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Introduction To Eco-Digital Engineering - New

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87 views22 pages

Introduction To Eco-Digital Engineering - New

Uploaded by

AMAN SHARMA
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to

Eco-digital engineering
Familiarize yourself with the knowledge and skills to navigate the rapidly evolving
landscape of sustainable information technology

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


Global impact of digital transformation

• Digital transformation is rapidly revolutionizing businesses, and the way


people work and live.

• While it brings about efficiency and better decision-making, it's important


to recognize that technologies like cloud computing, big data, artificial
intelligence, and others require energy and resources from the
environment to operate.

• The global environmental impact of information technology (IT) includes


energy consumption and carbon emissions from data centers, network
infrastructure, and electronic devices.

• In addition to energy consumption, there is also significant water usage in


operating data centers, raw materials extraction for equipment
manufacturing, and the generation of e-waste from disposal of devices at
the end of their life.

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


Overview of Eco-digital engineering

Definition and Importance

• Eco-digital engineering refers to practices that minimize the environmental


Green
impact of technology operations. This includes reducing energy consumption,
managing e-waste, ensuring ethical practices, and promoting inclusivity in
technology design and access.

Current Trends and Statistics

• The IT sector contributes to 2-3% of global CO2 emissions, equivalent to the


aviation industry. 1 Ethical
• Data centers alone are expected to account for 3% of the global electricity
supply by 2030. 2

• E-waste is the fastest-growing waste stream globally, with 62 million metric


tons generated annually. 3

• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 1.3 billion people, Inclusive
or 16% of the global population, have some sort of significant disability. 4

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


Sustainability Debt

• Technical debt is a common term used in the


software industry to imply cost of future rework Sustainability debt is the cost enterprises incur
resulting from an easier, shorter and flawed when deliberate or unintentional decisions are
software solution. made failing to consider sustainability trade-offs in
business processes, infrastructure, investments or
• Technical debt can be an expensive accumulation in business models.
because of its compounding nature creating
vulnerabilities and limiting software potential and
innovation.

• Cruft and code smells refer to inefficient, outdated,


or poorly structured code and systems that
accumulate over time, increasing maintenance
costs and reducing system agility and efficiency.
• Similar to technical debt, sustainability debt arises
from decisions that prioritize short-term gains over
long-term sustainability that could require costly
remediation.

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


Benefits of eco-digital engineering

Environmental Sustainability Cost savings


• Reduces the carbon footprint of hardware and • Lowers energy costs for businesses with large
software applications. data centers and IT infrastructures.
• Helps mitigate the environmental impact of • Improves organizational bottom lines by
increasing energy consumption in technology. reducing financial impact of energy consumption
through efficient coding practices.

Inclusivity and accessibility Compliance


• Ensures that no one is left behind, making digital • Ensures adherence to regulations and standards
platforms universally accessible aimed at reducing energy consumption and
• Bridging the gap for users with disabilities. carbon footprint.
• Reaching a broader audience and future-proofing • Helps avoid potential penalties and fines
digital assets. associated with non-compliance.

Competitive edge Ethics and non-bias


• Enhances brand reputation and appeals to users • Helps prevent misuse of technology,
and organizations that prioritize environmental safeguarding user privacy, security, well-being
sustainability. • Ensures that technology serves everyone
• Differentiates organizations in the market by equitably, avoiding biases that could lead to
showcasing commitment to sustainability and discrimination.
inclusion.
@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved
Responsible use of digital assets to reduce carbon footprint
It is important to understand how our daily use of technology affects the environment and take action to minimize any
negative impact.
By reducing both tangible and intangible digital waste, we can decrease our digital carbon footprint.

Tangible Intangible
Servers Laptops Workforce Data upload Attachment Application

Storage Desktops Access Points Cloud storage Media content Plugin

Network Notebooks Routers Data sharing Website Online shopping

Cooling Displays Switches Data traffic Emails Social media

Power Smartphones Printers Data encryption Newsletters Online meetings

Cloud Tablets Scanners Backup Streaming Coding

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


Best practices to reduce the technology carbon footprint
Hardware related Software related
❑ Choose energy-efficient hardware and devices. ❑ Store files online on cloud to reduce the need for
physical storage devices.
❑ Choose devices designed to be easily upgraded or
repaired to extend their lifespan. ❑ Choose websites & apps designed to use less energy.

❑ Keep your devices clean and well-maintained to extend ❑ Schedule tasks that require significant computing power,
their lifespan. such as backups or updates, during off-peak hours to
balance energy loads.
❑ When possible, upgrade parts like RAM, storage, or
graphics cards instead of buying new devices. ❑ Unsubscribe from unwanted emails to reduce data
storage and energy use.
❑ Look for electronics made from recycled or sustainable
materials. ❑ Lower the video quality when streaming and download
for offline viewing when possible.
❑ Enable power-saving modes on computers and
peripherals. Avoid overcharging. ❑ Combine shopping orders to reduce shipping emissions
& choose eco-friendly delivery options.
❑ Turn on sleep or hibernate modes when your devices are
not in use. ❑ Disable unnecessary app updates to conserve battery life
and data.
❑ Lower screen brightness to save battery and reduce
energy consumption. ❑ Compress files and limit data-intensive activities to save
energy.
❑ Recycle and properly dispose of electronic waste.

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


What is green software?
• Green software is an emerging discipline at the intersection of climate science, software design, electricity markets,
hardware, and data center design.
• Green software is carbon-efficient software, meaning it emits the least carbon possible. Only three activities reduce
the carbon emissions of software; energy efficiency, carbon awareness, and hardware efficiency.

Green software principles

https://learn.greensoftware.foundation/introduction @2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


Principles, Patterns, and Practices

Principles
a core set of competencies needed to define, run
and build green software.

Patterns
a catalogue of how to apply green software
principles in a vendor agnostic way

Practices
a catalogue of how to apply green software
patterns in a vendor specific way

By optimizing code & algorithms, reducing data center power usage, and using energy-efficient hardware, green software
can help organizations save costs and meet sustainability goals.

https://learn.greensoftware.foundation/introduction @2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


Carbon efficiency

• The first principle of green software is carbon


efficiency, emitting the least amount of carbon
possible per unit of work.

• Greenhouse gases are a group of gases that play a


major role in the planet's rising temperature. The term
"carbon" is widely used to encompass the impact of all
emissions and human activities on global warming.
CO2eq is a term used to measure this impact.

• The international community aims to limit global


warming by reducing emissions, with a target of 1.5°C,
as agreed in the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement.

Emit the least amount of carbon possible.

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


https://learn.greensoftware.foundation/carbon-efficiency
Energy efficiency

• Electricity is a proxy for carbon, so building an


application that is energy efficient is equivalent to
building an application that is carbon efficient.

• Green software takes responsibility for its electricity


consumption and is designed to consume as little as
possible.

• The hardware your software is running on uses some


of the electricity for operational overhead. This is
called power usage efficiency (PUE) in the cloud
space.

• Energy proportionality measures the relationship


between power consumed by a computer and the rate
at which useful work is done (its utilization).

Use the least amount of energy possible. The more we utilize a computer, the more efficient it becomes.

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


https://learn.greensoftware.foundation/energy-efficiency
Carbon awareness
• Carbon intensity (gCO2eq/kWh) measures how much carbon (CO2e) is emitted per kilowatt-hour (KWh) of electricity
consumed. Carbon intensity varies depending on the time and place it is consumed.

• Demand shifting means moving your energy consumption to different locations (spatial shifting) or times of days
(temporal shifting) where the carbon intensity is lower.

• Demand shaping means adapting your energy consumption around carbon intensity variability in order to consume
more in periods of low intensity and less in periods of high intensity.

Spatial shifting (location) Temporal shifting (time) Demand shaping

Do more when the electricity is cleaner and do less when the electricity is dirtier.

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


https://learn.greensoftware.foundation/carbon-awareness
Hardware efficiency
• Embodied carbon is the amount of carbon pollution
emitted during the creation and disposal of a device.
• Extending the lifetime of a device has the effect of
amortizing the carbon emitted so that its CO2eq/year is
reduced.
• Cloud computing is more energy efficient than an on-
premise server as it can apply demand shifting as well as
demand shaping.
• There are two main approaches to hardware efficiency:
• For end-user devices, it's extending the lifespan of
the hardware.
• For cloud computing, it's increasing the utilization
of the device.

Use the least amount of embodied carbon possible.

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


https://learn.greensoftware.foundation/hardware-efficiency
Eco-digital engineering across the SDLC
Design Development

Design systems that can scale efficiently with demand, Green coding:
ensuring they can handle increased load without • Write clean and efficient code to reduce complexity
significant performance degradation. and improve performance.
• Avoid redundant code and optimize code to minimize
execution time and resource consumption.
Structural Considerations: • Efficiently manage memory by avoiding memory
• Optimize media use in websites and apps (e.g., leaks, using appropriate data structures, releasing
images, videos). resources when they are no longer needed.
• Evaluate and reduce media resolution without
compromising UX. Green engineering:
• E.g. less high-res images = less server load & energy • Track and analyze the usage of CPU, memory, other
use. resources to identify inefficient resources and
configurations.
Behavioural Considerations: • Reduce energy consumption by optimizing
• Design to reduce unnecessary user actions and screen networking such as efficient routing.
time. • Optimize development environments:
• E.g. faster loading pages = fewer clicks and less • Use energy-efficient hardware.
energy consumption. • Turn off idle machines.
• Use energy-saving modes.
• Utilize virtualization to minimize physical hardware.

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


https://learn.greensoftware.foundation/hardware-efficiency
Eco-digital engineering across the SDLC
Testing Deployment

Sustainability Testing: Green Deployment:


• Check energy consumption for major functions and Integrate digital solutions in an energy-efficient manner.
transaction cycles. Create and execute test cases
focused on energy use. Analyze security and Best Practices:
performance tests for energy consumption trends. • Automated Scaling: Implement to match resource
usage with demand, reducing waste by shutting down
Best Practices: unnecessary resources during low-usage periods.
• Use virtual machines over physical machines to save • Containers: Utilize to ensure efficient use of server
energy. resources.
• Use energy-efficient hardware and turn off idle • Serverless Computing: Leverage to only use resources
machines. Utilize energy-saving modes and spot when functions are executed, avoiding the need for
instances in cloud computing. always-on servers.
• Automate setups with Infrastructure-as-Code (IAS) • Cloud Computing:
tools (e.g., Terraform, CloudFormation, Ansible). • Use cloud platforms for more energy-efficient
• Reduce data volume to save time and energy during deployments.
tests. Improve scripts to shorten testing time and • Leverage spot instances to reduce carbon
lower resource use. footprint and costs.
• Run tests during off-peak hours to use cleaner, lower- • Virtualization: Consolidate multiple applications on a
energy electricity. single server to save energy.
• Use tools like Electricity Maps for real-time carbon
intensity data.

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


https://learn.greensoftware.foundation/hardware-efficiency
Case study: Netflix architecture

Netflix is the #1 video streaming service, consuming up to 15% of internet traffic. Netflix uses the below technologies
to mitigate its environmental footprint from show production and cloud infrastructure.

Backend Technologies for Sustainability:

• Autoscaling & Resource Optimization: Cloud architecture uses autoscaling to


match resource allocation with demand, reducing waste. Utilizes Titus, an
internal container management platform similar to Kubernetes.

• Efficient Data Processing: Technologies like Apache Kafka, Spark, and


optimized data pipelines for efficient data analysis.

• Just-in-Time computing: Encode videos near the user after identifying the end
device format.

• Caching: Developed OpenConnect, their own CDN, to enhance performance


and user experience. CDN reduces data transfers, promoting sustainability.

• Leveraging Hyperscalers: Hybrid architecture between AWS and proprietary


CDN. AWS's investment in energy-efficient datacenters benefits Netflix's
operations.

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


https://learn.greensoftware.foundation/hardware-efficiency
Accessibility

• Accessibility involves a wide range of disabilities, including visual, auditory,


physical, speech, cognitive, language, learning, and neurological disabilities.
• Inaccessible digital platforms and products alienate a significant portion of the
population, including individuals with disabilities, elderly users, and those with
temporary impairments, limiting their ability to fully participate in the digital
ecosystem.
Accessibility
• The EU is advancing inclusivity with the European Accessibility Act (EAA),
mandatory for all member states starting June 28, 2025. The EAA harmonizes
accessibility requirements across the EU, ensuring that websites, mobile apps,
and digital platforms are accessible to all.
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2 defines how to make Web
content more accessible to people with disabilities.

https://www.w3.org/WAI/fundamentals/accessibility-principles/ @2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


Key principles of accessibility (WCAG)
Perceivable Operable Understandable Robust

• Text alternatives for • Functionality is • Text is readable and • Content is compatible


non-text content available from a understandable with current and
• Captions and other keyboard • Content appears and future user tools
alternatives for • Users have enough operates in
multimedia time to read and use predictable ways
• Content can be the content • Users are helped to
presented in different • Content does not avoid and correct
ways cause seizures and mistakes
• Content is easier to physical reactions
see and hear • Users can easily
navigate, find content,
and determine where
they are
• Users can use
different input
modalities beyond
keyboard

https://www.w3.org/WAI/fundamentals/accessibility-principles/ @2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


Ethics in tech
Ethics in technology involves ensuring that tech development aligns with values and societal norms. It is crucial to
consider ethical implications in AI development and deployment to maintain trust, ensure safety, and enhance societal
well-being.

Common Ethical Issues Core Ethical Principles


• Bias and Discrimination: AI can perpetuate or • Transparency: AI processes and decisions should be
amplify existing societal biases, leading to unfair clear and understandable to users and stakeholders.
treatment of certain groups. • Accountability: Those who design and deploy AI
• Privacy Concerns: The collection, storage, and use of systems must be responsible for their actions and
personal data by AI systems pose significant risks of decisions.
data breaches and misuse. • Fairness: AI systems should avoid biases and ensure
• Autonomy and Control: There needs to be a balance equitable outcomes for all individuals.
between automation and human oversight to • Privacy: Protecting user data and respecting
ensure ethical use of AI. confidentiality are paramount.
• Job Displacement: The widespread adoption of AI • Safety: AI systems must be designed to avoid
can lead to significant changes in the job market, causing harm to individuals or society.
potentially displacing many workers.

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


Nagarro’s eco-digital engineering framework
Nagarro has formulated its eco-digital engineering framework based on the principles & best practices to reduce tech
carbon footprint & improve accessibility.

Sustainable IT Infrastructure Eco-software practitioners


Datacenters, cloud and end-user compute Eco-digital trainings/certifications &
energy, carbon & waste Community of Practice
“End user devices generate 1.5 to 2.0 times “Effectively-trained practitioners implement
more carbon than data centers.” green IT practices across SDLC.”

Responsible IT sourcing Inclusive & accessible tech


Supplier selection, engagement model, Inclusive design, user testing with diverse
vendor sustainability scorecards & policies groups and accessibility guidelines
“ThinkPad Z13 and Z16 include 75% recycled “Only 10% of the people worldwide with
aluminum & plastic.” disabilities have access to products designed
for them.”

Carbon-efficient software Ethical data and AI


Energy-efficient apps & software development – Responsible AI governance, AI/ML biases,
coding, devOps, UX/UI, Data & AI algorithms data & cyber security
“Using microservices with a polyglot architecture “A global bank is investigated for
optimizes energy use by matching tasks with discriminating against women while
efficient languages, like Rust for CPU-intensive providing credit limits.”
processes and Python or JavaScript for specific
libraries.”
@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved
Congratulations on completing the course!

You've taken a significant step towards understanding sustainability in technology, and we're thrilled to have been
part of your journey. But why stop here?

Elevate your skills and client offerings by signing up for our Eco-Digital Engineering LevelUp program.

Why LevelUp?
• Learn advanced techniques to design and develop eco-friendly and accessible software solutions.
• Position yourself as a leader in the growing field of sustainable technology.
• Enhance your portfolio and attract clients who value green, ethical and inclusive IT practices.

Find out more about Nagarro’s sustainability offerings, connect with the Sustainability Practice, which is a
dedicated consulting arm that helps clients embed sustainability into their business strategies and accelerate
their journey from commitment to actionable results.

SharePoint Page: Click here

@2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved


Sustainability & 77% 60%
ESG services 60% 85%
of operating profits of global insurers of global investors are of investors
maybe affected by believe ESG will interested in concerned about the
Increased investor focus and the changing regulatory executing ESG strategy impact all functions sustainable investing3 lack of transparency
compliance are among the key drivers for companies effectively1 of their business2 with ESG data3
to adopt ESG integration into their businesses.

Our capabilities

Strategy Operations Reporting Change Technology

ESG data management

Sustainability strategy & Resource efficiency & green Regulatory Frameworks & Learning programs Green data centres &
circular business models infrastructure Standards – CSRD, TCFD, end-user devices
Role-based awareness
EU Taxonomy etc.
Climate risk assessment Supplier sustainability Green applications & software
Nudges and nuggets for
GHG Scope 1, 2 and 3
Double materiality Integrating ESG into core reinforcement Green data & AI
accounting
business processes

Click here for more details CSRD – Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive | TCFD –Taskforce on Climate-related Financial Disclosures

Sources: 1. McKinsey 2. PwC 3. MorganStanley @2024 Nagarro – All Rights Reserved

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