QUESTION BANK

SUB: SCIENCE CLASS – VIII

TEXT BOOK: THE LIVING WORLD - VIII
NCERT EXAMPLAR CLASS VIII SCIENCE

NAME OF THE EXAM DATE FULL MARKS

PERIODIC ASSESSMENT - III 1 DECEMBER 2023 TO 9 DECEMBER 40
2023

SYLLABUS
CHAPTER PERIODIC ASSESSMENT - I MARKS (40 MARKS)
Ch - 1 The Cell- Its Structure and Function 13
Ch - 3 Metals and Non-Metals 09
Ch - 10 Refraction and Dispersion of Light 10
Ch - 18 Earthquakes 04
Ch - 20 Pollution of Water 04

TYPOLOGY OF QUESTIONS
1 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION 1 MARK
2 ASSERTION & REASON BASED QUESTION 1 MARK
3 CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS 4 MARKS
4 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION – I (SA – I) 2 MARKS
5 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION – II (SA – II) 3 MARKS
6 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (LA) 5 MARKS

THE CELL – ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

1. Plasma membrane surrounds the gel like material is known as-

a) Cytoplasm b) protoplasm c) nucleoplasm d)chloroplast

2. An additional outer covering found in plants, fungi and bacteria is called-
a) Plasma membrane b) cell membrane c) cell wall d) nuclear membrane
3. Which plastid is responsible for imparting color other than green to the different parts of the plant?
a) Chloroplast b) chromoplast c) leucoplast d) chlorophyll
4. In amoeba food materials are stored in –
a) Vacuole b) contractile vacuole c) food vacuole d) pseudopodia
5. Which is not a locomotory organ in microorganisms?
 a) Cilia b) flagellum c) pseudopodia d) legs
6. Which cell organelle is present in plant cell but not in animal cell?
a) Cell wall b) chloroplast c) vacuole d) both a) and b)
7. The thin thread like structure present in nucleus is known as-
a) Nucleolus b) nucleoplasm c) chromatin d) genes
8. Flagella is the locomotory organ of which organism?
a) Amoeba b) paramecium c) euglena d) yeast
9. A group of cells performing a specialized function is known as-
a) Organ b) organ system c) organism d) tissue
10. Which of the following represents the correct sequence?
a) Tissue --> cell organ organ system
b) Organ tissue organ system cell
c) Cell organ tissue organ system
d) Cell tissue organ organ system
11. Which organelle responsible for the character inherited from one generation to another generation?
a) Nucleus b) nucleolus c) chromosome d) nucleoplasm
12. Which cell organelle helps in protein synthesis?
a) Mitochondria b) ribosome c) golgi body d) vacuole
13. The control unit of cell is-
a) Nucleus b) cell wall c) cytoplasm d) all of these
14. Cell is discovered by-
a) Robert brown b) Robert Hooke c) John Mendel d) Charls Darwin
15. Hen’s egg is a –
a) Tissue b) organ c) cell d) organ system
For questions 16 to 23 two statements are given. One labeled Assertion(A) and other labeled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c), (d) as given
below.

(a)Both A and R are true. R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not correct explanation of
A
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.

16. Assertion: The cell is the structural and functional unit of a body. Reason: Living
organisms are made up of cells.
17. Assertion: Genes are responsible for transfer of characters from the parents to the offspring.
Reason: Genes are present in the nucleus.
18. Assertion: Each organelle has a specific function in the cell. Reason: An organ is
a group of tissues which perform similar function.
19. Assertion: The nucleus is present both animal and plant cell.
Reason: Cell wall is present in animal cell also.
20. Assertion: Leaves are green colour.
Reason: Chlorophyll pigment is present in leaves.
21. Assertion: Amoeba can also do locomotion by the help of false feet. Reason: The foot is
not visible properly, it is known as pseudopodia.
22. Assertion: A bigger organism has a large no. of cells than smaller one. Reason: The size of
cell is related to the size of the organisms.
23. Assertion: Mitochondria are also called the power house of the cell.
Reason: Mitochondria produce energy by respiration process.
24. Read the passage carefully and write the answer.
Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance present between cell membrane and the nucleus. Various other
components, cell organelles are present in the cell. These are mitochondria, golgi bodies, ribosomes
etc. Nucleus is the important component in the cell. It is spherical and located in the center of the
cell. The nucleus of bacterial cell is not well organized like the cell of multi cellular organism. This
kind of cells are called as prokaryotic cells. Examples are bacteria and blue green algae.
a) The jelly like substance present between cell membrane and nucleus, is known
as______________.
b) Give two examples of prokaryotic cells.
c) Which is the important component of the cell?
d) Define prokaryotic cells.
25. Read the passage carefully and give the answer.
Different organs of a plant cell perform different functions. Each organ again further made up of
smaller parts called tissues. A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a specific function. The
cell is the structural unit of a living organism. The basic components of the cell are cell membrane,
cytoplasm and nucleus. The cytoplasm and the nucleus are enclosed within the cell membrane. It is
also known as plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is porous and allow the movement of the
substances both in inward and outward. a) Define a tissue.
b) Write the basic components of the cell.
c) Cell membrane is also known as _____________.
d) What is the function of plasma membrane?
26. Read the passage carefully and write the answer.
Cell is discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He observed a slice of cork. Cork is the bark of a tree.
He observed the slice of the bark under a microscope. He noticed partitioned boxes or compartments
in the cork slide. These boxes appeared like a honey comb. Hooke coined the term cell for each box.
a) In which year the cell was discovered?
b) Who has given the term cell?
c) Write the name of largest and smallest cell.
d) Name one cell which we can see with unaided eyes.
SECTION –B

27. Differentiate between organisms on the basis of cell no. Give one example of each.
28. Mention the location and function of the nucleus.
29. Cell wall is present in plant cell and not in animal cell, Justify the statement.
30. Identify the followings:
i) Controls the function of cell ii)
Transfer character from parents to off springs.
31. Write the function of vacuole and golgi complex.
32. Label the part of the given diagram. (any four)
33. Why tomatoes are red whereas leaves are green? 34. Name
the smallest and largest cell and mention their sizes. 35. Cell is the structural
and functional unit of life. Justify the statement.
36. Differentiate between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.
37. Write the function of chromoplast and leucoplast.
38. Write the locomotory organ of
i) Euglena ii) paramecium
SECTION –C

39. Differentia between plant cell and animal cell on the basis of shape, plastids and vacuoles.
40. Draw a neat labeled diagram of animal cell.
41. Why are plant cell and animal cell usually stained with dyes before observing under microscope?
Name any two stains used for this purpose.
42. Are the cells in an elephant larger than the cell in a rat? Justify your statement. 43.
Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes with two examples each. 44. Classify the
following terms into cell, tissue and organ.
RBC, blood, muscle, heart, nerve cell, head.
45. Draw a diagram of nerve cell and write its functions.
46. The cell membrane is very important component of a cell. How is damaging the cell membrane
likely to impact the function of the cell?
47. What are functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?
48. The shape of the cell differs due to the location and function in the tissue. Justify the statement.

SECTION –D
49. I) If onion peel cells and cheek cells are observed through a microscope, state the difference
between them. ii) Where and how are
chromosomes formed? State their significance.
50. Name the different cell organelles. Explain why none of these is called the structural and functional
unit of life.
51. Define cilia and flagella. Write one similarity and one dissimilarity between them with one
example of each.
52. I) Which cell organelles is known as power house of the cell? ii )
Why is it so called? iii) Is it present in both plant and animal cell? iv) What is its structure?
 METALS AND NON-METALS
MCQ
1. Metals generally produce a peculiar sound, such property of metals is called
(A) malleability (B) sonorous (C) lustre (D) ductility
2. Which of the following metals is in liquid state at room temperature?
(A) Sodium (B) Potassium (C) Mercury (D) Zinc
3. The most ductile metal is
(A) Pt (B) Au (C) Ag (D) Cu
4.Which of these is a non- metal that has lustre?
(A) Sulphur (B) Phosphorus (C) Iodine (D) Silicon
5. The nature of oxide of magnesium metal is
(A) acidic (B) basic (C) amphoteric (D) neutral
6. A students perform some activity on two substances and records the observation in the table as shown
Activity Substance P Substance Q
Cut with a knife Forms small pieces Forms small pieces
Beaten with hammer Shape change Change into powder
Stricken with a metal rod Make a sound Changes into powder

Which option classifies the substance into metal and non-metal?

(A) Both the substances are metals
(B) Both the substances are non-metals
(C) Substance P is metal while substance Q is non metal
(D) Substance P is non-metal while substance Q is metal
7. The most abundant metal in the earth crust is
(A) aluminium (B) iron (C) zinc (D)copper
8. A homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal is called
(A) Metalloid (B) isomer (C) allotrope (D) alloy
9.Brass is alloys of
(A) Copper and zinc (B) copper and tin (C) Zinc and Aluminium (D) copper and lead
10. Metal. ''M” react with Sulphuric acid form
(A) MSO4 + H2 (B) MCl2 + H2 (C) MSO4 + O2. (D) MCl2 + H2O
11. Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the given metals in ascending order of their
reactivity?
Zinc, Iron, Magnesium, Sodium
(A) Zinc > Iron > Magnesium > Sodium (B) Sodium > Magnesium > Iron > Zinc (C) Sodium >
Zinc > Magnesium > Iron (D) Sodium > Magnesium > Zinc > Iron
12. Which one among the following is an acidic oxide?
(A) Na2O (B) MgO (C) CO2 (D) Al2O3
13. Containers are made of steel. Which property of steel is mainly used to make these containers?
(A) Its ductility (B) Its malleability (C) Its conductivity (D) Its sonorosity
14. Select the metal do not react with water at all
(A) Mg. (B) Zn (C)Cu (D) Na
15. Which of the following pairs will give dis-placement reactions?
(A) FeSO4 solution and Copper metal (B) CuSO4 solution and Magnesium metal
(C) MgSO4 solution and Silver metal (D)MgSO4 solution and Copper metal Assertion-Reason-based
questions.
Directions:- Each of the following questions contains an assertion followed by a reason.
Read them carefully and answer the questions on the basis of the following options.
a) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b) Both assertion and reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
c) Assertion is true and the reason is false.
d) Assertion is false and the reason is true.
1. Assertion(A): Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Reason(R): Alloys are heterogeneous mixture of metals with other metals and non-metals.
2. Assertion(A): Zinc can easily displace copper on reacting with a solution of copper sulphate.
Reason:- Zinc is more reactive metal as compared to copper.
3. Assertion :- Metals can be given different shapes according to our needs.
Reason : They are generally hard.
4. Assertion : All ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.
Reason : The natural materials containing metals in the free or combined state are called minerals.
5. Assertion : All metals react with oxygen at the same rate.
Reason: Different metals show different reactivities tendency towards oxygen.
6. Assertion : Copper wires are used in electrical fitting .
Reason: Metals are good conductors of electricity.
7. Assertion: Citrus fruits, pickles, tamarind, vinegar etc should not be stored in metallic utensils.
Reason: Acid present in the food react with metal compounds.
8. Assertion: Aluminium is used for making aircraft bodies. Reason: Aluminium, being a very light
metal.
9. Assertion : Silicon and Germanium are metalloids.
Reason: Certain elements shows properties of both metals and non-metals.
10. Assertion : Potassium is less reactive than lead.
Reason: Potassium is kept in kerosene.
SA-I
1. Copper is used for making utensils and electrical wires. State the physical properties of copper is
responsible for the same.
2. Name two metals that react violently with cold water.
3. Observe the figure given below and write the balanced chemical equation.

Give any one observation of the above chemical reaction.

4. Rohan took charcoal on spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by inverting a test tube over
and added water shown in the figure.
 (i) What will be action of the solution on blue litmus paper.
(ii) Give the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
5. (i) Phosphorus is kept in water. Explain
(ii) Give the characteristic test for H2 gas.
6. Classify the following into metals and non-metals:
Tin, Sulphur, Aluminium, Oxygen
7. Ram stored copper sulphate solution in a container made of magnesium. He observed certain changes
after few hours. Can you express what changes did he observed with balanced chemical equation.
8. Write the constituent elements of the following alloy and mention their uses.
(i) Alnico
(ii) Bronze
CASE Based Questions:-
1. Acids react with metals to form salt and hydrogen gas.
General word equation for the reaction:
Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen
However, not all metals react to acids in the same manner. The reactivity series is formed by arranging the
metals in order of their reactivity, from the most reactive to the least reactive. Many metals produce metal
oxide by burning in the oxygen of the air less reactive metals like gold, silver, platinum, etc. do not tarnish
easily. They stay shiny and lustrous.

(a) Give the balanced chemical equation for magnesium metal react with dilute sulphuric acid.
(b)Name one metal which does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(c)How do metals and non-metals react with water?
Or
Compare between metals and non-metals on the basis of their chemical properties (any two)
2. An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and a non-metal. The properties
exhibited by alloys are often quite different from the properties of their individual components. Alloys
can be considered as solid solutions. The use of pure metals is now a rarity as the main application and
utility are from the longevity and durability of the product.
(a) Name an alloy of zinc used in the construction of gun- barrels.
(b) Mention any two properties of alloy.
(c) Name two alloys of iron. What elements are present in these alloys?
Or
Mention some uses of alloys in our day-to-day life?
3. Metals are elements that exhibit a variety of physical properties such as those of Malleability,
ductility, conductivity of heat and electricity lustre etc. Due to such properties, metals find usage in
purpose such as cooking utensils, machinery, modes of transportation, construction, etc., in our daily life.

(a) State property of metals is used for cooking utensils.

(b) Silver is used for making jewellery. Explain.
(c) Name the metals that can be cut with a knife. Give reason.
Or
Name the metal
(i) best conductor of heat
(ii) poorest conductor of heat

SA-II
1. Explain the meaning of
(i) thermal conductivity
(ii) insulator
(iii) malleability
2. Mention the steps involved in the extraction of metals from its ores.
3. Carbon is found in its native state. Give three examples of its native state.
4. (i)Name the property due to which metals shine.
(ii)Due to which property a bell ring?
(iii) Name any two metalloids.
5. Metallic oxides are basis in nature. Explain with chemical equation.
6. State metals differ in their reactivity towards water with suitable examples.
7.Some zinc granules are added in dilute sulphuric acid.
 (i)Identify the gas A.
(ii)Write the chemical equation of the reaction that takes place.
8. i. Can copper displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution. Give reason for your answer.
ii. Can Zinc displace copper from copper sulphate solution.
9. State the reason for the following with balanced chemical equation
(i) A magnesium ribbon is dipped in a blue copper sulphate solution turns the blue solution
colourless.
(ii) Copper metal is placed in a magnesium sulphate solution, no observation was made.
10. Many metals and some non-metals, play a vital role in the functioning of human body. Explain.

LQ
1.(i)Zinc sulphate forms a colourless solution in water. Will you observe any colour on adding
copper turning in it?
(ii)Mercury is used in thermometers. Give reason.
(iii)Name most reactive metal and least reactive metal.
(iv)Name the metal and non-metal which occur in liquid state.
2. Differentiate between metals and non-metals on the basis of their physical properties.
3. (i) State physical properties, chemical properties and uses following elements
(a) Oxygen
(b) Magnesium
(ii) Define reactivity series?
Arrange the following metals increasing order of their reactivity
Cu, Sn, Hg, Fe

REFRACTION AND DISPERSION OF LIGHT

SECTION- A
1. What is the line joining the centre of curvature of the two surfaces of lens is called?
2. What is the phenomenon of splitting of white light into seven colours is called?
3. Define refractive index.
4. Are the pictures seen on the screen of a cinema hall real or virtual?
5. Write two rules of refraction.
6. Which is deviated more by a glass prism- red light or violet light?
7. What kind of lens always forms a virtual image of an object?
8. What is the angle of refraction when the angle of incidence is zero?
9. Define refraction of light.
10. Differentiate between real image and virtual image.
11. When light enters water from air, what change is observed in its speed?
12. Define the principal focus of a concave lens.
13. What kind of lens would form an inverted and diminished image of the object?
14. At where the speed of light is highest?
15. Which type of lens is used as magnifying glass?
Directions: In each of the following questions, a statement of assertion is given followed by a
corresponding statement of reason just below it. Of the statements mark the correct answer as A) Both
Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for assertion.
B) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
C) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
D) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
16. Assertion: A light ray travelling from water to glass bends towards the normal.
Reason: The glass is more denser than water.
17. Assertion: The eye cannot see the object at far distance.
Reason- the comfortable distance at which eye can read the object is 25cm.
18. Assertion- the sunlight called white light.
Reason- the sunlight consist of seven colours.
19. Assertion: The corrective lens for Myopia is concave lens. Reason: A concave lens is a diverging
lens.
20. Assertion: The image formed by the concave lens is always virtual. Reason: A concave lens is a
diverging lens.
21. Assertion- rainbow is the natural phenomenon of dispersion.
Reason- rainbow consist seven colour of light splitting into its colours.
22. Assertion: There is no dispersion of light refracted through a rectangular glass slab.

Reason: Dispersion of light is the phenomenon of splitting a beam of white light into constituent
colors.
23. Assertion: The corrective lens for Myopia is concave lens. Reason: A concave lens is a diverging
lens.

SECTION-B

24. State the correlation between the Refractive index and the optical density of the medium.

25. Refractive index of diamond with respect to glass is 1.6 and absolute refractive index of glass is 1.5.
Find out the absolute refractive index of diamond.

26. Draw a labeled ray diagrams to illustrate the difference between the virtual image formed by using (a)
a convex lens.

27. What is the position and, nature of the image if the object is placed in the principal axis of a convex
lens at (i) At infinity (ii) in between F and 2F

28. Obtain an expression for refractive index of a medium with respect to another in terms of speed of
light in these two media?

29. White light is made to fall on one face of a glass prism. Draw a ray diagram to show the nature of the
emergent beam.

30. Why does a pencil appear bent when it is partially dipped in water?

31. Which medium will bend light more-Glass or water. why?

32. Distinguish between near point and far point of the eye.
33. Why does a concave lens always form a virtual image of an object? Draw a diagram to illustrate this.

34. Will a spectrum be formed if blue light falls on a prism? Give reasons.
35. A beam of white light is passed through the glass prism. Write the colour of the light that bends :
(i) the most towards the base of the prism.
(ii) the least towards the base of the prism.
 SECTION-C
36. The coin inside the cup, not visible before, becomes visible after some water is poured into the cup.
Explain the reason with a suitable diagram.
37. What is the difference between the displacement produced by a rectangular glass slab in a ray of light
and the deviation produced by a glass prism?
38. Refractive index of water is 4/3 and that of the glass is 3/2 w.r.t air, then what is the refractive index of
glass w . r. t water? (The speed of light through air is 3 x10 8m/s)
39. Draw labelled ray diagrams to illustrate the differences between the virtual images formed by using a
concave lens.
40. Explain how a glass prism causes dispersion of light?
41. Explain how lens works in terms of refraction?
42. Differentiate between converging lens and Diverging lens.( 3 point of difference)
43. Define the following terms for a lens:
i. principal axis ii. Focal length iii. Principal focus
44. a) Why do we see Rainbow in the sky after rainfall?
b) Name the colours of Rainbow.
45. Why does dispersion of light occur in a prism?

SECTION-D

46. (a) Draw a labeled ray diagram to show the formation of image of an object placed in between F and
C of a convex lens. Also mention the nature of the image

(b) Refractive index of medium A is 1.5. If the speed of light through air is 3x10 8 m/s then calculate the
speed of light through medium A.

47. a) White light is made to fall on one face of a glass prism. Draw a ray diagram to show the nature of
the emergent beam.

b) Why does a pencil appear bent when it is partially dipped in water?

48. A coin kept at the bottom of a glass bowl full of water appears to be higher than it actually is. With
the help of a labelled diagram, explain why this happens.
49. A coin is placed at the bottom of a clear glass vessel. An observer moves herself to a position
where the coin goes just out of sight of her eyes. Keeping her eyes in that position, she asks her friend to
pour some water, gradually into the glass vessel. (a) What would the observer would observe?
b) Name the phenomenon involved in this observation.
c) Draw a neat labelled diagram to justify your answer.

SECTION- E

50. Atmospheric refraction is the phenomenon of bending of light on passing through earth’s atmosphere.
As we move above the surface of earth, density of air goes on decreasing. Local conditions like temperature
etc. also affect the optical density of earth’s atmosphere. On account of atmospheric refraction, stars seen
appear higher than they actual are; advanced sunrise; delayed sunset, oval appearance of the sun at sunrise
and sunset; stars twinkle, planets do not.

(i) Due to atmospheric refraction, apparent length of the day

(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains the same (d) all of these ii) Apparent
position of the star appears raised due to
(a) atmospheric refraction (b) scattering of light
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
(iii) The sun appears oval shaped or flattened due to
(a) dispersion (b) scattering (c) atmospheric refraction (d) cannot say
(iv) Twinkling of stars and non-twinkling of planets is accounted for by
(a) scattering of light (b) dispersion of light (c)
atmospheric refraction (d) none of these

51. The spreading of light by the air molecules is called scattering of light. The light having least wavelength
scatters more. The sun appears red at sunrise and sunset, appearance of blue sky it is due to the scattering
of light. The colour of the scattered light depends on the size of particles. The smaller the molecules in the
atmosphere scatter smaller wavelengths of light. The amount of scattering of light depends on the
wavelength of light. When light from sun enters the earth’s atmosphere, it gets scattered by the dust particles
and air molecules present in the atmosphere. The path of sunlight entering in the dark room through a fine
hole is seen because of scattering of the sun light by the dust particles present in its path inside the room.

(i) To an astronaut in a spaceship, the colour of earth appears

(a) red (b) blue (c) white (d) black
(ii) At the time of sunrise and sunset, the light from sun has to travel.
(a) longest distance of atmosphere
(b) shortest distance of atmosphere
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) can’t say
(iii) The colour of sky appears blue, it is due to the
(a) refraction of light through the atmosphere
(b) dispersion of light by air molecules
(c) scattering of light by air molecules
(d) all of the above
(iv) At the time of sunrise and sunset
(a) Blue colour scattered and red colour reaches our eye
(b) Red colour scattered and blue colour reaches our eye
(c) Green and blue scattered and orange reaches our eye (d) None of these

EARTHQUAKES

1.Name the different layers of earth other than the crust.

2. How does tsunami occur?
3. What is a seismometer?
4. What are fault zones?
5. Name the two weak zones of India.
6. Who devised Richter scale?
7. What will you do instantly during an earth quake, if you are in home?
8. Write any two cause of earth quake.
9. What are tectonic plates?
10. Define foreshocks.
Assertion/Reason questions (08)

Choose the correct options.

A. If both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion(A).
B. If both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true, But Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion(A).
C. If Assertion (A) is true, but Reason(R) is false.

D. If Assertion (A) is false, but Reason(R) is true.

1. Assertion (A): Earthquakes accompany volcanic eruptions.
Reason (R): volcanoes spew water vapour and dust particles into the atmosphere.

2. Assertion(A): Earthquake occurs due to the movement of tectonic plates.

Reason(R): When tectonic plates compress against each other, pressure is built up.
3. Assertion(A): Maximum damage occurs at during an earth quake is at its epicentre. Reason(R):
Epicentre is present directly above the focus.
4. Assertion(A): The earthquake measuring 2 on Richter scale can cause severe damage. Reason(R):
Earthquake can cause severe damage to life and property.
5. Assertion(A)- An earthquake is a sudden shaking or trembling of the earth which lasts for very short
time.
Reason(R)- Earthquake is caused by a disturbance deep inside the earth crust.
6. Assertion(A)- The core of the earth is in molten state due to high temperature and pressure.
Reason(R)- Earth quake cannot be predictable yet.
7. Assertion(A)- Richter scale is not a linear scale.
Reason(R)- An increase in ‘3’ in magnitude in the Richter scale, have a power of 10 3 times more
destructive energy.
8. Assertion(A)- For our realisation, the minimum magnitude of the earth quake should be 3.5 or more.
Reason(R)-Earth quake of any magnitude can be felt by human beings.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS (02)
1. Earthquakes are the sudden tremor or movement of earth's crust. It is a natural disaster that usually
lasts for a very short time. They can cause huge damage to human life and property. Often Earthquakes are
weak in nature and probably go unnoticeable. Major earthquakes are less frequent but has more destructive
effect. Sometimes, an earthquake also has foreshocks. In response, various safety measures can be
implemented to minimize the devastating effects.
a) What is an earthquake?
b) Write any one destructive effect of an earthquake.
c) Define foreshocks.
d) Suggest any one method to minimise the devastating effects of earthquakes.
2. The damage caused due to the earthquake depends upon many factors. One of the major factors is
its intensity. The intensity of the earthquake is usually in terms of its 'magnitude' on a scale known as the
Richter Scale. The Richter scale measures the strength of an earthquake in terms of the amplitude of its
seismic / shock waves. Earthquakes can also be predicted by finding out the source of seismic waves.
a) Who is the inventor of the Richter scale?
b) Write the likely magnitude of a mild earthquake.
c) Name the instrument used by geologists to find out the source of seismic waves.
d) What is the effect of an earthquake if the magnitude is 2.5 to us?

SA-I (10)
1. What is an earthquake? Where does it originate?
2. Write any two effects of an earthquake.
3. What is a tsunami? Write a harmful effect of it.
4. How is an earthquake caused?
5. What is a Righter scale? Write the name of the person it is named after.
6. i) An Earthquake measured 4.9 on the Richter scale. What damage will it likely cause? ii) An
earthquake measured 2.5 on the Richter scale. Will it be recorded on seismometers?
7. How do local people predict earthquakes?
8. What is the epicentre? How does the strength of an earthquake change as we move further away from
the epicentre?
9. Write two safety precautions for a person present inside a building. 10. Write two methods to minimize
the damage due to an earthquake.

SA-II (10)
1. List three major effects of an earthquake.
2. Give three examples of meteorological phenomena.
3. Ramesh lives in a seismic zone. Suggest any three precautions that can help him to minimize the
damages due to an earthquake in his area.
4. Name the scale used for measuring the strength of an earthquake. Write two characteristics features of
this scale.
5. Show the three types of movement of the tectonic plates in diagram.
6. Apart from the movement of the tectonic plates, what are the other reasons of earthquake?
7. To make the house quake safe, what precautions should be taken?
8. Show the anatomical diagram of the earth crust with labeling.
9. Is earth quake predictable? How do ancient people could predict it up to some extent?
10. How focus is different than the epicenter? Show it in a diagram.

LA (3)
1. What can be the various effects of an earthquake?
2. Which type of precautions should be taken by a person if he is inside a room at the time of an
earthquake?
3. Enlist the safety precautions after an earthquake.

POLLUTION OF WATER

VSA Type Questions (1 mark each)

 1. Mention the property of water which is a major cause of its pollution.
2. Name the diseases which are commonly caused due to drinking contaminated water?
3. Name any two gases responsible for acid rain?
4. Name the microbes that grow in water which leads to depletion of oxygen dissolved in it.
5. In sewage treatment, name the process in which the organic waste from polluted water is removed.
6. Mention the last step adopted in treatment of sewage.
7. Define potable water.
8. Identify the chemical used in the process of loading.
9. Identify the type of waste that pollutes the underground water.
10. Mention two physical methods that can be used for purification of water.

ASSERTION REASON Questions (1 mark each)

For the following questions, two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and other labelled
Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (i),(ii),(iii) and (iv) as given
below:
(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) Ais false but R is true.
11. Assertion: The potable water is used for daily house cleaning work.
Reason: The water which purified and fit for drinking is known as potable water.
12. Assertion: Clear transparent water is fit for drinking
Reason: Only potable water is fit for drinking
13. Assertion: Filtration is a physical method of removing impurities.
Reason: In filtration impure water is passed through successive layers of sand, gravel and charcoal.
14. Assertion: Water pollutants are any foreign materials that pollute water. Reason: Acids and oil spills do
not cause water pollution.
15. Assertion: Water pollution tends to cause cholera, typhoid, and jaundice.
Reason: Sewage may contain bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.

16. Assertion: Water pollutants are measured by BOD, which measures the amount of dissolved
oxygen.
Reason: If BOD is more, the water is polluted.
17. Assertion: Pesticides and fertilizers cause water pollution.
Reason: Pesticides and fertilizers get dissolve in water.
18. Assertion: Loading is a chemical process of removing impurities from water.
Reason: Loading process can be considered both as physical as well as chemical process.

Case Based Questions

19. Study the picture given below:
i) 25% of the world’s population is without safe drinking water. Which chemical method is used
to disinfect potable water. a) Fumigation
b) Stagnation
c) Chlorination
d) Sedimentation
ii) A pond contains clean water. Which of the following activities will produce least pollution of
water?
a) Washing clothes in the pond
b) Domestic waste
c) Industrial waste
d) Swimming in the pond
iii) A group of environmentalists found that much of the woodland area is drying .What could be
the reason of this observation?
iv) Some fisherman catching fish with their fishing nets at point X. Environmentalists advised
them not to eat the fish .Give a reason for their advice to fisherman.
20. We saw that water is becoming scarce due to increase in population, industries and agricultural
activities. You have also studied how water becomes “dirty” after we use it for washing clothes,
bathing, etc. This means that we are adding some materials to the water, which spoil its quality and
change its smell and colour. Whenever harmful substances such as sewage, toxic chemicals, silt,
etc., get mixed with water, the water becomes polluted. The substances that pollute water are called
water pollutants.
i) Potable water is the water which is
a) Obtained from a river
b) Obtained from a lake
c) Used for washing clothes
d) Pure and fit for drinking
ii) When domestic sewage / fertilisers are released into rivers, the growth of algae and bacteria is
a) Promoted
b) Not affected
c) Inhibited
d) None of the above
iii) The pollutants in water can be recognized by
a) Bad taste
b) Offensive odour
c) Growth of aquatic weed
d) All the above
iv) Which of the following is not a feature of potable water?
a) It must be clean, colourless and odourless.
b) It must be free from bacteria
 c) It must have excessive sodium, calcium and magnesium
d) It must contain dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide

SA-I TYPE Questions (2 marks each)

21. Water is present in abundance but still scarce. Justify.
22. State any 2 changes in the physical properties of water which help you identify that water is
polluted.
23. How does the agricultural waste affect the quality of water?
24. An oil tanker transporting oil across an ocean meets with an accident in the middle of ocean. What
will happen and how will it affect the environment?
25. If you are given a bottle of water which has odour and water is milky in its appearance. Should you
consume that water or not, if not, why?
26. Why do we boil water to purify?
27. Fertilisers are good for crop but cause pollution of water. How?
28. During rainy season it was found that many of the patients in a hospital were suffering mainly from
jaundice and diarrhoea. Why?

SA-II TYPE Questions (3 marks each)

29. How can sewage waste be treated and water can be made suitable for use?
30. Why do we need to conserve water?
31. Explain the traditional way of purifying water to make it fit for drinking.
32. How can we reduce, reuse and recycle water?
33. Why does the increased nutrients level in the water affect the survival of aquatic organisms?
34. What are the different ways by which water gets contaminated?

LONG ANSWER TYPE Questions (5 marks each)

35. Do you think we can do something in our end to reduce pollution from household? Suggest some
methods for the same.
36. i. Name any two water pollutants which are toxic for plants and animals.
ii. Enlist four methods that can be used to make water safe for drinking purpose.
37. i. Suggest any two methods to check pollution of water caused by industrial wastes.
ii. Mention the major reasons why Ganga, in Uttar Pradesh, has one of the most polluted stretches
of rivers.

MARKING SCHEME

THE CELL- ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

1 Protoplasm 1

2 Cell wall 1
3 Chromoplast 1
4 Food vacuole 1
5 Legs 1
6 Both a) and b) 1
7 Chromatin 1
8 Euglena 1
9 Tissue 1
10 Cell-> tissue organ organ system 1
11 Chromosome 1
12 Ribosome 1
13 Nucleus 1
14 Robert Hooke 1

15 Cell 1
16 a) 1
17 b) 1
18 b) 1
19 c) 1
20 a) 1
21 a) 1
22 c) 1
23 a) 1
24 a) Cytoplasm 1+1+
b) Bacteria, blue green algae 1+1
c) Nucleus
d) The cell in which nucleus is not well organized
25 a) A group of similar cells performing a specific function. 1+1+
b) Cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus 1+1
c) Plasma membrane
d) It allows the movement of substances both in inwards and
outwards.
26 a) 1665 1+1+
b) Robert Hooke 1+1
c) Largest-ostrich egg, smallest- PPLO
d) Hen’s egg
27 Unicellular- the organisms which consist of single cell. ½+1/2 2
Ex- amoeba
Multi cellular- the organisms which consists of more than one cell. ½
Ex- human being 1/2
28 Location- it generally lies at the centre of the cell but in some cases 1 2
present in peripheral position.
Function- it controls all the activities of the cell 1

29 Plant cell have the cell wall to resist against different climatic 1 2
conditions, to give a particular shape. 1
30 i) Nucleus ii) 1 2
chromosomes 1
31 Vacuole- it stores excess of water and waste products. 1 2
Golgi complex- these are involved in the processing and ng of 1
packagi material produced by the cell.
32 A-cell wall ½+1/2+ 2
B-cell membrane 1/2+1/2
C- nucleus
D- cytoplasm
E- vacuole
33 Tomatoes are red in colour due to the presence of chromoplast it. 1 2
in Leaves are green in colour due to chlorophyll pigment. 1

34 Smallest- PPLO - 0.1micron 1 2

Largest- ostrich egg- diameter170 mm 1
35 All the living organisms are made up of cell, so cell is the ral 1 2
structu unit of life. The basic functions like nutrition, 1
respiration, growth development and reproduction are s the
performed by the cells. So it i functional unit of life.
36 cytoplasm nucleoplasm 2
The jelly like substance The jelly like substance
present in cell present in nucleus 1
It is found in all cell It is found in eukaryotic cell 1
only.
37 Chromoplast- it provides colours other than green to the different 1 2
parts of the plant. 1

Leucoplast- it is the colourless plastid helps in storage of food

38 i) flagellum ii) cilia 1 2
1
39 Plant cell Animal cell 3
Definite shape due to cell No specific shape. 1
wall
Plastids are present No plastids are present 1
Large size vacuoles are Smaller size vacuoles are 1
present present
40 ½+1/2+ 3
1/2+1/2
+1/2+1/
2

41 Stains are used to colour the parts of the cell to study the 1 3
detailed structure of it.
Two stains are- methylene blue, saffranin. 1+1
42 No, the cells in an elephant are not larger than the cell in a rat. 1 2
Because size of cell does not vary in size of organism.
1
43 prokaryotes eukaryotes ½+1/2+ 3
Nuclear membrane is absent Nuclear membrane is present 1/2+1/2
Nucleiod is present Nucleus is present
Bacteria, blue green algae Birds and animals
44 cell tissue organ ½+1/2+ 3
RBC blood heart 1/2+1/2
+1/2
Nerve cell muscle head
ol 2+1 3
The nerve cell receives and transfers messages and help to
45 contr and co-ordinate the working of different parts of the
body.

46 Cell membrane is semi permeable in nature. 1 3

-If cell membrane gets damaged then all the substances enter
and leave without selecting the molecules. 1
-functional properties of the cell get damaged.
-the cell will die. 1
47 -it provides the channels for transport of materials in a cell. 1 3
-smooth ER-help in synthesis of fat.
-rough ER-help in synthesis of protein 1
1
48 Shape of the cell may be oval, spherical, fiber like or polygonaldue 1 3
to the location and function in the tissue.
-ex-nerve cell-nerve cell has to transmit nerve impulses to
organs located in different parts of the body. So it has fibre likee. 1
structur -RBC- RBC carries the haemoglobin to each cell. It has
to pass through the fine capillaries. So it has disc like structure
foe easy movement.
1
49 i)onion peel cell-cells are arranged in rows. 1 5
Nucleus is present at periphery.
Human cheek cell- cells are polygonal and arranged 1
randomly. Nucleus is present at center. ii)when the cell is
ready to divide, the thin thread like structure condenses to
form chromosomes. 1+1
These carry the characters from one generation to next
generatio 1
n.
 50 Name of the different cell organelles are – mitochondria, , 1/2x6 5
plastids ribosomes, golgi complex, vacuoles, endoplasmic
reticulum.
-they have specific functions.
-they cannot act as unit. 1
- they perform the specific function inside the cell. 1
51 Cilia and flagella are the small extensions on their cell e. 1 5
membran Which act as the locomotory organ of 1
microorganisms.
Similarities- both help in locomotion and capturing of food. 1
Disimillarities- cilia are small and numerous whereas flagella
are long whip like structure present one or more. Cilia- 1
paramecium, flagella- euglena

1
52 i) ii) mitochondria. 1 5
They do the cellular respiration and produce energy for
iii) different activities of life. 2
iv) Yes, it is present in both plant cell and animal cell. 1
It is rod shaped or spherical in structure.
1

METALS AND NON-METALS

MCQ
1.B
2.C
3.B
4.C
5.B
6.C
7.A
8.D
9.A
10.A
11.D
12.C
13.B
14.C
15.B
A/R
1.a
2.a
3.b
4.b
5.d
6.a
7.a
 8.a
9.a
10.b
SA-1
1. ductility, electrical conductivity
2. Potassium and sodium
3.2Mg+O2. --------->2MgO
Magnesium ribbon burn with a bright white light
White powder formed MgO
4. (i) Blue litmus paper turns red.
(ii) C+O2. -------> CO2
5. (i) It is very reactive non-metal which does not react with water. It immediately catches
fire when exposed to air. To prevent this, it is stored in water.
(ii) Bringing a burning candle near the source of hydrogen. On doing so, hydrogen gas
burns with a pop sound.
6. Metal - Tin, Aluminium
Non- metal - Sulphur, Oxygen
7. The blue colour fades as colourless magnesium sulphate is formed
Mg+CuSO4→MgSO4+Cu
8.(i) aluminium+nickel+ cobalt, used for making magnets
(ii) copper+ tin, used for making coins, medals etc
CASE BASED
1. (a) Mg(s)+ H2SO4 (dil) --------> MgSO4 (aq.)+ H2 (g)
(b) copper or lead
(c) Sodium and potassium react with cold water along with the production of a large amount of heat.
• Magnesium react with boiling water and iron with steam.
• Gold, silver and platinum do not react with water.
• Non-metals do not react with water.
Or
Metals react with oxygen to form basic oxides. Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic or neutral
oxides. Non-metals do not react with water. Metals react with dilute acids to form metal salts and they
displace hydrogen from acids.
2. (a) Gun metal
(b)They are hard in nature.
They exhibit resistance towards corrosion.
(c) Steel - (iron+ carbon)
Stainless steel - (iron+ chromium+ nickel)
Or
Electrical appliances, musical instruments, tableware, utensils, surgical implements etc
3. (a) High melting point, malleability, conductivity
(b)Because of their bright, lustrous surface and good corrosion resistance,
(c) Sodium or potassium, they are soft
Or
(i) Silver
(ii) Mercury
SA-II
1.(i) The he ability of a material to conduct heat from its one side to the other.
(ii)Materials that are poor conductors of thermal energy are called thermal insulators.
(iii)Malleable - Can be beaten into sheets.
2. Concentration of ore ---> Reduction ----> Refining of metal
3. Diamond, Graphite, Fullerene
4. (i) Lustre
(ii) Sonorousity
(iii) Silicon, Germanium, arsenic etc
5. When we add water to metallic oxide, it forms hydroxide, which turns red litmus to blue. That
shows it is basic in nature. Example: Magnesium oxide, when dissolved in water, forms
magnesium hydroxide that is basic in nature.
Mg+H2O----> Mg(OH)2
6. K, Na, and Ca react with cold water K surface and react violently. Mg and Al react with boiling
water/steam. ...
Fe, and Pb also react with steam and the reaction stops soon. ...
Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, and Au do not react with steam or even when hot are less reactive.
7. (i) Hydrogen gas
(ii) Zn + H2SO4 -----> ZnSO4+ H2
8. (i) No, Zinc is more reactive than copper. Hence, copper will not displace zinc from zinc
sulphate solution.
(ii) Yes
Zn + CuSO4 -------> ZnSO4+ Cu
9. (i)Magnesium is more reactive than copper so it displaces copper from its salt solution and
change the colour of solution colourless form magnesium sulphate.
(ii) Copper is less reactive than magnesium.
10. Iron is an essential and important component of haemoglobin.
Sodium and potassium play an important role in the transmission of signal, to and form
brain.
Non-metal like carbon and phosphorus also play an important role in human body.
Phosphorus is important in bones help cells obtain energy from food.
LA
1(i) There will be no change in colour as copper(Cu) is less reactive metal than zinc(Zn)
and thus cannot displace the latter from ZnSO4 solution.
(ii) It's used in thermometers because it has high coefficient of expansion. Hence, the
slightest change in temperature is notable when it's used in a thermometer
(iii) potassium platinum
(iv) Metal liquid state - Mercury
Non- metal liquid state - Bromine
2. Metals tend to be hard, metallic-looking solids, with high electrical and thermal conductivity values and
high melting and boiling points.
Nonmetals tend to be softer, dull, non- conductor, low density.
3. (a) Oxygen
The gas is colourless,
It is highly reactive and form oxides
Essential for survival of all living beings
(b) Magnesium
Exist in solid state
React with acid form salt and hydrogen gas
Used in medicine
(c)The series which arranges metals in the decreasing order of reactivity is known as the
reactivity series.
Hg<Cu<Sn<Fe
 REFRACTION AND DISPERSION OF LIGHT

1. Principal Axis
2. Dispersion of light
3. Refractive index is the measure of bending of a light ray when passing from one medium to
another. It can also be defined as the ratio of the velocity of a light ray in an empty space to the
velocity of light in a substance, n = c/v.
4. Real
5. i. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence lie in
one plane.

ii. For any two given pair of media , the ratio of sine of the angle of incidence and to the angle of
refraction is a constant.
6. Violet
7. Concave lens. 8. Zero degree
9. It can be define as the change in the direction of light as it passes from one medium to another.
10. A real image is formed when the rays of light after reflection or refraction actually meet at some
point whereas a virtual image is formed when the rays of light after reflection or refraction appear
to meet at a point.
11. Speed of the light decreases.
12. The point from where the refracted rays appear to diverge is called the principal focus of the
concave lens.
13. Convex lens
14. Vacuum
15. Convex lens
16. ) Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for assertion.
17. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for assertion.
18. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for assertion.
19. C) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
20. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.

21. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.

22. Both Assertion and Reason are correct, and reason is the correct explanation for assertion.
23. Assertion is true but Reason is false.

24. We can say that optical density is directly proportional to refractive index and inversely
proportional to speed of light for that given medium.
25. Refractive index of diamond = 1.6 X 1.5 = 2.4
26. Refer to the text book page no. 178
27. i. Image is formed at infinity and image is real and inverted.

ii. Image is formed at beyond infinity and image is real and inverted.

28. Refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of the velocity of light in air and the velocity
of light in that medium. Refractive index, μ = c v , c is the velocity of light in air and v is the
velocity of light in the medium.
29. Refer to the textbook page no. 176
30. When light travels from one substance to another, such as from air to water, it can appear bent due
to refraction. This occurs because light travels at different speeds in different materials. When you
see a pencil partially submerged in water, it may appear bent at the surface.
31. The measure of the bending of a ray of light when passing from one medium into another is called
the refractive index. Glass is denser than water and has a more refractive index than water. The
glass will bend the light more when light passes through both mediums.
32. The far point of the eye refers to the distance at which the eye can clearly see objects. And the
eye's near point is the shortest distance between the object and the eye at which it may be seen
clearly without strain.
33. Image formed by a concave lens: The rays falling on a concave lens, after refraction, always
diverge. Therefore, no matter where the object is kept, a diverging lens always forms a virtual
image, which is erect and smaller in size than the object.
34. No, a spectrum will not be formed if blue light falls on a prism. This is because, unlike white light,
blue light is made up of a single colour; therefore, it will not further break into more colours after
bending.
35. i.Violet ii. Red

36. This is because of refraction of light. As light passes from water to air, it bends away from the
normal. The refracted rays appear to come from a point above the actual position of the coin,
hence the coin appears raised.
37. The difference is : By a Glass slab : It deviates from the actual path but the direction of the
incident ray and emergent ray of light are parallel to each other. By a Glass prism : It deviates
from the actual path but the direction of the incident ray and emergent ray of light are not parallel
to each other.
38. Refractive index of water with respect to air = 4/3

Refractive index of glass with respect to air = 3/2

Refractive index of glass with respect to water = 3/4 X 2/3 = 9/8

39. Refer to the text book page no. 184

40. Cause of Dispersion: When white light passes through a glass prism, its constituent colours (red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) travel with different speeds in the prism because
refractive index is color dependent. This causes the dispersion of light.
 41. The light rays refract twice: first when entering the lens and second when leaving the lens. Only
the light rays passing through the center of the lens remain straight. Parallel light rays that pass
through a concave lens do not meet.

42.
S.
Converging lens Diverging lens
No.
A converging (convex) lens is A diverging (concave) lens is
1. thicker in the middle and thinner in the middle and
thinner at the edges. thicker at the edges.
A converging lens bends a ray A diverging lens bends a ray of
2.
of light inwards. light outwards.
Nature of the image depends Image formed is always virtual
3.
on where the object is placed. in nature.

43 i.The line joining the centres of the two spheres of which the lenses form a part is called the
principal axis of the lens.

ii. Distance between optical centre and the focus of a lens.

iii. The point where a beam of light, parallel to the principal axis, converges after passing
through a converging lens or appears to converge in case of a diverging lens is called the
principal focus.

44. (a) We see rainbow only after rainfall due to dispersion of sunlight by the tiny water droplet of rain
presents in atmosphere. The tiny water droplet act like a small prism. The rain water refracted,
dispersed and reflected internally and then refracted again which makes us to see a rainbow
immediately after rain.
(b)The seven colours of rainbow are Violet, Blue, Indigo, Green, Orange, Yellow
and Red.

45. Dispersion occur in a prism because different colours of light refracted by different amounts when
they pass through the prism. This is due to varying refractive indices of prism for different wavelength
of light causing the colours to spread out and form a spectrum.
46. a) The image is virtual, erect and enlarged.

b) Refractive index of medium A = 1.5 the

speed of light through air is = 3x108 m/s
 The speed of light through medium A = 3x108 m/s ÷ 1.5 = 2x108

47.
(a) i) Centres of curvature: A lens is generally made up of two curved surfaces. These curved surfaces
are parts of spheres. Centres of these spheres are called the centre of curvature. Here, C1 and C2 are
the centres of curvature.
ii. Optical centre: The centre inside the lens is called optical centre. A ray of light passing through the
optical centre emerges without deviation.
iii. Focus: When rays of light parallel to the principal axis, they converge at a point in case of convex
lens. In case of a concave lens, they rays appear to diverge from a point. This point is called the focus
of the lens.
(b) When light travels from one substance to another, such as from air to water, it can appear bent due
to refraction. This occurs because light travels at different speeds in different materials. When you see
a pencil partially submerged in water, it may appear bent at the surface.
48. This is because of refraction of light. As light passes from water to air, it bends away from the normal.
The refracted rays appear to come from a point above the actual position of the coin, hence the coin
appears raised.

49. a) Once water is filled in the vessel, the coin becomes visible to the observer.

b) Refraction of light.

c) A coin at the bottom of a (initially empty) cup, (that was not visible to the
eye) becomes visible after some water is poured into the cup.

50. i. increases ii. Atmospheric refraction iii. Atmospheric refraction iv. Atmospheric refraction
51.
i. Blue
ii. Longest distance of atmosphere iii. Scattering of light by
molecules
iv. Blue colour scattered and red colour reaches our eye

EARTHQUAKE
VSA(10)
1. Ans-Mantle and core. 1
2. Ans- When earth quake occurs beneath to the sea bed tsunami occurs. 1
3. Ans- A device which measures the intensity of an earth quake. 1
4. Ans- The area over the junction points between two tectonic plates. 1
5. Ans-Kashmir, Western and Central Himalayas, the whole of North-East, Rann of Kutch, 1
Rajasthan and Indo-Gangetic plane are weak zones. (Any two)
6. Ans-Charles Richter in the 1930's. 1
7. Ans- Immediately go under a table or cot or any other furniture like this. 1
8. Ans- 1
i. Collision or brushing in between two tectonic plates.
ii. Underground nuclear explosion. iii. Volcanic eruption.
iv. Landslides. (Any two causes)

9. Ans- These are the plates floating on the surface of molten magma over which we are 1
living.
10. Ans- Smaller earth quakes occur before the major one (peak one) are called foreshocks. 1

Assertion/Reason questions (08)

1. Ans-D 1
2. Ans-A 1
3. Ans-A 1
4. Ans-D 1
5. Ans-B 1
6. Ans-B 1

7. Ans-A 1

8. Ans-C 1

CASE BASED QUESTIONS (02)

1. Ans.- 4
a) It is a sudden tremor or movement of earth crust which continues only for few
seconds.
b) Huge damage of buildings, bridges etc and loss of life.
c) Before the major quake, the smaller vibrations are called foreshocks.
d) To live in quake proof houses.

2. Ans.- 4
a) Charles Richter in the 1930's.
b) About 3.5 magnitude.
c) Seismometer
d) Will not be felt.
 SA-I (10)
1. Ans) i) An earthquake is a sudden tremor, or movement of the earth’s crust, which 2
usually lasts only for a very short time. ii) It originates naturally at, or below, the
surface of the earth.

2. Ans) i) Earthquakes can cause damage to buildings, bridges, and dams. ii) Earthquakes 2
also cause floods and landslides. Landslides, triggered by earthquakes, often cause more
destruction than earthquakes themselves.

3. Ans) i) A Tsunami is a series of huge sea waves; these consist of high long walls of water that 2
move at a very rapid rate.
ii) Tsunami can destroy human life and also cause the loss of natural resources. It can destroy
infrastructures and buildings.

4. Ans) i) Earthquakes are caused by disturbances deep down inside the uppermost layer of 2
the earth which is broken into several plates known as tectonic plates.
ii)These plates move just a few millimetres every year and this movement of the plates
causes change on the surface of the earth which may cause an earthquake.
5. Ans) i) A scale used to measure the intensity of an earthquake is called a righter scale. It is 2
not a linear scale.
ii) It is named after Dr. Charles F. Richter.

6. Ans) i) An earthquake measuring 4.9 can cause local damages like cracks in buildings 2
and dams may occur. ii) Yes, it will be recorded on a seismometer.

7. Ans) i) Local people adopt some common earthquake prediction methods by observing the 2
behaviour of birds, fishes and animals.
ii) When fishes in the pond get agitated, the sky becomes silent and snakes come to the
surface, an earthquake may occur.

8. Ans) i) The point, on the earth’s surface, directly above the focus is known as the epicentre. 2
ii) The strength of the earthquake decreases when we move away from the epicentre.

9. Ans) i) Take shelter under a table and stay there till the shaking stops. 2
ii) Stay away from tall and heavy objects that may fall on you.

10. Ans) i) An emergency communication and exit plan should be made available. 2
ii) All the buildings in seismic zones need to be designed so that they can withstand major
tremors. It is advisable to make the structures simple so that it is ‘Quake safe’.

SA-II (10)
1. Ans.- 3
1. Huge loss of life
2. Tsunami
3. A drastic geographical change on earth surface.
2. Ans.- 3
1. Thunder storm.
2. Cyclone.
3. Downburst.
3. Ans.- 3
1. Construct his home with the quake safe technology.
2. Using light materials for the construction purpose.
3. Keep away the heavy objects aside so that it will not fall on him.
4. Ans.-Richter scale. 3
1. It is not a linear scale.
2. It is a logarithmic scale with base 10.

5. Ans.- 3

6. Ans.- 3
1. Underground nuclear
2. explosion. Land slide volcanic
3. eruptions.
7. Ans.- 3
using lighter construction material and simple structural design.
1.
Building should have shorter heights and wider bases.
2.
3. Roofs are made lighter and should be of conical/dome shaped instead of a flat one.
4. Shelves and cupboards are fixed to walls so that they don't fall on people during an
earthquake. (any three)
8. Ans.- 3

9. Ans.- 3
Earth
q uake is not yet predictable.
But ancient people could predict it up to some extent by observing nature like-
1. Abnormal behaviour of cats, dogs, rats etc.
2. Abnormality with the fishes in a pond. Etc.
10. Ans.- 3
1. The point at which the seismic waves are created due to the release of tension is
known as Focus. As the focus is often deep below the earth’s surface, it is hard to
find it on the map.
2. Epicenter is the point on the earth’s surface perpendicularly above the focus. An
earthquake is strongest at its epicenter and weakens as we move away from it.
3.

LA (3)
 1. Ans. Different effects of an earthquake are: 5

i. Earthquake causes damages to the buildings, bridges, dams etc.

ii. Earthquake can cause great loss of life.

iii. Earthquake can also cause floods and landslides. iv. An earthquake happening

beneath the ocean floor can lead to a tsunami.

v. Earthquake at late night can cause a saviour loss of life.

2. Ans. Precautions for a person present inside a room are: 5

i. Take shelter under a table and stay there till the shaking stops.
ii. Stay away from tall and heavy objects that may fall on you.
iii. Do not get up, if you are in bed. Protect your head with pillows.
iv. Stay indoors until shaking stops and it is safe to move outside.
v. Don’t touch electric switch boards, wires or appliances.

3. Ans. Safety Precautions after an Earthquake are: 5

i. Stay calm for a while. Expect aftershocks. These shocks can cause
additional damage.
ii. Beware of possible tsunami, if you live in coastal areas. iii.
Carefully inspect utilities/supplies. iv. Use mobile phones only in
emergency.
v. Stay away from damaged areas and help the injured ones.

POLLUTION OF WATER
VSA TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Water has a property to dissolve large amount of substances. This property often becomes major
reason for its pollution.
2. cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery etc
3. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
4. Algae and bacteria
5. Activated Sludge Method
6. Chlorination
 7. Water which is safe for drinking is potable water
8. Alum
9. Industrial wastes and Agricultural wastes
10. Filtration and boiling

ASSERTION REASON QUESTIONS

11. A is false but R is true
12. A is false but R is true
13. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
14. A is true but R is false
15. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A 16. Both A and R are true and R is the
correct explanation of A
17. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
18. A is false but R is true
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
19. i. c. Chlorination ii. d) Swimming in the pond
iii. According to the given figure, the main reason for the dying woodland area is the acid rain. The
pollutants emitted from the factories mix with atmospheric water vapour which leads to acid
rain.
iv. The chemical waste from the factory is directly dumped into the river which affects the aquatic
animals present in the river. The wastes can also flow with water upto point X. Therefore,
consuming the fish caught from this point may lead to different diseases.
20. i. d) Pure and fit for drinking ii. a) promoted iii. d)all the
above
iv .c) It must have excessive sodium, calcium and magnesium

SA-I TYPE Questions

21.Although water occupies about 71% of the earth's surface, all of it is not potable water. Most of the
water is available in the form of seas and oceans which is salty in nature. This saline water has its
limitations and cannot be used for many purposes. Around 2.7% of water exists in the frozen state
or as groundwater which is inaccessible. Only 0.3% of water is available as potable water which is
fit for human consumption
22 i. Bad taste ii. Offensive odour (Any two properties)
23 i. Pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture can contaminate both groundwater and surface water
which when used for drinking harms the human body.
ii. The chemicals present in them also enter the water bodies and harms both aquatic plants and
animals.
24 The oil will spill from the tanker. The oil spills often pollute the oceans causing damage to marine
life.
25 No. Because the change in physical properties of water like the change in colour and odour of
water shows the presence of pollutants in water.
26 Boiling is quite a good method to purify water. The high temperature, attained during boiling, kills
germs.
27 Fertilizers are good for crops but causes water pollution as
i. Pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture can contaminate both groundwater and surface
water which when used for drinking harms the human body.
ii. The chemicals present in them also enter the water bodies and harms both aquatic plants
and animals.
 28 During rainy season, germs and bacteria grow rapidly in water resources. By drinking
contaminated water people suffer from diseases like diarrhea and jaundice.

SA-II TYPE Questions

29 Refer Textbook page no. 362
30 i. With a change in climate, the level of groundwater is decreasing. This results in limited use of
water because of the fallen level. So, we should conserve water in order to increase the
groundwater level and accomplish the shortage of water when the underground water level goes
down drastically. ii. The population is increasing day by day at an enormous amount and water
sources are decreasing. To prevent the scarcity of water we should conserve more and more water
and prevent it for the next generations as well.
iii) The reduction of rainfall causes loss of vegetation and drought.
31 Traditionally water was filtered and boiled for making it safe for drinking.
In filtration process: Water was passed through layers of sand, gravel and charcoal one by one.
In boiling process: The filtered water was then allowed to attain high temperature which kills
the germs.
These methods can be used in absence of more advanced methods.
32 Following steps can be adopted for reuse, reduce and recycle of water:
Water should be reduced:-
• Closing the tap while brushing teeth saves necessary wastage of water.
• Storing the water from leaking taps or changing the taps will help in saving water.
• Bathing, washing clothes, washing dishes, etc, in such activities, water should not be
wasted. Water should be reused:-
• For washing floors, use the water that is filtered out by ROs
• For watering plants, use the water that is being used for washing fruits and vegetables.
Water should be recycled:-
Dirty water can be purified by recycling the water in water treatment plants.
33 i. The domestic sewage of cities is often released into rivers.
ii .This leads to growth of algae and bacteria which use up a large amount of oxygen dissolved in
water.
iii This can cause a depletion of oxygen in water which can lead to death of aquatic animals.
34 Water gets contaminated by following ways:
i. Human activities like bathing and washing clothes in rivers and ponds.
ii. Dumping of industrial wastes into water also contaminates it.
iii.Agricultural wastes also contaminate the surface as well as underground sources of water. (Any
3 points)
LONG ANSWER TYPE Questions
35 Refer textbook page no. 363.
36 i. Lead and Arsenic ii. Filtration
Boiling
Chlorination
Loading refer text book page
no. 361
37 i. a. Laws for industrial units need to be strictly implemented and enforced.
b. Polluted water must not be disposed off directly into rivers and lakes.
c. Water treatment plants should be installed in all industrial units.
ii. a. People throw garbage, flower, idols and non-biodegradable polythene bags into the river.
b. Many industries discharge harmful chemicals into the river causing pollution of water.