Chapt

er3
Sy
stem desi
gn

3.
1.I
ntr
oduct
ion
TheBl oodDonat i
onManagementSy stem (
BDMS)is
designedt ofaci
l
itat
et heorganizati
on,management,
andt r
ackingofblooddonat ions.Thesy st
em aimst
o
str
eaml inethedonationprocess,enhancedonor
engagement ,
andimpr ovetheef f
ici
encyofblood
banksi nmanagingt heirr
esources.

3.
2.Pur
poseoft
heSy
stem

Thepr
imar
ypur
poseoft
heBDMSi
sto:

Connectbl
ooddonor
swi
thdonat
ionev
ent
sand
bl
oodbanks.

Maint
ainacompr
ehensi
vedat
abaseofdonor
s,
donat
ions,
andbl
oodinv
ent
ory.

1
 Enabl
eeasyscheduli
ngandmanagementof
bl
ooddonati
ondrives.

Pr
ovi
dereal
-t
imeinf
ormati
ononblood
av
ail
abi
li
tyt
ohospit
alsandpat
ient
s.

Ensur
ecompliancewithsafet
yregul
ati
onsand
maint
aindonorconf
identi
ali
ty.

3.
3.Desi
gnGoal
s

•Usabil
i
ty:Thesy
stem shoul
dbeuser-
fr
iendl
yfor
donors,
organi
zer
s,andmedical
staf
f.

•Scalabil
i
ty:
Thearchi
tect
ureshoul
dsuppor
tan
i
ncreasingnumberofusersanddat
avolumewi
thout
per
formancedegradat
ion.

•Rel
iabi
l
ity:
Thesy st
em shoul
densur
edat
aint
egr
it
y
andavai
labi
li
tyatall
times.

•Secur
it
y:Pr
otectsensi
ti
vedonori
nfor
mat
ionand
ensur
esecur
et r
ansacti
ons.

2
•Inter
operabi
l
ity
:Thesystem shoul
dintegrat
e
seamlesslywit
hexist
ingheal
thcaresystemsand
databases.

3.
4.Cur
rentSof
twar
eAr
chi
tect
ure
Describetheexi
sti
ngar chi
tectur
e(ifapplicable),
det
ai l
i
nghowt hecurrentsystem operates,it
s
l
imitati
ons,andanytechnologiesused.Thi smi ght
i
ncludemonol i
thi
capplicati
ons,outdateddat abases,
orl
ackofmobi l
esuppor t
.

•Amonolit
hicappl
i
cat
ionwi
tht
ight
lycoupl
ed
components.
•Limit
eduseri
nter
facecapabi
l
iti
es,
pri
mar
il
yweb-
based.
•Abasicr
elat
ionaldat
abasef
orst
ori
ngdonorand
donat
ioni
nfor
mat i
on.
•Mi
nimal
repor
ti
ngandanal
yti
csf
eat
ures.

3.
5.Pr
oposedSof
twar
eAr
chi
tect
ure
Thepr
oposedar
chi
tect
urewi
l
ladopta

3
micr
oservi
cesappr
oach,enhanci
ngmodul
ari
ty,
scal
abi
li
ty,
andmaintai
nabil
it
y.

3.
5.1Subsy
stem Decomposi
ti
on
TheBDMScanbedecomposedi
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ng
subsy
stems:

•UserManagement
:Handlesr
egist
rati
on,
aut
henti
cat
ion,
andprof
il
esfordonorsandst
aff
.

•Donati
onManagement:Managesschedul
ing,
tr
acki
ng,andr
eport
ingofbl
ooddonations.

•I
nventor
yManagement:Moni
torsbl
oodstock
l
evel
s,expi
rat
iondat
es,
andstoragecondi
ti
ons.

•Report
ingAnalyti
cs:
Provi
desinsi
ght
sint
o
donat
iontr
ends,donordemographi
cs,
andblood
usagestat
ist
ics.

•Noti
fi
cat
ionSyst
em:Sendsaler
tsandreminder
sto
donor
saboutupcomi
ngdrivesorappoi
ntments.

4
3.
5.2ComponentDi
agr
am




5
3.
5.3Depl
oymentDi
agr
am




3.
5.4Per
sist
entDat
aManagement

Persistentdatamanagementi scruci
alforaBlood
Donat i
onManagementSy st
em ( BDMS)toensur e
thatalldatarelat
edtodonors,donati
ons,bl
ood
i
nv entory,andotherr
elev
antinformat
ionisstored

6
securel
yandcanbeaccessedeffi
cient
ly.Bel
owi
sa
detai
l
edov er
viewofhowpersi
stentdata
managementcanbest r
uct
uredforBDMS.

1.Dat
aSt
orageSol
uti
ons

1.1Rel
ati
onal
Dat
abaseManagementSy
stem
(RDBMS)

•UseCase:Ideal
forst
ruct
ureddat
awi
thpr
edef
ined
rel
ati
onshi
ps.

•Exampl
e:Post
greSQLorMy
SQL.

•SchemaDesi
gn:

•DonorTabl
e:St
oresdonorinf
ormat
ion(
ID,
name,
cont
actdetai
l
s,medical
hist
ory)
.

•Donat
ionTable:Tr
acksindi
vi
dual
donat
ions(
ID,
donorI
D,date,
locati
on,v
olume).

7
 •Inv
entor
yTable:
Managesblooduni
ts(
ID,
blood
t
y pe,
quanti
ty,
expi
rat
iondat
e).

•Ev
entTable:Recor
dsblooddonat
ionev
ent
s(I
D,
l
ocati
on,
date,organi
zer
).

•UserTabl
e:Cont
ainsuseraccount
sforst
affand
admini
str
ator
s.

1.
2NoSQLDat
abase

•UseCase:Suit
ableforunst
ruct
uredorsemi
-
st
ruct
ureddata,suchaslogsoranal
yti
cs.

•Exampl
e:MongoDBorCassandr
a.

•SchemaDesi
gn:

•DonorAct
ivit
yLog:Recordsacti
onstakenby
donor
s(e.g.
,regi
str
ati
ons,donat
ionhist
ory)
.

8
 •Anal
yti
csData:Stor
esaggregat
eddataf
or
r
eporti
ng(e.
g.,
trendsindonat
ionrat
es)
.

2.Dat
aAccessLay
er

TheDat aAccessLayer(DAL)abstr
actsthe
databaseinter
act
ionsandensuresthatthe
appli
cationcanperf
orm Creat
e,Read,Update,
and
Delete(CRUD)operati
onseffi
ci
entl
y.

•ORM Framewor
ks:UseObj ect
-Relat
ional
Mappi ng
(ORM)tool
sli
keHibernat
e(Java),Enti
tyFramework
(.
NET),
orSequel
ize(Node.j
s)tosimplif
ydatabase
i
nter
acti
ons.

•API
s:ImplementRESTf ulAPIst
oprov
idea
st
andardi
zedwayf orfront
-endappl
i
cat
ionst
o
i
nter
actwiththedatabase.

3.Dat
aInt
egr
it
yandConsi
stency

9
Tomai
ntai
ndat
aint
egr
it
yandconsi
stencywi
thi
nthe
BDMS:

•Transacti
ons:Usedat abaset
ransact
ionst
oensure
thatmulti
pleoperat
ionscompletesuccessf
ull
yor
roll
backincaseoff ai
lure.

•Const r
aints:I
mpl ementfor
eignkeyconstr
aint
sto
enforcerelati
onshipsbetweentabl
es(e.g.
,ensur
ing
thatadonat ionrecordcannotexi
stwit
houta
correspondingdonor )
.

•Validat
ion:
Perform datavali
dati
onatboththe
cl
ientandserverlevel
st oensurethatonl
yval
iddat
a
i
sst oredint
hedat abase.

4.BackupandRecov
ery

Arobustbackupandr ecoveryst
rat
egyi
sessent
ial
t
oprotectagainstdat
al oss:

•Regul
arBackups:
Schedul
eaut
omat
edbackupsof

10
thedat
abaseatr
egul
arint
erval
s(dai
l
y/weekl
y)and
stor
ethem i
nasecur
elocati
on.

•Disast
erRecoveryPl
an:Developadisast
er
recover
yplanthatout
li
nesstepstorestor
ethe
system i
ncaseofcatast
rophicfai
l
ure.

5.Dat
aSecur
it
y

Pr
otect
ingsensi
ti
vedonori
nfor
mat
ioni
scr
it
ical
:

•Encry
pti
on:Encryptsensi
ti
vedatabothatrest
(usi
ngdatabaseencrypt
ionfeat
ures)andi
nt r
ansi
t
(usi
ngSSL/TLS).

•AccessCont
rol:Implementrole-
basedaccess
contr
ol(
RBAC)t orestri
ctaccesstosensi
ti
vedata
basedonuserroles.

•Audi
tLogs: Maint
ainaudi
tlogsofal
ldataaccess
andmodifi
cationstotr
ackchangesandidenti
fy
pot
enti
albreaches.

11
6.Dat
aRet
ent
ionPol
i
cies

Est
abli
shcl
eardataret
ent
ionpol
ici
estomanage
howlongdi
ff
erentty
pesofdatashoul
dbekept:

•DonorInf
ormati
on:
Ret
aini
ndef
ini
tel
yoras
requi
redbylaw.

•Donati
onRecords:
Keepforaspecif
iedper
iod(e.
g.,
5years)af
terwhi
chtheycanbearchi
vedordelet
ed.

•LogsandAnal y
tics:Ret
ainlogsf
orashorterper
iod
(e.
g.,
1y ear)f
orperformancemonitor
ingand
compliance.

7.Repor
ti
ngandAnal
yti
cs

Foreff
ecti
vedeci
sion-
maki
ng, t
heBDMSshoul
d
supportr
epor
ti
ngandanaly
tics:

12
•DataWar ehousi
ng:Consi
derusingadata
warehouseforaggregat
ingdatafrom v
ari
ous
sourcesforrepor
ti
ngpurposes.
•BusinessInt
ell
i
genceTools:
Int
egrat
ewit
hBItool
s
(e.g.
,Tabl
eau,PowerBI
)forvi
suali
zi
ngdonat
ion
trendsanddonordemographi
cs.

3.
5.5AccessCont
rol
andSecur
it
y
Accesscont r
olandsecuri
tyarecr
iti
calcomponents
ofaBl oodDonat i
onManagementSy st
em (BDMS)t o
protectsensiti
vedataandensurethatonly
authorizedpersonnelcanaccessormodi f
y
i
nformat ion.Bel
owi sacomprehensiveoverviewof
accesscont rolmechanismsandsecur i
typracti
ces
tai
loredf oraBDMS.

1.AccessCont
rol
Mechani
sms

1.
1Rol
e-BasedAccessCont
rol
(RBAC)

•Defi
nit
ion:Assi
gnspermissi
onsbasedonuser
rol
eswithi
nt heor
gani
zati
on.

13
•I
mpl
ement
ati
on:

•Roles:
Defi
nerol
essuchasAdmi
n,Donor
,
Healt
hcareWorker
,Vol
unt
eer,
andDat
aAnalyst
.

•Per
missi
ons:Specif
ywhateachrol
ecando( e.
g.,
Admincanmanageuser sandvi
ewallrecor
ds,
Donor
scanv i
ewtheirowndonati
onhistor
y).

•UserAssignment:Assi
gnuser
stor
olesbasedon
t
heirresponsi
bil
i
ties.

1.
2At
tri
but
e-BasedAccessCont
rol
(ABAC)

•Defi
nit
ion:
Grantsaccessbasedonat
tri
but
esoft
he
user
,resour
ce,andenvir
onment.

•I
mpl
ement
ati
on:

•Useat
tri
but
essuchasuserdepar
tment
,locat
ion,

14
andti
meofaccesst
odet
ermi
neper
missi
ons
dynamical
l
y.

•Thi
sapproachal
l
owsf
ormor
egr
anul
arcont
rol
comparedt
oRBAC.

1.
3Mul
ti
-Fact
orAut
hent
icat
ion(
MFA)

•Defi
nit
ion:Requi
resuserstopr
ovidemult
ipl
efor
ms
ofver
if
icati
onbeforeaccessi
ngthesyst
em.

•I
mpl
ement
ati
on:

•Combinesomethi
ngtheuserknows(passwor
d),
somethi
ngtheuserhas(mobi
ledevi
ceforOTP),or
somethi
ngtheuseri
s(biomet
ricaut
henti
cati
on)
.

•MFAsi gni
fi
cant
lyr
educest
her
iskofunaut
hor
ized
access.

2.Secur
it
yPr
act
ices

15
2.
1Dat
aEncr
ypt
ion

•Encr
ypti
onatRest:
Encryptsensi
ti
vedatast
oredin
dat
abasestopr
otectitf
rom unaut
hori
zedaccess.

•Encry pt
ioninTransit
: UseSSL/TLSpr otocol
sto
encryptdatatransmittedbetweenclientsand
serv
er s,ensuri
ngthatsensiti
veinfor
mat ionisnot
i
ntercepteddur i
ngtransmission.

2.
2Secur
eUserAut
hent
icat
ion

•Passwor dPolici
es:
Enforcestr
ongpassword
poli
ciesthatrequi
reacombi nat
ionofupper
case
l
etters,
lowercaselet
ter
s,number s,
andspeci
al
character
s.

•AccountLockoutMechani
sm:I
mplementaccount
l
ockoutaft
eracertai
nnumberoffai
ledl
ogi
n
at
temptstopreventbr
ute-
for
ceat
tacks.

16
2.
3Audi
tLoggi
ng

•Acti
vi
tyTracking:Mai
ntai
nlogsofuseract
ivi
ti
es,
i
ncludi
nglogins,dat
aaccess,modi
fi
cati
ons,and
admini
str
ativ
eact i
ons.

•LogMoni tor
ing:Regular
lyr
evi
ewlogsfor
suspici
ousactivi
ti
esandanomaliest
hatmay
i
ndicatesecuri
tybreaches.

3.Dat
aPr
otect
ionMeasur
es

3.
1Dat
aMi
nimi
zat
ion

•Li
mitDataColl
ecti
on:Coll
ectonl
ythenecessar
y
i
nfor
mationrequi
redforbl
ooddonationand
managementprocesses.

•Anony mizat
ion:Wherepossi
ble,anonymi
zedat
ato
protectdonorident
it
iesdur
inganalysi
sand
reporti
ng.

17
3.
2Regul
arSecur
it
yAssessment
s

•Vul
nerabil
it
yScanning:Conductr
egul
ar
vul
ner
abili
tyassessmentsandpenetr
ati
ontest
ingt
o
i
denti
fypotenti
alsecur
it
yweaknessesinthesy
stem.

•Secur
ityUpdat
es: Keepall
softwarecomponent
s,
i
ncludi
ngdatabasesandappl i
cati
onserv
ers,
up-t
o-
dat
ewi t
hthelatestsecur
it
ypatches.

4.Compl
i
anceandRegul
ati
ons

4.
1Adher
encet
oSt
andar
ds

•HIPAACompl i
ance:Ifoper
atingintheU.
S.,ensur
e
compli
ancewiththeHealthInsurancePor
tabil
it
yand
Account
abil
it
yAct( HIPAA)r
egar di
ngthehandli
ngof
per
sonalheal
thinformati
on.

•GDPRCompl i
ance:Ifoper
ati
nginEuropeordeal
ing
withEUciti
zens,adheretotheGener
alData
Protect
ionRegulat
ion(GDPR)fordat
apr ot
ect
ion

18
andpr
ivacy
.

4.
2UserTr
aini
ngandAwar
eness

•Securi
tyTraini
ng:Prov
ideregulart
rai
ningsessi
ons
foruser
sonbestpr acti
cesfordatasecuri
ty,
recogni
zingphishi
ngattempts,andmaintai
ning
confi
dential
i
ty.

•AwarenessCampaigns:
Conductawar
eness
campaignstokeepsecur
it
ytop-
of-
mindforal
l
per
sonnelinvol
vedi
ntheBDMS.

3.
5.6Gl
obal
Sof
twar
eCont
rol
Implement ingaglobalsoft
warecontrolsy stem fora
BloodDonat i
onManagementSy st
em (BDMS)
i
nv olvescr eati
ngacent r
ali
zedplatf
ormt hatcan
managebl ooddonat i
onprocessesacrossmul t
iple
regionsorcount ri
es.Thi
ssy st
em mustcat ert
o
diverser egulati
ons,l
anguages,andcultural
practiceswhi leensuri
ngdatasecurit
y,compl i
ance,
andef ficientoperati
ons.Bel
owi sacompr ehensive

19
outl
ineofthekeycomponent
s,f
eat
ures,
and
consider
ati
onsforagl
obalBDMS.
KeyComponent
sofaGl
obal
BDMS

1.Cent
ral
i
zedDat
abase

•Aunif
ieddatabasethatstoresdonorinformati
on,
bl
oodinvent
ory
, donat
ionhistory
,andrecipient
det
ail
s.

•Suppor
tformul
ti
plel
anguagesandr
egi
onal
dat
a
f
ormats.

2.UserManagement

•Role-
basedaccesscontrol(
RBAC)t omanage
di
ff
erentuserroles(
e.g.
,donor
s,heal
thcar
eworker
s,
admini
str
ators).

•Multi
-f
act
oraut
hent
icat
ion(
MFA)t
oenhance
secur
it
y.

20
3.Donat
ionManagement

•Schedul
ingtool
sforbl
ooddr
ivesand
appoi
ntments.

•Tr
ackingofdonorel
i
gibi
l
ityandheal
thscr
eeni
ng
r
esul
ts.

•Integr
ati
onwit
hmobil
eappsf
ordonor
engagementandremi
nder
s.

4.I
nvent
oryManagement

•Real-
ti
metracki
ngofbl
oodt
ypes,
quant
it
ies,
and
expi
rat
iondat
es.

•Automatedal
ert
sforl
owi nv
ent
oryl
evel
sor
appr
oachi
ngexpir
ati
ondates.

5.Compl
i
anceandRegul
ator
yFeat
ures

21
 •Buil
t-
incompl
iancechecksforlocalr
egul
ati
ons
(
e.g.
,FDAintheU.S.
,EMAi nEurope).

•Report
ingt
ool
sforr
egul
ator
ysubmi
ssi
onsand
audi
ts.

6.Dat
aAnal
yti
csandRepor
ti
ng

•Dashboardsf
orvisual
izi
ngkeymet
ri
cs(
e.g.
,
donat
ionrat
es,i
nventor
ylevel
s).

•Customizabl
erepor
tsforvari
ousstakeholders
(
e.g.
,gover
nmentagencies,heal
thcar
eproviders)
.

7.Communi
cat
ionTool
s

•Int
egr
atedmessagingsyst
emsf or
communicat
ionbetweendonors,
heal
thcar
ewor
ker
s,
andadmini
str
ator
s.

22
 •Notif
icati
onsandal
ert
sforupcomi
ngdonat
ions
orcr
it
icalinv
entor
yupdat
es.

8.Mobi
l
eAppl
i
cat
ion

•Amobil
eappfordonor
stomanagethei
rprof
il
es,
schedul
edonati
ons,r
ecei
ver
emi
nders,
andt r
ack
thei
rdonat
ionhi
stor
y.

•Featur
esforeducat
ionalcontentaboutbl
ood
donat
ionbenef
it
sandpr ocesses.

Feat
uresSpeci
fi
ctoGl
obal
Oper
ati
ons

1.Mul
ti
-LanguageSuppor
t

•Thesy
stem shoul
dsupportmul
ti
plel
anguagest
o
cat
ert
odiver
sepopulat
ions.

•Languagepr
efer
encesshoul
dbecust
omi
zabl
eby
user
s.

23
2.Regi
onal
Cust
omi
zat
ion

•Abi l
i
tytocust
omizeworkf
lows,
forms,and
processesbasedonregi
onal
regul
ati
onsand
cult
uralpr
acti
ces.

•Adapt
ati
onofel
igi
bil
i
tycri
ter
iaandheal
th
scr
eeni
ngprot
ocol
saccordi
ngtolocal
standar
ds.

3.I
nter
nat
ional
Compl
i
ance

•Ensurethatt
hesy st
em adherestoi
nter
nat
ional
standardsandregulati
onsrel
atedtobl
ooddonation
(e.g.
,WHOgui del
ines).

•Impl
ementf
eat
uresfortr
acki
ngcompl
i
ancewi
th
l
ocall
awsi
neachoperati
ngregi
on.

4.Dat
aPr
ivacyandSecur
it
y

24
 •Robustdataencr
ypti
onandsecur
it
ymeasur
est
o
pr
otectsensi
ti
vedonori
nfor
mati
on.

•Compli
ancewi
thgl
obal
datapr
otect
ion
r
egul
ati
onssuchasGDPR,HI
PAA,et
c.

5.I
nter
oper
abi
l
ity

•Abil
i
tyt
ointegr
atewit
hotherheal
thcar
esy st
ems
(e.g.
,El
ect
roni
cHealthRecor
ds)forseamlessdata
exchange.

•APIsforthi
rd-
part
yapplicat
ionstoenhance
f
unct
ionali
ty(e.
g.,
analy
ticstools)
.

I
mpl
ement
ati
onConsi
der
ati
ons

1.St
akehol
derEngagement

•I
nvolv
estakeholder
s( heal
thcar
eprov
iders,
r
egul
atorybodi
es,donors)inthedesi
gnprocesst
o

25
ensur
ethesy
stem meet
sthei
rneeds.

•Conductworkshopsandf
eedbacksessi
ons
dur
ingdevel
opment.

2.Tr
aini
ngandSuppor
t

•Prov
idecomprehensi
vet
rai
ningpr
ogr
amsf
or
user
satall
lev
els.

•Establi
shasuppor
tsy
stem f
ort
roubl
eshoot
ing
andassist
ance.

3.Scal
abi
l
ity

•Designthesystem t
obescalabl
eto
accommodategr owthindonornumber
sand
geogr
aphicexpansion.

•Usecloud-basedsol
uti
onsf
orf
lexi
bil
i
tyand
accessi
bil
i
ty.

26
4.Moni
tor
ingandEv
aluat
ion

•Impl
ementmoni
tori
ngtool
stoassesssy
stem
per
for
manceandusersat
isf
acti
on.

•Regular
lyupdatethesyst
em basedonf
eedback
andchangi
ngr egul
ator
yrequi
rements.

5.Pi
l
otTest
ing

•Conductpil
ott
estsinselectregionsbef
oreaful
l
-
scal
erol
loutt
oident
ifypotenti
alissuesandgat
her
userf
eedback.

3.
5.7Boundar
yCondi
ti
ons

Boundarycondi
tionsdef
inet
hel
i
mit
swi
thi
nwhi
ch
thesyst
em operates:

•Thesystem wi
l
lbeaccessi
blev
iawebandmobi
l
e
i
nter
faces.

27
•Itwi
lli
ntegr
atewiththi
rd-
partyAPI
sforhealt
h
recor
dsoremer gencyserv
iceswhennecessary.

•Thesy st
em wi
l
lbecompli
antwi
thlocall
aws
regar
dingdat
aprot
ect
ionandmedicali
nfor
mati
on
handl
ing.

Concl
usi
on

Thepr oposedBloodDonat i
onManagementSy stem
archi
tectureai
mst oenhancet heef f
ici
encyofblood
donationprocesseswhileensuringhighstandards
ofsecurity
,usabil
it
y,andscalabil
ity
.Byadoptinga
microservi
cesapproach,thesyst em canadaptto
changingneedsandt echnologiesinthehealt
hcar e
l
andscape.

28