Jain College of Engineering, Belagavi

Department of Civil Engineering

Assignment -III
Semester: 7 Date: 12/12/2024
Subject: Environmental Protection Management
Sub code: 21CV753

Bloom
COs’ Cogni
Leve
MODULE -4 & 5
Q.1 Briefly explain the effects and measure for air pollution. 1 L2
AIR POLLUTION
➢ The major air pollution problem in the textile industry occurs during the finishing stages,
where various processes are employed for coating the fabrics.
➢ Air emissions include dust, oil mists, acid vapours, odours and boiler exhausts.
➢ Speculation concerning the amounts and types of air pollutants emitted from textile
operations have been widespread but, generally, air emission data for textile manufacturing
operations are not readily available.
MEASURES TO PREVENT AIR POLLUTION:
➢ In order to prevent the hazards emission from the industry the workers can be advised to
use Material Safety Data Sheets.
➢ Staff members who regularly handle the chemicals can be given adequate training
regarding the over usage of particular chemical and their ill effects on health and environment.
➢ Height of chimneys should not be less than 30m so that all deadly gases are released out
of the living organisms.
➢ Settling chamber should be used
Filtration method can also be used for filtering the hazardous pollutants in which bed filter, fiber filters
and fabric filters are widely used
Q.2 Briefly explain the effects and measure for water pollution. 1 L2
EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION
➢ Depletion of dissolved Oxygen
➢ Hinders with self purification process of water.
➢ Clogs the pores of the soil resulting in loss of soil productivity.
➢ Corrodes and incrustates the sewerage pipes.
➢ Effects the quality of drinking water in hand pumps making it unfit for human
consumption.
➢ Leads to leakage in drains increasing their maintenance cost.
➢ Impurities in water affect the textile process in many ways. MEASURES TO
CONTROL
WATER POLLUTION
➢ Effluent treatment methods can be classified into :
 ➢ physical, chemical and biological methods;
➢ Exclusive treatment by one of these three methods has proved to be insufficient in
removing colour and other effluent from textile industry wastewater.
➢ Combination of various effluent treatment methods can remove more than 85% of
unwanted matter.
➢ Adoption of best practices:- § Reducing and Recycling Water
➢ Awarness to go green
➢ Practice ―Air Dyeing Technology‖ Air Dyeing Technology is a dyeing process that
uses air instead of water to dye garments, allowing companies to create garments with
vivid designs and colors, without polluting the water and environment .
➢ Bleaching : Chlorine bleach is extremely toxic. An alternative method which is
oxygenbased can be used.
➢ Functional Finishes :Rather than using harsh chemicals to soften and finish the
fabric a finish made of bees wax, Aloe Vera and Vitamin A are a good alternative.
➢ Sizing :Instead of the use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for sizing use of potato starch
or carboxymethylcellulose

Q.3 Briefly explain, how does environmental management acts in pulp & paper industry? L2
1
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

India is a vast country with an average of 700 pulp and paper mills. It is one of the highest polluting
industries in India and is highly water intensive. Relatively large wastewater discharges and accompanied
release of high pollution load into the environment is the sequel of high water consumption and pollution
generation in the process of pulp and paper manufacture. Steps are been taken to preserve the resources,
especially water which is an integral part of the pulp and paper industrial functioning. The need of cleaner
production programs has been felt in recent times by the paper industry by way of a resource and waste
minimization concept. In India efforts have been going on for years to improve house keeping, optimize
process parameters, increase recycles and adopt improved technology. This paper aims at highlighting the
process used during manufacture, sources and types of waste generated and treatment options available
for improving the quality of waste to be discharged.
Sources of Waste Generation
In pulp and paper industry, considerable quantity of water is used in paper making processes. The quantity
of water consumption varies according to the quality and kind of paper to be manufactured. In addition
considerable amount of solid waste and gaseous emission occurs.

(i) Waste Water Generation

➢ Washing wooden chips in large-scale pulp and paper mills using wool as raw material.
➢ Washing of bagasse for separation of pith.
➢ Washing of rice/ wheat before pulping.
2. Pulping and bleaching
➢ Washing of chemically cooked pulp.
➢ Washing of pulp during bleaching.
➢ Pulp cleaning equipments.
3. Stock preparation and paper machine Ø Cleaning of pulp in cleaning equipment.
➢ Filtration for wire section of paper machine.
 ➢ Paper machine presses.
4. Chemical recovery
➢ Foul condensate from evaporator and steam surface condenser.
➢ Boiler blowdown.
Beside above major sources of wastewater generation there are frequent leakages of black liquor from
pump glands and its improper handling, which contribute significant color and pollution to the stream.
(ii) Solid Waste Generation
In pulp and paper industry solid wastes are generated from following operation;
➢ Raw material handling.
➢ Rejects from screening and centri-cleaners.
➢ Primary and secondary sludges from wastewater treatment system.
➢ Coal or boiler ash from steam and power genera- tion.
➢ Lime sludges from causticizing section of chemi- cal recovery plant.
(iii) Air Pollution
In pulp and paper industry air pollution is caused due to odour emitting reduced sulphur compounds such
as hydrogen sulphide, methylmercaptan, dimethly sulphide, and particulate matter SO2 and NOx present
in the gases emitted by different process units. Gaseous emission from pulp and paper mills can be broadly
classified into the following categories:
➢ Gases from digesters.
➢ Gases from multiple effect evaporators.
➢ Gases from recovery.

Q.4 Briefly explain, what does the environmental management system do in electro-plating industry? L2
ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRY 1
Pollution Prevention and Control Plating involves different combinations of a wide
variety of processes, and there are many opportunities to improve on traditional practices
in the industry. The improvements listed below should be implemented where possible.
1. Changes in Process
➢ Replace cadmium with high-quality, corrosion-resistant zinc plating. Use cyanide-
free systems for zinc plating where appropriate. Where cadmium plating is
necessary, use bright chloride, high-alkaline baths, or other alternatives. Note,
however, that use of some alternatives to cyanides may lead to the release of heavy
metals and cause problems in wastewater treatment
➢ Use trivalent chrome instead of hexavalent chrome; acceptance of the change in
finish needs to be promoted.
➢ Give preference to water-based surface-cleaning agents, where feasible, instead of
organic cleaning agents, some of which are considered toxic.
➢ Regenerate acids and other process ingredients whenever feasible.

2.Reduction in Dragout and Wastage

➢ Minimize dragout through effective draining of bath solutions from the plated part,
by, for example, making drain holes in bucket-type pieces, if necessary. ➢ Allow
 dripping time of at least 10 to 20 seconds before rinsing ➢ Use fog spraying of parts
while dripping.
➢ Maintain the density, viscosity, and temperature of the baths to minimize dragout.
➢ Place recovery tanks before the rinse tanks (also yielding makeup for the process
tanks). The recovery tank provides for static rinsing with high dragout recovery

3.Minimizing Water Consumption in Rinsing Systems

Testing is required to determine the optimum method for any specific process, but proven
approaches include:
➢ Agitation of rinse water or work pieces to increase rinsing efficiency
➢ Multiple countercurrent rinses
➢ Spray rinses (especially for barrel loads)

4.Management of Process Solutions

➢ Recycle process baths after concentration and filtration. Spent bath solutions should
be sent for recovery and regeneration of plating chemicals, not discharged into
wastewater treatment units.
➢ Recycle rinse waters (after filtration).
➢ Regularly analyze and regenerate process solutions to maximize useful life. • Clean
racks between baths to minimize contamination.
➢ Cover degreasing baths containing chlorinated solvents when not in operation to
reduce losses. Spent solvents should be sent to solvent recyclers and the residue
from solvent recovery properly managed (e.g., blended with fuel and burned in a
combustion unit with proper controls for toxic metals).

Q.5 How the EMS helps in Hazardous waste management? 1 L2

Hazardous-waste management,
➢ the collection, treatment, and disposal of waste material that, when improperly
handled, can cause substantial harm to human health and safety or to the
environment.

➢ Hazardous wastes can take the form of solids, liquids, sludges, or contained gases,
and they are generated primarily by chemical production, manufacturing, and other
industrial activities. They may cause damage during inadequate storage,
transportation, treatment, or disposal operations.

➢ Improper hazardous-waste storage or disposal frequently contaminates surface

water and groundwater supplies as harmful water pollution and can also be a source
of dangerous land pollution.

➢ People living in homes built near old and abandoned waste disposal sites may be in
a particularly vulnerable position. In an effort to remedy existing problems and to
prevent future harm from hazardous wastes, governments closely regulate the
practice of hazardous-waste management
 Hazardous-waste characteristics
➢ Hazardous wastes are classified on the basis of their biological, chemical, and physical properties. These
properties generate materials that are either toxic, reactive, ignitable, corrosive, infectious, or
radioactive.

Toxic wastes are poisons, even in very small or trace amounts. They may have acute effects, causing death
or violent illness, or they may have chronic effects, slowly causing irreparable harm. Some are
carcinogenic, causing cancer after many years of exposure. Others are mutagenic, causing major biological
changes in the offspring of exposed humans and wildlife.
➢ Reactive wastes are chemically unstable and react violently with air or water. They cause explosions or
form toxic vapours. Ignitable wastes burn at relatively low temperatures and may cause an immediate
fire hazard. Corrosive wastes include strong acidic or alkaline substances. They destroy solid material
and living tissue upon contact, by chemical reaction.

➢ Infectious wastes include used bandages, hypodermic needles, and other materials from hospitals or
biological research facilities.

➢ Radioactive wastes emit ionizing energy that can harm living organisms. Because some radioactive
materials can persist in the environment for many thousands of years before fully decaying, there is
much concern over the control of these wastes.

➢ However, the handling and disposal of radioactive material is not a responsibility of local municipal
government. Because of the scope and complexity of the problem, the management of radioactive
waste—particularly nuclear fission waste—is usually considered an engineering task separate from
other forms of hazardous-waste management

Treatment
➢ Hazardous waste can be treated by chemical, thermal, biological, and physical methods.
➢ Chemical methods include ion exchange, precipitation, oxidation and reduction, and neutralization.
➢ Among thermal methods is high-temperature incineration, which not only can detoxify certain organic
wastes but also can destroy them.

➢ Special types of thermal equipment are used for burning waste in either solid, liquid, or sludge form.
These include the fluidized-bed incinerator, multiple-hearth furnace, rotary kiln, and liquid-injection
incinerator. One problem posed by hazardous-waste incineration is the potential for air pollution.

➢ Biological treatment of certain organic wastes, such as those from the petroleum industry, is also an
option. One method used to treat hazardous waste biologically is called landfarming. In this technique
the waste is carefully mixed with surface soil on a suitable tract of land.

➢ Microbes that can metabolize the waste may be added, along with nutrients. In some cases a genetically
engineered species of bacteria is used. Food crops are not grown on the same site. Microbes can also
be used for stabilizing hazardous wastes on previously contaminated sites; in that case the process is
called bioremediation.
 The chemical, thermal, and biological treatment methods outlined above change the molecular form of
the waste material.
➢ Physical treatment, on the other hand, concentrates, solidifies, or reduces the volume of the waste.
Physical processes include evaporation, sedimentation, flotation, and filtration. Yet another process is
solidification, which is achieved by encapsulating the waste in concrete, asphalt, or plastic.

➢ Encapsulation produces a solid mass of material that is resistant to leaching. Waste can also be mixed
with lime, fly ash, and water to form a solid, cementlike product

Briefly explain the waste audit. 3 L2

Q.10 A waste audit is a physical analysis of waste composition to provide a detailed understanding of
problems, identify potential opportunities, and give you a detailed analysis of your waste
composition. A waste audit will help you clearly identify your waste generation to:
Establish baseline or benchmark data.
Characterise and quantify waste streams.
Verify waste pathways.
Identify waste diversion opportunities.
Identify source reduction opportunities.
Assess effectiveness and determine ways to improve efficiency of your current waste
management systems.
Gain specific information for local government
Obtain detailed data on waste generation.

Q.7 What are the steps includes in auditing a managing program? 3 L2

ISO 19011 offers guidance on every step of auditing a management system or audit program, including:
Defining program objectives
Ensuring you understand the specific objectives you hope to achieve
Making audit arrangements
Assigning roles and responsibilities
Defining number, scope, location, and duration of audits
Determining criteria and specific checklists
Establishing review procedures
Completing the audits needed
Planning and reviewing internal documents
Collecting and verifying audit evidence
Generating findings and preparing reports
Communicating findings
Reviewing the results and process
Assessing results and trends
Conforming with audit program procedures
Evolving needs and expectations of interested parties
Analyzing audit program records
Examining effectiveness of the measures to address risks
Ensuring confidentiality and information security
Q.8 List the duties of environmental auditors. 3 L2
Typical Job Duties of Environmental Auditors
As an environmental auditor, you will be responsible for the regular auditing of all environmental policies
and procedures. This involves working with an audit team and with staff to get a good picture of how
environmental compliance is being handled. You will be responsible for:
Selecting and managing the audit team
Reviewing the operations of the business being audited and determining how environmental issues are
being handled
Gathering data on the business operations through on-site inspections, document reviews, staff
interviews, and other methods
Check business records for governmental permits and requirements, safety standards,
maintenance, and inventory control measures
Review emergency preparedness and response procedures
Review management systems, environmental monitoring programs and waste management efforts
Review employee training procedures and programs and the work environment for compliance with
government and corporate standards
Write and compile final audit reports including results of the audit and recommendations for changes and
improvement
Present the audit findings to the business managers and directors
Assist in the development of an environmental management plan
Follow up at a future time to ensure improvements and recommendations have been successfully
implemented

Q.9 List the various phases involved in waste minimizing planning. 3 L2

PHASES OF WASTE MINIMIZATION PLANNING
Phase 1: Extensive uncontrolled dumping
In many countries waste is dumped on uncontrolled tips; there is no properly managed waste collection.
At best, recyclable materials such as metals and plastics are collected by the informal sector and re-enter
the resource cycle through a number of stages.
People live on the rubbish heaps in appalling conditions. Basic principles of urban hygiene and
environmental conservation are ignored. Rubbish is often used for heating and cooking with all the
negative consequences for human health.
Phase 2: Reliable collection and better landfill sites
Introducing systematic, regulated and reliable collection and establishing properly managed landfills
comprises the first step in developing the waste management sector. Conveniently located transfer
stations facilitate cost-efficient transportation of waste.
It is crucial that collection is carried out efficiently since this is the most expensive element of waste
management. However, along with the sorting processes, it also offers the greatest employment
potential. It is important to identify the „right‟ collection system for each town or community and its
particular circumstances.
Phase 3: Separate collection and sorting
Separating and collecting in several containers forms the basis of high-quality sorting and high grade
recycling processes. Efficient purpose- built vehicles with compactors are introduced for collecting
the waste.
The first optical separators make it possible to produce high-quality monofractions. A downstream,
secondary industry develops as the supply of inputs becomes reliable. Increasingly, the industry adapts its
processes to these materials. A significant number of jobs are created and waste management becomes
part of industrial policy.
The sorting facilities contain mechanical separation stages, screens and separators and prepare material
for more efficient hand-picking. The first elements of a trading system emerge for recyclable materials
that meet industry demand and bring in revenue (such as metal, PET and paper).
Composting separately collected organic waste and extracting fractions with high-calorific value to
generate refuse-derived fuel (RDF) leads to the emergence of new products for which there is
increasingly a market.
Phase 4: Expanding the recycling industry
Modern sorting facilities produce high-quality monofractions from separated waste; these are prioritised
for recycling. Processes to separate plastics and sort by colour are used.
Compost and/or biogas are produced from organic waste in composting and fermentation plants.
Residual waste undergoes energy recovery in incinerators or is treated in mechanical-biological treatment
facilities (MBT).
MBT extracts recyclable materials, delivers high-calorific fractions for energy generation and controls the
decomposition of organic substances, which are mainly responsible for emissions from landfill sites – in
particular landfill gas and leachate. Waste-to-energy facilities and waste biomass CHP Combined Heat
and Power Plants replace primary fuels. This leads to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
Phase 5: The circular economy – waste as a resource
In this phase waste is predominantly recycled or undergoes energy recovery; untreated household waste
no longer goes into landfill.
The high recycling rates achieved result in a functioning circular economy. Only small amounts of residual
waste are landfilled and do not harm the environment. Preventing waste and taking a life-cycle
perspective are underlying principles in all production processes and many consumer choices.

3 L2

*CO- Course Outcome

CO-1- Appreciate the elements of Corporate Environmental Management systems complying to international
environmental management system standards.
CO-3- Develop, Implement, maintain and Audit Environmental Management systems for Organizations

Prepared by Approved by HOD

Signature: Signature:

Prof. Darshan N. / Prof. Pooja G. /

Prof. Aravind Kolaki
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