak'
¸' jr, u - ¸¸' uqyqK u -
¸¸¸' ijk u - ¸¹' kqjk u -

6' ‘;r’ iy ‘;u’ m%;Hh

‘jeä nj’ hk w¾:h §u i|yd ;r" ;u hk m%;Hh fol fhfoa'

fuys § follska tlla jeä nj yeÕùu i|yd ‘;r’ m%;Hh fhfok w;r ish,af,ka
u jeä nj yeÕùu i|yd ‘;u’ m%;Hh fhfoa'

Wodr .=K we;s fofokl= w;=ßka jeä ;eke;a;d - Wodr ¬ ;r } Wodr;r
Wodr .=K we;s ish¨ fokd w;=ßka jeä - Wodr ¬ ;u } Wodr;u
mõ lrk fofokl= w;=ßka jeä ;eke;a;d - mdm ¬ ;r } mdm;r
mõ lrk ish,a,ka w;=ßka jeä ;eke;a;d } mdm¬ ;u } mdm;u

6'1 fï woyi i|yd iqÿiq ;oaê; moh ne.ska ,shkak'

¸' fofokl= w;=ßka fYa%IaGhd -
¸¸' ish,a,ka w;=ßka fYa%IaGhd -
¸¸¸' folla w;=ßka jvd ñysß -
¸¹' ish,a, w;=ßka jvd ñysß -
¹' ish,a,ka w;=ßka W;=ï jQ -

7' ‘bl’ m%;Hh

‘Bg wh;a’ hk w¾:fha fhfoa'

k.rhg wh;a - k.r ¬ bl } kd.ßl - kd.ßl ckhd
jHdmdrhg wh;a - jHdmdr ¬ bl } jHdmdßl - jHdmdßl m%cdj
;udg wh;a - mqoa., ¬ bl } fm!oa.,sl - fm!oa.,sl whs;sh
uq,a jQ lreKg wh;a - uQ, ¬ bl } uQ,sl - uQ,sl whs;sjdislï

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

149
 7'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H ;oaê; mo ,shkak'
¸' mqrdK ld,hg wh;a - ¸¸' ixialD;shg wh;a -
¸¸¸' iudchg wh;a - ¸¹' ridhkhg wh;a -
¹' f.da;%hg wh;a -

8' ‘b;s’ m%;Hh

‘iaj,amh’ hk w¾:h i|yd fhfoa'

meka iaj,amh - meka ¬ b;s } meks;s
l=vd lek - leka ¬ b;s } leks;s
b;d u fmdä - fmdä ¬ b;s } fmdä;ss

8'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H moh ,shkak'

¸' l=vd len,s - ¸¸' b;d u iqÕ -
¸¸¸' le| iaj,amhla - ¸¹' l=vd lsks;a; -

9'‘wdK’ ‘wKq’ ‘wKs’ m%;Hh

f.!rjd¾:h i|yd fhfoa'

.re lghq;= mshd - msh ¬ wdK - mshdK ¬ ´ } mshdfKda

.re lghq;= mq;d - mq;a ¬ wKq - mq;Kq ¬ ´ } mq;Kqfjda
.re lghq;= ÿj - ¥ ¬ w‚ - Èh‚ ¬ ´ } Èh‚fhda

9'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H ;oaê; moh ,shkak'

¸' .re lghq;= rc;=ud - ¸¸' .re lghq;= fidfydhqrd -
¸¸¸' .re lghq;= nEkd - ¸¹' .re lghq;= uj -

10' ‘Bh’ m%;Hh

‘thg wh;a h’ hk w¾:h i|yd fhfoa' ta yer fjk;a w¾: i|yd o
Bh m%;Hh fhfoa'

iajfoaYhg wh;a jQfha - iajfoaY¬Bh - iajfoaYSh
foaYhg wh;a jQfha - foaY¬Bh - foaYSh
ld¾hd,hg wh;a jQfha - ld¾hd,h¬Bh - ld¾hd,hSh
mdmhg wh;a jQfha - mdm¬Bh - mdmSh

150 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

fuu wref;ys ‘tah’ m%;Hh o fhfoa' ,xldjg wh;a jQfha - ,xld¬tah - ,dxflah
10'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H moh ,shkak'
¸' iudchg wh;a jQfha - ¸¸' m%foaYhg wh;a -
¸¸¸' úfoaYhg wh;a - ¸¹' j¾.hg wh;a -

11' ‘wd’ m%;Hh

‘nj’ hk w¾:h i|yd fhfoA'

ñysrla we;s nj - ñysß ¬ wd - ñysßhd
yelshdjla we;s nj - yels ¬ wd - yelshd
<eÈhdjla we;s nj - <eÈ ¬ wd - <eÈhd

11'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H moh ,shkak'

¸' ksy`v nj - ¸¸' ne£ula we;s nj -
¸¸¸' w`vk nj - ¸¹' kuH;djla we;s nj -

12' ‘;d’ m%;Hh

Ndjd¾:h yd iuQyd¾:h i|yd fhfoa'

Ndjd¾:h
uqÿ nj - uqÿ ¬ ;d - uqÿ;d
iqyo nj - iqyo ¬ ;d - iqyo;d

iuQyd¾:h

ck iuQyh - ck ¬ ;d - ck;d

12'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H ;oaê; moh ,shkak'

¸' ÿ¾j, nj - ¸¸' Y+r nj -
¸¸¸' wjYH nj - ¸¹' úfYaI nj -
¹' ÿn, nj -

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

151
 by; oelajQ ;oaê; m%;Hhj,g wu;rj jHjydrfha mj;sk ;j;a ;oaê;
m%;Hh we;' fï tajdhska lSmhls'
m%;Hh kso¾Ykh w¾:h
wgq wrgq ^wr ¬ wgq& b;d yrh we;s
w< by< ^bia ¬ w<& ysi m%foaYh
n Èhn ^U& ^Èh ¬ n& .eUqre Èh fmfoi
kq bkaÈhdkq ^bkaÈhd ¬ kq& bkaÈhdjg wh;a$iïnkaO
l cd;sl ^cd;s ¬ l& cd;shg wh;a
;aj m%ùK;aj ^m%ùK ¬ ;aj& m%ùK nj
h fi!kao¾h ^iqkaor ¬ h& iqkaor nj
jka; .=Kjka; ^.=K ¬ jka;& .=K we;s
;k mqrd;k ^mqrd ¬ ;k& fmr ld,hg wh;a
Bk ld,Sk ^ld, ¬ Bk& ld,hg wh;a
bIaG mdmsIaG ^mdm ¬ bIaG& jvd mdmS jQfha

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' fï jdlHj, we;s ;oaê; mo Wmqgd ,shkak'

¸' È.á uqyqKla we;s keÜgqjd ish bÕáh f,<jd /Õ=ï mEfõ h'
¸¸' ,laÈjg meñ‚ úfoaYslfhda fm!rd‚l YS% úN+;sh oel i;=gq jQy'
¸¸¸' .=re;=ñh isÕs;a;dg w,xldr u,a lsks;a;la ;E.s l<d h'
¸¹' rEu;a hqj;sh ish jr,i úoyd f.k úksYaph uKav,h yuqjg meñ‚hd h'
¹' leyegq n,a,d u`vqfjys jl=gq ù ks|hs'
2' my; oelafjk fþofha bß we¢ mo fjkqjg ;oaê; mo fhdod ,shkak'
fkdfndaod úfoaY rgj,ska meñ‚ ;eke;af;da mq,;sismqr keröug f.dia tys jQ
.,ska u ksuejqKq m%;sud o f,dayfhka ;ekqKq m%;sud o oejfhka lrk ,o rdc
ukaÈr o n,d miqj merl=ï iuqÿr fj;g f.dia tys isis, u ú| wdÈ YS%
,dxlslhdf.a w;sYh Wodr nj o úYsIag ffO¾hh we;s nj o hk .=K ms<sn|j
m%Yxid uqLfhka l:d l<y'
3' fï ;oaê; mo fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lrkak'
isÕs;s" rc;uh" n,j;a" keúhd" fodrgqj" iqyo;d" keÕ‚fhda" yelshd
152 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
 lDoka;
lshkakd lshk lshqï wikakd isys nqoaêfhka weish hq;= h'
by; jelsfha we;=<;a ‘lshkakd"’ ‘lshqï"’ ‘wikakd’ hk mo kdu mo fõ' tys uq,ska
u oelafjk ‘lshkakd’ hk moh ilia ù we;af;a lsh¬kq¬wd } hk fldgia tla
ùfuka h' by; ‘lshqï’ hk moh ie§ we;af;a ‘lsh’ hk Od;= m%lD;shg ‘Wï’ hk
m%;Hh tla ùfuks' ‘wikakd’ hk moh ilia ù we;af;a wi¬kq¬wd tla ùfuks' fï
ish¨ u mo Od;= m%lD;shla uq,a lr f.k ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' ‘lshk’ hk moh ‘lsh’
m%lD;shg ‘k’ lDoka; m%;Hh tla ù ilia ù we;'
fufia Od;= m%lD;shlg lDoka; m%;Hh tl;= ù iEfok mo lDoka; hkqfjka
ye¢kafõ' lDoka; hk moh lD;a¬wka; hk wjhj ixfhda.fhka iE§ ;sfí' tys
w¾:h ‘lD;a m%;Hhla wka; fldg we;s ls%hd uQ,hlska ilia jQj’ hkak hs'
lDoka; kdu o m%;Hhd¾:j;aj ks¾udKh jk ksid th m%;Hhd¾: kdu ixLHdjg
u wh;a fõ'
‘kghs’ hk ls%hd mofha uQ,h ‘kg’ hk Od;= m%lD;sh hs' fuys § lDoka; kdu
;efkkafka tu Od;= m%lD;sh uq,a lr f.k h' ‘kg’ hk Od;= m%lD;sfhka my;
i|yka wdldrfha lDoka; mo iEfohs'
ls%hdj ls%hd uQ,h lDoka; mo
kghs kg kgk" kgkq" kegQ"
kegqï" kegqu" keá,s"
kefgkq" kefgk"
kegqKq" keàu" kgkakd"
kgkafka" kgkafkda"
kefgkafka" kgkakS
Od;= m%lD;s uQ,slj by; rgdjg fndfyda ÿrg wkql+,j lDoka; mo ks¾udKh
fõ' lDoka;³

lDoka; kdu lDoka; ls%hd

lDoka; kdu
Od;= m%lD;shlg kdud¾:hla fok lDoka; m%;Hhla tl;= ùfuka iEfok kdu
lDoka; kdu f,i ye¢kafõ' n,kakd" n,kakS" ne,Sï" ne¨ï" ne,s,s wdÈh lDoka;
kdu fõ'
³ lDoka; kdu yd ls%hdj,g wu;rj lDoka; ksmd; o fjhs' mQ¾j ls%hd" ñY% ls%hd" wiïNdjH ls%hd
Bg wh;a fõ'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
153
 Od;= m%lD;sh m%;Hh lDoka; kdu
lsh Wï lshqï
Bï lSï
k ¬ wd lshkakd
k¬B lshkakS
rla Wï /l=ï
b,s /ls,s
b ¬ k ¬ ´ rlskafkda
Wï ¬ w /l=u$/lau

lDoka; ls%hd
NdId jHjydrfha § lDoka; kdu fuka u lDoka; ls%hd o w;HjYH NdIdx.hla fõ'
Od;= m%lD;shlg l%shd w¾:hla fok lDoka; m%;Hhla tla ù lDoka; l%shd iefoa'
n,kafka" n,kakdyq" n,kafkys" ne¨fõ" nef,kafka" ne¨fKa" ne¨Kq" ne¨K"
ne¨jd" n,kq wdÈ mo lDoka; ls%hd .Khg we;=<;a fõ'
Od;= m%lD;sh m%;Hh lDoka; ls%hd
lsh k ¬ ta lshkafka
k¬´ lshkafkda
k ¬ wdyq lshkakdyq

rla b ¬ k ¬ ta rlskafka
t ¬ kq ¬ ta /flkafka
WKq ¬ ´ /l=fKda
b ¬ ta /lafla

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' fï tla tla fldgfia we;=<;a lDoka; mo Wmqgd ,shkak'

^w& kgk kegqï .hk .ehqï bj; fy<hs fidal iqiqï
^wd& ÿïnr fl;g jeg ne|,d /l=ï ne¨ï
udú,s .fÕa Èh ne|,d fl;g .s¨ï
ÿïnr ,sfhda lr Tijd n,k ne¨ï
;=kam;a rgdjls ÿïnr flf;a fk¿ï
^we& Th ne,au Th le,au ks¨mq,a fkf;a'''
^W& br nei hkafka w÷r o jefgkakd
iS; iq<x yeu w;ska yukakd
my< fjf,a f.dú,shkaf. lú;d,h
wefia wefia i| mdhkakd'''
154 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
2' fï tla tla jdlHfha ysia;ek$ysia;eka jdlHh bÈßmsg jryk ;=< § we;s ls%hd
mofha uQ,fhka ilia lr f.k iïmQ¾K lrkak'
¸' l,d Wf,< i|yd oeßh bÈßm;a l< ''''''''''''''''''' ldf.a;a is;a .;af;a h'
^kghs&
¸¸' l=Uqrehdfha f.dhï '''''''''''''''''''''' i|yd .fï ;reK ;re‚fhda o meñ‚hy'
^lmhs&
¸¸¸' ta ta isoaê ms<sn|j ''''''''''''' flfia lSj;a ''''''''''''''''''' isys nqoaêfhka weish
hq;= h' ^lshhs$wihs&
¸¹' fujr o<od fmryef¾ '''''''''''''''''' ku.sh ''''''''''''''''''''' Ys,amsfhls ^kghs&'
¹' <uhd úiska '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' mqj;am;a h' ^n,hs&

3' fï tla tla jdlHfha ;o l¿ wl=frka olajd we;s lDoka; moj, m%;Hh fjka
fldg ,shkak'
¸' YsIHhd fyd¢ka ms<s;=re ,shkq fmfka'
¸¸' ,S fl<s kegqï bÈßm;a lf<a l,dh;khlsks'
¸¸¸' úfYaIdx. ,smsfha lems,s flá,s ksu lr uqøKhg heú‚'
¸¹' Odjk m:fha fõ.fhka ÿjk orejkag foudmsfhda w;afmd<ika ÿkay'
¹' jeäysáhkaf.a lshuka nd, mrmqr is;g .; hq;= h'
4' my; i|yka Od;= m%lD;sj,ska lDoka; kdu yd lDoka; ls%hd fol ne.ska
ks¾udK lrkak'
n," .h" jh" ,sh" ÿj
5' my; i|yka lDoka; mo fhdod w¾:j;a jdlHh ne.ska ks¾udKh lrkak'
,shkakd" kegqï" fldgkq" is;Su" fl¢ß,s" lems,a," ne,Su" ÿjkafka

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

155
 18 ñys,sh k<f,a wxck ;s,fla'''

foaYfm%auh" foaYdkqrd.h ke;fyd;a foaYdNsudkh

hkqfjka woyia flfrkqfha mqrjeishl=g ish ujq ìu"
ckau N+ñh flfrys we;s jk lem ùu yd f.!rjdkaú;
yeÕSu hs' fuh ixialD;sl ne£ula fia ie,flhs'
we;eï úfgl fï ne£u flfrys Tjqkaf.a wd.ñl
úYajdih o n,mdhs'

tla iajdëk cd;shla hqoaO" wdl%uK" foaYmd,k

.súiqï fyda l=uka;%K wdÈh u.ska ;j;a cd;shla
úiska hg;a lr .;a l,ays hg;a lr .kq ,enqKq
cd;sfhys idudðlhka w;r foaYdkqrd.S" foaYdNsudkS
yeÕSï we;s ùu ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' hg;a úð;
Ndjfhka ksoyi ,eîfuka wk;=rej o foaYmd,k yd
wd¾Ól ksoyi wruqKq fldg .;a .ufka § cd;shlg
foaYdkqrd.S" foaYdNsudkS yeÕSï mqnqÿjd ,Su w;HjYH
fjhs' fï yeÕSï m%ldYhg m;a flfrk m%Odk
ud¾.hla jkqfha idys;H ks¾udK hs' ta w;=ßkqÿ úúO
moH ldjH m%fNao foaYdNsudkS yeÕSï mqnqÿjd ,Sug yd
m%lg lsÍug bjy,a fldg .efka'
úisjk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha hg;a úð; úfrdaë yeÕSï
biau;= flfrñka ks¾udKlrKfhys ksr; jQ
f,aLlhka w;=ßka weia' uyskao ysñ" wdkkao
rdclreKd yd l=udr;=x. uqksodi m%uqLia:dkh ysñ
fldg .ks;s' Èjhsk ì%;dkH hg;a úð; ;;a;ajfhka
ksoyia jQ miqj o foaYdNsudkS yeÕSï okjk idys;H
ks¾udK m%p,s; úh' wÍfika wyqnqÿ" uy.u fialr
wdÈ rplhkaf.a foaYdNsudkS idys;H m%nkaO fï
hq.fhys ìys jQ ks¾udK w;=ßka úfYaIfhka i|yka
l< hq;= jkafka tajd idys;Huh .=Kfhka o iqfmdaIs;
ùu fya;=fjks'

156 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

rgl b;sydih yd iajNdj fi!kao¾hh;a w;S; ck;dj yd ck m%OdkSka ish ckau
N+ñh wdl%u‚lhkaf.ka ksoyia lr .ekSug f.k .sh wr., yd tajdys ch.%yK;a
ms<sn| j¾Kkd" ldjH .=Kfhka wkQkj bÈßm;a lsÍfuka trfgys fjfik ckhd
w;r foaYdNsudkS yeÕSï ;Sj% f,i m%p,s; l< yels h'
my; oelafjkqfha wÍfika wyqnqÿ ^1920-2011& úiska rÑ; moH ks¾udKhls' Èjhsfka
b;sydih fuka u l,ams; ckm%jdo yd iïnkaO pß; ms<sn|j o fuys § rplhd
wNsudkfhka hq;=j i|yka lrhs' wk;=rej oelafjkqfha Èjhsfka iajNdj fi!kao¾hh
yd fN!;sl mßirfhka ,efnk wdiajdoh hs' rfÜ iajdëk;ajh fjkqfjka mr
i;=rkag tfrysj Èú mqod igka lsÍfï wNs,dIh yd ¤mr i;=rka mrojd w;a m;a lr
.;a ch.%yKfhka ,nk Woaoduh thska miqj úia;r flfrhs' bka wk;=rej
mejfikafka ujq ìu w,xldr o fmdaIKh o fldg bkslaì;s ish isrer o ujq ìug
fmdfydr lrk nj hs' fuh lshjk mdGlhdf.a ukfiys ujq ìu ms<sn|j wNsudkj;a
fuka u wdl¾IŒh o jQ yeÕSï ckkh fjhs' fï moH ks¾udKh iqks,a idka; úiska
.dhkd lrk ,ÿj w;sYh ckm%sh .S;hla njg m;a ù ;sfí' fï ks¾udKfha ;j;a
úfYaI;ajhla jkafka uydm%dK wlaIr" ;d¨c Y yd uQ¾Oc I wlaIr fuka u rldr
ixfhda. o rys; jd.a ú,dihlska hqla; ùu hs' fuh ud;%d úis yhlska hq;= t<siu
isjqmo wdlD;shg wkqj rpkd fldg ;sfí'

,xld ,xld fmïnr ,xld

mskjuq Tn ,xld
fydnjuq Tn ,xld
Èú §
iqrlsuq Tn ,xld

n,s ;re rdjK .euqKq úchnd ksß÷ka ,o ,xld

mq,;sis oeñ isß ry,a l=ur;=Õ= m`vqjka ,o ,xld
úÿ ilaú;s uy me/l=ï lsúiqre lsúhka ,o ,xld
Tn /l=fKd;a f,dal=Uqj o wmyg iS; .Õ=,s ,xld

uyje,s l¿ le,Œ j,fõ w;a y;rla we;s ,xld

iufkd< lsß.,a msÿre;,d wE flfy .eg ne|s ,xld
f;a j;= fmd,a j;= fl;a j;= fm< Wl=f<a k<jk ,xld
uqyqÈka wÕ,la Tn jefjf;d;a tys mksuq mksuq ,xld

Tnyg w; fmdjkg Wka-uqkayg bv fkd ;nuq ,xld

wj fyd;a fuys Wka ¨yqn|jd f.d¿ uqyqo f.juq ,xld
f.dv Èh wyfia yeu ;eke Tnf.a ku lshjuq ,xld
Tn fjkqfjka tk fjä ier u,a fm;s fia i,luq ,xld

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

157

fy< uq;= ñ‚ je,a tlg oud ,d Tn iriuq ,xld
.ia je,aj,e u,a tlg f.d;d ,d Tn m,|uq ,xld
reyqfKa lsß me‚ tlg ykd ,d Tn mskjuq ,xld
wjike Tng ue fmdfydrg fï lh fuys ue fydjuq ,xld

fï ks¾udKh wmg wdiajdokSh jkafka tajdhska ,la jdiSka jYfhka fmdÿ úkaokhla
,eìh yels neúks' ujq rfÜ b;sydih;a tys úiQ hq.ldrl mqreIhkq;a rfÜ iajNdj
fi!kao¾hh;a ms<sn| j¾KkSh woyia fya;=fjka wm ish¨ fokdg u fmdÿ úkaokhla
yd wdiajdohla fï ks¾udKj,ska ,eìh yels fjhs' Wiia l,d ks¾udKhl ,laIKh
fï fmdÿ nj fyj;a iudc idOdrK úkaokSh .=Kh hs'
“wm ujq ìu fmdf<da uyS ldka;djf.a k<,fhys ;enQ ;s,lhla jeks h'” fï
Wmudfjys .eí jk fi!kao¾hd;aul yeÕSfuka wms jYSlD; fjuq' tfy;a kQ;k
iudch f.dv ke.Su i|yd w;S; Y%S úN+;sh wdj¾ckd lsÍu muKla m%udKj;a fkd
fõ' w;S; iudc ixialD;sl p¾hd yd kQ;k iudc Ôú;h o ixl,kfhka kj
oDIaáhlska hqla;j foaYdNsudkh yd foaY jd;ai,Hh u;= lr .; hq;= h' iudcfha
uejqïlrefjda foú nUqka fkd j jev lrk ck;dj hs' tkï ldhsl yd udkisl
Y%uh ujq ìfï Wkak;sh fjkqfjka lem lrk ckhd hs' cd;sl wNsudkh fyg
f,dj f.dv kÕk yd Bg u. fmkajk uyd n,fõ.h hs' w;S; Y%S úN+;shg fya;=
jQfha ndyq n,h fyj;a nqc n,h m< l< Y+r jQ kr úrejkaf.a ld¾h idOkh hs'
my; oelafjk ks¾udKfhka ta kr úrejka h<s fï ìu my< fõjd hs m%d¾:kd
lrkqfha woH;k Y%u n<ldh yd tlaj rg ixj¾Okhg Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh o
ud¾f.damfoaYh o wjYH neúks' ta ish,af,a ixl,kfhka ujq ìu fi!uH .=Kfhka
i| fia o {dk n,fhka nDyiam;S fia o lS¾;shg m;a fõjd hkq tys .eí jk
wjika m%d¾:kdj hs' mdGlhdf.a yd Y%djlhdf.a ukfiys ish ckau N+ñh ms<sn|
wfmalaId iy.; jd;ai,Hhla oekùfuys iu;a fï ks¾udKh iqks,a wdßhr;ak
úiska rpkd lrk ,oaols' th o ví,sõ' ã' wurfoaj úiska .dhkd lrkq ,en ;sfí'

ñys ,sh k<f,a wxck ;s,fla

isß ,xld forfKa
;sirK ir‚ka N+ md,kd
ck;d Èfka Èfka

ok mskk i;r iÕrd j;ska

i; is; .; iekfiajd
iÕ fjo .=re f.dú lïlre n< we‚fhka
isjq È. ierfiajd

158 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 nqc n, m< l< iqre kr úre le,
h<s fy< ìu bmfoajd
uqÿ .=fKka iqmqka i| ke‚ka .=reka f,o
rka Èj yskefyajd
fujeks ldjH ks¾udK mßYS,kfhka wm ,nk úkaokh fln÷ o@ th ,lajeishka
ish¨ fokdg u fmdÿ úkaokhls' tajdys .eí jk yeÕSï Tng;a ug;a Tyqg;a fudyqg;a
jYfhka ish¨ fokdyg fmdÿ yeÕSï fjhs¦ ta yeÕSï wm ish¨ fokdg u i¾jidOdrK
yeÕSï h' iuia; Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a foaY jd;ai,Hh yd foaYdNsudkh tajdhska m%ldY
fjhs' wms ish,af,da u tajdhska úkaokhla ,nuq' túg tajd iod;k l,d ks¾udKhla
jYfhka w.h l< yels fjhs'
wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu
m`vqjka - mKaä;hka$W.;=ka
lsúiqre - lú¬biqre" lúhg wêm;s
f,dal=Uq - tkï ksrh
flfy .eg - n¢k ,o flia
fydjuq - i;mjuq
i;r iÕrd j;ska - odkh" YS,h" iudkd;au;dj" w¾: p¾hdj hk
.=Kdx.j,ska - i;r ix.%y jia;=fjka
nqc n, - ndyq n,h
kr úre le, - ñksia ùrhka iuQyh

wjfndaOh
1' ,xld ,xld hkqfjka werfUk meÈ fmf<ys i|yka uE; ld,Sk ,dxflah
m`äjrhd ljfrla o@
2' lúhd ,xld ud;djf.a n|sk ,o flaY l,dm f,i olskafka fudkjd o@
3' ,xld ,xld ks¾udKfha i|yka flfrk mer‚ isxy, lùka fofokl= kï
lrkak'
4' ñys ,sh k<f,a hkqfjka werfUk meÈ fmf<ys wfma ud;DN+ñh ye¢kaùug
fhdod we;s fhÿï folla Wmqgd olajkak'
5' tys we;=<;aj we;s Yío rih we;s lsÍug bjy,a jk fhÿï folla Wmqgd
olajkak'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

159
 ,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; § we;s fhÿïj, wre;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

¸' f,dal=Uqj o wm yg iS; .Õ=,s'''
¸¸' ok mskk i;r iÕrd j;ska'''
¸¸¸' fï lh fuys ue fydjuq'''
¸¹' iqre kr úre le,'''
2' my; § we;s mo l=uk úhrK .Khg wh;a oehs olajkak'
¸' fl;a j;= -
¸¸' ykd -
¸¸¸' iqmqka -
¸¹' lsúiqre -
¹' wyfia -
¹¸' ñys ,sh -

3' lùka ;u w;aoelSï bÈßm;a lsÍfï § NdIdj fhdod f.k we;s whqre meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
4' ;u rfgys Wodr nj ms<sn|j o f;dr;=re we;=<;a lrñka úfoaY rgl isák
;u mEfka ñ;=rl=g heùug iqÿiq f,i ,smshla ,shkak'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' “,xld ,xld” .S;h wid ri ú¢kak'

2' mdvfï we;=<;a .S; foflka tlla mokï lrf.k flá ridiajdohla mka;shg
bÈßm;a lrkak'

160 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 n<kaf.däka .eÆ
meKir fu;a .Õ=, 19
p;=r foaYl;ajh o Y+r f,aLl;ajh o uyd¾>
YslaIdldñ;ajh o iqixfhda. jQ w.a.uyd mKaä;
w;smQcH n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%ah ysñmdfKda
úisjk ishjfia my< jQ lS¾;su;a meúÈ m`äjrfhls'
furg NdId Ydia;% Wkak;sh ms‚i;a fn!oaO
wOHdmkh k.d isgqùu ms‚i;a Wka jykafia l<
fufyjr wmßñ; h' wiSñ; lemùulska iafjda;aidySj
wOHdmkh ,enQ Wka jykafia Ôú; ld,h mqrd ,o
úúO ;k;=re" .rekdu iajlSh mrd¾: p¾hdjg
ndOdjla lr fkd .;ay' w,afmaÉP Ôú;hl
wk¾>;ajh wdo¾Yfhka úYo l< Wka jykafia
Ndjkdkqfhda.Sj iajlSh Ñ;a; Yla;sh ÈhqKq ;shqKq
lr .;ay' wNsfhda. yuqfõ fkd ie¨Kq Wka jykafia
isxy," md,s" ixialD;" m%dlD;" jx." bx.S%is" ,;ska"
c¾uka wdÈ fmrmr foÈ. NdId ms<sn| mD:q,
wjfndaOhlska cd;Hka;r fn!oaO O¾u Ydia;S%h
fiajdj ms‚i l< iïm%odkh iodkqiaurŒh h'
my; oelafjkafka Wka jykafiaf.a pß;dmodkfha
idrdxYhls'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 161

 .=jka .en wrd mqrdy| iqÈf,hs' ;=rem;a w;ßka fmÍ wd i|/iska n<kaf.dv"
lsߢ., .ïudkfha Wriaij;a; ksji wdf,dalj;a úh' ñÿ, mqrd wef|k wmQre
fijKe,s ueÈka kdf.dv wdrÉÑf.a fu;shia wmamqydñ fyj;a uoaÿuydñ msh moúh
wfmalaIdfjka fkd bjis,af,ka Tn fudn ilauka lrhs' Wmldrhg meñ‚ wi,ajeis
wdma; .eyekq lsysm fofkla hqyqiq¨ fj;s' tA 1896 wf.daia;= 23 od h' rd;s% 12 miq ù
úkdä 03g fnka;r wdrÉÑf.a ySkaue‚fla mskaidr mq;l= ìys lrñka W;a;Í;r ujq
moúh Wreu lr .;a;S h' Wmka orejd ú,shï fyj;a mqxÑ uy;a;hd kï úh' tA
ì,s|d wka ljrl=j;a fkd j miq l,l § iiqkUr mqry|la fjñka fndÿ f,dj tl¨
l< w.a.uyd mKaä; w;smQcH n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%ah ysñmdfKda h'
ujqmsh kEys;ñ;=rkag i;=g f.kd mq;=g ujq WKqiqfï ke<fjkakg jdikdj
,enqfKa foi;shls' ySkaue‚fla ud;dj l¨ßh l<d h' ;u wdorŒh ìß|f.a wl,a
úfhdúka lïmkhg m;a uoAÿuydñ uy;d .u yer .sfha h' mqxÑ mq;=g f,dl= wïud
iy uymamd ujqmsh fifkyi fkd wvqj ,nd fokakg lem jQy' Tjqyq ore fifkyiska
To jevqKq is;a we;sj mqxÑ ú,shï ms<sn| lghq;= ish,a, fkd msßfy<d iïmdokh
l<y'
iqr;,a" oÕldr ú,shï mskg oyug fhduq ùug ixidr.; mqreoao fuka u wd;df.a
weiqr o fnfyúka fya;= úh' ih yeúßÈ ú,shï lsߢ., m,a,shg wh;a lf;da,sl
mdi,g we;=¿ flßK' jk isß ú¢ñka we<fod< ueÈka .sh mdi,a .uk Tyqg mS%;su;a
<ud ld,hla Wreu lr ÿkafka h'
ksjfia § jh,Skh jdokhg fhduq jQ Tyq .dhkhg o is;=jug o Wmka olaIfhla úh'
miq j Tyq n<kaf.dv l=udr úoHd,hg we;=<;a flß‚' tu úoHd,fha úfYaI;ajhla
jQfha isxy," fou<" uqia,sï" n¾.¾ hk ish¨ cd;Skag wh;a orejka wOHdmkh ,eîu
hs' wdkkao ffuf;%ah kdysñmdKka mjik mßÈ l=vd l, fyd| u ñ;=rd jQfha
uqia,sï cd;sl wíÿ,a ucSoa h' ;u <ud ld,h iaurKh lrñka tA ysñmdKka mjikafka
iEu cd;shla u tlg ñ;%j Ôj;a ùu ksid l=," mka;s" wd.ï fNao ÿre ù hk nj hs'
n%yaupdÍ j,sisxy yßYaapkaø ;=ud meje;ajQ foaYkhla Y%jKh lrkakg ,eîu ú,shï
orejdf.a Ôú;fha yerjqï ,laIHh úh' ishjia .Kkdjla mqrd wêrdcHjd§kag k;=
ùu ksid furg iudc" ixialD;sl foayh w;sYh T;am<j mej;sK' tu jljdkqfõ
rg oeh iuh ksoyia lsÍu Wfoid cd;sl jHdmdrh m%fndaOj;aj ls%hd;aul fjñka
mej;sK' j,sisxy yßYapkaø ;=udf.a foaYudul;ajfhka Tmj;a jQ yeÕSï iuqodh
ú,shïf.a mqxÑ is;g ;Èka ldjeÈ‚' wd;df.a oekqj;a lsÍu u; ú,shï hk ku
w;ayer isxy, l%uhg mqxÑ uy;a;hd hkak Ndú; jQfha bka wk;=rej h' Tyqg
iiqka.; ùfï wjYH;dj cks; jkafka Wla; foaYkfhka ,enQ Woa§mkh fya;=
fldg f.k h'
l=vd l, isg u m%Yak lsÍug yd úuiSug ;snQ reÑh Tyqf.a nqoaê m%fndaOfha moku
úh' lshùu úfkdaodxYh lr .;a ú,shï i;a jk mka;sfha § cd;l fmd;"
ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh" ioaO¾ud,xldrh wdÈ iïNdjH idys;H lD;s lshjd ;snqfKa
yefok .y fofm;af;ka fmfkk nj ;yjqre lrñks' tfuka u i;sm;d mqj;am;a
yd i`.rd ish,a, oeä Wkkaÿfjka lshùu Tyq mqreoaola fldg .;af;a h' nqÿoyu
rlskq jia iiqka.; ùfï wÈgk m%n, jQfha bka wk;=rej h'
162 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
1911 ud¾;= 02 od furg Ydik b;sydifha wkqiaurŒh Èkhla njg m;a lrñka
mqxÑ uy;a;hd l=, l=urd fo‚fyafka iS,dkkao kdysñhkaf.a wkqYdil;ajfhka
meúÈ ìug we;=<;a úh' jhi wjqreÿ oyy;rla jqj o uqyql=rd .sh nqoaêhlska hq;=
idufKar ysñfhda iajhx úkhlska ;u pß;h Èfkka Èk Tmj;a lr .ksñka isáhy'
ffuf;%ah ysñfhda iajlSh wdpd¾hhka jykafia fj;ska u O¾u Ydia;% {dkh yd
uQ,sl bx.S%is oekqu j¾Okh lr .;ay' rd;s% ie;fmk fõ,dj meh fol yudrlg
iSud lr .;af;a ‘lemùfuka f;dr ch.%yK ke;’ hkak ikd: lrñks' ld,h
l<ukdlrKfhys ,d Wka jykafia ;=< jQ YlH;dj wdOHd;añl Yla;sh ÈhqKq lr
.ekSug moku úh' keKir .=re ysñfhda ish YsIH ysñhkaf.a ÿ,air wkd.;h
wjfndaO lr .;a ksid u ÿr neyer .ukla hk wjia:djl § o YsIH ysñhka legqj
.sh w;r iEu fudfyd;l u l,ska ÿka mdvu úuiSug ,la l<y' oduyk Oïudkkao
iajdóka jykafiaf.a WmdOHdh;ajfhka 1916 cQ,s ui 14 jk Èk n<kaf.dv ´¨ .Õ
Wol=lafÄm iSud ud,lfha § Wmiïmodj ,enQ ffuf;a%h ysñfhda ilaufkys § mjd
md,s ixialD; Yaf,dal iÊ®dhkh lrkakg mqreÿ ù isáhy' .=re ysñhkaf.a
fufyhùu o iajdOHhkfhys,d .eUqßka ksr; ùu o ksid md,s ixialD;dÈ m%dÖk
NdId ms<sn| ffkmqKHhla ,o wdkkao ffuf;a%h ysñfhda 1919 § fld<U wdkkao
úoHd,hg we;=<;aj wdkkaofhka hq;=j jeäÿr bx.%Sis wOHdmkhg fhduq jQy' 1922
jk úg tA ysñfhda wdkkaofha md,s" ixialD;" isxy, yd nqoaO O¾uh W.kajk
.=rejrhd f,i m;a jQy' miqj kd,kaod úoHd,fha iudrïNl .=rejrhl= njg m;aj
kd,kaod úÿy,a kduh;a —wmodk fidaNskS m[a[d˜ hk wdo¾Y mdGh;a ks¾udKh
lsÍu w¾pkSh isÿùuls'
bx.S%is m%uqLj c¾uka" m%xY hk m%;SÖk NdId ms<sn|j o tA ysñhka ,o m%ùK;ajh
w;suy;a h' Wka jykafiaf.a NdIdka;r {dkh O¾u¥; fiajdfjys fhÿKq
wdldrfhka o ks¾ñ; Ydia;S%h .%ka: iuQyfhka o idOkh fõ' tl úIhlg iSud
fkdjqKq Wka jykafiag w¨;a foa bf.kSug;a w;ayod ne,Sug;a ;snqfKa fkd
isf|k mqÿudldr Wkkaÿjls' isf,da ye§u" ne£u isxy," md,s" ixialD; NdId;%fhka
.oH" moH rpkd lsÍu fuka u Ñ;% we£u yd m%;sud fk<Sug o Wka jykafia i;=
jQfhaa iyc olaI;djls'
idïm%odhsl NslaIq wOHdmk l%ufõoh wkqu; l< Wka jykafia kj m%jK;dj,
idOkSh ,laIK Wlyd .;af;a úfõl nqoaêfhks' jhi wjqreÿ wiQfõ § mß.Kl
úoHdj bf.kSug fhduq ùu tys ,d lÈu ksoiqkls' tA ksid n<kaf.dv uy kdysñfhda
me/kakl= jQjd fuka u" jd¾;udkslhl= f,i o lghq;= l< yels Ôj .=Khlska yd
Yla;shlska hqla; jQy'
YS% ,xld N+ñ iSudj w;sl%uKh l< Wkajykafiaf.a O¾u Ydia;S%h fiajdj bkaÈhdj"
nqreuh" ishu" cmdkh" Ökh" fldßhdj" ;dhsjdkh wdÈ fmrÈ. rgj, iy ì%;dkHh"
m%xYh" c¾uksh" wfußldj" lekvdj" iaúÜi¾,ka;h" iaùvkh wdÈ wmrÈ. rgj,
o me;sß‚' iuhdka;r oekqfuka ikakoaO jQ Wka jykafia nqÿka jod< oyï u.
fy<sfmfy<s lrkakg mrudo¾YSj lghq;= l<y' Wka jykafia m%:u O¾u¥; fiajdj
wdrïN lf<a flar<fha le,slÜ k.rfha rdcH uka;S% YS% ls%IaKd uy;df.a
wdrdOkfhks' miqj O¾u¥; yd jkaokd lghq;= i|yd Ndr;hg muKla
13' r' uq' kS' i' 180543 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 163
 ;sia yh j;djla jevu lsÍu Wka jykafiaf.a O¾u¥; fiajdj i|yd lem ùu
flf;la o hkak ikd: lsÍuls'
nqoaO Ydikfha Ñr meje;au ms‚i YslaIdldó idrj;a YsIH NslaIq mrmqrla ìys
lrkakg ffuf;a%h .=re ysñhka l< fufyh iodkqiaurŒh h' fmdÿ jia;=jla jk
NslaIqj" foaYmd,kh jeks mßndysr f,!lsl ixl,am ord isàu mßydkshg fya;= jk
nj Wka jykafia ;Èka lshd isáhy'
1954 ckjdß 08 Èk inr.uq ioaOïujxi ksldfha ix>kdhl moúhg m;a jQ wdkkao
ffuf;a%h ysñfhda oUÈj bism;kdrdufha úydrdêm;s Oqrhg o m;a jQy' Wka jykafiaf.a
Ydia;%jka;Ndjh wka;¾cd;sl iïNdjkdjg md;% jQ nj 1954 § nqreufha meje;s
PÜG ix>dhkdfõ § W;a;Í;r wjidk fYdaOl uKav,hg m;a ùfuka o wÜGl:d
ix.dhkd jdrfha § iNdm;s Oqrfhka msÿï ,eîfuka o idOkh fõ' tys § m%lg l<
O¾u úYdro;ajh ksid u nqreu rch úiska w.a.uyd mKaä; Wmdêfhka Wka jykafia
iïudkhg md;% lrk ,oy'
tod úfoHdaoh úYajúoHd,h kñka ye¢kajqKq j¾;udk YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúµd,fha
uydhdk fn!oaO wOHhkdxYfha uydpd¾h Oqrhg o miqj mSGdêm;s Oqrhg o m;a jQ
Wka jykafiag tu úYajúoHd,fhka idys;HiQÍ Wmdêh;a le,‚ úYajúµd,fhka
idys;H pl%j¾;s Wmdêh;a msßkuk ,oafoa wiuiu Ydia;% {dkhg iïNdjkd
jYfhks'
;k;=re yd .re kïnqkdu Rcqj u m%;slafIam lsÍug ;rï Wka jykafia wjHdc jQy'
bkaÈhdfõ kd,kaod úYajúoHd,fha yd l,algd úYajúoHd,fha Wmdê m%odkhka
ksy;udkSj m%;slafIam lsÍu óg ksoiqkls' Wka jykafia ;k;=re Ndr .;af;a bka
mryg jk iqnfi; ms<sn| ldre‚l yeÕSfuks' wurmqr ix> iNdfõ iNdm;s Oqrh
uq,ska m%;slafIam l< o miqj fndfyda fokd ;k;=r Ndr .ekSfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s
l< úg wka u; .re lsÍfï Wodr .=Kh m%lg lrñka Wka jykafia Bg leue;a;
m%ldY lf<a ix> idu.s%h ms<sn| oeä yeÕSfuks'
ls;a hiia" moú" ;dkdka;r ish,a, ;ud miqmi ¨yqne| toa§;a Wka jykafia iqmqreÿ
Ôjk ßoauh w;a fkd y<y' ;k;=rej,ska ,;a jrm%ido flfrys fkd j ;;a;ajh yd
ld¾h fldgig wod< hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<sn|j is; fhduq lsÍu uqka jykafiaf.a
úfYaI;ajhls' n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;a%h ysñfhda cx.u úYajfldaIhla n÷ h'
ish;a núka o úh;a núka o Tmj;a jQ Wka jykafiaf.a Ydia;S%h f,aLk yd ks¾udK
iuQyh w¾: iïmkak Ôú;hl iod;ksl isysjgk fõ' tysñhka úiska ks¾ñ; .%ka:
iuQyh wiQjlg wêl h' foaYk" wOHhk ,sms wdÈh fumuKele hs lsj fkd yels
;rï h' ,lañ‚ myk" uf.a iÕrdj" iajfoaY ñ;%hd" isxy, cd;sh" isxy, y`v" O¾u
úch" O¾u rYañ wdÈh udysñhkaf.a woyiaj,ska ksr;=rej imsß‚' úisjk ishjfia
uq,a Nd.fha m< jQ fuu mqj;am;a yd i`.rdj,g iemhqKq ,sms ls%ia;shdkslhkaf.ka
t,a, jQ ;¾l LKavkh fldg fn!oaO ixl,am idOkh lsÍu wruqKq fldg f.k
bÈßm;a úh' iqfmaY, NslaIqjl jYfhka O¾u {dkfhka m%Ndj;a jQ nqoaêfhka
wjfndaO lr .;a ixl,am mrys;ldój wkHhkag fnod §ug mqj;am;a i`.rd wdÈh
fhdod .ekSu jevodhl úh' 1928 § ,shQ YdlHisxydjodkh fyj;a nqoaO pß;h .sys
meúÈ ldyg;a iM,odhl wdldrfhka ilid ;sì‚' Wka jykafia úiska rÑ;
164 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
ixlaIsma; ÈlaiÕsh iïmQ¾K isxy, jHdLHdkhls' jHdLHdk .%ka: w;r Oïumo
jHdLHdj" ixhqla; i.d:l j¾. jHdLHdj" uʯu ksldh m%:u j¾. jHdLHdj"
Lqoaol j¾. jHdLHdj wdÈh m%uqL fõ' Bg wu;rj fn!oaO mdG .%ka:" ixialrK
.%ka:" NdIdka;r YslaIl .%ka:" mßj¾;k .%ka:" fcHda;sI" ffjoH iy bx.S%is .%ka:
rdYshla Wka jykafia úiska rÑ; h'
isxy, kjl;dfõ m%drïNl iufha u Wka jykafia khs.u mkaif,a kdhl
yduqÿrefjda kñka kjl;djla t<soelaùu wisßu;a isÿùuls' kQ;k NslaIq iudcfhys
h:d¾:h ks¾Nh f,i ksrEmKh fldg fmkajd §ug Wka jykafia tu kjl;dj
Wmfhda.s lr .;ay' tA jk úg lsisÿ h;sjrhl= kjl;dlrKhg w; .id ;snQ njg
ft;sydisl idlaIHhla yuq fkd fõ' bka wk;=rej o ldukS;" ldre‚l ;drd hk
ruŒh wdOHd;añl kjl;d hq., isxy,g mßj¾;kh lsÍu iqúfYaI lreKls' Wka
jykafia kjl;dj .¾ys; l,djla f,i fkd i,ld ck;dj {dkkh l< yels
h:d¾:jd§ l,djlehs úYajdi l< nj fuu ks¾udKj,ska iqúYo h' bka tA ysñhkaf.a
m%.;sYS,s Ñka;kh úoHudk h'
mqoa.,hl= ;=< b;d l,d;=rlska msysgk NdIdka;r yd iuhdka;r {dkhla yd
úiauhdjy OdrK Yla;shla Wka jykafia ;=< mej;s nj fï m%Yia; ks¾udK
ir‚fhka iqúYo h'
wdkkao ffuf;%ah ysñhkag wkkH jQ úYsIag p¾hd;aul .=K iuqodh ish¨ fokdg
wdo¾Yj;a h' n<kaf.dv m%foaYfha jeä l,la jdih l< o {d;s ix.%yhg lsis úg
fhduq fkd jqKq Wka jykafia ujqmsh Wreufhka ,o ish,a, YdikdNsjDoaêh i|yd
lem l<y' .=re fiajfhka ,o jegqm mjd NslaIq YsIH;aj wruqo,lg ner lrk ,È'
n<kaf.dv msßfjkla wdrïN lrñka th O¾udkkao msßfjk f,i kï lf<a iajlSh
m%dpd¾h oduyk Oïudkkao udysñhkaf.a Y%S kduhg mQfcdamydrhla jYfhks' wkQ
úhe;s Wka jykafia Èkla rg fo,a me<hla isgqjoa§ idufKar ysñkul iskd fikq
ÿgq úg mejiqfõ “fudl o@ ug fo,a lkak ,efnkafka ke;s ksid oe” hs lreKd
mrjYj m%;spdr oelaajQfha mrd¾:ldó p¾hdj ikd: lrñks' ish¨ i;=ka úIhfhys
m;< uyd lreKdfjka lghq;= l< Wka jykafia wirK i;l= ÿgq úg § l< yels
Wmldrh b;d ie,ls,af,ka yd leue;af;ka isÿ lf<a nqoaO mq;%hl=f.a ms<sfj;a imsß
Èúfha wre; fï hehs úYo lrñks'
ffuf;%ah ysñhkaf.a uyd mdKaä;Hh m%{d n,uysuh wìuqj W.;=ka hehs lshd
.kakd fndfyda fokd ysre ÿgq lfodame‚hka fia h' “fmrÈ.g .sh;a wmrÈ.g .sh;a
ug ms<s;=re fokakg neß fohla ljqrej;a fkd wi;s” hk wNS; isxykdoh Wka
jykafia uqúka msg ùfuka th idOkh fõ' ;j ÿrg;a ñka .uH jkafka ;uka
jykafia w;a m;a lr .;a oekqï iïNdrh ms<sn| we;s m%;HlaI úYajdih hs' l%ufhka
jfhdajDoaO jk úg ufkdajDoaO jQ wdldrh wisßu;a h' fl;rï Ydia;S%h" wd.ñl yd
iudÔh lghq;=j, ksr; jqj o ffoksl j;dj;a bgq lsÍu o Ndjkdkqfhda.Sj
wdOHd;añl iem; <Õd lr .ekSug ls%hd lsÍu o lsis úfgl;a w;miq fkd ùug j.
n,d .;a whqre úiañ; h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 165

 i;s lsysmhla wikSmj isá fndaêi;a;aj .=fKdafma; w.a.uyd mKaä; w;smQcH
n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;a%h kdysñmdfKda 1998 cQ,s 18 od wmj;a ù jod<y'
O¾uOr;ajh" úkhOr;ajh" YslaIdldñ;ajh" {dkjka;Ndjh" nyqY%e;Ndjh hk
ix> fYdaNk .=Kdx.j,ska iqmqIams; jQ Wka jykafiaf.a §¾>dhqIal Ôú;h" iïnqoaO
Ydikfha ÑriaÓ;sshg;a f,daljdiS fn!oaO ck;djf.a W;a;u wNsu;d¾: idOkhg;a
mrudo¾Yhls'

wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu

wdma; -
jeäysᦠoekque;s
Woa§mkh -
ye`.Sï o,ajk$;shqKq lrk$m%fndaO lrk
iïNdjH -
Wiia hehs iïu;
keK ir m%d{hd -
Wol=lafÄm iSud ud,lfha § -
NslaIq úkh lghq;= i|yd .x.d wdÈfhys we;s
lr .kq ,nk iSudj
iajdOHhkfhys - ;ud u bf.kSu
ffkmqKHhla - ksmqK;ajhla
w¾pkSh - msÈh hq;=
m%dÖk NdId - fmrÈ. NdId
m%;SÖk NdId - wmrÈ. NdId
NdIdka;r {dkh - úúO NdId ms<sn| oekqu
w;sl%uKh - blaujd hEu
PÜG ix.dhkdj - ih jk ix.dhkdj
ls;a hiia - lS¾;sh yd hYi
ish;a núka - iaùh;ajfhka
úh;a núka - W.;a nj$mKaä; nj$úoaj;aNdjfhka
Èlai`.sh - §> ksldh
jHdLHdk - w¾: újrK .%ka: fyj;a oyï fmd;l wre;a
meyeÈ,s lrñka ,shQ fmd;a j¾.hls'
úiauhdjy - mqÿuh f.k fok
lreKd mrjY - lreKdj uq,a fldg .;a
lfodame‚hka - lKdueÈßhka
ÑriaÓ;shg - fndfyda ld,hla mej;Sug

166 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 wjfndaOh

1' ú,shï orejdf.a Ôú;fha yerjqï ,laIHh jQfha l=ula o@

2' ú,shï orejdf.a isf;a iiqka.; ùfï wruqK m%n, ùug n,mE fya;= ljf¾ o@
3' ‘lem ùfuka f;dr ch.%yKhla ke;’ hk wdo¾Y mdGhg wkqj Wka jykafia
Ôú;h ilia lr .;a njg ,efnk idOlh l=ula o@
4' nqreu rch w.a. uyd mKaä; Wmdêfhka Wka jykafia iïudkhg n÷ka lf<a
l=ula ksid o@
5' ‘fmrÈ.g .sh;a wmrÈ.g .sh;a ug ms<s;=re fokag neß fohla ljqrej;a fkd
wi;s’ fï m%ldYfhka Wka jykafiaf.a ljr ,laIKhla m%lg fõ o@

,sÅ; wNHdi

^w& ksjerÈ jdlHhla ;ekSug iqÿiq ls%hd moh f;darkak

1' i;s folla muK frda.d;=rj isá uykdhl ysñfhda wmj;a ^úh$jQy&
2' j,sisxy yßYapkaø ;=ud /iaj isá ck;dj ^weu;=fõ h$weu;+y&'
3' is;a ;=< oeyeñ is;=ú,s my< ^fõjd$fj;ajd&'
4' we;eïyq m%;Hh ,dNfhka lghq;= ^lr;s$lryq&'
5' odhl odhsldjka úiska Wka jykafia f.!rjmQ¾jlj ms<s.kakd ^,È$,oy&'
^wd& ‘lr’ Od;= m%lD;sh weiqfrka my; oelafjk ls%hd j¾.j,g ksoiqka imhkak
¸' m%fhdacH ls%hdj ¸¹' ñY% ls%hdj
¸¸' úê ls%hdj ¹' mQ¾j ls%hdj
¸¸¸' wdYS¾jdo ls%hdj ¹¸' wiïNdjH ls%hdj
^we& l¿ wl=ßka uqøs; mo lskï ls%hd j¾.j,g wh;a oehs ,shkak'
1' lsh. u.sh" tkq fldys isg
2' lsh; Wka fuf;m, - wdfhah weÿre .=;a;s,
3' uf,a nUre fuka msßjr we;s fõjd
4' lshñka .S ri ñhqre
5' is| ì| ÿla iir

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' w;smQcH n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%Ah ysñhkaf.a fufyjr wd.ñl" iudÔh

yd Ydia;S%h jYfhka fjka fjkaj idlÉPd lrkak'
2' zW;=ï Èúhl wisßhZ hk uefhka w;smQcH n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%Ah
ysñhkaf.a pß;h ms<sn| úfYaIdx. ,smshla ilikak'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 167
 wµ;k idys;H
20 ks¾udKhkays NdIdj
idys;Hfha udOHh NdIdj hs' NdIdj hkq ukqIHhdf.a
yeÕSï yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ud¾.hls' ta wkqj
idys;Hfhys wka;¾.; jkafka ukqIH yeÕSï" woyia
yd w;aoelSï nj lsj yels h' idys;Hh NdIdfjka isÿ
lrk úl%uhla hehs we;eï úpdrlhka fmkajd
fokafka ukqIHhdf.a Ôjk w;aoelSï" wfmalaId yd
is;sú,s tys .eí l< yels neúks' idys;Hfhys fhfok
NdIdj yeÕSï yd wre;a wdfrdamKh lrk ,o NdIdj hs'
idys;Hlrejd NdIdj jHjydr lrkqfha úfYaI
wdldrhlsks' idys;Hlrejka fkd jk wfkl=;a
f,aLlhka NdIdj jHjydr lrkqfha ksYaÑ;d¾:
oekfjk wdldrfhka jqj o idys;Hlrejd NdIdj
Ndú; lrkqfha Ndúl .=Kfhka hq;=j h¦ tkï
idys;H rislhdf.a mdGlhdf.a yeÕSï m%fndaO jk
wdldrfhks' idys;H ks¾udKhla mßYS,kh lrkakd
úoHd;aul f,aLkhla fyda jd¾;djla lshjkakdf.ka
fjkia fjñka idys;Hlrejd bÈßm;a lrk w;aoelSug
iyNd.s fjñka thska úkaokhla ,nhs' idys;Hlrejd
bÈßm;a lrk w;aoelSu yd ta i|yd fhdod .kakd nia
jyr w;r w;Hka; iïnkaO;djla mj;shs' NdIdfjys
Wmfhda.s lr .kakd jpkj,g fokq ,en we;s w¾:
ta ta jpkh fhfok mßirh u; ;SrKh fjhs' tfuka
u ta ta w¾: f.dv ke.Sfuys ,d ta ta NdIdfjys
ixialD;sl mßirh o n, mdhs' tfyhska NdIdj yd
idys;Hh ukqIHhdf.a ixialD;sl Wreuhla o fjhs'
tla tla idys;Hlrejd NdIdj Ndú; lrkqfha
tlsfklg fjkia wdldrfhks' idudkHfhka NdIdj
Ndú; lrk ieu NdIlhl= u NdIdj Ndú; lrkqfha
;u ;ukag wdfõ‚l wdldrhlska nj fmkS hhs' fï
,laIKh ‘ffY,sh’ hkqfjka ye|skafjhs' kjl;dj
kï kQ;k idys;Hdx.fhys wdrïNl iufhys mgka
úúO f,aLlhka Ndú; l< úúO m%ldYk ú,di yd
f,aLk Í;s ms<sn|j fï mdvfuka idlÉPd flf¾'

168 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
isxy,fhka kj idys;Hhla ìys jkafka oykj jk ishjfia furfgys isÿ jQ
foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól yd iudÔh fmr<s fya;=fjks' 1815 § uq¿ ,xldj u tx.,ka;fha
hg;a rdcHhla njg m;a lr .kakd ,È' t;eka isg fmrÈ. f,dalfhys hqfrdamSh
YsIagdpdrh frdamKh lsÍu i|yd bx.sßis wOHdmkh yd uqøK Ys,amh furfgys
m%p,s; lsÍug hg;a úð; md,lfhda mshjr .;ay' fï lghq;=j, tla m%;sM,hla
jQfha iÕrd" mqj;am;a yd fmd;a uqøKh wdrïN ùu hs' tf;la furg ckhd yqre mqreÿ
ù isáfha fmd;a lshùug jvd flkl= lshjk úg wid isàug hs' uqøK Ys,amh
fya;=fjka tf;la isá Y%djlhd fjkqjg mdGlfhla ks¾udKh úh' oykj jk
ishjfia f;jk oYlh muK jk f;la isxy,hka w;r fmd;a jYfhka iq,n
Ndú;fhys mej;=fKa mqiafld< fmd;a h' 1737 muK isg l%sia;shdks O¾u .%ka:
isxy,fhka uqøKh lsÍu wrUd ;snqK;a tajd l%sia;= O¾uh woyk msßia w;r muKla
Ndú; úh' iÕrd yd mqj;am;a wd.ñl fNaohlska f;drj isxy, mdGlhka b,lal
lr .;a fyhska jeä mdGl msßila lrd tajd fhduq l< yels jQ nj fmfka' mdGlhka
wdl¾IKh lr .ekSug hqfrdamSh NdIdj,ska ,shjqKq l:dka;rj, isxy, mßj¾;k
mqj;am;a yd iÕrdj, m< lsÍug mshjr .kakd ,È' bka wk;=rej tn÷ l:dka;r
fmd;a jYfhka m< lsÍu o isÿ flß‚'
isxy,fhka w¨;ska l:dka;r ,sùfï § f,aLlhkag uqyqK mEug isÿ jQ m%Odk
.eg¨jla jQfha yeu fokdg u f;areï .; yels NdIdjla jHjydrhg .; yels o
hkak hs' mer‚ isxy, fmd;aj, NdIdj jeä fokl=g f;areï .; yels fkd jQ
neúka w¨;a m%ldYk udOH jk iÕrd yd mqj;am;a fuka u l:dka;r fmd;a i|yd
o mer‚ isxy, NdId jHjydrh m%fhdackj;a fkd ù h' uqøK Ys,amh fya;=fjka
fmd; jeä mdGl msßila lrd hEu werô‚' idys;H mßYS,kh fmr l, fuka
W.;=kag yd meúÈ msßig muKla iSud fkd ú‚' rc" isgq" nuqKq wd§kaf.a jD;a;dka;
muKla fkd j idudkH ckhdf.a tÈfkod Ôú;h yd iïnkaO isÿùï jia;= fldg
.ksñka l:dka;r ,shùu werö ;sì‚' fï ksid tÈfkod l:d jHjydrh mokï
fldg .ksñka f,aLkh ilia lr .ekSu oykj jk ishjfia w. Nd.fhys rpkd
ú,difha uQ,sl ,laIKhla úh'
oykj jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha ,shjqKq m%nkaO l:d úuiSfuka fï kj NdId
iajrEmh jgyd .; yels h' my; oelafjkafka isxy,fhka ,shjqKq m%:u zkj
m%nkaO l:djZ fia ie,flk jdikdjka; iy ld,lKa‚ mjq,a ^we,a' whsfila o
is,ajd" 1886& kï lD;sfhys wd ixjdohls(
¨iS( b;ska pd¾,sia" Wfò l:dka;rh mgka .kskafldaæ WUg f,dl= oEjeoaola tlal
ysrhla f.fkkag wksla whj¨ka ùßh lroa§ WU ula l<d o@
pd¾,sia( b;ska Tfydu isák w;r ug lSm fmd<lska u l:d jqKd' thska iuyr
;ekaj,ska oEjeoao jvd u jeä ke;s ksid;a iuyr ;ekaj, ñksiaiq álla
my;a ksid;a ;d;a;,d jeämqr l,amkd lf<a keye' kuq;a wr ykaÈfha bkak
rd,ydñ,d f.oßka f,dl= oEjeoaola fokjhs lS ksid;a Wka jákd lshk
fyd| jßf.l uq,doEks md¾Yajfha whj¨ka ksid;a ;re‚ weoys,a,g
fldfy;au ys; ke;s kuq;a yrjd .kag mq¿jk lshd;a wfma jeo.;a whj¨ka
tal flfrkak u ´kE h lshd Tlafldu tlal tl mhska ysáhd'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 169
 isxy, m%nkaO l:dfõ NdIdj ilia jQ wdldrh meyeÈ,s jkafka mer‚ idys;H
jHjydrh yd th iei£fuks' Tng fï ixjdoh Tn lshjd we;s mer‚ isxy, .oH
idys;H lD;Skays wd ixjdo iu. ii|d ne,Sfuka fï fjkialu jgyd .; yels jkq
we;'

“u,Kav" n;a Wmokd f,ia ud w;ska wij' iS iEu kï iq<x nokd fia b;d W.yg
fofhl' kÕ=f,l úhof`vl msgjfll nvjfll ksuqfkl flú,af,l wjlefgl
iSjef,l fmr.s,sfhl miq.s,sfhl'' leúfgl f.dkaf.fhl f.dúfhlehs hk fï
wgf<dia fokdf.a tla ùfuka hkakd jQ .uk iS iEï kï fjhs'”

mQcdj,sh

ixjdofhys § fuka u j¾Kkd yd wdLHdkj, § o mer‚ idys;Hlrejdf.ka fjkia

ud¾.hla oykj jk ishjfia kj m%nkaOlrejka úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,o wdldrh
oel .; yels h(

“fï mjq,g miq.sh udi lSmhla uq¿,af,a u f,v frda.d;=rlï meñK fndfydu
wirK Ndjhg m;a jqKd muKla fkd j ldis ke;s ksid fuf,dj jeä jdis ke;s
fj,d Tjqkaf.a fmdfydi;a kEhskaf.a jeä ie,ls,a,la ke;s úh' fï ish,a, fufia
jQ kquq;a fudjqkaf.a mjqf,a jdikdjka;lu l%u l%ufhka fnda úh' idrd kï fï
mjqf,a jeäuy,a .Ekq <uhd ta jdikdjka;lfï iQ¾hdNrKhj isáhd h' wef.a ú,S
kï u,hd wEg ud‚lHhlaj isáfha h'”

jdikdjka; iy ld,lKa‚ mjq,a - we,a' whsfila o is,ajd

jdikdjka; iy ld,lKa‚ mjq,a kue;s fmd;g miqj rpkd jQ isxy, kj m%nkaO

idys;Hfha ikaêia:dkhla fia ie,flk ókd kï m%nkaO l:dfjka Wmqgd .;a
fldgia lSmhla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lruq'

th jerÈ nj uu;a lshñ' uf.a ye§u fyd| h lshd uu mdrÜgq l< njla u;l keye'
ta fldfydu jqK;a ta jerÈ l%shdfjka oeka WUg hï m%fhdackhla jqj fyd;a ug th
ikaf;daIhg ldrK fõ' b;ska fï WU f.k wd wh ljqo lshd WU okafkys o@

ókd ^1905& - ihsuka o is,ajd

170 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

fï ixjdoh l:k jHjydrfha yd f,aLk jHjydrfha ixl,khla jk w;r my;
oelafjkafka ixjdoh i|yd uq¿ukska u lg jyr fhdod .;a wjia:djls(

“yd wms fï wo hkak hs bkafka'”

“wo fï yjia w;g msg fj,d fldfya hkag o@ msiaiq ke;sj wo fufya b|,d
hkag ´kE'”

wdÈ u m%nkaO l:d rplhka l:k jHjydrh ixjdo i|yd fhdod .;a wdldrh
by;ska fmkajd fok ,È' tfy;a B <Õ mrmqf¾ f,aLlhka jk mshodi isßfiak"
ví,shq' ta' is,ajd fuka u ud¾áka úl%uisxy o kjl;dj, ixjdo i|yd isxy,fha
NdIKh;a f,aLkh;a w;r we;s fjki fuka u ta taa pß;fha jhi" W.;alu wdÈ
idOl o flfrys t;rï wjOdkh fhduq lr we;s nj fkd fmfka'

“frdia,ska ljr l=,hlg wh;a fldhs m%udKhl flfkla o hkq fidhd .ekSug;a
wef.a oekSu úuiSug;a ch;siaig l,amkd úh' tfia;a l,amkd fldg “uE ud úiska
wikq ,nk m%Yakj,g ksis ms<s;=re ÿkakS kï uE udf.a Nd¾hdj lr .ksuehs o
ksYaph fldg is;=fha h' blaì;s frdi,skaf.ka fufia weiS h' kqU “rfÜ o@”
fkdfyd;a “f;dfÜ o@” fuh frdi,skag jyd u wjfndaOj “uu rfÜ” hhs ms<s;=re
ÿkakd h'”

^ch;siai iy frdia,ska ^1906&-mshodi isßfiak&

fï f,aLlhkaf.a lD;sj, iEu pß;hla u ixjdoj, § tl u nia jyrla Ndú;

lrk wdldrh oel .; yels h' isxy, kjl;dfõ mqfrda.dñhl= jk ud¾áka
úl%uisxyf.a uq,a u kj m%nkaO lD;sh jk ,S,dys fuka u mßK; wjia:dj
ksfhdackh lrk .ïfmr<sfha yd hq.dka;fha o ixjdoj, § o oelsh yels jkafka
l:k yd f,aLk jHjydr iïñY%Kfhka ilid .;a úfYaI iajrEmhls'

“l;a;sßkd mxÑ oeóu bjr lrkafka l+re lrdnq Wlia fldg .kakd i,a,s;a merÿKd
u'”
“.sh wjqreoafoa ta .Eks f.or j;af;a fmd,a .iq;a Wlia ;shd i,a,s wr f.k me/oaÿjd”
hs msh,a lS h'
“iuyr wjqreÿj, § ta .Eks remsh,a mky yeg;a Èkkjd” hs wkq,d lSjd h'

.ïfmr<sh ^1944& ud¾áka úl%uisxy

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 171

 fï nia jyr wm idudkHfhka l:kh i|yd fhdod .kakd nia jyrg jvd fjkia
nj Tng jegfykq we;' tfy;a úl%uisxyf.ka miq f,aLlhka kjl;dj, § ixjdo
i|yd idudkH l:d jHjydrh ta wdldrfhka u fhdod .ekSug fhduq jQ wdldrh
y÷kd .; yels fjhs'

“fudk fyd|la o@ Wka ljqre;a leu;s hs wmg jrÈkj n,kak'”

“tfykï ´l Th fokakf.a u l;dfjka lrmq jevla' uf.a ysf;a yeáhg kï oekg
lrkak ;sfhk tl u foa .syska j;af;a f,dl= uy;a;hg fïfl Tlafldu úia;f¾
lshk tl'”
“f,dl= uy;a;h;a ´lg yjq,a o okakjehs” uu weiSñ'
“wfka fudk' ta ukqiaih ´j lsis tlla okafk ke;sj we;s" fïl wdrxÑ jqK yeáfh
uu okakj lxldkug hs fldkafodia;rg hs fokakg u fydr ke;=j Ie,a tl odú'”

lreulaldrfhda - .=Kodi wurfialr

we;eï f,aLlhka idudkH l:d jHjydrh o blaujd hñka NdIKfha yuq jk Yío
rgd yd WÉpdrK ú,di ;;a;ajdldrfhka fh§ug fhduq jQ wdldrh o wmg oel .;
yels h(

“Tõ fjdõ" fjdõ lkav' Tlafldu lkav'''”

“fkdafka" wfka fkdafk" msx whs;s fjhs" T;ksx nyskav' Tfydïu' Tfydu bxv nE''''
wehs f;afrkakeoao'''”

iqkakoa¥,s - wð;a ;s,lfiak

fcdalSkqkakeye" uf. jevms<sfj< ksid ;uhs fï <uhd mdiaiqfKa" tal f,dl=

jdikdjla' úiaiúoahdf,g hklx È.g u fkdñf, W.kakkjd' ;j ñkqjkaf.dv
uoah úoahdf, fndaäx yo,d kE' t;lx remsh,a úiai .dfk udfilg f.jkjd”'
blaì;s Tyq .=Kmd, foig yerefKa h' “.=Kmd, fyd|g ys;gdrx jev lrkafgdake
f;areKd o@”'''
“fcdalSkqkakefy;a oex b;sx Th krldf;a jev w;Er, odkag fyd|ha'''” “okakj
fka Th .sks j;=rha wrlha fïlha'''”

fyhshïudrej - ta' ù' iqrùr

by; i|yka ixjdoj, oelsh yels jkafka l:d jHjydrfha Yío rgd ta wkaoñka u
,shd olajd we;s wdldrh hs' l:d jHjydrfha o tla tla mqoa.,hdf.a iudc ;;a;ajh"
wOHdmkh yd jhi wdÈ idOl u; WÉpdrK ú,di fjkia fjhs' kjl;djl ixjdo
oelaùfï § fï ,laIKh flfrys o f,aLlfhda wjOdkh fhduq lr;s'

172 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 “.=Kmd,” i¾ l;d lf<a mqÿu fjñks' “ug w÷rkak;a nerej .shd' yßhg weÈ,d
.sysx' fudlo WfKa@ wehs biafldaf, tkafk ke;af;@”
“wïud lshkjd f.or bxv lsh,d” wÈuÈ lrñka Tyq ms<s;=re ÿkafka ìu n,df.k
h'
“kslx fudav fjkak tmd .=Kmd,' yeu fokdg u YsIH;aj ,efnkafk keye' Thd
bf.k .kak mq¿jka <uhd' ,nk iqudfk tkjd" fydf|a'”
“uy;a;h lshfkl;a yenEj' isiai;af; ;j we;s' f.or wvqmdvqjla ;sfhkjkx wmsg
n,d.xv neßhe' hfkal ;ud ;sfhkafk'”

fyhshïudrej - ta' ù' iqrùr

fï WoaOD;fha mdif,a .=rejrhd" mdi,a YsIHhd yd Tyqf.a jeäysá {d;shd hk ;=ka

fokdf.a WÉpdrK ú,dihkays úfYaI;d y÷kd .; yels fjhs' ta WÉpdrK
úfYaI;dj,g fya;= ù we;af;a tla tla pß;fha jhi" iudc ;;a;ajh yd wOHdmkh
hk idOl hs' kjl;djl ixjdo bÈßm;a lsÍfï § fujeks ,laIK flfrys úfYaI
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu id¾:l f,aLlhka wkq.ukh lrk ud¾.h hs'
isxy,h ujq ni f,i Ndú; fkd lrk Y%S ,dxlsl ckhdf.a WÉpdrKfhys oelsh
yels we;eï úfYaI;d o uE; ld,fhys f,aLlhkaf.a wjOdkhg fhduq ù ;sfí'

“uu oel, ;sfhkjd frx.idñ mkai,a hkjd'”

“uu fhkjd ;uhs ud;a;hd' wduqÿrefjd lshkafk tu foa u ÿlhs lsh,' tal t;a;fka'
ud;a;shf. fohsfhd;a wfma fohsfhd;a lshkafk ldg j;a lror fkdlr bkav lsh,'
ux fldaú,a hkjd' mkai,a ;snqfKd;a fhalg;a fhkjd' wfma fohsfhd;a mkaif,a
hskakjd'”

jvnd.skak - wkq,d úfÊr;ak ue‚fla

isxy, kjl;dfjys yuq jk ffY,s fyj;a m%ldYk ú,di w;ßka úfYaIfhka

i|yka l< hq;= jkafka pß;hl wNHka;r is;sú,s oelaùfï § lg jyr fhdod
.ekSu hs' fï hgf;a úpdrlhkaf.a wjOdkhg fhduq jQ lD;shla jkafka isß
.=kisxyf.a fyjke,a, hs'

“msámiska wd ld¾ tll k,dfõ y`äka ;s.eiaiqkq ðkodi rn¾ fnda,hla fuka mdr
whskg úis úh' ld¾ tl miqmiska ¨yqn¢ñka wd ¥ú,s j,dj ðkodif.a le| od ueomq
iqÿ lóih l¨ lrñka jy jeák' fkdolska fufyu ¥ú,a,la' úkdähla hkak nE'
ld¾ tlla ke;akï nhsisl,a ldrfhla' uqka fldfya o fï bjis,a,la ke;=j ÿjkafk'
''' yQIa .d, .y f.k .sh yeá' yÈiais fj,d fjkak we;s' fï mdfr bvla keyefka
ld¾ tllg hkak'”

fyjke,a, - isß .=kisxy

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 173

 fuys § isß .=kisxy fhdod .kafka iïu; f,aLk Í;sfhka neyer fkd jQ tfy;a
lg jyrg jeä keUqrejla we;s NdId ú,dihla nj fuhska meyeÈ,s jkq we;' miq
ld,fhys f,aLlhka jeä fokd úiska kjl;dj, ixjdo i|yd wkq.ukh lrk
,oafoa fï ud¾.h nj fmfka' NdIK Í;sh fyj;a lg jyr fhdod .; hq;af;a
ixjdo i|yd muKla nj o jD;a;dka;" j¾Kkd yd wdLHdk i|yd f,aLk Í;sh
fhdod .; hq;= nj o m%Yia; isxy, kjl;d rplhkaf.a iïuq;sh ù we;s wdldrh
fuhska meyeÈ,s fjhs'

wjfndaOh

1' uqøKh wdrïN ùug fmr furg mej;s fmd;a úfYaIh kï lrkak'
2' uqøKh jHdma; ùug fmr idys;H mßYS,khg keUqre ù isáfhda ljryq o@
3' ud¾áka úl%uisxyf.a kjl;dj, ixjdoj, oelsh yels úfYaI;ajh l=ula o@
4' l:lhdf.a iajNdjh wkqj ixjdoj, NdId jHjydrh ilia ù we;s lD;s folla
,shkak'
5' isß .=kisxyf.a fyjke,a, kjl;dfõ NdId Ndú;fha oelsh yels úfYaI;ajh
l=ula o@

wjHh mo

ksmd; yd Wmi¾. wjHh mo hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

ksmd;
jdlHhl uq," ueo" w. hk iEu ;ekays u fh§u ksmd; moj, iajNdjh hs'
ñ;=frda ud iu. fi,a,ï lsÍug meñ‚fhda h'
Bfha kx.S o uu o fõ,dikska u mdi,a .sfhuq'
fï jdlH foflys uq," ueo" w. fh§ we;s háka bß we¢ mo ksmd; mohs'
ksmd; mo úúO w¾: m< lrñka woyia m%ldYkhg yjq,a fjhs' tu w¾:j,ska
iuyrla Bg wh;a ksmd; mo iu. my; oelafõ'

174 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

wkq w¾:h ksmd; mo
wxlh
01 ld,d¾:h ^ld,h yeÕùu& wo" fyg" Bfha" ks;r" ks;s" h<s" ms<s"
oeka" blaì;s" ksn|" b;ska" iod
02 Ndjd¾:h ^ye`.Sï oekùu& wfka" wfyda" wfmdhs" whsfhda" Tfyda"
Ñ#" W!hs" Ñfla" wyd" ydhs
03 m%Yakd¾:h ^m%Yak keÕSu yeÕùu& wehs" ukao" lsu" he" foda" o
04 wduka;%Kd¾:h ^weu;Su yeÕùu& tïnd" fld," fnd," tïn," fnd,jq"
tahs" ´hs
05 wkshud¾:h ^kshuhla ke;s nj fyd;a" fkdfyd;a
yeÕùu&
06 m%udKd¾:h ^m%udKh yeÕùu& ú;r" id" ;rï" muK

07 iudkd¾:h ^iudk fldg oelaùu& fuka" f,i" n÷" fia" jeks" tõ" whqre
08 fya;aj¾:h ^fya;= oelaùu& ksid" neúka" fyhska
09 iSud¾:h ^isudj oelaùu& f;la" olajd" ;=re" mgka" isg" ;dla
10 úNla;H¾:h ^úNla;s m< lsÍu& úiska" f.ka" f.a" flfrka" flfrys"
;=<" u;" Wv
11 WmkHdid¾:h ^mo mQ¾Kh oelaùu& jkdys" jQl,s" kï" ,d
12 YS>%d¾:h ^fõ.h yeÕùu& fio" fkd,id" jyd
13 Y%e;s iQpkd¾:h ^weiQ nj yeÕùu& ," ¨
14 iu. hk w¾:h yeÕùu iu." bys" yd" legqj" iy" tlal
15 wjOdrKd¾:h ^ksYaÑ; nj uq;a" ñi" yer" úkd" u" ue" mjd"
yeÕùu& mqkrela;
16 iuqÉphd¾:h ^mo iïnkaOh& o" hs" ;a" yd" iy" ÿ
17 mqkrd¾:h ^kej; hk w¾:h& mqk" kej;" h<s" je<s
18 jdlHdjidkh yeÕùu he" h" y" fial
19 iómd¾:h ^ióm nj yeÕùu& fj;" lrd" w;" .dj
20 ms‚i hk w¾:h ms‚i" ;ld" i|yd" jia" ksid"
Wfoid"wrNhd
21 úl,amd¾:h ^úl,amh yeÕùu& fyj;a" fkdfyd;a" fyda
22 iïnkaOd¾:h ^jdlH iïnkaO tfy;a" fkdfyd;a" fyda
lsßu&
23 wjud¾:h ^wvq .Kfka hk w¾:h& mjd" o" ÿ" ;a" fyda" j;a

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 175

 24 úreoaOd¾:h ^isÿ fkd ùu hk fkd" ks
wre;&
25 ksfIaOd¾:h ^m%;slafIam lsÍu& tmd"
26 w;sYhd¾:h ^jeämqr hk b;d" fndfyda" ;j
wref;ys&
27 WoaOD; oelaùfuys hs" hehs
28 iEu ^taffll& hk w¾:fhys m;d" mdid" .dfk

we;eï ksmd; mo w¾: lSmhl u fhfoa'

WodyrK( .=rejre o <uhs o /ia jQy' ^iuqÉphd¾:h&
Tn lshkafka l=ula o@ ^m%Yakd¾:h&
wfma ÿl foúhkag o fkd fmfka' ^wjud¾:h&

Wmi¾.

wjHh mo hg;g .efkk Wmi¾. kduhlg fyda ls%hdjlg uq,ska fh§ tu kdufha
fyda ls%hdfõ w¾:hg ;=ka wdldrfha n,mEula lrhs'
¸' m%lD;sfha w¾:hg ndOd lsÍu'
¸¸' m%lD;sfha w¾:h fjfiid ±laùu'
¸¸¸' m%lD;sfha w¾:h wkqj mej;Su'

^¸& ^¸¸& ^¸¸¸&

ks - ksjro b - bñysß ms<s - ms<s.kS
w - w.=K iq - iqok udk - Wmudk
ú - úfoaY W - Wÿ, wkq - wkqlïmd

idïm%odhsl isxy,fha Wmi¾. 20la we;' tajd kï"

m" mr" wj" i" wkq" ks" ÿ" ú" w" wÈ" iq" W" wì" msß" wm" Wm" mia" ms<s" w;s" ms
hkq hs'
óg wu;rj kQ;k jHjydrfhys nyq,j oelsh yels Wmi¾. .Kkdjla o isxy,fhys
we;' fïjd jeä m%udKhla ixialD; NdIdfjka .;a Wmi¾. hs' tajd fufia WodyrK
iys;j y÷kd .ksuq'

176 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

m$m% - mn|" m%fNao
mr$mrd - mrÈkq" mrdch
wm - wmkhk" wmøjH
i$ix" iï" ika" i;a" ioa" iy - iM," ixl,amkd" iïudk" ikaksfõok" i;amqreI"
ioaNdj" iyldr
wkq - wkqNdj
T$wj - Tjoka" wj;eka
ks$ksia$ksYa$ksIa$ks¾ - ksi," ksiaidr" ksYaYío" ksIaM," ks¾u,
ÿ$l=$ÿ#$ÿia$ÿYa$ÿIa$ÿ¾ - ÿ.|" l=lú" ÿ#Å;" ÿiaidOH" ÿYaYS," ÿIalr" ÿ¾odka;
ú - úuqla;s" úfoaY
w$wd$wka - wl,a" wdfoaYh" wkjYH
kS - kSri" kSfrda.s
wÈ$wê - wÈgka" wêfpdaokd
wms - wmsOdk" wmsp¾u
b$w;s - buy;a" w;s.eUqre" w;HjYH
iq - iqok" iq.kaO
W$Wka$W;a$Woa - W.;a" Wkaudo" W;a;," Woaf>daIK
wì$wNs - wìuka" wNsudk" wNHjldY
ms<s$mia$m%;s$má - ms<sn|" mila" m%;s,dN" m%;Hqmldr" mámdáh
msß$mß - msßisÿ" mßY=oaO" mßm:
Wj$Wm - Wjfoia" WmNdId" Wml=,m;s

wka;¾{dkh mYapdoaWmdê
mqk¾Ôjh iajfoaY iajhxcd;
wdÈ moj, uq,ska fh§ we;s wka;¾" mYapd;a" mqk¾" iaj"
iajhx wdÈ fldgia idïm%odhsl Wmi¾. w;frys fkd
.ekqK o tys m%lD;shg fmr fhfok mQ¾ji¾. úfYaIhla
f,i ie,fla'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjk jdlHj, ksmd; mo tlla fyda lSmhla fyda fh§ we;' tajd
f;dard olajkak'
¸' uy iq<Õska .ia je,a o ksfjia o weo jeá‚'
¸¸' wms Tjqka iu. l;d lr lr isáfhuq'
¸¸¸' i÷od isg isl=rdod f;la Èk myls'
¸¹' Tyq mqreÿldrhl= fuka yeisfrkakg jQfha h'
¹' foaÿkq jka foneu wef.a uqyqfKa iqkaor;ajh jeä lrhs'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 177

 ¹¸' Tn yer Bg fjk;a olaIfhla ke;'
¹¸¸' wfkaæ fï wmrdOh foúhkag;a fkd fmfka o@
¹¸¸¸' fld<U isg ud;r olajd .uka .kakd ÿïßh m%udo úh'
¸º' ixúOdhlhka úiska wdrdê;fhda ms<s.kakd ,oy'
º' jk w,skaf.ka jk ydks tkag tkag u jeä fjhs'
2' ta ta fma<sfhys we;s ksmd;hla fkd jk moh f;darkak'
¸' iu." ú;r" Wia" jkdys ¸¸' ms<shï" Wfoid" úiska" fkd,id
¸¸¸' blaì;s" ñi" fkdfyd;a" iqmsß ¸¹' wfyda" tïnd" fkd yer" ksr;=re
¹' legqj" whl=" wrNhd" n÷
3' uq,ska oelafjk mofhys úreoaOd¾:h fok Wmi¾.h iys; moh f;darkak'
¸' iq,n - ÿ,n" úr," nyq,
¸¸' ñysß - iqñysß" wñysß" bñysß
¸¸¸' kshqla; - hqla;" ixhqla;" úhqla;
¸¹' j¾Okh - mßydksh" wNsj¾Okh" ixj¾Okh
¹' ÿl - ika;=Iaáh" fidïki" mS%;sh
¹¸' wkqudk - Wml,ams;" ksrkqudk" taldka;
¹¸¸' W;alDIag - wOu" §k" kslDIag
¹¸¸¸' lD;fõ§ - .=Kul=" wlD;{" lD;{
¸º' iajdNdúl - idudkH" lD;s%u" wiajdNdúl
º' w,am - fndfyda" wk,am" iaj,am
4' my; oelafjk jdlHj, ysia;ekg jvd;a iqÿiq Wmi¾.h jryfkka
f;dard ,shkak'
¸' ''''''''''''''''''' n,e;s úÿ,s /yeka moaO;sh wi, .ejiSu wk;=reodhl h'
^w;s$wê$wNs&
¸¸' rfÜ ''''''''''''''''''' jDoaêh ;ld lem ùfuka jev l< hq;= h' ^m%$ix$wNs&
¸¸¸' jeäysáhkaf.a '''''''''''''''''' jdo ms<sme§u ÈhqKqjg fya;= fõ' ^m%;s$wj$wkq&
¸¹' .=re;=ñh mka;shg meñfK;a u isiqyq ''''''''''''''''''Yío jQy' ^ksia$ks¾$ksYa&
¹' we;eïyq '''''''''''''''''M, ld¾hhka i|yd fndfyda uqo,a jeh lr;s' ^ksIa$m%;s$ksia&

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' Tn lshjQ kjl;d lsysmhla f;dard f.k tajdfha NdId Ndú;fha úfYaI ,laIK
ms<sn|j ì;a;s mqj;am;lg ,smshla ilia lrkak'
2' tu kjl;djl leu;s mßÉfþohla f;dard f.k tys we;=<;a Wmi¾. iys; mo
/ia lrkak'
3' Tn leu;s kjl;djl msgqjla f;dard f.k tys we;=<;a ksmd; mo /ia lrkak'

178 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 j;=r u, 21
ish w;aoelSï iy w¨f;ka oek .;a foh iajlSh
iuQyfha fiiq idudðlhkag lshd mEug;a" B<Õ
mrïmrdjg w;aoelSï Wreu lr §ug;a ukqIHhd
l;dka;r lSu wrUkakg we;' bka miqj wd.ñl yd
WmfoaYd;aul l;d l,djla ìys úh' miq lf,l" ri
ckkh jk wdldrfha l;d l,djla l%ñlj j¾Okh
úh' flál;d l,dj o tys m%;sM, jYfhka ìys jQjls'
úúO udkj w;aoelSï mokï lr .;a idys;Hdx.hla f,i
flál;dj jeo.;a fõ' tla iqúfYaI isÿùula jgd
f.dv kef.k wdLHdkhla jk tys" úúO udkqISh
ixisoaê ix.DyS; fõ' flál;djla ri ú£ug fyda
ks¾udKh lsÍug w;aoelSï .eUqßka úuid ne,sh hq;=
fõ' flál;d rpkhg wjYH mßph ,nd .ekSug
id¾:l flál;d mßYS,kh o jeo.;a h' fï mdvug
we;=<;a jkafka 1983 jif¾ fyd| u isxy, flál;d
ix.%yh f,i iïudkhg md;% jQ iqÿ fldä flál;d
ix.%yfhka Wmqgd .;a l;djls' tys l;=jrhd jk
we/õj, kkaÈñ;% m%lg kQ;k f,aLlfhls'

14' r' uq' kS' i' 180543 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 179
 udkj ixy;sfha wdrïNfha isg u ñksid l;kaor lSfï yd weiSfï l=;+y,fhka
hqla; úh' wdrïNfha § w;aoelSï yd w¨;ska oek .;a oE ish iuQyfha fiiq
iudðlhkag lshd mEug;a fojkqj B <Õ mrïmrdjg w;aoelSï Wreu lr §ug;a
ukqIHhd l:dka;r lSu wrUkakg we;' B <Õ mshjr wd.ñl$WmfoaYd;aul l;d
l,djls' miqj ri ckkh wruqKq lr .;a l;d l,dj j¾Okh jQ nj fmfka'
flál;djla ri ú£fï § fyda ks¾udKh lsÍfï § uQ,sl lreKq lSmhla flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'
wmQ¾j;ajfhka yd úYajikSh;ajfhka hqla; ks¾udKhla ìys lsÍug iqÿiq w;aoelSula"
wkqN+;shla fyda ixisoaêhla ks¾udKlrejd i;=j ;sîu jeo.;a h' th flál;dfõ
f;audj hs' tkï lD;sfhka m%ldY jk iuia; w¾:h hs' wfkl=;a flál;dx.
ish,a, f;audj u; mokï fjhs' f;dard .kakd l;d m%jD;a;sh wdrïNhla" úldYhla"
wjidkhla we;s ;¾ldkql+, fya;=M, iïnkaO;djla iys; isoaê oduhl úldYhla
fjhs' fuh l:d úkHdih kñka ye¢kafjhs' flál;d ks¾udKfha § jvd;a m%n,j
wjOdkh fhduq jkafka pß; ksrEmKh flfrys h' flál;djl ksrEmKh úh
hq;af;a tla m%n, pß;hla fyda pß;dx.hls' fïjd ixlS¾K pß; h' ndysrj;a
wdOHd;añlj fuka u udkislj;a" iudc Ôú;fha §;a úúO O¾u;dj,g uqyqK fok
pß; úh hq;= h' tlS pß; l;=jrhd u ueÈy;a ùfuka fyda wfkl=;a pß; yd .eàug
ie,eiaùfuka fyda Ôjk .eg¨j,g uqyqK §ug ie,eiaùfuka fyda ksrEmKh lrhs'
“flál;djla hkq Ôú;fhka fm;a;la újrKh lsÍula” hkqfjka wekagka fpfld*a
oelajQfha fï woyi h'
mqoa., w;aoelSï yd ne÷Kq mßirh fyda udkisl iajNdjh oelaùug Wml%uhla f,i
miqìï j¾Kkd fhdod .ekSug ks¾udKlrejd fhduq úh yels h' flál;dlrejd ta
u.ska ;u oDIaáh l,d;aulj bÈßm;a lrhs' pß; .ek Rcqj újrKh l< fkd yels
foaj,a ixfla;j;a l< yels h' tfia u f,aLlhd ;u ks¾udKh h:d¾:jd§j yd
;d;aúlj bÈßm;a l< hq;= h' th h:d¾: ksrEmKh f,i ye¢kafjhs' uOHia:
l,d;aul oDIaáhlska" iudc mka;s fNaoh ;=<ska" iudc úIu;d wdY%fhka Wmydih
fyda úfõpkh u.ska fulS h:d¾: ksrEmKh l< yels h' óg wu;rj ishqï mqoa.,
ufkdaNdjhka" udkisl .egqï iudcuh .;s iajNdjhka" ld,h wdÈ wjia:d m%n,
f,i ksrEmKh lsÍug wjYH wjia:djl ixfla; Ndú;hg ks¾udKlrejd miqng
fkd fõ' úfgl f,aLlhd u bÈßm;a ù pß; ksrEmKh lrk w;r úfgl l;=jrhd
mfilg ù fjk;a whl= ,jd l;dj lSug i,iajhs' mdGlhd fj; l;djla bÈßm;a
lsÍfï § f,aLlhd /|S isák ia:dkh oDIaá fldaKh hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs' flál;d
f;audjg wkqj m%:u mqreI" W;a;u mqreI wdÈ oDIaá fldaK Ndú;hg .efka'
iuia; ks¾udKh we.hqug ,la flfrk úg iudch" Ôú;h" ukqIH;ajh" ñksia
ls%hdldrlï flfrys f,aLlhdf.a wjOdkh fhduq fjhs' ta flál;djl Ôjk
oDIaáhhs'
idys;H lD;shla hkq NdIdj Ndú;hg .ksñka flfrk wmQre is;a;uls' NdId;aul
yrUhls' tneúka flál;d lrKfha § ks¾udKd;aul NdIdjla fhdod .ekSu b;d

180 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

jeo.;a h' .eg¨" pß;" iudc miqìï" wjia:d" isoaê jvd;a wmQ¾j;ajfhka bÈßm;a
lsÍug NdIdfõ ks¾udKd;aul nj w;HjYH h' f;audjg .e<fmk wdldrfhka
úúO NdId ú,di yd rpkd Í;s fhdod .; yels h' f,aLk Í;sh fyda NdIK Í;sh
wkq.ukh fuhska tla ud¾.hls' m%dfoaYsl jHjydr" mer‚ idys;H.; jHjydr
wdÈh fhdoñka rplhdg ish jd.a ú,dih ilia lr .; yels h' tf,i fhdok iEu
jpkhl u w¾:h fuka u èjksh o úfYaI;ajhla .kS'
flál;djla ;=< mj;sk isoaê" wjia:d" pß;" wkqpß;" miqìï j¾Kkd" ixfla;
Ndú;h wdÈ fï ish,af,ys taldnoaO;djla mej;Su ks¾udK ri úkaokhg fuka u
ks¾udKlrKhg tl fia jeo.;a fjhs' th l,d;aul taldnoaO;dj hkqfjka
y÷kajuq'
fcdai*a n¾.a tikaùka flál;dj ms<sn|j olajd we;s ks¾jpkfhys fulS flál;d
,laIK fndfyduhla .eíj we;'
“flál;dj jkdys wfkla isoaê wìnjd isák tla m%n, isoaêhla yd
tla m%n, pß;hla wkdjrKh lrkakd jQ o" tlg leáj ;sfnk l:d
úkHdihla iys; jQ o" tal;ajfhka hqla; OdrKdjla we;a;d jQ o wvq
È. m%udKhlska hqla; jQ o mßl,amkd;aul wdLHdkhls'”

j;=r u,
isßudkak uy;a;hd;a wì,ska Wkakefya;a l,l isg ys; ñ;=frda h' tfia u Tjqyq
fofokd boaou,afo‚h mQ¾jdrdu úydria:dkfha WfoHda.su;a odhlfhda h' odhl
iNdfõ iNdm;s jQfha o isßudkak uy;a;hd h'
mdi,a .=rejrfhl= jYfhka fiajh lrñka isá isßudkak uy;a;hd fiajfhka úY%du
.sfha óg fo jirlg muK fmr h' Tyq mdáka l¿ h' Wiska ;rula wvq h' isrer
uy; h' ysi bÈßmi ;Ügh mE§ ;snQ w;r tu ;Ügh jeiSu i|yd ysi miq foi
flia È.g jjd b;d wudrefjka ysi bÈß mig f.keú;a ;nd ;snqfKa h'
isßudkak uy;a;hdg lsis u mjq,a nrla fkd ù h' Tyqg Èh‚hka fofofkl= isá
w;r Tjqyq fofok .=rejßhka jYfhka fiajh l<y' isßudkak uy;a;hd ;ud mskg
b;d leu;s nj ks;r ldg;a weÕù h' tfia u Tyqf.ka .ug isÿ jQ fiajdj .ek
ks;r i|yka lf<a h' “fï .fï ñksiaiqkag w.hla ke;=jg uu ;rï fï .ug lsis
u ñksfyla fiajh lr, keye'” Tyqf.a uqúka ks;r u mdfya fu jeks jpk msg
fjhs' ljr whqßka l;d l<;a Tyq uqo,a úhoï lsÍug wleue;s h' b.ekaùug hk
ld,fha § frdaia mdka f.ähla f;a lyg fldamamhl fmdÕjd f.k ld Wfoa mdi,g
hk Tyq wdmiq oj,a folg muK f.or meñK Èjd wdydrh .kakd ;=re f;a
fldamamhla ;ru j;a fkd fndhs' oekg jqj o tys lsis u fjkila ke;' ljr jevla
lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fhdackdjla bÈßm;a jqj;a fudfyd;la fofk;a mshd f.k
bkakd Tyq iqr;ska uqyqK msi ouñka fufia lshhs'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 181
 “fudkj l<;a kslka wmrdfo uqo,a kdia;s lrkak krl hs'”
wì,ska Wkakefya ;uka i;= bvlvïj, f.dú;eka n;a lrf.k lrorhla fkdue;sj
Ôj;a jQ ;eke;af;ls' Tyq meyefhka ;, t<¨ h' t;rï uy; ke;' Wiska wä
myudrla yhla muK we;' Wvq /jq< jj,d h' fldKavh miaig mSrd fodU f.ähla
;rï jQ fldKavhla ne| isáfha h' uy¨ nj fydfrka fydfrka meñK uy;a jQ
wdorhlska fuka Tyq je,| .ekSug jer orhs'
wì,ska Wkakefyag isáfha tl u mqf;l= mu‚' Tyq o újdyhla lr f.k f.or u
mÈxÑ ù isáhs' wì,ska Wkakefya mskg b;d leue;s h' úYd, Okjf;l= fkd jQj;a
wjYH foag úhoï lsÍug ks¾f,daNS h' fyd|g yS,a n;a msÕdkla ld ojfia jev
wdrïN lrk Tyq oj,a fod<y muK jk ;=re tl È.g jev lrhs' bkamiq f.or
meñK Èjd wdydrh f.k oj,a fol yudr ;=k muK jk ;=re úfõlSj f.or isáhs'
kej; ´úgl fyda l=Uqrl fyda jevg hhs' ojfia jev wjika lr j;a; my< <sf|ka
Èh kdf.k wdmiq f.or tkafka ieoE w÷r .,d yef,k úg h'
wì,ska Wkakefya ie|E w÷r w;ßka f.or meñ‚ úg Tyqf.a ìß| Tyq <Õg tkafka
ÿï ouk fldams fldamma hla yd ls;, = a yl=re lE,a,la o /f.k h' wì,ska Wkakefya
l=ii
a h
s me;af;a flá biaf;damm
a q lE,af,a ;sfnk mrK mqgj q l jdä ù fldams fldamm
a fhkaa
W.=r W.=r mdkh lrkafka uq¿ isrer u wmQre WKqiï q iqjhlska m%fndaOhg m;a lrñks'
úY%du hdfuka miq f.or fodf¾ ;sfnk iq¿ iq¿ jevm< lsÍfuka yd fmd;la m;la
lshùudÈfhka ld,h f.jd .kakd isßudkak uy;a;hd úfYaI jevla fkdue;s yeu
Èkl u mdfya we¢ß jegqK miq úÿ,s mkaou o f.k wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a f.org
hhs' ojfia jev wjika lrk wì,ska Wkakefya f.or meñK fldams fldamamh
fndñka isákafka fï fõ,djg h' isßudkak uy;a;hd tkq ÿgq úg wì,ska
Wkakefyaf.a ys; ;=< ksrdhdifhka i;=gla we;s fjhs'
“wd''' tkak''' tkak isßudkak uy;a;h" jdä fjkak'” fuf,i mejiSfuka muKla
ksy`v fkd jk wì,ska Wkakefya l=iaish foig ysi yrjd ;rula y`v kÕd ish
ìß|g fufia lshhs'
“fï weyqK o@ isßudkak uy;a;h weú,a,' fldams fldamamhla yod f.k jfr,a,d'”
“uu oeka f;a tlla îmq .uka wdfj' ug kï oeka fldams yokak tmd'”
isßudkak uy;a;hd mqreoaog jf.a fu f,i mjik kuqÿ fkd mudj ÿka ouk fldams
fldamamhla yd ls;=,a yl=re lE,a,la Tyq w;g f.keú;a §ug wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a
ìß| mud fkd fjhs' fldamsj,ska imamdhï ùfuka miq isßudkak uy;a;hd;a" wì,ska
Wkakefya;a mehl muK fõ,djla l;dny lrñka ld,h .; lrkafka b;d i;=áks'
fuu l;d nyg Tjqkaf.a orejka ms<sn| úia;r" rfÜ f;dfÜ wdrxÑ" wì,ska
Wkakefyaf.a f.dú;eka jev" isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a lS¾;s rdjh" B<Õ fmdahg is,a
iudoka ùu wdÈ fulS fkd lS fkdfhl=;a ldrKd úIh fjhs' fufia l;d lrñka
isák w;r Èkla wì,ska Wkakefyaa ;u n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla iïnkaOfhka isßudkak
uy;a;hd iu. l;d lf<a h'

182 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

“oeka ál ojil b|, ug fmdä jevla lrkak lsh, ys;s, ;sfhkj isßudkak
uy;a;h' uu fï .ek isßudkak uy;a;h tlal, l;d lrkak lsh,uhs ys;d f.k
ysáfh'”
“ta fudlla o wì,ska Wkakefy@”
“oeka n,kak wms mkai,g u,a álla mQcd lrkak .shdu u,a ál fodfydk lrkakhs"
w;a fodfydk lr .kakhs ;sfhk lrof¾' meka ál f.akak ;sfhkafk mrK ueá
fld;, ln,la' u,a mQcd lrkak tk ukqiaifhd Th ueá fld;, ln, wrf.k
lS ierhla kï <s| <Õg hkj o meka ál f.akak'”
“wì,ska Wkakefyf. ta l;dj kï we;a; ;uhs'”
“Tkak Th yskao u uu l,amkd l<d úydfr <Õska j;=r u,la yokak' oekgu;a
mkai,g kï mhsmam yhs lr, ;sfhk yskao Th jefâ lrkak ta ;rï wudre fjk
tlla keye'”
“ta jqKdg wì,ska Wkakefy" wo ldf, yeáhg Th jefâ lrkak iEfyk úhoula
hkj' wfma .fï ñksiaiqkaf.ka tlmdrg u Th jefâg iEfyk ;rï uqo,la tl;=
lrkak f,ais keye'”
“uu fï jefâg i;hla j;a iïudoka lrkak n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjfkafka keye'
fldfydu yß uu fï jefâ uf. ;ks úhoñka lrkj' isßudkak uy;a;h ug
lshkak fï jefâ fyd| o lshk tl ú;rla'”
“Tõ b;ska" Th jefâ kï krlhs lshkak neye'”
isßudkak uy;a;hd tod wdmiq f.or .sfha fjk od fkdue;s úiauhlsks' ‘hflda fï
ukqiaih tl mdrg u lrkak l,amkd lr, ;sfhkafk wuq;= u ;df,a jevla fkæ
tÉpr ú;rla fkd fjhs' ta jefâg ;kshu úhoï lrkakhs n,dfmdfrd;a;=j'’
mQ¾jdrdu úydria:dkfha ;udf.a úhoñka o tn÷ fohla lrkakg we;akï fyd| hhs
Tyqg fudfyd;lg is;=‚' tfy;a tn÷ fohla lsÍu i|yd fldmuK úYd, uqo,la
jeh fõ o hk m%Yakh ta iu. u Tyq bÈßfha fyd,auka lrkakg úh'
boaou,afo‚fha isák olaI u fïika ndia flfkl=f.a iydh ,nd .;a wì,ska
Wkakefya j;=r u, ;ekSfï jev wdrïN flfrõfõ h' Tyq ta i|yd lsis u wÈuÈ
lsÍulska f;drj úhoï lf<a h' jev wjika jQ úg j;=r u, uq¿ úydr N+ñh u
w,xldrhg m;a flfrk kjdx.hla úh'
j;=r u, fnfyúka mshlre h' jfÜg ljdldr neïula ne| fmdl=Kla ;kd ;sfí'
tys ks,g ksf,a c,h msß,d h' ta ueo ;kk ,o kgqj u; msmS .sh úYd, m%udKfha
fk¨ï u,ls' kgqfjys fomig fk¨ï fld< folla o fjhs' fk¨ï u, uqÿkska
i;r w;g úyso hk isyska c, f¾Ldfjda h' fk¨ï uf,a fm;sj, <d r;a meye;s
;Ska;;a" kgqfjys yd fk¨ï fld<j, fld< mdg ;Ska;;a wdf,am lr ;sfí' ljdldr
fmdl=K jgd hlvj,ska ,iaik .rdÈ jegla .id tys ߧ mdg ;ska; wdf,am lr
we;' j;=r u,g wdf,dalh jeàu i|yd mfilska úfYaI úÿ,s nqnq<la iú lr ;sfí'
mkai,g meñfKk ljqre;a mdfya j;=r u, foi ál fõ,djla wdidfjka n,d f.k
isá;s'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 183
 j;=r u, ;ekSu ksid úydria:dk N+ñfha we;s jQ wmQre l,t<sh jvd;a Ôjudkdldrfhka
m%Ndj;a jQfha fmdahodg h' úfYaIfhka iú lr ;sfnk úÿ,s nqnqf<A wdf,dalfhka
j;=r u, we;s fmfoi wdf,dalj;aj we;' is,a iudoka ù isák Wmdil Wmdisldfjda;a"
u,a myka mQcd lsÍu i|yd úydria:dkhg meñfKk f,dl= l=vd ish¨ fokd;a jßka
jr j;=r u, <Õg f.dia ߧ mdg .rdÈ jegg fya;a;= ù j;=r uf,ka i;r w;g úyso
hk isyska c, f¾Ldjka foig oE;a È.== lr w;a fOdajkh lr;s' u,a fOdajkh lr;s'
Tjqkaf.a uqyqKq mS%;sfhka wdf,dalj;aj we;' j;=r uf,a isis,a c,fhka w;a fOdajkh
lr .kakd <uhs iskdfjka uqj irid f.k úydr u¿j foig Èj h;s' ;j;a
fudfyd;l iS;, j;=r álla w;g .kakd <ufhla bka ìkaÿ lsysmhla ;u hy¿
<ufhl=f.a uqyqKg bishs' Tjqyq fofokd y`v kÕd iskdfi;s' is,a iudoka ù úydr
u¿fõ isák wì,ska Wkakefya" j;=r uf,ka m%fhdack .kakd ieoeyej;=ka foi ál
fõ,djla n,d f.k isákafka yo ;=< W;=rd hk i;=glsks' is,a iudoka jQ isßudkak
uy;a;hd o Tyq wi, isáhs'
“n,kakfld isßudkak uy;a;hd" ukqiaifhd j;=r uf,ka m%fhdack .kak wf.a'”
isßudkak uy;a;hd o ál fõ,djla j;=r u, foi n,df.k isáhs' tfy;a jeämqr
lsisjla fkd mjik Tyq ksy`v fjhs'
“wì,ska Wkakefy j;=r u, yo, lrmq jefâ jáklu kï lsh, ksu lrkak neß
;rï'” u,a álla fodfydk lr f.k mQcd lsÍu i|yd úydrhg hk .uka wfhla
wì,ska Wkakefya wi,g meñK mji;s'
“j;=r u, kï yß ,iaik hs" wì,ska wdf;'” <ufhla wì,ska Wkakefya <Õg
meñK mjid h<s j;=r u, foig Èj hhs'
;ud úiska lrjk ,o j;=r u, .ek .ïjdiSka ;=< fï ;rï m%idohla we;s fõ hhs
wì,ska Wkakefya l,ska is;d f.k fkd isáfha h' Tyq iskdjlska uqj iridf.k
n,d isákafka fï jf.a jev ;j;a lrkakg we;akï fldÉpr fyd| o hk woyi
yo rejd f.k h' wì,ska Wkakefya wi, isák isßudkak uy;a;hd t;kska bj;a
ù fyñka fyñka O¾u Yd,dj foig hhs'
‘mkaif,a j;=r u, Bfha ? ljqo lvd od,d'’
fuu wdrxÑh Èkla WoEik boaou,afo‚h .u mqrd w;a ;gq .iñka b.s<S .sfha h'
yeu fokdf.a u ys; ;=< we;s jQfha fldamhls' wì,ska Wkakefya fldamfhka úhre
jeà .shdla fuka úh' Tyq mkai,a j;a;g Èj .sfha h'
j;=r u,g c,h iemfhk k<h iïmQ¾Kfhka u ;,d oud ;snq‚' ;kd ;snQ fk¨ï
uf,a fm;s ñáhla jeks fohlska .id lvd oud ;sfí' j;=r u,g t<sh jeàu i|yd
úfYaIfhka iú lr ;snQ úÿ,s nqnq< fmdä lr,d h' jfÜg ljdldrj ;kd ;snQ neïu
tla ;eklska lvd oeóu ksid tys j;=r fkd /£ msgg .,d f.k hhs'
wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a uqúka msg ùug wdfõ wuq ;s;a; l=Kqyrem je,ls' tfy;a tu
jpk uqúka msg fkd lr Tyq b;d wudrefjka ue~ mj;ajd .;af;a ;ud ta fudfydf;a
isáfha úydria:dkh wi, ksid h' Tyq mkai,a j;af;ka msg ù fl<ska u .sfha
isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a ksjig h'
184 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
“n,kak isßudkak uy;a;h" ljqo mdyrfhla lr, ;sfhk wmrdOhl uy;æ˜
“ug;a ´l wdrxÑ jqKd' uu;a fï mkai, me;a;g hkak lsh, yeÿfõ'”
“tal n,, jevla keye isßudkak uy;a;h' ,iaikg ;snqK j;=r u, úkdY lr,
bjrhs' uu tlla lshkakï isßudkak uy;a;h' uu óg miafia fyd| jev lrk
ñksfyla fkd fjhs' fldáka u uu óg miafia Th mkai,g j;a hkafk keye'”
“flß, ;sfhkafk kï fndfydu krl jevla ;uhs' ta jqK;a l,n, fkdù álla
wms Th .ek fydh, n,uq'”
“ta fydh, ne,s,af,ka ug we;s jevla keye' uu jpkhla lsõfjd;a lsõjuhs'”
wì,ska Wkakefya isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a f.oßka msg ù .sfha o wvq jQ fldamhlska
fkd fõ' isßudkak uy;a;hd wì,ska Wkakefya wE; fkd fmkS hk ;=re n,d f.k
isáfha h' ‘ñksy ;rfyka msiaiq jeá, jf.hs'’
miq Èk iji odhl iNdj /ia lrjQ isßudkak uy;a;hd ljqfoda úiska j;=r u,
lvd oeófuka lr ;sfnk my;a ls%hdj fy<d oel th h<s m%;sixialrKh lsÍfï
wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lr ÿkafka h' yeu fokd u ta woyi wkqu; lf<ka j;=r u,
h<s m%;sixialrKh lrjk ,È' ta i|yd jeä jYfhka u úhoï lf<a isßudkak
uy;a;hd h' tfy;a m%;sixialrKfhka miq j;=r uf,a fmr ;snQ fYdaNdj kï h<s
tf,i u olakg fkd ù h' tfuka u wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a jpkfhys o lsisu
fjkila fkd ù h' mkaif,a odhlhl= jYfhka Tyq ;=< ;snQ Wkkaÿj iïmQ¾Kfhka
u Èh ù .sfha h' isßudkak uy;a;hd o wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a is; iekiSug lSmjrla
u W;aidy lrk ,o kuqÿ tys lsis u m,la fkd ù h' j;=r u, lvd ouk ,oafoa
ljfrl= úiska o hkak fuf;la lsisfjl=g oek .ekSug fkd yels jQ w;r wì,ska
Wkakefyag yer wka yeu fokdg u mdfya l%ufhka tu isoaêh wu;l ù .sfha h'
jirlg muK miq isßudkak uy;a;hd kdk <s| <Õ jeà wxYNd. frda.h je,£
T;am< úh' ta i|yd Tyqg m%;sldr lrk ,È' wì,ska Wkakefya o ks;r hñka tñka
;u ys;j;df.a ÿl iem .ek fidhd ne,S h' fí;a fya;a wdÈh fidhd ÿkafka h'
tfy;a ta lsisu foalska m,la fkd jQ w;r udi y;rl muK ld,hla T;am<j isá
isßudkak uy;a;hd ñh .sfha h' wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a is; ;=< we;s jQfha úYd,
lk.dgqjls' isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a wdodyk lghq;= i|yd Tyq yels ;rï fjfyi
uykais ù jev lf<a h'
isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a y;a ojfia odkh ÿka Èkg miq Èk iji wì,ska Wkakefya
mQ¾jdrdu úydria:dkh wi,ska jeà we;s mdr Tiafia boaou,afo‚h lvuKaähg
hñka isáfha h' mkaif,a ñÿf,a isá f,dl= yduqÿrefjda wì,ska Wkakefya mdf¾
hkjd ÿgq iefKka mdr whskg meñK wì,ska Wkakefyag l;d l<y'
“wì,ska Wkakefy" állg fuydg weúÈ,a, huqfld'”
j;=r u, lvd oeófï isoaêfhka miq wì,ska Wkakefya kslug j;a mkai,g hdï
Bula fkd lrhs' f,dl= yduqÿrejka mdr whskg u meñK l;d l< ksid Tyqg fï
fudfydf;a u. yer hdug o fkd yels h' Tyq mkai,a j;a; me;a;g yerefKa h'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 185
 yduqÿrefjda fyñka bÈßhg .uka lr;s' Wka jykafia hkafka mkai, foig fkd j
fnda u¿j foig h' wì,ska Wkakefya o ksixi,j yduqÿrejka miq mi .sfha h' fnda
u¿fõ neïu Wäka jdä jQ f,dl= yduqÿrefjda ;ud;a wì,ska Wkakefya;a yer fjk
ljqre j;a wi,l isákafka oehs oek .ekSug fuka fyd|g jg msg neÆy' fjk
lsisfjla fmfkkag fkd isáhy' f,dl= yduqÿrefjda b;d ldre‚lj wì,ska
Wkakefya foi n,d Tyqg o fnda u¿fõ neïu Wäka jdäfjk f,i mejiQy' ta wkqj
wì,ska Wkakefya o jdä úh' ;ud kej;;a mkaif,a jevg iïnkaO lr .ekSu
i|yd yduqÿrejka úiska wkqYdikdjla lsÍug iQodkï jkafka hhs Tyqg is;=‚'
yduqÿrefjda b;d ikaiqka f,i jpk msg lrkakg mgka .;ay'
“uu wì,ska Wkakefyag l;d lf<a fndfydu jeo.;a ldrKhla .ek lshkak' fï
l;dj uu lsisu odl ldg j;a fkd lshkakhs uq,ska ys;df.k ysáfh' oeka b;ska
fï l;dj wì,ska Wkakefyag ú;rla lshkak ´k lsh, uu l,amkd l<d' ta;a
wì,ska Wkakefya ug m<uqfjka u fmdfrdkaÿ fjkak ´ke fï l;dj lsisu
flfkl=g fkdlsh ryila jYfhka ;shd .kak njg'”
“fyd|uhs" ;uqkakdkafia lshkj kï uu fmdfrdkaÿ fjkakï'”
“uu fï lshk l;dj iuyr úg wì,ska Wkakefya úYajdi lrk tll=;a keye' ta;a
fïl iïmQ¾K we;a;' wì,ska Wkakefya fndfydu w,xldrj yefoõj j;=r u,
lv, oeïfu isßudkak uy;a;hd'”
tljr u ;u <ueo yryd fõ.fhka myrla jeÿKdla fuka wì,ska Wkakefyag
oekq‚' Tyqg Tyqf.a ijka woyd .; fkd yels úh' ;ud fï oj,a ySkhla olskafka
oehs oek .ekSug fia Tyq iqr;ska uqyqK msi oud fyd¢ka jg msg ne¨fõ h' f,dl=
yduqÿrefjda w,amud;% jQ fyda lïmkhlska f;drj b;d ikaiqka f,i l;d lr f.k
h;s'
“uu;a fï ldrKh uf.a u weia foflka oelafl ke;akï ljod j;a úYajdi
lrkafka keye' tod ? uu ksod.k bkak fldg úydfr me;af;ka fudlla foda
hdka;ug ioaohla weys, ug weyereKd' uu wef|a È.d fj,d b|f.k u ta me;a;g
lka ÿkak' wdhs;a ierhla ug fudlla o ;Ügq lrkj jf.a ioaohla weyqKd' uu we|
<Õ ;snqK fgdaÉ tl;a wrf.k fyñka fyñka úydfr me;a;g .sys,a, ioafo weyqK
Èydjg fgdaÉ tl w,a,,d t<sh l<d' fgdaÉ t<sh jegqfKa yßhg u ysáh ;eke;a;
f.a uqyqKg' ne,skakï isßudkak uy;a;h j;=r u, <Õ' thdg tl mdrg u
ÿj.kakg j;a ,enqfKa keye' ug uf.a weia woyd .kak neßj .shd'
isßudkak uy;a;hd iru leyefmdg .kak f.k" hlv W,la w;ska wrf.k yßhg
f.j,a ì¢kak hk fydfrla jf.a' uu lsÜgq lr, weyqj fudlla o isßudkak
uy;a;h fïfl f;areu lsh,' ñksyg jpkhla j;a l;d lr .kak nerej fjjq,kak
mgka .;a;' ux bÈßfh je| jeá, fïl ldgj;a lshkak tmd lsh,d b,a,d ysáhd'
thdf.a úhofuka j;=r u, yok nj;a lsõj' uu lsõj taj miafi lr .kak mq¿jka'
uu fï nj ldgj;a lshkafka keye' uy;a;h oeka f.or hkak lsh,'”

186 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

Tkak Th úÈyghs wì,ska Wkakefya j;=r u,g ydks isoaO jqfKa' wo jk ;=rd uu
fï .ek ldg j;a yqiaula j;a fy¿fj keye' uu isßudkak uy;a;hd u<dg miafia
j;a fï .ek fkdlshkak hs ys;df.k ysáfh' isßudkak uy;a;h u<dg miafia uu
fï ldrKh .ek wì,ska Wkakefyag lshkak ;SrKh lf<a j;=r u, levqj od
b|,d mkai, me;a;g j;a kEú;a lsis u mskla oyula fkd lr bkak yskao hs' oeka
b;ska Th úldr woyia w;yer, mskla oyula lr .kak n,kak' wì,ska Wkakefyag
fï mkai,g u tkak lsh, uu lshkafka keye' fï mkai,g tkak wlue;s kï
fjk mkai,lg yß hkak' fï l;dj isßudkak uy;a;h bkaoeoaÈ lsõj kï
isßudkak uy;a;hhs wì,ska Wkakefyhs mru ffjrlaldrfhd fokafkla fjkak
bv ;snqKd' ta jf.a u isßudkak uy;a;hg fkdfhla kskaod wmydi ú¢kak isoaO
fjkak;a bv ;snqKd' oeka b;ska wì,ska Wkakefya kslug j;a isßudkak uy;a;h
.ek ffjrhla ys;kak tmd' wms ta jf.a whg wkqlïmd lrkak ´ke' Tkak ug
uq,ska fjÉp fmdfrdkaÿj jf.a ldg j;a fï .ek yqiaula j;a fy<kak kï tmd'”
f,dl= yduqÿrejkaf.a jpk wì,ska Wkakefyag weyqfKa isysk f,djl isg tk
y`vla fia h' ta jpk kej; kej;;a Tyqf.a ijka jgd fodaxldr fokakdla fuka
úh' f,dl= yduqÿrejka úiska mjik ,o jpkj,g ijka §f.k isák ld,h ;=<
wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a is; ;=< my< jQ ixlS¾K is;sú,s ud,dj w;r fldamh" fYdalh"
úiauh wdÈ foa o u;= fjù ;snq‚' wka;sug Tyq yduqÿrejka foi n,d fufia weiqfõ
fidanr y`vlsks'
“wehs yduqÿrejfka isßudkak uy;a;h fufyu fohla lf<a@”
“ta fj,dfj isßudkak uy;a;h ysáh ;;a;afj yeáhg ug thdf.ka Tfydu fohla
wykak mq¿jkalula ;snqfKa keye' ldg;a fydrd ug thdf.ka Th .ek wykak
´kElu ;snqK' ta;a Th isoaêfhka miafi isßudkak uy;a;h ug yßhlg uqyqK
§,d l;d lrkak wdfj keye' odhl iNdjg wdj;a O¾u Yd,dfj b|, fydfrka u
jdf.a hkak .shd' fï ryi ldgj;a t<s kQK;a isßudkak uy;a;h Th isoaêh yskao
tod b|, u úYd, ys;a fõokdjla úkao nj kï ug fyd|g u meyeÈ,s hs' isßudkak
uy;a;h n,d bkaoeoaÈ u jf.a jeyefrkak mgka .;a;' wka;sfï § wxYNdf. yeÈ,
ueß, .shd'”
yduqÿrejka úiska mjik jpk wid f.k isák úg miq .sh ld,h ;=< isßudkak
uy;a;hd ;=< olakg ;snQ hï hï fjkialï .ek wì,ska Wkakefyag o isysm;a úh'
miq.sh ld,h ;=< § isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a ;u ksjig meñŒfï mqreoao fndfyda
ÿrg wvq jQ nj;a" Tyq ;ud iu. l;d lrk úg lsishï pls;hlska l;d l<
wdldrh;a wì,ska Wkakefyag u;la jQfha h'
isßudkak uy;a;hd ñh hdug Èk y;rlg muK fmr ojila wì,ska Wkakefya Tyq
ne,Sug .sfha h' wxYNd.h je,£ T;am< jQ od isg u isßudkak uy;a;hg l;d lr
.ekSug fnfyúka wmyiq jQ w;r" fï jk úg Tyqf.a ;;a;ajh fyd|g u ÿ¾j, ù
fldfy;a u l;d lr .; fkd yels ;;a;ajhg m;a ù isáfha h' wì,ska Wkakefya
we| <Õg wd úg isßudkak uy;a;hd l=ula foda mjid .ekSug W;aidy lrñka

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 187

 f;d,a fi,ù h' tfy;a fl¢ß .Eula úkd fjk;a y`vla msg fkd ù h' jeyeÍ .sh
uqyqfKa hgg .s,S .sh fofk;aj,ska fyda .d l÷¿ .,d f.k wdfõ h' ta iu. u
Tyqf.a uq¿ isrer u fjjq,d .sfha h' isßudkak uy;a;hd wka;sfï ñh hdug fmr
;udg lshd .kakg W;aidy .kakg we;af;a fï isoaêh iïnkaOfhka úh hq;= hhs
wì,ska Wkakefyag is;=‚' f,dl= yduqÿrejkaf.a lreKdnr lg y`v h<s ke.S tkakg
úh'
“ug kï ´lg fya;=j ys;d .kak mq¿jka wì,ska Wkakefy' fldÉpr fyd|
;;a;afjlska ysáh;a yeÕSïj,g jy,a jqKdg miafi iuyr ukqiaifhd ;uka fudkj
lrkj o lsh, ta f.d,a, u okafk keye' fndfydu w,xldfrg j;=r u, yeÈ,
yeu fokd u ta .ek l;d lrkak jqKd u" thdg ke;s lS¾;shla wì,ska Wkakefyag
,efnkak hkj lsh, isßudkak uy;a;hf.a ysf;a fudlla foda B¾IHdjla we;s
fjkak we;s' B¾IHdj lsh, lshkafka uy mqÿudldr fohla" wì,ska Wkakefy' wms
fldÉpr is,aj;a;= jf.a iudfcg fmkakqï lrf.k ysáh;a yoj; we;=f< ;sfhk
u,lv f,aisfhka lvkak neye' ìhlre is;=ú,s yoj; we;=f< hlal= jf.a lEykjd'
jvd;a Wodr fjkafk yoj; we;=f< ;sfhk wkak ta u,lv lv, od, wdOHd;añl
.=K j.djla we;s lr .ekSu hs' l;d lr lr ysáh uoE' oeka b;ska wms huq'”
f,dl= yduqÿrefjda jdä ù isá ;ekska ke.S isáhy' f,dl= yduqÿrejkaf.a lreKdfjka
msß uqyqK foi n,d f.k isá wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a is; ;=< Wka jykafia flfrys
we;s jQfha úYd, f.!rjhls' yduqÿrejkag je| wì,ska Wkakefya o ke.S isáfha h'
f,dl= yduqÿrefjda mkai, foig md Tijkakg jQy'
ikaOHd iufha isis,iska uq¿ mkai,a j;a; u ikaiqkaj we;a;d fia h' fndaëka
jykafiaf.a È.= YdLdjla Bg kqÿßka we;s ffp;Hh foig úyso we;' yuk u| mjk
ksid fld<j,ska msß tu fndaê YdLdj fiñka fiñka ief,kafka fk; is;
ikid,ñka iqfoda iqÿ meyefhka nen<s nen<S úrdcudk jk ffp;H rdchdKka
jykafiag mjka i,kakd fia h' ta foi n,ñka .uka l< wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a is;
o fudfyd;lg ikaiqka jQjdla fuka úh'

188 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 wjfndaOh

1' “wms fldÉpr is,aj;a;= jf.a iudfcg fmkakqï lr f.k ysáh;a yoj;
we;=f< ;sfhk u,lv f,aisfhka lvkak neye” fï m%ldYh j;=r u,
flál;dfjka ;yjqre jk wdldrh ksoiqka olajñka ikd: lrkak'
2' h:d¾:h mila jQ úg ñksia isf;ys mj;sk ffjrh" fl%daOh jeks is;=ú,s
l%udkql+,j myj hk wdldrh wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a pß;h weiqßka úuikak'
3' ‘j;=r u,’ flál;dj id¾:l ùu i|yd fhdod .;a ks¾udKd;aul NdId
,laIK ljf¾ oehs ksoiqka olajñka fmkajd fokak'
4' “ñksid ;u yeÕSïj,g jy,a jQ úg ls%hd lrk wdldrh mqÿu iy.; h” j;=r
u, flál;dj weiqßka fï neõ idlÉPd lrkak'
5' “ixlS¾K pß; ksrEmKh ksid j;=r u, flál;dj jvd;a id¾:l;ajhg
m;aj we;'” isßudkak uy;df.a yd f,dl= yduqÿrejkaf.a pß; ksoiqka fldg
.ksñka fï woyi ;yjqre lrkak'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; WoaOD;j, wjia:d iïnkaOh ,shkak'

¸' “fudkj l<;a wmrdfo uqo,a kdia;s lrkak krlhs'”
¸¸' “Tõ" b;ska Th jefâ kï krlhs lshkak neye'”
¸¸¸' “ta fydh, ne,s,af,ka ug we;s jevla keye'”
¸¹' “fyd|uhs" ;uqkakdkafi lshkj kï uu fmdfrdkaÿ fjkakï'”

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' flál;djla ks¾udKh lsÍfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= uQ,sl lreKq ljf¾
oehs fidhd fm< .iajkak'
2' iqÿiq f;audjla f;dard f.k flál;d wx. ,laIK flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
lrñka rij;a flál;djla ks¾udKh lrkak'
3' tfia ks¾udKh l< flál;d tl;= fldg flál;d ix.%yhla ilia lr
mka;sfha ish¨ <uhskag lshùug i,iajkak'
4' ‘j;=r u,’ flál;dfõ we;s flál;d ,laIK ms<sn|j mka;sfha §
.=re;=ud$.=re;=ñh iu. idlÉPd lrkak'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 189

 mqj;am;a jd¾;d" oekaùï
22 iy m%dfhda.sl f,aLk

mqj;am; wmg tÈfkod f;dr;=re oekqu iy

úfkdaodiajdoh imhk ikaksfõok udOHhls'
mdGlhdg f;dr;=re iy oekqu iïmdokh i|yd
mqj;am;aj, m< flfrk jd¾;d" mqj;am;a jd¾;d
f,i ye¢kafjhs' lsishï isoaêhla iïnkaOfhka
ljqo@" l=ula o@" fldfya o@" ljod o@" l=ula ksid o@"
isÿ jQfha flfia o@ wdÈ m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSu
m%jD;a;s jd¾;djl ld¾hh hs'
mqoa.,hd ;=< lsishï fm,Uùula we;s lsÍu oekaùï
u.ska isÿ fõ' ,dN wfmalaIdfjka ks¾udKh flfrk
fj<| oekaùï fuka u fjk;a idudÔh ld¾hhka
Wfoid iïmdokh flfrk oekaùï o fjhs'
by; f,aLk foj¾.h u wmg tÈfkod Ôú;fha
oelsh yels h' tÈfkod lghq;= bgq lr .ekSu i|yd
o wmg úúO f,aLk ilia lsÍug iy iïmQ¾K lsÍug
isÿ fjhs' mqj;am;a jd¾;d" oekaùï iy wdlD;s m;%
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fï mdvfuka ,eìh yels h'

190 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 mqj;am;a jd¾;d

mqj;am;la hkqfjka ye|skafjkafka foaYSh fyda úfoaYSh jYfhka jeo.;a jkakd jQ

ffoksl isÿùï ms<sn|j fuka u fmdÿ wjOdkh fhduq jkakd jQ o iuia; iudchg u
n, mdkakd jQ o isÿùï iïnkaO m%jD;a;s jd¾;d yd m%jD;a;s mokï fldg .;a
jD;a;dka;" úfYaIdx." úia;rd;aul yd úpdrd;aul ,sms wdÈh ix.%y flfrñka
fjf<| oekaùï yd fjk;a ksfõok o we;=<;a fldg Èkm;d fyda i;sm;d fyda
jifhka wLKavj m%ldYhg m;a flfrk uqøs; m%ldYkhls' lvodisfhys uqøKh
flfrk mqj;amf;ys ,laIKh jkafka tys msgq lgq u.ska fyda .ï Ndú;fhka fyda
tlg wuqKd fkd ;sîu hs' j¾;udk mqj;amf;ys wdrïNh isÿ jkafka mif<dia jk
ishjfia § ip, wl=re Ndú;fhka isÿ flfrk hdka;%sl uqøK Ys,amh jHdma; ùfuys
m%;sM,hla jifhks' mqj;am;l uQ,sl wx.h fia ie,flkafka m%jD;a;s h' m%jD;a;shla
hkqfjka woyia flfrkafka w¨;a u isoaêhla ms<sn| f;dr;=rls' “m%jD;a;s” hk
jpkfhys w¾:h ‘mj;akd’ hkq hs' tkï m%jD;a;shla hkq fï wjia:dfjys isÿ jk"
kj" jeo.;a isÿùï h' m%jD;a;s hk w¾:h fok bx.sßis jpkh jk News hkafkys
o w¾:h ‘w¨;a’¦ tkï ‘kj;dfjka hqla;’ hkak hs' th kj hk wre; fok New
hkafkys mer‚ nyq jpk rEmh hs' wfkl=;a hqfrdamSh NdIdj,ska o m%jD;a;s
ye¢kaùug fhfokqfha kj" w¨;a hk wre;a fok jpk nj ie,lsh hq;= h'
wo jk úg mqj;am;g wu;rj iÕrd" f¾äfhdaj" rEmjdysksh hk udOH fuka u
wka;¾cd,fhys cd, wgú yd úúO mqoa.,hka úiska mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk wúêu;a
yd ir, m%jD;a;s msgq ^íf,d.a msgq& o ck;djg m%jD;a;s iïmdokfhys ksr; fjhs' wo
uqøs; mqj;am; fuka u wka;¾cd,h u.ska úirKh flfrk lvodis rys; úµq;a
m%jD;a;s m;% ^e - paper& o m%p,s; ù ;sfí'
m%jD;a;s m;%hl jeo.;a fldgila jkafka m%jD;a;s jd¾;d hs' mqj;am;l m< jk
ld,Sk jeo.;alula iys; úfYaI isÿùula m%jD;a;s jd¾;djla jYfhka ye¢kafjhs'
“m%jD;a;shla hkq iudcfha jeä msßilf.a wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;= jQ o fuf;la
tjeks wjOdkhg fhduq fkd jQ o fohls'” hkq m%jD;a;s jd¾;djla iïnkaOfhka
m%p,s; iïuq;shls' fuhska jeo.;a lreKla fmkajd fohs' tkï fï jk úg iudch
okakd fohla kï tys kj;djla ke;a kï th m%jD;a;shla fia ie,lsh fkd yels h'
mqj;am;a l,dfõÈhd m%jD;a;s iïmdokfha § kj;dj ms<sn|j fuka u mdGlhdf.a
reÑh ms<sn|j o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' m%dfoaYsl m%jD;a;s m;%hlg jeo.;a jk
m%jD;a;sh cd;sl mqj;am;lg fkd jeo.;a úh yels h¦ úl,am mqj;am;l mdGlhkaf.a
Wkkaÿj" wjOdkh ta folska u fjkia fjhs' ta wkqj wod< mqj;am;a j¾.hg wkql+,j
m%jD;a;sh f;dard .ekSu mqj;a m;a l,dfõÈhdf.a olaI;dj fjhs'
m%jD;a;s jd¾;dlrKfha uQ,sldx. f,i ie,flk lreKq ;=kla flfrys ie,ls,su;a
ùu wfmalaId flf¾' m<uqjekak ksrjoHNdjh hs¦ fojekak ixlaIsma;Ndjh hs¦

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 191

 f;jekak f,i ie,flkafka m%ldYkfha meyeÈ,s nj hs' tfuka u ;¾ldkaú;Ndjh"
m%jD;a;sfha úfYaI jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lsÍu" úIh.; fyj;a jdia;úl wdldrfhka
m%ldYkh yd bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk lreKqj, iqix.uh o wjYH fõ'
ksrjoHNdjh( m%jD;a;shg we;=<;a úh hq;af;a wod< isÿùï ms<sn| i;H f;dr;=re
mu‚' m%jD;a;shla ks¾udKd;aulj yd Ñ;a;dl¾IŒh wdldrfhka bÈßm;a l< yels
h' tfy;a tys wka;¾.;h uq¿ukska u ksjerÈ ùu w;HjYH h' jerÈ f;dr;=re
we;=<;a m%jD;a;shl jákdlula ke;' jákdlñka f;dr ùug o jvd nrm;< jkafka
th b;d krl ;;a;ajhla ùu hs' tn÷ m%jD;a;shla fya;=fjka mqj;amf;ys meje;aug
fya;= jk mdGlhdf.a úYajdih o ì£ hd yels h' jerÈ m%jD;a;shla m< lsÍfuka
kS;suh w¾nqoj,g uqyqK mEug o isÿ úh yels h' fï ;;a;ajh iudcfha hy
meje;au ì| jeàug o fya;= úh yels nj fmkajd fokq ,efí' ixLHd f,aLk yd
mqoa., kdu" jd¾;d flfrk isÿùï yd m%ldYj,g iïnkaO mqoa.,hkaf.a kï"
;k;=re yd jhi wdÈ f;dr;=re ksjerÈj oelaùu wksjd¾h wjYH;djls' udOHfha
j.lSu m%jD;a;sh m<uqj bÈßm;a lsÍu fkd j ksrjoH;djg m%uqL;dj ,nd §u hs'
tfuka u NdId Ndú;fhys § o ksrjoH yd iïu; jHjydrh - wlaIr úkHdih yd
fiiq jHdlrK iïu; wkq.ukh" fhda.H jpk Ndú;h yd úêu;a úrdu ,laIK
Ndú;h w;HjYH fjhs'
ixlaIsma;;dj fyj;a flá nj( mqj;am;a jd¾;djla iïmQ¾K úh hq;= fuka u
ixlaIsma; o úh hq;= h' ixlaIsma; úh hq;= kuqÿ uQ,sl isÿùï úia;r lsÍu i|yd
wjYH Wmßu jpk tys ,d Ndú; l< yels h' fuys ,d wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;af;a
wkjYH je,a jgdrï bj;a fldg m%jD;a;sfhys uQ,sl yrh f.k yer mEu flfrys
h' flá jd¾;djla yeu úg u mdfya È. úia;rhlg jvd m%n, úh yels nj wjfndaO
lr .; hq;= h' mqj;am;a l,dfõ§ka w;r ixlaIsma;Ndjh iïnkaOfhka we;s m%p,s;
kso¾Ykh ckdêm;s taíryï ,skalkaf.a f.áian¾.a foiqu hs' th iodkqiaurŒh
jkqfha tys we;s ixlaIsma;Ndjh fya;=fjks'
iqmeyeÈ,s nj( wm lshjkafka wmg jgyd .; fkd yels ;rï wmeyeÈ,s fohla kï
th lshùu Tng tmd jkq ksiel h' meyeÈ,sj jgyd .; fkd yels f,aLkhla
lshùu wm fkd okakd nilska ,shd we;s fohla lshjkq jeks h' Tfí f,aLkh
wmeyeÈ,s kï mdGlhd Tn jrojd jgyd .kq we;' tfia fyhska mqj;am;a jd¾;djla
jyd jegfykiq¨ nia jyrlska ,sùu ks¾foaY flf¾'
óg wu;rj my; oelafjk ,laIK flfrys o ie,ls,su;a ùu wfmalaId flf¾'
;¾ldkaú;Ndjh( hï f,aLkhla wmeyeÈ,s iy.; yd jHdl=, kï" bÈßm;a lrk
lreKq ud;Dldjg wod< fkd jk w;d¾lsl f;dr;=re kï th w¾: úrys; f,aLkhls'
mqj;am;a jd¾;djl § o ;¾ldkaú;Ndjh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu w;HjYH h'
wjOdrKh( Tfí rpkh Tng mejiSug wjYH uQ,sl fyj;a m%Odk lreK wjOdrKh
lrñka ,súh hq;= h'

192 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

jdia;úl;ajh( jdia;úl;ajh ksjerÈ m%jD;a;s jd¾;dlrKh i|yd w;HjYH
.=Kdx.hls' m%jD;a;shla ksjerÈj jd¾;d l< hq;af;a jd¾;dlrejd isoaêh yd Rcqj
iïnkaO fkd fjñks' fï .=Kdx.h wiïnkaO$ffjIhsl fyj;a úIh.; hkqfjka
úia;r flfrhs' jd¾;djla bÈßm;a l< hq;af;a jd¾;dlrejdf.a yeÕSï" wNs,dI
wdÈfhka f;drj yd wmlaImd;j h'
iqix.;Ndjh( mqj;am;a jd¾;djl tys ud;Dldfjka neyer lreKq we;=<;a fkd úh
hq;= h' jd¾;djlg mokï jkafka hï uQ,sl isoaêhla kï jd¾;dfjys tu isoaêfhka
mßndysr oE we;=<;a l< hq;= fkd fõ' ksoiqkla jifhka jd¾;djlg uq,a jQ isoaêhlg
iïnkaO mqoa.,hkaf.a pß; l;d fl;rï rij;a jqj o tajd jd¾;djg we;=<;a l<
fyd;a jd¾;dfõ iqix.;Ndjh ì£ hkq we;'
by; olajk ,oafoa m%jD;a;s m;% jd¾;d ,sùfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= hehs
iïu; lreKq lsysmhls'

j,a,dmÜgd
hÜgmd; ;skshdj, le,E cdjdrïlrejkaf.a
.%yKhg
^hÜgmd; - ,ika;&
isxyrdc jkdka;rhg kElï lshk hÜgmd; fjk;a jákd .iaje,a o há jk ia;rh o
yd ;skshdj, m%foaY wdYs%; jkdka;r j,a,dmÜgd úkdY ù ;sfí' fjk;a .ia fld<ka u; /÷Kq
cjdrïlrejkaf.a .%yKhg yiqùfuka úkdY wjia:dfõ tu .ia ksrmrdfoa ìug fmr<d oud
fjñka mj;S' we;s wdldrh oelsh yels h' fï m%foaYhkays
úYd, m%udKfha j,a,dmÜgd .ia fmr<d l=Üá fndfyda fofkl=f.a mdkSh c, wjYH;dj
lr m<d ;ek ;ek oud f.dia we;s wdldrh;a" imqrd ,k l=vd Èh myrj,a WmÈkafka
.ia fkd fmr<ñka l| ;ekska ;ek lmd jkdka;r ;=<sks' cdjdrïlrejkaf.a wlghq;=
w;yer oud we;s wdldrh;a" jkdka;r ;=< § ls%hd fya;=fjka fï msßisÿ Èh myrj,a wmú;%
oel .; yels h' jk neúka bÈßfha § îug o isÿ jkafka wmsßisÿ
.a?ï .Kkg ,laI .Kkska ,xiq ;shd l¿" c,h nj m%foaYjdiSyq mji;s'
ÿUqre" len,s fidhñka j,a,dmÜgd .ia lmd" ;jÿrg;a fï cdjdrïlrejkag jákd jkh
jk úkdYh isÿ lr ;sfí' úkdY lrkakg bv fkd§ /l .ekSu i|yd
ys;la mmqjla fkdue;s cdjdrïlrejka wod< n,OdÍka b;d blaukska ls%hd;aul úh
j,a,dmÜgd .ia fmr<Su ksid tajdg hg jk hq;= hhs m%foaYjdiSyq mji;s'

by; bÈßm;a lr we;af;a mßir úIhhg wod< jQ m%jD;a;s jd¾;djls' fï m%jD;a;sh

uq,a lr .ksñka mqj;am;a jd¾;djla ks¾udKh lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= m%Odk
lreKq ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lruq'

m%jD;a;s ks¾udKh lr .ekSu i|yd ck udOH fõ§ka w;r mj;akd iïu; w;r
zví,shq my" tÉ tlZ ckms%h l%ufõohls' fuhska m%ldY jkafka ví,shq wl=ßka
wdrïN jk m%Yak mylg yd tÉ wl=ßka wdrïN jk m%Yakhlg jd¾;dlrejd ms<s;=re
iemhsh hq;= nj h' ta fufia h'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 193
 1' isÿ ù we;af;a l=ula o@ WHAT
2' ta i|yd uq,a ù we;af;a ljqre o@ WHO
3' th isÿ jQfha ljr od o@ WHEN
4' th isÿ jQfha fldfya § o@ WHERE
5' th isÿ jQfha wehs@ WHY
6' th isÿ jQfha flfia o@ HOW

m%jD;a;s jd¾;djl § idudkHfhka ms<s;=re iemfhkafka fuys uq,a m%Yak i;rg

mu‚' m%jD;a;shlg wod< isÿùula mokï lr .ksñka ,shfjk ,smshl § WHY yd
HOW hk m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemfhhs'
by; bÈßm;a l< m%jD;a;s jd¾;dj f.dv kexùu i|yd fï l%ufõoh fldf;la
ÿrg wkq.ukh lr we;af;a oehs úuid n,uq'

1' isÿ ù we;af;a l=ula o@ j,a,dmÜgd .ia wkjirfhka lmñka jkh úkdY
lsÍu
2' ta i|yd uq,a ù we;af;a ljqre o@ cdjdrïlrefjda
3' isÿ jQfha ljr od o@
4' th isÿ jQfha fldfya § o@ - hÜgmd; yd ;skshdj, m%foaY wdYs%; jkdka;rj, §
5' th isÿ jQfha wehs@ j,a,dmÜgd Ydl fldgia ,laI .Kklg wf,ú l< yels ksid
6' th isÿ jQfha flfia o@ fydr ryfia j,a,dmÜgd .ia lemSfuks'

by; jd¾;dfõ th isÿ jQ Èkh i|yka fkd fõ' tfia jqj o wod< isÿùu mdGlhdg
uekúka wjfndaO jk f,i m%jD;a;sh idrdxY lr .ksñka fuys bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'
mqj;am;a jd¾;d ms<sfh, lsÍfï § my; i|yka lreKq flfrys o Tfí wjOdkh
fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
1' jd¾;d lrk isoaêhg wod< ia:dkh yd Èkh i|yka lsÍu
2' wi;H fyda wkqudk fyda mlaI.%dyS ks.uk fyda bÈßm;a fkd lsÍu
3' mdGlhdg m%fhdackj;a jk yd l=;+y,h okjk jeo.;a f;dr;=re f;dard .ekSu
4' bÈßm;a lrk lreKq ksrjq,aj" meyeÈ,sj" ksjerÈj bÈßm;a lsÍu
5' mqoa.,fhl=g" wdh;khlg" cd;shlg" wd.ulg wmydi jk wkaofï lreKq
jd¾;d fkd lsÍu
6' wmrdO ms<sn| jd¾;d wêlrK lghq;=j,g ndOdjla fkd jk fia bÈßm;a lsÍu

194 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 oekaùï

lsishï ldrKhla oekqï §u i|yd iïmdÈ; m‚jqvh" oekaùula f,i ye¢kaúh

yels h' j¾;udkh jk úg ikaksfõok udOHj, j¾Okhla iu. ta tla tla
udOHhg wkkH ,laIK iys; oekaùï oelsh yels h' tys § jpk" jdlH" rEm wdÈh
muKla fkd j úäfhda o¾Yk" ix.S;h wdÈh Ndú; flf¾' fuu mdvfï § wmf.a
wjOdkh fhduq jkafka uqøs; udOH oekaùï ms<sn|j h'
j¾;udkfha oekaùï hk jpkh wm is;g kxjkafka jd‚c wruqKq mokï lr .;a
oekaùïlrKh hs' tfy;a j¾;udkfha § o iudchg lsishï ld,Sk f;dr;=rla oekqï
§u wruqKq lr .;a oekaùï fjhs'
oekaùïlrKfha § NdId Ndú;h w;sYh jeo.;a idOlhls' u;lfha /f|k blaukska
w¾: .%yKh l< yels mo fhdackh id¾:l oekaùul w;HjYH wx.hls' oekaùug
wjYH ldrKh ´kE u ;rd;srul whl=g myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .; yels jk
f,i yd fm,öula we;s jk wdldrhg oekaùï ks¾udK l< hq;= h'

15' r' uq' kS' i' 180543 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 195
 iudcfha nyq, jYfhka Ndú; flfrk oekaùï m;s%ld ish,a,g u fmdÿ
wdlD;shla ;sfí'
1' ljr oekaùï m;s%ldjl jqj o is;a .kakdiq¨ ud;Dldjla fh§u'
oekaùu ms<sn|j ukd fm,Uùula we;slr ùug tys ud;Dld mdGh iu;a úh hq;= h'
rij;a flá ud;Dld fuka u l=;+y,h okjk ud;Dld o oekaùï m;s%ld irihs'
2' oekqï Èh hq;= w;HjYH lreKq mdGlhdg wjOdrKh jk f,i oekaùï
m;s%ldfõ fh§u'
tlS ksYaÑ; lreKq l=vd fþo jYfhka fyda wxl jYfhka fyda bÈßm;a l< yels h'
fï i|yd WodyrKhla .; fyd;a oekaùu .dhk ;r.hla ms<sn|j kï"
¸' ;r. fldkafoais
¸¸' ;r. úksYaph
¸¸¸' meje;afjk Èkh" ia:dkh" fõ,dj
¸¹' ;Hd. jeks YS¾I hgf;a lreKq oelaúh yels h'
3' oekaùu isÿ lrkafka ljqreka oehs oekaùï m;s%ldj wjidkfha i|yka lsÍu
4' oekaùu i|yd is;a .kakdiq¨ wdlD;shla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu
5' oekaùï isria;,h" Èk" ia:dk wdÈh" ,sms fhduqjla ;sfí kï th jeks wjYH
YS¾I oekaùfï lemS fmfkk f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu
6' oekaùu i|yd uq,a jk jeo.;a lreKq ish,a,la u idrdxY lr mdGlhdg
blaukska lshjd .; yels f,i bÈßm;a lsßu
oekaùï m;s%ldjla we.hsu i|yd oekaùï l,dfõ wkq.ukh flfrk whsvd wdlD;sh
^AIDA MODEL& my; oelafõ'
A- ATTENTION - wjOdkh$wdl¾IKh
I- INTEREST - m%fhdackh$,dNh
D - DESIRE - fhda.H nj$leue;a;
A - ACTION - ls%hd lsÍu
oekaùula fk;= .egqKq ú.i th kej;;a ne,Su i|yd wdl¾IKhla ;sfí kï th
id¾:l oekaùuls' tfia u ta oekaùfuka mdGlhdg$Y%djlhdg$krUkakdg lsishï
m%fhdackhla ;sìh hq;= fõ' oekaùu lshjk mqoa.,hdg ta i|yd leue;a;la ;sîu o
jeo.;a h' wjidkfha oekaùfuka ikaksfõokh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ fiajdj
i|yd mqoa.,hd ls%hd;aul úh hq;= fõ' fï kHdh fjf<| oekaùï iïnkaOfhka
fndfyda ÿrg jeo.;a jk w;r wfkl=;a oekaùï i|yd o th wdl¾IŒh whqßka
Ndú; l< yels h' lreKq rdYshla .%dylhdg b;d rij;aj b;d yrj;aj b;d ¨yq`vq
f,i ikaksfõokh l< yels ùu oekaùul id¾:l;ajhg fya;= fõ'

196 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fuh YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ wkque;sh we;sj m%;sksIamdokh lrk ,È'

197
 fj<| oekaùï
,dN mrud¾:h uq,a lr .;a" NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lsÍfï ld¾hhka i|yd fhdod
.kakd oekaùï fj<| oekaùï f,i ye¢kafõ' j¾;udkfha oekaùïlrKh yd
m%pdrKh hkqfjka úIh lafIa;%hla f,i o fuh j¾Okh ù we;' f,dj mqrd uyd
mßudKfha wdh;k jYfhka o jHdma; ù we;s oekaùïlrKh" ks¾udKd;aul l,djla
f,i o ie,fla'
mdßfNda.slhdg NdKav yd fiajdj, iajNdjh" thska ,eìh yels m%fhdack" tajd
Ndú; lrk wdldrh" ñ, .Kka yd ñ, § .; yels ia:dk wdÈh ms<sn| oekqï §u
fj<| oekaùul uQ,sl ld¾hh hs' id¾:l oekaùïlrejl= whsia,ka;hg YS;lrKhla
úlsŒug iu;a úh hq;= hehs kQ;k jHjydrfha úfkdaod;aulj mejfikafka
mdßfNda.sl wjYH;dj blaujd hk mßfNdackhlg Tyq fm,Uùug oekaùïlrejd
iu;a úh hq;= nj hs' tfy;a oekaùïlrKfha § iïu; wdpdrO¾u moaO;shlg wkqj
lghq;= l< hq;= h' fm,Uùula we;s lsÍu i|yd jHdc lreKq oelaùu WÑ; fkd fõ'

Ôú;hg mß.Klh
idudkH Ôú;fha § ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr f.k jvd fõ.j;aj myiqjg iy ksjerÈ
f,i ;ukaf.a tÈfkod jev i|yd mß.Kl ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍug ish¨ u lafIa;%hka
i|yd .e<fmk mß.Kl mdGud,d
mdGud,dj ld,h .dia;=j
mß.Kl wOHhkh ms<sn| iy;sl m;% mdGud,dj udi 3 re' 10"000
uq, isg u mß.Kl ;dlaIKh bf.kSug wjYH whg
.e<fma'
mß.Kl wdYs%; ks¾udKlrKh udi 5 re' 12"000

mß.Kl w¨;ajeähdj iy kv;a;=j udi 6 re' 15"000

mß.Kl wdYs%; .sKqïlrKh udi 12 re'20"000
úuiSï( Èkdrd wOHdmk wdh;kh
15" kejqï udj;" fld<U 5' mdGud
,d
2324253" 2356492 wdrïN
h
cqks 05

198 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 wdlD;s m;% ilia lsÍu yd iïmQ¾K lsÍu
f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd yd f;dr;=re ,nd fok ,sÅ; l%ufõohla f,i wdlD;s m;%h
ye¢k .; yels h' wdlD;shla hkq ks¾udKh" yevh" ie,eiau hk f;areï we;s
jokls' wdo¾Yhla jYfhka .; hq;= lreKq tys we;=<;a flf¾'
wdlD;s m;%hla Wmfhda.S lr f.k wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd fokafka o ,nd .kafka o
lsishï ie,iqulg wkqj h' wenE¾;= fkd l< /lshdjla b,a,d isàu" mqyqKq
mdGud,djlg we;=<;a ùu" lsishï ;r.hlg bÈßm;a ùu jeks wjia:dj, § wmg
wdlD;s m;%hla ks¾udKYS,S whqßka ilia lr .ekSug isÿ fjhs' tu wdlD;s m;%h Ôj
o;a; m;s%ldj f,i o jHjydr flf¾' mß.Klh Ndú;fhka wmg fun÷ Ôj o;a;
m;s%ldjla ks¾udKh lr .ekSug isÿ fõ' ta ta /lshdfõ yd mqyqKqfõ iajrEmh wkqj
Ôj o;a; f;dr;=re b,a,d isàu yd ,nd §u fjkia úh yels h' tfia jqj o wdlD;s
m;%hl wksjd¾fhka u we;=<;a úh hq;= wx. lsysmhla u fjhs' tajd fufia h'
1' w' iïmQ¾K ku( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
wd' uq,l=re iu. ku( '''''''''''''''''''''''''
2' w' ;eme,a ,smskh( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
wd' Èia;s%lalh( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
we' m<d;( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3' w' WmkaÈkh( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
wd' Èia;s%lalh( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''
we' m<d;(''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4' ia;S%$mqreI Ndjh('''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
5' újdyl$wújdyl nj'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
6' cd;sl ye÷kqïm;a wxlh(''''''''''''''''''''''''''
7' wOHdmk iqÿiqlï( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
8' wu;r iqÿiqlï(''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' wdÈ jYfhks'

fï whqßka ;ud whÿï lrk lreKg wod< f;dr;=re ,nd §ug yels jk f,i
wdlD;s m;%fha wx. we;=<;a lr .; hq;= fõ'
tÈfkod Ôú;fha úúO lghq;= i|yd wmg wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍug isÿ fjhs'
nexl=" m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd," ;eme,a ld¾hd, wdÈ wdh;kj, § wmg úúO
rdcldß lghq;= i|yd úúOdldrfha wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍug isÿ fjhs'
wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § th ksjerÈ whqßka isÿ lr .ekSug kï"
² wdlD;s m;%fha i|yka lreKq fyd¢ka lshjd wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h'
² wdlD;s m;%fha úuid we;s iEu lreKlg u ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= h'
² ;ud iïmQ¾K fkd l< hq;= fldgia fõ kï tajd ysiaj ;eìh hq;= h'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 199

 úfYaI ldrKhla i|yd ilia flreKq wdlD;s m;%hla my; oelafõ' wdlD;s m;%hl
iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd th úuid n,kak'

200 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 ,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ùr Wodr.u Èf,k ;re fhdjqka iudch isxy, yd yskaÿ wjqreoao fjkqfjka
isß;a mßÈ fujr;a nlauy wjqreÿ W;aijhla wfma%,a ui 10 Èk ùr Wodr.u
iq.,d foaú jeõ msáfha oji mqrd meje;aùug ;SrKh lr ;sfí' tys § fm' j'
8'00 isg isxy, ck lS%vd ;r." ;sßlal, f¾ia ;r." w,s Odjk ;r." Tre
me§fï ;r." wjqreÿ l=ußh f;aÍfï ;r." ck.dhk ;r. ls%hd;aul fõ'
;r.jdr w;r;=r .ug wjqreÿ tau" ixo¾Ykd;aulj bÈßm;a flf¾'
Èf,k ;re fhdjqka iudcfha f,alï Wmq,a Èidkdhl Tn hhs is;d .fï
m%o¾Ykhg iqÿiq oekaùula ks¾udKh lrkak'
2' “fjo.u mq,;sis fjo ksjiska jákd Ydlidr uqiq lr iu meyem;a lrjk" iqj|
uqiq uDÿ wdf,amhla ksIamdokh lr ;sfí' y÷kajd §ula jYfhka th wfma%,a
udih ;=< 50] l iykodhs ñ,lg wf,ú flf¾' fï ksIamdokh fnod yeÍu
i|yd wf,ú ksfhdað;jreka o n|jd .efka'”
by; úia;rhg .e<fmk wdl¾IŒh fjf<| oekaùula ks¾udKh lrkak'
3' idys;H i;sh fjkqfjka Tfí úÿyf,a meje;ajqKq ‘ks¾udKlrKh riúkaokh
iy ckudOH iïuka;%Kh’ ms<sn|j mqj;am;a jd¾;djla ,shkak'
4' my; bÈßm;a flfrk úia;rhg fhda.H wdlD;s m;%hla ilia lrkak'
“m%dfoaYsl iq¿ jHdmdr ixj¾Okh i|yd l¾udka; ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh
m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdi uÜgñka l=vd jHdmdr yd l¾udka;j, kshe,S
isákakkaf.ka f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu wdrïN lr ;sfí' Tn o l=vd
jHdmdrhla$l¾udka;hla mj;ajd f.k hk flfklehs is;d ta ms<sn| f;dr;=re
we;=<;a lr heùug iqÿiq wdlD;s m;%hla ks¾udKh lrkak'”

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' f;aud lsysmhla f;dard f.k" mqj;am;a jd¾;d /ia lr" tajd f.dkq jYfhka
ilia lr mka;s mqia;ld,fha ;nd mßYS,kh lrkak'
2' mqj;am;aj, m< jQ fj<| oekaùï lsysmhla f.k tajdfha f;aud mdG /ia
lrkak'
3' úúO wdlD;s m;% myla /f.k tajd ish,af,a u we;=<;a jk YS¾I fudkjd oehs
úuid n,kak' tu wlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lrkak'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 201

 2323 iqNdIs;h

mqoa.,hd ;=< iqok .=K j¾Okh lsÍu ms‚i mer‚"

idys;Hlrejka úYd, fufyhla l< nj wfma we;eï
mer‚ mµ lD;sj,ska ikd: fõ' ùod.u ffuf;%ah
ysñhkaf.a f,dajev iÕrdj" rKia.,a, ysñhkaf.a
f,dafldamldrh" is,ajd .=re uqykaÈrï;=udf.a isß;a u,aou
fun÷ mµ ks¾udK lD;s lSmhls' fïjd WmfoaY ldjH
.Kfhys o ie,fla'
WmfoaY ldjH w;r iqNdIs;hg ysñ jkafka úfYaI
ia:dkhls' f,dajev iÕrdj" f,dafldamldrh jeks lD;s
nqÿoyu mokï lr f.k ,shejqK o iqNdIs;h tfia fkd
ùu úfYaI;ajhls' ‘iqNdIs;h’ hkq ukd jQ lshqï hkak h'
iS;djl hq.fha § w,.shjkak uqlfjá;=ud úiska fï
lD;sh rpkd lr we;' Tyq ysiaie,af,a O¾uèjc m`ä;=udf.a
mq;%hd h' iejq,a ikafoaYh" l=i cd;l ldjHh yd oyï
fid~ od lj w,.shjkak lúhdf.a fiiq lD;s fjhs'
l=kaia;ka;Skq ygk yd mrx.s ygk hk lD;s o Tyqf.a
njg u;hla mj;S'
iS;djl hq.h foaYmd,k fuka u iudcd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl
mßyd‚ ld,hla fia ms<s.efka' tjka wjêhl iudch ;=<
idrO¾u msßyS hdu ks;e;ska u isÿ fõ' tod iudcfha ;snQ
ÿ¾j,;d y÷kd f.k hï m%udKhlg fyda hy.=K j¾Okh
lsÍu ms‚i Wmfoia §u wruqKq lr f.k fuh ,shejqKq
nj fmfka' bÈßm;a lrk Ôjk o¾Ykh oDIagdkaa; ^Wmud
wdÈh& u.ska ikd: lr oelaùu o fuys ,laIKhls' fndfyda
mµj, m<uq fomofhka mejfik ldrKh B<Õ mdo
fofla oelafjk Wmudfjka úia;r lr we;'
md,s Oïu moh" fou< WmfoaY .%ka: jk ;srelal=r<a"
kd,ähd¾ jeks .%ka: o ixialD; WmfoaY .%ka: jk mxp
;ka;%h" ysf;damfoaYh wdÈh o w,.shjkak iqNdIs;h
rpkfha § uQ,dY%h lr .;a nj oel .; yels h'
tfuka u rislhdg fnfyúka ióm úß;la jQ iuqøf>daI
úß; fhdod f.k we;s iqNdIs;fhys wkqm%dih" t<siuh
jeks ldjH Wml%u id¾:lj
Ndú; lr we;' fï mdvug
we;=<;a jkafka iqNdIs ;fhka Wmqgd .;a lú lsysmhls'

202 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 fkd ú ; r f;o n,e;s uy;=ka yg mjr
je r ie r fkd jk kqkqjK ok n¢kq fjr
;= Õ= ; r .sß m<k o< o<.ska meyer
u ; j r ‚÷g fmfokek fjfyfik whqr

woyi (
wm%udK f;acia o n,h o we;a;d jQ W;=ï uyd;auhka yg ùridr .;sfhka yd
kqj‚ka wvq ñksiqka ffjr ne£u úYd, m¾j; oeä o< w.ska myr § m<d ouk u;a
we;a rcl=g mhska wek fjfyi .kakdla jekak'

w u r i jka wU ri nqÈñka isks÷

ks;s f. Whka fmfofiys irñka mis÷
tl meyefhka b¢;;a fldjq,kg n÷
ko mu‚ka oek .; yels ßgqka b÷

woyi (
wud rih n÷ ñysß wU rih wkqNj lrñka" m%isoaO f.j;= m%foaYhkays ks;r ieß
irñka fldals,hka yg meyefhka iudkj isáh;a" kdoh muKlska lmqgka
taldka;fhka oek .; yels h'

i fm la tll= lej kisfka Tyq u jo

w fk la f,dúka fkd kefihs if;l=;a tl o
m i la ÿok mnq lk uqj <x l< o
j . la kefihs jekfihs tu;= o Tyq o

woyi (
i¾mfhla tla ;eke;a;l= oIag flf<a kï thska ñh hkafka ta ;eke;a;d u fkd
fõ o@ f,dalfha wfkla lsis if;la ^ta ksid& fkd uefrhs' ÿokl= ^fla,dï lSu
ms‚i& wêm;shdf.a lkg uqj <x lf<d;a ta ksid uq¿ cd;shla u kiS' tmuKla fkd
fjhs' ta wi;amqreIhd o thska úkdYhg m;a fjhs'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 203



jk;a fkdfhla .x fyda we< l÷re mek

uy;a .eUqre is÷ fkd hfkZõ fjr< mek
,o;a fuuq¿ oUÈj rc isß iqok
isß;a f,ig mj;S WvÕ= fkdjñk

woyi (
fkdfhl=;a .x" Th" we<" fod<j, c,h .,d wdj;a uy;a .eUqre ihqr fjr< blaujd
fkd hkakdla fuka" i;amqreIhd fï uq¿ cïnqoaùmfhys rdcH YS%h ,enqK;a wyxldr
fkd ù isß;a mßÈ Ôj;a fjhs'

;srir .=Ke;s iqofkda mr jev ke;s o

jr iqr mqfrys j;a fkd ji;s ksrh f,o
f.dr ;r ksfrys j;a mrkg jev we;s o
iqr mqr f,ig i,ld yeisfr;a ksn|

woyi (
fnfyúka ;yjqre .=K we;s i;a mqreIfhda wkqka yg hym;la fkd fõ kï W;=ï
foõ f,dj jqj;a ksrh fuka i,ld tys jdih fkd lr;s' wkqka yg jevla ie,efia
kï w;sYh f>dar jQ krldÈfhys jqj;a foõ f,dj fia ks;r l,a f.j;s'

n , hq ;a ;=uq, u; jr‚÷ fufokeZúi
È fj ; ;a fio ;uka fid~ fkd u`äk ú,i
, ÿ j ;a keKe;s ok uq¿ f,dj biqre /i
fkd mk;a fohla fkd flfr;s ksis foa u ñi

woyi (
uy;a n,j;a u;a yia;s rdchd uofhka l,n,hg m;aj blauka fldg Èjqj o ;u
fyd`vje, fkd md.kakdla fuka kqjKe;af;da uq¿ f,dalfhys iïm;a ish,a,
,enqK;a ;uka yg ;rï jk foa ñi fkd .e<fmk fohla fkd lr;s'

204 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 wjfndaOh

1' wid we;s m%Yakj,g jvd;a ksjerÈ ms<s;=r" § we;s jrK w;=ßka f;dard ,shkak'
¸' iqNdIs;h wh;a jkafka l=uk ldjH .Khg o@
^w& LKav ldjH ^we& ck ldjH
^wd& WmfoaY ldjH ^b& m%Yia;s ldjH
¸¸' WmfoaY ldjH .Khg wh;a fkd jk lD;sh jkafka
^w& isß;a u,aou ^we& .=;a;s, ldjHh
^wd& f,dajev iÕrdj ^b& f,dafldamldrh
¸¸¸' fkd .e<fmk lshuk f;darkak'
^w& iqNdIs;h lshùfuka Ôjk w;aoelSï ,nd .; yels h'
^wd& mjik lreK oDIagdka;hlska ;yjqre lsÍug iqNdIs; l;=jrhd
ue<slula olajd we;'
^we& WmfoaY lD;s fkdue;s hq.j, idrO¾u msßyS we;'
^b& iqNdIs;h rpkfha § md,s" ixialD;" øúv lD;sj, wdNdih ,nd
f.k we;'
¸¹' f;acia iys; W;a;uhdg ffjr lsÍu lúhd olajkafka
^w& m¾j;hlg o<ska myr §ula
^wd& m¾j;hla m<d oeóula
^we& u;a jQ we;a rfcl=g mhska myr§ula
^b& ù¾hh yd kqjK wvq ùula" f,i h
¹' yhjk lúfhka l;=jrhd biau;= lrk woyi jkafka
^w& u;a jQ yia;s rdchd ;u fyd`vh fkd md.hs"
^wd& uofhka u;a jQ úg we;dg uy;a n,hla ,efí"
^we& fldf;la biqre ,enqK;a keKj;d wfhda.H foa fkd lrhs"
^b& fldam jQ úg yia;s rdchd jyd ÿjkakg .kS hkak hs'
2' my; wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
¸' fï mµ mka;sfha tla tla mµfhka biau;= flfrk iqok .=K ,shd olajkak'
¸¸' iqNdIs;h yd f,dajev iÕrdj w;r úfYaI fjkialu l=ula o@
¸¸¸' ziuqøh fjr< blaujd fkd hkakdla fukaZ hkafkka ;yjqre lrkafka
l=ula o@
¸¹' lúhd fhdod f.k we;s Wmud ;=kla ir, niska ,shkak'
¹' iqNdIs; l;=jrhd fhdod .;a NdId ,laIK ;=kla ,shkak'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 205

 ,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; i|yka fhÿïj, w¾: meyeÈ,s lrkak'
¸' jerier fkd jk kqkqjK ok n¢kq fjr
¸¸' ko mu‚ka oek .; yels ßgqka b÷
¸¸¸' ifmla tll= lej kisfka Tyq u jo@
¸¹' isß;a f,ig mj;S WvÕ= fkd jñk
¹' iqr mqr f,ig i,ld yeisfr;a ksn|
2' my; fhÿïj, wre;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'
¸' u; jr‚÷ - ¸¸' ßgqka -
¸¸¸' mnq lk - ¸¹' f.dr;r ksfrys -
¹' fufokeúi -
3' my; § we;s moj, w¾: meyeÈ,s jk f,i jdlH ;kkak'
¸' mjr - ¸¸' ÿok -
¸¸¸' is÷ - ¸¹' ;srir -
¹' keKe;s -
4' my; § we;s mo l=uk úhrK .Khg wh;a oehs olajkak'
¸' n,e;s - ¸¸' mjr - ¸¸¸' o<.ska -
¸¹' nqÈñka - ¹' ÿok - ¹¸' .=Ke;s -
¹¸¸' iqrmqfrys - ¹¸¸¸' jr‚÷ - ¸º' fkd flfr;s -
º' ñi -
5' mdvfï we;=<;aa mµ weiqfrka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
mµh WmfoaYh oDIagdka;h$Wmudj
1
2
3
4
5
6

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' fjk;a WmfoaY .%ka: ;=klska moH my ne.ska ,shkak'

2' ‘;srir .=Ke;s W;=fuda mr jefvys u fhfo;s’ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a jdlH
rpkhla ,shkak'
3' WmfoaYd;aul w.hlska hq;a mµ mka;shla ks¾udKh lrkak'
206 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
 w;a±lSï m%;sks¾udKh 24

idys;H l,d ks¾udKhlska isÿ flfrkafka

ks¾udKlrejd úiska w;aú¢k ,o yeÕSï yd iudk
udkisl ;;a;ajhla ta ks¾udKh wdiajdokh
lrkakdf.a ukfiys o cks; lsÍfï ld¾hhlehs
ie,fla' l,dlrejl= ks¾udKhlg mdol jk yeÕSu
ke; fyd;a w;aoelSu ,nd .kafka hï jia;=jla"
wjia:djla" isoaêhla mokï lr .ksñka th iajlSh
nqoaê uysufhka wjfndaO lr .ekSfuks' we;eï úg
tu wjfndaOh" ;¾l{dkh blaujd .sh ;;a;ajhla
úh yels h' úpdrlhka úiska zwka;¾{dkhZ hkqfjka
y÷kajkq ,nkafka fï Yla;sh hs' l,d ks¾udKhla
ìys lsÍug fuka u th wdiajdoh lsÍug o fï ;;a;ajh
wjYH jk nj fmkajd fokq ,efí' úúO l,dlrejka
úiska ú¢k ,o w;aoelSï mokï lr .ksñka l,d
ks¾udK ìys lsÍu isÿ l< wdldrh ms<sn| újrKhla
fï mdvfuka bÈßm;a flf¾' th ilia lr we;af;a
uydpd¾h úu,a Èidkdhlf.a ks¾udKh yd úpdrh"
uydpd¾h ta' ù' iqrùrf.a ks¾udK miqìu hk .%ka:
weiqßks'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 207

 wms úúO foa wkqNj lruq¦ N=la;s ú¢uq' idys;H lD;shla ks¾udKh lrk f,aLlhd
fuka u fjk;a l,d ks¾udKhla ìys lrk ks¾udKlrejd o ;u ks¾udKhg mdol
lr .kafka ;uka úiska ú¢k ,o" w;aolsk ,o ke; fyd;a ukiska .%yKh lr
.kakd ,o oE h¦ ke; fyd;a lsis hï isoaêhlg fyda wjia:djlg iïnkaO ùfuka
fyda ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka Tyq ta isoaêh fyda wjia:dj ms<sn| ,nd .kakd wjfndaOh
h' Wiia id¾:l l,dlrejd ;ud" w;aú¢k ,o foh ta wdldrfhka u bÈßm;a fkd
lrhs¦ Tyq tajd úkaokd;aul w¾:hla ckkh jk mßÈ m%;sks¾udKh lrhs' tuÕska
;uka ,enQ úkaokh wkHhkag o ,nd §u Tyqf.a ld¾hh fõ' mdGlhd o idys;H
ks¾udKhla mßYS,kh lrkqfha ;uka óg fmr w;a fkd ú¢ wkaofï" tkï wmQ¾j
w;aoelSula ú| .ekSfï wruqfKks'
idys;Hlrejdf.a ks¾udKYS,S;ajh fy<s jkafka Tyq ish ks¾udKh i|yd w¾:j;a
w;aoelSï f;dard .ekSu yd ta w;aoelSu mdGlhdg úkaokhla we;s jk wdldrfhka
kej; bÈßm;a lsÍu isÿ lr we;s wkaou wkqj h' Tyq ;ud w;aÿgq foh ta wdldrfhka
u bÈßm;a fkd lrhs' is;ska ujd .;a hï m%udKhla o Bg tla lrhs' is;ska ujd
.ekSu mßl,amkh hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí' tfyhska fyd| l,d ks¾udKhla ìys
jkafka w;aoelSïj, fuka u mßl,amkfha o ixl,kfhka nj lsj yels h' fyd|
l,dlrejdf.a ld¾hh i;Hh bÈßm;a lsÍu hehs ms<s.efka' tfy;a Tyq bÈßm;a
lrkafka “i;Hh” fkd j “i;Hfha udhdj” nj úpdrlfhda fmkajd fo;s' fï
;;a;ajh we;s jkafka l,dlrejd ;ud weiQ ÿgq ish,a, ta wdldrfhka bÈßm;a fkd
lr ta weiqfrka isÿ ùug bv we;s" isÿ úh yels fohla ks¾udKh lrk neúks'
w;aoelSula hkq yqÿ l;d mqj;la muKla fkd fõ' l;d mqj;lska f;dr jQ yeÕSï
iuqodhla o we;eï úg ks¾udKlrejl=f.a w;aoelSula njg m;a úh yels h' l;d
mqj;la .eí fkd jqKq we;eï ldjH ks¾udKhlska o wm wdiajdohla ,nkafka tys
l;d mqj;la ke;;a ldjHuh w;aoelSula wka;¾.; jk neúks' fï w;aoelSu lsishï
úpdrd;aul woyila ùug o mq¿jk' l;d mqj;la we;;a ke;;a fyd| ks¾udKhlg
mdol jk w;aoelSu wmQ¾j fyj;a ñka fmr kqjQ úrE tlla úh hq;= h' tfuka u tys
w¾:dkaú;Ndjhla o .eí ùu w;HjYH h¦ ks;r fofõf,a wikakg olskakg ,efnk
iq,n mqj;lska wdiajdohla fkd ,efnk neúks' tfuka u tu w;aoelSu
úYajikSh;ajfhka hqla; ùu o wjYH fõ' tkï fuf,dj isÿ úh yels fohla fia
fmkS hEu hs' l,dlrejl= bÈßm;a lrk ÿ¾,N .Kfha w;aoelSula wiajdNdúl fyda
wNjH isoaêj,ska hqla; fõ kï thska .eUqre wre;la m< fkd fõ' tneúka l,dlrejd
w;aoelSï w;=ßka f;dard .; hq;af;a ta ta isoaêhg" wjia:djg" pß;hg w;sYhska u
wod< yd WÑ; oE muKls' wm lshjkafka fyda wikafka fyda krUkafka fyda
l,ams;hla nj wms oksuq' wm ú¢kafka isÿ jQ foh fkd j f,dj isÿ úh yels fohla
nj wms oksuq' thska wmg wdiajdohla ,eìh yelafla l,dlrejd WÑ; yd wod< foa
muKla f;dard Tyqf.a mßl,amkfhka tajd úÑ;%j;a fldg bÈßm;a lr we;s neúks'

208 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

l,dlrejd ish w;aoelSï m%ldY lsÍfï § tajd bÈßm;a l< hq;af;a w;aoelSfuka wE;a
ù th ú.%y lrñka nj úpdrl u;h hs' tfia fkd jQ l, ìys jkafka kj ks¾udKhla
fkd j isÿùï iuQyhl jd¾;djla muKls'
l,dlrejd úiska ú¢k ,o foh weiqßka lrk ,o ks¾udKh mßYS,kh lrk
mdGlhdf.a fyda fm%alaIlhdf.a fyda Y%djlhdf.a fyda ukfiys o l,dlrejd úiska
ú| .kakd ,o wkqN+;sh ta wdldrfhka u cks; jk nj wfmalaId flf¾' fï
;;a;ajh iydkqN+;sh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' iydkqN+;sh hkq l,dlrejdf.a is;=ï me;=ï
yd wdl,am iuÕ iudk ;;a;ajhlg m;a ùuls' tys ,d ks¾udKh mßYS,kh lrkakd
yd ks¾udKlrejd iuÕ woyia w;ska iumd; ùula isÿ fj;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' fï
fya;=fjka Wiia rislhd" l,dlrejd yd iudk udkisl uÜgula we;ehs hk woyiska
iyDohd ^iudk yDohla fyj;a tl iudk úkaok uÜgula we;s ;eke;a;d& hkqfjka
ye¢kafjhs'
wfma m%ùK f,aLlhka lsysm fofkl= Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK yd tajdg mdol jQ w;aoelSï
iïnkaOfhka f.k yer md we;s f;dr;=re iuyrla my; oelafjhs' ish w;aoelSula
wkHhka ii, lrjk ks¾udKhla njg m;a lr we;af;a flfia oehs Tng thska
jgyd .; yels jkq we;'
uf.a zjy,a¨Z flál;dj ,shkag uf.a l,amkdj msìÿfKa fufia hs( wjqreÿ y;<sylg
muK fmr ud .,alsiafia mÈxÑ j isá ld,fha jvd;a ld,h .; lf<a flál;d
,shkag hs' flál;dj,g jia;= fidhkag ysig jo fok ta ld,fha ojil ud yjia
jrefõ f.or n,d .uka l<d' uf.a f.org w,a,mq bvu ysia tlla' tys uy¨ .jhl=
ìu ,e. úg imñka isákq ud ÿgqjd' tflfKys u ug u;la jqKd ud l=vd l, oek
isá w,a,sia kue;s lr;a;ldrfhla' Tyq bßod fikiqrdod yer wksla ojiaj, fld.a.,
Tfha md,u wi,g ;sßlal,h f.k f.dia uÕSka ;=ka fofkl= mgjd f.k .d¨
k.rhg we;=¿ jk lvj;g hkjd' Tyqf.a ;sßlal,h .d¨ k.rhg olald f.k
hkag Tyqg ,hsika m;%fhka bv § ke;' k.rfha l=,S lr;a;hlg ,hsika .ekSug
remsh,a úiaila ;syla jeämqr ´kE' w,a,sia lshk ñksyd yji .d,af,a lvj; isg
fld.a.,g yd l;¿jg wdmiq hk uÕSka ;=ka fofkl= ;sßlal,fha mgjd f.k .ug
hkjd' Tyq Ôúldj imhd .;af;a ;sßlal,fha uÕSka mgjd f.k .d,a,g hEfuka'
w,a,sia ms<sn| uf.a w;aoelSu tmuK hs' ta w;aoelSu weiqfrka rpkd l< ‘jy,a¨’
l;dfõ w,a,siaf.a pß;h fYdaldka; wuq;= ks¾udKhla' ta ks¾udKh i|yd ud Ôjk
f;dr;=re fidhd .;af;a uf.a w;aoelSï l=Kqf.dv .eÍfuka' Tyq ;sßlal,fhka jeà
fldkao leã yeu od f,vl= f,i Ôj;a jqKd' ikSmfhka isáh § Tyq ks|d .;af;a
biaf;damamqfõ jQ wef|a' wikSm jQ miq;a Tyqg ta weíneyslu yßkag neß jqKd' Tyqf.a
f.dkd msx f.dfkl= jqKd' ta ld,fha yeu .ul u msx f.dkqka ysáhd' jev f.k
uy¨ jQ yrl=ka .eñhka uialvldrhkag úlafla keye' Wka ;ekska ;ek msáj,
weúo ;K ld w.,lska j;=r î Ôj;a jqKd'
.eñhka iuyr úg fï msx f.dkqka w,a,d ldf.ka j;a Khg b,a,d .kakd lr;a;hl
ne| fmd,a f,,s fyda fmd,a woaokjd' yjig W!g mqklal= álla fndkag § w;
yßkjd' .fï ldg;a whs;s ksid .eñhka tjeks yrl=ka ye¢kajQfha msx f.dkqka f,i'
uf.a zjy,a¨Z kue;s l;dj ,shkag wruqK fkdfyd;a jia;= îch fidhd .;a ieá;a
ta jia;= îch úldikfhka th fYdaldka; ks¾udKhla lrkq i|yd uf.a .eñ
w;aoelSïj,ska WÑ; foa .rd f;dard .;a ieá;a hg lshk ,o lreKqj,ska fy<s fjhs'
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 209
 uf.a flál;d w;r b;d m%isoaO l;djla ;uhs ‘fjila myk’' th fyd| l;djla nj
ljqre;a ms<s.kakjd' Tn leu;s we;s tAl ,shQ wdldrh oek .kag' we;a; lshkjd kï
uu <uhskag tA ;rï m%sh lrkafk kE' wUq orejka iys; mjq,a Ôú;hla we;sj orejka
iqr;,a lrkag uf.a wdidjla ;snqfKa kE' uu mqxÑ ldf,a uf.a jeäu,a ifydaorhd
fjila l+vqjla ;kkjd uu n,df.k ysáhd' fï w;aoelSfuka ;uhs uu ‘fjila
myk’ ,shqfj' kuq;a w;aoelSfuka ,enqK fohla u fkd fjhs' fldáka lshkjd kï
tA l;dfõ ;sfhkafka mÜgm,a fndrejla' uu ljodj;a fjila l+vqjla yo,d keye'
ye¥ njla ug kï u;l kE'
l;djla ,shk yeu f,aLlfhl=g u ;sfhkjd hï lsis wruqKla" mrud¾:hla' ;uka
,shk l;dfjka f,aLlhd tA wruqK bgq lr .kakjd' fïl iuyr úg úpdrlhskag
f;afrkafka keye' uf.a ‘.uk’ kï flál;dj .ksuq' tA l;dfjka lshkafka .ïno
fmdfydi;a mjq,la .ek' fï l;dj ,shqfõ tA mjqf,a Wmka orefjl=g ;ukaf.
;;a;ajh fmfkk yeá lshkag' tA <uhdf.a ujqmshka ñh f.dia je<Æ ieá lSfuka
l;dj fl<jr l< yelshs' t;kska l;dj fkd kj;ajd ;j ÿr ,shqfõ wehs@ ug ;j;a
ldrKd lshkag ´kE jqKd' orejdf.a mjqf,a ;;a;ajh" foujqmshkag we;s wdorh"
f.!rjh ú;rla fkd fjhs wd;audkqlïmdj jeks foa lSu;a uf.a wruqKla jqKd'
foujqmshkaf.a N+uodkfhka l;dj wjika lrkag ;snqKd' t;fldg uf.a wksla
wruqK bgq fjkafka keye' l=vd orejd ÿla úkao ieá" Tyq f,dl= ù ;u ujqmshkaf.a
ñkS j<j,a fj; f.dia jekao ieá" fï wdÈh lshqfõ uf.a fojk wruqK bgq lr
.kaghs' úpdrlhka fudkjd lSj;a l;dj iïmQ¾K jkafka fï wdldrfhka njhs
uf.a ms<s.ekSu'
idys;H ks¾udK Yla;sh fohdldrhlska we;s fjkjd' fufyu ys;uq' wU .yl wU
u,a msÍ ;sfhkjd' f,aLlhd wU u,a olskjd' fudyqg fmfkkafk tl úÈhlg' Ôj
úoHd{hd;a fïl n,kjd' Tyqg fmfkkafka fjk;a me;a;la' jvqfjla wU .y Èyd
n,kjd' thdg fmfkkafka .fya oej o~qj, jákdlu' f,aLlhd ;u isf;a we;s lr
.;a yeÕSu" Tyqf.a wjfndaOh" i;Hh l;dfjka lshfjkjd' tAl Ôú; i;Hhla'
tÈfkod olsk i;Hh'
fndfyda l;d wfma ys;g tkafka flfia o lsh,d m%Yakhla wykag mq¿jka' tA fldfydu
o lshd yßhg lshkag nE' iuyr úg laI‚lj wyiska fyK f.ähla tkakd jdf.'
wmg fkd oefkk yeÕSï ;sfhkjd wm ;=<' wdidj,a ;sfhkjd' fïjd fld;k
;sfhkjd o lshd lshkag nE' wú{dkslj my< fjkjd lsh,d ys;kag;a mq¿jks'
tÈfkod Ôúf;a w;a±lSï we;s fjkjd' wms ys;uq ñksfyla flfkl=g ;ändkjd'
ke;akï wïud flfkla orefjla ueß,d w~kjd' <ufhla ld¾ tll yefmkjd' fï
Tlafldu iudc w;aoelSï' fï wkqj wfma w;aoelSï fldgia follg fnokag mq¿jks'
mqoa., w;aoelSï fyj;a f,aLl w;aoelSï tla fldgila' wfkla fldgi ;ud iudc
w;aoelSï' fï w;aoelSï foj¾.fhka u f,aLlhd m%fhdack .kakjd' ks¾udK lsÍug
fï w;aoelSï muKla uÈ' mq¿jka ;rï fmd;a lshj,d oekqu ,nd .kag ´kE'

210 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

by; m<uq WoaOD;h" ud¾áka úl%uisxyf.a jy,a¨ flál;dj ks¾udKhg mdol
jQ w;aoelSu úia;r lrkakls' fojekafkka lshefjkafka Ô' î' fiakdkdhlf.a
‘fjila myk’ yd ‘.uk’ hk flál;dj,g mdol jQ w;aoelSï ms<sn|j lrk ,o
újrKhls'
uy.u fialr iajlSh ldjH ks¾udK lsysmhlg mdol jQ w;aoelSï iïnkaOfhka
l< újrKhla my; oelafjhs'

oeka uf.a lú u WodyrKhg .; fyd;a" ud f;dard f.k lshk y| iy ksõfhda¾la

kqjr lshk lú mx;sh ud fl<ska u ,nd .;a w;aoelSula" ug isÿ jQ fohla f,i
y÷kajkag mq¿jks' tA jf.a u ‘ula ksid o h;a’ fmdf;a tk fndfyda foaj,a ud ,enQ
w;aoelSï nj lshkag ´kE' yenehs tA fmdf;a uf.a yenE w;aoelSï muKla fkd fjhs
hï hï whf.a" fjk;a mqoa.,hkaf.a w;aoelSï uf.a w;aoelSï njg m;a lr .;a
wjia:d;a ;sfhkjd' tAjd wkqkaf.ka ,nd .;a w;aoelSï jqK;a uf.a w;aoelSï njg
m;a lr f.khs we;=<;a lf<a' fjk fjk whg fjÉÑ isoaê" wfma kEoEhka" ujqmshka"
wi,ajdiSka" tfyu;a ke;akï ljod j;a kd÷kk mqoa.,hka yd iïnkaO isoaê
;sfhkjd' fjk fjk whg fjÉÑ foaj,a lúhdf.a w;aoelSï lr .;a; wjia:d
;sfhkjd' fndaäu fmdf;a tk ‘fndaäu’ kï lú mx;sh" tfyu ke;akï rdc;s,l
,hk,a iy m%shka; fmdf;a tk pß; jf.a foaj,a fl<ska u ud ,ndmq w;aoelSï
yeáhg i,lkag mq¿jka lula kE' ud okakd w÷kk hï hï mqoa.,hkaf.a pß;
wdY%fhka f.dv ke.+ foaj,a tA fmd;aj, ;sfhkjd'
;ud fl<ska u ,enQ w;aoelSï fjkag mq¿jka' ;ud wdY%h lrk hï hï mqoa.,hka Èyd
n,,d Tjqkaf.ka ,ndmq w;aoelSï fjkag mq¿jka' tfyu;a ke;akï fmd;am;a
lshùfuka w;aoelSï ,nd .kag;a mq¿jka' Ñ;%má ne,Sfuka wmg w;aoelSï ,efnkjd'
fïjd iuyr úg ldjHfha jia;= îch fjkag mq¿jka'
uf.a fndaäu lú fmdf;a ;sfhk ‘udr hqoaOh’ lshk lú fm<' ke;akï ilajd ,sys‚
kï fmdf;a tk ‘nqoaO;ajh’ lshk lú mx;sh .ksuq' fï lú mx;sj, ;sfhkafk nqÿka
jykafiaf.a pß;fha hï hï wjia:d fmd; m;ska lshj,d oek f.k w¨;a úÈhlg
bÈßm;a lsÍula nj lshkag ´kE' WodyrKhla jYfhka wms okakjd fï udr hqoaOh
fmd;aj, úia;r lr,d ;sfhkafk fldfydu o lshk ldrKh' jij¾;s udrhd nqÿka
bÈßhg weú;a f,dl= hqoaOhla lr,d ;sfhkjd' wr ;Kayd" r;S" rÕd lshk udr ¥ka
;=kafokd weú;a kg,d nqÿka jiÕ lr .kag yeÿjd ¨' ‘udr hqoaOh’ lshk lú
mx;sfha § ud lr ;sfnkafka fï ldrKd fjk;a wdldrhlska bÈßm;a lsÍu hs' fï
isoaê Èyd ud ne¨fõ fjkia wdldrhlska'
isoaOd¾: l=udrhd uyìkslauka lr,d ;jqia oï mqrk ld,fha ;ukaf.a f.or fodr
Ôú;h .ek;a u;la fjkjd' ;ukag b;d wdorfhka cSj;a jQ hfYdaOrd ìij .ek
u;la fjkjd' wef.a .=K hym;alï" m;s Nla;sh" W;=ï pß;h wdÈ foa isysm;a ùu
ksid Ndjkdjg ys; tlÕ lr .kag wudre fjkjd' fï jdf.a foaj,a ;ud udr
hqoaOfhka ud bÈßm;a lr,d ;sfhkafk' ixfla; fyu;a fhdo,d ;sfhkjd' fï
yeáhg wmg fmd;ska m;ska w;aoelSï ,nd .; yelshs' óg wu;rj fmdÿ iudcfha;a
w;aoelSï ;sfhkjd' fïjd iudc w;aoelSï lsh,d kï lrkag mq¿jks'''

16' r' uq' kS' i' 180543 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 211
 '''‘rdc;s,l ,hk,a iy m%shka;’ fmdf;a rdc;s,lf.a pß;h ks¾udKh lsÍfï § uQ,sl
jYfhka kï ug u;la jqfKa wfma m<df; bkak m%N+jrfhla' tA fmdf;a lshfjkjd
lsis hï m%N+jrfhl=f.a urKh .ek' fmd; ,shk ldf,a fï ud lshk m%N+jrhd ;uhs
uf.a ysf;a we£ ;snqKq Ñ;a; rEmh' kuq;a Tyqf.a pß;fha wvx.= yeu fohla u fmdf;a
rdc;s,l rd<ydñ <Õ kE' hï hï foaj,a .;a;d' Tyq wYaj lr;af;a hkjd' nlals
lr;af;a hkjd' W;aij iNd" wjux., iNd wdÈfha l;d mj;ajkjd' yeu fokdg u
i,lkjd' fïjd wr m%N+jrhd <Õ;a ;snqKd' óg wu;rj hï hï foa;a rdc;s,lf.a
pß;fha ;sfhkjd' wuq;=fjka tl;= lrmq foaj,a' rdcisxy rÊcqrefjda uu oel,d kE'
fmd;aj, lshj,d ;sfhkjd' ckm%jdohla ;sfhkjd" rdcisxy rÊcqrefjda l=¿ ó
yrfll=f.a wx foflka w,a,,d fu,a, l<d lsh,d' uf.a fmdf;a rd<ydñ;a fï jdf.a
ymkalï lrkjd' fmdf;a yeáhg rd<ydñ u<dg miqj ‘ry;a .=K’ ;sfhkjd lsh,d
ñksiaiq lshkag mgka .kakjd' fï jdf.a whg ry;a .=K we;s fjkafk ke;s nj uu
okakjd' tA;a rd<ydñ <Õ ry;a .=K ;sfhk nj lshd ;sfhkjd' fï rd<ydñ fjk;a
.Ekshl iu. ydolï meje;ajQ nj lú fmdf;a lshkjd' wef.a ku isßmskd' ud l,ska
lshQ wr m%N+jrhdg kï wkshï ìß|la ysá njla ud wy,d kE' fï m%N+jrhd u;ameka
mdkh lrkafk;a kE' kuq;a rdc;s,l u;ameka fndkjd' ud lshk mqoa.,hd wxYndf.a
yeÈ,d fkd fjhs uf<a' rdc;s,l uefrkafk wxYndf.ka nj lú fmd; lshkjd' oeka
fmfkkjd we;s rdc;s,l rd<ydñf.a pß;h ks¾udKh lsÍfï § wr tla yenE
mqoa.,fhla .ek muKla fkd j fjk;a wh .ek;a is;+ nj' wuq;=fjka tl;= lrmq
foa;a ;shkjd'''

'''ug wo úfYaIfhka mejÍ ;sfhkjd tla lú mx;shla .ek jeäfhka hula lSug' ud
f;dard .;af;a ‘y| iy ksõfhda¾la kqjr’ lshk lú fm<hs' fï .ek oeka uu l;d
lrkakï' tA lú fm< fufyuhs'

y| iy ksõfhda¾la kqjr
uy fmdf<dfõ wks;a me;af;
l¨ .eyS ;r.hg by< .sh fifkye;s foudmshka
isfuka;s ì;a;s ñil kE ñ;=rka wUq orejka
weig ks,g ug isys fjhs'
wyila .yla fld<l m,jkakg u< md`Mj
wjgla ke;' lúhla y~ kÕd lshñ'
ksõfhda¾la kï mqrjr kskakdoj wdmiq ths uf. lg y~
ishla uy,a tla geï f.h uqÿfka uf. lkgu'
fodr cfk,a jid isr l< ldurhl hd hq;= w;la fkd oek
we|la - mqgqjla - fïihla ljq¿j yer tî n,ñ'
uu' m%md;hg tî n,ñ'
uQKg lgq wek f.k
iS;, lvd mksk

212 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

wiq ù úÿ,s t<sh msgdrhg uyd ÿlska by< n,ñ'
fudr § f.k hhs jdyk tA fï w; È,ys È,sys wdldfia
bjis,a,la fkd ue;sj rka msÕdk fia
Èj f.k hhs tA fï w; y|'
l=rd l=yqUq ñksia hka;% ud okakd w÷kk
fudfyd;la kej;S ud foi wfma .fï fj,a t<shg mdhk y|
wdorfhka n,k flfkla fmdah odg fnda u¿jg mdhk y|'
j.;=. wik flfkla
okakd w÷kkafkla
fu;k fkd ue;
tA yeu fok uy fmdf<dfõ wks;a me;af;
ug isys fjhs'
ug tla wjia:djl § hkag mq¿jkalu ,enqKd hï lsis lghq;a;lg wefußldfõ
tlai;a cd;Skaf. uQ,ia:dkhg' fï lú fm< rpkd lf<a tA fj,dfj uf.a ysf;a we;s
fjÉÑ md`M .;sh lshkak hs' wms okakjd fï md¿j .ek fldf;l=;a wfma me,alú
;sfhkjd'
bkafka ÿïnrhs uy l¿ .,la hg
lkafka lrj,hs rg ydf,a n;g
fndkafka fndr Èhhs mQrefj l< mjg
hkafka ljod o ujqmsfhd olskakg

fï lúfhka lshfjkafk;a ;uka wdorh lrk whf.ka wE;a fj,d ;kshu bkak
fldg ys;g ±fkk md`Mjhs' tA ksid uf.a fï lúfm<;a tla w;lska n,k fldg wuq;=
fohla fkdfjhs' fï mqoa.,hd bkafka fndfyda wE; rgl' úYd, rgl' tAfl wfma rfÜ
jdf. fkdfjhs úYd, ;r.hla ;sfhkjd' wfma rfg;a fï ;r.h ;sfhk kuq;a
wfußldj jeks rgl fï ;r.h fndfyda u nrm;< hs' fï ;rf.È ñksiaiq hka;% jf.a"
ueIska jf.a tfy fufy ÿjkjd' tl fudfyd;la ;j flfkla tlal jpkhla l;d
lrkak fj,djla kE' biamdiqjla kE' wms Ôj;a fjkafk óg jvd fjkia mßirhl' wms
oji f.jkafk ld,igyklg wkqj oji fnod f.k fkd fjhs' wmg ´kE ;rï
úfõl ;sfhkjd' tA rgj, tfyu úfõlhla kE' fï ug fmkqKq yeá' tA wh ys;a ms;a
ke;s hka;% njg m;a fj,d bkafk' fïl ;ud tA rfÜ ÈhqKqj' fi!Nd.Hh' weyeg
fmakag .yla fld<la" wyila" bvla kE" ;Ügq yeg ye;a;Ej" Bg;a jeä Wi f.dvke.s,s'
wyila fmakafk j;a kE' ish¨ foa u ì;a;sj,ska ysr fj,d' fï mqoa.,hd fï ì;a;s
w;fr ysr fj,d ;ksh u bkakjd" fodr cfk,a jeiQ ldurhl' iS;, iq<Õ ksid fodrla
cfka,hla wßkak nE'
lúfh ;sfhkafk ‘fodr cfk,a jid isr l< ldurhl we|la - mqgqjla - fïihla - uuZ
lsh,d hs' tA ldurfha ;kshu uu bkak nj fkd lshd uf.a md`Mjg we|la mqgqjla
fïihla ;sfnk nj lshkjd' fuhska ud woyia lf<a fï mqoa.,hdf.a md`Mj lems,d
fmkakkaghs' Th lduf¾ ;ksh u bkak fj,dfõ ud we;a;g u lúhla lSfõ kE' kuq;a
lúfha ;sfhkjd tA mqoa.,hd lúhla lshQ nj' Tyq lúhla lshkafk;a md`Mj Wyq,d

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 213

 .kak nerej hs' fufyu ldurhg ysr fj,d ;kslu ord .kak neß ;ek Tyq t<sfh
;sfhk lgql iS;, wdj;a lula kE lsh,d cfka,hla wßkjd' cfka,h wer,d my<g
T¿j odkjd' ukqIH m%jdyh is;ams;a ke;s jdykj,ska tydg fuydg ÿjkjd' úÿ,s jdf.a
ÿjkj fmakjd' kuq;a fuhdg jpkhla l;d lrkak ys;j;a flfkla kE' fuhdg
ysf;kjd ud okakd w÷kk Woúh" uf.a foujqmshka" kEoEhka bkafk fmdf<dfj wksla
me;af; fka o@ ud ;kshu bkafk fldÉpr wE; o@ B <Õg Tyq uyd ÿllska by<
n,kjd' by<ska y|la fmakjd' Tyqg ysf;kjd fï y| fka o f.orÈ;a olskafk@
.fïÈ;a" fnda u¿fjÈ;a mdhk y|' fyd| hd¿fjla yuq jqKd jdf. yeÕSula fï mqoa.,hg
we;s fjkjd' fï lúfhka lshkag jEhï lrkafka fï ál hs'

ks¾udK miqìu - ta'ù' iqrùr

by; olajk ,oafoa f,aLlhka úiska ish ks¾udKj,g mdol jQ w;aoelSï fuka u ta
ta ks¾udK ms<sn|j;a olajk ,o woyia lsysmhls' mdvfuys i|yka l< ks¾udK
fidhd f.k lshjd ta ta f,aLlhd fuys úia;r lr we;s w;aoelSï mdol lr .ksñka
úúO NdId m%fhda." m%ldYk ú,di yd rpkd Í;s Wmfhda. lr .ksñka ;u w;aoelSï
mßmQ¾K l,d ks¾udK njg m;a lr we;s wdldrh Tng wjfndaO lr .; yels h'
ks¾udK ld¾hh hkq l,dlrejd ish w;aoelSï weiqfrka ;ud ,o úkaokhla wkHhka
fj; bÈßm;a lsÍuls' tu úkaokh ud¾.fhka úúO ;,j, miq jkakka tlg
iïnkaO jk nj;a ta i|yd l,dlrejka fhdod .kakd úúO m%fhda. yd Wml%u;a
jgyd .ekSu u.ska wkd.;fha Tn w;=ßka o id¾:l f,aLlhka ìys jkq we;'

wjfndaOh
1' fyd| ks¾udKhla ìys ùug w;aoelSï iu. ixl,kh l< hq;= wfkla idOlh
l=ula o@
2' w;aoelSul úYajikSh;ajh hkq l=ula o@
3' f,aLlhdg ,efnk w;aoelSï j¾. fol fudkjd o@
4' ldjHhg jia;= úh yels fjk;a idys;Huh udOH folla mdvfuka Wmqgd
olajkak'
5' l,dlrejl=g iyDohl= úh yelafla fln÷ mqoa.,hl=g o@

214 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 ,sÅ; wNHdi
1' mdvfuka Wmqgd .;a my; oelafjk fþoh f,aLk jHjydrhg yrjd ,shkak'
fndfyda l;d wfma ys;g tkafka flfia o lsh,d m%Yakhla wykag mq¿jka' tA fldfydu o
lshd yßhg lshkag nE' iuyr úg laI‚lj wyiska fyK f.ähla tkakd jdf.' wmg
fkd oefkk yeÕSï ;sfhkjd wm ;=<' wdidj,a ;sfhkjd' fïjd fld;k ;sfhkjd o lshd
lshkag nE' wú{dkslj my< fjkjd lsh,d ys;kag;a mq¿jks' tÈfkod Ôúf;a w;a±lSï
we;s fjkjd' wms ys;uq ñksfyla flfkl=g ;ändkjd' ke;akï wïud flfkla orefjla
ueß,d w~kjd' <ufhla ld¾ tll yefmkjd' fï Tlafldu iudc w;aoelSï' fï wkqj
wfma w;aoelSï fldgia follg fnokag mq¿jks' mqoa., w;aoelSï fyj;a f,aLl w;aoelSï
tla fldgila' wfkla fldgi ;ud iudc w;aoelSï' fï w;aoelSï foj¾.fhka u f,aLlhd
m%fhdack .kakjd' ks¾udK lsÍug fï w;aoelSï muKla uÈ' mq¿jka ;rï fmd;a lshj,d
oekqu ,nd .kag ´kE'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' Tn ,enQ i;=gqodhl w;aoelSula yd ÿlaLodhl w;aoelSula jia;= úIh lrf.k
moH mka;s folla ks¾udKh lrkak'
2' Tfí uq,a u .=re;=ñh iaurKh lrñka mdi,a ì;a;s mqj;amf;ys m< lsÍu
ms‚i moH ks¾udKhla rpkd lrkak'
3' isiqka lKavdhï y;rlg fn§ fma%uh" fidndoyu" iudc m%Yak" .eñ Èúh hk
f;aud hgf;a cd;sl mqj;am;a yd iÕrdj, m< jQ lú tla /ia lr mka;shg
bÈßm;a lrkak'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 215

 2525 YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl hq.h

mDÓúh jir ì,shk 4'54la ;rï mer‚ nj iajNdj

úoHd{hkaf.a u;h hs' wdrïNfha isg wo olajd
mDÓúfha wdhq ld,h N+ úoHd;aul hq. lsysmhlg
fnod oelafjhs' wÈka jir ñ,shk 225l ;rï uE;
w;S;h f;la wjêh fufidfidhsl N+ hq.h hkqfjka
kï flf¾' fufidfidhsl wjêfha uOH Nd.h" tkï
jir ñ,shk 201 isg 145 f;la ld,h ie,flkqfha
cqrdisl hq.h jifhks' cqrdisl hq.h i;a;aj mßKduh
muKla fkd j i;a;aj úldikh w;ska o b;d jeo.;a
N+ wjêhla fia ie,fla' fï ld,fha ,xldj o
bkaÈhdfõ .sksfldk È. fjr<g hdnoj mej;s neõ
ikd: lrk cqrdisl f*dis, yuq ù ;sfí' nyqffi,sl
Ôùkaf.a f*dis, yuq jk Y%S ,xldfõ mer‚;u hq.h
f,i cqrdisl hq.h ye¢kaúh yels h' N+ b;sydifha
wÈka jir ñ,shk 201 isg ñ,shk 144 olajd jQ ld,
mßÉfþoh Bg wh;a fjhs' fuu wjêh jk úg f,dj
m%Odk mDIaGjxYS i;a;aj ldKav f,i .efkk
ldáf,ac uiqka" wiaÓl uiqka" WNhÔùka" Wr.hka yd
laISrmdhSkaf.a mßKduh isÿ ù mej;s‚' uq,a u
mlaISkaf.a idOl my< ùu ksid cqrdisl hq.h ;j;a
mDIaGjxYS i;a;aj ldKavhl mßKduh iïnkaOfhka
o b;d jeo.;a fjhs' YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl hq.fha ;;=
ms<sn|j fidhd nef,k fï ,smsh mqrdúoHd mYapdoa
Wmdê wdh;kfha m%d.a b;sydi m¾fhaIK jHdmD;sfha
fcHaIaG m¾fhaIl le¨qï k,skao ukfïkaø wdrÉÑ
úiska iïmdÈ; h'

216 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 Y%S ,xldfõ cqrdisl ;ekam;=

by< cqrdisl hq.hg wh;a wjidÈ; ;ekam;= wju jYfhka wdldr ;=kla f,i Y%S
,xldfõ jhU È. fmfofiys m%d.aflaïî%h iïNjhla we;s úchdkq ixlS¾Kfha jQ
idkq ;=< ;ekam;aj we;' fï cqrdisl ;ekam;= w;=frka wkqrdOmqr - mq;a;,u
ud¾.fha lsf,daóg¾ oy;=kla muK .sh ;ek yuq jk ;ífndaj jefõ ngysr
fmfofia we;s wjidÈ; fmdf<dj u;=msg msysgd ;sfí' wfkla cqrdisl wjidÈ; fol
jk ;ífndaj isg lsf,daóg¾ 32la ol=‚ka msysá wd`ä.u ;ekam;=j yd ;ífndaj isg
lsf,daóg¾ 43la ÿßka msysá m,a,u ;ekam;=j o kQ;k mdxY= ;ekam;= uÕska uq¿ukska
u mdfya wdjrKh ù we;' YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl ;ekam;=j,g iu.dój bkaÈhdkq
w¾Ooaùmfha kef.kysr fmfofiys j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 3218l l,dmhl msysá wjidÈ;
;ekam;= o fndfyda úg tl u ld, mßÉfþohlg wh;a jk w;r fuu ;ekam;= b;d
.kj msysghs'

;ífndaj cqrdisl ;ekam;=

1925 § N+ úoHd{ B'fÊ' fõ,kaâ úiska ;ífndaj cqrdisl ;ekam;=j ms<sn|j uq,a u
jd¾;d lsÍï isÿ fldg we;' fuu ;ekam;=fõ u;=msg me;sÍu j¾. lsf,dañg¾ myla
fyda y;la muK fjhs' úoHd{hka úiska uE; ld,fha § wkdjrKh lr .kakd ,o
Ydl f*dis, ish,a, u mdfya ;ífndaj jefõ jdka fodrgq wi, jQ úfYAIfhka u w¿"
ly fyda ÿUqre meye;s wjidÈ; ;ekam;= w;r ;sî yuq ù we;' fïjd f;daks.,
ixlS¾Kfha jQ .a/khsÜ yd khsia mdIdK iu. msysgd ;sfí'
úoHd{hka uE;l § isÿ l<
.fõIKj,g wkqj ;ífndaj cqrdisl
f*dis, yuq jQfha je,s.,a w;r jQ
uv.,a ;ekam;= yd ;=kS je,s.,a
;ekam;= w;=ßks' fuu f*dis," Ydl
m;% yd l=vd w;= ßls,s jYfhka tu
wjidÈ; ;=< i,l=Kq f,i iqrlaIs;j
;sìK' fuys ;snQ f*dis, Ydl w;r
fldks*ria .ia" ihsflaâ .ia yd
m¾Kdx. Ydl úfYaIfhka i|yka l<
yels h' tu m¾fhaIKj, § m¾Kdx.
Ydl f*dis, fndfydauhla wkdjrKh
lsÍug yels jQfha ;ífndaj
;ekam;=j,sks' tys § yuq jQ we;eï
Ydl úfYAI" bkaÈhdfõ ofudaodys msysá
rÊuy,a ;ekam;= yd uÿrdis føda‚fha
;ekam;=j,ska yuq jk Ydl f*dis,j,g ;ífndaj ;ekam;=fjka yuq jQ Ydl f*dis,hla

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 217

 iudk h' ;ífndafjka yuq jk Ydl
f*dis,j,g wkqj tu ;ekam;= by<
f.dkaâjdkd moaO;sh ;=< by<
cqrdisl hq.hg wh;a jk nj i|yka
l< yels h'
;ífndaj wjidÈ; ;ekam;=j ms<sn|
woyia olajk N+ úoHd{fhda tajd c,h
uÕska isÿ jQ ;ekam;a ùï nj mji;s'
fndfyda úg fuu wjidÈ; ;ekam;=
fkd .eUqre ñßÈh fyda l,mq fv,agd
;ekam;= ùug bv we;' jßka jr we;s
jQ uqyqÿ uÜgfï fjkia ùï u; .,d
wd uqyqÿ c,h ksid fï ;ekam;=fõ
b;d ;=kS yqKq.,a ia;rhla o oelsh
yels h' fuu úYd, ;ekam;=fõ nr ;ífndaj jej' fuys fmfkk .,a" cqrdisl
hq.fha ;ekam;a jQ wjidÈ; h'
fya;=fjka tajd tlsfklg iqix.; ù
je,s iu. mEyS we;'
;ífndaj ;ekam;=j, mdIdKSN+; jQ
Ydlj, i,l=Kq ysÕ ùu;a" .,a wÕ=re
uq¿ukska fkd oeÍu;a" wvq ;rñka
ldfndfkaishia ;ekam;= fkd oeÍu;a
ksid meyeÈ,s jkqfha fï l,dmfha
tl, b;d iq¿ Ydl m%udKhla mej;S
we;s nj hs' fndfyda úg tu wjêfha
w¾O Y=Ial foaY.=‚l ;;a;ajhla
mej;Su fï i|yd fya;= jQjd úh yels
h' ta wkqj fuu ;ífndaj f*dis, ta
wi, l÷ w;r YS; foaY.=Khla hgf;a
jevqKq" c,h u.ska m%jdykh ù
fv,agdj, ;ekam;a jQ Ydlhkaf.a
fldgia úh yels h'
fuys jQ f.dfrdaiq je,s" ;ekam;=" .xj;=r yd .x.dj, fõ.j;a c,fhA l%shdldß;ajh
ksid isÿ jQ ;ekam;= ùug bv lv we;s w;r" ueá ;ekam;= fifuka iy l,n,fhka
f;drj .eÆ .x.dj, l%shdldß;ajhka ksid ;ekam;a jkakg we;' ;ífndaj ;ekam;=j
fndfyda úg fv,agd ;ekam;=jla fyda føda‚ ;ekam;=jla úh yels h' hï fya;=jla
ksid isÿ jQ fidaod md¿j fya;=fjka tu ;ekam;= m%dlaflaïî%h mdoula u;g m;s; ù
we;'

218 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 wd`ä.u yd m,a,u ;ekam;=
wd`ä.u cqrdisl ;ekam;=j fld<U-mq;a;,u ud¾.fha ie;mqï 63½ lKqfõ msysá
m%foaYfha lsßhxld,s .%dufha isg lsf,daóg¾ oy;=kla kef.kysr foig .sh l, yuq
jk wd`ä.u .%dufha msysgd we;' 1966 iy 1969 j¾Ij, § lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj,g
wkqj j¾. lsf,daóg¾ ;sia ;=kla muK ìï m%foaYhla mqrd me;sr mj;akd wd`ä.u
føda‚h" wd`ä.u isg lsf,daóg¾ tfld<yla muK ol=fKka msysá m,a,u .%duh
olajd Èfjk nj wkdjrKh ù ;sfí' kef.kysfrka óg¾ 90la yd ngysßka óg¾
1200la muK jQ .klñka hq;a fuu iuia; føda‚h È.ska lsf,daóg¾ 20la muK fõ'
fuys olakg ,efnk îcdkqOdkS" mrd." iqrlaIs;j we;s msg; Ydl wdjrK fldgia
yd wfkl=;a Ydl fldgia wkqj fuu wd`ä.u yd m,a,u ;ekam;=" uOHu yd my<
cqrdisl ;ekam;= fyj;a by< f.dkaâjdkd wjêhg wh;a nj ikd: fjhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ cqrdisl wOHhk b;sydih

;ífndaj cqrdisl Ydl f*dis, tl;=jla m%:u j;djg ilia lrk ,oafoa B'fÊ'
fõ,kaâ úisks' th ;ífndaj m%foaYh wdYs%;j jir 1914-1916 ld, mßÉfþofha § isÿ
flß‚' 1922 § fuu cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn| úia;r ta' iS' iSj¾â iy wd¾' B'
fyda,agï úiska m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È' fuys § fudjqka Ydl úfYAI y;la ms<sn|
úia;r bÈßm;a fldg we;s w;r ihsflaâ" fldks*ria yd ;j;a m¾Kdx. Ydl Bg
we;=<;a fjhs' óg wu;rj jir 1921 § Íâ úiska o" 1929 § t*a' ã' wevïia úiska o
Y%S ,xldfõ N+ úoHd f;dr;=re m%ldYhg m;a fldg we;' tfuka u B' fÊ' fõ,kaâ
úiska 1924 § m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o Ydia;%Sh ,smshla uÕska fuu cqrdisl ;ekam;=
ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul f;dr;=re bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí' 1938 § fla' cdfldí úiska
;ífndaj cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn| isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIKhkag wod<j ieliqKq ,smsh
o fuu úIh yd iïnkaOj ,shejqKq idys;Huh ,sms w;rg tla l< yels h'
fl!;=ld.dr fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%:u Y%S ,dxlsl wOHlaI jQ mS' B' mS' oer‚h.,
úiska 1940 § rÑ; ‘Y%S ,xldfõ f.dâjdkd ;ekam;=’ yd ‘Y%S ,xldfõ we;eï WoaNso
úoHd;aul f*dis,’ hk ,sms o furg cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn| ,sheù we;s Ydia;%Sh
uQ,dY%h w;rg tla fõ' fuys oelajQ fojeks ,smsfhys ;ífndaj yd wd`ä.u f*dis,
ms<sn|j;a" r;akmqr wdY%s;j Èh¨ ;ekam;= w;r iqrlaIs;j mj;akd ma,hsiafgdiSk
wjêhg wh;a Ydl f*dis, ms<sn|j;a f;dr;=re oelafjhs' Y%S ,xldfõ cqrdisl
;ekam;=j ms<sn|j ye¢kaùula o ;ífndaj ;ekam;= yd tys yuq jk Ydl f*dis,
ms<sn| ixlaIsma;j woyia o oer‚h.,f.a by; ,smsfha we;=<;a fjhs' tys § ;j
ÿrg;a lreKq olajk oer‚h.," ;ífndaj ;ekam;=j bkaÈhdfõ by< f.dkaâjdkd
hq.hg wh;a fldgd ;ekam;=j,g iu ld,jljdkqjlg wh;a jk nj o" wd`ä.u
;ekam;=j" rÊuy,a ;ekam;=jg iudk jk nj o i|yka lrhs' tfuka u fmdf<dj
uÜgfï isg óg¾ fod<yla-my<jla muK .eUqßka msysgd we;s wd`ä.u cqrdisl
;ekam;=j jvd;a mer‚ ;ekam;=jla f,i Tyq ms<s.kS'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 219

 jir 1944 § wd¾'ù' isf;da,s úiska Y%S ,xldfõ cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn|j m< fldg
we;s w.kd Ydia;%Sh ,smsfhys uQ,sl jYfhka ;ífndaj yd wd`ä.u cqrdisl ;ekam;=j,ska
wkdjrKh lr .kakd ,o Ydl f*dis, .ek úia;r lr we;;a i;a;aj f*dis,
ms<sn| lsisÿ i|ykla olajd ke;' Tyq úiska 1942 § rÑ; ‘bkaÈhdfõ mqrdK WoaNso
úoHdj’ kï Ydia;%Sh ,smsfhys bkaÈhdkq cqrdisl Ydl f*dis,hkag jvd ukdj
iqrlaIs; jQ Y%S ,xldfõ f*dis, tl;=j u.ska wx. iïmQ¾K Ydia;%Sh ,smshla iïmdokh
lsÍug wjia:dj ,o neõ i|yka lr we;' tu tl;=fjka y÷kd .kakd ,o Ydl
f*dis, w;=frka úfYAI myla fuu Èjhsfkka jd¾;d jQ m%:u wjia:dj ùu tys jQ
jeo.;alu ;jÿrg;a by< ;,hlg f.k hEug iu;a fjhs'

j¾;udk m¾fhaIK
úoHd{hka úiska 2010-2011 hk j¾Ij, § o ;ífndaj ;ekam;=j mÍlaIdjg ,la
flß‚' j¾;udkfha isÿ flfrk c, l<ukdlrK bÈlsÍï fya;=fjka ;ífndaj
;ekam;=j fndfyda ÿrg úkdYhg ,la ù we;s nj tys § oel .; yels úh' tys § yuq
jQ Ydl f*dis, w;r úfYAI lsysmhla y÷kd .ekSug iu;a jqj o y÷kd .ekSu i|yd
;j;a kso¾Yl b;sßj we;' wd`ä.u cqrdisl ;ekam;=j fmd<j u;=msg oelsh fkd
yels neúka tu m%foaYfhka uE;l § ydrk ,o j.d <sxj,ska bj;a flreKq mia
mÍlaIdjg ,la flß‚' tfy;a ;ífndaj ;ekam;=fõ fuka ukdj iqrlaIs; jQ f*dis,
wkdjrKh lr .ekSug fuys § wfmdfydi;a úh' tfuka u Ydl f*dis, yereKq
úg i;aa;aj f*dis, lsisjla ms<sn| meyeÈ,s idOl o fuf;la yuq ù ke;' m,a,u yd
wd`ä.u ;ekam;=j,g jvd f*dis, jeä jYfhka wkdjrKh fldg f.k we;s
;ífndaj ;ekam;=j j¾;udkfha úkdYhg ,la fjñka mj;sk ksid fuh wkd.;
mdIdŒN+; m¾fhaIK fjkqfjka ksis l<ukdldß;ajhlska ixrlaIKh l< hq;=
fjhs'

wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu

nyqffi,sl Ôùka - ffi, lsysmhlska fyda ffi, rdYshlska ieÿï
,;a isrere ork Ôùka
^Wod( .evú,d" lmqgd" ´¨ .i" .ia,nq .i&
f*dis, - mdId‚N+; jQ i;=ka fyda Ydl" Ôùkaf.a fldgia"
i;=kaf.a mdo i,l=Kq" Ydl m;%j, igyka wdÈh
mDIaGjxYSka - fld÷ weg fm<la ork i;=ka
^laISrmdhSka" mlaISka" Wr.=ka" uiqka yd WNh
Ôùka&
ldáf,aÔh uiqka - ldáf,acj,ska ieÿï ,;a iels,s moaO;shla ork
uiqka ^Wod( fudareka yd uvqjka&

220 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

wiaÓl uiqka - wiaÓj,ska ieÿï ,;a iels,s moaO;shla ork
uiqka ^Wod( f;dard" mrjd yd n,hd&
WNhÔùka - Ôjk pl%fha hï ld,hla c,fha .; lrk
Ôùka ^Wod( f.ïnka" ueähka" ysßoKavka wdÈh&
Wr.=ka - i¾mhska" lgqiaika" yQkka" lnrf.dhska" bínka"
leianEjqka" lsUq,ka wdÈka wh;a jk i;a;aj
ldKavh
laISrmdhSka - ujf.ka i%djh jk lsß î jefvk megjqka we;s
i;a;aj ldKavh
^Wod( ñksid" yslaóhd" jjq,d" fvd,a*ska" w,shd&
mßKduh - mQ¾jc mrmqrlska mej; tkakjqka ld,h;a iu.
mßirhg WÑ; whqßka cdkuh yd ndysr
rEmdldrfhka fjkia fjñka mej; tau
wjidÈ; - c,h u.ska /f.k ú;a ;ekam;a jqKq Lkssc yd
^fyda& ldnksl øjH wvx.= ia;r'
;ekam;= - c,h" iq<Õ" kdh hEï wdÈ iajdNdúl fya;k + a u;
fyda udkj l%shdldÍ;ajh u; ;ekam;a jk mdxY=
fyda fjk hï ia;r
m%dlaflaïî%h - N+ b;sydifha wÈka jir ñ,shk 4567-541g;a
fmr mej;s hq.h
úchdkq ixlS¾Kh - Y%S ,xldfõ N+ úoHd;aul ,laIK w;r l÷lr
mdIdK ldKavhg fomiska msysgk mdIdK
wdldrh fõ' fuh Y%S ,xldfõ ngysr foiska
l=reKE., isg udkal=,ï olajd;a" kej; ol=Kq
iSudfõ yïnkaf;dg isg ;%sl=Kdu,h olajd;a
Èfõ'
f.dkaâjdkd moaO;sh - j¾;udkfha bkaÈhdj" ´iafÜ%,shdj"
wekagdáldj" ol=Kq wm%sldj" uev.ialrh" ol=Kq
wfußldj hk úYd, f.dvìï tlaj iEÿK"
w;S;fha mej;s w;súYd, N+ñ m%foaYh
.a/khsÜ - ;srejdkd" ´¾f;dlaf,aia" f*,aâiamd¾ yd uhsld
wka;¾.; r¿ l‚lduh mdIdK
khsia mdIdK - úmÍ; iïNjhla we;s iaMáluh ;Sre ork r¿
l‚lduh mdIdKhls'
je,s .,a - ;srejdkd je,s Yla;su;aj yd taldnoaOj iEÿKq
.,a
uv .,a - Yla;su;aj weisreKq uv fyda ueá .,a

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 221

 fldks*ria .ia - fla;=Or .ia
ihsflaâ - uvq .ia
m¾Kdx. - mqrdK iïNjhla we;s tÈfkod jHjydrfha
ójk Ydl f,i ye¢kafjk u,a yg fkd .kakd
Ydl
rÊuy,a - bkaÈhdfõ rÊuy,a l÷jeáh wdY%s; fmfoi
l,mq fv,agd - .Õla iuqøhg wj;S¾Kh ùug wdikakfha § w;=
.x.d rdYshlg fnÿKq wjia:dj
ldfndfkaishia - wx.dr wka;¾.; ;ekam;=
w¾O Y=Ial foaY.=‚l ;;a;ajh- j¾Idm;kh wju" jif¾ jeä l,la úh<s
;;a;ajfha mj;sk foaY.=Ksl iajNdjh
^Wod( ukakdru yd yïnkaf;dg m%foaY&
føda‚ - l÷ w;r msysá my;a ìï
m%dlaflaïî%h mdou - m%d.aflaïî%h hq.hg wh;a mdIdK ia;rh
îcdkqOdkS - m¾Kdx. Ydlj, îc fmdl=re jYfhka msysgk
fldgi
mrd. - u,a yg.kakd Ydlj, ;u j¾.hd fnda lsÍu
i|yd jQ laIqø mqreI idOlh
Èh¨ ;ekam;= - .x.d" we< fod< u.ska m%jdykh ù ;ekam;a jqKq
uv" fndr¨ yd ishqï je,s wdÈh
ma,hsiafgdiSk - wÈka jir ñ,shk 2'58 lg fmr wdrïNj wÈka
jir 11"700lg fmr ksud jqKq wjêh
fldgd ;ekam;= - bkaÈhdfõ Y%S ,xldjg iu.dój msysgd we;s
cqrdisl hq.hg wh;a Ydl f*dis, yuq jk
;ekam;=j

wjfndaOh
1' cqrdisl hq.h jk úg f,dj mßKduhg m;aj isá i;a;aj úfYaI kï lrkak'
2' YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl wjidÈ; ;ekam;= msysá ia:dk ;=k i|yka lrkak'
3' ;ífndaj wjidÈ; ;ekam;=j ms<sn|j N+ úoHd{hka olajk woyi l=ula o@
4' YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl ;ekam;= ms<sn| m¾fhaIK l< N+ úoHd{fhda ljryq o@
5' wd`ä.u ;ekam;=j ms<sn|j mS' B' mS' oer‚h.,f.a ks.ukh i|yka lrkak'
6' wd¾' ù' isf;da,s YS% ,xldfõ f*dis, tl;=fõ jeo.;alu ;yjqre lrk idOlh
f,i olajd we;s lreK l=ula o@

222 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 ,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk úfYaIK mo iqÿiq mßÈ fhdod jdlH iïmQ¾K lrkak'

^úfõpkd;aul" úia;rd;aul" wdkafoda,kd;aul" úfkdaod;aul" mqrdúoHd;aul"
Wmydid;aul" l,d;aul" m%ydrd;aul&

¸' YS% ,xldfõ uE; ld,fhys lrk ,o leŒïj,ska wdÈ udkjhd ms<sn| '''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' idOl wkdjrKh ù we;'
¸¸' miq fm< lS%vlhkaf.a ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ms;s yrUh ksid ;r.h ch.%yKh
lsÍug yels úh'
¸¸¸' à' Ô' ví,sõ' o is,ajd ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' l;d ,shQ flál;dlrefjls'
¸¹' weu;s;=ud" jHdmD;s ms<sn| ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' jd¾;djla ,nd fok f,i
f,alïjrhdg oekaù h'
¹' i|lvmyK" fy< l,dlrejdf.a ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' m%;sNdj úoyd mdk
levm;ls'
¹¸' tÈfkod isÿ jk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' isÿùï mqj;am;aj, uq,a msgqfõ m< fjhs'
¹¸¸' hd, wNh N+ñh n,d .sh pdßldj wmg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' w;aoelSula úh'
¹¸¸¸' ixj¾Ok iñ;sfha idudðlhl= oelajQ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' woyia iNdm;sjrhd
fnfyúka w.h flf<a h'

2' my; § we;s fldgia i|yd iqÿiq ;ks mo mdvfuka fidhd ,shkak'
¸' jeis c,fhka mi fia§ hEu
¸¸' wkHdldrhlg fmr<Su
¸¸¸' .x.d" jeõ wdÈfha c,h
¸¹' f.dvìu ;=<g fkrd .sh uqyqÿ fldgi
¹' Èh f.dv foflys u Ôj;a jk i;=ka
¹¸' tlaj .uka .kakd
¹¸¸' lsß î jefvk i;=ka
¹¸¸¸' úia;r iys;
¸º' ukd fia /l .ekSu
º' uekúka tlaj ne÷Kq

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 223

 úrdu ,laIK

my; oelafjk jdlH yd jdlH fldgia foi wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

fï ;ekam;= b;d .kj msysghs'
wiaÓl uiqka" WNhÔùka" Wr.hka yd laISrmdhSkaf.a mßKduh isÿ ù mej;s‚'
wkqrdOmqrh ud¾.fha ls' ó' 14la .sh ;ek'''
1914-1916 ld, mßÉfþofha §'''
mS' B' mS' oer‚h., úiska rÑ; ‘YS% ,xldfõ f.dkaâjdkd ;ekam;=’ kï
Ydia;S%h ,smsh'''
fï jdlHj, wl=re yd wxl yereKq fldg fjk;a ixfla; lsysmhla o fh§ we;s nj
Tng oel .; yels h' tajd ‘úrdu ,laIK’ hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs' f,aLkfha § fhdod
.efkk fï ,l=Kq w¾:h ksjerÈj .%yKh lr .ekSu i|yd wkqn,hla imhhs'
my; § we;s j.=j weiqfrka f,aLkfha § ks;r Ndú; jk úrdu ,laIK lSmhla
y÷kd .ksuq'

úrdu ,laIKh fhfok wjia:d WodyrK

' ^;s;& jdlH wjika lsÍu
kdu flá fldg oelaùu
ñksiaiq jev lr;s'
Ô' î' fiakdkdhl"
ue' fld' ^ue;sjrK flduidßia&
wjqreÿ udi Èk fjka lsÍu 1948'02'04
oYu" Nd. oelaùu 5'78 ^myhs oYu y;hs wg&
" ^fldudj& jdlHhl fldgia w;r ueo wms ch.%dyS lKavdhu fj;
úrduhla oelaùu f.dia" Tjqkag i;=g m< fldg
wdfjuq'
YS% ,xldfõ fjf<| fNda. w;r
f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ m%Odk fjhs'
@^m%Yakd¾: m%ldYh m%Yakhla nj oelaùu ñksiqka hqo jÈkafka wehs@
kx.S n;a lEjd o@
,l=K&
æ ^úiauhdÈ úiauh" mS%;sh" fYdalh"
m%d¾:kh wdÈh oelaùu
wfka fufyu;a wmrdOhlaæ
iqn WoEikla fõjdæ
,l=K&
¦ ^;s;a fldudj& tal l¾;Dl jdlH iïnkaO
lsÍu
wE fõÈld ks<shls¦ fg,s kdgH
Ys,amskshlss¦ .dhsldjls'
( ^fo;s;& ksoiqka yd úia;r oelaùu W;aijhg
wdrdê;fhda(
iyNd.s jk

wkqmd;h oelaùu fï uqo, 2(3 wkqmd;hg fnokak'

224 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 “ ” ^hq., Wvq m%lD;s l:k" WoaOD; mdG" “uu Bg tlÕ fjñ” hs Tyq
fldud& úfYaI jHjydr oelaùu mejiS h'
iso;a iÕrdj wdrïN jkafka
“uyo .|ls<s lr” hkqfjks'
‘ ’ m%ldYhl we;=<;a úfYaI “uu ‘úrd.h’ lshjd we;af;ñ”
^;ks Wvqfldud& jHjydr oelaùu hs Tyq mejiS h'

-
^flá br&
ld,mßÉfþo b,lalñka
oelaùu
1815 - 1948 ld, mßÉfþofha §

$
^we, br&
úl,am jHjydr oelaùu mshd$uj$Ndrlref.a w;aik

,sÅ; wNHdi
1' WÑ; mßÈ úrdu ,laIK fhdod fï jdlH kej; ,shkak'
¸' w fmd i id fm< úNd.h foieïn¾ udifha § meje;afõ
¸¸' úfYaI wuq;a;d meñ‚fha h l;d lf<a h msg;aj .sfha h
¸¸¸' wkqrdOmqrh fmf,dkakrej oUfo‚h hk k.r rdcOdks úh
¸¹' Tng iqn w¨;a wjqreoaola fõjd
¹' uydpd¾h mrKú;dk uy;d iS.sß .S lshjd w¾: oelaùfuka mq¿,a
fufyjrla lf<a hhs foaYlhd mejiS h

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 225

 26 ;, u, msms,d
kdgHh hkq Y%jH oDYH l,d udOHhls' tkï ne,Sfuka
yd weiSfuka ri ú¢k udOHhls' kdgHh jQ l,s
ne,Sfuka ri ú£ug we;s ldjH úfYaIhls' Bg
oDYHh hs lshkafka tneúks' kdgHhg rEm fyj;a
rEml hhs o lshkq ,efí' th o tu w¾:fhks'
“k¿fjda o ks<sfhda o fjia j<d f.k wjq;a
fma%laIlhka bÈßfha lsishï wjia:djla olaj;s' túg
kdgHhla my< fõ'” hkqfjka uydpd¾h tÈßùr
irÉpkaø l,amkd f,dalh lD;sfha i|yka lrhs'
ienE Ôú; mqj;la fyda f.d;k ,o l;djla fma%laIl
iuQyhla bÈßfha p;=¾ wNskh ^jdÑl - wdx.sl -
id;aúl - wdyd¾h& fhdod .ksñka ksrEmKh lsÍu
kdgHhla f,i ir,j w¾: oelaúh yels h' tys uQ,sl
u l¾;jHh jkafka kdgH msgm; fyj;a fm<
rpkh hs' rplhd úiska ;ud ,o w;aoelSula" l;d
mqj;la fyda fjk;a jia;= îchla weiqre lrf.k ;u
mßl,amkh o weiqßka kdgH msgm; rpkd lrhs'
“kdgHhla uq,ska u rÕ oelafjkafka rplhdf.a is;
kue;s fõÈldj u; h'” iqm%lg kdgH rpl n¾kdâ
fIdaf.a by; lshuk fuh ;yjqre lrhs'
wkaof¾,d" ^1995 rdcH idys;H iïudk& .=re;rej
^1997 rdcH idys;H iïudk& i|.sr" lfkare u,a
m%ùK kdgHfõ§ wdpd¾h ch,;a ufkdar;ak w;ska
rÑ; kdgH ks¾udK lsysmhls' .,ajvqrd<" isxÿhs
ìkaÿhs hk <ud lD;s o oji ;j ;reKhs kjl;dj
o" jeys tk;=re" ñksyg kskao hkak we;s hk
flál;d ix.%y o Tyqf.a ks¾udK w;r fõ' fï
mdvfuys we;=<;a jkafka ufkdar;akf.a ;, u,
msms,d kdgHfhys cjksldjls' kdgH msgm;a rpkh
ms<sn| Tyq úiska iïmdokh lrk ,o u. fmkaùula
o fï mdvug we;=<;a h' kdgH ri úkaokh" kdgH
msgm;a rpkh muKla fkd j idïm%odhsl fhÿï
Ndú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOhla o fuu mdvu weiqßka
,nd .; yels h'
226 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
 ‘;,u, msms,d’ kdgHfha f;audj" iïm%odh yd kùk;ajh w;r .egqu hs' kùlrKh
fya;=fldg f.k idïm%odhsl Wreuhka .=Koyï yd idrO¾u" mqreId¾: jekiS
hEfï wNsfhda.hg iudch uqyqK md we;s whqre ksrEmKh lsÍu hs' fuu kdgHh
iudc .eg¨jla foi ksÍlaIKd;aul úuiqï ne,aulaa fy<k kdgHhls' iuld,Sk
w;aoelSula msgqmi we;s udkqISh m%n,;ajh úuik tys h:d¾:jd§ f,i ck kegqï"
ck weoys,s wdÈ idïm%odhsl l,dx. o Wmfhda. lr f.k we;'

fojeks cjksldj
^kq..yg by<ska i| mdhd we;' rxnrKd iy fya;=" f.hs bÈßmi ñÿf,a jdä ù l;d
nfya fh§ isá;s'&
rxnrKd( wdrd ;,a.i f.dka jevqKd fia
fudard ;,u, tk wkaoka'''
mSrd jr,i wjq,a yßk fia
;,u, iq<Õg hk wkaoka '''
fya;= ( ^tu lú mo h<s .hñka& f,dl= w;af;''' f,dl= w;a;d fldfydu o
Th ;rx ,iaikg lú iSmo jkakx lshkag bf.k .;af;@
rxnrKd ( f,dl= w;a;f.;a wmamÉÑf.kaæ
fya;=( ta wmamÉÑ bf.k .;af;@
rxnrKd( thdf.;a wmamÉÑf.ka
fya;=( lsßuq;af;aææ
rxnrKd( wkak yß''' lsß uq;a;f.ka ;uhs' w;a;" uq;a;d" k;a;d" mk;a;d"
ls;a;d" lsßls;a;f. b|, ´jd láka lgg f.kdmqjd'
fya;=( lsßuq;af;aæ
rxnrKd( kegqx Ys,afm ú;rla fkù fld,af,d" fcda;sfia" fjolu" n,sf;dú,a"
fldfydU lxldß''' Th ´kE tfylg ymkakq wfma mrïmrdj' lkao
Wvrg lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy uy rÊcqrejkaf. foaúkakdkafig fjolx
lr, ;sfhkj" wfma ó uq;af;la' ´jg kïnq kdu" .ï ìï" moú
;dkdka;r ,n, ;sfhkjd'
fya;=( f,dl= w;a;d fudkj o ta ldf, lf<a@
rxnrKd( uuæ ta ldf, ux ysáfh kEfk meáfhda' Tkak ux .eghd ldf,a kx
fkare w.ue;s;=ud biairy" uy /ðk biairy" ishx l=udrhd biairy
kegqx kg, m%Yxid ,n,d ;sfhkjd' nqrefu ishfu wfma uymafmdÉÑ,d
.ymq wvõ lrKxj,g ta rgj, we;af;d n,x ysáhhs lshkafk
Wvql=ß[a[x fj,d¨' Th fï ldf,a wfma tjqka iqoafod msgqmiafi
.shdgæ
fya;=( f,dl= w;a;g kegqx b.ekakqfj f,dl= w;a;f.;a wmamÉÑ lsõjfk'
rxnrKd( Tõ''' WU,f. wmamÉÑg ux b.ekakqj jf.a ;uhs' wfma wmamÉÑ ug
b.ekakqfj'''
fya;=( ^l,amkd lrñka& tfykx wfm wmamÉÑ ug kegqx W.kakkafk
ke;af;@
17' r' uq' kS' i' 180543 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 227
 rxnrKd( ^úlaIsma;j lïmd fjñka& ta jqKdg fya;=fjda ux WUg W.kakkj fk '''
fya;=( wmamÉÑ ug lshkjd" oex f,dl= w;a;f. kegqx bf.k.;a;d we;s¨'
w¨;a kegqx bf.k .kag kqjr fydagf,ag tkag¨''' wïud;a yßhg
lror lrkjd f,dl= w;af; kqjrg tkag lsh,d' oex lSm ojila u
biafldaf,g;a wdjfk' wïug yß md`Mhs¨ ux ke;=j'
rxnrKd( b;sx talg ;sfhkafk wïug weú,a,d fufya WU;a tlal kj;sk
tlfk' n,mx t;fldg WUg biafldaf,g;a <Õ hs' kegqx Ys,afm
bf.k .kag;a mq¿jx'
fya;=( ta jqKdg wïu lshkafk fïl wfma ;ekla fkù¨' f,dl= w;a;f.¨'
fu;k ysáfhd;a udj yßhg yod .kak neß fjkj¨'
^rxnrKd ksy`vj l,amkdfõ .ef,hs'&
wïug msiaiq fkao w;af;@
rxnrKd( WUg ;ju fïjd f;arex .kag jhi uÈ meáfhd' WU wyk tajg
W;a;r fokag;a uu jhi jeähs''' kS,fldfnda ikafoafi ;sfhkjd
fukak fufyu lúhla'''
tñka lsre¿ royg fmdrK ks,;= re
flf<ka miÕ ;=re ko ,en u ;k;= re
ìfhka fkd yer lrkd ú,i wo ;= re
mqyqka lr;s i; fuys miÕ f.di ;= re
Th lúfhka lshkafk" mqrdK ldf, b|kau ;k;=re ,nd f.k" ta
kf¾kaøhd fjkqfjka mxp;+¾h f>daIdj ksrka;rfhka u l< fyhska
fkdkj;a;d u mj;ajk mßoafoka" t.u jeisfhda mxp;+¾h kdoh wo
olajd u lr f.k tkjdh lshk tl fka'''
fya;=( b;sx yeu flfklau ´jd bIag lrkjd o@
rxnrKd( ke;=j@ w;r.,a, fldkl,., .ïjdiSkag .ïjr §, ;sfhkafk
mxp;+¾h kdfog ;uhs' wuqKl jmißh fjkqfjka ish¨ foajd,
f.dvke.s,sj," úydr u¿j, rdcldß lrkag ´kE' fmryef¾ §
m<sy" uq;=l=fâ" Wiaikag ´kE' kgkag ´kE' f;ajdj lrkag ´kE'
^rxnrKd ksy`vj l,amkdfõ .ef,hs'&
fya;=( Tkak Tõjd wu;l lruq f,dl= w;af;' wms ;j;a lúhla lshuq o@
rxnrKd( yaï'''æ jfrxæ
^rxnrKd kq..yhg jdä.kshs' fya;= fydfrl= fuka nq,;a ;Ügqj
fj; wefohs'&
fya;=( f,dl= w;af;''' ug nq,;aúgla'''æ
rxnrKd( fokjd WUg uu úgla'''æ
fya;=( wfka f,dl= w;af;'''
rxnrKd( fya;=fjda ´jd lEj u bx.S%is lshj.kag neß fjkj¨'
fya;=( tfykx f,dl= w;a; lkafka@
rxnrKd( uu bx.S%is lshkjhe@
fya;=( uu;a fkdlsh bkakjd'
228 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
rxnrKd( tfyu nE fk' WU,f. wïug Wjukd lrkafk WUg bx.S%is
lshjkag fk'
fya;=( wog ú;rla'''æ
rxnrKd( yaï''' wog ú;rhs'''jfrx''' fï lúh fidlß l;dfõ .=rejg fjÉp
weneoaÈhla'
foafia isg wd t.=re uy,a,d
Èhg hkag ,nq f.ähla t,a,d
;Urdúg fjo rd<f. n,a,d
ldms¨ .=rejf. ll=,u w,a,d
iNdm;s( ldf. ll=, o n,a, yemqjhs lshkafk@
rxnrKd( wd''' iNdm;s uy;a;fhd''' kE''' fï fidlß l;dfõ isoaêhla úia;r
flrejd fmdä tldg''' ;Urdúg fjodf. n,a,d .=rejf. ll=,
ldmq yeá'
iNdm;s( ldf. n,a,d jqK;a lula kE''' bkafclaIka úistl .y.kag fjkj
fjkjd u hs'
rxnrKd( ^wkaoukao fjñka& fya;=''' WUg ksÈu; kx .sys,a,d ksod.ksxæ fyg
biafldaf, hkag;a tmdhe'
^fya;= msgfjhs&
iNdm;s( Th fld,a,d fu;k u ;shd .kak o .=rekakdkafif. woyi@
rxnrKd( Wf.a ymkalï úÈyg fu;kg jvd .e<fmk ;j;a ;ekla kE
wdhsfndjkav'
iNdm;s( ^jdäfjñka& fuhd fï ;s%msgfl jkkjdæ fufy fkfjhs''' Th <uhs
hjkag ´k rg' fldÉpr foaj,a ;sfhkjd o bf.k .kag' uf.a
ysf;a úYd, fõokdjla ;sfhkjd' fï fldÜGdfi <uhskaf.
ymkalïj,g ;ekla ke;s ùu .ek' iqÿ uy;a;h;a tlal tl;=
fj,d ta jdf.a <uhs rg hjkak ms<sfj<la yokafk talhs fï ;rx
jo ú| f.k'
rxnrKd( rg hjkag@ fï''' fï''' fmdä <uhs@
iNdm;s( .=rekakdfia uu fï lshkafka f<ka.;=lug' fï ì;a;s y;frka tyd
;sfhkj ;j;a f,dalhla' wr ;sfhkafk''' “f,k ;=< isrù isá
l=ureka od f,dj ne¨ug f,d,a ù f,k ìkaod” lsh,d''' .,a f,k
ì| f.k ¨ .shd lshkafk''' ljqo fï' ukfï l=udrhd'
rxnrKd( u'''k'''fï l=udrhd fkù''' tfyu f,k ì| f.k .shd lshkafka
isynd l=udrhd'
iNdm;s( wd''' ñksy;a .shd o@ fjkage;s fjkage;s'
rxnrKd( tfyu ì| f.k hkag f,kla fu;ek ;sfhaú he@
iNdm;s( f,kla ke;s jqKdg fï rEiai kqf.a uoehs' Th kqf.a l¿jr
fyjKe,af,ka .=rekakdkafif. weia wkaO fj,d' wks;a whf.;a
Ôú; fldgq fj,d'
rxnrKd( mrïmrd .Kkdjl fk;a mdomq fï W;a;u jDlaIrdchd .ek Tfydu

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 229

 l;d lrkag tmd' wdhqfndjkav'''
iNdm;s( kE''' kE''' uu l;d lrkafk kE''' uu l;dlrkafk kE''' wms .yla
.ek l;d flrej;a ñksiaiq ys;kafk fjk fohla' ^;udgu& wksl
kq. ,S fudkjg .kago ug@''' .=rekakdkafiæ uu fï ;lykshla u
rd;s%fh f.g f.dv jqfKa jeo.;a rdcldßhlg''' ug T;a;=jla ,eì,d
;sfhkjd fï rx.iNdfj bkakjhs lsh,d''' fï'''
^f.;=<ska fya;=f.a lgy`v wefihs'&
rxnrKd( wfka iNdm;s uy;a;fhda''' fmdä tld ySfkx nh fj,d o fldfyo@
<Õ fkd ysáfhd;a tfyu u hs' jdä fj,d bkag'''
^rxnrKd f.;=<g Èj hhs' iNdm;s jdä ù isá;a u .=KjxY msúfihs'&
iNdm;s( uqkakefy@
.=KjxY( ^u| ielfhka hq;=j& uu fï .=rekakdkafi yïnq fjkag lsh,'
iNdm;s( fï m<df; o@
.=KjxY( uu ol=fK
iNdm;s( wms;a ol=fK'''
^u| ksy`v;djla&
uu ;uhs fï fldÜGdfi iNdm;s''' fï ?@
.=KjxY( yqÕ ojila fjkj .=rekakdkafi ug m‚úvhla tj,d' fnr f.ähla
folla yod .kag ´kE lsh,' wfma .ï m<df; ;sfhkjfk weye,'''
.xiQßh''' fldfydU fldg'''
iNdm;s( wmamÉÑfha TÉpr ÿr hkag ´kEhe fï mqxÑ fnf¾lg@
.=KjxY( fnf¾ mqxÑ jqKdg jefâ f,dl=hs iNdm;s uy;a;fhda' .=rekakdkafi;a
fndfydu wudrefjka fk fï jev ál lr f.k hkafk' wjqreÿ
oyhlg biair .egje,a ,Kqjla i; úis my hs' wo remsh,a ye;a;Emy
hs' yxlv lE,a,la remsh,a iSh hs'
iNdm;s( yxj, .Klu wE'''@
.=KjxY( ta ú;rla fkù' uqj yx j÷re yx fydhkag ´kE' fldfydu yß
wudrefjka fydhd .;a;hs lshuqfld' lef,a b|, f.fkoa§ fmd,sishg
tfyu wyq jqfKd;a yuhs fldfghs fol u kE'
iNdm;s( oex ;sfhkjfk b;sx wms f.kak,d fyd| bïfmda¾gâ ma,diaála
,Kqæ
.=KjxY( tajd fyd|hs kdfyg odkag''' ^fnrhg ;Ügq lr& fnf¾ kshu kdfo
.kag kï" kshu yï kshu fldfÜ wyq fjkag ´kE' ke;a;x ioafo
ne,a ne,a' wms b;sx fï jf. ;ekaj,g Woõ lrkag tmd he'
iNdm;s( ke;=j ke;=j''' lkao Wvrfghs lsh lshd ysáhg wfma Woõj ke;sj
nE' we;a; u lshkj kx wms;a fokjd wdOdr Th l,dh;kj,g' ta
jqKdg fï l,dh;kj, ;sfhkafk mqÿu ueðla" meñŒu úisy; hs'
meñŒfï fmdf;a úisy;rodia ydriSh fol hs kï' b;ska fok
wdOdfr;a wka;sfï wkd:dOdfræ
.=KjxY( yqÕ l,dh;k tfyu jqKdg fu;k kï tfyu ;ekla fjkag nE'''
230 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
iNdm;s( úldræ wms Tfy,d ol=fK jqKdg wfm lkskq;a ßx.kj fï f.d,a,'
ux iqÿ uy;a;fhl=;a tlal tl;= fj,d ie,iqïlr,d ;sfhkjd
fIdala jev ms<sfj<la' w¨;a u iïm%odhla wo fyg u ìyslrkag'
.=KjxY( ^úlaIsma; fjñka& w¨;a u iïm%odhlaæ
iNdm;s( Tõæ
.=KjxY( wo fyg uæ
iNdm;s( Tõæ
.=KjxY( iud fjkag''' meIka tk tk ;df,g we֕ udre lrkjd jf.a
ldf,ka ldf,g mq¿jka o iNdm;s uy;a;fhda iïm%odh fjkia
lrkag@
iNdm;s( ljqo nE lshkafka@ kE nE jpk uf. <Õ kE'
.=KjxY( kE@
iNdm;s( kE
.=KjxY( tfykx Th kE lsõfj@
iNdm;s( yÈiaishlg .kag tlla folla ;sfhkjd'''@ oex n,kag uq¿ b;sydfi
mqrd u fjkialï lrmq ksid ;uhs wms wo fï ;rx fi!Nd.Hfhka
bkafk' iïm%odh wkak ta jf.a fjkia lrkag ´kE'
.=KjxY( fï ldf, úoHdfj ÈhqKqfjka ilia fjÉÑ ixialD;shl Ôj;a jqKdg
.=rekakdkafif. uq,a ;sfhkafk m%fõ‚ jevjiï ldf,' b;sx
fjkialï lrkag ´kE nqoaêu;aj fyñka'
iNdm;s( fï ldf, fyñka .sfhd;a mrdohs' oex n,kag wfma ukqiai YsIagdpdfr'
biaifrdau .,ahqf.a' ., tmd jqKd u tf`âr hq.h' t;ekska f.dú;ek'
wka;sfï ld¾ñl hq.h' ^ryiska fuka& ;j wjqreÿ .Kkdjlska
WmÈkj¨ fldïmshqg¾ hq.h' frdnÜjrekaf.' b;sx fï ÈhqKqj
,enqfK ld ksid o@ fjkia ùïj,g yev .eyqKq ksid'
.=KjxY( oex Th ljqre ÈhqKq fjÉp l;dj o iNdm;s uy;a;hd lshkafk@
iNdm;s( wmsæ ^yÈisfha isysm;a ù& kE'''fï''' wms Tfy,dæ
.=KjxY( wfma w;a;d uq;a;d f.dhs;ex n;la lrf.k" fldhs;rï ir, Ôú;hla
o .; lf<a' ta ú;rla o@ is,am id;a;f¾ yodrkj' iïNdjH l,d
lD;s" idys;H lD;s ks¾udKh lrkag fj,dj b;=re lr .;af;
keoao@ wo flda ta úfõlh@ tod b|, fï ld¾ñl hq.hg tkl,a Th
lshk ÈhqKqj jqKd kï" wms yefudagu ;sfhkag tmd he ta jf.a ish
.=Khl úfõlhla' ksial,xlhla' yßhg kslx fnd;a;u tnqju
Tlafldu flfrkj jf.a'
iNdm;s( ljqo kE lshkafk@ oex n,kag uf.a ldfrl' fnd;a;ula Tnmq .uka
fodr wefrkj' ;j tlla tnqju iagd¾Ü fjkjd' wksla fnd;a;ug
fukak b.sf,kj'
.=KjxY( fnd;a;ula ;shd ldihla uy.kak kQ,a fmdgla kE yqÕ fofkl=g'
fiaru,d j,s. .sks .;a;= ykqu,d jf.a ÿjkj" Wfoa ysg ? fjkl,a
Ôúf;a lrjkag' ta;a wks;sug fodvx f.dv nod .;a;d jf.a b;=re
fjk msÉÑhl=;a kE'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 231

 iNdm;s( wkak Th iudc widOdrKh" wiu;=,s;;dj" wiuÊcd;s nj ke;s
lrkag ;uhs" uu fï rx. iNdfjka mgka .kag hkafk" w¨;a u
iïm%odhla' n,kag fïl ls%hd;aul l<d u fodvx f.ä lShla wf;a
b;=re fõú o lsh,'
^rxnrKd meñfKhs&
rxnrKd( wd'''æ fï <uh;a'
^;ud w÷kajd fkd fok f,ig .=KjxY bÕs lrhs'&
iNdm;s( <uhd ksod .;a; o@
rxnrKd( Tõ''' ta <uh;a ksod .;a;d'
iNdm;s( .=rekakdkafia uf. fj,dj mekakd' uu fjk ojil f.dvfjkakx'
^msg ù hdug iQodkï fjhs'&
rxnrKd( iNdm;s uy;a;hd fudkj;a lkj o@
iNdm;s( ka'''kE''' uu fï lEulg hk .uka' .syska tkakx fydf|a'
^iNdm;s msgj hhs'&
.=KjxY( ñksyg nv.sks ke;sj we;s' fuÉpr fj,d u iïm%odh lEjd'
^w÷r .,hs&

w;aoelSï yd kdgH msgm;a rpkh

-wdpd¾h ch,;a ufkdar;ak-
kdgHhl fm< fyj;a msgm;a rpkh fjk;a idys;H ks¾udK fuka u f,aLk
ld¾hhls' tfy;a fjk;a rpkd fuka kdgH" fm< ,sùfuka muKla k;r fkd ùu
úfYaI ,laIKhls' w;aoelSula l,d;aulj" jpk" jdlH" ixjdo" mµ weiqfrka lúh"
flál;dj" kjl;dj ud¾.fhka mdGlhdg fl<ska u mejish yels jqj;a kdgHh
rplhdg yqfola NdIdj ud¾.fhka muKla ri ksmehSug bvla fkd ,efí' thska
mQ¾K rihla fkd ,efnk neúks'
ks;r Y%jKh jk kdgHh yd rx. l,dj hk jpk fol weiqfrka fuh meyeÈ,s
l< yels h' kdgHh hkq fm< rpkd lsÍu jk w;r" rx. l,dj hkq tu fm<
weiqre lr .ksñka fõÈldj u; f.dv kef.k l,d;aul m%h;akh hs' kdgH rplhd
,shkafka jd¾;djla fyda hï ixisoaêhla .ek f;dr;=rla fyda fkd fõ' iÔù k¿
ks<shkaf.a uqjg kxjd w¾:h Woa§mkh fldg m< lrjk" ixjdo fyda lõ .S rpkd
fuka u hï kdglSh wjia:djla f.dv kxjd .ekSug WmldÍ jk o¾Yk" cjksld
wxl wdÈh yd ne÷Kq rxf.daÑ; l;d jia;=jls'
“kdgHh jQ l,s flfkl=f.a isf;ys my< jk ks¾udKd;aul m%mxphls'” hkqfjka
uydpd¾h we,vhsia ksfld,a mjihs' th jpk Tiafia ixjdohg fmr<S fõÈldj u;
Ôjh ,nhs' fuys jpk hkq tlls' ixjdo hkq ;j;a tlls' ish¨ u jpk ixjdoj,g
fkd .e<fma' ta ksid ‘kdfgHdaÑ; NdIdj’ hkak wm fidhd hd hq;= h' úYsIag
.Kfha kdgH rpkhl wvx.= jpk" wvq fyda jeä fyda ke;' tl o jpkhlaj;a

232 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

bj;a l< fkd yelsjd fia u w¨f;ka tl;= l< fkd yels h' iq.;md, o is,ajd
kdgHfõÈhd “kdgH rplhd jpk Ndú; l< hq;af;a uiqrl= f,i h'” hkqfjka
m%ldY lr we;af;a tneúks' kdgHh hkq “jD;a;dka;uh jYfhka l;djla lSu fyda
ld¾hhka Tiafia jia;=jla úldYh lsÍu” hkqfjka o iq.;md, o is,ajd úiska úia;r
lr we;' kdgHhla rpkd lrkafka ksù iekis,af,a ;udg u lshjd f.k ryfia ri
ú£ug fkd fõ' ixjdo" .S;" lú WÉpiajrfhka w¾:dkaú;j iajr yd ;d,dkql+,j
fndfyda fokdg Y%jKh lsÍug yels jk f,i foãug yd .ehSug hs'
.eUqßka úuik úg kdgH rpkh idys;Huh ls%hdj,shla jqj;a kdgH rplhd
idys;Hlrejl= fuka u kdgHlrefjla o fõ' Tyq msgm; rpkd lrkafka lshùug
muKla fkd j rÕmEug o iu. h' th fïih u; ;nd ,shQj o lr,sh u;
m%dix.slj iÔùj ueùug;a yelshdj ;sìh hq;= h' ‘kdgHh uq,ska u rx. .; jkafka
rplhdf.a ukia lr,sfha h’ hk lshuk f.dv ke.S we;af;a ta ksid h'
kdgHhla rpkd lsÍug w;aoelSula mdol úh hq;= h' th ;u w;aoelSula fyda
Wml,amkh lrkq ,enq w;aoelSula úh hq;= h' f.dvke.s,a,la ;ekSug jdia;=
úoHd{hl= Wmfoia fokafka .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ .Dy
ks¾udK ie,iqug wkqj h' tf,i kdgH wOHlaIjrhd kdgHh ksIamdokh lsÍug
Wmfhda.s lr .kafka rplhd úêu;aj ms<sfh, l< kdgH msgm; hs'
kdgHfha fm<g mdol jkafka hï l;d mqj;ls' ixialD; kdgHfha § b;sjD;a;h
f,i y÷kajd we;af;a fï l;d mqj; hs' ^b;s - fufia" jD;a; - isÿ úh& Nr;uqks
m`äjrhd o kdgHfha YÍrh b;sjD;a;h f,i i|yka lrhs' b;sjD;a;h b;sydi
mqj;la" ckY%e;shla" ckm%jdohla" mqrdfKdala;shla" iuld,Sk iudc w;aoelSula fyda
úh yels h' ksoiqka f,i uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaøhkaf.a kdgH lSmhla úuid
n,kak' ukfï" fjiaika;r" uydidr" nj lv;=rdj" f,dauyxi" lod j<¨" mndj;S
jeks kdgH cd;l l;d weiqßkq;a" r;a;rx" tf,dj .sysx fuf,dj wdjd" fj,a,jeyqx
jeks kdgH ck l;d weiqßkq;a" isxyndyq kdgHh jxY l:d.; m%jdo weiqßkq;a
ks¾udKh lr we;' lsßuqÜáh .fÕa .shd" jgmq¿fõ f.j,a ì|,d jeks kdgH
iuld,Sk iudc w;aoelSï mdol lr f.k we;s w;r lmqjd lfmda;s" uÕ=,a m%ia;dj
jeks kdgH úfoaY lD;s weiqfrka o ks¾udKh lr we;'
;,u, msms,d kdgHhg mdol ù we;af;a wmf.a iuld,Sk iudc w;aoelSuls' ud bm§
<ud ld,fha jdih lf<a;a mdi,a .sfha;a lkao Wvrg msáir .ïudkhl h' ud mqxÑ
ld,fha .fï rÕ olajk ,o fidlß" ls÷re .eñ kdgl;a tajdfhys rÕ mE .eñhkq;a
.fï úydrfha f;ajdj l< .=Khd" rxnrKd" fiaorud wdÈ jeäysáhkq;a muKla fkd
j .u o úYd, fjkilg f.dÿre ù ;snqKq nj úYajúoHd, Ôú;h yd /lshd cSú;h
ksu lr wdmiq .ug .sh ud ,enQ tla;rd w;aoelSuls'
úfYaIfhkau l,dka;rhla uq¿,af,a mrïmrdkq.;j fYaI ù ;snqKq isxy, ixialD;sl
odhdo kùlrKh" ngysÍlrKh bÈßfha úYd, fjkia ùïj,g Ndckh jk wdldrh
fï kdgHhg mdol jQ f;audj hs' weia mkdmsg olakg ;snqKq" mq¿,a jmißhl úysÿKq
fuu fÄojdplh weiqfrka tla .eñ mjq,la flakaø fldg f.k pß; lSmhla

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 233

 f.dkq lr .ksñka" kdfgHdaÑ; isÿùï fm< .iajñka" ixfla;d;aulj kdgH rpkh
ks¾udKh lr .ekSug yels úh'
rxnrKd .=rekakdkafia wmf.a mdrïmßl Ñka;kh;a" nd, nxvdr fojeks mrmqf¾
kùlrKh;a Tlk,a ngysrlrKh;a .=KjxY /äl,a jdudxYslh;a iNdm;s wêm;s
foaYmd,k jHQyh;a ufyaIsld ckms%h ixialD;sh;a" fya;= ;u wlaldf.a ixfõokh
jgyd .;a;d jQ ;=kajeks mrmqr;a wdÈ jYfhka fuys pß; ixfla;d;aul f,i f.dv
keÕSug yels úh'
kdgH msgm;la rpkd lsÍfï § my; oelafjk ,laIK wka;¾.; úh hq;= h'
^10 fYa%‚fha fm< fmdf;ys 14 mdvfuys kdgH msgm;a rpkh fldgi o
WmldÍ lr .kak'&

² kdgH msgm;g iqÿiq f;audj

² f;audj bÈßm;a lsÍug iqÿiq l;d jia;=j
² mdGlhdg$fma%laIlhdg fok m‚úvh$Ôjk oDIaáh$wruqK
² wruqK lrd hEug isoaê" fm< ks¾udKh
² kdgHfha ld,hg wkqrEm l;d úkHdih
² Wla; ffY,shla ^ffY,s.;$iajdNdúl&
² kdgHfha ikao¾Nhg ^wdrïNh - úldYh - WÉp wjia:dj - ksrdlrKh& wkqj
² cjksld wxl
² tys ksrEms; pß; .Kk
² l;d jia;=fjys kdgHhg WÑ; wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu
² ffY,s.; kdgH fmf<ys .egqï wjia:d fhdod .ekSu
² pß; yd .egqïj,g wod< jd.a ú,dih yd ixjdo
² rx. úOdk fhdod .ekSu
² kdgHfha ksudj ^iqLdka;$ÿ#Ldka;&

wjfndaOh

1' fmr oekqu iy fuu mdvu weiqßka wid we;s m%Yakj,g flá ms<s;=re ,shkak'
¸' kdgH l,dj iduQysl l,d udOHhls' Bg fya;= olajkak'
¸¸' kdgHh iÔù l,d udOHhla ùug fya;= 3la olajkak'
¸¸¸' kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d hkq fudkjd o@
¸¹' ‘;,u, msms,d’ kdgHhg mdol lr f.k we;s w;aoelSu yd tys f;audj
l=ula o@
¹' ¸' mdvfï we;=<;a fldgfiys i|yka jk pß; kï lrkak'
¸¸' ta tla tla pß;fhka ixfla;j;a lr we;af;a fudkjd oehs fjka fjkaj
olajkak'

234 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

 ,sÅ; wNHdi

1' iqÿiq mßÈ fhÿï f;dard ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkk'

¸' kdgHhla krUd ri ú¢kakd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' f,i ye¢kafõ'
¸¸' hï ls%hdjla fyda wjia:djla fyda ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' lr oelaùu kdgHh kï
fõ'
¸¸¸'kdgH ks¾udKhl uQ,sl ld¾hh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''hs
¸¹'kdgHhl id¾:l;ajh Wfoid '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' WmldÍ fõ'
¹' isxyndyq kdgHh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' weiqßka ks¾udKh ù we;'
¹¸' ;,u, msms,d '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' kdgH ffY,sfhka ks¾udKh jQjls'
^wNskh" fm< rpkh" kdfgHdaÑ; NdIdjla" fma%laIlhd" iajNdúl" jxYl;djla"
wkqlrKh" mdGlhd&
2' my; i|yka jpk fhdod w¾:j;a jdlHh ne.ska ,shkak'
¸' mdGlhd ¸¹' iïNdjH
¸¸' Ys,amSh l%u ¹' idïm%odh
¸¸¸' mßl,amkh

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' ;,u, msms,d kdgH msgm; lshjkak'

2' Tn okakd isxy, kdgH myl kï ,shkak' tajdfhys mdol lr f.k we;s
w;aoelSï yd ffY,Ska ljf¾ oehs olajkak'
3' my; § we;s Wmud l;dj Wmfhda.s lr f.k flá kdgH msgm;la ks¾udKh
lrkak'
mdi,a .sh orefjla ojila ;u mka;sfha hy¿jl=f.a fmd;la fidrlï lr
f.k f.or .shd' Tyqf.a uj th oel i;=gqj mq;dg m%Yxid l<d' fï ksid Tyq
ksr;=rej ñ;=rkaf.a nvq fidrlï lsÍu È.g u lr f.k .shd' ;reKfhl= jQ
miq Tyq wi,ajeishkaf.a úúO foa fidrlï lrkakg jqKd' ta tllgj;a uj
úreoaO jqfKa keye' ojila f,dl= fidrlulg .sh úg Tyq w;ska ñksfil= ñh
.shd' fï ksid Tyqg urŒh oKavkh kshu jqKd' Èkla uj ;u mq;d ne,Sug
.shd túg ujg <x jqKq mq;d ujf.a lk imd lEjd' ta kmqre ls%hdjg uj fodia
mejrejd' túg ;reKhd “uu uq,ska u fmd; fidrlï lr f.k wd fõ,dfõ
ug o`vqjï l<d kï wo ug t,a¨ï .yg hkak fjkafka kE’ lshd ujg
fodaIdfrdamKh l<d'
4' Tn leu;s ck l;d" cd;l l;d fyda fjk;a w;aoelSï weiqfrka kdgH msgm;a
rpkd lrkak'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 235

 idïm%odhsl fhÿï

´kE u l;djla i;=j Bg Wreu jQ NdId iïm%odhla mj;S' tu NdIdj ksfhdackh

lrk iudch ;=< mj;akd Ôjk jD;a;Ska" isß;a úß;a" weoySï" is;=ï me;=ï" wdl,am
wdÈh u; NdId jHjydr fyj;a idïm%odhsl fhÿï f.dv kef.a' isxy, NdIdfõ
Ndú; fuu we;eï idïm%odhsl fhÿïj,g jir oyilg jvd b;sydihla we;'
u;=msg w¾:h blaujd hk wuq;= jHjydrhla fï fhÿïj, we;'
jHjydrfha § fuka u f,aLkfha § o m< l< hq;= woyi b;d rij;a jQ yd is;a
.kakd f,i bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdjla fï fhÿï ksid we;s fõ'
fï iïm%odhsl fhÿï j¾. lSmhls'
1' m%ia;dj msre¿
2' rEÎ
3' hq., mo

m%ia;dj msre¿

‘wjia:djg WÑ; whqßka fhdok lshuk’ hk wre;ska m%ia;dj msre¿ kï fõ' isxy,
YíofldaIh msre¿ y÷kajkafka ‘;ekg .e<fmk lshukls" wdo¾Yj;a lSuls"
wdmaf;damfoaYhls'’ hkqfjks'
kdgH fldgfika Wmqgd .;a my; fhÿï lshjkak'
“tod b|,d fï ld¾ñl hq.hg tkl,a Th lshk ÈhqKqj jqKd kï wms yefudag u
;sfhkak tmd he tajdf. ish .=Khl úfõlhla" ksial,xlhla yßhg kslx
fnd;a;u tnqju Tlafldu flfrkj jf.a'
fnd;a;ula ;shd ldihla uy .kag kQ,a mgla kE" yq`. fofkl=g' fiaru,d j,sf.
.sks .;a;= ykqu,d jf.a ÿjkj Wfoa ysg ?fjkl,a Ôúf;a Ôj;a lrjkag'
ta;a wka;sug fodvx f.dv nod .;a; jf.a b;sß fjk msÉÑhl=;a kE'
m<uq mdGfhys lshfjk wre;a úuid n,kak'
úoHd;aul" ;dlaI‚l jYfhka f,dalh fldf;la ÈhqKq jQj;a ñksidg úfõlh wvq
ù we;s nj ;yjqre lsÍug rplhd tu msre< wjia:djg WÑ; f,i fhdodf.k we;'
fojk mdGfhys b;d oeä wd¾Ól igkl fhfokakg ñksidg isÿ ù
we;s whqre oelaùug ‘j,sf. .sks .;a;= ykqu,d jf.a’ hk msre< Wmldr lr f.k
we;'
flf;la fjfyi jqj o wjidkfha lsisÿ m%;sM,hla w;a fkdjqK nj mejiSug
‘fodvï f.dv nod .;a; jf.a’ hk msre< olajhs'
hï lshukl wre; b;d fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s fldg m%dKj;a f,i bÈßm;a l< yels nj
by; mdGj,ska ;yjqre fõ'

236 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

m%ia;dj msre¿j, §" b;sydi .; isÿùula" ck l;djla" cd;l l;djla" mqrdjD;a;hla"
mqoa., pß;hla iïnkaO isoaêhla wdÈ jYfhka Wmldß úh yels h' tfuka u
m%ia;dj msre¿ ;=< idudkH m%ldYhla" WmfoaYhla fyda Wmudjla jYfhka o jHjydr
jkq olakg ,efí' msre<" ieliS we;s iajNdjh wkqj o úúO fõ' iudkjdÖ
m%ldYkuh" m%Yakuh" wjjdod;aul" úOdkuh" ßoaudkql+, wdÈ jYfhka úúO wdlD;s
ta ;=< y÷kd .; yels h'

wkaof¾ iskS lEj jf.a Wml%uYs,Sj ;u woyi bgqlr .ekSu

wnrd is,a .;a; jf.a wkjfndaOfhka hula lsÍu
mrx.shd fldaÜfÜ .shd jf.a flá u.lska hd yels j ;sìh § ÿr u.lska hdu
l¨jd udrmka .shd jf.a wruqKlska f;drj jevla lsÍfï ksIaM, nj
bínkaf.ka msydgq b,a¨j jf.a ,nd .; fkd yels fohla fjkqfjka fufyhùu
w; §, o; kshjkj jf.a Woõjla lr hula n,dfmdfrd;a;= ùu
jlalfâ yl=re yex.=j jf.a iqÿiq /ljrKhla ke;s ùu
.=rekag;a wl=re jrÈkj¨ ld w;skq;a jerÈ isÿ jk nj
t<sm;a; Wv bkak n<, jf.a iaÒr ;SrKhla ke;s nj
TxÑ,a,dj tydg .sh;a fuydg ´kE u ls%hdjlg hï m%;sls%hdjla o we;s nj
tkj¨

rEÎ

hï fhÿulg we;=<;a jpkj, w¾:h blaujd hk fjk;a w¾:hla m%ldY fõ kï

th rEÎhla f,i ye¢kafõ' w¾:h b`.shlska .; hq;= ksid ‘bÕs jels’ f,i o tajd
ye¢kafõ' fïjd b;d flá fhÿï úfYaIhls' mjik foh b;d rij;aj yd wjOdkh
we;s jk f,i lSug;a" ,sùug;a rEÎ ksid yelshdj ,efí'

“wfma uymafmdÉÑ,d .ymq wvõ lrKïj,g ta rgj, we;af;d n,x

ysáhhs lshkafka" Wvql=ß[a[x fj,d¨' Th fï ldf, tjqx iqoafoda msgq miafia .shdg”
“fuhd fï ;s%msglh jkkjd' fufya fkd fjhs'''
Th <uhs hjkak ´k rg'''”
“Th kqf.a l¿jr fyjKe,af,ka .=rekakdkafif. weia wkaO fj,d”
“Wvql=ß[a[x fj,d” hk rEÎfhka wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;ka oelajQ olaI;d foi iqÿ
cd;slhka úiaufhka hq;=j neÆ whqre lshefõ'
“;s%msglh jkkjd” hkafkka O¾uhg wkqj iïm%odhdkql+, woyia iys;j Ôj;a jk
nj lshefõ' kùlrKh úh hq;= nj iNdm;sf.a woyihs'
“weia wkaO fj,d” hkafkka h:d¾:h hgm;aj we;s nj lshefõ'
fuf,i rEÎ Ndú;fhka" mjik woyi b;d rij;aj yd iÔù f,i bÈßm;a l<

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 237

 yels h'
my; fhÿï lshjkak'
Èkk mlaIh n,d thg tl;= ùu wjia:djd§kaf.a isß; hs'
Èkk ms<g fldäh §u wjia:djd§kaf.a isß; hs'
úNd. m%;sM, tk;=re wlald buy;a n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isà'
úNd. m%;sM, tk;=re wlald weÕs,s .ksñka isà'
oekqu ñkqu ;r.fhka m%:u ia:dkh Èkd .;a YsIHhd ´kE u fmd;l we;s
fohla u;lfhka lSug okS'
oekqu ñkqu ;r.fhka m%:u ia:dkh Èkd .;a YsIHhd fmd;a .=,af,ls'
m<uq jelsfhka lshk woyi fojk jelsfhka b;d fláfhka rij;aj lshd we;s
whqre úuikak'
tjeks rEÎ y÷kd .kak'
w; fokjd Wojq lrkjd
fykyqrd ,n,d krl ld,hla Wod fj,d
,E,a,g mE.=jd b;d fõ.fhka .shd
idhu .shd ,eÊcdjg m;a jqKd
f.d¿fn,s .uk fyñka jev lsÍu
foys lmkjd fodia mjrkjd
lgq w;a;la ks;r onr lrk wfhla
fldf<a jykjd hï lreKla iÕjkjd
weÕ fírd .;a;d WmdhYS,Sj u. yßkjd
tl mhska iïmQ¾K leue;af;ka
ur wef|a È wka;su wjia:dfõ
wl=,a fy<kjd ndOd lrkjd

hq., mo
mo folla fyj;a mo hq.,hla tlg fh§u hq., mo kï fõ' woyila mejiSfï §
jvd;a úÑ;%j;aj yd wjOdrKfhka m%ldY lsÍu i|yd isxy, NdId iïm%odfha
fhfok fhÿï úfYaIhla f,i hq., mo ye¢kaúh yels h'
“f,dl= w;a;d fldfydu o Th ;rï ,iaikg lú iSmo" jkakx lshkav bf.k
.;af;a'”
“lkao Wvrg lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy uy rÊcqrejkaf. foaúkakdkafig fjolu lr,
;sfhkj" wfma ó uq;af;la' tajg kïnq kdu" .ï ìï" moú ;dkdka;r ,n, ;sfhkj'
ta ú;rla o is,am idia;f¾ w÷rkj'
kdgH fldgiska Wmqgd .;a by; m%ldYj, ;o l¿ wl=ßka olajd we;s fhÿï" hq.,
mo f,i oelaúh yels h' tajdhska lshuk w¾:j;a lsßug ,eî we;s iydh úuid
n,kak'
238 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
hq., mo ie§ we;s úê lSmhls'

iudkd¾: mo hq.,hla fh§u

ñ, uqo,a iñ;s iud.ï keK kqjK
jeys jreid ÿ.S ÿmam;a moú ;dkdka;r
nK oyï fjfyr úydr Ys,am idia;f¾
hdk jdyk fl<s fi,a,ï /lS rlaId

úreoaOd¾: mo hq.,hla fh§u

ÿl iem W.;a kQ.;a .=K fodia

fyd| krl we;s ke;s tod fuod
wE; uE; nd, uy¨ tf;r fuf;r
mska mõ wvq jeä w. uq,

tla mohl w¾: iys; wfkla mofha w¾: rys; mo hq.,hla fh§u
nvq uqÜgq uqo,a yo,a Woõ moõ
l=,S u,S mä kä ;ry ury
.uka ìuka ndr ydr bvï lvï
<uhs nuhs l=, u, f;dú,a mú,a

w¾: rys; mo hq.,hla fh§u ^tfy;a thska hï w¾:hla biau;= fõ&

,g mg ;lal= uqlal= oks mks

cr ur ´m ¥m f;dr f;daxÑ
wdk mdk wkx ukx wvqu l=vqu
jx yqx ,jla fojla ,Üg f,dÜg
w¾:h w;ska ;rula ióm mo hq.,hla fh§u

weg lgq fmd; m; <Õ md;
j;= msá ye<s j<x lhs l;kaor
f.a fodr ks;S Í;s fldÜg fuÜg
ÿ.S u.S ,shqï lshqï fydr fndre

tlsfklg wiudk mQ¾j ls%hd mo hq.,hla fh§u

is;d n,d ,shd lshd kgd .hd

ÿj mek yod jvd Whd mshd
n,d lshd lr lshd .hd jhd
ljd fmdjd ;<d fm<d fidhd n,d

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 239

 wjfndaOh

1' » fldgfia we;s m%ia;dj msre<g jvd;a .e<fmk fhÿu »» fldgiska f;dard
,shkak'
» fldgi
¸' ysÕkakdf.a md;a;f¾ fykyqrd jegqKd jf.a
¸¸' wyig b‚ux n¢kjd jf.a
¸¸¸' Æ,d ke;s j<g lKhd mKaä;hd
¸¹' kshr ñá ;ekska j;=r nyskj jf.a
¹' .fÕka j;=r î uqyqog wdjeãu

»» fldgi
¸' m%Odkshd ke;s úg wjfYaI mqoa.,hka m%Odk jk nj
¸¸' je/oafoa j.lSu ÿn,hdg mejÍu
¸¸¸' lrorhg m;a ù isák úg ;j;a lrorhla ùu
¸¹' Wmldr l< mqoa.,hd wu;l lr n,j;=ka j¾Kkd lsÍu
¹' ksIaM, ls%hdjla lrk nj
2' ysia;ekg fhda.H mßÈ .e<fmk fhÿï fhdod msre¿ iïmQ¾K lrkak'
¸' hk hld ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ì| f.k hkj¨
¸¸' § lsrg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' idlals¨
¸¸¸' WKq yskao fndkak;a nE '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' wyl odkak;a nE
¸¹' n,a,kag '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''ÿkak jf.a
¹' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' we;akï fldfydu n¢kak neß o
3' my; i|yka lshqïj,g .e<fmk m%ia;dj msre¿ ,shkak'
¸' iekis,s m;d lrk fohska fmr ;snqKdg;a jvd lror meñŒu'
¸¸' ;ud jerÈ lrñka wkqkag oekuq;=lï §u
¸¸¸' krl weiqr ;snqK;a hym;a mqoa.,hd whym;a whl= njg m;a fkd fõ'
¸¹' hul=f.a ienE ;;a;ajh fmfkkafka Tyqf.a ls%hd l,dmfhks'
¹' ckaufhka ,o ÿ¾.=K bj; ,sh fkd yels h'
4' » fldgfia we;s rEÎj,g .e<fmk w¾:h iys; fldgi »» ;Srefjka f;dard
,shkak'
» fldgi »» fldgi
¸' lU wÈkjd ¸' ls%hd;aul fkd lsÍu
¸¸' yuia fmÜáhg oukjd ¸¸' ryiska wkqqn, §u
¸¸¸' iqÿyqKq .dkjd ¸¸¸' /lshdj wysñ lsÍu
¸¹' nvg .ykjd ¸¹' tlÕ;djla ke;slu
¹' W,amkaoka fokjd ¹' we;a; jika lrkjd

240 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

5' uq,ska § we;s rEÎfha w¾:hg iudk ;j;a rEÎhla jryk ;=< we;' th f;dard
,shkak'
¸' idhu .shd ¸¸' Èfjka Èj .df.k
¸¸¸' wka;su b;a;;a weoaod ¸¹' ;re úisjqKd
¹' yegg yefÜ
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m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' my; § we;s msre¿j, W;am;a;s l;d fidhd ,shkak'

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2' m%ia;dj msre¿" rEÎ tys w¾: iys;j o" tla tla j¾.hg wh;a hq., mo o tla
lr “ni irik idïm%odhsl fhÿï” uefhka fmd;a msxpla ilia lrkak'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 241

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242 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'