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Semiconductor Project Class12

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15 views3 pages

Semiconductor Project Class12

Uploaded by

pulastya1208
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Understanding Semiconductors

1. Introduction to Semiconductors

Semiconductors are materials that have a conductivity between conductors (like copper) and

insulators (like rubber). They are the foundation of modern electronics and play a crucial role in

devices such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits. The unique property of

semiconductors allows them to control electrical current under different conditions.

2. Types of Semiconductors

Semiconductors are broadly classified into two types:

1. Intrinsic Semiconductors: Pure semiconductors without any impurities.

2. Extrinsic Semiconductors: Doped semiconductors with controlled impurities to enhance

conductivity.

3. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors

Intrinsic semiconductors are undoped, and their conductivity depends on temperature.

Examples include pure silicon and germanium.

Extrinsic semiconductors are created by doping intrinsic semiconductors with elements from

group III or V of the periodic table. They are classified into:

- N-type: Doped with elements having more electrons (donors).

- P-type: Doped with elements having fewer electrons (acceptors).

4. Doping and Its Importance

Doping is the process of adding impurities to intrinsic semiconductors to alter their electrical

properties. Doping increases the number of charge carriers (electrons or holes) in the material,

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Understanding Semiconductors
thereby enhancing its conductivity.

5. PN Junction Diode

A PN junction is formed by joining P-type and N-type semiconductors. This junction allows

current to flow in one direction, making it useful for rectification. The PN junction diode is the

basic building block of semiconductor devices.

6. Working of Diode - Forward and Reverse Bias

In forward bias, the P-side is connected to the positive terminal and the N-side to the negative

terminal, allowing current to flow. In reverse bias, the connections are reversed, preventing

current flow, except for a small leakage current.

7. Applications of Semiconductors

Semiconductors are used in a wide range of applications:

- Transistors

- Solar cells

- Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

- Microprocessors

- Sensors

8. Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages:

- Small size

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Understanding Semiconductors
- High efficiency

- Low power consumption

Disadvantages:

- Temperature sensitivity

- Complex manufacturing process

9. Conclusion

Semiconductors are the cornerstone of modern technology. Their ability to control the flow of

current makes them invaluable in electronic devices. Continued research in semiconductor

technology is paving the way for faster, smaller, and more efficient devices.

10. Bibliography

1. NCERT Class 12 Physics Textbook

2. Concepts of Physics by H.C. Verma

3. Semiconductor Physics by Streetman and Banerjee

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