Copyright 1954, 1956. 1959. 1965, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977. 1979.

1988
by
Fairbanks Morse Pump
A Member of Pentair Pump Group
All rights reserved

Library of Congress
Catalog C and Number
65-263 13
 PREFACE

The Hydraulic Handbook is a publication of

Fairbanks Morse Pump, A Member of Pentair Pump
Group, compiled as an aid to the multitude of engineers
who plan the installation of pumping machinery - and
to plant managers and operators who are responsible
for the efficient functioning of this machinery.

We have attempted to include enough of the

fundamental principals of pumping to refresh the
memories of those who work with pump applications
at infrequent intervals. Also included are tables, data
and general information which we hope will be of value
to everyone who plans pumping equipment for public
works, industry or agriculture.

Much of the material in the Hydraulic Handbook has

been published previously and is reassembled in this
single volume for your convenience. We sincerely
appreciate permission to reprint - as generously granted
by the Hydraulic Institute and others.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Hydraulic Fundamentals ................................................................................

Pipe Friction-Water ....................................................................................

Conversion Factors ..........................................................................................

Water Data ......................................................................................................

. .
Viscous Liqmds ................................................................................................

. .
Volatile Liquids ..............................................................................................

Solids In Suspension :
............. ........................................................................

. .
Chemical Liquids ..........................................................................................

Mechanical Data ..........................................................................................

Electrical Data ..............................................................................................

Pump Testing ..................................................................................................

Fairbanks Morse Pump Products .................................................................

Index ..................................................................................................................
6 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In compiling the “Hydraulic Handbook.” we used pertinent data from
many sources. We sincerely appreciate the courtesies, extended and are
happy to give credit as follows:
For copyrighted material from the Standards of the Hydraulic Institute,
10th Edition, 1964, and Pipe Friction Manual, Third Edition, 1961, 122
East 42nd Street, New York, N.Y.
Various Tables from “Cameron Hydraulic Data”-Ingersoll-Rand Com-
pany, New York, N.Y.
American Standard Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, (ASA
B16b2-1931, B16.1-1948, B16b-1944 and B16bl-l931)-with the permis-
sion of theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, 29 West 39th
Street, New York, N.Y.
“Domestic and Industrial Requirements” from “Willing Water #25”,
December 1953-American Water Works A S S O C ~ QNew ~~O ~ , N.Y.
York,
Illustrations of gauges-United States Gauge Division of American
Machine & Metals, Znc. Sellersville, Pa.
Approximate pH values from “Modern pH and Chlorine Control”-W. A.
Taylor & Company, Baltimore, Md.
“Viscosity Temperature Chart”-Byron Jackson Company, Los Angeles,
California.
Nozzle discharge tables from “Hydraulic Tables #31”-Factory Mutual
Engineering Division, Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Com-
panies, Boston, Mass.
Chart “Vapor Pressure Versus Temperature For Motor and Natural Gas-
oline”-Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, Chicago, Ill.
Chart “Vapor Pressure Propane-Butane Mixture” - Phillips Petroleum
Company, Bartlesville, Okla.
Table of the selection and horsepower rating of V-belt drives-Dayton
Rubber Manufacturing Co., Dayton, Ohio.
Text on Parallel and Series Operation-De Laud Steam Turbine Com-
pany. Trenton, New Jersey.
Tables of Cast Iron Pipe Dimensions-Cast Iron Pipe Research ASSO&-
tion, Chicago, Illinois.
“Infiltration Rates of Soils”-F. L. Duley and L. L. Kelly, S.C.S. Nebraska
Experiment Station, Research Bulletin #12, and “Peak Moisture Use
for Common Irrigated Crops and Optimum Yields”-A. W. McCullock,
S.C.S. Reprinted from the Sprinkler Irrigation Handbook of the NQ-
tional Rain Bird Sales & Engineering Corp, Azusa, Calif.
Food Pumping Installation from Hydro Pump Bulletin-Chisholm Ryder
Company,, Inc., Niagara Falls, N.Y.
Text from “Pumps” by Kristal and Annett and “Piping Handbook” by
Walker & Crocker-by permission of McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New
York, N.Y.
Data from “Handbook of Water Control”4alco Division, Armco Drain-
age & Metal Products, Inc., Berkeley, Calif.
Illustration of Mechanical Seal-Durametallic Corporation, Kalamazoo,
Michigan.
“Conversion Table for Approximate Hardness Numbers Obtained by Dif-
ferent Methods”--from “Handbook of Engineering Fund.umentak”--
John Wiley & Sons,New York. N.Y.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 7

SECTION I-HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS

CONTENTS
Page
Hydraulics .......................................................................................... 8

Liquids In Motion ............................................................................ 9

Total Head .......................................................................................... 9

Fluid Flow .......................................................................................... 11

Water Hammer .................................................................................. 11

Specific Gravity And Head ............................................................ 14

Power, Efficiency, Energy .............................................................. 15

Specific Speed ..................................................................................... :16

Net Positive Suction Head .............................................................. 21

Cavitation ............................................................................................ 24

Siphons .................................................................................................. 25

Affinity Laws ...................................................................................... 27

Centrifugal Pumps-Parallel And Series Operation ................ 33

Hydro-Pneumatic Tanks ................................................................ 35

Corrosion .............................................................................................. 37

Galvanic Corrosion .............................................................................. 37

Non-Metallic Construction Materials ............................................. 40

Graphitization .................................................................................... 40
8 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

SECTION I - HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS

HYDRAULICS

The science of hydraulics is the study of the behavior of liquids

at rest and in motion. This handbook concerns itself only with in-
formation and data necessary to aid in the solution of problems in-
volving the flow of liquids : viscous liquids, volatile liquids, slurries
and in fact almost any of the rapidly growing number of liquids
that can now be successfully handled by modern pumping machinery.

In a liquid a t rest, the absolute pressure existing a t any point

consists of the weight of the liquid above the point, expressed in psi,
plus the absolute pressure in psi exerted on the surface (atmospheric
pressure in an open vessel). This pressure is equal in all directions
and exerts itself perpendicularly to any surfaces in contact with the
liquid. Pressures in a liquid can be thought of as being caused by a
column of the liquid which, due to its weight, would exert a pres-
sure equal to the pressure a t the point in question. This column of
the liquid, whether real or imaginary, is called the static head and
is usually expressed in feet of the liquid.

Pressure and head are, therefore, different ways of expressing the

same value. In the vernacular of the industry, when the term “pres-
sure” is used it generally refers to units in psi, whereas “head” refers
to feet of the liquid being pumped. These values are mutually con-
vertible, one to the other, as follows :

psi 2*31 = Head in feet.

sg.

Convenient tables for making this conversion for water will be

found in Section 111. Table 13 of this Handbook.

Pressure or heads are most commonly measured by means of a

pressure gauge. The gauge measures the pressure above atmospheric
pressure. Therefore, absolute pressure (psia) = gauge pressure
(psig) plus barometric pressure (14.7 psi at sea level).
Since in most pumping problems differential pressures are used,
gauge pressures as read and corrected are used without first convert-
ing to absolute pressure.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 9

LIQUIDS I N MOTION
Pumps are used to move liquids.
A consideration of the heads required to cause flow in a system
and the definition of the terms used can best be understood by
referring to the following drawings and text.
W

FIG. 1. Pump operating with suc- FIG. 2. Pump operating with suc-
tion lift. Suction bay level below tion head. Suction b a y level above
center line of pump. Gauge read- center line of pump. Gauge read-
-
ing at suction flange vacuum. -
ing a t suction flange pressure.

For Figure 1-Pump under suction lift-

For Figure 2-Pump under suction head-

Where-
H = Total head in feet (formerly known as total dynamic head)
= the total head delivered by the pump when pumping the
desired capacity. All heads are measured in feet of the
liquid being pumped.
hd = Static discharge head in feet = vertical distance between
the pump datum and the surface of the liquid in the dis-
charge bay. T h e datum shall be taken at the centerline of
the pump for horizontal and double suction vertical pumps
or a t the entrance eye of the first stage impeller for single
suction vertical pumps.
10 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

h, = Static suction head or lift in feet = vertical distance from

surface of water in suction bay to the pump datum. Notice
in the equations above that this value is negative when op-
erating under a suction head and positive when operating
under a suction lift.
f a = Friction head in discharge in feet = the head required to
overcome friction in the pipe, valves, fittings, turns, etc. in
the discharge system.
f, = F r i c t i o n head in suction in feet = the head required to
overcome friction in the suction system.

--
vds -The velocity head, in feet, at the discharge nozzle of the
2g pump. Velocity head can be defined as the head required
to cause the water to attain the velocity V".I t is velocity
energy that is added to the liquid by the pump and since,
in the illustrations Fig. 1 and 2, this velocity energy is
lost a t the sudden enlargement and never converted into
pressure energy, it must be considered as part of the
total head.
Since the velocity head in most installations will be less
than two feet, on high head pumping installations it is a
relatively small part of the total head. However, on low
head pumping installations it is a significant part of the
total head.
In pump testing, the total head is generally determined
by gauge measurements. Since a gauge indicates the pres-
sure energy only, the velocity head must always be calcu-
lated. The practice in testing horizontal centrifugal pumps
differs from that used when testing vertical turbine or
propeller pumps and is described in Chapter XI, Pump
Testing.
For the various sizes of commercial pipe the velocity
and velocity head are given for various capacities in the
friction tables in Section I1 of this Handbook. When
necessary t o calculate the velocity head one of the follow-
ing equations may be used:

V' 0.00259 Gpm2

Velocity Head = h, = -= 0.0155V' =
2g D'
-
-.
0.00127 (Bbl. per Hour)*
D4
The last two equations apply to circular piping having a
diameter D inches and the last equation to barrels of 42 gal.
each.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 11

FLUID F L O W
Liquids are approximately incompressible-in fact, sufficiently
so that no corrections need be made at low or medium pressures.
However, a t very high pressures there ,is,a slight change in density
that should be taken into consideration. Since liquids may be said
to be incompressible there is always a definite relationship between
the quantity of liquid flowing in a conduit and the velocity of. flow.
a
This relationship is expressed :

Q=AV e
or V = -
A

OR V =
0.4085 Gpm -
- 0.2859 Bb1.a per hour
D2 D'

Where Q = Capacity in cubic feet per second

A = Area of conduit in square feet
V = Velocity of flow in feet per second
D = Diameter of circular conduit in inches
@ = 42 gal. per barrel

WATER HAMMER
* ' ,
Wader hammer is a series of pressure pulsations, of varying
magnitude, above and below the normal pressure of water in the
pipe. The amplitude and periodicity depends on the velocity of
water extinguished, as well as the size, length and material of the
pipe line. Shock results from these pulsations when any Iiquid,
traveling with a certain velocit'y, is stopped in a short period of
time. The pressure increase, when flow is stopped, is independent
of the working pressure of the system. For example: if water is
flowing in a pipe a t five feet per second and a valve is instantane-
ously closed, the pressure increase will be exactly the same whether
the normal pressure in the pipe line is 100 psig or 1000 psig.
Water hammer is often, though not always, accompanied by a
sound comparable to that heard when a pipe is struck by a hammer,
hence the name. Intensity of sound is no measure of pressure mag-
nitude because tests show that if 15%, or even less, of the shock
pressure is removed by absorbers or arresters installed in the line
the noise is eliminated, yet adequate relief from the effect of the
water hammer is not necessarily obtained.
Time of Valve Closure to Cause Maximum Water Hammer
Pressure. Joukovski, who was the first great investigator of the
water hammer theory to be verified by test, published his paper
in Moscow, Russia. It was translated and printed in the Journal
of the American Water Works Association in 1904. I n brief, he
postulated that the maximum pressure, in any pipe line, occurs
when the total discharge is stopped in a period of time, equal or
12 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

less than the time, required for the induced pressure wave to travel
from the point of valve closure to the inlet end of the line and
return. This time he stated as:

Where :
t = time, in seconds, for pressure wave to travel the length of
the pipe and return.
L =length, in feet, of the pipe line.
a =velocity, in feet per second, of pressure wave.

One form of the formula, developed to determine the velocity

of the pressure wave, is
12
a-
)
-’
d
Where:
a = velocity of pressure wave, fps.
g = acceleration caused by gravity = 32.2 feet per sec. per sec.
w =weight of one cu. ft. of water, lbs.
d = inside diameter of pipe, in.
e = thickness of pipe wall, in.
k = bulk modulus of compressibility of water ; approximately
300,000 psi.
E =modulus of elasticity of pipe material, psi; for steel-
approximately 30,000,000. For cast iron-approximately
15,000,000.

Maximum W a t e r Hammer Pressure. T h e formula that eval-

uates the maximum pressure caused by water hammer is:

0.433 a V
P=
g
Where :
p = maximum pressure, psig.
a = velocity of pressure wave, fps.
V = velocity of water stopped, fps.
g = acceleration caused by gravity = 32.2 f t . per sec. per sec.
0.433 = a constant used to convert feet of head to psi.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 13

Computations of the preceding formulae permit the layout of

the accompanying chart, Fig. 3, which discloses the maximum
water hammer pressure for various pipe sizes, thickness, and the
velocity of water stopped. This chart is for water only, but recent
investigations by the petroleum industry, disclosed that the shock
pressure caused by any relatively incompressible liquid can be
obtained by the correct substitution of the formula of t h e physical
W
constants of the liquid; namely, those of weight per cu. ft. and
bulk modulus of elasticity.

o z V e l o c i t y of Pressure Wove-Ft./Sec.

FIG. 3. Maximum shock pressure caused b y water hammer (based

on instantaneous closure of valves).
14 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Example :
What is the maximum pressure caused by water hammer in an
b-inch steel pipe line (0.322-inches wall thickness) transporting
water a t a steady velocity of 3 fps?

Procedure i n Using Chart:

d
Determine the ratio - = inside dia. of pipe, in. - 7.981
- -- - 24.8.
e wall thickness of pipe, in. 0.322
d
Enter the chart a t - = 24.8 and project upward t o the intersec-
e
tion with the line for steel pipe.
-
Note that the value of the velocity of the pressure wave, a =
4225 fps.
Project horizontally to the right, to an intersection with the 3
fps. velocity line and then down to the base line, where shock pres-
sure of 170 psi is obtained.

S P E C I F I C GRAVITY AND H E A D
The head developed by a centrifugal pump depends upon the
peripheral velocity of the impeller. It is expressed thus:

Where
H = Total Head a t zero capacity developed by the pump in feet
of liquid
u = Velocity at periphery of impeller in feet per second
Notice that the head developed by the pump is independent of
the weight of the liquid pumped. Therefore in Fig. 4 the head H

15.511

.
FIG. 4a. sg = 1.2 FIG. 4b. rg = 1.0 FIG. G. sg = 0.70
FIG. 4. Pressure-head relationship identical pumps handling liquids of
differing specific gravities.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 15

in feet would be the same whether the pump was handling water
with a specific gravity of 1.0, gasoline with a sg. of 0.70, brine of
a sg. of 1.2 or a fluid of any other specific gravity. T h e pressure
reading on the gauge, however, would differ although the im-
peller diameter and. speed is identical'in each case.
H X sg.
T h e gauge reading in psi =
2.31

Refer t o Fig. 5. All three of these pumps are delivering liquids

a t 50 psi. Because of the difference in specific gravity of the
liquids each pump develops a different head in feet. Therefore,
if the speed of all three pumps is the same, the pump in Fig. 5c must
have the largest diameter impeller and that in Fig. Sa the smallest.

1 15.5' I+= 164'

A- -

FIG. 50. sg = 1.2 FIG. 5b. sg = 1.0 FIG. 5c. sg = 0.70

FIG. 5. Pressure-head relationship pumps delivering same pressure

handling liquids of differing specific gravity.

Standard performance curves of pumps are generally plotted with

total head in feet as ordinates against capacity in gpm as abscissae.
Water is the liquid most often used in rating pumps. Since the head
in feet developed by a centrifugal pump is independent of the specific
gravity, if the head for a .proposed application is figured in feet then
the desired head and capacity can be read directly from the water
curves without correction as long as the viscosity of the liquid is the
same as that of water. The horsepower shown on the water curves
will apply only to liquids with a specific gravity of 1.0. For other
liquids multiply the water H p by the specific gravity of the liquid
being pumped.

P O W E R , E F F I C I E N C Y AND ENERGY
T h e Horse Power (Hp) required to drive a pump may be fig-
ured from the following formulae :
16 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Liquid H p or useful work done by the pumps =

lbs. of liquid raised per min. x H in feet
Whp =
33,000
-
- gpm X H, ft. X sg.
3960

The Brake Horsepower required to drive the pump =

gpm X H, f t . X sg.
Bhp = 3960 X Pump Eff,

Pump Efficiency = ---Output - W h p

~

Input Bhp

Electrical H p input t o Motor = BhP

Motor Eff.
-
- Gpm X H, ft. X sg.
3960 x Pump Eff. x Motor Eff.

Bhp X 0.746
Kw input to Motor =
Motor Eff.
- Gpm X H, f t . X sg. X 0.746
-
3960 X Pump Eff. X Motor Eff.

Overall Eff. = Pump Eff. x Motor Eff.

Kwh per 1000 gal. water pumped =

H ,ft.
X 0.00315
Overall Eff.

Kwh per 1000 gal. water pumped = K x H

Where K = a constant depending upon the overall efficiency of

the pumping unit obtained from Table 15 in Section 111.

SPECIFIC S P E E D
Specific speed may be defined as that speed in revolutions per
minute a t which a given impeller would operate if reduced propor-
tionately in size so as to deliver a capacity of 1 GPM against a total
dynamic head of 1 foot. T h e visualization of this definition, however,
has no practical value for specific speed is used to classify impel-
lers as to their type or proportions, as shown in Fig. 6 and as a
means of predicting other important pump characteristics, such
as, the suction limitation of the pump.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 17

Ns 500 TO 3000 1000 TO 3500 1500 TO 4500 4500 TO no00 0000 6 UP

TYPE RADIAL DOUBLE SUCTION FRANCIS MIXEDFLOW FRANCIS PROPELLER
HEAD ABOVE 150' ABOVE 100' 65' TO 150' 35' 10 65, 1' 10 4v
D,;D,=2+ I .5 1.5 1.3-1.1 1 .o

D:!
FIG. 6. Relation specific speeds, N,, to pump proportions, -
D1
v z
I

800 BMX)

600 MKK)

4000

200

100 lo00
BO Boo

60

B 40
LI
0

z 20
I
n
!i 10 100

8 80

b 60

A A0

2 10

1 2 4 b 8 1 0 20 A0 60 80 100 200
Hi
FIG. 7. Values of H % and v gpm
~
18 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

SPECIFIC SPEED-SUCTION LIMITATIONSf

Among the more important factors affecting the operation of
a centrifugal pump are the suction conditions. Abnormally high
suction lifts (low NPSH) beyond the suction rating of the pump,
usually causes serious reductions in capacity and efficiency, and
often leads to serious trouble from vibration and cavitation.
Specific Speed. The effect of suction lift on a centrifugal pump
is related to its head, capacity and speed. The relation of these
factors for design purposes is expressed by an index number known
as the specific speed. The formula is as follows:

Specific Speed, N, = rpmd/gpm

HS
where H = head per stage in feet (Fig. 7 shows the corresponding
values of H% and gE'.
H'TOTAL HEAD IN FEET
8 8 8 8 4 8 .Z .8 8 S
. 5 1 3 :: R
6000
4000
5500 Y)

I"
3500 5000 a
8 z
4500 2
U
3000
4000
a2
m
3

2500 3500
B
OL
9

in 2000
3000 'e
v)
,, 1900
2
Y 43 1800 2500
Z
n
n 1700
i
1600
g
' 1500

1400 2000
1900
Ei
YI
%
2
1300
I800 =M
OL 1200 1700 %
!! 1100
1600
IS00

FIG. 8. Hydraulic institute upper limits of specific speeds for single

stage, single suction and double suction pumps with shaft through eye
of impeller pumping clear water at sea level at 85OF.
t Courtesy Hydraulic Institute. See page 6.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 19

The designed specific speed of an impeller is an index to its

m
type when the factors in the above formula correspond to the per-
formance at Optimum Efficiency. It is used when designing im-
pellers to meet different conditions of head, capacity and speed.
Impellers for high heads usually have low specific speeds and im-
pellers for low heads usually have high specific speeds. The specific
speed has been found to be a very valuable criterion in determining
the permissible maximum suction lift, or minimum suction head,
to avoid cavitation for various conditions of capacity, head and
speed.
For a given head and capacity, a pump of low specific speed will
operate safely with a greater suction lift than one of higher specific
speed. If the suction lift is very high (over 15 feet) it is often
necessary to use a slower speed and consequently larger pump,
while if the suction lift is low, or there is a positive head on the
suction, the speed may often be increased and a smaller pump may
be used.
Specific Speed Limitations. Increased speeds without proper
suction conditions often cause serious trouble from vibration, noise
and pitting. Two specific speed curves (Figs. 8 andz+9)represent
upper limits of specific speed in respect to capacity,:speed, head
and suction lift. Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial flow pumps may
be selected within the limits shown on these charts with reasonable
assurance of freedom from cavitation. i'.

The curves show recommended maximum specific. speeds for

normal rated operating conditions and are based u p o d t h e premise
that the pump, a t that rated condition, is operating a t or near its
point of Optimum Efficiency.
The suction lift or suction head is to be measured at the suction
flange of the pump and referred to the centerline of the pump for
horizontal and double suction vertical pumps, or to the entrance
eye of the first stage impeller for single suction vertical pumps.
The curves apply to single stage pumps of double suction and
single suction type which have the shaft through the eye of the
impeller, and to single inlet mixed flow and axial flow pumps.
The first curve, Fig. 8, covers pumps of predominantly centri-
fugal types, for specific speeds from 1500 to 6000 for double suction
pumps, and from 1100 t o 4000 for single suction pumps. This type
of pump finds application principally in the medium and high head
range.
The second curve, Fig. 9, covers pumps of the single suction
mixed flow and axial flow type for specific speeds from 4000 to
20000. Pumps of these types are applied advantageously for low
head pumping.
Example I-Single suction pump with shaft through eye of
impeller.
20 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

H=TOTAL HEAD IN FEET

100 50 40 30 20 15 1 0 9 8 7 6
20000

15000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000
100 50 40 30 20 15 i o 9 a 7 6 5

FIG. 9. Hydraulic Institute upper limits of specific speeds for single

stage, single suction mixed flow and axial flow pumps pumping clear
water a t sea level at 85OF.

Given a total head of 100 feet and a total suction lift of 15 feet,
what is the safe u p p e r limit of specific speed to avoid danger of
cavitation?
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 21

Referring to Fig. 8, the intersection, of the diagonal for 15 feet

suction lift with the vertical line at total pump head of 100 feet,
falls on the horizontal line corresponding -to 2250 specific speed.
The specific speed should not exceed this value.
Example 11-Double suction pump.
Given a total head of 100 feet and a total suction lift of 15 feet,
what is the safe upper limit of specific speed?
Referring to the first curve, Fig. 8, the intersection, of the
diagonal for 15 feet suction lift with the vertical line for 100 feet
total pump head, falls on the horizontal line corresponding to 3200
specific speed on the scale a t the right side of the chart. This is
the value of

‘PmVgPm ~ N,
H’.
in which the volume, or gpm, is the total gallons per minute capac-
ity of the pumping unit including both suctions ; and is the highest
value which should be used for this head and suckion lift.
Example 111-Single suction mixed flow or axial flow pump.
Given a total head of 35 feet and a total suction head of 10 feet,
corresponding to a submerged impeller, what is the safe upper
limit of specific speed?
Referring to the second curve, Fig. 9, the intersection, of the
vertical line for 35 feet total pump head and the diagonal for 10
feet suction head, falls on the horizontal line corresponding to
9400 specific speed on the scale a t the left side of the chart. T h e
specific speed should not exceed this value.

N E T POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

NPSH can.be defined as the.head that causes liquid to flow
through the suction piping and finally enter the eye of the impeller.
This head that causes flow comes from either the pressure of the
atmosphere or from static head plus atmospheric pressure. A pump
operating under a suction lift has as a source of pressure to cause
flow only the pressure of the atmosphere. The work that can be
done, therefore, on the suction side of a pump is limited, so N P S H
becomes very important to the successful operation of the pump.
There are two values of N P S H to consider.
R E Q U I R E D N P S H is a function of the pump design. I t varies
between different makes of pumps, between different pumps of the
same make and varies with the capacity and speed of any one pump.
This is a value that must be supplied by the maker of the pump.
AVAILABLE N P S H is a function of the system in which the
pump operates. I t can be calculated for any installation. Any pump
installation, to operate successfully, must have an available N P S H
22 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

equal t o or greater than the required N P S H of the pump at the

desired pump conditions.
When the source of liquid is above the pump:
N P S H = Barometric Pressure, Ft. + Static Head on suction, ft.
- friction losses in suction piping, ft. - Vapor Pressure
of liquid, f t .
When the source of liquid is below the pump:
NPSH = Barometric Pressure, ft. - Static Suction lift, ft. -
friction losses in Suction piping, ft. - Vapor Pres-
sure of liquid, ft.
To illustrate the use of these equations consider the following
examples :
T h e required NPSH of a water pump a t rated capacity is 17 ft.
Water Temperature 8S°F. Elevation 1000 ft. above sea level. En-
trance and friction losses in suction piping calculated = 2 ft. What
will be the maximum suction lift permissible?
T o better visualize the problem the solution is presented graphi-
cally in Fig. 10. The two horizontal lines are spaced apart a distance
equal to the barometric pressure in feet.

FIG. 10. Graphic solution NPSH problem for 85°F water.

 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 23

piping system = 2' 7.c ot Suction Flonge =

(22.3+ 17.0 + 2k33.8
5 7.5 h.

I
0
0
0

-D
II
L
0

-
0
a
r
0
L

0
e
.-C
II
I I

FIG. 11. Graphic solution NPSH problem for 1W0F water.

As a further example consider the same data except that the

water temperature is 19O0F. What will be the suction lift or head
required ?
From Table 23 in Section I V water at 190' has a sg. of 0.97.
The vapor pressure is 9.3 psi. I n the graphic solution i n Fig. 11
remember that all heads must be in feet of the liquid.
I n this rase because the sum of vapor pressure +
N P S H re-
quired + losses in the suction system exceed the barometric pres-
sure, a positive head or submergence must be provided to insure
uninterrupted water flow to the pump.
This discussion of N P S H applies to any type of pump whether
centrifugal, positive displacement, peripheral, angle or mixed flow or
propeller. On centrifugal, angle or mixed-fow or propeller pumps
the suction conditions must be correct or the pump will operate in-
efficiently or may fail to operate at all. However, the Westco peri-
pheral type is more tolerant of improper suction conditions, for this
type pump has the ability to pump both liquid and vapor without
vapor binding. When pumping part vapor and part liquid the capac-
24 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

ity is, of course, reduced. Advantage is taken of the suction toler-

ance of this pump and it is frequently installed under suction condi-
tions quite impossible for a centrifugal pump. The manufacturer can
supply ratings of their pumps under these adverse conditions.

CAVITATION
Cavitation is a term used to describe a rather complex phenome-
non that may exist in a pumping installation. In a centrifugal pump
this may be explained as follows. When a liquid flows through the
suction line and enters the eye of the pump impeller an increase
in velocity takes place. This increase in velocity is, of course,
accompanied by a reduction in pressure. If the pressure falls
below the vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature of the
liquid, the liquid will vaporize and the flowing stream will consist
of liquid plus pockets of vapor. Flowing further through the impel-
ler, the liquid reaches a region of higher pressure and the cavities of
vapor collapse. I t is this collapse of vapor pockets that causes the
noise incident to cavitation.
Cavitation need not be a problem in a pump installation if the
pump is properly designed and installed, and operated in accordance
with the designer's recommendations. Also, cavitation is not neces-
sarily destructive. Cavitation varies from very mild to very severe.
A pump can operate rather noiselessly yet be cavitating mildly. The
only effect may be a slight drop in efficiency. On the other hand
severe cavitation will be very noisy and will destroy the pump im-
peller and/or other parts of the pump.
Any pump can be made to cavitate, so care should be taken in
selecting the pump and planning the installation. For centrifugal
pumps avoid as much as possible the following conditions :
1. Heads much lower than head at peak efficiency of pump.
2. Capacity much higher than capacity at peak efficiency of
Pump.
3. Suction lift higher or positive head lower than recommended
by manufacturer.
4. Liquid temperatures higher than that for which the system
was originally designed.
5. Speeds higher than manufacturer's recommendation.

The above explanation of cavitation in centrifugal pumps can-

not be used when dealing with propeller pumps. The water entering
a propeller pump in a large bell-mouth inlet will be guided to the
smallest section, called throat, immediately ahead of the propeller.
The velocity there should not be excessive and should provide a suf-
ficiently large capacity to fill properly the ports between the pro-
peller blades. As the propeller blades are widely spaced, not much
guidance can be given to the stream of water. When the head is in-
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 25

creased beyond a safe limit, the capacity is reduced t o a quantity in-

n
sufficient to fill up the space between the propeller vanes. T h e stream
of water will separate from the propeller vanes, creating a small
space where pressure is close to a perfect vacuum. I n a very small
fraction of a second, this small vacuum space will be smashed by the
liquid hitting the smooth surface of the propeller vane with an enor-
mous force which starts the process of surface pitting of the vane.
At the same time one will hear a sound like rocks thrown around in
a barrel or a mountain stream tumbling boulders.
The five rules applying to centrifugal pumps will be changed to
suit propeller pumps in the following way: Avoid a s much as possi-
ble,
1. Heads much higher than at peak efficiency of pump.
2. Capacity much lower than capacity at peak efficiency of
Pump.
3. Suction lift higher or positive head lower than recom-
mended by manufacturer.
4. Liquid temperatures higher than that for which the system
was originally designed.
5. Speeds higher than manufacturer’s recommendation.

Cavitation is not confined to pumping equipment alone. It also

occurs in piping systems where the liquid velocity is high and the
pressure low. Cavitation should be suspected when noise is heard in
pipe lines at sudden enlargements of the pipe cross-section, sharp
bends, throttled valves or like situations.

SIPHONS
I t occasionally happens that a siphon can be placed in the dis-
charge line so that the operating head of a pump is reduced. The re-
duction in head so obtained will lower the power costs for lifting a
given amount of water and may make possible, in addition, the in-
stallation of a smaller pumping unit.
Successful operation of such a combination demands that the
pump and siphon be designed as a unit under the following limita-
tions.
1. I n order to prime the siphon in starting, the pump must be
able to deliver a full cross-section of water to the throat, or peak, of
the siphon against the total head of that elevation and with a mini-
mum velocity of five feet per seeond.
26 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
TEMPERATURE OF WATER IN OF.

2. After the siphon has been primed and steady flow has been
established, the maximum velocity at the throat can not exceed the
value for a throat pressure equal to the vapor pressure of the liquid
under the operating conditions. Any attempt to exceed this limiting
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 27

velocity will result in “cavitation,” or vaporization of the liquid,

under the reduced Dressure.
The theoretical pressure drop can be obtained from the curves
in Fig. 12 which ar.e based on the standard atmosphere as defined
bv the U. S. Bureau of Standards in its Dublication #82. A safe
G l u e for design purposes may be obtained directly from the curve
U
for 75% of the actual atmospheric pressure. This value may be
used as an estimate of the possible head reduction by the use of a
siphon providing a reasonable allowance for friction losses is de-
ducted from it.
3. The pipe section at the throat must be designed to resist the
external pressure caused by the reduction of pressure below that of
the atmosphere.
4. I n practically all cases it is advisable that the discharge end
of the siphon be sufficiently submerged to prevent the entrance of
air. The exit losses at this point can be reduced by belling the end
of the pipe and thus recovering a large part of the velocity head.

AFFINITY LAWS-CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS *:.

U. s. GALLONS PER MNUTE

FIG. 13. Typical performance curve of a centrifugal pump with constant

impeller diameter but varying speeds.
28 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

A typical characteristic curve of a centrifugal pump is shown in

Fig. 13 and Fig. 14. It will be observed that both charts have plotted
on them several head capacity curves with lines of constant effi-
ciency and H p superimposed on them. I n Fig. 13 the impeller diam-
eter is held constant and the speed varies whereas in Fig. 14 the
speed is held constant and the impeller diameter varies. T h e mathe-
matical relationships between these several variables are known as
the affinity laws and can be expressed as follows:
I
W i t h impeller diameter held constant W i t h speed held constant

Law 2a

Where
Q1 = Capacity and H I = head at N,rpm or with impeller dia. D,
Qp = Capacity and H e= head at N, rpm or with impeller dia. D,

U. 5. GALLONS PER MINUTE

FIG. 14. Typical performance curve of a centrifugal pump at I750 rpm

but with varying impeller diameter.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 29

These relations are graphically shown on Fig. 15.

RATED SPEED - %

FIG. 15. Chart showing effect of speed change on centrifugal pump

performance.

Where complete rating charts such as those shown in Figures 13

and 14, secured by actual test of the pump, are available, it is always
best to use them to estimate intermediate points by interpolation.
However, many field problems will arise where these data are not
available and then approximations can be made by calculation, using
the affinity laws.
30 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Law l a applies to Centrifugal, Angle Flow, Mixed Flow, Pro-

peller, Peripheral, Rotary and Reciprocating pumps.
Law l b and c apply to Centrifugal, Angle Flow, Mixed Flow,
Propeller, and Peripheral pumps.
Law Za, b, c apply to Centrifugal pumps only.

Examples illustrating the use of these laws follow. Note particu-

larly from these examples that the calculated head-capacity char-
acteristic using Law 1 agrees very closely t o the test performance
curves. However, this i s true for Law 2 only under certain defined
conditions. Law 2 must, therefore, be used with a great deal of
caution.

Illustration Law 1
To illustrate Law 1, refer to Figure 17 which is a portion of the
more complete curve shown in Figure 13. Consider that we have
given the performance curve shown in Figure 17 a t 2000 Rpm. W e
want t o find, by calculation, the expected performance a t 1600
Rpm. Proceed as follows:

SPEED N'-
V m x 1600
(1lS)C
-
--- TEST PERFORMANCE
CALCULATED FROM 2000 RPM TO 1600 RPM
Ns- 1680 RPM ---- CALCULATED FROM 1600 RPM TO 2000 RPM

U. 5 GALLONS PER MINUTE

FIG. 17. Comparison of test performance with performance calculated

using offinity laws for speed change.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 31

1 - N1
Law la. 9
l6O0 X 1700 = 1360 gpm.
- - N, ; Q 1 = 2000
9 8

Law Ib. 5
HI
= (2); ( ”””-)
HI =
2000
‘X 180 = 115.2 ft.

Note the close agreement between calculated values and actual

test results. The agreement is good provided pump efficiency does
not change too much. If you will plot 1700 gpm at 180 ft., the orig-
inal capacity and head a t 2000 rpm; and the final capacity and
head, 1360 gpm a t 115 feet at 1600 rpm, on the complete perform-
ance chart of this pump given in Figure 13, you will.note that
there has been no appreciable change in efficiency. This is gen-
erally the case when conditions are changed by speed adjustment,
for the pump has not been altered physically. Note that the gen-
eral shape of the iso-efficiency lines in Figure 13 are parabolic.

140 U
F

‘y
u
t 120 Y

E
n 100
1

40

U 5. GALLONS PER MINUTE

FIG. 18. Curves showing the disagreement between test a n d calculated

performance when applying affinity laws for diameter change for a
pump with specific speed Ns = 1650.
32 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Therefore, the curve A-B in Fig. 17 passing through the two con-
dition points on the 2000 rpm and 1600 Rpm curves, which is also
parabolic, is approximately parallel to the iso-efficiency curves.
T h e use of the Affinity Laws, therefore, to calculate performance
when the speed is changed and the impeller diameter remains con-
stant, is a quite accurate approximation. B y calculating several
points along a known performance curve, a new performance
curve can be produced showing the approximate performance a t
the new speed.

Starting with the 1600 rpm characteristic and calculating the

performance at 2000 rpm by the use of the affinity laws, the calcu-
lated performance exceeds the actual performance as shown in
dotted curve on Figure 17. The discrepancy is slight but empha-
sizes the fact that the method is only a quite accurate approxima-
tion.

U T 0 x 1750
SPECIFIC SPEED Nr= (260)'
TEST PERFORMANCE
NS= 855 RPM -- - - - - - CALCULATED FROM 17%'' TO 14"

U. S GALLONS PER MINUTE

FIG. 20. Curves showing the relative agreement between test and cal-
culated performance when applying affinity laws for diameter change
for a pump with a very low specific speed Ns = 855.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 33

Illustration Law 2

W
Probably this should not be considered as an affinity law, for
when the impeller of a pump is reduced in diameter, the design
relationships are changed, and in reality a new design results.
Law 2, therefore, does not yield the accurate results of Law 1.
It is always recommended that the pump manufacturer be con-
sulted before changing the diameter of an impeller in the field.
. Figure 20 illustrates the comparative accuracy of test perform-
ance to the calculated performance on a very low specific speed
pump. Figure 18, however, shows rather wide discrepancy be-
tween test and calculated results on a pump of higher specific
speed. On pumps of still higher specific speed the lack of .agree-
ment between test and calculated results is even more pronounced.
I n general, agreement will be best on low specific speed pumps
and the higher the specific speed the greater the disagreement.
However specific speed is only one of the factors considered by the
manufacturer when determining the proper impeller diameter.
When the affinity laws are used for calculating speed or diam-
eter increases, it is important to consider the effect of suction lift
on the characteristic f o r the increased velocity in the suction line
and pump may result in cavitation that may substantially alter the
characteristic curve of the pump.

P A R A L L E L A N D S E R I E S OPERATION*
When the pumping requirements are variable, it may be more de-
sirable to install several small pumps in parallel rather than use a
single large one. When the demand drops, one or more smaller
pumps may be shut down, thus allowing the remainder to operate at
or near peak efficiency. If a single pump is used with lowered de-
mand, the discharge must be throttled, and it will operate at reduced
efficiency. Moreover, when smaller units are used opportunity is pro-
vided during slack demand periods for repairing and maintaining
each pump in turn, thus avoiding plant shut-downs which would be
necessary with single units. Similarly, multiple pumps in series may
be used when liquid must be delivered a t high heads.
In planning such installations a head-capacity curve for the sys-
tem must first be drawn. The head required by the system is the
sum of the static head (difference in elevation and/or its pressure
equivalent) plus the variable head (friction and shock losses in the
pipes, heaters, etc.). T h e former is usually constant for a given
system whereas the latter increases approximately with the square
of the flow. The resulting curve is represented as line AB in Figs.
21 and 22.
tCourfery De h v a l Steam Turbine Co. See page 6.
34 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

C
E

f
U-
0
9,
I

F D ” I
Static

Capacity, Q

FIG. 21. Head capacity curves of pumps operating in parallel.t

Connecting two pumps in parallel t o be driven by one motor is

not a very common practice and, offhand, such an arrangement may
appear more expensive than a single pump. However, it should be
remembered that in most cases it is possible to operate such a unit
at about 40 per cent higher speed, which may reduce the cost of the
motor materially. Thus, the cost of two high-speed pumps may not
be much greater than that of a single slow-speed pump.
For units to operate satisfactorily in parallel, they must be work-
ing on the portion of the characteristic curve which drops off with
increased capacity in order to secure an even flow distribution.
Consider the action of two pumps operating in parallel. The system
head-capacity curve A B shown in Fig. 21 starts a t H static when the
flow is zero and rises parabolically with increased flow. Curve CD
represents the characteristic curve of pump A operating alone ; the
similar curve for pump B is represented by EF. Pump B will not
start delivery until the discharge pressure of pump A falls below
that of the shut-off head of B (point E). The combined delivery for a
given head is equal to the sum of the individual capacities of the two
pumps a t that head. For a given combined delivery head, the capac-
ity is divided between the pumps as noted on the figures Q d and
Qe. T h e combined characteristic curve shown on the figure is
found by plotting these summations. T h e combined brake horse-
+Courtesy John W i l e y & Sons, Inc. See page 6.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 35

I 4 '

Capocity, Q

FIG. 22. Head capacity curves of

pumps operating in series.f

power curve can be found by adding the brake horsepower of

pump A corresponding to Q A to that of pump B corresponding to
QB,and plotting this at the combined flow. T h e efficiency curve of
the combination may be determined by the following equation.

Eff = (QB,Gpm + QA,Gpm) H

3960 (Bhp at Q B +
Bhp at Q A )
If two pumps are operated in series, the combined head for
any flow is equal to the sum of the individual heads as shown in
Fig. 22. T h e combined brake horsepower curve may be found by
adding the horsepowers given by the curves for the individual
pumps. Points on the combined efficiency curve are found by the
following equation.

Eff = Q.gpm (HAft. + H e . ft-)

+
3960 (Bhp at HA Bhp at Hs)
HYDRO-PNEUMATIC TANKS
In pumping installations the major use of hydro-pneumatic tanks
is to make it possible to automatically supply water under pressure.
They do provide relatively small quantities of water for storage,
but this cannot be considered their primary function. However, this
amount of water in storage is a very important factor when select-
tCourtesy Jobn Wilcj, & Sons, Inc. See #age '6.
36 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

ing the proper size tank to be used with the pump selected. The US-
able storage capacity should be such that the pump motor will not
start frequently enough to cause overheating. Starting 10 to 15 times
per hour will usually be satisfactory. The limit in the number of
starts per hour depends upon the motor horsepower and speed. For
the higher speeds and horse-powers use less starts per hour.

- V , = Volume of water in tank a t the

~
High or Cut-Out pressure P I
I psia, in per cent of tank vol-
ume.

- V , = Volume of water in tank at the

Low or Cut-In pressure P e
psia, in per cent of tank vol-
ume.

FIG. 23. Hydro-pneu-

matic tank.

T o determine the amount of water that can be withdrawn from

a tank when the pressure drops from P I to Pppsia use the follow-
ing equation.
V , - V e = Water withdrawn or storage capacity of tank, o/o

= (2
- 1) ( 1 0 0 - 1
v,
I n this equation P, and P2 must be expressed in psia-pounds
per square inch absolute. V ,and V 2are expressed i n per cent.
Example: I n a 1000 gal. tank the gauge pressure at the cut-out
point i s 4 0 psi and the tank is 60% full of water. T h e cut-in pres-
sure is 20 psi. What is the storage capacity of the tank?
Pi
--
- 40 + 14.7 - -
54.7
= 1.58
P, 20 -I- 14.7 - 34.7
Storage Capacity = (1.58 - 1) (100 - 60) = 23.2%
Therefore in the 1000 gal. tank the storage capacity =lo00 x .232
= 232 gal.
The storage capacity of tanks in percent can be read directly
from the chart Fig. 24.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 37

10 20 30 40 50
STORAGE CAPACITY, PERCENT
FIG. 24. Hydro-pneumatic tanks-relation between pressure range and
storage capacity.

GALVANIC CORROSION f
(a) D e f i n i t i o n of Galvanic Corrosion - Galvanic corrosion may
be defined as the accelerated electro-chemical corrosion produced
when one metal is in electrical contact with another more noble metal,
both being immersed in the same corroding mediufi, which is called
the electrolyte. Corrosion of this type results usually in an accelerated
rate of solution for one member of the couple and protection for the
other. The protected member, the one that does not corrode, is called
the nobler metal. Note that as galvanic corrosion is generally under-
stood, it consists of the total corrosion, which comprises the normal
t Courtesy H y d r d i c Institute. See Page 6.
38 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

corrosion that would occur on a metal exposed alone, plus the addi-
tional amount that is due to contact with the more noble material.
(b) Galvanic Series - With a knowledge of the galvanic corrosion
behavior of metals and alloys, it is possible to arrange them in a series
which will indicate their general tendencies t o form galvanic cells, and
to predict the probable direction of the galvanic effects. Such a series
is provided in Fig. 25.
This series should not be confused with the familiar, “Electromotive
Series,” which is found in many textbooks and is of value in physical
chemistry and thermodynamic studies.
It will be noticed that some of the metals in Fig. 25 are grouped
together. These group members have no strong tendency to produce
galvanic corrosion on each other, and from the practical standpoint
they are relatively safe to use in contact with each other, but the
coupling of two metals from d i f f e r e n t groups and d i s t a n t from each
other in the list will result in galvanic, or accelerated, corrosion of the
one higher in the list. The farther apart the metals stand, the greater
will be the galvanic tendency. This may be determined by measure-
ment of the electrical potential difference between them, and this is
often done, but it is not practical to tabulate these differences because
the voltage values for combinations of the metals will vary with every
different corrosive condition. What actually determines galvanic effect,
is the quantity of current generated rather than the potential difference.
The relative position of a metal within a group sometimes changes
with external conditions, but it is only rarely that changes occur from
group to group. It will be seen that the chromium stainless steel and
chromium-nickel stainless steel alloys are in two places in the table.
They frequently change positions as indicated, depending upon the
corrosive media. The most important reasons for this are the oxidizing
power and acidity of the solutions, and the presence of activating ions,
such as halides. Inconel and nickel also occasionally behave in a similar
manner, though the variations of their position are less frequent and
less extensive. In environments where these alloys ordinarily demon-
strate good resistance to corrosion, they will be in their passive con-
dition and behave accordingly in galvanic couples.
(c) To M i n i m i z e Galvanic Corrosion
1. Select combinations of metals as close together as possible in the
Galvanic Series.
2. Avoid making combinations where the area of the less noble
material is relatively small.
3. Insulate dissimiliar metals wherever practical, including use of
plastic washers and sleeves at flanged joints. If complete insulation
cannot be achieved, anything such as a paint or plastic coating a t
joints will help t o increase the resistances of the circuit.
4. Apply coatings with caution. For example, do not paint the less
noble material without also coating the more noble; otherwise, greatly
accelerated attack may be concentrated a t imperfections in coatings on
the less noble metal. Keep such coatings in good repair.
 HYDRAULIC FUNDAMENTALS 39

5. I n cases where the metals cannot be painted and are connected

by a conductor external to the liquid, the electrical resistance of the
liquid path may be increased by designing the equipment t o keep the
metals as far apart as possible.
6. I f practical and dependent on velocity, add suitable chemical
inhibitors to the corrosive solution.
U
7. If you must use dissimilar materials well apart in the series,
avoid joining them by threaded connections, as the threads will
probably deteriorate excessively. Welded or brazed joints are pre-
ferred. Use a brazing alloy more noble than at least one of the metals
to be joined.
8. If possible, install relatively small replaceable sections of the less
noble material at joints, and increase its thickness in such regions.
For example, extra heavy wall nipples can often be used in piping,
or replaceable pieces of the less noble material can be attached in the
vicinity of the galvanic contact.
9. Install pieces of bare zinc, magnesium, or steel so as to provide a
counteracting effect that will suppress galvanic corrosion.

FIG. 25. GALVANIC SERIES OF METALS AND .ALLOYS

Corroded End (anodic, or least noble)
Magnesium
Magnesium alloys
Zinc
Aluminum 2s
Cadmium
Aluminum 17ST
Steel or Iron
Cast Iron
Chromium stainless steel, 400 Series (active)
Austenitic nickel or nickel-copper cast iron alloy
18-8 Chromium-nickel stainless steel, Type 304 (active)
18-8-3 Chromium-nickel-molybdenum stainless steel, Type 316 (active)
Lead-tin solders
Lead
Tin
Nickel (active)
Nickel-base alloy (active)
Nickel-molybdenum-chromium-iron alloy (active)
Brasses
Copper
Bronzes
Copper-nickel alloy
Nickel-copper alloy
Silver solder
40 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Nickel (passive)
Nickel-base alloy (passive)
Chromium stainless steel, 400 Series (passive)
18-8 Chromium-nickel stainless steel, Type 304 (passive)
18-8-3 Chromium-nickel-molybdenum stainless steel, Type 316
(passive)
Nickel-molybdenum-chromium-iron alloy (passive)
Silver
Graphite
Gold
Platinum
Protected End (cathodic, or most noble)

Non-Metallic Construction Materials

Non-metallic materials, including various plastics, ceramics, and
rubber, either in the solid state or as coatings on metals, are being used
to a limited extent in pumps for particular services. These materials
generally show excellent corrosion resistance. They should only be
considered, however, for applications where the expected temperature
range is suitable for the specific material t o be used. Further, where
coatings are involved, precautions must be taken to assure freedom
from pin holes; otherwise, the corrosive liquid may attack the base
metal and loosen the covering. In general, the plastics and ceramics
are characterized by relatively poor strength which limits their use
to pumps where the application -is suitable.

GRAPHITIZATION
The surface of cast iron in contact with sea water or other electro-
lytes is gradually converted into a mechanical mixture of graphite
and iron oxide by a galvanic reaction between the graphite flakes and
the iron matrix. The phenomenon is known as graphitization. The
graphitized layer, although cathodic to the base iron, becomes in-
creasingly impervious to the penetration of the water as i t increases
in depth and, hence, the rate of attack on the underlying base iron is
correspondingly decreased. Cast iron is thus a useful material in many
applications as long as the graphitized surface remains intact. The
layer, however, is comparatively soft and if constantly removed by
high velocities or turbulence, the exposed anodic base iron is subject
to continuous, rapid attack. The useful life of impellers and wearing
rings made of cast iron, when handling corrosive waters, may be
short unless the liquid velocities are quite low. The use of bronze and
certain types of stainless steels for such parts is generally advisable.
The cathodic nature of the graphitized iron explains the rather rapid
failure of replacement parts when installed in contact with older,
graphitized parts, and a t the same time accounts for the usually false
impression that the new iron is inferior to the old.
 PIPE FRICTION-WATER 41

SECTION 11-PIPE FRICTION-WATER

CONTENTS

Page
. .
Friction of Water-General ..... .._ _ . _ _ ...........
..._ . ..... ._......___...__
__
..._ . ...... ....-42
....

Friction Tables-Schedule 40 Steel Pipe ............................................... 43

Friction Tables-Asphalt Dipped Cast Iron Pipe _..__.____________........
52
Friction Loss in Pipe Fittings.................................................................... 58
Friction Loss-Roughness Factors..............._ _ _ _ _ _ _ ....._ __ _ _._ _ ... .._ _ __......... ..62
_.__

Friction Loss-Aging of Pipe... ....... ..................... 63

...... . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
............_____...

Friction Loss-Flexible Plastic Pipe ......... ............................................

~ 247
42 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

S E C T I O N 11-FRICTION O F WATER
INTRODUCTION:
T h e flow of water is basic to all hydraulics. Friction losses
incident to water flow may seriously affect the selection or per-
formance of hydraulic machinery. The major portion of the head
against which many pumps operate is due largely to the friction
losses caused by the created flow. A basic understanding of the
nature of the loss and an accurate means of estimating its magni-
tude is therefore essential.
GENERAL:
I t is well established that either laminar or turbulent flow of in-
compressible fluids in pipe lines can be treated by the basic
formula :
h -f-
L -
V’
I- D 2g
where: hr = friction loss in feet of liquid.
f = friction factor
L = length of pipe in feet
D = average internal diameter of pipe in feet
V = average velocity in pipe in feet per second
g = acceleration due to gravity in feet per second per
second
The theoretical and empirical studies of engineers who have
worked on this problem comprise a roster of names that includes
practically every important hydraulic authority for the past cen-
tury. This work has provided a simple method for determining
friction factor “f” as a function of relative pipe roughness and/or
the Reynolds Number of flow.
A comprehensive anaylsis of this mass of experimentation has
recently been conducted under the sponsorship of the Hydraulic
Institute. A very complete treatise, “Pipe Friction” has been pub-
lished as a Technical Pamphlet by the Hydraulic Institute ; it is
an important contribution to the authoritative literature on the
subject.
The following tables are a condensation of these data i n a form
convenient for use. T h e tables show frictional resistance for water
flowing in new schedule #40 steel pipe (ASA specification B36.10)
or in new asphalt-dipped cast-iron pipe.
The tkbles show discharge in U. S. gallons per minute, the aver-
age velocity in feet per second for circular pipe, the correspond-
ing velocity head, and the friction loss (hr) in feet of fluid per 100
feet of pipe for 60°F water or any liquid having a Kinematic vis-
cosity v = 0.00001216 square feet per second (1.130 centistokes).
Table 1. for new schedule #40 steel pipe is based upon an abso-
lute roughness E = 0.00015 feet. Table 2. for new asphalt-dipped
cast-iron pipe is based upon an absolute roughness of 0.0004 feet.
 PIPE FRICTION-WATER 43

T A B L E 1.
F R I C T I O N LOSS PER 100 FEET F O R W A T E R I N N E W
W R O U G H T I R O N O R S C H E D U L E 40 STEEL PIPEt

?4
0.364" inside &a. 0.493" inside dia.

U.S. vel. met. U.S. vel. frict.

Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per V P/2g hi Per I' 1"/2g hi
Mill. f.ps. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet

0.8 2.47 0.09 12.7 1.4 2.35 0.09 7.85

1.0 3.08 0.15 19.1 1.6 2.68 o.ii 10.1
1.2 3.70 0.21 26.7 1.8 3.02 0.14 12.4
1.4 4.32 0.29 35.3 2.0 3.36 0.18 15.0
1.6 4.93 0.38 45.2 2.5 4.20 0.27 22.6
1.8 5.55 0.48 56.4 3.0 5.04 0.39 31.8
2.0 6.17 0.59 69.0 3.5 5.88 0.54 42.6
2.5 7.71 0.92 105.0 4.0 6.72 0.70 54.9
3.0 9.25 1.33 148.0 5.0 8.40 1.10 83.5
3.5 10.79 1.81 200.0 6.0 10.08 1.58 118.0
4.0 12.33 2.36 259.0 7.0 11.80 2.15 158.0
5.0 15.42 3.69 398.0 8.0 13.40 :2.81 205.0
9.0 15.10 .3.56 258.0
10.0 16.80 '4.39 316.0

l/t " J/r "

0.622" inside dia. 0.824" inside dia.
us. vel. met. us. vel. met.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y P/2g hi Per I' 1"/2g hi
Mln. f.ps. feet feet Min. f.ps. feet feet

2.0 2.11 0.07 4.78 3.0 1.81 0.05 2.50

2.5 2.G 0.11 7.16 3.5 2.11 0.07 3.30
3.0 3.17 0.16 10.0 4.0 2.41 0.09 4.21
3.5 3.70 0.21 13.3 5.0 3.01 0.14 6.32
4.0 4.22 0.28 17.1 6.0 3.61 0.20 8.87
5.0 5.28 0.43 25.8 7.0 4.21 0.28 11.8
6.0 6.34 0.62 36.5 8.0 4.81 0.36 15.0
7.0 7.39 0.85 48.7 9.0 5.42 0.46 18.8
8.0 8.45 1.11 62.7 10.0 6.02 0.56 23.0
9.0 9.50 1.40 78.3 12.0 7.22 0.81 32.6
10.0 10.56 1.73 95.9 14.0 8.42 1.10 43.5
12.0 12.70 2.49 136.0 16.0 9.63 1.44 56.3
14.0 14.80 3.40 183.0 18.0 10.80 1.82 70.3
16.0 16.90 4.43 235.0 20.0 12.00 2.25 86.1
22.0 13.20 2.72 104.0
24.0 14.40 3.24 122.0
26.0 Ut30 3.80 143.0
28.0 16.80 4.41 164.0
CAUTION: No allowance has been made for age. differences in diameter resulting from
manufacturing tolerances or any abnormal conditions of 'interior pipe surface. I t is rec-
ommended that for commercial application a reserve or margin of safety to cover these
effects b e added to the values shown in the tables. Where no careful analysis of these
effects are made a reserve of 15% is recommended.

tcovrtesy Hydraulic Institute. See Page 6.

44 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

T A B L E 1. (Cont.)
F R I C T I O N LOSS P E R 100 F <ET FOR WATER IN NEW
W R O U G H T I R O N O R SC I E D U L E 40 S T E E L PIPE
1” 1%’’
1.049” inside dia. 1.380” inside dia.
U.S. vel. frict. U.S. vel. frict.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y 1”/2g ht Per Y 1”/2g ht
Min. f.p.s. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet
6 2.23 0.08 2.68 10 2.15 0.72 1.77
8 2.97 0.14 4.54 12 2.57 0.10 2.48
10 3.71 0.21 6.86 14 3.00 0.14 3.28
12 4.45 0.31 9.62 16 3.43 0.18 430
14 5.20 0.42 12.8 18 3.86 0.23 5.22
16 5.94 0.55 16.5 20 4.29 0.29 6.34
18 6.68 0.69 20.6 22 4.72 0.35 7.58
20 7.42 0.86 25.1 24 5.15 0.41 8.92
22 8.17 1.04 30.2 25 5.36 0.45 9.6
24 8.91 1.23 35.6 30 6.44 0.64 13.6
25 9.27 1.34 38.7 35 7.51 0.87 18.2
30 11.1 1.93 54.6 40 8.58 1.14 23.5
35 13.0 2.63 73.3 45 9.65 1.44 29.4
40 14.8 3.43 95.0 50 10.7 1.79 36.0
45 16.7 4.34 119.0 55 11.8 2.16 43.2
50 18.6 5.35 146.0 60 12.9 2.57 51.0
55 20.4 6.46 176.0 65 13.9 3.02 59.6
60 22.3 7.71 209.0 70 15.0 3.50 68.8
65 242 9.10 245.0 75 16.1 4.03 78.7
70 26.0 10.49 283.0 80 17.2 4.58 89.2
75 27.9 12.10 324.0 85 18.2 5.15 100.0
80 29.7 13.7 367.0 90 19.3 5.79 112.0
95 20.4 6.45 125.0
100 21.5 7.15 138.0
120 25.7 10.3 197.0
140 30.0 14.0 267.0
1 l/Lf‘
1.610” inside dia.
US. vel. frict. us. vel. Met.
dais. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y Y’/2g ht Per Y hr
Min. f.D.S. feet feet Min. f.D.S. feet feet
14 2.21 0.08 1.53 65 10.24 1.63 27.1
16 2.52 0.10 1.96 70 11.03 1.89 31.3
18 2.84 0.12 2.42 75 11.8 2.16 35.8
20 3.15 0.15 2.94 80 12.6 2.47 40.5
22 ,3.47 0.19 3.52 85 13.4 2.79 45.6
24 3.78 0.22 4.14 90 14.2 3.13 51.0
25 3.94 0.24 4.48 95 15.0 3.49 56.5
30 4.73 0.38 6.26 100 15.8 3.86 62.2
35 5.51 0.47 8.37 120 18.9 5.56 88.3
40 6.30 0.62 10.79 140 22.1 7.56 119.0
45 7.04 0.78 13.45 160 25.2 9.88 156.0
50 7.88 0.97 16.4 180 28.4 12.50 196.0
55 8.67 1.17 19.7 200 31.5 15.40 241.0
60 9.46 1.39 23.2
CAUTlON: No allowance has been made for age, differences in diameter resulting from
manufacturing tolerances or any abnormal conditions of interior pipe surface. It is rec-
ommended that for commercial application a reserve or margin of safety to cover these
effects b e added to the values shown in the tables. Where no careful analysis of these
effects are made a reserve of 16% is recommended.
 PIPE FRICTION-WATER 45

T A B L E 1. (Cont.)
F R I C T I O N LOSS P E R 100 FEET FOR W A T E R I N NEW
W R O U G H T I R O N O R S C H E D U L E 4 0 STEEL PIPE
2tt 2 ,/”
2.067” inside dia. 2.469” inside dia.
U.S. vel. frict. u s. vel. frict.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
I’er I‘ 11/2g hr Per V P/2g ht
Min. f.0.s. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet

24 2.29 0.08 1.20 25 1.68 0.04 0.54

25 2.39 0.09 1.29 30 2.01 0.06 0.75
30 2.87 0.13 1.82 35 2.35 0.09 1.00
35 3.35 0.17 2.42 40
~. 2.68
~ .. n.ii
. ~~ 1.28
~~

40 3.82 0.23 3.10 45 3 02 0.14 1.60

45 4.30 0.29 3.85 50 3.35 0.17 1.94
50 4.78 0.36 4.67 GO 4 02 0.25 2.72
55 5.25 0.43 5.51 70 4.69 0.34 3.63
60 5.74 0.51 6.59 80 5.36 0.45 4.66
65 6.21 0.60 7.70 90 6 03 0 57 5.82
70 6.69 0.70 8.86 100 6.70 0 70 7.11
75 7.16 0.80 10.15 120 8 04 100 10.0
80 7.65 0.91 11.40 140 9 38 1.37 13.5
1.03 12.6 160 10.7 1.79 17.4
180 12.1 2.26 21.9
95 9.09 1.29 15.8 200 13.4 2.79 26.7
100 9.56 1.42 17.4 220 14.7 3.38 32.2
120 11.5 2.05 24.7 240 16.1 4.02 38.1
140 13.4 2.78 33.2 260 17.4 4.72 44.5
160 15.3 3.64 43.0 280 18.8 5.47 51.3
~~

180 17.2 4.60 54.1 300 20.1 6.28 58.5

200 19.1 5.68 66.3 350 23.5 8.55 79.2
220 21.0 6.88 80.0 400 26.8 11.2 103.0
240 22.9 8.18 95.0
2GO 24.9 9.60 111.0
280 26.8 11.14 128.0
300 28.7 12.8 146.0

3It
3.068”inside dia.
U.S. vel. vel. frict.
Gals. vel. head vel. head loss
Per I’ P/2g Y P/2g hr
Min. f.p.s. feet f.0.S. feet feet
50 2.17 0.07 . 0.66 220 9.55 1.42 10.7
60 2.60 0.11 0.92 240 10.4 1.69 12.6
70 3.04 0.14 1.22 260 11.3 1.98 14.7
80 3.47 0.19 1.57 280 12.2 2.29 11; 9
90 3.91 0.24 1.9G 300 13.0 2.63 19.2
100 4.34 0.29 2.39 350 15.2 3.58 26.1
120 5.21 0.42 3.37 400 17.4 4.68 33.9
140 6.08 0.57 4.51 500 21.7 7.32 52.5
160 6.94 0.75 5.81 550 23.8 8.85 63.2
180 7.81 0.95 7.28 600 26.0 10.5 74.8
200 8.68 1.17 8.90 700 30.4 14.3 101.0
CAUTION: No allowance has becn m a d e fc?r ace. differcnccs in diameter resulting f r o m
manufacturing tolerances or a n y abnornlal conditions of interittr iiiiir surface. It is rrc-
ommended that for commercial api31ic:ttitin a rvscrve or mat-zin of s a f e t y to .cover there
effects be added tu the values rhuwn in the kililes. W h e r e no cnrcful analysis of these
effects are made a reserve of 1 5 9 6 is reconimet~ded.
46 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

T A B L E 1. (Cont.)
FRICTION LOSS PER 100 F E E T FOR WATER I N N E W
WROUGHT IRON OR SCHEDULE 40 STEEL P I P E

5"
4.026" inside dia 5.047" inside dia.
us. vel. frlct. US. vel. met.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y P/2g hr Per Y v=/2g hr
Min. f.p.s. feet feet Min. !.pa. feet feet
90 2.27 0.08 0.52 140 225 0.08 0.380
100 252 0.10 0.62 160 2.57 0.10 0.487
120 Xa! 0.14 0.88 180 2.89 0.13 0.606
140 3.53 0.19 1.17 200 3.21 0.16 0.736
160 483 0.25 1.49 220 3.53 0.19 c
0.879
_

180 454 0.32 1.86 240 3.85 0.23 1.035

ZOQ 5.04 0.40 2.27 260 4.17 0.27 1.200
220 5.54 0.48 2.72 280 4..49 0.31 1.38
240 6.05 0.57 3.21 300 4.81 0.36 1.58
260
280
6.55
7.06
0.67
0.77
3.74
4.30
350
400
5.61
6.41
0.49
0.64
-2.11
2.72
300 7.56 0.89 4.89 450 7.22 0.81 3.41
350 8.82 1.21 6.55 500 8.02 1.00 4.16
400 10.10 1.58 8.47 550 8.81 1.21 4.94
450 11.4 2.00 10.65 600 9.62 1.44 5.88
500 12.6 2.47. 13.0 700 11.20 1.96 7.93
550 13.9 3.00 15.7 800 12.80 2.56 10.22
coo 15.1 3.55 18.6 900 14.40 3.24 12.90
700 17.6 4.84 25.0 1000 16.00 4.00 15.80
800 20.2 6.32 32.4 1200 19.20 5.76 22.50
900 22.7 8.00 40.8 1400 22.50 7.83 30.40
1000 25.2 9.87 50.2 1600 25.7 102 39.5
1800 28.80 12.90 49.70

t '

I
6.065" inside dia.
us. vel. frict. U.S. vel. met.
Gals. eel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y W2g hf Per Y "Y hr
Min. fma. feet feet Min. f.DS. feet feet
2.22 0.08 0.30 800 8.88 123 4.03
2.44 0.09 0.357 850 9.43 139 450
2.66 0.11 0.419 900 9.99 1.55 5.05
2.89 0.13 0.487 950 10.55 1.73 5.61
280 3.11 0.15 0.56 lo00 11.10 1.92 6.17
300 3.33 0.17 0.637 1100 12.20 2.32 7.41
350 3.89 0.24 0.851 1200 13.30 2.76 8.76
400 4.44 0.31 1.09 1300 14.40 3.24 10.2
450 5.00 0.39 1.36 1400 15.50 3.76 11.8
-
500 5.55 0.48 1.66 1500 16.70 4.31 13.5
600 6.66 0.69 2.34 1600 17.80 4.91 15.4
650 7.21 0.81 2.72 1700 18.90 5.54 17.3
700 7.77 0.94 3.13 1800 20.00 6.21 19.4
750 8.32 1.08 3.59 1900 21.10 6.92 21.6
I 2000 22.20 7.67 23.8
CAUTION: No allowance has been made for e. differences In diameter resulti from
manufacturing tolerances or any abnormal co%itions of Interior pipe surface. It% rec-
ommended that for commercial application a reserve or margin of safety to cover these
effects be added to the values shown in the tables. Where no careful finalysis of these
effects are made a reserve of 15% is recommended.
 PIPE FRICTION-WATER 47

T A B L E 1. (Cont.)
F R I C T I O N LOSS P E R 100 FEET F O R W A T E R I N N E W
W R O U G H T I R O N O R SCHEDULE 40 STEEL PIPE

7.981" inside dia. 10.020" inside dia.

U.S. vel. frict. U.S.
.~ vel.
... frict.
~ ~.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per
~ ~~ Y P/ZE hi Per Y P/2g hr
Min. f.p.s. feei feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet
400 2.57 0.10 0.279 600 2.44
..
~ 0.093
. .._ 0.190
~ -..
450 2.89 0.13 0.348 650 2.64 0.108 0.221
500 3.21 0.16 0.424 700 2.85 0.126 0.256
GOO 3.85 0.23 0.597 750 3.05 0.145 0.291
C50 4.16 0.27 0.694 800 3.25 0.164 0.328
io0 4.49 0.31 0.797 850 3.46 0.187 0.366
750 4.80 0.36 0.911 900 3.66 0.209 0.410
800 5.13 0.41 1.02 950 3.87 0.233 (1.455
850 5.45 0.46 1.13 1000 4.07 0.257 0.500
900 5.77 0.52 1.27 1100 4.48 0.311 0.600
950 6.10 0.58 1.42 1200 4.88 0.370 0.703
1000 6.41 0.64 1.56 1300 5.29 0.435 0.818
1100 7.05 0.77 1.87 1400 5.70 0.505 0.94
1200 7.70 0.92 2.20 1500 6.10 0.579 1.07
1300 8.34 1.08 2.56 1600 6.51 0.659 1.21
1400 8.98 1.25 2.95 1700 6.92 0.743 1.36
1500 ' 9.62 1.44 3.37 1800 7.32 0.835 1.52
lGO0 10.3 1.64 3.82 1900 7.73 0.930 1.68
1700 10.9 1.85 4.29 2000 8.14 1.030 1.86
lS00
- 11.5 2.07 4.79 2100 8.55 1.135 2.05
1900 12.2- 2.31 5.31 2200 8.94 -1.240 2.25
2000 12.8 2.56 5.86 2500 10.2 1.62 2.86
2100 13.5 2.83 6.43 3000 12.2 2.31 4.06
2200 14.1 3.08 7.02 _ _ ~.
3500 14.2
~ 3.14 546
2500 16.0 4.00 8.90 4000 16.3 4.12 7.07
3000 19.2 5.75 12.8 4500 18.3 5.20 8.91
3500 22.4 7.ti4 17.5 5000 20.3 6.42 11.00
4000 25.7 10.2 22.6 6000 24.4 9.29 15.90

US. vel. frict. US. vel. frict.

Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y Y'/2g ht Per Y r=/2g ht
Min. f.ps. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet
bUO 2.29 0.08 0.140 2000 5.73 0.51 0.776
850 2.44 0.09 0.154 2100 6.01 0.56 0.853
900 2.58 0.10 0.173 2200 6.29 0.61 0.936
950 2.72 0.12 0.191 2500 7.17 0.80 1.187
1000 2.87 0.13 0.210 3000 8.60 1.15 1.68
1100 3.15 0.15 0.251 3500 10.0 1.56 2.25
1200 3.44 0.18 0.296 4000 11.5 2.04 2.92
1300 3.73 0.22 0.344 4500 12.9 2.59 3.65
1400 4.01 0.25 0.395 5000 11.3 3.19 4.47
1500 4.30 0.29 0.450 6000 17.2 4.60 6.39
1600 4.59 0.33 0.509 7000 20.1 6.26 8.63
1700 4.87 0.37 0.572 8000 22.9 8.17 11.20
1800 5.16 0.42 0.636 9000 25.8 10.3 14-10
1900 5.45 0.46 0.704
 48 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

T A B L E 1. (Cont.)
F R I C T I O N LOSS P E R 100 FEET F O R W A T E R I N N E W
W R O U G H T I R O N O R S C H E D U L E 40 S T E E L PIPE
________ .~ ....

14" 16"
13.126" inside dia. 15.000"inside dia.
us. vel. frict. us. vel. frict.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vc!. head loss
Per J i"12g h/ Per I' 1'*;2g hi
Min. f.P.S. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet
~

1000 2.37 0.09 0.131 1400 2.54 0.10 0.127

1100 2.61 0.11 0.157 1500 2.72 0.12 0.14
1200 2.85 0.13 0.185 1600 2.90 0.13 0.163
1300 3.08 0.15 0.215 1700 3.09 0.15 0.183
1400 3.32 0.17 0.247 1800 3.27 0.17 0.203
-
1500 3.56 0.20 0.281 1900 3.45 0.19 0.225
1600 3.79 0.22 0.317 2000 3.63 0.21 0.248
1700 4.03 0.25 0.355 2500 4.54 0.32 0.377
1800 4.27 0.28 0.395 3000
~~~. 5.45
~ ~. n.. 46
.- 0.535
~ . . ~
1900 4.50 0.32 0.438 3500 6.35 0.63 0.718
2000 4.74 0.35 0.483 4000 7.26 0.82 0.!121
2500 5.93 0.55 0.738 4500 8.17 1.03 1.15
3000 7.11 0.79 1.04 5000 9.08 1.28 1.41
3500 8.30 1.07 1.40 6000 10.9 1.84 2.01
4000 9.48 1.40 1.81 sono 12.7 2.51 2.69
4500 10.7 1.78 2.27 8000 14.5 3.28 3.49
5000 11.9 2.18 2.78 9000 16.3 4.15 4.38
6000 14.2 3.14 3.95 10000 18.2 5.12 5.38
7000 16.6 4.28 5.32 11000 20.0 6.22 6.50
8000 19.0 5.59 6.90 13000 21.8 7.38 7.69
9000 21.3 7.08 8.70 13000 23.6 8.66 8.95-
10000 23.7 8.74 10.7 14000 25.4 10.04 10.40
11000 26.0 10.55 12.9 15000 27.2 11.50 11.go
12000 28.5 12.60 15.2 16000 29.0 13.10 13.50

18"
16.876"inside dia.
us. vel. frict.
Gals. vel. vel. loss
Per Y I' a: -6 hi
Min. f.p.s. f.p.s. feet feet
~ . ___-
-
1800 2.58 0.10 10.0 1.57 1.49
1900 2.73 0.12 11.5 2.05 1.93
2000 2.87 12.9 2.59 2.42
2500 3.59 0.20 14.3 3.20 2.97
3000 4.30 0.29 15.8 3.89 3.57
3500 5.02 0.39 17.3- 4.60 4.21
4000 5.74 0.51 18.6 5.37 4.89
4500 6.45 0.65 20.1 6.27 5.69
5000 7.17 0.80 0.781 15000 21.5 7.18 6.50
6000 8.61 1.15 1.11 16000 28.7
22.9 8.19 7.41
18000 25.8 10.36 9.33
20000 12.8 11.5

CAUTION: No allowance has been made for age. differences in diameter resulting from
manufacturing tolerances or any abncrnial conditions of interior pipe surface. I t . i s rec-
ommended that for commercial application a reserve or margin of safety to cover these
effects be added to the values shown in the tables. Where no careful analysis of these
effects are made a reserve of 15% is recommended.
 PIPE FRICTION-WATER 49

T A B L E 1. (Cont.)
F R I C T I O N LOSS P E R 100 FEET FOR W A T E R I N N E W
W R O U G H T IRON OR SCHEDULE 40 STEEL PIPE

20” 24”
18.814” inside dia. 22.626” inside dia.
U.S. vel. frict. U.S. vel. frict.
Gals. vel. head loss Per Y V’/2g loss
Per V 1”/2g hf Gals. vel. head hi
Min. f.p.s. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet
2000 2.31 0.08 0.0812 3000 2.39 0.09 0.070
2500 2.89 0.13 0.123 3500 2.79 0.12 0.093
3000 3.46 0.19 0.174 4000 3.19 0.16 0.120
3500 4.04 0.25 0.232 4500 3.59 0.20 0.149
4000 4.62 0.33 0.298 5000 3.99 0.25 81
0.1-
4500 5.19 0.42 0.372 6000 4.79 0.36 0.257
5000 5.77 0.52 0.455 7000 5.59 0.49 0.343
6000 6.92 ~ 0.75 0.645 8000 6.38 0.63 0.441
7000 8.08 1.01 0.862 9@00 7.18 0.80 0.5 51
8000 9.23 1.32 1.11 10000 7.98 0.99 0.6-71
9000 10.39 1.68 1.39 11000 8.78 1.20 0.810
10000 11.5 2.07 1.70 12000 9.58 1.42 0.9159
11000 12.7 2.51 2.05 13000 10.4 1.68 1.12
12000 13.8 2.98 2.44 14000 11.2 1.94 1.29
13000 15.0 3.50 2.86 15000 12:O 2.24 1.4-8
14000 16.2 4.08 3.29 16000 12.8 2.53 1.617
15000 17.3 4.65 3.75 17000 13.6 2.88 1.88
16000 18.5 5.30 4.26 18000 14.4 3.21 2.10
18000 20.8 6.71 5.35 19000 15.2 3.59 2.33
-20000
..-
32.1 8.28 6.56
___ 20000 16.0 3.96 2.58
22000 25.4 10.02 7.91 25000 20.0 6.20 4.04
24000 27.7 11.9 9.39 30000 23.9 8.91 5.68
35000 27.9 12.20 7.73

30”
29.OOO” inside dia.
us. vel. friet. us. vel. frict.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y P/2g hi Per Y y=/2g ht
Min. f.p.s. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet
5000 2.43 0.09 0.053 15000 7.28 0.83 0.426
6000 2.91 0.13 0.075 16000 7.77 0.94 0.478
7000 3.40 0.18 0.100 17000 8.25 1.06 0.538
8000 3.89 0.24 0.129 18000 8.74 1.19 0.598
9000 4.37 0.30 0.161 19000 9.21 1.32 0.661
10000 4.86 0.37 0.196 20000 9.71 1.47 0.732
iiooo 5.35 0.44 0.237 25000 12.1- 2.29 1.13
12000 5.83 0.53 0.277 30000 14.6 3.30 1.61
13000 6.31 0.62 0.320 35000 17.0 4.49 2.17
14000 6.80 0.72 0371 40000 19.4 5.87 2.83
45000 21.9 7.42 3.56
50000 24.3 9.17 4.38
-60000 29.1 13.2 6.23
CAUTION: No allowance has been made for aze, differences in diameter resulting from
manufacturing tolerances or any abnormal conditions of interior pipe surface. I t is rec-
ommended that for commercial application a reserve or margin of safety to cover these
effects he added to the values shown in the tables. Where no careful analysis of these
effects are made a reserve of 15% is recommended.
50 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

T A B L E 1. (Cont.)
FRICTION LOSS P E R 100 FEET F O R W A T E R I N N E W
WROUGHT I R O N OR SCHEDULE 40 STEEL PIPE

us.
36"
36.000" inside dia.
vel. met.
I us.
42"
42.000'' inside dia.
vel. frlct.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head 105
Per Y YV2g hi Per Y v=/2g hr
Min. 1.D.S. feet feet Min. f.D.S. feet feet
8000 2.52 0.10 0.0 10000 2.32 0.08 0.0314
9000 2.84 0.13 0.0 11000 2.55 0.10 0.0380
10000 3.15 0.15 0.0 12000 2.78 0.12 0.0441
11000 3.46 0.19 0.0 13000 3.01 0.14 0.0511
12000 3.78 0.22 0.0 14000 3.24 0.16 0.0591
13000 4.10 0.26 0.1 15000 3.47 0.19 0.0680
14000 4.41 0.30 0.1 16000 3.71 0.21 0.0758
15000 4.73 0.35 0.1 17000 3.94 0.24 0.0852
16000 5.04 0.40 0.1 18000 4.17 0.27 0.0944
17000 5.35 0.45 0.1 19OOO 4.40 0.30 0.104
18000 5.67 0.50 0.2 20000 4.63 0.33 0.115
19000 5.98 0.57 0.2 4 25000 5.79 0.52 0.176
20000 6.30 0.62 0.2 8 30000 6.95 0.75 0.250
25000 7.88 0.97 0.3 8 35000 8.11 1.02 0.334
30000 9.46 1.39 0
0.5 - 40000 9.26 1.33 0.433
35000 11.0 1.89 0.7 4 45000 10.4 1.69 0.545
40000 12.6 2.47 0.941 50000 11.6 2.08 0.668
45000 14.1 3.13 1.1 6oooO 13.9 3.00 0.946
50000 15.8 3.86 1.4 70000 26.2 4.08 1.27
60000 18.9 5.56 2.0 8OOOO 18.5 5.33 1.66
70000 22.1 7.56 2.8 9OOOO 20.8 6.75 2.08
80000 25.2 9.88 3.6 100000 23.2 8.33 2.57
90000 28.4 12.5 4.5 120000 27.8 12.0 3.67

48"
48" inside dm

us. vel. frict. I US. vel. met.

Gals. vel. head vel. head 105
Per Y P/2g Y ht
Min. f.DS. feet f.D.0. p'2g
feet feet

14OOO 2.48 0.10 0.031 60000 10.64 1.76 0.484

16OOO 2.84 0.13 0.039 7oooO 12.4 2.39 0.652
MOO0 3.19 0.16 0.049 80000 14.2 3.13 0.849
20000 3.55 0.20 0.060 90000 16.0 3.96 1.06
25000 4.43 0.31 0.091 1OoooO 17.7 4.89 1.30
30000 5.32 0.44 0.128 120000 21.3 7.03 1.87
35OOo 6.21 0.60 0.172 140000 24.8 9.57 2.51
4OOOO 7.09 0.78 0.222 16OOOO 28.4 12.5 3.26
45000 7.98 0.99 0.278
5oOOo 8.87 1.22 0.341
 PIPE FRICTION-WATER 51

T A B L E 1. (Cont.)
FRICTION LOSS P E R 100 FEET F O R W A T E R I N N E W
WROUGHT I R O N OR SCHEDULE 40 STEEL PIPE

54" I 60"
54" inside d i a 60" inside &a.
U.S. vel. met. U.S. vel.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head
Per V I =/2g h, Per Y P/2g ht
Min. f.p.8. feet feet Mi. f.p.s. feet feet
18000 2.52 0.10 0.027 20000 2.27 0.08 0.020
20000 2.80 0.12 0.0331 25000 2.84 0.13 0.030
25000 3.50 0.19 0.050 30000 3.40 0.18 0.042
30000 4.20 0.27 0.071 35000 3.97 0.25 0.057
35000 4.90 0.37 0.096 40000 4.54 0.32 0.073
40000 5.60 0.49 0.124 45000 5.11 0.41 0.092
45000 6.30 0.62 0.155 50000 5.67 0.50 0.112
50000 7.00 0.76 0.189 60000 6.81 0.72 0.158
60000 8.40 1.10 0.267 70000 7.94 0.98 0.213
70000 9.81 1.49 0.358 80000 9.08 1.28 0.275
80000 11.21 1.95 0.465 90000 10.21 1.62 0.344
90000 12.6 2.47 0.586 100000 11.3 2.00 0.420
100000 14.0 3.05 0.715 120000 13.6 2.88 0.600
120000 16.8 4.39 1.02 140000 15.9 3.92 0.806
140000 19.6 5.98 1.38 160000 18.2 5.12 1.040
160000 22.4 7.81 1.80 180000 20.4 6.48 132
180000 25.2 9.88 2.26 200000 22.7 8.00 1.62
200000 28.0 12.2 2.77 250000 28.4 12.5 2.52

72"
72" inside dia.
U.S. vel. met.
Gals. vel. head lOSS
Per V P/2 hr
Min. f.ps. feet feet
~~

3OOOO 2.37 0.09 0.017

35OOo 2.76 0.12 0.023
40000 3.16 0.16 0.030
45000 3.55 0.20 0.037
50000 3.94 0.24 0.045
6OOOO 4.73 0.35 0.064
7oooo 552 0.47 0.085
8OOOO 631 0.62 OJlO
go000 7.10 0.78 0.138
1OOOOO 7.89 0.97 0.168
120000 9.47 1.39 0237
140000 11.0 1.89 0321
160000 12.6 2.47 0.414
180000 142 3.13 0522
200000 15.8 3.87 0.642
250000 19.7 6.04 1.oo
3oO000 23.7 8.70 1.42
35o000 27.6 11.8 1.92
CAUTION: No allowance has been made for aee. dlfferenees in diameter reSdtint7 from
&Guta&&ig GlerGeeS or-~~abnormaicona~tiions bf interior pipe surface. It k ree-
ommended that for commercial application a reserve or margin of safety to cover t h e
effects be added to the values shown in the tables. Where no careful aalySh Of t h e
effects are made a reserve of 15% b recommended.
52 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
T A B L E 2. FRICTION LOSS P E R 100 FEET F O R
WATER I N N E W ASPHALT DIPPED
CAST I R O N P I P E ?
~~ ~

3“ 4”
3” inside dia. 4” inside dia
us. vel. frict. us. vel. frict.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y v=/2g hr Per Y P/2g hi
Min. f.p.s. feet feet Min. f.D.S. feet feet
~~

50 2.27 0.08 0.83 90 2.30 0.08 0.59

60 2.72 0.12 1.17 100 2.55 0.10 0.72
70 3.18 0.16 1.56 120 3.06 0.15 1.03
80 3.63 0.21 2.02 140 3.57 0.20 1.38
90 4.08 0.26 2.55 160 4.08 0.26 1.78
100 4.54 0.32 3.10 180 4.60 0.33 2.24
120 5.45 0.46 4.40 200 5.11 0.41 2.74
140 6.35 0.63 5.93 220 5.62 0.49 3.28
160 7.26 0.82 7.71 240 6.13 0.58 3.88
180 8.17 1.04 9.73 260 6.64 0.69 4.54
200 9.08 1.28 11.90 280 7.15 0.79 5.25
220 9.98 1.55 14.30 300 7.66 0.91 6.03
240 10.90 1.85 17.00 350 8.94 1.25 8.22
~ ~~

260 11.80 2.17 19.80 400 10.20 1.62 10.70

280 12.70 2.51 22.80 450 11.50 2.05 13.40
300 13.60 2.88 26.10 500 12.80 2.53 16.60
350 15.90 3.93 35.70 550 14.00 3.05 19.90
400 18.20 5.12 46.80 600 15.30 3.65 23.60
450 20.50 6.50 59.70 700 17.90 4.96 32.10
500 22.70 8.00 72.30 800 20.40 6.48 41.60
550 25.00 9.73 87.70 900 23.00 8.20 52.30
600 27.20 11.50 102.00 1000 25.50 10.10 64.20
1200 30.60 14.60 92.80

6”
6” inside dia.
U.S. vel. frict. us. vel. frict.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y P/2g hr Per Y Y’/2g hi
Min. f.u.s. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet
200 2.27 0.08 0.35 550 6.24 0.61 2.42
220 2.50 0.10 0.42 600 6.81 0.72 2.84
240 2.72 0.12 0.49 700 7.94 0.98 3.87
260 2.95 0.14 0.57 Rnn
-._ 9.08 1.28 5.06
280 3.18 0.16 0.66 900 10.20 1.62 6.34
300 3.40 0.18 0.75 1000 11.30 2.00 7.73
350 3.97 0.25 1.01 1200 13.60 2.88 11.20
400 4.55 0.32 1.30 1400 15.90 3.92 15.10
450 5.11 0.41 1.64 1600 18.20 5.12 19.80
500 5.67 0.50 2.02 1800 20.40 6.48 24.80
2000 22.70 8.00 30.50
2200 25.00 9.73 37.00
2500 28.40 12.50 47.10
CAUTION: No allowance has been made for age differences in diameter resulting from
manufacturing tolerances or any abnormal condi6ons of interior pipe surface. It is rec-
ommended that for commercial application a reserve or margin of safety to cover these
effects be added to the values shown in the tables. Where no careful analysis of these
effects are made a reserve of 15% is recommended.
tCourtery Hydraulic Institute. See Page 6.
 PIPE FRICTION-WATER 53
TABLE 2. (Cont.) FRICTION LOSS PER 100 FEET FOR
WATER IN NEW ASPHALT DIPPED
CAST IRON P I P E
8” I 10”
8“ inside dia.
__- 10” inside dia. __.

U.S. v e l . frict. U.S. vel. frlct.

41kw
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. ’ head loss
Per Y Y” hr Per V 1”/2g
Min. f.p.s. feet ~
feet Min.
-.___
f.p.s. feet
400 2.55 0.10 0.30 600 2.45 0.09 0.29
450 2.87 0.13 0.38 700 2.86 0.13
500 3.19 0.16 0.46 800 3.27 0.17 0.37
550 3.51 0.19 0.56 900 3.68 0.21 0.46
600 3.83 0.23 0.C6 1000 4.09 0.26 0.57
-
700 4.47 0.31 0.88 1200 4.90 0.37 0.81
800 5.11 0.41 1.14 1400 5.72 0.51 1.09
900 5.74 0.51 1.44 1600 6.54 0.66 1.42
1000 6.38 0.63 1.76 1800 7.35 0.84 1.78
1200 7.66 0.91 2.53 2000 8.17 1.04 2.11
1408 8.93 1.24 3.40 2200 8.99 1.26 2.64
1600 10.20 1.62 4.45 2400 9.80 1.49 3.12
1800 11.50 2.05 5.58 2600 10.60 1.75 3.63
2000 12.80 2.53 6.84 2800 11.40 2.03 4.18
2200 14.00 3.05 8.26 3000 12.30 2.33 4.79
2500 15.90 3.96 10.66 3200 13.10 2.66 5.47
3000 19.10 5.70 16.20 3400 13.90 3.00 6.18
3500 22.30 7.77 20.70 3600 14.70 3.36 6.91
4000 25.50 10.10 27.00 3800 15.50 3.74 7.68
4500 28.70 12.80 34.20 -4000 16.30 4.15 8.50
4500 18.40 5.25 10.70
5000 20.40 6.48 13.20
5500 22.50 7.85 15.90
6000 24.50 9.43 18.90
6500 26.60 11.00 22.20
7000 28.60 12.70 25.80
8000 32.70 16.60 33.60

U.S. vel. frlct. U.S. vel. frict.

Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y v=/2g hr Per V ”Y hr
Min. f.p.s. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet
800 2.27 0.08 0.15 3600 10.20 1.62 2.70
900 2.55 0.10 0.18 3800 10.80 1.81 3.00
1000 2.84 0.13 0.22 4000 11.30 2.00 3.31
1200 3.40 0.18 0.32 4500 12.80 2.53 4.18
1400 3.97 0.25 0.43 5000 14.20 3.12 5.13
1600 4.54 0.32 0.55 5500 15.60 3.78 6.17
1800 5.11 0.41 0.70 6000 17.00 4.50 730
2000 5.67 0.50 0.86 6500 18.40 528 855
2200 6.24 0.61 1.03 7000 19.90 6.13 992
2400 6.81 0.72 1.22 8000 22.70 8.00 13.00
2600 7.38 0.85 1.43 9000 25.50 10.10 16.40
2800 7.94 0.98 1.65 10000 28.40 12.50 2030
3000 8.51 1.UR
3200
3400
9.08
9.65
1.13
1.28
1.45
233
2.41
I
CAUTION: No allowance has been made for age differences in dlameter resultin from
manufacturing tolerances or any abnormal condiiions of interior pipe surface. It rec- ‘i,
ommended that for commercial application a reserve or margin of safety to cover t h e e
effects b e added to the values shqwn in the tables. Where no careful analysls of these
Ctfects ere made 8 reserve of 15% 1s recommended.
54 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
TABLE 2. (Cont.) FRICTION LOSS PER 100 FEET FOR
WATER IN N E W ASPHALT DIPPED
CAST IRON PIPE
~

14" 16"
14" inside &a. 16" inside dia.
us. vel. frict. U.S. vel. mct.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head losS
Per Y Y'/2g hf Per Y Y'/2 hr
Min. f.p.s. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet
1200 2.50 0.10 0.15 1400 223 0.08 0.11
1400 2.92 0.13 0.20 1600 2.55 0.10 0.13
1600 3.33 0.17 0.25 1800 2.87 0.13 0.16
1800 3.75 0.22 0.32 2000 3.19 0.16 0.20
2000 4.17 0.27 0.39 2200 3.51 0.19 0.24
2200 4.59 0.33 0.47 2400 3.83 0.23 0.29
2400 5.00 0.39 0.56 2600 4.15 0.27 0.33
2600 5.42 0.46 0.65 2800 4.47 0.31 0.38
2800 5.83 0.53 0.75 3000 4.79 0.36 0.44
3000 6.25 0.61 0.86 3200 5.11 0.41 0.49
3200 6.67 0.69 0.97 3400 5.42 0.46 0.55
3408 7.08 0.78 1-10 3600 5.74 0.51 0.62
3600 7.50 0.87 1.22 3800 6.06 0.57 0.68
3800 7.92 0.97 1.35 5000 6.38 0.63 0.75
4000 8.34 1.08 1.50 4500 7.18 0.80 0.95
4500 9.38 137 1.88 5000 7.98 0.99 1.17
5000 10.40 1.69 230 5500 8.78 120 1.41
5500 11.50 2.04 2.79 6000 9.57 1.42 1.66
6000 12.50 2.43 331 6500 10.40 1.67 195
6500 13.60 2.86 3.89 7000 1120 134 226
7000 14.60 3.30 450 8000 12.80 2.53 2.96
8000 16.70 4.32 5.87 9000 14.40 3.20 3.73
9000 18.80 5.47 7.42 10000 16.00 3.96 4.57
10000 20.80 6.75 9.15 12000 19.00 5.70 6.52
12000 25.00 9.72 13.00 14000 22.30 7.75 8.81
14000 2920 1320 17.60 16000 25.50 10.10 11.50
18000 28.70 12.80 14.60

18"
1 8 inside dia

Per
Min.
us.
Gals. vel.
Y
f.u.s.
vel.
head
Y'/2g
feet
frict.
loss
hf
Zeet
1 us.
Gals.
Per
Min.
vel.
Y
f.D.6.
vel.
head
Y'/2
feet
mct.
1-
hr
feet
2500 3.15 0.15 0.166 10000 12.60 2.47 2.480
3000 3.78 0.22 0.240 12000 15.10 3.55 3.560
3500 4.41 0.30 0.326 14000 17.70 4.84 4.850
4000 5.04 0.40 0.415 16000 20.20 6.32 6.340
4500 5.67 0.50 0.525 18000 22.70 8.00 8.020
5000 6.30 0.62 0.645 20000 25.20 9.88 9.880
6000 7.56 0.89 8.920 22000 27.70 12.00 11900
7000 8.83 1.21 1.240
8000 10.09 1.84 1.610
9000 11.30 1.99 2.020
 PIPE FRICTION-WATER 55

T A B L E 2. (Cont.) FRICTION LOSS P E R 100 FEET FOR

W A T E R I N N E W ASPHALT D I P P E D
CAST IRON PIPE

20” 24’’
~-
20” inside dia. 24” inside &a.
U.S. vel. frict. U.S. vel.
Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
P.er P Y’/2 hr Per Y Y’/2 hr
Mm. f.D.8. ieef feet Min. f.P.s. ieef feet
~~ ~ ~~

2500 2.55 0.10 0.0998 3500 2.48 0.10 0.0759

3000 3.06 0.15 0.140 4000 2.84 0.13 0.098
3500 3.57 0.20 0.188 4500 3.19 0.16 0.122
4000 4.08 0.26 0.243 5000 3.55 0.20 0.149
4500 4.59 0.33 0.306 6Ooo 4.26 0.28 0.211
5000 5.11 0.41 0.376 7000 4.96 0.38 0.284
6000 6.13 0.58 0.533 8000 5.67 0.50 0.368
7000 7.15 0.79 0.721 9000 6.38 0.63 0.464
8000 8.17 1.04 0.935 10000 7.09 0.78 0.571
9000 9.19 1.31 1.18 12000 851 1.13 0.816
10000 10.20 1.62 1.45 14OOO 9.93 1.53 1.11
12000 12.30 2.33 2.07 16000 11.35 2.00 1.43
14000 14.30 3.18 2.80 18000 12.76 2.53 1.80
16000 16.30 4.15 3.66 20000 14.20 .3.13 2.21
18000 18.40 5.25 4.62 22000 15.60 .3.78 2.67
20000 20.40 6.48 5.67 24000 17.00 4.50 3.16
22000 22.50 7.84 6.85 26000 18.40 5.28 3.71
24000 24.50 9.33 8.13 243000 19.80 6.10 4.30
26000 26.50 10.95 9.54 30000 21.30 7.03 4.97
28000 28.50 12.64 11.05 35000 24.90 9.58 6.78
30000 30.60 14.60 12.70 40000 28.40 12.50 8.75

30”
30” inside dia
U.S. vel. met. U.S. vel. met
Gals. vel. head loSa Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y PI2 hr Per P PI2 hr
Mln. f.D.S. feef feet Min. f.D.S. feel feet
5000 227 0.08 0.0488 20000 9.0s 1.211 0.703
6000 2.72 0.12 0.069 22000 10.00 155 0.856
7000 3.18 0.16 0.092 24000 10.90 1.84 1.01
8000 3.63 0.21 0.119 26000 11.80 2.16 1.17
go00 4.08 0.26 0.149 28Ooo 12.70 2.50 1.34
10000 4.54 0.32 0.183 30000 13.60 2.88 157
12000 5.45 0.46 0.260 35Ooo 15.90 3.92 2.13
14000 6.35 0.63 0.351 40000 1820 5.12 2.71
16OOO 7.26 0.82 0.455 45000 20.40 6.48 350
18000 8.17 1.04 0.572 50000 22.70 8.00 430
60000 27.20 11.50 619
CAUTION: No allowance has been made for age. differences In dlameter resulting from
manufacturing tolerances or any abnormal conditions of interior pipe surface. It is rec-
ommended that for commercial application a reserve or margin of safety to cover these
effects be added b the values shown in the tables. Where no careful analysis of these
effects are made a reserve of 15% is recommended.
56 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

T A B L E 2. (Cont.) FRICTION LOSS P E R 100 FEET F O R

WATER I N N E W A S P H A L T D I P P E D
CAST I R O N PIPE

36” 42I’
36” inside dia. 42“ inside dia.
~~

us. vel. frict. U.S.

Gals. vel.
vel.
head
frict.
loss
Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y v/2g hr Per V P/2g ht
Min. f.p.s. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet

8000 2.52 0.10 0.0475 10000 2.32 0.08 0.0337

9000 2.84 0.13 0.0593 I2000 2.78 0.12 0.0477
10000 3.15 0.15 0.0724 14000 3.24 0.16 0.0641
12000 3.78 0.22 0.103 16000 3.71 0.21 0.0829
14000 4.41 0.30 0.139 18000 4.17 0.2? 0.104
16000 5.04 0.40 0.180 20000 4.63 0.33 0.127
18000 5.67 0.50 0.227 22000 5.09 0.40 0.154
20000 6.30 0.62 0.279 24000 5.55 0.48 0.181
22000 6.93 0.75 0.338 25000 5.79 0.52 0.196
24000 7.56 0.89 0.400 26000 6.01 0.56 0.212
25000 7.88 0.97 0.430 28000 6.49 0.65 0.243
26000 8.20 1.05 0.464 30000 6.95 0.74 0.279
28000 8.83 1.21 0.538 35000 8.11 1.02 0.377
30000 9.46 1.39 0.617 40000 9.26 1.33 0.490
35000 11.03 1.89 0.832 45000 10.42 1.69 0.619
40000 12.60 2.47 1.08 50000 11.60 2.08 0.760
45000 14.10 3.13 1.36 55000 12.75 2.53 0.915
50000 15.80 3.86 1.68 GO000 13.90 3.00 1.09
55000 17.40 4.73 2.03 70000 16.20 4.08 1.48
60000 18.90 5.56 2.40 80000 18.50 5.33 1.92
70000 22.10 7.56 3.25 90000 20.80 6.75 2.42
80000 25.20 9.88 4.23 100000 23.20 8.33 2.98
90000 28.40 12.50 5.35 I20000 27.80 12.00 4.30
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~

48”
48” inside dia.
us. vel. frict. U.S.
Gals. vel.
vel.
head
frict.
loss
Gals. vel. head loss
Per I’ 1’*/2g hr Per I’ 1”/2g hr
Min. f.p.s. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feet feet

14000 2.48 0.10 0.0327 35000 6.21 0.60 0.192

16000 2.84 0.13 0.0422 40000 7.09 0.78 0.248
18000 3.19 0.16 0.0529 45000 7.98 0.99 0.314
20000 3.55 0.20 0.0648 50000 8.87 1.22 0.384
2‘000 3.90 0.24 0.0776 55000 9.75 1.48 0.459
24000 4.25 0.28 0.0917 60000 10.64 1.76 0.548-
25000 4.43 0.31 0.0996 70000 12.40 2.39 0.742
26000 4.60 0.33 0.107 80000 14.20 3.13 0.968
28000 4.97 0.38 0.124 90000 16.00 3.96 1.22
30000 5.32 0.44 0.142 100000 17.70 4.89 1.50
I20000 21.30 7.03 2.15

I i4oooo
160000
24.80
28.40
9.57
12.50
2.92
3.81
CAUTION: No allowance has been made f o r age, differences in diameter resulting from
manufacturing tolerances or any abnormal condilions of interior pipe surface. It is ret-
ommended that for commercial application a reserve or margin of safety to cover these
effects be added to the values shown in the tables. Where no careful analysis Of these
effects are made a reserve of 15% is recommended.
 PIPE FRICTION-WATER 57

T A B L E 2. (Cont.) FRICTION LOSS P E R 100 FEET F O R

W A T E R I N N E W ASPHALT D I P P E D
CAST IRON PIPE

5 4” 60”
US.
Gals.
Per
Min.
54” inside dia.

vel.
I’
f.p.s.
vel.
head
P/2g
feet
frict.
loss
ht
feet
us.
Gals.
Per
Min.
vel.
I
f.p.s.
~~

60” inside dia.

head
vel.
I‘=/2g
feet
frict.
loss
hr
feet
131
18000 2.52 0.10 0.0294 20000 2.27 0.08 0.0212
20000 2.80 0.12 0.0360 25000 2.84 0.13 0.0325
25000 3.50 0.19 0.0550 30000 3.40 0.18 0.0460
30000 4.20 0.27 0.0782 35000 3.97 0.25 0.0618
35000 4.90 0.37 0.106 40000 . 4.54 0.32 0.0800
40000 5.60 0.49 0.137 45000 5.11 0.41 0.100
45000 6.30 0.62 0.172 50000 5.67 0.50 0.124
50000 7.00 0.76 0.211 60000 6.81 0.72 0.176
60000 8.40 1.10 0.301 70000 7.94 0.98 0.237
70000 9.81 1.49 0.408 80000 9.08 1.28 0.307
80000 11.21 1.95 0.530 90000 10.21 1.62 0.387
90000 12.60 2.47 0.668 100000 11.30 2.00 0.478
100000 14.00 3.05 0.820 120000 13.60 2.88 0.688
120000 16.80 4.39 1.180 140000 15.90 3.92 0.930
140000 19.60 5.98 1.590 160000 18.20 5.12 1.20
160000 22.40 7.81 2.070 180000 20.40 6.48 1.52
180000 25.20 9.88 2.620 200000 22.70 8.00 1.87
200000 28.00 12.20 3.220 250000 28.40 12.50 2.92

12/’
72” inside dia.
~

U.S. . vel. frict. US. vel. frict.

Gals. vel. head loss Gals. vel. head loss
Per Y P/2g hr Per I’ r=/2 ht
Min. f.p.s. feet feet Min. f.p.s. feek feet
30000 2.37 0.09 0.0184 120000 9.47 1.39 0.271
35000 2.76 0.12 0.0248 140000 11.04 1.89 0.365
40000 3.16 0.16 0.0320 160000 12.60 2.41 0.475
45000 3.55 0.20 0.0402 180000 14.20 3.13 0.600
50000 3.94 0.24 0.0493 200000 15.80 3.87 0.736
60000 4.73 0.35 0.0700 250000 19.70 6.04 1.14
70000 5.52 0.47 0.8940 300000 23.70 8.70 1.64
80000 6.31 0.62 0.122 350000 27.60 11.80 2.23
90000 7.10 0.78 0.154
100000 7.89 ’ 0.97 0.189

CAUTION: No allowance has been made for age. differences In diameter resultlng from
manufacturing tolerances or any abnormal conditions of interior pipe surface. It Is rec-
ommended that for commercial application a reserve or margln of safety to cover these
effects be added to the values shown in the tables. Where no careful analysis of these
effects are made a reserve of 15% i s recommended.
58 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

F R I C T I O N LOSS I N PIPE F I T T I N G S :
The resistance t o flow caused by a valve or fitting may be com-
puted from the equation :
V2
h=K-
2g
where h = frictional resistance in feet of fluid
V = average velocity in feet per second in pipe
of corresponding diameter.
K = resistance coefficient for fitting
Values of K for frequently used fittings may be found in Table
3. Wide differences in the values of K are found in the published
literature. Flanged fittings should have lower resistance coeffi-
cients than screwed fittings. Resistance coefficients usually de-
crease with increase in pipe size.
For convenience Table 4 shows the friction loss in fittings ex-

TABLE 3. VALUES O F RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT

FOR PIPE FITTINGSt

45- ELL.

+:$
9.3 .5 1 2 d

.3
K .2

LONG
RAMUS RANGED -1
45' ELL. PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES

2
K
1
SCREWED RETURN
BEND
.d .5 I a 4
PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES

K
HANGED
RETURN BEND

-
BELLMOUTH SQUARE EDGED INLET INWARD PROJECnNG h=(VI-VI)' FEET OF FLUID
INLET OR REDUCER K = 0.5 PIPE 20
K = 0.05 K 1.0 WHEN V z - 0 h - 3
20
NOTEX K D K R W E S WITH INCREASING W A U THICKNESS
FEET OF FLUID
OF FlPE AND ROUNDING OF EDGES
 PIPE FRICTION-WATER 59

TABLE 3. (Cont.)

LINE .81 LINE "

FLOW FLOW
K .6 K
.06
PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES
PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES
3
BRANCH FLANGED
SCREWED FLOW 2 TEE 1
K
TEE BRANCH
1 FLOW .6
' 3 . 5 1 2 4 K .4
PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES 1 2 4 6 1 0 20
PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES

VALVE

SWING
CHECK PIPE DIAMETER. INCHES
VALVE 3
K 2

FLANGED 1
1 2 4 6 1 0 20
PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES

SCRE

ANGLE
VALVE
K

FLANGED .03 FLAhlGED

1 2 4 6 10 20 1 2 4 6 10 20
PIPE DIAMETER, INCHES PIPE DIAMETER. INCHES

.1 REDUCING BUSHING
.08 A N D COUPLING
K, .06
.04
COUPLINGS USED AS REDUCER K 0.05-2.0
'0?3 6 1 2 4
A N D UNIONS USED AS INCREASER LOSS IS UP
APE DIAMETER. INCHES TO 40% MORE THAN THAT CAUSED
BY A SUDDEN WuDcfMcNI
60 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
PIPE FRICTION-WATER 61
62 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

pressed as an equivalent length of straight pipe. T h i s presentation

is simple to use on complicated piping layouts involving an assort-
ment of different fittings and is especially well suited to the prep-
aration of station curves where varying rates of flow are involved.
F R I C T I O N I N O T H E R T Y P E S O F PIPE
T h e preceding tabulations for friction loss in pipes apply to
new schedule #40 steel pipe and new asphalt-dipped cast-iron pipe
as noted. Friction loss in other types of pipe vary from these
values due t o the difference in the average relative roughness of
the interior surface of such pipes as commercially manufactured.
T h e following chart Fig. 26 shows relative roughness factors
($)for new clean pipes as commercially manufactured plotted
against pipe diameter in inches. The curves for schedule #40
steel pipe (absolute roughness 0.00015’) and asphalt-dipped cast-
iron pipe (absolute roughness 0.0004’) on which the previous
Tables 1 and 2 are based are shown on this curve.
The ratio of the friction factor for any pipe t o that for schedule
#40 steel pipe may be used as a multiplier to adjust the friction
losses shown in Table 1 to apply to the other type of pipe.
I t must be recognized that various types of pipe as commercially
manufactured are subject to a considerable variation in roughness.
Average values for good clean new pipe however yield the multi-
pliers recommended in the following Table 5.
TABLE 5. MULTIPLIERS TO APPLY TO VALUES FROM
TABLE 1 TO OBTAIN FRICTION LOSS I N OTHER T Y P E S
O F PIPE OR CONDUIT.
Multiplier to
Appl to Table 1
t;a~yes
Type of New Conduit or Pipe of Friction Loss
Rubber lined hose 0.72
Spun cement line pipe 0.76
Spun bitumastic enameled pipe 0.76
Aluminum irrigation pipe 0.81
Transite Pipe 0.85
Copper or Brass pipe 0.86
Seamless steel tubing 0.86
Glass tube or pipe 0.86
Schedule #40 steel pipe 1.oo
Wood Stave pipe 1.15
Galvanized iron pipe 1.22
Vitrified pipe 1.36
Spiral riveted pipe (flow with lap) 1.40
Spiral riveted pipe (flow against lap) 1.70
Unlined linen hose 1.80
T h e multipliers in Table 5 provide for the difference in type of
pipe only. They do not include deviations in internal diameter
from schedule #40 steel pipe.
 PIPE FRICTION-WATER 63

PIPE DIAMETER I N FEET, 0

PIPE DIAMETER IN INCHES, 0”

Fig. 26. Relative roughness factors for new clean pipes.+

FRICTION LOSS AS AFFECTED B Y AGING OF PIPE

The deterioration of pipes with age depends upon the chemical
properties of the liquid flowing and the characteristics of the
material from which the pipe is made. In general, the flow carry-
t Courtesy Hydraulic Institute. See page 6.
64 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

ing capacity of a pipe line decreases with age due to a roughening

of the interior surface caused by corrosive products, tubercules
and the like or an actual reduction in area caused by chemical
deposits. T h e effect corresponds to a variation in friction factor
due to increasing relative roughness.
A wide variation in waters over the country makes impossible
any precise estimation of this aging effect. No reputable authority
will go-on record to endorse friction factors for other than new
pipe. This fact, however, does not eliminate the deterioration of
friction factor and some means of estimation is required. Where-
ever records are available on the aging effect of local or similar
waters, it is recommended that they be studied and applied as a
correction to the computation of friction loss for new pipe from
the previous tables. This is a sound and logical approach for a
specific problem.
In many instances either the economics of the project do not
warrant the expense of this detailed investigation or there are n o
available records on local or similar waters. For those occasions,
Table 6 may be used with caution and discretion. It is based upon
the best known available data.
TABLE 6 I N C R E A S E I N F R I C T I O N LOSS D U E
T O AGING O F PIPE
Multipliers for use with Table 1
Age
of Pipe Small Pipes . Large Pipes
in Years 4":lO" 12"-60"
New 1.00 1 .oo
5 1.40 1.30
10 2.20 1.60
15 3.60 1.80
20 5.00 2.00
25 6.30 2.10
30 7.25 2.20
35 8.10 2.30
40 8.75 2.40
45 9.25 2.60
50 9.60 2.86
55 9.80 3.26
60 10.00 3.70
65 10.05 4.25
70 10.10 4.70
It will be obvious that there is no sudden increase in aging effect
between 10" and 12" pipe as indicated from Table 6. T h e values
shown are composites of many test's grouped by the experimenter.
A reasonable amount of interpretation and logic must be used in
selecting and applying a multiplier for each specific problem.
It must also be borne in mind that some test data on aging of
pipe may vary up to fifty percent from the averages as shown in
Table 6.
 CONVERSION FACTORS 65

SECTION 111-CONVERSION FACTORS

CONTENTS
Page
Conversion Factors-Units of Length ....................... 66
Conversion Factors-Units of Area .......................... 66
Conversion Factors-Units of Pressure ...................... 66
Conversion Factors-Units ...................... 67
of Volume
Conversion Factors-Units of Flow ......................... 68
Conversion Table-Mgd and Cu . ft./Sec. to Gpm . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Conversion Table-In . Water-Ft . Water-In . Mercury-psi . . . 70
. Conversion Factors-Units of Work. Power. Torque . . . . . . . . . .73
'Conversion Table-Power Consumed per 1000 Gal. Water
Pumped ................................. 74
Conversion Chart-Centigrade-Fahrenheit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Conversion Table-Baume-Specific Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Conversion Table-API-Specific Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Conversion Table-Brix-Baume-Specific Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8
Conversion Factors-Water Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Conversion Table-Lbs./Cu. ft.-Specific Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9
Decimal Equivalents .......................................... 80
Conversion Table-Hardness Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
66 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 7. CONVERSION FACTORS-UNITS OF LENGTH

Examples: 2 Yards x 3 = 6 Feet. 3 Feet x 0.333 = 1 Yard

Unit Inch Foot Yard Centimeter Meter

Inch 1 .0833 .0278 2.54 .0254

Foot 12 1 .333 30.48 .3048
Yard 36 3 1 91.44 .9144
Centimeters .3937 .0328 .0109 1 .01
Meter 39.37 3.281 1.094 100 1
1 Rod = 16.5 ft. = 5.5 yards = 5.029 meters
1 Mile = 5280 f t . = 1760 yards = 1609.3 meters = 1.61 Kilometers
1 Kilometer = 1000 meters = 1093.6 yards = .62137 miles

TABLE 8. CONVERSION FACTORS-UNITS OF AREA

Examples: 6 sq. ft. x .1111 = .6666 sq. yds.
3 sq. yds. x 9 = 27 sq. ft.
Unit Sq. In. sq. Ft. Sq. Yd. Sq. Cm. Sq. Meter

Sq. In. 1.00 0.00694 0.000772 6.452 0.000645

Sq. Ft. 144.00 1.00 0.1111 929.00 0.0929
Sq. Yd. 1296.00 9.00 1.00 8360.00 0.836
Sq. Cm. 0.1550 0.001076 0.00012 1.00 0.0001
Sq. M. 1550.00 10.76 1.196 10,000.00 1.00

1 Sq Mile = 640 Acres = 259 Hectares = 2.59 Sq. Kilometers

1 Acre = 43560 Sq. Ft. = 4840 Sq. Yds. = 4047 Sq. Meters
1 Hectare = 107,639 Sq. Ft. = 2.471 Acres = .01 Sq. Km.

TABLE 9. CONVERSION FACTORS-UNITS OF PRESSURE

(Density at 39.2"F)
Example: 15 Ft. Water X .433 = 6.49 Psi
15 Psi x 2.31 = 34.65 Ft. Water

In. Ft. In. Mm. GI./ Kg./

Water Water Psi Hg. Hg. Sq.Cm. Sp.Cm.

In. Water 1.0 .0833 .0361 .0736 1.870 2.538 .0025

Ft. Water 12.0 1.0 .433 383 22.43 30.45 .0304
Psi. 27.72 2.31 1.0 2.040 51.816 70.31 .0703
In. Hg. 13.696 1.133 .4906 1.o 26.40 34.49 .0345
Mm. Hg. .5353 .0446 .0193 .03937 1.0 1.357 .0014
Gr./Sq. Cm. .3936 .0328 .0142 .02897 .7360 1.0 .001
Kg./Sq. Cm. 393.6 32.80 14.22 28.97 736.03 1000.0 1.0
Kilopascal 4.0135 .3344 .1451 .2954 7.505 10.20 .0102
CONVERSION FACTORS 67
La d N w 9
00
2 W 8
s W
rl
9 N
s 0
2
rl
2 m N 00
F t-
W
-
m
t-
4
9 2
N
4
W
0
9
d
M
4
In m 4
00
t-
m
00
N 2 0
9
0 9
9
m
2
d
W
m
9
?I
x
W
s 9
e
0
N

d
0
N
eu
N
rl
rl
m
0
0
9
v) t- 00
0, m 0
d
0 9 e?
rl
9
m
t-
m
m 2 0
W
d
d
e?
16
v)
m
: 9 F) 9
m
2
m
2 2 N
P-
t-
N
9
m
N
N
9
N t- 0- 4
rl
d W
W
m
m
09
d
W
m
0

N
m
2
0
2
N
0
N
E!
N
9
m
2 m
d
4
a
0
N 4 N
w
0
9 f --! W
nr
W
4
c
d d
Y
J
F
5 !
B E
4 5 5 n 5 3
3 u u !A u 3
68 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
. x
c c c
---
“NE
PFP
 CONVERSION FACTORS 69

TAELE 12.
CONVERSION TACLE-MGD. AND CU. FT./SEC. TO GPM.
Million Gal. Million Gal.
per 24 Hrs. Cu. Ft. per 24 Hrs. Cu. Ft.
Mgd. Gpm. per Sec. Mgd. Gpm. per Sec.

0.100 69 0.15 5.816 4039 9.00

0.129 90 0.20 6.000 4167 9.28
0.200 139 0.31 6.463 4488
0.259 180 0.40 7.000 4861
0.300 208 0.46 8.000 5556

0.388 269 0.60 9.000 6250 13.92

0.400 278 0.62 10.000 6944 15.47
0.500 347 0.77 12.925 8976 20.00
0.617 359 0.80 19.388 13,464 30.00
0.600 417 0.93 20.000 13,889 30.94

0.646 449 1.oo 25.851 17,952 40.00

0.700 486 1.08 30.000 20,833 46.41
0.800 556 1.24 32.314 22,440 50.00
0.900 625 1.39 38.776 26,928 60.00
0.969 673 1.50 40.000 27,778 61.88

1.ooo 694 1.55 45.239 31,416 70.00

1.293 898 2.00 50.000 34,722 77.35
1.616 1122 2.50 51.702 35,904 80.00
1.939 1346 3.00 58.164 40,392 90.00
2.000 1389 3.09 60.000 41,667 92.82

2.262 1571 3.50 64.627 44,880 100.00

2.585 1795 4.00 70.000 48,611 108.29
2.908 2020 4.50 71.090 49,368 110.00
3.000 2083 4.64 77.553 53,856 120.00
3.231 2244 5.00 80.000 55,556 123.76

3.878 2693 6.00 84.015 58,344 130.00

4.000 2778 6.19 90.000 62,500 139.23
4.524 3142 7.00 90.478 62,832 140.00
5.000 3472 7.74 96.941 67,320 150.00
5.170 3590 8.00 100.000 69,444 154.72
70 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 13.
CONVERSION TABLE-UNITS OF PRESSURE
(DENSITY AT 39.2OF)

In. Water Psi.

1.QO .04
2.00 .07
3.00 .ll
4.00 .14
5.00 .18
6.00 .22
7.00 .26
8.00 .29
9.00 32
10.00 .36
11.00 .40
12.00 .43
13.60 .49
24.00 .87
27.19 .98
27.72 1.oo
36.00 1.30
40.79 1.47
48.00 1.73 ,

54.38 1.96
55.44 2.00
60.00 2.17
Ft. Water In. Hg. Psi. Ft. Water In. Hg. Psi.
6.67 5.00 2.45 7.00 6.18 3.03
6.00 5.30 2.60 7.93 7.00 3.43
6.80 6.00 2.94 8.00 7.06 3.46
6.93 6.12 3.00 9.00 7.95 3.90
 CONVERSION FACTORS 71
~~ ~~ ~

TABLE 13. (Cont.)

CONVERSION TABLE-UNITS OF PRESSURE
Ft. Water In. Hg. Psi. Ft. Water In. Hg. Psi.
9.06 8.00 3.92 22.00 19.43 9.53
9.24 8.16 4.00 22.66 20.00 9.81
10.00 8.83 4.33 23.00 20.31 9.96
10.20 9.00 4.42 23.10 20.40 10.00
11.oo 9.71 4.76 23.79 21.00 10.30
11.33 10.00 4.91 24.00 21.19 10.39
11.55 10.20 5.00 24.93 22.00 10.79
12.00 10.60 5.20 25.00 22.08 10.83
12.46 11.oo 5.40 25.41 22.44 11.00
13.00 11.48 5.63 26.00 22.96 11.26
13.60 12.00 5.89 26.06 23.00 11.28
13.86 . 12.24 6.00 27.00 23.84 11.69
14.00 12.36 6.06 27.19 24.00 11.77
14.73 13.00 6.38 27.72 24.48 12.00
15.00 13.25 6.50 28.00 24.72 12.12
15.86 14.00 6.87 28.33 25.00 12.27
16.00 14.13 6.93 29.00 25.61 12.56
16.17 14.28 7.00 29.46 26.00 12.76
17.00 15.00 7.36 30.00 26.49 12.99
18.00 15.89 7.79 30.03 26.52 13.00
18.13 16.00 7.85 30.59 27.00 13.25
18.48 16.32 8.00 31.00 27.37 13.42
19.00 16.78 8.23 31.72 28.00 13.74
19.26 17.00 8.34 32.00 28.26 13.86
20.00 17.66 8.66 32.34 28.56 14.00
20.39 18.00 8.83 32.86 29.00 14.23
20.79 18.36 9.00 33.00 29.14 14.29
21.00 18.54 9-09 33.90 29.92 14.70
21.53 19.00 9.32
72 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 13. (Cont.)

CONVERSION TABLE - UNITS O F PRESSURE
Ft. Water Psi. Ft. Water Psi. Ft. Water Psi.

34.0 14.72 240.0 103.96 550.0 238.25

34.7 15.00 250.0 108.29 554.4 240.00
40.0 17.32 254.1 110.00 577.5 250.00
46.2 20.00 260.0 112.62 600.0 259.90
50.0 21.65 270.0 116.96 600.6 260.00

60.0 25.99 277.2 120.00 623.7 270.00

69.3 30.00 280.0 121.29 646.8 280.00
70.0 30.32 290.0 125.62 650.0 281.56
80.0 34.65 300.0 129.95 669.9 290.00
90.0 38.98 300.3 130.00 693.0 300.00

92.4 40.00 310.0 134.28 700.0 303.22

100.0 43.31 320.0 138.62 716.1 310.00
110.0 47.64 323.4 140.00 739.2 320.00
115.5 50.00 330.0 142.95 750.0 324.88
120.0 51.98 340.0 147.28 762.3 330.00

130.0 56.31 346.5 150.00 785.4 340.00

138.6 60.00 350.0 151.61 800.0 346.54
140.0 60.64 360.0 155.94 808.5 350.00
150.0 64.97 369.6 160.00 831.6 360.00
160.0 69.31 370.0 160.27 850.0 368.20

161.7 70.00 380.0 164.61 854.7 370.00

170.0 73.64 390.0 168.94 877.8 380.00
180.0 77.97 392.7 170.00 900.0 389.86
184.8 80.00 400.0 173.27 900.9 390.00
190.0 82.30 415.8 180.00 924.0 400.00

200.0 86.63 438.9 190.00 1000.0 433.18

207.9 90.00 450.0 195.00 1039.5 450.00
210.0 90.96 462.0 200.00 1155.0 500.00
220.0 95.30 485.1 210.00 1270.5 550.00
230.0 99.63 500.0 216.58 1386.0 600.00

231.0 100.00 508.2 220.00 1500.0 649.70

531.3 230.00
CONVERSION FACTORS 73
In
m
N
rl

0
m
c1
0
5
0 9
9
m
i 0,
N
0
0
9
m
0,
m
0
0
9
9
2
ua
3
3
m
M
m
m
I
9
rl :
0
4
9 In
m 4
rl 00
P-
2 c1
(0 W
m i N
c: i
N
0
0
0
9
P-
9 0
rl m
0
0
0
9
W m
m 0
m
Q! 0
0
0
9
d
x” & 2
ui
U
-2
.-
U
SA
U
f; ; .n
4
7
; j
a 2 d
a G
74 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK ~

TABLE 15. POWER CONSUMED PUMPING 1000 GALLONS

O F CLEAR WATER AT ONE FOOT TOTAL HEAD-
VARIOUS EFFICIENCIES

Kwh Kwh Kwh

Per 1000 Per 1000 Per loo0
Overall Gallons at Overall Gallons at Overall Gallons at
Efficiency One Ft.Total Efficiency One Ft. Total Efficiency One Ft.Tohl
PumpUnit Head Pump Unit Head Pump Unit Head
32 .00980 51.6 .00609 71 .00442
32.6 .00958 52 .00603 71.6 .00439
33 .00951 52.6 .00597 72 .00435
33.6 .00937 53 .00592 72.6 b0432
34 .00922 53.6 .00586 73 .00430
34.6 .00909 54 .00581 73.6 .00427
36 .00896 54.5 .00576 74 .00424
35.5 .00884 66 .00570 74.5 .00421
36 .00871 55.5 .00565 75 .00418
36.6 .00860 56 .00560 75.5 .00415
37 .00848 56.6 .00555 76 .00413
37.6 .00837 67 .00550 76.5 .00410
38 .00826 57.6 .00546 77 .00407
38.6 .00816 58 .00541 77.6 .00405
39 .00804 58.5 .00536 78 .00402
39.6 .00794 59 .00532 78.6 .00399
40 .00784 59.6 .00527 79 .00397
40.5 .00775 60 .00523 79.6 .00394
41 .00765 60.5 .00518 80 .00392
41.6 .00756 61 .00514 80.6 .00389
42 .00747 61.6 .00510 81 .00387
42.6 A0738 62 .00506 81.6 .00385
43 .00730 62.5 .00602 82 .00382
43.6 .00721 63 .00498 82.5 .00380
44 .00713 63.5 .00494 83 .00378
44.6 .00706 64 .00490 83.5 .00376
45 .00697 64.5 .00486 84 .00373
45.6 .00689 65 .00482 84.6 .00371
46 .00682 65.5 .00479 85 .00369
46.6 .00675 66 .00475 85.6 .00367
47 .00667 66;6 .00472 86 .00366
47.6 .00660 67 .00468 86.5 -00362
48 .00653 67.5 .00465 87 -00360
48.5 .00647 68 .00461 87.5 .00358
49 .00640 68.6 .00458 88 .00356
49.6 .00634 69 .00454 88.6 .00354
50 .00627 69.6 -00451 89 .00352
50.5 .00621 70 .00448 89.6 .00360
51 .00616 70.6 .00446 90 .00348

= true Input-Output
Overall efficiency efficiency of motor x pump efficiency.
KwhI1000 gal, = K H
Where K = Kwhf1000 gal. a t one ft. head. H = Total Head.
Example: Overall efficiency = 72%. Total Head a t the rated
capacity = 150 ft.
Kwh11000 gal. = .00436 x 160 = 0.653
- CONVERSION FACTORS 75

9 5
Deg. F. = - Dee. C. + 32. Deg. C. = - (Deg. F. - 32)
5 9

"ES CENnCRADE

FIG. 27. Conversion chart. Fahrenheit - Centigrade.

76 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 16. UNITED STATES STANDARD BAUME SCALES

Relation Between Baume Degrees and Specific Gravity
LIQUIDS HEAVIER THAN WATER

Baume Sp Gr Baume Sp Gr Baume Sp G r 3aume Sp Gr

degrees 60"-60"F degrees 60"-60'F degrees 60'40°F iegrees 60'40°F
0 ' 1.00000 20 1.16000 40 1.38095 60 1.70588
1 1.00694 21 1.16935 41 1.39423 61 1.72619
2 1.01399 22 1.17886 42 1.40777 62 1.74699
3 1.02113 23 1.18852 43 1.42157 63 1.76829
4 1.02837 24 1.19835 44 1.43564 64 1.79012
5 1.03571 25 1.20833 45 1.45000 65 1.81250
6 1.04317 26 1.21849 46 1.46465 66 1.83544
~ _ ~ . _
7 1.05072 27 i.22881 47 1.47959 67 1.85897
8 1.05839 28 1.23932 48 1.49485 68 1.88312
9 1.06618 29 1.25000 49 1.51042 69 1.90789
10 1.07407 30 1.26087 50 1.52632 70 1.93333
11 1.08209 31 1.27193 51 1.54255 71 1.95946
12 1.09023 32 1.28319 52 1.55914 72 1.98630
13 1.09848 33 1.29464 53 1.57609 73 2.01389
14 1.10687 34 1.30631 54 1.59341 74 2.04225
15 1.11538 35 1.31818 55 1.61111 75 2.07143
16 1.12403 36 1.33028 56 1.62921 76 2.10145
17 1.13281 37 1.34259 57 1.64773 77 2.13235
18 1.14173 38 1.66667 78 2.16418
19 1.15079 39 1.68605 79 2.19697
LIQUIDS LIGHTER THAN WATER
140
Formula-sp gr =
130 4- Baume
10 1.00000 30 0.875001 50 0.77778 $0 0.7 0000
11 .99291 31 .86957 51 .77348 71 .69652
12 .98592 32 .86420 52 .76923 72 .69307
13 .97902 33 A5890 53 .76503 73 .68966
14 .97222 34 35366 54 .76087 74 .68627
15 .96552 35
~~ -848481
.-~~~- 55 .75676 75 .68293
16 .95890 36 .84337 56 .75269 76 .67961
17 .95238 37 33832 57 .74866 77 .67633
18 .94595 38 33333 58 .74468 78 .67308
19 .93960 39 328401 59 .74074 79 .66986
20 .93333 40 .82353 60 .73684 so
-. .66667
21 .92715 41 31871 61 .73298 81 .66351
22 .92105 42 .81395 62 .72917 82 .66038
23 .91503 43 .80925 63 .72539 83 .65728
24 .go909 44 30460 64 .72165 84 .65421
25 .go323 45 .80000 65 .71795 85 -65117
26 39744 46 .79545 66 .71428 86 .64815
27 .89172 47 .79096 67 .71066 87 .64516
28 38608 48 .78652 68 .70707 88 .64220
29 .88050 49 .78212 69 .70352 89 .63927
From Circular No. 59 Bureau of Standards.
 CONVERSION FACTORS 77

TABLE 17. RELATION B E T W E E N SPECIFIC GRAVITY

AND DEG. A P I AT 60°F.

Specific Gravity = -- 141.5

+
131.5 "API

Degrees Specific Degrees Specific Degrees

A.P.I. Gravity A.P.I. Gravity A.F.1.

10 1.0000 40 .8251 70
11 .9930 41 .8203 71 .6988
12 .9861 42 .8155 72 .6952
13 .9792 43 .8109 73 .6919
14 .9725 44 .8063 74 .6886
15 .9659 45 .8017 75 .6852
16 .9593 46 .7972 76 .6819
17 .9529 47 .7927 77 .6787
18 .9465 48 .7883 78 .6754
19 .9402 49 .7839 79 .6722
20 .9340 50 .7796 80 .6690
21 .9279 51 .7753 81 .6659
22 .9218 52 .7711 82 .6628
23 .9159 53 .7669 83 .6597
24 .9100 54 .7628 84 .6566
25 .9042 55 .7587 85 .6536
26 .8984 56 .7547 86 .6506
27 .8927 57 .7507 87 .6476
28 .8871 58 .7467 88 .6446
29 .8816 59 .7428 89 .6417

30 .8762 60 .7389 90 .6388

31 .8708 61 .7351 91 .6360
32 .8654 62 .7313 92 .6331
33 .8602 63 .7275 93 .6303
34 .8550 64 .7238 94 .6275

35 .8498 65 .7201 95 .6247

66 .7165 96 .6220
36 .8448
67 .7128 97 .6193
37 .8398
38 .8348 68 .7093 98 .6166
39 .8299 69 .7057 99 .6139
100 .6112
78 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 18. DEGREES BRIX?

Per Cent Sugar (Degrees Balling's or Brix) with Corresponding
Specific Gravity and Degrees Baume. Temperature 60°F
Per cent sugar Per cent sugar
Balling's or Speclfic Degrees Balllng's or Specific De.-
Brix 60-F- gravity Baume Brix 60-F- l?y'?. Baume
15.56'C 60'/60'F 60'F 15.56'C 60 /60 F 60.F

0 1.0000 0.00 50 1.2328 27.38

1 1.0039 0.56 51 1.2384 27.91
2 1.0078 1.13 52 1.2439 28.43
3 1.0118 1.68 53 1.2496 28.96
4 1.0157 2.24 54 1.2552 29.48
5 1.0197 2.80 55 1.2609 30.00
6 1.0238 3.37 56 1.2667 30.53
7 1.0278 3.93 57 1.2724 31.05
8 1.0319 4.49 58 1.2782 31.56
9 1.0360 5.04 59 1.2841 32.08
10 1.8402 5.60 60 1.2900 32.60
11 1.0443 6.16 61 1.2959 33.11
12 1.0485 6.71 62 1.3019 33.63
i3 1.0628 7.28 63 1.3079 34.13
14 1.0670 7.81 64 1.3139 34.64
15 1.0613 8.38 65 1.3200 35.15
16 1.0657 8.94 66 1.3261 35.66
17 1.0700 9.40 67 1.3323 36.16
18 1.0744 10.04 68 1.3384 36.67
19 1.0788 10.69 69 1.3447 37.17
20 1.0833 11.15 70 1.3509 37.66
21 1.0878 11.70 71 1.3573 38.17
22 1.0923 12.25 72 1.3636 38.66
23 1.0968 12.80 73 1.3700 39.16
24 1.1014 13.35 74 1.3764 39.65
25 1.1060 13.90 75 1.3829 40.15
26 1.1107 14.45 76 1.3894 40.64
27 1.1154 15.00 77 1.3959 41.12
28 1.1201 15.54 78 1.4025 41.61
29 1.1248 16.19 79 1.4091 42.10
30 1.1296 16.63 80 1.4157 42.58
31 1.1345 17.19 81 1.4224 43.06
32 1.1393 17.73 82 1.4291 43.54
33 1.1442 18.28 83 I .4359 44.02
34 11491 18.81 84 I .4427 44.49
35 1.1541 19.36 85 1 A495 44.96
36 1.1591 19-90 86 1.4564 45.44
37 1.1641 20.44 87 1.4633 45.91
38 1.1692 20.98 88 1.4702 46.37
39 1.1743 21.52 89 1.4772 46.84
40 1.1794 22.06 90 1.4842 47.31
41 1.1846 22.60 91 1.4913 47.77
42 1.1898 23.13 92 1.4984 48.23
43 1.1950 23.66 93 1.5055 48.69
44 1.2003 24.20 94 1.5126 49.14.
45 1.2057 24.74 95 1.5198 49.59
46 1.2110 26.26 96 1.6270 50.04
47 1.2164 25.80 97 1.5343 50.49
48 1.2218 26.32 98 1.5416 50.94
49 1.2273 26.86 99 1.5489 51.39
100 1.5563 51.93
The above table is from the determinations of Dr. F. Plato, and has been
adopted a s standard by the United States Bureau of Standards.
tCourtesy Ingusoll-Rand Co. See Page 6.
 CONVERSION FACTORS 79

TABLE 19. CONVERSION FACTORS-WATER ANALYSIS

Examples: 5 Gr./gal. X 17.1 = 85.5 Ppm 103 Ppm X .07 7.21 Gr./lmp. Gal.
Grains per Grains per Parts per
US.Gallon Imp. Gallon Million or
Mg./liter
~~

Grains per US. Gal. 1.00 1.20 17.1

Grains per Imp. Gal. 0.835 1.00 14.3
Parts/MilUonor MilUgrams/liter ' 0.0585 0.07 1.o
TABLE 20. POUNDS PER CUBIC FOOT AT
VARIOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
specific Lb. Per Specific Lb. Per Specific Lb. P e r
Gravity Cu.Ft. Gravity cu. Ft. Gravity cu. Ft.
.90 66.16 1.40 87.36 1.90 118.66
.91 66.78 1.41 87.98 1.91 119.18
.92 67.41 1.42 88.61 1.92 119.81
.93 68.03 1.43 89.23 1.93 120.43
.94 68.66 1.44 89.86 1.94 121.06
.96 69.28 1.46 90.48 1.96 121.68
.96 69.90 1.46 91.10 1.96 122.30
.97 60.63 1.47 91.73 1.97 122.93
.98 61.16 1.48 92.36 1.98 123.66
.99 61.78 1.49 92.98 1.99 124.18
1.00 62.40 1.60 93.60 2.00 124.80
1.01 63.02 1.61 94.22 2.01 126.42
1.02 63.66 1.62 94.86 2.02 126.06
1.03 64.27 1.63 96.47 2.03 126.67
1.04 64.90 1.64 96.10 2.04 127.30
1.06 66.62 1.66 96.72 2.06 127.92
1.06 66.14 1.66 97.34 2.06 128.64
1.07 66.77 1.67 97.97 2.07 129.17
1.08 67.39 1.58 98.69 2.08 129.79
1.09 68.02 1.69 99.22 2.09 130.42
1.10 68.64 1.60 99.84 2.10 131.04
1.11 69.26 1.61 100.46 2.11 131.66
1.12 69.89 1.62 101.09 2.12 132.29
1.13 70.61 1.63 101.71 2.13 132.91
1.14 71.14 1.64 102.34 2.14 133.54
1.16 71.76 1.66 102.96 2.16 134.16
1.16 72.38 1.66 103.68 2.16 134.78
1.17 73.01 1.67 104.21 2.17 136.41
1.18 73.63 1.68 104.83 2.18 136.03
1.19 74.26 1.69 106.46 2.19 136.66
1.20 74.88 1.70 106.08 2.20 137.28
1.21 76.50 1.71 106.70 2.21 137.90
1.22 76.13 1.72 107.33 2.22 138.63
1.23 76.76 1.73 107.95 2.23 139.16
1.24 77.38 1.74 108.68 2.24 139.78
1.26 78.00 1.75 109.20 2.26 140.40
1.26 78.62 1.76 109.82 2.26 141.02
1.27 79.25 1.77 110.45 2.27 141.66
1.28 79.87 1.78 111.07 2.28 142.27
1.29 80.50 1.79 111.70 2.29 142.90
1.30 81.12 1.80 112.32 2.30 143.62
1.31 81.74 1.81 112.94 2.31 144.14
1.32 82.37 1.82 113.67 2.32 144.77
1.33 82.99 1.83 114.19 2.33 146.39
1.34 83.62 1.84 114.82 2.34 146.02
1.36 84.24 1.86 116.44 2.35 146.64
1.36 84.86 1.86 116.06 2.36 147.26
1.37 86.49 1.87 116.69 2.37 147.89
1.38 86.11 1.88 117.31
~~ ~~ 2.38 148.61
1.39 86.74 1.89 117.94 2.39 149.14
80 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
In010 olnoln olnoln olnoln olnoln olnoln olnoln
Nmb ONmb ONmb.ONuab ONmb O N m b O"+
W" m 4 t - m O"W n3t-m OW" m4t-m OW"
mrlw ~ m m mm o w 4 b m m e olnrlw ~ m m mm o w d
4m-F w + m o N*m+ morlm mwmm rlN*ln bmON
999 9991 q 1 q 1 ?@??PI N.N.N.? ???? 1 1 4 4
000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
m . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
0000
~~~ 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
mmmm m w m ~moor(+
t-omw
w mmo dmwln tr-l -mtm
-0
d t-wod
t-omw
N W ~ W tm- m~o rml m
m
wwwb
w.w w.w
t-bt-b
w.w w
t-bt-m 2ZSZ mmmm mmmm mmoo
. w. 9FW-W w. w.w .w
. . . w..m. w..w. .w w
. w. w. . w.w t. - b.
- 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
2:s:
mmmm mooo
882%
h . . . . . . . . .u a.m.m l.n . m. w. w. w. . . . . . . . ....
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
....
t-omw m ~ m mr l - t - 0 m w m ~m m ~ vt - o m w m ~ m m
wmmo rlmwm b m m d "aw + m o d Cu+mw bmod
rl3rlN "" NN" mmmm mmw+ a*** *elom
u,
4444 4444 4444 4444 4444 3454 4444
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
*
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
"". . . . NN"
. . . . ."
. ."
. ."
. ."
. . ."
. "
. . . NN"
. . NN"
0 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 0 0000 0000 0000 0000 do00
N
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dddd dddd ddd3 rlddd d d d d dddd d3"
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0300 0000
. . . .0
0000 . 0. 0. 0. .0.0.0.0 . O. d. d. 3. . . . . . . . rl3I-l' dddd ddd3
....
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
omwm "ad abom wmmln m3*+ omwm NwmN
04" uawt-m odmv uawmm ommw w b m m rleamm
0000 0000 ddd3 rldrld "" "" m m m n
9999 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9999 9999 9993
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
N N
N O N N Q N N P O
O M 3 0 0 -
3 m L o b m 3 m l n b m 3 m a r c
3 d 3 4 3 " N N
CONVERSION FACTORS 81
82 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

T A B L E 2 1 ~ . CONVERSION TABLE FOR APPROXIMATE

HARDNESS NUMBERS OBTAINED BY
D I F F E R E N T METHODS?
(Compiled mainly from manufacturers’ tables)

Brinell. 3000-kgload,
10 mm ball Rockwell Number
Shore
Dlameter of C Scale, 150 kg Sclero- Vickers
Indentation. Hardness load, 120’ B Scale. 100 kg scope Pyramid
dmm Number diamond cone load, 1/16 in. ball Number Number

2.40 653 62 ............ 86 783

2.60 555 55 ............ 75 622
2.80 477 49 ............ 66 513
3.00 415 44 ............ 58 439
3.10 388 41 ............ 54 404
3.20 363 39 ............ 51 374
3.30 34 1 37 ............ 48 352
3.40 321 35 ............ 45 329
3.50 302 32 ............ 42 303
3.60 285 30 ............ 40 285
3.70 269 27 ............ 37 269
3.80 255 25 ............ 35 255
3.90 241 23 99 33 241
4.00 229 20 98 32 229
4.10 2 17 ............ 96 30 217
4.20 207 95 29 207
4.30 197 93 28 197
4.40 187 91 27 187
4.50 179 ............ 89 25 179
4.60 170 ............ 87 24 170
4.70 163 ............ 85 23 163
4.80 156 82 23 156
4.90 149 ............ 80 22 149
5.00 143 78 21 143
5.10 137 ............ 75 20 137
5.20 131 ............ 73 19 131
5.30 126 70 18 126
5.40 121 68 17 121
5.50 116 65 16 116
5.60 111 ............ 62 _..
_.._. 111
5.70 107 ............ 60 ........ 107
5.80 103 ............ 57 103
5.90 99.2 ........... 55 ........ 99.2
6.00 95.5 ............ 52 ........ 95.5
6.10 92.0 ............ 4? ........ 92.0
6.20 88.7 ............ 47 88.7
6.30 85.5 ............ 44 ........ 85.5
6.40 82.5 42 ._____.. 82.5

tCorrtesy John Wiley and Sons. See Page 6.

 WATER DATA 83

SECTION IV-WATER DATA

CONTENTS
Page
Properties of Water-Viscosity ............................. 84
Properties of Water-Vapor Pressure. Specific Weight
Specific Gravity .......................
. 85
Table-Relation Altitude. Barometric Pressure. Atmospheric
Pressure. Boiling Point of Water ..................... 86
Water Requirements-Feeding Boilers ...................... 87
Water Requirements-Industrial Plants ..................... 88
Water Requirements-Public Buildings ..................... 90
Water Requirements-Swimming Pools ..................... 91
Water Requirements-Hot Water Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Water Requirements-Rural and Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Water Requirements-Irrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;. . . . . . . . .94
Land Drainage-Pumped Outlets ........................... 100
84 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

S E C T I O N IV-WATER DATA
P R O P E R T I E S O F WATER-VISCOSITY
In this handbook, the specific gravity is referred to water at
39.Z°F (4OC) as 1.000. This is its point of maximum density. Quite
often, however, it is referred to water at 60°F (15.6OC) as 1.000.
Based on water at 39.Z°F as 1.000, water at 60°F has a specific
gravity of 0.999+. Therefore, the base which is selected for use
makes no practical difference in pumping problems.

TABLE 22. VISCOSITY OF WATER

lbsolute Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity
Teemp-
F. Cen tiDoises Centistokes ssu f t’/sec
32 1.79 1.79 33.0 0.00001931
50 1.31 1.31 31.6 0.00001410
60 1.12 1.12 31.2 0.00001217
70 0.98 0.98 30.9 0.00001059
80 0.86 0.86 30.6 0.00000930
85 0.81 0.81 30.4 0.00000869
100 0.68 0.69 30.2 0.00000739
120 0.56 0.57 30.0 0.00000609
140 0.47 0.48 29.7 0.00000514
160 0.40 0.41 29.6 0.00000442
180 0.35 0.36 29.5 0.00000385
212 0.28 0.29 29.3 0.00000319
-- ~

TABLE 23. PROPERTIES O F WATER

Absolute Specific Gravity Specific Gravity
Temp.
OF.
Vapor Pressure (water at 39.2”~ F.
TtmP, Vapor Pressure (Water at 39.2’F
Psi. Ft. Water 1.000) Psi. Ft. Water = 1.000)
60 0.26 0.59 0.999 160 4.74 11.2 0.977
70 0.36 0.89 0.998 161 4.85 11.5 0.977
80 0.51 1.2 0.997 162 4.97 11.7 0.977
I
-.
85 0.60 1.4 0.996 163 5.09 18.0 0.976
90 0.70 1.6 0.995 164 5.21 12.3 0.976
100
110
- -.
120
0.95
1.27
-~
1.69
2.2
3.0
3.9
0.993
0.991
0.989
I 165
166
167
5.33
5.46
5.59
12.6
12.9
13.3
0.976
0.975
0.975
130 2.22 5.0 0.986 168 5.72 13.6 0.974
140 2.89 6.8 0.983 169 5.85 13.9 0.974
_ - . 3.72
150 8.8 0.981 1 170 5.99 14.2 0.974
151 3.81 9.0 0.981 171 6.13 14.5 0.973
152 3.90 9.2 0.980 172 6.27 14.9 0.973
153 4.00 9.4 0.980 173 6.42 15.2 0.973
154 4.10 9.7 0.979 174 6.56 15.6 0.972
155 4.20 9.9 0.979 175 6.71 15.9 0.972
156 4.31 . 10.1 0.979 176 6.87 16.3 0.972
157 4.41 10.4 0.978 177 7.02 16.7 0.971
158 4.52 10.7 0.978 178 7.18 17.1 0.971
159 4.63 10.9 0.978 179 7.34 17.4 0.971
 WATER DATA 85

TABLE 23. (Cont.) PROPERTIES O F WATER

Absol Ute Specific Gravity
Temp. Vapor Pressure (Water at 39.2"F
OF.
Psi. Ft. Water l'ooo)
180 7.51 17.8 0.970 225 18.92 45.9 0.953
181 7.68 18.3 0.970 226 19.28 46.8 0.953
182 7.85 18.7 0.970 227 19.65 47.7 0.952
183 8.02 19.1 0.969 228 20.02 48.6 0.952
184 8.20 19.5 0.969 229 20.40 49.5 0.951
185 8.38 20.0 0.969 230 20.78 50.5 0.951
186 8.57 20.4 0.968 231 21.17 51.4 0.951
187 8.76 20.9 0.968 232 21.57 52.5 0.950
188 8.95 21.4 0.967 233 21.97 53.5 0.950
189 9.14 21.8 0.967 234 22.88 54.5 0.950
190 9.34 22.3 0.966 235 22.80 55.5 0.949
191 9.54 22.8 0.966 236 23.22 56.6 0.949
192 9.75 23.3 0.965 237 23.65 57.8 0.948
193 9.96 23.8 0.965 238 24.09 58.8 0.948
194 10.17 24.3 0.965 239 24.53 59.8 0.948
195 10.38 24.9 0.964 240 24.97 ti1.0 0.947
196 10.60 25.4 0.964 241 25.43 62.1 0.947
197 10.83 25.9 0.963 242 25.89 63.3 0.946
198 11.06 26.6 0.963 243 26.36 64.5 0.946
199 11.29 27.1 0.963 244 26.83 65.G 0.946
200 11.53 27.6 0.963 245 27.31 66.8 0.945
201 11.77 28.2 0.962 250 29.83 73.2 0.943
202 12.01 28.8 0.962 260 35.44 87.4 0.938
203 12.26 29.4 0.962 270 41.87 103.6 0.933
204 12.51 30.0 0.961 280 49.22 122.8 0.927
205 12.77 30.6 0.961 290 57.57 144.0 0.923
206 13.03 31.2 0.960 300 67.0 168.6 0.918
207 13.30 32.0 0.960 310 77.7 197.0 0.913
208 13.57 32.6 0.960 320 89.7 228.4 0.908
209 13.84 33.2 0.959 330 103.0 264.0 0.902
210 14.12 33.9 0.959 340 118.0 305.0 0.896
21 1 14.41 34.6 0.958 350 134.6 349.0 0.891
212 14.70 35.4 0.958 360 153.0 399.2 0.886
213 14.99 36.2 0.957 380 195.8 517.7 0.874
214 15.29 37.0 0.957 400 247.3 663.9 0.861
215 15.59 37.7 0.957 420 308.8 842.4 0.847
216 15.90 38.4 0.956 440 381.6 1058.5 0.833
217 16.22 39.2 0.956 460 466.9 1318.0 0.818
218 16.54 40.0 0.956 480 566.1 1630.5 0.802
219 1G.86 40.8 0.955 500 680.8 2000.1 0.786
220 17.19 41.6 0.955 s20 812.4 2445.5 0.767
22 1 17.52 42.5 0.955 540 962.5 2980.4 0.746
222 17.86 43.3 0.954
223 18.21 44.2 0.954
224 18.56 45.0 0.953
86 HYDRAULIC IIANDBOOK

T A B L E 24. A T M O S P H E R I C PRESSURE, B A R O M E T E R
READING A N D BOILING P O I N T O F W A T E R A T
VARIOUS A L T I T U D E S
Alfltude Barometer Reading Atmos. Press. iling Point
3f yater
Feet Meters In.Hg. Mm. Hg. psia Ft. Water F

- 1000 - 304.8 31.0 788 15.2 35.2 213.8

' - 500 - 152.4 30.5 775 15.0 34.6 212.9
0 0.0 29.9 7 60 14.7 33.9 212.0
+ 500 + 152.4 29.4 747 14.4 33.3 211.1
+ 1000 304.8 28.9 734 14.2 32.8 210.2
1500 457.2 28.3 719 13.9 32.1 209.3
2000 609.6 27.8 706 13.7 31.5 238.4
2500 762.0 27.3 694 13.4 31.0 207.4
3000 914.4 26.8 681 13.2 30.4 206.5
3500 1066.8 26.3 668 12.9 29.8 205.6
4000 1219.2 25.8 655 12.7 29.2 204.7
4500 1371.6 25.4 645 12.4 28.8 203.8
5000 1524.0 24.9 633 12.2 28.2 202.9
5500 1676.4 24.4 620 12.0 27.6 201.9
6000 1828.8 24.0 610 11.8 27.2 201.0
6500 1981.2 23.5 597 11.5 26.7 200.1
7000 2133.6 23.1 587 11.3 26.2 199.2
7500 2286.0 22.7 577 11.1 25.7 198.3
8000 2438.4 22.2 564 10.9 25.2 197.4
8500 2590.8 21.8 554 10.7 24.7 196.5
9000 2743.2 21.4 544 10.5 24.3 195.5
9500 2895.6 21.0 533 10.3 23.8 194.6
10000 3048.0 20.6 523 10.1 23.4 193.7
 WATER DATA 87

TABLE 25. WATER REQUIRED TO

F E E D BOILERS, U. S. GPM.

Boiler Hp gpm lb./hr. Boiler Hp gpm lb./hr.

10 0.7 345 175 12.1 6037

20 1.4 690 200 13.8 6900
30 2.1 1035 225 15.5 7762
40 2.8 1380 250 17.2 8625
50 3.5 1725 300
60 4.1 2070 350
70 4.8 2415 400
80 5.5 2760 450 31.1 15525
90 6.2 3105 500 34.5 17250
100 6.9 3450 600 41.4 20700
125 8.6 4312 750 51.8. 25875
150 10.4 5175 1000 69.0 34500

A Boiler horsepower is equivalent to the evaporation of 34.5

lbs. of water per hour from a feed water temperature of 212OF
into steam at 212OF or, in other terms, is equal t o the evaporation
of 0.069 gpm per Boiler hp. The accompanying table of water
requirements is based on these values.

I n selecting a Boiler Feed Pump i t should be remembered that

most Boilers are operated at more than 100% of their rating. W i t h
modern firing methods 200% to 300% is not uncommon even with
small Boilers. For example a 200 Hp Boiler operating at 300%
of rating will actually evaporate 600 Boiler H p or 41.4 gpm.

A Boiler Feed pump should always develop a pressure higher

than the Boiler pressure. The amount the pump pressure exceeds
the Boiler pressure is called the Excess Pressure. T h i s excess
pressure is needed to overcome the friction losses in the check
valve, regulating valve, piping and in the static elevation differ-
ence between the pump location and the water level in the boiler.
T h e amount of excess pressure required should be determined
from the layout of the installation. Generally, for estimating pur-
poses, excess pressures of 25 lbs. for 100 lb. pressure Boilers t o
50 lbs. for 300 lb. Boilers can be used.
88 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 26. WATER REQUIREMENTS-INDUSTRIAL

The quantities reported below a r e clearly those of water intake-that

is, t h e amount which i s piped into a n establishment-rather than consump-
tive use-the amount discharged to t h e atmosphere or incorporated into t h e
products of a process. Thus, t h e wide ranges sometimes given reflect not
only differences in processes o r products, but differences in the use of water.
In arid areas, where even the most rigorous conservation methods are eco-
nomically feasible, “intake” i s only a fraction of what i t may be in areas
where water is abundant, although “consumptive use” is virtually t h e same.

CHEMICALS UNIT WATER REQUIRED

gal

Alcohol, industrial, (100 proof) gal 120

Alumina (Bayer process) ton 6,300
Ammonium sulfate ton 200,000
Butadiene ton 20.000-660.000*
Calcium carbide ton 30;OOO
Carbon dioxide (from flue gas) ton 20,000
Cottonseed oil gal 20
Gunpowder or explosives ton 200.000
Hydrogen ton 660;OOO
Oxygen, liquid 1,000 cu f t 2,000
Soap (laundry) ton 500
Soda a s h (ammonia soda ton 18,000
process) 58%
Sodium chlorate ton 60,000
Sulfuric acid (contact ton 650-4,875*
process) 100%

FOODS

Bread ton 500-1,OOOt

Canning 100 cases # 2 cans 750-25,OOOt
Corn ( webmilling) bu. corn 140-240t
Corn syrup bu. corn 30-40t
Gelatin (edible) ton ’ 13,200-20,000t
Meat:
Packing ton live animals 4,130
Packing house operation 100 hog units 55,000
Milk and milk products:
Butter ton 5,000
Cheese ton 4,000
Receiving & bottling ton 9,000
Sugar :
Beet s u g a r ton 2,160
Cane s u g a r ton 1,000

PAPER & PULP

Ground wood pulp ton dry 4,000-50,000*

K r a f t pulp ton dry 93,000
Soda pulp ton dry 85,000
Sulfate pulp ton dry 70,000
Sulfite pulp ton dry 70,000-133,000*
Paper ton 39,000
 WATER DATA 89

TABLE 26. (Continued)

P A P E R & P U L P (Cont.)

UNIT WATER REQUIRED

gal
Paperboard ton 15,000-90,000*
Strawboard ton 26,000

PETROLEUM

Gasolinr, natural gal 20

Oil refining 100 bbl. 77,000
Refined products 100 bbl. 15,000-1,500,000*

SYNTHETIC F U E L

By coal hydrogenation 100 bbl.

From coal 100 bbl. 1,115,000
From natural gas 100 bbl. 373,GOO
From shale 100 bbl. 87,300

TEXTILES

Cotton :
Bleaching ton produced 60,000-80,000
Dyeing ton produced 8,000-16,000
Rayon :
Cuprammonium (11% moisture) ton yarn 9O,OOO-lGO,OOO~
Viscose ton yarn 200,000
Weave, dye & finish 1,000 yard 15,000
Woolens ton produced 140,000

MISCELLANEOUS

Cement, portland ton 750

Coal & coke:
By product coke ton 1,500-3,600t
Washing ton 200
Electric power, steam gcncmted kwhr 80-170*
Hospitals bed per d a y 135-150
Iron o r e (brown) ton 1,000
Laundries :
Commercial ton work 8,600-11,400t
Institutional ton work 6,000
Leather tanning:
Vegetable 100 bbl. r a w hide .800
Chrome 100 bbl. r a w hide 800
Rock wool ton 5,000
Rubber, synthetic:
Buna S ton 631,450
GR-S ton 28,000-670,000*
Steel (rolled) net ton 15,000-110,000*
Sulfur mining ton 3,000

--Compiled by t h e American Water Works Assn., New York (Dec. 1953)

*Range from no reuse to maximum recycling.
tBange covers various products or processes involved.
90 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
m
B1
G
 WATER DATA 91

WATER REQUIREMENTS - SWIMMING POOLS+

Table 28. indicates capacity required for swimming pools, de-
pending upon the number of bathers accommodated per day.
Many localities require that the period of recirculation must not
exceed 8 hr.; others are less exacting. The period of refiltra-
tion of the pool takes into account the amount of water per bather
per day, determined empirically.
The pump requirements depend upon various factors compris-
ing the head, and upon the rate of refiltration and backwash of
filter. The head is comprised of total friction in the pipes leaving
the pool and draining it into the filters, as well as of the back
pressure at inlets, strainers, and the resistance to filter beds. Total
head is usually figured between 40 and 60 ft., depending upon
pool size.
I n selecting the capacity of pump, the local requirement of the
minimum period of refiltration is used. I n addition t o t h e duty of
recirculating, the pump must also be capable of supplying water
for backwash. The flow through each filter when backwashing is
four times the normal flow.
When the filter installation consists of three or more filters,
and only one is backwashed a t a time, then the pool circulating
pump will have ample capacity for backwashing.
If a single filter i s used, a separate backwash pump should be
provided with a capacity aproximately four times that of the
circulating pump.

TABLE 28. WATER REQUIREMENTS-SWIMMING POOLS

-A-7-
"-
A
B
C
i
HIWIDTH OF POOL

Holding
Capacity,
Gallons A B C D E F G n
-
55,500 8' 9' 5' 3'3'' 15" 20 60 20'
~~

80,800 8' 9' 5' 3'3" 15' 20' 75' 25'

120,000 8' 9'6' 5' 3'3" 18' 25' 90 30
155,600 8' 10' 5' 3'3" 18" 25' 106' 35'
207,600 8' 10 5' 3'3" 20' 30' 120 40'
264,000 8' 10 6' 3'3" 20 30' 135' 45'
306,000 8' 10 5' 3'3" 20' 30' 150 50
422,400 8' 10' 5' 3'3" 20" 30' 180 60'
558,000 8' 10' 5' 3'3 20' 30' 210' 70'
tCourlery McGraw-Hill Book Go. See page 6.
92 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

BATHING CAPACITY PER DAY ASSUMING 24-HOUR OPERATION

ON BASIS OF REFILTRATION IN-
Holding 8 Hours 10 Hours 12 Hours 16 Hours
Capacity. 400 Gallons 625 Gallons 900 Gallons 1600 Gallons
Gallons Per Bather Per Bather Per Bather Per Bather
Pump Pump Pump Pump
Bathers Capacity Bathers Capacity Bathers Capacity Bathers Capacity
Gpm Gpm Gpm Gpm
55,500 418 116 214 93 124 72 53 58
80,800 606 168 311 135 180 112 76 84
120,000 900 250 461 200 267 167 113 125
155.600 1170 324 597 260 346 216 146 162
207;SOO 1555 432 796 346 461 288 195 216
254,000 1905 530 975 423 565 353 238 264
306.000 2300 638 1177 510 681 425 288 318
422;400 3170 880 1623 705 950 586 397 440
558,000 4180 1160 2145 930 1242 775 524 581

W A T E R REQUIREMENTS :
DOMESTIC H O T W A T E R SERVICE
Where a hot water system has long runs of pipe with numerous
elbows, the friction may be sufficient to prevent the normal and
natural circulation of the hot water. I n which event, a pump is
installed to supply the circulation.
When a pump is installed, it is, connected in the return end of
the system where the return pipe connects to the cold water side
of the heater.
T h e purpose of the pump is not to pump the hot water to the
fixtures, but to circulate the water in the system rapidly enough
so that when a faucet is opened, hot water may be almost instantly
drawn. Therefore, the capacity of the pump should be such that
i t moves the water through the pipes sufficiently fast to prevent
it from cooling.
T h e capacity of a pump, determined by the following rule, will
insure proper circulation so that a supply of hot water may always
be available at the faucct.
O N E gallon per minute for each t w e n t y fixtures
using hot water where hot water pipes are covered.
O N E gallon per minute f o r each four fixtures using
hot water where hot water pipes are not covered.
The friction in a domestic hot water system is usually nominal;
therefore, the head against which the pump must discharge will
very rarely exceed fifteen t o twenty feet.
 WATER DATA 93

FIG. 28. PUMP CAPACITY FOR FORCED HOT WATER

CIRCULATION A T VARIOUS TEMPERATURE
DROPS IN HEATING SYSTEM

100 ZOO 300 400 500 600

Capacity of circulating pump in US gpm

Example: 1,000,000 B.T.U. are being dissipated hourly and the

temperature drop in the system i s 15 deg. F. The pump must
handle 150 U.S.g.p.m.
94 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 29.
W A T E R REQUIREMENTS - RURAL & DOMESTIC

Residence-Rural :
Each person per day, for all purposes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 gal.
Each horse, dry cow or beef animal per day.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 gal.
Each milking cow per day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 gal.
Each hog per d a y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 gal.
Each sheep per day.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 gal.
Each 100 chickens per d a y . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 gal.

Residence-Urban :
Drinking fountain, continuously flowing. . . . . .50to 100 gal. per day
Each shower bath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 to 60 gal.
To fill bathtub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 gal.
To flush toilet.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 t o 7 gal.
To fill lavatory.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l t o 2 gal.
To sprinkle M" of water on each 1000 square feet of lawn. . . .160 gal.
Dish Washing Machine - per load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 t o 20 gal.
Automatic washer - per load.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 to 50 gal.
Regeneration of Domestic Water Softener. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SO-150gal.

By Fixtures:
,..
. . . . . . . 4 t o 8 gpm
Toilet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 to 5 gpm
Lavatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 t o 4 gpm
Kitchen sink. . . . . . . . 2 to 5 gpm
x"
N"
hose and nozzle.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,200 gph
hose and nozzle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 gph
Lawn sprinkler. . . . . .......
Above requirements are average and consumption or use will vary
with location, persons, animals and weather.

WATER REQUIRED - IRRIGATIONt

I n the spring of the year after the heavy rains have ceased, the
soil is wet to its maximum water holding capacity but it cannot
be maintained in this condition through the summer growing sea-
son without the addition of water. The purpose of irrigation is
to supplement natural rainfall and t o supply the requisite amount
of water to a cropped soil. The correct amount of water to apply
will depend upon the type of crop-which determines t h e depth
of penetration required-and upon the type of soil-which deter-
mines the amount of water that the soil can hold.
tCourtesy A r m c o D r a i n a g e and M e t a l Products, Inc. See page 6.
 WATER DATA 95

T A B L E 30.
AMOUNT O F W A T E R NECESSARY T O I R R I G A T E A
SOIL T O A FIVE-FOOT DEPTH

Inches of water required t o increase

moisture content from permanent
Soil Type wilting percentage to maximum field
capacity.
Sandy Soils ..................... 3 to 5 inches
Medium Soils ................... 6 to 10 inches
Heavy Soils .................... 12 to 15 inches
Permanent wilting percentage is the percentage 05 moisture a t which crop
plants commence t o wilt a n d below which moisture should not be allowed to
fall.
Maximum field capacity is t h e maximum percentage of moisture a soil will
retain a f t e r irrigation.

Clay soils may hold as much as 40 per cent of their dyr weight
in moisture, whereas sandy soils may retain only 8 per cent. Not
all of this moisture, however, is available to plants. A certain per-
centage is held tightly by the soil particles and can not be taken
up by the plant roots. T h e percentage so held may be as low as
2 per cent in sandy soils, but as high as 25 per cent in clay soils.
When the water contents of these soils are permitted to fall t o
these percentages, plants will wilt and will perish unless water
is added. Water should be applied before these wilting percent-
ages are reached, to prevent damage to crops.
In applying water, best results are obtained when just enough
water is applied to increase the moisture content of the root zone
to the maximum water holding capacity of the soil. If more than
this amount is applied i t will move downward below the reach of
the plant roots and will be lost. On the other hand, too shallow
an irrigation should be avoided to eliminate high evaporation
losses.
Since light sandy soils retain little moisture they require more
frequent irrigations with relatively smaller amounts of water.
A one-inch application on a sandy soil will penetrate twelve
inches or more. Medium loam soils retainzmore moisture than
sandy soils so may be irrigated at greater intervals, but with larger
amounts. A one-inch application on a loam soil will penetrate
six to ten inches.
Since heavy clay soils will hold a higher percentage of water
than the other types, when once well moistened throughout the
root zone they will retainfmoisture for a longer time and there-
fore require less frequent irrigations. The rate of application of
water to clay soils must be much slower than for the lighter types,
however, since water penetrates such soils slowly. One inch of
water slowly applied to a heavy clay soil will penetrate 4 or 5
inches.
 96 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

T A B L E 31.
AMOUNT O F W A T E R AND FREQUENCY OF
I R R I G A T I O N R E Q U I R E D F O R VARIOUS CROPS
Amount of Watcr to be Time Between
Crop Applied at Each Irrigation, Irrigation,
Inches Days

Pastures ....................... . 2 to 3 14 to 21
Alfalfa ........................ . 3 to 6 30 to 45
Root Crops .................... . 2 to 3 15 to 30
Vegetables ..................... . 2 to 3 14 to 21
Berries ........................ .2 t o 3 15 to 30
Orchards ...................... .4 to 6 30 t o 60
Ladino Clover ................... 2 to 3 14 to 21
-
The number of irrigations required will depend upon the time of planting,
the time of harvest and the occurence of n a t u r a l rainfall.
Generally speaking at most any place in the world 4“ of precipi-
tation per month will produce a crop. Irrigation should add the
amount natural rainfall lacks. Water should never be put on the
soil faster than the soil can absorb it.

T A B L E 32. P E A K M O I S T U R E U S E F O R COMMON
I R R I G A T E D CROPS A N D O P T I M U M YIELDS*t
Cool Climate Moderate Climate Hot Climate

Crop Acre Inches Gpm/ Acre Inches Gpm/ Acre Inches Gpm/
/Acre/Day Acre (1) /Acre/Day Acre /Acre/Day Acre

Alfalfa .15 2.8 .20 3.8 .30 6.7

Pasture .12 2.3 .16 3.0 .25 4.7
Grain .15 2.8 .20 3.8 .22 4.2
Potatoes .10 1.9 .12 2.3 .14 2.6
Beets .12 2.3 .15 2.8 .20 3.8
Deciduous Orchard .15 2.8 .20 3.8 .25 4.7
Orchard with Cover .20 3.8 .25 4.7 .30 5.7
*A.W. McCulloch. S.D.S. U.S.D.A.
(1) Continuous flow required per a c r e at 100% irrigation efficiency. Mul-
tiply values given by the following factors:
F o r Hot d r y climate 1.67
F o r Moderate climate 1.43
F o r Humid or Cool climate 1.25
Maximum precipitation r a t e s f o r overhead irrigation on level ground :
Light sandy soils-1.5” t o 0.75” per h r . 4 7 9 t o 339 gpm p e r acre.
Medium textured soils-0.75” to 0.50” per hr.-339 to 226 gpm per acre.
Heavy textured soils--O.50“ to 0.20’’ p e r hr.-226 to 90 gpm per acre.
Allowable rates increase with adequate cover a n d decrease with land slopes.
tCovrtesy Rain Bird Sprinkler Mfg. Corp. See page 6.
 WATER DATA 97

Table 33 is based on 100% irrigation efficiency and 24 hour

per day operation.
Example: 2” of precipitation is to be applied every 15 days,
sprinkler system operated 8 hours per day in a moderate climate.
2.55 X 3 X 1.43 = 10.94 gpm per acre.
1.43 = factor obtained from footnote (1) of Table 32.

T A B L E 33. G.P.M. P E R ACRE R E Q U I R E D F O R

O V E R H E A D IRRIGATION-24 HOUR OPERATION?
Inches per Irrigation
Fre-

6m
quency 1 1% 2 2% 3 4 5
7 days 2.69 4.03 5.37 6.70 8.06 10.75 13.43 16.1
8 ” 2.36 3.52 4.70 5.88 7.05 9.40 11.75 14.1
9 ” 2.10 3.14 4.19 5.23 6.28 8.36 10.47 12.58
10 If 1.88 2.82 3.76 4.70 5.65 7.54 9.40 11.3
11 ” 1.71 2.56 3.42 4.27 5.13 6.84 8.55 10.28
I 12 If 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.92 4.71 6.27 7.85 9.40
13 .“. 1.45 2.18 2.90 3.62 4.35 5.80 7.25 8.70
14 ” 1.35 2.02 2.69 3.36 4.04 5.38 6.73 8.08
15 ” 1.26 1.88 2.55 3.14 3.76 5.02 6.28 7.54
16 ” 1.18 1.7.7. 2.36 2.94 3.54 4.71 5.90 7.06
17 ” 1.11 1.66 ’ 2.22 2.77 3.33 4.44 5.55 6.65
18 “ 1.05 1.57 2.09 . 2.62 3.14 4.18 5.24 6.28
19 ” 0199 1.49 1.98 2;48 2.98 3.97 4.96 5.95
20 0.94 1.41 1.88 2.36 “2.83 3.77 4.71 5.66
21 If 0.90 1.35 1.80 2.24 2.69 3.59 4.49 5.39
22 ” 0.86 1.28 1.71 2.14 2.57 3.43 ,4.28 5.14
23 ” 0.82 1.23 1.64 2.05 2.46 3.28 4.09 4.91
24 0.78 1.18 1.57 1.96 2.36 3.14 3.92 4.71
25 I’ 0.75 1.13 1.51 1.88 2.26 3.02 3.76 4.52
26 0.72 1.09 1.45 1.81 2.18 2.90 3.62 4.35
27 ” 0.70 1.05 1.40 1.75 2.10 2.78 3.49 4.18
28 0.67 1.01 1.35 1.68 2.02 2.69 3.36 4.03
29 ” 0.65 0.97 1.30 1.62 1.95 2.60 3.25 3.90
30 ” 0.63 0.94 1.26 1.57 1.88 2.51 3.14 3.76
For 12 hour operation multiply by 2. For 8 hour operation multiply by 3. etc.

W A T E R REQUIREMENTS - IRRIGATION O F TURF-

GOLF COURSES, PARKS, AIRPORTS, C E M E T E R I E S
T h e U. S. Department of Agriculture estimates that good
healthy turf requires one inch of water per week but that no
stand of turf can use more,than a quarter inch of water per hour.
(If water is applied at a faster rate, flooding occurs). T h i s one
tCoirrfesy Rain Bird Sprinkler Aifg. Corp. See page 6.
98 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
1 d d d
 WATER DATA 99
m
-
E
0
e
d
I I
I IC%
100 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

inch of water per week can fall in the form of rain, heavy dews,
or be mechanically applied by sprinkling systems. T h e sprinkling
system should be of ample capacity to supply sufficient water
without rain or dew. One inch of water per week on an acre rep-
resents 27,150 gallons of water weekly. One acre is equal to
43,560 square feet.

The best results are obtained with water at atmospheric tem-

perature. For this reason, if the water supply is from a deep
well, it is usually brought t o the surface with deep well pumps
and discharged into artificial lakes or ponds. From the lakes or
ponds the water is taken by the sprinkler pump.

On the average 18 hole golf course the greens and tees are
always watered an6 in the majority of cases a pump with a
capacity of 150 t o 175 Gpm is ample. T h e fairways averaging 300
yards long and approximately 60 yards wide represent 52 acres
of fairway. If we figure 27,150 gallons per acre per week, the 52
acres of fairway will require approximately 1,415,000 gallons of
water per week. If it is estimated that the sprinkler pumping
will be done in fifty hours per week (3000 minutes) the pumping
rate will be 472 Gpm. T h i s is about the usual practice, the sprink-
ling is done in a little over seven hours per night, seven nights a
week. T h e average eighteen hole golf course requires a pump ap-
proximately 500 Gpm for fairway watering.

L A N D DRAINAGE - PUMPED OUTLETS

Each installation must be analized before determining the pump
capacity. For preliminary estimates the following factors may be
found helpful.

Multiply the land area t o be drained in acres by the factor below

t o obtain the pump capacity in gpm:

Tile systems, subsurface drainage only-7 gpm per acre.

Surface drainage by ditch or tile, field crops-10 gpm per acre.
Surface drainage by ditch or tile, truck crops-15 gpm per acre.
 VISCOUS LIQUIDS 101

SECTION V-VISCOUS LIQUIDS

CONTENTS
Page
Properties of Viscous Liquids .............................. so2
Kinematic Viscosity of Common Liquids ...................................... 103
Chart-Relation of Temperature and Viscosity .......................... 108
Chart-Temperature - Viscosity Relation of Fuel 0 3 s .. 109
Chart-Viscosity Blending ................................................................ 110
Table-Viscosity Conversion ............................................................ 111
Friction of Viscous Liquids I n Pipes ......
Friction of Viscous Liquids I n Pipe Fittings .............................. 113
Chart-Relation Kinematic Viscosity and Reynolds Number ....115
Table-Friction of Viscous Liquids In Pipes .116
Chart-Friction Loss I n Pipes .......................................................... 120
Centrifugal Pump Performance When Handling
Viscous Liquids ................................................................................ 121
Chart-Centrifugal Pump Performance Correction Factors ...... 124
Chart-Comparison Centrifugal Pump Perfo
Viscous Liquids and Water ..........................
Chart-Correction Chart F o r Viscosity and Temperature,
Reciprocating Pumps ...................................................................... 125
102 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

SECTION V -PUMPING VISCOUS LIQUIDS

PROPERTIES O F LIQUIDS
I n order to solve problems involving liquids other than water,
it is essential that certain liquid properties, and their relations to
each other, be understood and utilized correctly. These are spe-
cific gravity, s g ; density, p (Greek letter Rho); absolute viscosity,
p (Greek letter mu) ; and kinematic viscosity, Y (Greek letter nu).
S P E C I F I C GRAVITY (sg)
The specific gravity of a liquid is a relative term, which shows
,the fluid’s density with reference to fresh water at 39.2 deg. F, the
point a t which its density is 1.0 gr. per cu. cm.
Gravity of liquids may be given in either specific gravity di-
rectly, degrees Baume, degrees A P I (for oils) or Degrees Brix
(for sugar) and many others, all of which are definitely related.
Some of these relations are given in Section 111.
DENSITY p (Greek Letter rho)
The density of a liquid is the mass per unit volume and in the
English system is expressed as w/g where w is always the weight
in lbs./cu. ft. and g is the acceleration caused by gravity and is
taken as 32.2 ft./sec./sec., or ft./sec2. Density may also be com-
puted for any liquid as follows.
Density, (p) = sg X 62.4/32.2 slugs/cu. ft.
VISCOSITY
T h e viscosity of a liquid is a measure of the internal friction
tending to resist flow. This resistance t o flow, expressed as a co-
efficient of absolute viscosity, is the force required to overcome
the unit shear stress at a unit rate of shearing strain.
Viscosity is expressed in t w o ways, namely Absolute or Dy-
namic viscosity, p (Greek letter mu) and Kinematic viscosity Y
(Greek letter nu).
(1) The unit of Absolute viscosity in the metric system is the
dyne-second per square centimeter. T h i s unit is called a poise.
The unit of Absolute viscosity in the English system has no name
but is measured in pound seconds per square foot which may also
be expressed as slugs per foot-second. T o convert from one system
of measurement to another:
100 centipoises = 1 poise = .00209 lb. sec./ft.2
(2) Kinematic viscosity in the metric system is measured in
stokes, the unit of which is centimeters squared per second. I n
the English system the unit is feet ,squared per second. T o convert:
100 centistokes = 1 stoke = .00108 ft.2/sec.
T h e above two expressions of viscosity are related for any liquid
because the Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the Absolute vis-
cosity to the density. Hence Kinematic viscosity equals p/p
(mu/rho).
 VISCOUS LIQUIDS 103

When the English system is used it is recommended that the

Kinematic viscosity (ft.l/sec.) always be determined by dividing
the Absolute viscosity (lb. sec./sq.ft.) by the Density expressed
as w/g (lbs. per ft.a divided by 32.2 ft./sec.l).
Engineers often prefer the use of centistokes because arith-
metical errors are reduced as the numerical values in centistokes
are almost always whole numbers rather than decimals. When
using v = ft.l/sec. decimal point errors must be guarded against.
VISCOSITY, SSU
I n many tables and diagrams the variables are shown in relation
to Kinematic viscosity expressed as Seconds Saybolt Universal
(SSU) directly. I n others the Kinematic viscosity, v (nu), is ex-
pressed at ft.2/sec. The relation between the two is shown in
Fig. 32. I t may be computed approximately as follows:
v (ft.l/sec.) = 0.000002433 SSU - O.O021O/SSU
SSU in this equation being 100 or less
v (ft.2/sec.) = 0.000002368 SSU ,- O.O0145/SSU
SSU in this equation being greater than 100.
For conversion to ft.2/sec. from other viscosity determinations
such as Saybolt Furol, Redwood, Engler, Barbey and,centistokes
see Table 36A.

TABLE 36.
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY O F COMMON LIQUIDS+
Liquid VISCOSITY
*Sg. at 60" F - ssu At F
ASPHALTS:
Unblended or virgin asphalts 1.1 to 1.5 2.500 to 12.000 250
600to 3,600 300
B:ended Asphalt
RS-1. MS-1 or SS-1 emulsified primer or
binder Approx 1.0 155 to 1,000 71
g o t o 350 100
RC-0. MC-0 or SC-0 cutbacks or binders Approx 1.0 737 to 1.500 77
28Oto 500 100
RC-1. MC-1 or SC-1 cutbacks or binders Approx 1.0 2.400 to 5.000 100
737 to 1.500 122
RC-2. MC-2 or SC-2 cutbacks or blnders Approx 1.0 2,400 to 5.000 122
1,000 to 2.000 140
RC-3. MC-3 or SC-3 cutbacks or blnders Approx 1.0 6.000 to 13.000 122
2,500 to 5.000 140
RC-4. MC-4 or SC-4 cutbacks or binders Approx 1.0 8,000 to 20.000 140
1.250 to 2.500 180
RC-5. MC-5 or SC-5 cutbacks or binders Appmx 1.0 28,000 to 85,000 140
3.000 to 6.000 180
Asphalt Emulsion Type I Federal Aparox 1.0 1,000 to 7.000 17
Specification 350 to 1.700 100
Asphalt Emulsion Types 11. V and VI Apprax 1.0 155 to 1.000 77
Federal Specificauon 9 o t o 350 100
CHEMICALS :
Acetlc Acid f 100%) 1.05 31.2t 68
Acetone (100%) .79 29.6t 68
*Unles3 otherwise noted.
tData added from other sources.
#Com&sy Hydrovlic Insti1ds. See page 6.
104 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 36. (Cont.)

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY O F COMMON LIQUIDS
VISCOSITY
Liquid *Sg. a t 60" F ssu At F

Alcohol-Ethyl (100%) .79 32 3t 68

Benzol .88 @ 68' F 30 3t 68
Black Liquor (typical) 1.30 5.000 122
2.500 130
Carbon Tetrachloride 1.59 @ 68" F 30.1 t 68
Caustic Soda Solutions:
20% Na OH 1.22 39.4 65
30% Na OH 1.33 58.1 65
40% Na OH 1.43 110.1 65
Ethyl Acetate .90 @ 68" F 29.7t 68
Formic Acid 1.22 @ 68'F 32.47 68
Freon 1.37 to 1.49 @ 70' F 29.3t 70
Glycerine (100%) 1.26 @ 68" F 2.950 68.6
813 100
Glycol:
Propylene 1.04t 240.6 70
Triethylene 1.13t 185.7 70
Diethylene 1.12 149.7 70
Ethylene 1.13 88.4 70
Hydrochloric Acid (31.5%) 1.15t 33t 68
Mercury 13.6 70
Nitric Acidt 1.41 31.5 68
Phenol (Carbolic Acid) .95 to 1.08 65 65
Silicate of Soda 1.38 365 100
1.41 637.6 100
Sulfuric Acid (100% I 1.83 75.7 68
FISH AND ANIMAL OILS:
Bone Oil .92 220 130
65 212
Cod Oil .93 150 100
95 130
Lard .96 2R7 100
160 130
Lard Oil .91 to .93 190 to 220 100
112 to 128 130
Menhadden Oil .93 140 100
90 130
Neatsfoot Oil .92 230 100
130 130
Sperm Oil .88 110 100
78 130
Whale Oil .93 163 to 184 100
97 to 112 130
MINERAL OILS
Automobile Cranckcase Oils
(Average Midcontinent Paraffin Base):
SAE 10 **.88 to .94 165 to 240 100
90 to 120 130
SAE 20 **.88 to .94 240 to 400 100
120 to 185 130
SAE 30 **.88 to .94 400 to 580 100
185 to 255 130
SAE 40 **.88 to .94 580to 950 100
255 to 130
80 210
SAE 50 **.88 to .94 950 to 1.600 100
80 to 105 210
SAE 60 **A8to .94 1,600 to 2.300 100
105to 125 210
SAE 70 **.as to .94 2,300 to 3.100 100
125 to 150 210
*Unless otherwise noted.
**Depends a n origin or percent and type of solvent.
tData added from other sources.
 VISCOUS LlOUlDS 105

T A B L E 36. (Cont.)
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY O F COMMON LIQUIDS

VISCOSITY
Liquid *Sg. at 60' F ssu At F

SAE 1OW **.E8 to .94 5.000 to 10.000 0

SAE 2OW ".88 to .94 lO.000 to 40.000 0
Automobile Transmission Lubricants:
SAE 80 '"3 to .94 100,000max 0
SAE 90 **.E8 to .94 800 to 1,500 100
300 to 500 130
SAE 140 **.88 to .94 950 to 2.300 130
120 to 200 210
SAE 250 99.88 to .94 Over 2.300 130
Over 200 210
Crude Oils:
Texas. Oklahoma .81 to .92 40 to 783 60
34.2 to 210 100
Wyoming. Montana .86 to .88 74 to 1.215 60
46 to 320 100
California .78 to .92 40 to 4.840 60
34 to 700
Pennsylvania .8 to .85 46 to 216
38to 86
Diesel Engine Lubricating Oils (Based on
Average Mldcontinent Paraffin Base):
Federal Specification No. 9110 ".88 to .94 165 to 240 100
90 to 120 130
Federal Specification No. 9170 09.88 to .94 300 to 410 100
140 to 180 130
Federal Specification No. 9250 **.E8 to .94 470 to 590 100
200 to 255 130
Federal Specification No. 9370 **.88 to .94 800 to 1,100 100
320 to 430 130
Federal Specification No. 9500 *9.mto .94 490 to 600 130
92 to 105 210
Diesel Fuel Oils:
No. 2 D **.82 to .95 32.6 to 45.5 100
39 130
No. 3 D **.82 to .95 45.5 to 65 100
39 to 48 130
No. 4 D **.a2to .95 140 max 100
70 max 130
No. 5 D **.82 to .95 400 max 122
165 max 160
Fuel Oils:
No. 1 **.82 to .95 34 to 40 70
32 to 35 100
No. 2 **.82to .95 36 to 50 70
33 to 40 100
No. 3 **.82 to .95 35 to45 100
32.8 to 39 130
No. SA *'.82 to .95 50 to 125 100
42 to 72 130
No. 5 B **.82 to .95 125 to 100
dnn 122
72 to ii6 130
No. 6 **.a2 to .95 450 to 3.000 122
175 to 780 160
Fuel Oil-Navy specification **.99 max 110 l o 225 122
63 to 115 160
Fuel Oil-Navy XI 1.0 max 1.500 max 122
480 max 160
Gasoline .68 to .74 30 t 60
29.9t 100
Gasoline (Natural) .68 29.6t 68

*Unless otherwise noted.

**Depends on origin or percent and type of solvent.
tData added from other sources.
 106 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 36. (Cont.)

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY OF COMMON LIQUIDS
VISCOSITY
Ltquld *Sg. at 60" B ssu At'F
cas Oil as 73 70
50 100
Insulating Oil:
Transformer, switches and circuit breakers 115 max 70
amax 100
Kerosene .7a to .LIZ 35 68
32.6 100
Machine Lubricatin 011 (Average
Pennsylvania ParaAn B-) :
Federal Specification No. 8 **asto .94 I12 to 160 100
70to 90 130
Federal Specification-No. 10 **.a8 to .94 16Oto235 100
90 to 120 130
Federal Specification No. 20 **.a to .94 235to385 100
120 to 185 130
Federal Specification No. 30 **.sa to .94 wto550 100
lSSto255 150
Mineral Lard Cutting Oil:
Federal Specification Grade 1 140 to 190 100
86 to 110 130
Federal Specification Grade 2 190 to 220 100
110 to 125 130
Petrolatum 63 100 150
TI 160
Turbine Lubrlcatin Oll:
Federal SpecUlCa%oion 9 1 Average 400 to 440 100
(Perm Base) 185 to 205 130
VEGETABLE O m :
Castor 011 .96@6888'F 1.200 to 1.500 100
450to 600 130
Chlna Wood 011 .s4 1,425 09
580 100
cocoanut oll mt 140 to 148 100
76to 80 130
Corn Oil .92 130
212
Cotton Seed oil st 100
130
Creosotet 1.04 to 1.10 70 68
Ltnseed 011. Raw mt 143 100
s3 130
Olive 011 a t 200 100
115 130
Palm Oil .a 221 IC@
125 130
Peanut 011 92 195 100
112 130
Rape seed Oil .92 250 100
I45 130
Rosin 011 .on 1.500 100
600 130
Rosin (Wood) 1.09 (A%%.) 200
130
Sesame 011 92 100
110 130
Soja Bean Oil (Soya) .93 to .sa 165 100
gs 130
Turpentine d? 33 60
32.6 100
SUGAR SYRUF'S. MOLASSES. ETC.
Corn Syrups 1.5 5.000 to 500.ooo 100
1.500to 60.000 130
Glucose 1.4 55.000 to 100.OOo 100
&to 11.Ooo 150
Honey (Raw) 340 100
.Unless otherwlse noted.
**Depends on origin or percent and type of solvent.
tData added from other sourcea.
 VISCOUS LlOUlDS 107

TABLE 36. (Cont.)

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY O F COMMON LIQUIDS

Liquld
*Sg. a t 60’ F
VISCOSITY
ssu At - F

Molasses “A” 1.5 1.300 to 23.000 100

(First) 100 to 8.000 130
Molasses “E’ 1.5 6,400 to 60.000 100
(Second ) 1.000 to 15.000 130
Molasses “C” 1.5 17.000 to 250,000 100
(Blackstrap or Anal) 6.000to 15.000 130
Sucrose Solutions (Sugar Syrups):
60 Brix 1.29 230 IO
92 100
62 Brix 1 .so 310 70
111 100
64 Brix 1.31 440 IO
148 100
66 Brix 1.33 650 IO
195 100

m
68 Brix 1.34 1.000 .70
215
IO Brlx 1.35 1.650
400
I2 Brix 1 s 2.700 IO
640 IO
100
14 Brix 138 5.500
1.100 100
16 Brix 139 10.000 IO
2.000 100
TARS:
Tar-Coke Oven 1.12+ 3.000 to 8.000 11
650 to 1.400 100
Tar-Gas HOW 1:16 to 1.30 1s.OOo to 300.000 70
2.000to 20.000 100
Road Tar:
Grade RT-2 1.07 + 200 to 300 122
55to 60 212
Grade RT-4 l.Oa+ 400 to I00 122
65to 75 212
Grade RT-6 1.09+ 1.000 to 2.000 122
85to 125 212
Grade RT-8 1.13+ 3.000 to 8.000 122
150to 225 212
Grade RT-10 1.14+ 20.000 to 6o.OOo 122
250to 400 212
Grade RT-12 1.15+ 114.000 to 456.000 122
soot0 800 212
Plne Tar 1.06 2.500 100
500 132
MISCELLANEOUS
Starth &8lUtlOnS:
22 ‘B 1.18 150 70
130 100
24 120 600 10
440 100
25 121 1.400 10
800 100
Ink-PrlIlteln 1.00 to 1.38 2.500 to 1o.OOo 100
1.100 to 3.000 130
Tallow 92 (Avg.) 56 212
Mllk 1.02 to 1.05 .312t 68
VtUlliSh--Spar 9 1.425 68
650 100

*Unlessotherwfse noted.
tData added from other soureea
108 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

K I N E M A T I C VISCOSITY CENTISTOKES

5:

5o:

8
o

" w
C
I
Z
w
LI
I
4
L

WE LI
e 0
Iy
p:
3
I-

4
LI

'3
o w

I-

s
-
s.
0

h
0

3
0
0

::
s!
0

VISCOSITY, S E C O N D S SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL

FIG. 29. Viscosity-temperature ch9rt.t

+Courtesy Byron Jackson Co. See page 6.
 VISCOUS LIQUIDS 109

V I S C O S I T Y , S E C O N D S SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL

8 9 @g$$ $23 g 5 gggz 3 $ 3 v)

g g 88883 $ 5 885 5 5 2 s E 8 2 SL 7 8
F:P
V I S C O S I T Y , S E C O N D S SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL

FIG. 30. Fuel oil viscosity limits. 1951 Navy grades.

110 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

USE O F VISCOSITY BLENDING C H A R T

Many liquids designated by such names as asphalt, molasses, oil, varnish, etc.,
are actually blends or cut-backs and have lower viscosities than the unblended
liquids of the same name. On Figure 31, let oil, A, Save the higher viscosity
and oil, B, the lower viscosity. Mark the viscosity of A and B on the right
and left hand scales, respectively, and draw a straight line connecting the two
a s shown. T h e viscosity of any blend of A and B will be shown by the inter-
section of the vertical line representing the percentage composition and the
line described below.

011 B 100 90 80 70 60 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0

FIG. 31. Viscosity bleqdi ig chart.

 VISCOUS LIQUIDS 111
* -I I".
 112 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

PIPE L I N E LOSSES
T h e loss of head in a pipe line may be computed by the Darcy-
Weisbach formula for either viscous liquids or water, or may be
read from tables which take into account the viscosity of the
liquid being pumped.
T o compute the loss by the formula various factors must first
be selected or computed. They are: Relative Roughness, c / D
(Greek letter epsilon in inches divided by diameter in inches);
Reynolds Number R ; and friction factor, f.
R E L A T I V E ROUGHNESS r / D .
Relative roughness is a ratio of the heights of protrusions inside
the pipe to the average inside diameter of the pipe, both Epsilon
(e) and D are expressed in inches in the English system. From
direct measurement and friction loss tests, it has been found a
relation exists between relative roughness and the diameter of a
pipe for a given material and method of fabrication. This is shown
in Fig. 26.
REYNOLDS NUMBER, R.
Reynolds Number, R, is a dimensionless number or ratio of ve-
locity in f t . per sec. times the internal diameter of the pipe in feet
times the density in slugs per cu.ft. divided by the absolute vis-
cosity in lbsec. per sq.ft.
R= V . - ?D-
Y
This is equivalent t o R = V D , / , >( V D divided by,the kinematic
viscosity). Reynolds Number is of great significance because it
determines the type of flow, either laminar or turbulent, which
will occur in any pipe line, the only exception being a critical
zone roughly between an R of 2000 to 3500. Within this zone it
is recommended that problems be solved by assuming that turbu-
lent flow is likely t o occur. Computation using this assumption
gives the greatest value of friction loss and hence the result is on
the safe side.
It is believed use of the charts shown herein will appeal to those
solving problems involving viscous liquids. When discharge in
gallons per minute are known or assumed, tables 1 and 2 give
the velocity quickly. Hence by simple arithmetic and use of Fig.
32 the Reynolds Number is quickly obtained with adequate ac-
curacy. For those who prefer the greater precision of an alge-
braic equation, Reynolds Numbei for a pipe line may also be com-
puted from the following formula:

R= Q
29.4 -d-v-
where Q is in Gpm. d is inside diameter of pipe in inches, and v
(nu) is kinematic viscosity in ft.'/sec.
 VISCOUS LlOUlDS 113

H E A D LOSS I N PUMPING L I Q U I D S
Fundamentals necessary t o an understanding of movement of a
liquid have been reviewed. It now remains for us to apply these
fundamentals to field problems.
When Relative Roughness and Reynolds Number are selected
and computed respectively, the friction factor f in the Darcy-
Weisbach formula
L V’
h - f - -
I- D2g
may be found in Fig. 33 for both the laminar and tubulent flow
ranges remembering that relative roughness is significant only
in the turbulent flow range. This selected value of f, when used
in the above equation, together with the length (L)and diameter
(D)in feet, and the velocity (V)in feet per second, the friction
loss h, is obtained and is expressed in feet of liquid flowing.
Explanation of Tables
’
Table 38 gives the loss in head expressed in ‘feet of liquid
flowing per 100 feet of new clean Schedule 40 steel pipe., .
E X A M P L E : Find the friction loss of 50 Gpm of oil in 200 feet
of 2 inch schedule 40 pipe. T h e oil has a viscosity
of 440 centistokes and a specific gravity of 0.90.
From Fig. 32 the viscosity in SSU is 2000. From
Table 3 8 the loss in 100 feet of pipe is 74.2 feet of
oil. . . .
Use of Viscous Fluids Frictizn Tables
For LAMINAR F L O W , the pressure loss is directly propor-
tional to the kinematic viscosity and the velocity of flow. There-
fore, for intermediate values of kinematic viscosity and rate of
flow (Gpm), the head loss can be obtained by direct interpolation
of Table 38. For pipe sizes not shown, the pressure loss will vary
inversely as the fourth power of the inside diameters for the
same discharge rate. T h e values of head loss which will be found
in the shaded area of Table 38 fall within the turbulent flow region
rather than in the laminar or viscous flow region. For determina-
tion of rate of flow and pipe size in this region of turbulent flow,
the method described above under heading “Head loss in pump-
ing liquids” should be used.

FRICTION LOSS I N F I T T I N G S W I T H VISCOUS F L O W t

When the piping system includes valves and fittings the follow-
ing must be considered:
a) For T U R B U L E N T flow the values of the equivalent lengths
of straight pipe for valves and fittings as given in Table 4
should be used.
t Courlesy Hydraulic Institule. See page 6,
114 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

b) For LAMINAR flow the losses in valves and fittings can

only be approximated. For fluids of relatively low viscosity,
where the flow is adjacent t o the turbulent region, the values
of the equivalent straight pipe for valves and fittings, given
in Table 4, can be used.
For viscosities above 500,000 SSU, the effect of the valve
or fitting is small and i t is probably necessary only t o include
its actual length as part of the pipe length. For the inter-
mediate viscosities the approximate equivalent length can
be estimated by interpolation using the following table as
a guide:

TABLE 37. FRICTION LOSS I N FITTINGS-

LAMINAR FLOW.

3-30 30-50 50-100 100-260 250-1000

GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM
~ ~~

U s e f u l l value
from Table 4
when viscosity 100 200 300 400 500
is : ssu ssu ssu ssu ssu
Use 3/s value
from Table 4
when viscosity 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
is : ssu ssu ssu ssu ssu
Use % value
from Table 4
when viscosity 10.000 20.000 30,000 40,000 50,000
is : ssu ssu ssu ssu ssu
Use % value
from Table 4
when viscosity 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000
is : ssu ssu ssu ssu ssu
Use actual
length of valve
and fittings
when the
viscosity
exceeds :
500.000
ssu
500,000
ssu
- -
It must be noted that the above is only an approximation. Very
little reliable test data on losses in valves and fittings for LAMI-
NAR flow are available.
 VISCOUS LIQUIDS~~
115
VALUES OF (VD? (V in gG
x d i n INCHES)

oO0'000'0l

000'000.S

000'000'2

oO0'00O'l

b: 000'00s

~000'002

000'001
8
d ooo'oc

i oO0'02

OOo'Ol

000's

000'2

000' I

tCourlesy Hydrawk Zartirvk See poge 6.

-
116 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
VISCOUS L I Q U I D S 117
118 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
VISCOUS LIQUIDS 119
120 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Relative Roughness -'-

D
(Refer to Fig. 26)

Friction Factor f = zhF , ~

FIG. 33. Friction for any kind and size of pipe.t

$Courtesy Hydraulic Institute. See page 6.

 VISCOUS LIQUIDS 121

CENTRIFUGAL P U M P PERFORMANCE W H E N
HANDLING VISCOUS LIQUIDSt
It is recognized that the performance of centrifugal pumps is
affected when handling viscous liquids. T h e effects are a marked
increase in brake horsepower, a reduction in head, and some re-
duction in capacity a t moderate and high viscosities.
It is the purpose of Fig. 34A and 34B, to provide a means of deter-
mining the performance of a conventional design of centrifugal pump
handling a viscous liquid, when its performance on water is
known. It is also intended t o be used, by an approximate method,
as an aid in selecting a pump for a given application. The cor-
rections are based on tests of conventional single stage pumps of
2" to S'l size, handling petroleum oils. T h e correction curves are
an average for several pumps and are, therefore, not exact for a
particular pump. It is suggested that performance tests using the
viscous liquids be conducted whenever facilities are available for
an accurate test.
LIMITATIONS F O R USE
Use only within the scales shown. DO N O T extrapolate.
Use only for pumps of conventional hydraulic design, in
the normal operating range with open or closed impellers.
DO N O T use for mixed flow or axial flow pumps or for
pumps of special hydraulic design for either viscous or
non-uniform liquids.
Use only where adequate N P S H is available i n order to
avoid the effect of cavitation.
Use only on Newtonian (uniform) liquids. Gels and slur-
ries, paper stock, and other non-uniform liquids may pro-
duce widely varying results, depending on the particular
characteristics of the liquid.
INSTRUCTIONS F O R PRELIMINARY SELECTION O F A
P U M P FOR GIVEN HEAD-CAPACITY-VISCOSITY CON-
DITION.
Given the desired capacity and head of the viscous liquid to
be pumped and the viscosity and specific gravity at the pumping
temperature, enter Fig. 34A & B a t the bottom with the desired vis-
cous capacity, (euis)
and proceed upward to the desired viscous
head (Hvis) in feet of liquid. F o r multistage pumps, use head
per stage. Proceed horizontally (either left or right) to the
fluid viscosity, and then go upward t o the correction curves. Di-
vide the viscous capacity (eurs)
by the capacity correction factor
(C,) t o get the approximate equivalent water capacity (ew
ap-
prox.). Divide the viscous head (Hui8)by the head correction
factor (C,) from the curve marked "1.0 X en''
to get the approxi-
mate equivalent water head (H,approx.). Using this new equiva-
lent water head-capacity point, select a pump i n the usual manner.
t C o u r t e s y Hydraulic Institute. S e e page 6.
122 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

The viscous efficiency and the viscous brake horsepower may then
be calculated.
This procedure is approximate as the scales for capacity and
head on the lower half of Fig. 34 A 8a B are based on the water per-
formance. However, the procedure has sufficient accuracy for
most pump selection purposes.
Example
Requirement: a pump t o deliver 750 Gpm of oiI a t 100 feet total
head of liquid having a viscosity of 1000 SSU and a specific
gravity of 0.90 at the pumping temperature.
Enter Fig. 34B with 750 Gpm, go up to 100 feet head, over to
1000 SSU, and then up t o the correction factors:
CQ= 0.95 cli= 0.92 (for 1.0 en) CE= 0.635
750 H,=- loo - 108.8 say 109 feet head
Qw=--790 Gpm
0.95 0.92
Select a pump for a water capacity of 790 Gpm at 109 feet head.
The selection should be at or close to the maximum efficiency
point for water performance. If the pump selected has an effici-
ency on water of 81% a t 790 Gpm, the efficiency for the viscous
liquid will be as follows: EVk= 0.635 X81% = 51.5%
The brake horsepower for pumping the viscous liquid is
750 X 100 X 0.90 = 33.1 h p
= 3960 X 0.515
For performance curves of the pump selected, correct the water
performance as shown in the following paragraphs.
INSTRUCTIONS F O R DETERMINING P U M P PERFORM-
ANCE ON A VISCOUS L I Q U I D W H E N PERFORMANCE
ON W A T E R IS KNOWN.
Given the complete performance characteristics of a pump
handling water to determine the performance when pumping a
liquid of a specified viscosity.
From the efficiency curve, locate the water capacity (1.0 Qn) at
which maximum efficiency is obtained. From this capacity, de-
termine the capacities 0.6 X Qn,0.8 X Qn and 1.2 Qn. Enter the
chart a t the bottom with the capacity a t best efficiency (1.0 en),
go upward to the head developed (in one stage) (H,,,) a t this ca-
pacity, then horizontally (either left or right) to the desired vis-
cosity, and then proceed upward t o the various correction curves.
Read the values of Cg and CQ,and of CH for all four capacities.
Multiply each capacity by CQ to obtain the corrected capacities.
Multiply each head by its corresponding head correction factor
to obtain the corrected heads. Multiply each efficiency value by
Cg to obtain the corrected efficiency values, which apply at the
corresponding corrected capacities.
 VISCOUS LIQUIDS 123

Plot corrected head and corrected efficiency against corrected

capacity. Draw smooth curves through these points. The head
at shut-off can be taken as approximately the same as that for
water.
Calculate the viscous brake horsepower (bphVb) from the for-
mula given.
Plot these points and draw a smooth curve through them which
should be similar t o and approximately parallel t o the bph curve
for water.
Examplet
Given the performance chart, Fig. 35 of a pump obtained by
test on water, plot the performance of this pump when handling
oil with a specific gravity of 0.90 and a viscosity of 1000 SSU at
pumping temperature.
On the performance curve locate the best efficiency point which
determines (Qn),750 Gpm. Tabulate capacity, head and efficiency
for 0.6 X 750, 0.8 X 750 and 1.2 X 750 Gpm (see Table 39). Using
750 Gpm, 100 feet head and 1000 SSU, enter the chart and deter-
mine the correction factors. These are tabulated in Table 39.
Multiply each value of head, capacity and efficiency by its correc-
tion factor t o get the corrected values. Using the corrected values
and the specific gravity, calculate brake horsepower. These calcu-
lations are shown in Table 39. Calculated points 'are plotted on
Fig. 35 and corrected performance is represented by dashed curves.

TABLE 39.
SAMPLE CALCULATION VISCOUS PERFORMANCE+

Water Capacity ( Q w )Gpm 450.0

600.0 750.0 900.0
Water head in feet ( H , ) 114.0
108.0 100.0 86.0
Water efficiency (Ew) 72.5
80.0 82.0 79.5
Viscosity of liquid 1000 ssu
CQ-from chart 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95
C-from chart 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.89
C-from chart 0.635 0.635 0.635 0.635
Viscous capacity-Q, X C4 427.0 570.0 712.0 855.0
Viscous head-I-l, x CH 109.5 101.5 92.0 76.5
Viscous efficiency--Ew x Ce 46.0 50.8 52.1 50.5
Specific gravity of liquid 0.90
bhp viscous 23.1 25.9 28.6 29.4
viscous capacity x viscous head x specific gravity
bhp viscous =
3960 x viscous efficiency
tCowtesy Hydraulic Institute. See puge 6.
 124 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

VISCOSITY CORRECTIONS FOR. SMALL PUMPS

between 10 t o 100 GPMt

CAPACITY - GALLONS P E R MINUTE

FIG. 34A. Correction factors-water performance to viscous performance
for Centrifugal pumps.t
t Corrrtesy Hydraulic Institute. See page 6.
 VISCOUS LIQUIDS 125

100
90
0
a 80
w
r
70
In 60
a

ga
LL
100

Z 90
P
+
X k
* 80
I Y U
70
2 4
.d
60
>
U 50
Z
w 40
I!
Y
w
Y
30
20

?
I-
In
m
w
Q

I-
600
w 400
w
U 300
200
z I50
100
80
n 60
a
w
40
30
r 20
I5

I 15 2 3 4 5 e 7 8 0 IQOW

CAPACITY IN I00 GPM

FIG. 34 B. Correction factors-water performance to viscous performance

for Centrifugal pumps.t

t Courtesy Hydrarrlic lnstitrrte. See #age 6.

126 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

30

f
10 d

120 0

2 100 100
2
In
=
w
= 8 0 BO
t
Y >
U
z
$60 60;
E
$ ::
40 40

10 10

0 200 400 600 800 loo0

CAPACITY GPM
FIG. 35. Comparison of centrifugal pump performance when handling
water and viscous materia1.f

I W V S W a 5 ~ 0 1 5 7 o ~ m ~ %

Pump S p e e d Per Cent of Basic S p e e d

FIG.36. Correction chart for

viscosity a n d temperature, reciprocating
pumps. t
t Courtesy Hydraulic Institute. See #age 6.
 V O L A T I L E L I Q U I D S 127

SECTION VI-VOLATILE LIQUIDS

CONTENTS
Page
Pumping Volatile Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
Reid Vapor Pressure.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I29
,

NPSH For Pumps Handling Hydrocarbon Liquids.. . . . . . . . . . .129

Chart-NPSH Correction Chart for Hydrocarbon Liquids. . . . . .130
Table-Vapor -
Pressure Temperature - Specific Gravity
Relation For Several Liquids.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Chart-Vapor Pressure - Temperature Propane - Butane
Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Chart-Vapor Pressure - Temperature Hydrocarbon Liquids. . -133
Chart-Vapor Pressure - Temperature Gasolines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Chart-Specific Gravity - Temperature for Petroleum ,Oils. . . . .135 Y .

Chart-Expansion - Temperature for Hydrocarbon Liquids. . . .136

128 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

SECTION VI - P U M P I N G V O L A T I L E L I Q U I D S
A volatile liquid is any liquid a t a temperature near its boiling
point. Thus any liquid is volatile at certain conditions for any
liquid, if heated sufficiently, will vaporize. In thinking of volatile
liquids, such liquids as gasoline and propane come to mind, but
water a t atmospheric pressure and near 21Z°F is just as truly a vola-
tile liquid.
Any liquid a t or near its boiling point, if the pressure remains
constant, will vaporize if heat is added ; or also if the temperature re-
mains constant and the pressure is reduced the liquid will boil or
vaporize. This is what happens in the suction line of a pump han-
dling volatile liquids. The absolute pressure at the suction inlet
of the pump is less than the absolute pressure in the suction vessel.
If this were not true the liquid would not flow toward the pump.
e
T h e problem, therefore, in pumping volatile liquids, is to keep
the absolute pressure a t the suction inlet to the pump higher than
the, absolute vapor pressure a t the pumping temperature, of the
liquid being pumped. In other words, as explained in Section I of
this Handbook, the available N P S H of the system must exceed the
required NPSH of the pump if vaporization and vapor binding are
to be avoided.
T o make it possible to apply the method of analysis given in the
discussion of NPSH in Section I tables showing the relationship be-
tween temperature, vapor pressure and specific gravity are included
in this section for some of the commonly pumped volatile liquids.
Tables giving this relationship for water will be found in Section IV.
Many volatile liquids, such as Propane, Butane, Ammonia, and
Freon are stored in tanks a t their vapor pressure. For example a
tank of commercial propane located outdoors will be subject to
atmospheric temperatures and the radiant heat of the -sun. If such
a tank on a hot summer day has a temperature of 110°F the pressure
within the tank will be 213 psia. See Table 41. If the pump loca-
tion is on the same level as the liquid in the tank, the pressure
drop in the suction piping between the tank and pump will be suffi-
cient to cause the propane to boil and vapor binding may result. T o
make pumping such volatile liquids possible and reliable one of the
following suggested procedures may be used.
1. Set the tank and pump so that the vertical distance between
the pump suction inlet and minimum liquid level in the tank
is equal to or greater than the required NPSH of the pump
plus all losses in the suction piping.
2. Add heat by means of steam coils in the storage tank so as to
raise the temperature above that of the surrounding atmos-
here. This will raise the vapor pressure in the tank. Cool the
liquid in the suction line by direct radiation or by means of a
heat exchanger so that the temperature where the liquid en-
ters the pump is equal to atmospheric temperature.
 V O L A T I L E L I Q U I D S 129

3. Where heat cannot be added in the storage tank a heat ex-

changer located near the pump suction capable of reducing
the temperature of the liquid sufficiently below atmospheric
temperature may be used.
The purpose of all three methods is to supply the pump with
liquid a t a pressure above its vapor pressure a t the suction inlet to
the pump impeller.
REID VAPOR PRESSURE
The vapor pressure of gasolines is usually obtained by the Reid
method. Because of the inadequacies of this test the true initial
vapor pressure isnot obtained. The relationship between the initial
vapor pressure and the Reid vapor pressure and how they vary with
temperature is given in Fig. 40.

NPSH F O R PUMPS HANDLING

HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS?
The NPSH requirements of centrifugal pumps are normally de-
termined on the basis of handling water. I t is recognized that when
pumping hydrocarbons, the NPSH to obtain satisfact,ory operation
can be reduced for certain conditions. T h e permissible reduction in
NPSH is a function of the vapor pressure and the specific gravity
of the particular hydrocarbon being pumped.
It is the purpose of Fig. 37 to provide a means 'of estimating
the N P S H required by a centrifugal pump when handling hydro-
carbons of various gravities and vapor pressures in percentages of
that required by the same pump when handling water. The cor-
rection curves are based on data obtained primarily from field
experience. While these data had considerable variation, they have
been correlated so that the curves are considered to be usable
guides. The curves have the further purpose of providing a means
of comparing future experience and stimulating the accumulation
of additional information.
Limitations for use of net positive suction head correction chart
for hydrocarbons. Fig. 37.
1. . Use this chart for non-viscous hydrocarbons only.
2. Unusual operating conditions such as pumping hydrocarbons
close to the cracking temperature may require additional
NPSH.

INSTRUCTIONS F O R USING NPSH

CORRECTION CHARTS F O R HYDROCARBONS
Enter Fig. 37 at bottom with the specific gravity at pumping
temperature of the particular hydrocarbon to be handled and proceed
upward to the sloping line corresponding to the absolute vapor
pressure in psi a t the pumping temperature. T h e left hand scale
tCourtesy Hydrrrulic Institute. See page 6.
130 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

of the chart will then show the percent of the water NPSH that
will be required to pump the particular hydrocarbon satisfactorily.

Example-A pump that has been selected for a given capacity

and head requires 6 feet NPSH to pump water. The pump is to
handle commercial isobutane at 110°F which has a vapor pressure of
85.1 psi absolute and a specific gravity of 0.53. What NPSH is re-
quired?

Enter Fig. 37 at the specific gravity (at 110°F) of 0.53 and g o u p

ward t o the point corresponding to a vapor pressure of 85.1 psi abso-
lute a t 11O0F. This is found by interpolation between the lines
labeled 50 psi and 100 psi of the fan shaped family of absolute vapor
pressure lines in the chart. The left scale will then show the value of
the correction factor to be applied t o the water NPSH as 0.91.

Therefore, when pumping isobutane a t llO°F the pump will re-

quire 0.91 X 6 or 5.5 feet NPSH.

If the isobutane is to be pumped a t a temperature of 60°F, the

vapor pressure will be 38.7 psi absolute and the specific gravity will
be 0.56. In this case, the NPSH is the same as required for water,
i.e., 6 f t .

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AT PUMPING W E R A T U R E

FIG. 37. NPSH correction chart for hydrocarbons. (Not to be used for
other liquids.)
 V O L A T I L E L I Q U I D S 131
00 bP--CD mmw rlom 0 0 b W m
v? v?LDv? v?v?v! v?v?" LL?v?-? "134 "1
0 000 000 000 0 0 0 009 0
NArl OOQ, "I? CDwm w
??e9 9?u? Lo."" ""v? v?
000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
000 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 000 0 0 0 0
wmw mCJ7-I r(CJ mwv) at-00 mor( N
I l l I l l l+d r(
132 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
VAPOR PRESSURE LBS./SQ. IN. G A G E
FIG. 38. Vapor pressures of Butane-Propane mixtures.
 VOLATILE L I Q U I D S 133

TEMPERATURE 'F

FIG. 39. Hydrocarbons-Temperature vs Vapor Pressure.

134 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

'0 IO 20 30 40 50 66 To 8090100 120 140 I60 la, m

TEMPERATURE, DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

FIG. 40. Vapor pressures vs Temperatures for motor and natural

gaso1ines.t
tCourtesy Chicago Bridge C Zron Co. See Page 6.
 V O L A T I L E L I Q U I D S 135
Q
0
0
8
Q
0
0
(\I
0
0
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AT O F
FIG. 41. Specific gravity and temperature relations of petroleum oils
.
(approximate) f
tCourlesy Hydraulic Institrite. See page 6.
136 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

FIG. 42. Expansion-Temperature ch0rt.f

t Courtesy Hydraulic Instilute. See page 6.
 SOLIDS I N S U S P E N S I O N 137

SECTION VII-SOLIDS I N SUSPENSION

CONTENTS
Page
Pumping Solids I n Suspension - Sewage - Sand - Slurries -
Paper Stock - Foods - General Principles ............. ......... 138
Pumping Sewage and Trash ............................................................ ,138
Pumping Sludge - Sand - ....................................................
Slurries 139
Table-Fall Velocity Various Solids .............................................. 142
Chart-Friction Loss Water - Sand Mixture .............................. 142
Chart-Friction Loss - Digested Sludge ........................................ 143
Pumping Paper Stock .......................................................................... 144
Table-Required Percentage of Paper Stock to Equal
Performance of Pump Lifting Kraft-Sulfa.te ...................... 145
Chart-Effect of Sulfate Paper Stock On Centrifugal Pump
Characteristic .................................................................................. 145
Chart-Effect of Sulfate Paper Stock On Centrifugal Pump
Capacity and Efficiency .............. .......................... 146
Charts-Friction of Flow Through Pipes for Ground Wood
and Sulfite Stocks .......................................................................... 147
Chart-Friction of Flow of P
Fittings ..............................
Table-Weights, Volumes of Liquid Pulp Stock for Various
Percentages of A i r Dry Stock .................................................... 15?
Pumping Foods ............................................................. ................154
Illustration-Food Handling System ............................................. 156
138 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

SECTION VI1 -PUMPING SOLIDS IN SUSPENSION

SEWAGE-SAND-SLURRIES-PAPER STOCK-FOODS

GENERAL P R I N C I P L E S
T h e pumping of a great variety of solid materials with liquid
as the vehicle can be very successfully accomplished providing a
few general principles are followed.
1. T h e pump should be located sufficiently below the liquid
level in the suction bay so that the liquid reaches the suction
eye of the impeller under a positive head.
2. All passages through the piping system, impeller, and volute
should be large enough to pass the largest solid to be
pumped.
3. Velocities through the pump and piping system should be
such that the materials are held in suspension in the liquid.
This results in less tendency to clog-less abrasion-less
damage to the product pumped.
4. Velocity required in the pump varies with the pump char-
acteristic and design.
5. Velocity required in the piping system depends upon the
specific gravity, size, shape, consistency and friability of the
material being pumped.
6. Pump materials and construction should be selected with
due consideration of the substance pumped. Standard ma-
terials and design are suitable for the majority of applica-
tions but special metals, rubber linings, special stuffing box
construction, or other features should be used in many
instances.

S E W A G E A N D TRASH PUMPS
T h e pumping of sewage is a special problem for sewage may
contain a great variety of solids in suspension. I t is likely to con-
tain anything that can be flushed down a toilet including towels,
diapers, etc. ; anything that can fall or be thrown into a manhole;
anything that can flush into a catch basin on a city street includ-
ing leaves, branches, etc. ; or any type of industrial waste.
. The principal consideration in pumping sewage is the passing
of solids. Hydraulic performance and efficiency is secondary al-
though also important. A consideration of how pumps clog will
be useful in arriving at a plant design and a pump selection that
will avoid this difficulty. Clogging can generally be attributed
to one of the following causes:
 SOLIDS IN SUSPENSION 139

1. Material that is too big or too long to flow through the suc-
tion piping, and around the elbows to the pump. This clog-
ging generally occurs a t an elbow. This type of clogging
may be eliminated by screening to prevent large objects
reaching the piping system or macerating equipment to re-
duce the solids in size.
2. Rags and flexible trash that wrap over the entering edge of
the impeller blades. A gradual accumulation a t this point
will eventually cause a complete stoppage in the impeller.
The solution to this problem is in the pump design. Sharp
entering edges on the impeller blades are to be avoided.
While they do improve the hydraulic efficiency of the pump
they do so only at a sacrifice in non-clog ability. A gener-
ously rounded entering edge so that rags will have a tend-
ency to slide off the blade reduces clogging. Since it is
wrapping around the blade that causes clogging a t this point,
if the pump had no.blades the cause would be removed. Such
a “Bladeless” pump, remarkably free from clogging, has been
available for several years.

Clogging has been a major problem in low capacity pumps. As

the capacity and, therefore, the pump size increases t h e problem
lessens. Large sewage and storm water pumps with relatively
sharp blades have an excellent record of non-clog ability. Any
pump with stationary guide or diffusor vanes i s not suitable for
pumping sewage.

SLUDGE, SAND & SLURRIES

Sludges, sands, and slurries, as encountered in pumping prac-

tice, are mixtures of abrasive materials and, except i n the less
abrasive sludges (where reciprocating pumps may be used), cen-
tifugal pumps meet most requirements by having the casing, im-
peller, shaft and bearings constructed in suitable materials.

I n pumping practice generally the lowest velocity that will keep

the material in suspension and propel it in the center of the stream
flow and away from the wall of the pipe will be the most eco-
nomical, for this will result in the minimum pressure drop due t o
friction, the least abrasion of the pipe walls and the least damage
to friable products. The range of velocities required is indicated
in Table 42, which gives the particle sizes of natural abrasives to-
gether with the minimum hydraulic subsiding values o r fall ve-
locities that must prevail in pipes to keep the solids in suspension,
and in Fig. 43, which shows the friction losses measured in pipe
lines from dredges where high velocities must be maintained.
140 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

I n the pumping of sand, test data shows that the minimum ve-
locity is not affected much by pipe size. Experiments indicate
that pipe-line pressure loss in feet of liquid is equal to the loss by
the carrier (water) multiplied by the measured specific gravity
of the liquid mixture. I n the turbulent flow range, the velocity
components continually fluctuate and cause dispersion of' the
solids in the pipe and assist in keeping them in suspension. A
number of authors conclude that the results of flow tests in a
small pipe diameter are only qualitative when used to estimate
pipe-friction in a larger line.
Pump design and construction will vary considerably depend-
ing upon the abrasiveness of the material being handled. For
mixtures with low abrasive qualities conventional materials and
design may be satisfactory: or it may be found advisable t o modi-
fy a conventional design by using special wearing rings and
stuffing boxes with flushing connections. Clear flushing liquid
a t a pressure above the casing pressure in the pump is piped to
these parts to keep them flushed free of the abrasive material.
For very abrasive conditions, special materials and completely
special design are required.

DIGESTED SLUDGE
As velocities below 5 ft. per second and often 3 ft. per second
are not unusual in sludge mains, the formulae used for water can
be used only as a base. Field experience using data as shown in
Fig. 44 indicates that the calculation of pumping heads is in rea-
sonable agreement with head discharge curves on pumps tested in
the production laboratory (based on volumetric liquid field meas-
urements with accuracy of about 5 % ) . Some engineers have used
higher friction loss values which results in the centrifugal pump
operating to the right of the selected condition point on the head-
capacity curve. Installations exist where pumps are discharging
a sludge at a capacity much larger than that at which they were
tested in the laboratory.
M. R. Vincent Daviss, Assoc. M. Inst. C.E. in test a t Saltley
Works, Birmingham, England, of estimated 92% sludge at 80 cu.
ft. per min. in 12-inch nominal diameter pipe, 20,000 ft. long,
showed friction loss 2.6 times that of actual test made only with
water in the same line. He concluded the old pipe effective dia-
meter was 10.25 inches, which gives a velocity of aboct 2.3 fps.
Were it a 12-inch pipe, the velocity would have been 1.7 fps. which
gives a test result that correlates with Fig. 44. I t is recognized
that it has been quite customary t o allow from 2 to 4 times the
water friction loss in pumping sludges of 98% or less. L. F.
Mountfort, discusser of Daviss' paper, points out that 98% sludge
is in some respect easier to deal with than water. Recognizing
full well the ramifications of the sludge pumping problem, i t is
indicated that Fig. 44 can be used safely as a guide in estimating
pipe friction losses caused by flow of sludges.
 SOLIDS i N SUSPENSION 141

SLURRIES
A slurry is a liquid, usually water, in which foreign material
is suspended in varying quantities. There are many types of slur-
ries such as coal, salt and the like in many different industries.
The application of pumping equipment for such service depends
largely on the type and quantity of foreign matter present in the
mixture and the properties of the liquid carrier. No definite rules
of application can be set down in this Handbook, but the following
has been found essentially correct :
1. Flotation tailings from the milling of iron ores can be
transported at a velocity of 5 to I f p s in non-acid water.
Pipe does not endure for 15 years but scouring action keeps
pipe clean and reasonably free from pitting. T h e use of 15
year pipe-friction modifying factor appears to be too liberal
and causes oversizing and overpowering.
2. Material such as iron-pyrites ground to the fineness re-
quired for flotation when thickened to a pulp can be pumped
through pipes a t reasonable velocities.
3. The head per stage should be kept as low as practical so as
to hold vane-tip velocity to a minimum and to reduce ero-
sion at the wearing rings.
4. I n a series of tests on a powdered glass-sand-plaster of paris
mixture hardened iron impellers have proven more durable
than rubber lined pumps although rubber lined pumps have
their field of application.
5. I n pumping coal, the maximum quantity of fines (100 mesh)
appears KO act as a lubricant in the mixture. Coal-water
slurries up to 3 5 % by weight can be pumped with a vis-
cosity comparable to water at 5 fps velocity. The critical
velocity for 2 t o 3 inch top-size solids is 7 to 9 fps but a safe
velocity is 10-12 fps in 8 inch pipe, and 11-13 fps in 10 inch
pipe.
6. Clay slurries up to 50% solids by weight can be pumped
through a 4 inch pipe. SSU viscosity tests are unreliable
for these slurries. The apparent viscosity varies from 25 to
85 times that for water as shown on Fig. 32.
7. Bentonite slurries are stiff even when they contain only
25% solids by weight.
8. Thirty (30) percent solids by weight of some clays are too
viscous to pump in a centrifugal pump.
9. I t is possible to lift 60% solids by weight of 'iron and coke
dusts or flue dirt.
10. I t is notable that mining operations run solids as high as
70% by weight
This information indicates the great diversity of pumping ap-
plications and the necessity for careful analysis of the probable
field conditions before the final selection of pumping equipment.
142 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 42. FALL VELOCITIES VARIOUS ABRASIVES

I
SOIL GRAIN SIZE IDENTIFICATION
Diameter Mesh Fall U.S. Bur. lnter-
Milli- Size Velocity A.S.T.M. Soils M.I.T. national
meters U.S. Fine Ft./Sec. U.S.D.A.

.06 270 .W56

.06 230 .ma
.10 150 .024

uwl . 10 .556

15 /6 17 18 /J 20 22 24 P6
VELOCITY, FEET PER SECOND
FIG. 43. Friction losses in 24" I.D. Dredge pipes when water and water
sand mixtures are being pumped.
 SOLIDS IN SUSPENSION 143

FRICTION LOSS OF DIGESTED SLUDGE

IN 6, 8, AND 10 INCH DIAMETER PIPE

Based On Analyses From Bulletin 319

University of Illinois Engineering
-
Experiment Station 1939 Sy = Shear
Stress a t Yield Point of Plastic Material
In Ibs. per Sq. Ft. rl = Coeff. of Rigidity
In Ibs. per Foot per Second:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
VELOCITY IN FEET PER SECOND
FIG. 44. Friction loss of digested sludge in 6, 8 and 10 in. diameter
Pipe.
144 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

P A P E R STOCK
I n the manufacture of paper of all kinds the underlying princi-
ple is to reduce all material to a pulp and, by adding necessary
chemicals, obtain a homogeneous mass known as pulp or paper
stock. T h i s involves large volumes of water in the process work,
all of which must be removed before the finished product is made.
T h e types of stock encountered in connection with pumping are:
reclaimed paper, ground wood stock, sulphite and soda stock, sul-
phate and kraft stock, and chemical pulp (cooked stock).

I n most process work from the chippers and grinders to the

stock chests the maximum consistency bone dry by weight is 3%.
Experience has shown that where water is plentiful stock is more
easily handled in lower percentages. Capacities or flow rates are
usually given in terms of the number of tons of air dry stock
per 24-hour day, at an average percentage. These figures must be
reduced to a workable basis of gallons per minute. Table 44 for
making such conversions is found in this Section. Pipe Friction
Loss tables for various stock percentages and pipe sizes are also
included and must be used when figuring total head.
T h e actual selection of a pump for this type of service requires
additional data and experience in handling paper stock, together
with a knowledge of the performance of a centrifugal pump. For
instance, the pumping of dirty stock with fibrous and stringy ma-
terial is best accomplished by use of a closed impeller stock pump
with good solid handling ability. On the other hand, the handling
of clean, homogeneous stock of a very heavy percentage requires
a pump with a specially designed open impeller to keep down the
entrance velocity and prevent the pump from "dewatering" the
stock and causing i t to pile up in the suction piping.
Rating charts are published on the basis of handling water, and
curves are included in this section (Figs. 45 and 46 t o enable
calculation of reduction in design capacity and design head for
a given percentage of stock for both.closed and open impeller
pumps.
Example: Given the characteristic and efficiency curves for a
pump handling water, correct these curves for a closed impeller
pump when pumping 3.15% ground wood paper stock.

Table 43 shows that 3.15% ground wood is equal to 3.0% sulfate

stock. T h e characteristic curve is corrected by using Fig. 45 ap-
plying the head correction factors corresponding to various per-
centages of design capacity.
T h e efficiency curve is corrected by using Fig. 46 which shows
that the efficiency at design point is reduced 28 points at a reduced
capacity which is 67% of design capacity. T h e efficiency correc-
tion applies only t o the design point.
 SOLIDS IN S U S P E N S I O N 145

TABLE 43. REQUIRED PERCENTAGE O F PAPER STOCKS

TO EQUAL PERFORMANCE O F PUMP LIFTING
.... -
~. ~
KRAFT-SULP,HATE
___
Kraft- Reclaimed Ground Sulfite-
Sulfate Paper Jute Wood Soda
_______
1.0 1.95 1.65 1.50 1.25
1.2 2.20 1.85 1.70 1.40
1.5 2.65 2.15 2.00 1.70
1.7 2.75 2.35 2.15 1.85
2.0 3.05 2.60 2.40 2.15
2.5 3.55 3.05 2.80 2.60
3.0 4.05 3.45 3.15 3.00
3.5 4.45 3.9.0 3.50
4.0 4.90 4.30
4.5 5.25 4.75
5.0 5.65 5.15

a90

0.80

9 0.70
6
0.60

PEPCEdT OF DES/G/L/ CdP?c//TY

FIG. 45. Effect of Sulfate stock on centrifugal pump characteristic.
146 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

FIG. 46. Effect of Sulfate paper stock on centrifugal pump capacity

and efficiency.
SOLIDS IN SUSPENSION 147
P
u.
2
U
c
0
3616 I334 001 836 SSOl I334
148 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
Y
c
yl
w
d
E:
 SOLIDS IN SUSPENSION 149
P
LL
._ - -
3dld 1331 001 13d SSOl 1334
P
u.
150 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
OWL
=
Y
 SOLIDS I N SUSPENSION 151

LOSS THROUGH 90 DEGREE ELBOWS BY .8

TO OBTAIN FRICTION LOSS THROUGH

o a c8 ca g w
N C 8
) i g $
U.S. GALLONS PER MINUTE
FIG. 55. Estimated friction loss for standard short radius 90 deg. elbows.
152 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
Y
d
u
Lo
-c?
u
o - m m e
m m m w w
99999
w w m m o
94"?9
" N N N
o m o m 0
'9'9C1c109
 SOLIDS IN SUSPENSION 153
-
...
sn
154 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

FOOD HANDLING P U M P S
Commercial canners have long desired to convey foods hy-
draulically for this method represents a much less expensive
means than mechanical conveyors. T h e problem is, of course, t o
handle the foods without clogging the pump or piping system and
without damaging the foods. T h i s is a manifold problem that in-
volves not only the pump but also a satisfactory means of mixing
the food with the liquid vehicle and finally separating the food
and the liquid without damage t o the product.
Hydraulic elevators that could handle such products as peas and
cut beans have been on the market for many years, but new equip-
ment is on the market that will handle the food so gently that the
following foods have been successfully conveyed : apples, apri-
cots, artichokes, cut asparagus, beans (green, lima, shelled, string,
sprouts, dried or soaked), beets (peeled, diced, sugar), blueberries,
brussel sprouts, carrots, cauliflower rosettes, cherries (mara-
chino), chili-sauce, collard, corn (kernel), cranberries, dressings,
boiled eggs, egg yolks, liquid eggs, grapes (crushed as pumped t o
pressing room), grits, mash, mushrooms, olives (green and ripe),
onions, oranges, peas (black-eyed, field and sweet), peppers,
pickles, pimientos, pineapple pulp from cores and fruit meat,
white potatoes, rice (prior to soaking), soy beans (with oil ex-
tracted while pumping), soups, strawberries (except Marshall ;
variety), sugar (raw cane juice, cachaza, syrups, molasses), tomato
catsup, tomato juice, sea foods, such as fingerlings with only 2%
loss, oysters, shrimp.
Fig. 56 shows a sketch of a typical installation using pump, rod
reel washer and scavenger reel with water supply tank. This in-
stallation provides for vortexing of food in the hopper t o the
pump. T h i s vortex is very important for i t causes very light foods
that normally float on top of the liquid t o sink and be drawn uni-
formly into the pump suction. I t also causes long foods like string
beans to enter the stream with their length parallel t o the stream
flow. T h e forced vortex is limited so air is not drawn into the
Pump-
There are only six parts of a pump in contact with foods, namely;
the housing or volute, back-head, removable drive shaft, packing,
impeller and front-head. T h e interior of a pump for food han-
dling service should be smoothly finished with no sharp corners,
holes, pits, crevices, cracks or threads. Contact surfaces should be
either ground to form a tight seal or t o accommodate a rubber or
single-service gasket.
Pump construction can be made to resist attack by foods, soaps,
detergents and the germicidal agents used in cleaning. Stainless
steel is satisfactory except for salt brines. Monel metal can be
used for brines but not for corn, lima beans or peas where copper
may produce darkening. Aluminum is corroded by alkalis and
certain acids. Bronze is fairly corrosion resistant, but is not good
 SOLIDS IN SUSPENSION 155

for conveying brines in which foods are canned because of possi-

ble discoloration of the end product. Experience shows that for
most applications the iron fitted pump with stainless steel sleeves
has been doing a creditable job. Contamination by lubricants is
impossible with well designed pumps.
-
The following suggestions, based on field experience, are of-
fered as a guide in pump selection and application.
1. The solids should be mixed with the liquid at a uniform rate
and vortexed into the pump suction. The vortex should be
limited so that air is not drawn into the pump.

2. Although the pump capacity required will depend upon the

tonnage to be handled, the pump preferably should be se-
lected so that i t will operate at its point of peak efficiency
or slightly t o t h e ’ r i g h t of this point on the characteristic
curve.

3. The speed of the pump should be selected to meet the head

requirements of the system. Heads up to l l 0 , f t . have been
successful with some foods. The system should be designed
to keep the head as low as possible.

4. The ratio of water to food solids should be as great as is

practicable or economical. For peas one gallon per pound
and for string beans 3 gallons per pound has been found
practical.

5. With most foods a pump with a bladed impeller will damage

the food. A pump with a “Bladeless” impeller is recom-
mended.

6. Food solids should be carefully separated from the liquid as

this is a common point of product damage.

For new uses i t is recommended that the first pumping unit be

installed with a provision for variable speed operation and obser-
vation of condition of the product after passing through the pump
be made at the top of a riser prior to a bend. There is evidence
that short radius ells, rough pipe joints or beads inside of welded
pipe can cause more damage to foods than the pump itself. A
velocity in the pipe of 5 fps should be tried first as this velocity
appears to be above the critical for movement of food suspensions
without clogging.

When pumping foods with hot water, write t o the manufacturer

for the required minimum suction head to obtain performance
comparable with cold water. (See fundamentals concerning N P S H
in Section I of this Handbook).
FIG. 56. line drawing of typical installation including pump, rod reel
washer and scavenger reel with supply tank.t

Chisholm Ryder Cot#. See pdge 6.

 CHEMICAL LIQUIDS 157

SECTION VIII-CHEMICAL LIQUIDS

CONTENTS

Page
Materials of Construction Used I n Pumping Chemical Liquids..l58
Table-Material Selection Chart
Table-Materials of Construction and
Packing Recommendation ...............
Mechanical Seals .................................................................................... 168
pH Values Various Liquids ..........
Tables-Physical Properties Calcium Chloride and Sodium
Chloride ................... ............................................ 171
Table-Physical Properties Caustic Solutions.............................. 172
158 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

SECTION VIII-CHEMICAL LIQUIDS I

MATERIALS O F CONSTRUCTION F O R
P U M P I N G VARIOUS L I Q U I D S t
Although pumps produced by various manufacturers will differ
in design and performance detail, they follow the same general
pattern in the utilization of materials for handling specific liquids.
This is natural since the manufacturer has little control over the
corrosive reaction between the materials and the liquids handled
and, hence, must use those types which experience has indicated
as being most satisfactory for the particular application under
consideration.
Because of the many variables which influence the rate at which
corrosion may occur, it is not possible to make positive predictions
which will cover every application. However, for the guidance of
both pump manufacturers and users, the Materials Specifications
Committee of the Hydraulic Institute has compiled a list of the
liquids more commonly encountered in industry, along with the
materials generally associated with their use. This data is shown
in Table 46.
DATA O N VARIOUS LIQUIDS
The liquids are assumed to be of commercial quality and of the
degree of purity usually encountered. However, one must recog-
nize that the presence of a foreign substance, even in small per-
centages, may, and frequently does, have a profound effect upon
the corrosiveness of the solution and, hence, upon the choice of
materials. For instance, the presence of a small percentage of
so!uble chloride or other halide in many of the liquids included in
the table may greatly intensify their corrosive properties. Con-
versely, certain substances, such as the chromates and dichromates,
may inhibit the corrosive action of many solutions on ferrous
metals. Further, some liquids, noticeably the vegetable oils, while
relatively inactive when fresh, may, upon exposure to heat and/or
the atmosphere, turn rancid and become quite corrosive. While
cast iron might be used safely with such oils when sweet, it would
not necessarily be satisfactory after they had soured. I n the latter
case, other, more resistant materials would probably be required.
I n some cases the satisfactory use of a particular material is
restricted to a definite temperature and/or concentration range,
and where this is known to occur, the limitations are so noted in
the tabulation. As the corrosion rate usually increases with tem-
tAbridged from Standards of Hydraulic Institute. See page 6.
 CHEMICAL LIQUIDS 159

perature, the latter becomes an important factor in making a

material selection. Where the space is left blank in the appropriate
column, it is assumed the materials listed are suitable over the
ranges of concentration and temperature normally encountered.

PUMP CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

The materials listed are those most commonly used in the
principal parts of the pump, such as casings, impellers, cylinders,
and, hence, are primarily castings. Wrought materials, such as
shafts, should, where practical, be of similar composition to the
castings used, and, in the case of ferrous materials, would carry
the designation of the American Iron and Steel Institute. Cross-
reference is made to such materials in the listings.
Since it is not possible in any generalization t o say with cer-
tainty that any one material will best withstand the corrosive
attack of a given liquid, more than one type is usually included.
However, the order of listing does not necessarily indicate relative
superiority, as certain factors predominating in one instance may
be sufficiently overshadowed in others to' reverse the arrangement.
When the liquid to be handled is an electrolyte, combinations
of dissimilar metals which may promote galvanic reactions should,
where practical, be avoided. The rate of corrosion, where metals
widely separated in the galvanic series are used, will depend upon
such things as the nature of the electrolyte, temperature, velocity,
and particularly, the relative cathode-anode surface area. Although
bronze fittings in an iron pump handling sea water may initially
accelerate the corrosion of the surface of the iron, the overall rate
is sometimes sufficiently low to make the use of large pumps, so
fitted, economically sound.
SELECTION O F MATERIALS
The pump construction and materials selected as suitable for
each application are tabulated opposite the corresponding liquids
in Table 46. T o simplify identification, each construction and ma-
terials selection is designated by descriptive letters or a number
as follows:
(1) Iron or Bronze Fitted ....SF (3) All Bronze .................... AB
(2) All Iron ............................ AI (4) Types 8, 9, 10, 11............SS
T o simplify recording, the symbol SS is used in those cases
where types 8, 9, 10, 11 would normally be listed. This does not
necessarily mean, however, that all are equally effective in all
environments. It merely means that each type has been satisfac-
torily applied in handling that liquid under some, possibly all,
conditions.
Other materials, including corrosion resisting steels, are listed
by number in accordance with Table 45.
160 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
TABLE 45 MATERIAL SELECTION CHARTt
--
-
Insti- Corresponding Society
tute
Select - Desianation REMARKS
tion ASTM ACI
- __ -
A48
Class I
Class )
Tensile
Strength
Transverse Loading- Pounds

20 20,000 1,800 6,000

25 25.000 2.000 6.800
1 30 30 30.000 1,150 2.200 7,600
35
40
50
-_
:50i I 35.000
40,000
50,000
__
...... . . I .....
....
...I
....
....
....
..,.

2
6143; .I B
6143, 2A ..
Grade I Cu. Sn.
__
11.00
8.00
6.00
- Pb.
....
....
....
I
I Zn. I P. 1 Tensile
-
...
4.00
4.50
I Elonn.'
- .

0.20
...
...
35,000
40,000
34,000
IO
20
22
B145. 4A .. CB4 85.00 5.00 1.50 5.00 _ _ . 30,000 20
81441'3A
.. CB5
CB6
88.00
80.00
10.00
10.00
2.00
10.00
......
......
35.000
25.000
10
8

Mo. 1 Tensile Yield Elong. 7

~
3
__
A216.
WCB
~
1030 1.35 I 0.70
-- -.-
1 0.60
-_ -
1
. . . 70.000 36.000
- ~ _ _
22
A217.
4 c5-8 501 ...... . . . 5.00 0.50 190.000 60,000 18
-- -__- -- ~ _ _ ~ _ _
A296.
I-
5 CAI5 CAI5 410 1.15 ...... ... 13.00 j
. . 90.000 65.000
A296.
6 CB30 CB30 1.30 ... ..
--

1 1 I 1
A296.
CC50 CC50 446 1.50 ... 55,000
__

A296
CF-8' CF-8 304
---
1CO8o::1 I ---_.---

S.
o.05 I Si.

oo
j ' 11.00 21.00,
Ni.

8.00 18.00
ile Strength 70.000-Yield 28.000
Cr. Mol Cu; [€long.:
35

I-
S. I -I-I-I-Si.
I-I-
I Ni. I Cr. I Mo. I Cu. 1 Elong.:
A296.
CF-8M CF-8M 316
.~

.... CN-7M LO7 1.50 1 0.04

t , I ,
Ten e Str;ngth 65.000-Yield 30,000
A series of proprietary. nickel base alloys containingchromium.
molybdenum, and other elements. with less than 20% iron.

13 ....
corrodents.
-
_
Ni-Resist
Type I
Type II
_ -
I I I 1
A special 14.25% silicon cast iron, which is not effected b y most
I t is hard and extremely brittle.

C.
3.00
3.00
_
-~
Si.
_
Mn.
~
1.00 1.00-1.50 17.50 7.50
2.80 30-1.50 22.00 1 .50
~
Ni.
_
I Cu.
_
I
I
-~
~
Cr.
1.75-2.5(
1.75-2.5(
-

Tensile Strength 25,000

I Ni. I Fe. I Mn. I Si. I Cu. I Elon&%
14 .... .. z:i
1
-1
I-1
I--I
160.00 I 1 3.50 3.50 I ;:!: I 123.00 22

__ - - - Tensile Strength 65,000-Yield

- 30,000 ~ ~

15 .... Commercial nickel castings lor ,handling strong. hot alkalies.

where pure white product is desired.

ASTM-American Society for Testing Materials Cu =Copper C=Carbon Mo = Molybaenum

ACI- Alloy Casting Institute Sn =Tin Mn=Manganese S=Sulphur
AIS-American Iron 8 Steel Institute Pb =Lead Si=Silicon Cr =Chromium
Zn-Zinc Ni=Nickel Fe=lron
? C o u r t e s y Hydruialic Institute See Puge 6.
 CHEMICAL LIQUIDS 161

TABLE 46. MATERIALS O F CONSTRUCTION & PACKING

SUGGESTED WHEN PUMPING VARIOUS MATER1ALS.t
Pocking Recommended By:$
Materiot
liquid ond Condition Sg. 01 60°F Recommended' burm"ollir2 Crane Anchor'
-

Acetaldehyde 0.78 AI 0-110 8 177-NMT (-06 311-3687

Acetate Solvents SF, AI, AB. 55 0-110 8 777-NMT (-06 851 I T AB 808 A
Acetone 0.79 SF, A I 0-110 8 771-NMT (-06 808 A
Acetic Anhydride 1.08 ss, 12 D-110 8 777-NMT (-06 811 xx

Arids:
Acetic (Cold Conc.) 1.0s 5s. 12 0-110 IllM-IS5 811 XX
Acetic (Cold Dil.) AB, 55, 12 0-110 111M-SSZ AB-808 A411 XX
Acetic (Boiling Conc.) 9, IO, 11, 12 999-NM 11IM-SS5 E l l XX
Acetic (Boiling Oil.) 9, IO. 11, 12 999-NM IIIM-SSS 811 XX
Arsenic (Ortho) 2.0-2.5 5s. 12 999-NM (-06 851 TT

Benzoir 1.27 55 110-D-222 (-06 , 851 n

Boric (Aqueous) AB, 55, I? 110-8-777 C-06 820 NJ
Butyric (Conc.) 0.96 55 D-110 (-06 851 IT
Carbolic (Conc.) 1.07 AI, 55 0-110 (-98 851 n
Carbolic (Aqueous) SF, 55 0.110 (-98 5)-820 NJ-
SI-851 n

Carbonic (Aqueous) AB 777-NMT (-06 820 NJ

Chromic (Aqueous) $5, 12 110 BLA-8-999 (-98 820 NJ
Citrir (Aqueous) AB, 55. 12 777 NM B D-110 (-06 AB-820 NJ-811 XX
Folly [Oleic, Palmitic, etc.) AB, SS D-110 8 D-220 (-06 A8420 NJ-811 XX
Formic 1.22 9, IO, 11 999 NMT (-98 851 TT

Fruit AB. 55, 14 777 NM 8 0-110 (-06 . 18-820 NJ-851 T l

Hydrochloric (Coml. Conc.) 1.16$ 11, 12 666-F5 (-98 842
Hydrochloric [IO% Cold) 1.05$ IO, 11, 12, 14, 15 666-F5 (-98 842
Hydrochloric (10% Hot! 1.05t 11,12 666-F5 (-98 812
Hydrocyonic 0.70 AI, 55 777 NM (-98 842
__
Hydroflouric (Anhydrous
with Hydrocarbon) 3, 14 666-F5 (-1045 888
Hydroflouric (Aqueous) AB, 14 666-F5 (-1045 888
Hydrofluosilicic 1.30 AB, 14 0-999 (-1045 888
Lactic 1.21 AB, 55, 12 777-NM (-06 909

Mine Water AB, 55 777-NM illM-SS1 386

Mixed (Sulfuric 8 Nitric) AI, 3, 55, 12 (-1045 317
Muriatic (See Acid, Hydrochloric)
Napthenit AI, I, 55 (-06 909
Nitric (Conc. Boiling) 1.4t 6, 7, IO, 12 666-F5 (-98 842

Nitric (Dil.) 5. 6. 7, 8. 9, IO. 12 666-F5 (-98 842

Oxalic (Cold) 1.65 55, 12 777-NM (-06 851 TT
Oxalic (Hot) IO, 11.12 999-NM (-06 Anklon
Ortho-Phosphoric 1.36-1.4t 9, IO, 11 8-110 BLA 8 8-999 (-98 850
Picric 1.76 SS. 12 (-98 851 TT
-
Pyrogallic 1.45 SS (-98 851 TT
Pyroligneous 1.02-1.03t AB, 55 (-98 18-820 NJ-811 XX
Sulphuric (>77% Cold) 1.69-1.84 AI, IO, 11, 12 8-110 BLA 8 8-999 (-98 842
Sulphurir (65/93%
> 175 deg. F.) 1.60-1.84i 11, 12 8-110 BLA 8 8-999 (-98 842

See footnotes at end of table.

 162 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 46. (Cont.)

Packinn hrommendrd If:$

Moterial
liquid and Condition Sg. at WOF R*commenbdl Dumnntallic* Crane Anchor

Acids (Continued)
Sulphuric (65/93%
<l75 deg. F.) 1.60-1.84t 10, 11,12 8-110 BLA I B-939 (-98 842
Sulphuric ( 1 0 4 % ) 1.07-1.56$ 10, 11, 12 8-110 BLA I8-999 (-98 842
Sulphuric (<lo%) 1.00-1.07t AB, 10, 11, 12, 14 8-110 811 I8-999 (-98 842
Sulphuric (Fuming) 1.92-1.94 3, 10, 11 8-110 BLA (-98 841
Sulphurous AB, SS 8-110 BLA (-98 842
~~

Tannic AB, 55, 14 777-NM (-98 a42

Tartaric (AqueoUs) AB, 55. 14 iio-~-n7 (-06 888
Alcohols AB, SF 710-8-777 (-06 820 NJ
Alum (See Aluminum Sulphate
and Potash Alum)
~~~ ~ ~

Aluminum Sulphate (Aqueous) 10, 11, 12, 14 8-110 BLA I8-999 (-06 842
Ammonia, Aqua AI 8-110 I e777 lllM-IS6 850-858
Ammonium Bicarbonate (Aqueous) AI E110 I 8777 lllM-SS6 850-858
Ammonium Chloride (Aqueous) 9,10, 11, 12, 14 8-110 BLA IE999 (-06 8Sl n
Ammonium Nitrate (Aqueous) AI, SS, 14 999-NM (-06 851 TT

Ammonium Phosphate (Aqueous) AI, 55, 14 8-110 8LA I8-999 (-06 851 n
Ammonium Sulphate (Aqueous) AI, SS 8-110 BLA I 8-999 (-06 850-8S8
Ammonium Sulphate (with H2S04) AB, 9, 10, 11, 12 8110 BLA I 8-999 (-98 211
Aniline 1.02 SF, A I 71o-~-n7 111P-113 804
Aniline llydrothl. (Aqueous) 11,ll 710-8-777 (-06 IS0

Asphalts: (See Sect. V)

Blended or Virgin 0.981.4 AI, I D-110 80SMD 199
lorium Chloride (Aqueous) AI, SS W9-NMT (-06 888
Iarium Nitrate (Aqueous) AI, IS W9-NMT (-06 888
Beer 1.01$ AB, 8 n 7 - n ~I D-110 (-06 909

I n r Wort AB, 8 777-NM ID-110 (-06 909

loot Juice AB, 8 777-NP ID-110 (-06 909
k t Pulp AB, SF, SS 777-NP I D-110 (-06 909
Bmzene ( k e Benzol)
knzine (be Petroleum Ether]

Benzol 0.88 SF, A I 710-8-777 1111-153 905

Ilack Liquor (be Liquors.
Pulp Mill)
IloDd AB, SF D-110 (-06 Ankh

kinsr:
Calcium Chloride (pH>8) AI 999-NMT 811-111 as1 TT
Calcium Chloride (pW8) AB, 10, 11, 13, 14 999-NMT 811-SSl 820 WJ
Calcium-Magnesium Chlaidss
(hued AB, io, ii,i~,i4 TIN
AW
~- 811-111 820 NJ

Calcium-Sodium Chloride
(bms) AB, io, 11.13.14 Ppp-wni 811-SSl 820 111
b d i r m Chlorlde (<3%, Cold) 1.02 AB, AI, 13 110-8777 811-111 620 111
bdim Chloride (>3%, bid) 1.02-1.m AB, SS, 13, 14 110-E-777 811-111 820 111
Sodium Chloride (>3%, Hot) 9, 10. 11.12. 14 1lM-777 811-151 €41 TI

h fDotnohr at end of table.

 CHEMICAL LIQUIDS 163

TABLE 46. (Cont.)

Pocking Recommended Byit

kteriol
liquid and Cmditioa Sg. o? 60°F Recommended' Durometollic' Crane Anchor'

Brines: (Continued)
Sea Waler 1.03 AB, SF, A I 110-8-777 811-111 387 F
Butane 0.59s SF, AI, 3 710-8-777 111M-IS3 905
Calcium Bisulfite (Paper Mill) 1.06 9, 10, 11 8-110 BLA I % - 9 9 9 (-06 811 xx
Calcium Chlorate (Aqueous) 10, 11,12 999." (-06 820 NJ
Calcium Hypochlorite AI, 10, 11, 12 999-NMT (-06 820 NJ

Calcium-Magnesium Chloride (See Brines)

Cane Juice AB, SF. 13 110-0.222 (-06 909
Carbon Bisulfide 1.26 AI 0-110 cJm 851 n
Carbonote of Sodo [See Sodo Ash) 110-8-777 CJM
Corbon Tetrachloride (Anhydrous) 1.50 SF, A I 710-8-777 c4m 820 NJ

Carbon Tetrachloride (Plus Water) AB, 8 110-8-777 (-06 820 NJ

Catsup AB, 55 D-110 (-06 909
Caustic Potash (See Potassium Hydroxide)
Caustic Soda (See Sodium Hydroxide)
Cellulose lcotate 9, 10, 11 D-IIO a~-NMT (-06 851 n
~~

Chlorate of Lime (See Calcium Chlorate)

Chloride of Lime (See Calcium
Hypochlorite)
Chlorine Water (Depends on Contentrollon) 9, 10, 11, 12 999-NMT 111M-SS1 851 IT
Chlorobenzene 1.1 AB, SF, 8 710-8-777 GO6 828 U

Chloroform 1.5 AB, 55, 14 710-8-777 (-06 804

Chrome Alum (Aqueous) 10, 11,12 999-NM (-98 808 A
Candonsate (See Water, Dlstilled)
Copperas, 6rean (See Ferrous Sulfate)
Copper Ammonium Acetate (Aqueous)

Capper Chlorlde (bprlc) (Aqueous)

Coaaar Nitrate
&;;or Sulfate (Blue Vitriol) (Aquews)
AI, SS

11,12
5s
55, 12
8-999

8-999
666-F5
8-999
(-98

(-98
(-98
(-98
842
842
842
illll
Creosote (See Oil, Creosote) CllO 8OSMO
(raol, Yeto 1.03 11, 5 DllO 805MO 820 NJ

Cyanide [See Sodlom or Potasslum Cyanide)

Cyanogen (in water) AI 999-NM (-98 804
Diphenyl 0.99 AI, 3 110-0-222 1I 1M-SS2 820 NJ
Enamel AI D-110 8 7 7 7 - N M (-06 Teflon
Elhanal (heAlcohols)

E1hane 0.37$ SF, AI, 3t 710-8-777 11 I M-IS?

Ethylene Chloride (Cold) 1.28 AB, SS, 14. 710-E-777 (-06 317-3681
Ferric Chloride (Aqueous) 11,12 666-f6 (-06 820 NJ
Ferric Sulphate (Aqueous) SJ, 12 666-Fs (-06 820 NJ
Ferrous Chloride (ColbAquwrrs) 11,12 6664' (-06 820 NJ

Ferrous blphata (Aqoews) 9, 10, 11, 12, 14 666-F5 (-06 820 NJ

Formaldehyde 1.08 AB,SS 777-NMT (-06 804
Fruit Joicer AB, SS, 14 110-D-222 (-06 909
Forfuml 1.16 AB, AI, 55 DllO 6 E777 (-06 820 NJ

Or foolnates at end of t a b l a
 164 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 46. (Cont.)

Pocking Recommended By:$

Materim1
Liquid and Condition Sg. o t 60°F Retommmded' Duromefallicz Crone Anchor'

Gosolines:
Pentane 0.63t AI, SF 710-8-777 1111-513 317-3687
Hexane 0.66t AI, SF 710-6-777 lllM-113 317-3681
Heptane 0.69t AI, SF 710-8-777 lllM-SS3 317-3687
Oclone 0.71# AI, SF 710-6-777 1llM-SS3 317-3687
Nonane 0.72# AI, SF 710-6-777 11IM-SS3 317-3687

Oecone 0.73# AI, SF 710-8-777 lllM-IS3 317-3687

Undecone 0.74t AI, SF 710-6-777 lllM-SS3 317-3687
Dodetane 0.75: AI, SF 710-8-777 111M-SS3 317-3687
Gtaubers Salt [See Sodium Sulfate)
Glucose 1.35-1.44t AB, SF 777-NM (-06 1108
__ -~

t l u s (Hot) 1.20.1.25t SF, AI 110-0-222 81OW 317 W

Glue Sizing AB 110-0-222 81OW 317 W
Glycerol (Glycerin) 1.26 AB, SF, A I 777-NMT (-06 820 NJ
Green liquor (See liquors, Pulp Mill)
Heptane (See Gosolines) SF, AI

Hydrogen Peroxide (Aqueous) 5s 666-F5 (-104s 820 NJ

Hydrogen Sulfide (Aqueous) 5s 110-0-222 (-98 820 NJ
Kaolin Slip [In Water) AI, 3 6-777 111M-SS1 851 n
Kaolin Slip (In Acid) 10, 11, 12 6-999 (-98 851 n
Kerosene (See Oil, Kerosene) 710-6-777 111M-SS3

lord (Hot) SF, A I 0-110 (-06 909

Lend Acetate (Aqueous) (Sugar of lead) 9, 10, 11. 14 110-0-222 (-98 842
Lend (Molten) AI, 3 (-98 841
Lime Water (Milk of Lime) AI 777-NlilT SS6J 820 HJ

liquors, Pulp Mill:

Black A1,3,9,10,11,12,14 666-F5 (-06 811 xx
Green A1,3.9,10,11,12,14 666-F5 (-06 811 xx
White AI.3.9,lO. 11,12,14 666-F5 (-06 811 xx
Pink AI, 3,9,10,11,12,14 666-F5 (-06 811 xx
Sulfite 9,10, 11 8-110-BLA (-06 811 xx
~ ___

lithium Chloride (Aqueous) AI 110-6-777 lIlM.-SSl 811 XX

lye, Coustic (See Potassium 8
Sodium Hydroxide)
Mognesium Chloride (Aqueous) 10. 11, 12 999-NM (-06 851 n
Magnesium Sulfate [Aqueous) (Epsom Salts) AI, SS 999-NM (-06 851 TT
__ ~ __
Monganese Chloride (Aqueous) AI, 55.12 999-NM (-06 820 NJ
Manganous Sulfote (Aqueous) AB, AI, SS 999-NM (-06 820 NJ
Mosh AB, SF, 8 110-0-222 (-06 909
Mercuric Chloride (Very dil. Aqueous) 9, 10, 11, 12 999-ttM (-06 851 TT
Mercuric Chloride (Coml. Conc. Aqueous) 11, 12 999-NM (-06 851 TT
- _ _ ~ .
Mercuric Sulfate (in HISO&) 10,11,12 999-NM (-98 820 NJ
Mercurous Sulfate (in HISO&) 10. 11, 12 999-NM (-98 820 NJ
Methyl Chloride 0.92t AI 710-8-777 (-06 856
Methylene Chloride 1.34 AI, 8 710-6-777 (-06 856
Milk 1.03-1.04 B D-110 or 777-NM (-06 909
_. ~-
See footnotes at end of table.
 CHEMICAL LIQUIDS 165

TABLE 46. (Cont.)

Parking RetommrnJed Ry:t

Material
liquid ond Condition Sg. a1 60°F Recommended' Duromrtallica Crane Anchor4

Mine Woter (See Acid, Mine Woter)

Mistella (20% Soyabean O i l
and Solvent .075 AI 110-D-222 111M-SS1 851 T I
Molasses AB, SF 110-D-222 (-06 909
Mustard AB, 55.12 110-D-222 (-06 909
Naphtha 0.78-0.88 SF, AI 710-8-777 lllM-SS3 820 NJ

Naphtha (Crude) 0.92-0.9S SF, AI 710-8.777 111M-SSJ 820 NJ

Nicotine Sulfate 10, 11, 12, 14 8-110 BLA B 8-999 896 BSl n
Nitre (See Potassium Nitrate)
Nitre Coke (See Sodium Bisulfate)
Nitro Ethane 1.04 SF, AI 710-8-777 896 804
Nitro Methane 1.14 SF, AI 710-8-777 896 804

Oils:
Coal Tar SF, AI, SS D-110 lOlAL 820 NJ
Coconut 0.91 AB, SF, 55. A1,14 110-0.222 (-06 820 NJ
Creosote 1.04-1.10 SF, AI D-110 8OSMD 317
Crude (Cold) SF, AI 710-8-777 111M-SS2 317
Crude (Hot) 3 D-110 101AL 81 1

-
Essential AB, SF, A I 110-0-222 101111 317
Fuel 0.82-1.00t SF, AI 710-8-777 111M-SS2 317
Kerosene 0.78-0.82t SF, AI 710-8-777 11lUSS2 317-3687
Linseed 0.94 AB. SF, A I , 55. 14 710-8-777 111M-SS2 31 7
Lubricating 0.88.0.94t SF, A I 710-8-777 111M-SS2 317

Mineral 0.88-0.94t SF, AI 710-8-777 111M-SS2 317

Olive 090 SF, AI 7104-777 111M-SS2 317
Palm 0.90 AB, SF. A I , 55, 14 710-8-777 111M-SS2 317
Quenching 0.91 SF, AI 710-8-777 IlIM-SSP 317
Rapeseed- 0.92 AB, 55, 14 710-8-777 111M-SS2
3l7---
Soya Bean 0.93-0.98t AB, SF, AI, SS, 14 710.8-777 111M-SS2 820
Turpentine 0.87 SF, A I 7104-777 111M-SS2 820 NJ
Paraffin (Hot) 0.90t SF, A I 110-D-222 (-06 317-3687
Perhydrol (See Hydrogen Peroxide)
Petroleum Ether SF, A I 710-8-777 111M-IS2 804

Phenol (See Acid, Carbolic)

Photographic Developers ss 110-8-777 lllM-IS2 888
Potash (Plant Liquor) AB, 55, 13, 14 1io-8-7n IllM-SS2 888
Potash Alum (Aqueous) A8,9,10,11,12,13,14 8.110 BLA 8 8.999 111M-SSS 386
Potassium Bichromate (Aqueous) AI 666-F5 (-98 8Sl TT

Potassium Carbonote (Aqueous) AI 110-8-777 111M-SS1 851 TI

Potassium Chlorate (Aqueous) ss, 12 666-F5 (-98 811 n
Potassium Chloride (Aqueous) AB. 55. 14 1104-777 111M-SSI 820
Potassium Cyanide (Aqueous) AI 777-NM (-06 I51 n
Potassium Hydroxide (Aqueous) AI, 5, 55, 13, 14, I S 666-F5 1161 853

Potassium Nitrote (Aqueous) AI, 5, SS B-110-BLA SS6J. 8S1 n

Potassium Sulfate (Aqueous) AB, SS 110-8-777 111Y-SS1 820
Propane (C'H') 0.5lt SF, AI, 3 710-8-777 lllM-113 317-3687
Pvridins 0.98 AI 710-8-777 111M-SS3 851 T I
Pyridlne Sulphale 10,12 8-110 BLA 8 8-999 lllM-SI5 851 n
See loatnotes ot end of table.
166 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 46. (Cont.)

Pocking Recommendad By*$
&io1
Llquid and Condition Sg. 01 bO°F Recommended' Dummetollic' Crane Anchor'

Phidoleno SF 710-8-777 810 317-3687

Rosin (Colophony) (Paper Mill) AI 110-0-222 1OOAL 8S1 TT
Sa1 Ammoniac (See Ammonium Chloride)
Salt Lake (Aqueous) AB, 55, 12 110-8-777 lllM-SI1 808 A
Salt Water fSee Brines1

Sea Water (See Brines)

Sewage AB, SF, AI 110-8-777 111M-Ill 386
Shellac
Silver Nitrate (Aqueous)
AB
IS, 12
. 110-8-777
666-F'
111M-IS1
(-06
842
811 xx
Slop, Brewery AB, SF, AI 110.0-222 810(MICA) 317

Slop, Distillers 1.0s AB. SS 110-0-222 8lO(MICA) 317

Soap Liquor AI 110-8-777 5161 (51 I T
Soda Ash (Cold Aquews) AI 110-8-771 1161 1151 I T
Soda Ash (Hot Aqueous) 55, 13, 14 110-8.777 1161 888
Sodium Bicnrbonole (Aqueous) AI, 55, 13 110-8-777 1161 851 TT

Sodium Bisulfote (Aqueous) 10, 11. 12 110-8-777 5161 851 TT

Sodium Carbonote (See Soda Ash)
Sodium Chlorote (Aqueous) IS, 12 6664' 5161 811 TT
Sodium Chloride (See Brines)
Sodium Cyanide (Aqueous) AI 777-NM SS6J 851 T I

Sodium Hydroxide (Aqueous) AI, 5, 55, 13, 14, 15 6664' 1561 851 TT
Sodium Hydrosulfite (Aqueous) ss B-110-BLA SShJ 851 T1
Sodium Hypochlorite 10, 11, 12 6664' IS61 851 TT
Sodium Hyposulfite (See Sodium
Thiosulfote)

Sodium Meln Silicote AI 777-NM IS61 BS1 TT

Sodium Nitrate (Aqueous) AI, I, SS 8-110 BLA SS6J 851 TT

Sodium Phosphote:
Monobasic (Aqueous) AB, SS 999-NM 810s 386
Dibasic (Aqueous) AB, AI, SS 777-NM 8101 386
Tribasic (Aqueous) AI 110-8-777 111M-SI1 851 T I
Meta (Aqueous) AB, SS 110-8-777 111M-SI1 386
Heramelo (Aqueous) 55 1104-777 111M-SS I 851 TT

Sodium Plumbite (Aqueous) AI 6664' 810s 851 TI

Sodium Silicote (Aqueous)# 1.38t AI# 777-NM 810s
1.41t 999-NM
Sodium Sulfate (Aqueous) AB, SS 110-8-777 111M-SI1 B20
Sodium Sulfide (Aqueous) AI, SS 110-8-771 111M-SI 1 851 TI

Sodium Sulfite (Aqueous) AB, SS 110-0-777 111M-111 820

Sodium Thiosullote (Aquews) ss 110-8-777 111M-IS1 851 T I
Stannic Chloride. (Aqueous) 11,12 666-Fj 1161 851 TT
Stannous Chloride (Aqueous) 11, 12 666-F" 1161 851 TT
Stnrch AB, SF 8-777 8lO(MlCA) 909

Strontium Nitrate (Aqueous) AI, 8 999.NM SI5 853

Sugar (Aqueous) AB, 51, 13 110.0-222 (-06 909
Sulfite Liquors (See Liquors, Pulp Mill)
Sulfur ( I n Water) AB, AI, SS 110-0-222 (-06 842
Sulfur (Mollen) AI 110-0-222 IOlAL-SS2 851 T1

See footnotes 01 end of table.

 CHEMICAL LIQUIDS 167

TABLE 46. (Cont.)

Packing Recommend.d Byrx
Moterial
Liquid and Condition le. at 6 0 - F Recommend41 Dummrbttic' Crone Anchor'

Sulfur Chloride (Cold) AI ' 110 BLA-8-999 896 8S1 n

SYNP (See Sugar)
Tallow (Hat) 0.90 AI 1104-222 810 862
Tonning Liquors AB, 55, 12, 14 777-NM 5161 842
Tar (Hat) AI, 3 B-110 8OSMD 842

Tar L Ammonia (In Water) AI 8-110 8OSYO 856

Tetrachloride of Tin (See Stannic Chloride)
Tetraethyl Lead 1.66 SF, A I 710-8-777 alos(ll) 317-3687
Toluene (Toluol) 0.87 SF, A I 710-8-777 8105(11) 905
Trichloroethylene 1.47 AB, SF, AI, 8 710-8-777 8lOS(ll) 901

Urine AB. 55 110-8-777 810 317

Varnish AB, SF, AI, 8, 14 710-8-777 e.lOS(11) 820 NJ
Vegetable Julces AB. 55.14 110-0-222 (-06 820
Vinegar AB, 55, 12 110-0-222 (-06 820 NJ
Vitriol, Blue (See Capper Sulfate)

Vitriol, Green (See Ferrous Sulfate)

Vitriol, O i l of (See Acid Sulfuric)
Vitriol, White (See Zinc Sulfate)
Water, Boiler Feed:
Not Evaparted pH>B.I 1.0 AI 110-8777 11 1M-SI1 808A

High Makeup pH>B.S 1.0 SF 110-8-777 11 1M-SI1 808A

low Makeup Evoporated, any pH 1.0 4, I, 8, 14 110-8-777 11 1M-SS1 808A
Water Distilled: 110-8-777
High Purity 1.0 AB, 8 110-8-777 (-06 BORA
Condensate 1.0 AB, SF i10-~-777 111M-SI1 386

Water, Fresh 1.0 SF 1104-777 111M-IS1 386

Water, Mine (See Acid, Mine Water)
Watnr, Salt 6 Sea (See Brines)
Whiskey AB, 8 110-0.222 (-06 909
White liquor (Sea Liquors. Pulp Mill)
--
White Woter (Paper Mill) AB, SF. AI 110-8-777 (-64 909
Wine AB, 8 110-D-222 (-06 909
Wood Pulp ptock) AB, SF, AI iio-r~-rn C-64 808 A
Wood Vinegar (See Acid, Pyroligneous)
Wort (See Beer Wort)

Xylol (Xylene) 0.87 SF. AI. SS 710.8-777 (-06 804

Yeast AB, SF 110-0-222 (-06 909
Zinc Chloride (Aqueous) 9, 10, 11, 12 100-BLA & 8-999 810 a42
Zinc Sulfate (Aqueous) AB, 9, 10.11 999-NM SII 012

t Data from Standards of Hydraulic Institute 10th Edition except os noted:

*Data added from other sources.
=For meaning of symbols see Table 4s and preceding text.
*Symbol number of packing recommended by Durametallic Corp., Kalamazoo, Mich.
*symbol number of packing recommended by Crane Packing Co., Morton Crave, 111.
'Symbol number of pocking recommended by Anchor Packing Co., 401 N. Broad SI.. Philadelphia, Pa.
'In non-axidizing applicotianr use A-666-5
 168 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

MECHANICAL SEALS

FIG. 57. Typical mechanical seal. Single inside type il1ustroted.t

When stuffing box packing ,is used some of the liquid being
pumped or a separate sealing fluid must be permitted t o drip from
the packing box. T h i s drip is the only means of lubricating
and cooling the packing box. T o meet the needs of industry for
a dripless box, mechanical seals were developed and are especially
applicable when sealing a pump handling corrosive, costly, vola-
tile, toxic or gritty fluids. Their use results in lowered mainte-
nance costs, fewer shut-downs, greater safety and more economical
operation. T h e y are particularly suitable for use in pumps
handling light hydrocarbons, corrosive crude stocks, caustics,
acids, solvents and other fluids difficult to seal with conventional
packing.
T o prevent leakage two essential anti-frictional mating rings
lapped together are used. T h e rotating ring is sealed against
leakage to and rotates with the shaft. T h e stationary member is
generally fixed in the stuffing box or gland and leakage prevented
by sealing with “0”rings or gaskets. I n Fig. 57 gaskets are
illustrated. T h e two mating rings are held together b y spring
and hydraulic pressure.
Mechanical seals can be built for a wide range of pressures and
temperatures using in their construction any machineable ma-
terial including steel or its alloys, carbon, ceramics o r fibre.
t Courtesy Durametallic Corp. See page 6.
 CHEMICAL LIQUIDS 169

pH VALUES
T h e acidity or alkalinity of a solution is expressed by its p H
value. A neutral solution such as water has a p H value of 7.0.
Decreasing p R values from 7.0 to 0.0 indicate increasing acidity
and increasing p H values from 7.0 to 14.0 indicate increasing
alkalinity. Since the p H value denotes the acidity or alkalinity of
a liquid it gives some indication of the materials required in con-
structing a pump to handle the liquid. The pH value alone, how-
ever, is not conclusive. Many other factors must be considered.
However, as an approximate guide, Table 47a may be found helpful.

TABLE 47a. MATERIALS O F CONSTRUCTION

INDICATED BY pH VALUE.

pH Value ~-
Material of Construction --
Corrosion Resistant Alloy Steels.
All Bronze.
Bronze Fitted or Standard Fitted.
8 to 10 All Iron.
10 t o 14 Corrosion Resistant Alloys.

T h e following tables give approximately p H values. From

“modern pH and Chlorine Control”, W. A. Taylor & Co., by
permission.

TABLE 47. APPROXIMATE pH VALUES.

ACIDS

Hydrochloric, N . . ............. 0.1 Formic, 0.1N. ................. 2.3

Hydrochloric, 0.1N ............ 1.1 Lactic, 0 . 1 N . . ................. 2.4
Hydrochloric, 0.01N.. ......... 2.0 Acetic, N . . ................... 2.4
Sulfuric,N .................... 0.3 Acetic, 0 . 1 N . . ................ 2.9
Sulfuric, 0 . 1 N . . ............... 1.2 Acetic, 0.01N ................. 3.4
Sulfuric, 0.01N ................ 2.1 Benzoic, 0.01N ................ 3.1
Orthophosphoric, 0.1N. ........ 1.5 Alum, 0.1N ................... 3.2
Sulfurous, O.1N. ............... 1.5 Carbonic (saturated) .......... 3.8
Oxalic, 0.1N .................. 1.6 Hydrogen sulfide, 0.1N. ....... 4.1
...............
Tartaric, 0 . 1 N . . 2.2 Arsenious (saturated) ......... 5.0
.................
Malic, 0 . 1 N . . 2.2 Hydrocyanic, 0.1N ............ 5.1
Citric, 0 . 1 N . . ................. 2.2 Boric. 0.1N. .................. 5.2
170 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 47 . (Cont.) APPROXIMATE pH V A L U E S.

BASES
Sodium hydroxide. N ......... .14.0 Ammonia. N .................. 11.6
Sodium hydroxide. 0.1N. .......13.0 Ammonia. 0.1N .............. .11.1
Sodium hydroxide. 0.01N ......
.l 2.0 Ammonia. 0.01N ............. .1 0.6
Potassium hydroxide. N ....... .l 4.0 Potassium cyanide. 0.1N ...... .11.0
Potassium hydroxide, 0.1N .... .l3.0 Magnesia (saturated) .........l 0.5
Potassium hydroxide. 0.01N. ... 12.0 Sodium sesquicarbonate. 0.1N. . 10.1
.
Sodium metasilicate 0.1N. .... .l2.6
Lime (saturated) .............l 2.4
F e r r o u s hydroxide (saturated) . 9.5
.
Sodium carbonate, 0.1N
.
Trisodium phosphate 0.1N. ....
12.0
.......
.l 1.6
Calcium carbonate (saturated) 9.4
Borax. 0.1N .................. 9.2
Sodium bicarbonate. 0.1N ......
8.4

BIOLOGIC MATERIALS
Blood. plasma. human ...... .7.3. 7.5 Duodenal contents. human ...4.8. 8.2
Spinal fluid. human .........
.7.3. 7.5
..........
.
Feces human .............
.4.6.8.4
Urine. human ..............4.8.8.4
Blood. whole. d o g .6.9.7.2
Saliva. human ............. .6.5.7.5
Gastric contents. human ..... .l.O. 3.0
.
Milk human
Bile. human
..............
.6.6.7.6
...............
.6.8. 7.0

FOODS
Apples ...................
.2.9. 3.3 Milk. cows ................ .6.3.6.6
Apricots ..................
.3.6.4.0 Olives .....................3.6.3.8
Asparagus ................
.5.4.5.8 Oranges ...................3.0. 4.0
Bananas ..................
.4.5. 4.7 Oysters ....................6.1.6.6
Beans .....................
. S O . 6.0 Peaches .................. .3.4. 3.6
Beers .....................
.4.0. 5.0 Pears ..................... .3.6-4.O
Blackberries ..............
.4.9. 5.5 Peas .......................5.8. 6.4
Bread. white ..............
.SO. 6.0 Pickles, sour ...............3.0.3.4
Beets .....................
.4.9. 5.5 Pickles, dill................3.2. 3.6
Butter ....................
.6.1.6.4 Pimento ...................4.6. 5.2
Cabbage ..................
.5.2.5.4 Plums .................... .2.8. 3.0
Carrots ...................
.4.9. 5.3 Potatoes .................. .5.6. 6.0
Cheese ....................
.4.8. 6.4 Pumpkin .................. .4.8. 5.2
Cherries ..................
.3.2.4.0 Raspberries ............... .3.2.3.6
Cider .....................
.2.9.3.3 Rhubarb ...................3.1. 3.2
Corn .....................
.6.0. 6.5 Salmon ................... .6.1. 6.3
Crackers ..................
.6.5. 8.5 Sauerkraut ................ .3.4. 3.6
Dates .....................
.6.5.8.5 Shrimp ................... .6.8.7.0
Eggs, fresh white ..........
.7.6.8.0 Soft drinks ..................2.04 . 0
Flour. wheat ..............
.5.5. 6.5 Spinach ....................5.1. 5.7
Gooseberries ..............
.2.8.3.0 Squash .................... .5.0- 5.4
Grapefruit .................3.0. 3.3 Strawberries ...............3.0.3.5
Grapes ...................
.3.5. 4.5 Sweet potatoes .............5.3. 5.6
Hominy (lye) .............
.6.8. 8.0 Tomatoes ................. .4.0-4.4
................
Jams, f r u i t .3.5. 4.0 Tuna ..................... .5.9. 6.1
...............
Jellies, f r u i t .2.8. 3.4 Turnips ...................5.2. 5.6
Lemons ...................
.2.2. 2.4 Vinegar ................... .2.4. 3.4
Limes ....................
.1.8. 2.0 Water, drinking ........... .6.5.8.0
Maple syrup ...............
.6.5. 7.0 Wines .................... .2.8. 3.8
CHEMICAL LIQUIDS 171
+
172 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 49. SPECIFIC GRAVITY O F CAUSTIC SODA

SOLUTIONS 15OC (59OF) BY LUNGE.t

One gallon contains

Specific Degrees Degrees Per cent Per cent pounds pounds
gravity Baume lwaddell NaOH No20 NaOH NdO

1.007 1.o 1.4 0.61 0.47 0.051 0.039

1.014 2.0 2.8 1.20 0.93 0.101 0.059
1.022 3.1 4.4 2.00 1.55 0.170 0.132
1.029 4.1 5.8 2.70 2.10 0.232 0.180
1.036 5.1 7.2 3.35 2.60 0.289 0.225
1.045 6.2 9.0 4.00 3.10 0.345 0.268
___
-1.052 7.2
.._ 10.4
~. - 4.64 3.60 0.407 0.316
1.060
1.067
1.075
8.2
9.1
10.1
12.0
13.4
15.0
5.29
5.87
6.55
4.10
4.55
5.08
0.4G7
0.522
0.587
:::%
0.455
1.083 11.1 16.6 7.31 5.67 0.660 0.512
- . -
1.091 12.1
-- - 18.2
.~ 8.00 6.20 0.728 0.564
1.100 13.2 20.0 8.68 6.73 0.796 0.617
1.108 14.1 21.6 9.42 7.30 0.8iO 0.674
1.116 .-
15.1 23.2 10.06 7.80 0.936 0.726
1.125 16.1 25.0 10.97 8.50 1.029 0.797
1.134 17.1 26.8 11.84 9.18 1.119 0.868
1.142 18.0 28.4 12.64 9.80 1.203 0.933
1.152 19.1 30.4 13.55 10.50 1.301 1.008
1.162 20.2 32.4 14.37 11.14 1.392 1.079
1.171 21.2 34.2 15.13 11.73 1.477 1.145
1.180 22.1 36.0 15.91 12.33 1.565 1.213
1.190 23.1 38.0 16.77 13.00 1.664 1.290
1.200 24.2 40.0 17.67 13.70 1.768 1.371
1.210 25.2 42.0 18.58 14.40 1.874 1.453
1.220 26.1 44.0 19.58 15.18 1.992 1.554
1.231 27.2 46.2 20.59 15.96 2.113 1.638
1.241 28.2 48.2 21.42 16.76 2.216 1.734
1.252 29.2 50.4 22.64 17.55 2.363 1.832
1.263 30.2 52.6 23.67 18.35 2.492 1.932
1.274 31.2 54.8 24.81 19.23 2.635 2.042
1.285 32.2 57.0 25.80 20.00 2.764 2.143
1.297 33.2 59.4 26.83 20.80 2.901 2.249
1.308 34.1 61.6 27.80 21.55 3.032 2.350.
i.320 35.2 64.0 28.83 22.35 3.173 2.460
1.332 36.1 6c4 29.93 23.20 3.324 2.576
1.345 37.2 69.0 31.22 24.20 3.501 2.714
1.357 38.1 71.4 32.47 25.17 3.673 2.848
1.370 39.2 74.0 33.69 26.12 3.848 2.983
1.383 40.2 76.6 34.96 27.10 4.031 3.125
1.397 41.2 79.4 36.25 28.10 4.222 3.273
1.410 42.2 82.0 37.47 29.05 4.405 3.415
1.424 43.2 84.8 38.80 30.08 4.606 3.671
1.438 44.2 87.6 39.99 31.00 4.794 3.716
1.453
- - 45.2 90.6
-.- 41.41
_ _ ~- 32.10 5.016
.. ~ . 3.888
1.468 46.2 93.6 42.83 33.20 5.242 4.063
1.483 47.2 96.6 44.38 34.40 5.487 4.253
1.498 48.2 99.6 46.15 35.70 5.764 4.459
1.514 49.2 102.8 47.60 36.90 6.008 4.658
1.630 50.2 106.0 49.02 38.00 6.253 4.847

?Courtesy Zngersoll-Rand Co. See bage 6.

 MECHANICAL DATA 173

SECTION IX-MECHANICAL DATA

CONTENTS

Page
Table-Dimensions Cast Iron Pipe.. .................................................... ..174
Table-Dimensions Cast Iron Flanged Fittings.................................. 175
TableDimensions Cast Iron Pipe Flanges.............................
Table-Roperties Steel and Wrought Iron Pipe ................................ ..177
Table-Weight and Dimensions of Copper and Brass
Pipe and Tubes...................................................................................... 1.
Table-Capacity of Vertical Cylindrical Tanks.................................. 181
Table-Capacity of Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks ............................. -181
Table-Horsepower of V-Belt Drives...................................................... 182
Table-Functions of Numbers .................................................................. 183

Table-Pressure-Temperature Ratings for ASA

Class 125 and Class 250 Pipe Flanges and Fittings........................ 248
 174 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 50. CAST IRON PIPE D1MENSIONS.t

CLASS A CLASS B CLASS c CUSS D
I00 Foot Head 200 Foot Head 300 foot Head 400 Foot Head
43 Pounds Pressure 86 Pounds Pressure 130 Pounds Pressure I 7 3 Pounds Pressure
Nominal -- - - -
Diameter Outsid Wall lnsidl Outsidl Wall Inside Outsidi Wall Insidc Outside Wall Inside
Dia- rhick Dia- Dia- rhick- Dia- Dia- rhick- Dia- Dia- Ihick- Dia-
meter ness mete1 meter ness metei meter ness metel meter ness met8r
~ - - _. _. - - - --
Inches Inches lnche lnche Inches 'nches lnche Inches riches Inchs: Inches riches Inches
- - -- - __ - -- --
3 3.80 0.31 3.02 3.96 0.42 3.12 3.96 0.45 3.06 3 .96 0.48 3.00
4 4.80 0.4i 3.96 5.00 0.45 4.1C 5.00 0.48 4.04 5.00 0.52 3.96
6 6.98 0.44 6.02 7.10 0.48 6.14 7.10 0.51 6.08 7.10 0.55 6.00

8 9-05 0.a 8.13 9.05 0.51 8.03 9.30 0.56 8.18 9.30 0.60 8.10
10 r1.m 0.N 10.10 11.10 0.57 9.96 11.40 0.62 10.16 11 .a 0.68 10.04
I2 t3.20 0.54 12.12 13.20 0.62 11.96 13.50 0.68 12.14 13.50 0.75 12.00
I4 15.30 0.51 14.16 15.30 0.66 13.98 15.65 0.74 14.17 15.65 0.82 14.01

16 17.40 0.60 16.M 17.40 0.70 16.00 17.80 0.80 16.20 17.80 0.89 16.02
18 19.50 0.64 18.22 19.50 0.75 18.00 19.92 0.87 18.18 19.92 0.96 18.90
20 21.60 0.67 20.26 21.60 0.80 20.00 22.06 0.92 20.22 22 .ob 1.03 20.00
24 25.80 0.76 24.28 25.80 0.89 24.02 26.32 1.04 24.22 26.32 1.16 24.00

30 31 .?4 0.88 29.98 32.00 1.03 29.94 32.40 1.20 30.00 32.74 1.37 30.00
36 37 .% 0.99 35.98 38.30 1.15 36.00 38.70 1.36 39.98 39.16 1.58 36.00
42 44.20 1.10 42.00 44.50 1.28 41.94 45.10 1.54 42.02 45.58 1.78 42.02
4a 50.50 1.26 47.98 50.80 1.42 47 .% 51.40 1.71 47.98 51.98 1.96 48.06

54 56.66 1.35 53.96 57.10 1.55 54.00 57.80 1.90 54.00 58.40 2.23 53.94
60 62.80 1.39 60.02 63.40 1.67 60.06 64.20 2.00 60.20 64.82 2.38 60.06
12 75.34 I .62 72.10 76.00 1.95 72.10 16.88 2.39 72.10
84 87 .54 1.72 84.10 88.54 2.22 84.10
- - - --
- -- -
CLASS E CLASS F CLASS G CUSS H
5W foot Head 600 Foot Head 700 Foot Head 800 Foot Hetd
,217 Pounds Pressure 260 Pounds Pressure 304 Pounds Pressure 347 Pounds P sure
Nominal - - -- - -
Diameter Jutside Wall Inside Outsid, Wall Inside jutside Wall Inside )utsid 1 Wall Inside
Dia- Thick. Dia- Oia- rhick. Dia- Dia- Thick- Dia- Dia- Ihick- Dia-
meter ness meter meter ness meter meter ness meter meter ness meter
-- - - _. - -- - - - -
Inches Inches Inches lncher lncha Inches Inches
Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches
-__ - --
6 7.22 0.58 6.06 72 2 0.61 6.00 7.38 0.65 6.08 7.38 0.69 6.00
8 9.42 0.66 8.10 9.42 0.71 8.00 9.60 0.75 8.10 9.60 0.80 8.00
10 11.60 0.74 10.12 11.60 0.80 10.00 11.84 0.86 10.12 I1.a4 0.92 10.00
12 13.78 0.82 12.14 13.78 0.89 12.00 14.08 0.97 12.14 14.08 1.04 12.00

14 15.98 0.90 14.18 15.98 0.99 14.00 16.32 1.07 14.18 16.32 1.16 14.00
16 18.16 0.98 16.20 18.16 1.08 16.00 18.54 1.18 16.18 I 8 54 1.27 16.00
18 20.34 1.07 18.20 20.34 1.17 18.00 20.78 1.28 18.22 20.78 1.39 18.00
20 22.54 1.15 20.24 22.54 1.27 20.00 23.02 1.39 20.24 23.02 1.51 20.00

24 26.90 1.31 24.28 26.90 1.45 24.00 27.76 1.75 24.26 27.76 1.88 24.00
30 33.10 1.55 30.00 33.46 1.73 30.00
36 39.60 1.80 36.00 40.04 2.02 36.00

The A.W.W.A. Standard Specifications, Ssction 3 states: "for pipes whose standard thickness is less th8n 1 Inch, tbe
thickness of metal i n the body of the plpe shall not be more than 0.08 of an inch less than the rt.ndrrd thickness, and
for plpes whose standard thickness is I inch or more, the variation shall not erceed0.10of an inch, exceptthat for r-
not exceeding 8 inches in length i n any direction. variations from the standard thickness of (LO2 ol 8n inch la ucds~
of the allowance above given shall be parmitted."
Courtesy Cat Zron Pipe Researcb A.rsocidiorr See page 6.
 MECHANICAL DATA 175

TEE CROSS SIDE OUTLET

TEE OR CROSS

TABLE 51. CLASS 125 CAST IRON FLANGES

AND F1TTINGS.t
-
-
A E
Center l o Face Center
-
Short -I-
Inside 90 Deg. Elbow 10 Face Center Center Center Face Thick-
Nominal Diam. Tees. Crosses M Deg. lo Face IO to Face to Diam.
Pipe
Size
of
Wngs
True "Y"
and Double
Branch Elbow
Long 45 Deg
Radius Elbow
Elbow
Face
ateral
True Face
'Y'and Reduce
Lateral
of
Flange Flange 1 ness
~ -- -
1 1 3% 5% 1% .... 4%
1% 1% 3% 6% 1% .... 4%
1% 1% 4 7 2 .... 5
2 2 4% 8 2% 5 6
2% 2% 5 9% 2% 5% 7
3
3%
4
3
3%
4
5%
6
6%
::: I%
9
10
11%
12
3
3
3
6
%
;
8%
9
7%

5 5 7% 10% 4% 13% 3% 8 10
6 6 8 11% 5 14% 3% 9 11
8 8 9 14 5% 17% 4% 11 13%
10 10 11 16% 6% 20% 5 12 16
12 12 12 19 7% 24% 5% 14 19
14 OD 14 14 27 6 16 21
16 OD 16 IS 30 6% 18 23%
180D 18 16% 32 7 19 25
20 OD 20 18 35 8 20 27%
24 OD 24 22 34 I1 40% 9 24 32 1% 1%
30 DD 30 25 41% 15 49 30 38% 2% 1%
36 OD 36 28. 49 18 .... .....
10 36 46 2% 1%
42 OD 42 31. 56% 21 .... .... 42 53 2% 1'!6
48 OD 48 34. 64 24 ~
.... ....
- -- 48 -
59% 2% 2
All dimensions given i n inches,
*Does not apply l o true Yr Ut double branch elbows.
t C o w t e s y American Society of Mechanical Engineers. See page 6.
176 HY D R A U 1I C H A N D B'OO K
(Y
Z s
iH -
G
 MECHANICAL DATA 177

TABLE 53. PROPERTIES O F STEEL AND

WROUGHT IRON P1PE.t
Nominal
Diameter Schedule
Outside
Diameter
I Wall
Thickness
Internal
Diameter
Internal
Area
Inches inches inches Inches Sq. Inches
L/s 0.405 0.068 0.269 0.0568 0.00669
0.095 0.215 0.0363 0.00837
?4 0.540 0.088 0.364 0.1041 0.00495
0.119 0.302 0.0716 0.00596
% 0.675 0.091 0.493 0.1909 0 00365
0.126 0.423 0.1405 0 .00426
% 0.840 0.109 0.622 0.3039 0.00289
0.147 0.546 0.2341 0.00330
0.187 0.466 0.1706 0 00386
0.294 0.252 0.0499 0.00714
% 1.050 0.113 0 -824 0.5333 0.00218
0.154 0.742 0.4324 0.00243
0.218 0.614 0.2961 0.00293
0.308 0.434 0.1479 0.00415
1 1 315 0.133 1.049 0.8643 0.00172
0.179 0.957 0.7193 0.00188
0.250 0.815 0.5217 0.00221
0.358 0.599 0.2818 0.00301
1% 1.660 0.140 1.380 1.496 0.00130
0.191 1.278 1.283 0.00141
0.250 1.160 1.057 0.00155
0.382 0.896 0.6305 0.00201
1% 1.900 0.145 1.610 2.036 0.00112
0.200 1.500 1.767 0.00120
0.281 1.338 1.406 0.00135
0.400 1.100 0.9503 0.00164
2 2.375 0.154 2.067 3.356 0.00087
0.218 1.939 2.953 0.00093
0.343 1.689 2.241 0.00107
0.436 1 503 1.774 0.00120
2% 2.875 0.203 2.469 4.788 0.000729
0.276 2.323 4 238 0.000775
0.375 2.125 3.547 0.000847
0.552 1.771 2.464 0.00102
3 3.500 0.216 3.068 7.393 0.000587
0.300 2.900 6.605 0.000621
0.437 2.626 5.416 0.000685
0.600 2.300 4.155 0.000783
3% 4 .OOO 0.226 3.548 9.887 0.000507
0.318 3.364 8.888 0.000535
0.636 2.728 5.845 0.000660
4 4.500 0.237 4.026 12.73 0.000447
0.337 3.826 11.50 0.000470
0.437 3.626 10.33 0.000496
0.531 3.438 9.283 0.000524
0.674 3.152 7.803 0.000571
S = Wall thickness formerly designated "standard weight". X = Wall thickness lormerly designated "ertra heavy."
X X = Wall thickness formerly designated "double extra heavy".
$Courtesy Hydraulic Institute. See page 6.
178 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 53. (Cont.) PROPERTIES OF STEEL AND

WROUGHT IRON PIPE.
Nominal
Diameter
Inches
Schedule
Outside
Diameter
Inches
Wall
Thickness
-~
Inches
Internal
Diameter
Inches
I
1
Internal
Area
Sq. Inches
€/D
e=0.00015 11.

-
5 5.563 0.258 5.047 20.01 0 000357
0.375 4.813 18.19 0 000374
0.500 4.563 16.35 0 000394
0.625 4.313 14.61 0 000417
0.750 4.063 12.97 0 000443
6 6.625 0.280 6.065 28.89 0 000293
0.432 5.761 26.07 0 000312
0.562 5.501 23.77 0 000327
0.718 5.189 21.15 0 000347
0.864 4.897 18.83 0 000368
8 8.625 0.250 8.125 51.85 0 000222
0.277 8.071 51.16 0 000223
0.322 7.981 50.03 0 000226
0.406 7.813 47.94 0 000230
0.500 7.625 45.66 0 000236
0.593 7.439 43.46 0 000242
0.718 7.189 40.59 0 000250
0.812 7.001 38.50 0 000257
0.875 6.875 37.12 0 000262
0.906 6.813 36.46 0 000264
10 10.75 0.250 10.250 82.52 0 000176
0.279 10.192 81.58 0 ooo177
0.307 10.136 80.69 0 000178
0.365 10.020 78.85 0 000180
0.500 9.750 74.66 0 000185
0.593 9.564 71.84 0 000188
0.718 9.314 68.13 0 000193
0.843 9.OM 64.53 0 ooo199
1 .ooo 8.750 60.13 0 000206
1.125 8.500 56.75 0 000212
12 12.75 0.250 12.250 117.86 0 000147
0.330 12.090 114.80 0 000149
0.375 12.wo 113.10 0 oo0150
0.406 11.938 111.93 0 000151
0.500 11.750 108.43 0 000153
0.562 H .626 106.16 0 000155
0.687 11.376 101.64 0 000158
0.843 11.064 96.14 0 000163
1 ,000 10.750 90.76 0 000167
1.125 10.500 86.59 0 000171
1.312 10.126 80.53 0 000178
14 OD 14.00 0.250 13.500 143.14 0 000133
0.312 13.376 140.52 0 000135
9.375 13.250 137.89 0 000136
0.437 13.126 135.32 0 000137
0.593 12.814 128.96 0 000140
0.750 12.500 122.72 0 OW144
0.937 12.126 115.49 0 000148
1.062 11.876 110.77 0 000152
1.250 11.500 103.87 0 000157
1.406 11.188 98.31 0 000161
S=Wall th designated "standard wei ht" led "extra heavy"
XX-Wall thi designated "double extra tsavr.'
 MECHANICAL DATA 179

TABLE 53. (Cont.) PROPERTIES OF STEEL AND

WROUGHT IRON PIPE.
Nominal Outside Wall internal internal 4/D
Diametei Schedule Diameter Thickness Diameter Area e=0.00015ft.
inches Inches Inches inches Sq. Inches
16 OD 10 16.00 0.250 15.500 188.69 0.000116 '
20 0.312 15.376 185.69 0.000117
30 0.375 15.250 182.65 0.000118
40 0.500 15.000 176.72 0 .m120
60 0.656 14.688 169.44 0.000121
80
100
120
0.843
1.031
1.218
14.314
13.938
13.564
160.92
152.58
144.50
I 0.000126
o.Ooo129
O.oooii
140 1.437 13.126 135.32 0.000137
160 1.562 12.876 130 21 0 .OO0140
18 OD 10 18.00 0.250 17.500
20 0.312 17.376 0 .ooo104
(SI 0.375 17.250 0 .Oo0104
30 0.437 17.126 230.36 0 .000105
(XI 0.500 17.000 226.98 0.000106
40 0.562 16.876 223.68 0 .OO0107
60 0.718 16.564 215.49 0 .O00109
80 0.937 16.126 204.24 O.OOO112
100 1.156 15.688 193.30 0.000115
120 1.343 15.314 184.19 0.000118
140 1.562 14.876 173.81 0 .ooO121
160 1.750 14.500 165.13 0 .ooO124
20 OD 10 20.00 0.250 19.500 298.65
20 0.375 19.250 291.04
30 0.500 19,000 283.53
40 0.593 18.814 278.01
60 0.812 18.376 265 21
80 1.031 17.938 252.72
100 1.250 17.500 240.53
120 1.500 17.000 226.98
140 1.754 16.500 213.83
160 1.937 16.126 204.24
24 OD 10 24 .OO 0 250 23.500 433.74 0.0000766
20 0.375 23.250 424.56 0 .oooO774
(S) 0.500 23 ,000 415.48 0 .oooO783
30 0.562 22.876 411.01 0 .oooO787
40 0.687 22.626 402.07 0 .oooO796
60 0.937 22.126 384.50 0.0000814
80 1.218 21.564 365 2 2 0 .oooO&35
100 1.500 21.000 346.36 0 .oooO857
120 1.750 20.500 330.06 0 .oooO878
140 2.062 19.876 310.28 0 .oooO906
160 2.312 19.376 294.86 0 .Oo00929
30 .00 0.312
0.500
0.625
29.376
29.Oo0
28.750
I 677.76
660.52
649.18
I 0.0000613
O.oooO621
0.0000626
S- Wall thickness forme
XX= W.U lhickness forme fb;;". =Wall Ihickness formerly designated "extra heavy.
designated "standard wei I
designated "double extra
180 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
i
I
ERE
L
-m
L
3
00 w V
o
L
W
I
al L
2
z
In
FH
v)
w 0
o
E
n
D -muLD N N W O N O N O 0 0 CQlnNO
c
m W h O N N w w o w o w o o 0 W N W O
L "15'9 :m 0.199? 9?9? 9149
al ""4Ncu m m u u mw(.rw
CL
n
0
L)
- I -
04
E
-n=
W
n
0
L)
MECHANICAL DATA 181
I- f
182 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 57. V-BELT DR1VES.t

RECOMMENDED V-BELT CROSS-SECTIONS FOR VARIOUS HP. AND SPEEDS
MOTOR SPEED-RPM
Horsepower
690 575 490 435
1750
___ --_1160 870
---- ___
*
~

A A A ........... ..................................
)I A A A ........... ...................................
1 A A A ........... ..................................
1% A A A ........... ...................................
2 A A A ........... ...................................
3 A A B (or A) ........... ...................................
5 B (or A) B (or A) B ........... ...................................
7% B B B ........... ...................... ............
10 B B BorC ........... ...................... ............
15 B Bar C C (or E) ........... ...................... ............
20 B or C C (or B) C D 0 ........... ............
25 C (or B) C C D D ........... . . . . . . . . . . . .
30 C C C D D ........... ............
40 C CorD CorD D D ........... ............
50 C CorD CorD D D ........... ............
60 C Cor D D(or0 D D E E
75 C D (or C) D D D (or E) E E
100 C D D D or E E (or D) E E
125 .......... D D DorE E (or D) E E

:I:
1M .......... D 0 E (or D) E E E
200 .......... D D E E E
250 .......... D D E E
300 and above .......... D D E E E

JTTE 5 BASED N 180’ ARC OF -

CONTACT
-
- -- -
Velaily Velocity
in Feel Cross- Cross- Cross- Cross- Cross- in Feet Cross- Crms-
Per Section iection igtion Section Section Per Section iection
Minute A B C D E Minute A D E
-- - --

_- -
width
%’
thick
H’
.9
-
width
W’
thic,k
%
1.2
width
K’
thick
-- %*
3.0
width
1%’
thick
#’
5.5
thick
width
%’
thick
%’
1 I width
zw
h‘$i
width

H
H’
thic,k
width
1%’
thic,k
#
12.9
-
width
1%’
thick
1’
17.5
lo00

1 3”: 1 :::
1100 1.0 1.3 3.2 6.0 13.3 18.0
1200 1.0 1.4 3.4 6.5 2.3 3.0 7.1 13.7 18.5
1300
1400
1500
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
3.6
3.13
4.0
7.0
7.5
8.0 11 .o
::: 14.1
14.5
19.3
19.8

1600 3100 2.5 I 3.3 I 7.7 14.8 20 .o

1700
le00
1900
Moo
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.2
4.3
4.6
4.9
5.2
8.4
8.8
9.2
9.6
11.6
12.2
12.8
13.4
3200
3300
34W
3500
2.5
2:;
2.6
I 33:: I E
1
3.4

3.7 I
7.9

8.5
15.1
15.4
15.7
16.O
20.5
21.0
21.3
21 .a

I I
1.7 2.3 5.5 10.0 14.0
2100 3600 2.7 3.8 8.6 16.3 22.0
2200 1.8 2.4 5.7 10.5 14.8 3700
::: ::; ::; 16.6 22.8

I 1
2300 1.9 2.5 5.9 11.0 15.2 3800 16.9 23.0
2400 1.9 2.6 6.1 11.5 15.8 3900 2.8 4.1 8.9 17.2 23.3
2500 2.0
2.1
2.7
2.8
6.3
6.5
12.0
12.5
16.4
17.0
4000
5000 ::: ::: E 17.5
17.5
23.5
23.5

drive
No. of belts required=- --
( (hp per belt) (1- - C
‘175(D-d’ )
D=pitch diam. of large pulley, inches.
d=pitch diam. of small pulley, inchar
C=eenter distanca .inches.
For pump. compressor and blower driver more belting than shown by above formula should be used
+Courtesy Dayton Rubber Manufacturing Co. See page 6.
 MECHANICAL DATA 183

TABLE 58. FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS.

Cube Sq. R t Cu. Rl. Reciprocal Cirwm. Area

1 1 1 1 .ow 1.0000 1.000000000 3.1416 0.7854
2 4 8 1.4142 1.2599 .MOOD0000 6.2832 3.1416
3 9 27 1.7321 1.4423 .333333333 9.4248 7.0686
4 16 64 2.0m 1.5874 .250000000 12.5664 12.5664

5 25 125 2.2361 1.7100 .2OoM)wo 15.7080 19.635

6 36 216 2.4495 1.8171 .I66666667 18.850 28.274

7 49 343 2.6458 1.9129 .142857143 21.991 38.485
8 64 512 2.8284 2.0800 .125000000 25.133 50266
9 81 729 3.00w) 2.0801 .111111111 28.274 63.617

10 100 l.w 3.1623 2.1544 .1000oOo00 31.416 78.540

11 121 1.331 3.3166 2.2240 .ow309091 34.558 95.033
12 144 1.728 3.4641 2.2894 ,083333333 37.699 113.10
13 169 2.197 3.6056 2.3513 ,076923077 40.841 132.73
14 1% 2.744 3.7417 2.4101 .071428571 43.982 153.94

I5 225 3.375 3.8730 2.4662 .OS6666667 47.124 176.71

16 256 4,096 4 . m 2.5198 .062500000 50.265 201.06

17 289 4,913 4.1231 2.5713 .OS8823529 53.407 226.98
18 324 5.832 4.2426 2.6207 .OS5555556 56.549 254.47
19 361 6.859 4.3589 2.6684 .OS2631579 59.690 283.53

20 400 8,000 4.4721 2.7144 .050000000 62.832 314.16

21 441 9.261 4.5826 2.7589 .047619048 65.973 346.36

22 484 10,648 4.6904 2.8020 .a45454545 69.115 380.13
23 529 12.167 4.7958 2.8439 ,043478261 72.257 415.48
24 576 13.824 4.8990 2.8845 1341666667 75398 45239

25 625 15.625 5.0000 2.9240 .04oowOW 18.540 490.87

26 676 17.576 5.0990 2.9625 ,038461538 81.681 530.93

27 729 19.683 5.1962 3.MKw .037037037 84.823 572.56
28 784 21.952 5.2915 3.0366 .035714286 87.965 615.75
29 841 24.389 5.3852 3.0723 .034482759 91.106 660.52

30 900 27.000 5.4772 3.1072 .033333333 94.248 706.86

31 961 29,791 5.5678 3.1414 .032258065 97.389 .- ....

754.77 I

32 1.024 32.768 5.6569 3.1748 .031250000 lOa53

33 1.089 35.937 5.7446 3.2075 .ON303030 103.67 855.30
34 1.156 39.304 5.8310 3.23% .OB411765 106.81 907.92

35 1.225 42.875 5.9161 3.2711 .028571429 109.96 962.11

36 1.296 46.656 6.0000 3.3019 ,027777778 113.10 1.017.88

37 1,369 50.653 6.0828 3.3322 .027027027 116.24 1.07521
38 1.444 54.872 6.1644 3.3620 ,026315789 119.38 1.134.11
39 1.521 59.319 6.2450 3.3912 ,025641026 122.52 1.194.59

40 1.600 64.000 6.3246 3.4200 .025000000 125.66 1.256.64

41 1.681 68.921 6.4031 3.4482 .024390244 128.81 1.32025

42 1,764 74.088 6.4807 3.4760 .023809524 131.95 1.385.44
43 1.849 79.507 6.5574 3.5034 ,023255814 135.09 1.452.20
44 1.936 85.184 6.6332 3.5304 ,022727273 138.23 1.520.53

45 2.025 91.125 6.7082 3.5569 .022222222 141.37 1.590.43

46 2,116 97,336 6.7823 3.5830 .021739130 144.51 1,661.90

47 2.209 103.823 6.8557 3.~88 .02127ffim 147.65 1.734.94
48 2,304 110,592 6.9282 3.6342 .020833333 150.80 1,809.56
49 2.401 117,649 7 . m 3.6593 .020408163 153.94 1.885.74

50 2,500 125,000 7.0711 3.6840 .02W000W 157.08 1,963350

184 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 58. (Cont.) FUNCTIONS O F NUMBERS.

-
_- No. ___.
Square
~Cube
___
sq. ut.
--
cu. ut. Reciprocal
.
Circum. Area

51 2.601 132.651 7.1414 3.7084 .019607843 160.22 .2.042.82

52 2,704 140.608 7.2111 3.7325 ,019230769 163.36 2,123.72
53 2.809 148.877 7.2801 3.7563 .018867925 166.50 2.206.18
54 2.916 157.464 7.3485 3.7798 .018518519 169.65 2,290.22
55 3,025 166.375 7.4162 3.8030 .018181818 172.79 2.375.83
56 3,136 175,616 7.4833 3.8259 .017857143 175.93 2.463.01
57 3,249 185.193 7.5498 3.8485 ,017543860 179.07 2.551.76
58 3.364 195.112 7.6158 3.8709 ,017241379 182.21 2.W2.08
59 3.481 205,379 7.6811 3.8930 .016949153 185.35 2.733.97
60 3.600 216.000 7.7460 3.9149 ,016666667 188.50 2.827.43
61 3,721 226.981 7.8102 3.9365 .016393443 191.64 2,92217
62 3.844 238.328 7.8740 3.9579 .016129032 194.78 3.019.07
63 3,969 250.047 7.9373 3.9791 .015873016 197.92 3.117.25
64 4,096 262,144 8.0000 4.0000 .015625000 201.06 3.216.99
65 4,225 274,625 8.0623 4.0207 ,015384615 204.20 3.318.31
66 4.356 287.496 8.1240 4.0412 .015151515 207.34 3,421.19
67 4.489 300,763 8.1854 4.0616 ,014925373 210.49 3.525.65
68 4,624 314.432 8.2462 4.0817 .014705882 213.63 3,631.68
69 4.761 328.509 8.3066 4.1016 ,014492754 216.71 3.739.28
70 4,900 343,000 8.3666 4.1213 .014285714 219.91 3.848.45
71 5,041 357.911 8.4261 4.1408 .014084517 223.05 3,959.19
72 5.184 373.248 8.4853 4.1602 .013~a8889 226.19 4.071.50
73 5,329 389,017 8.5440 4.1793 ,013698630 229.34 4.185.39
74 5,476 405,224 8.6023 4.1983 ,013513514 232.48 4.300.84
75 5,625 421.875 8.6603 .4.2172 ,013333333 235.62 4.417.86
76 5,776 438.976 8.7178 4.2358 .013157895 238.76 4,536.46
77 5,929 456,533 8.7750 4.2543 .012987013 241.90 4.656.63
78 6.084 474.552 8.8318 4.2727 .012820513 245.04 4.778.36
79 6,241 493,039 8.8882 4.2908 .012658228 248.19 4,901.67
80 6,400 512,000 8.9443 4.3089 .012500000 251.33 5,026.55
81 6.561 531,441 9.0000 4.3268 ,012345679 254.47 5.153.00
82 6,724 551.368 9.0554 4.3445 .012195122 257.61 5.281.02
83 6.889 571.787 9.1104 4.3621 .012048193 260.75 5.410.61
84 7,056 592,704 9.1652 4.3795 .011904762 263.89 5.541.77
85 7,225 614,125 9.2195 4.3968 .011764706 267.04 5.674.50
86 7.396 636,056 9.2736 4.4140 .011627907 270.18 5.808.80
87 7.569 658.503 9.3274 4.4310 ,011494253 273.32 5.944.68
88 7,744 681.472 9.3808 4.4480 ,011363636 276.46 6,082.12
89 7,921 704.969 9.4340 4.4647 .011235955 279.60 6,221.14
90 8,100 729,000 9.4868 4.4814 .011111111 282.74 6,361.73
91 8.281 753,571 9.5394 4.4979 .010989011 285.88 6,503.88
92 8.464 778,688 9.5917 4.5144 ,010869565 289.03 6,647.61
93 8.649 804.357 9:6437 4.5307 ,010752688 292.17 6,792.91
94 8.836 830,584 9.6954 4.5468 .010638298 295.31 6.939.78
95 9,025 857.375 9.7468 4.5629 ,010526316 298.45 7.088.22
96 9,216 884.736 9.7980 4.5789 .010416667 301.59 1.238.23
97 9.409 912.673 9.8489 4.5947 .010309278 304.73 7.389.81
98 9.604 941.192 9.8995 4.6104 .010204082 307.88 7,542.96
99 9,801 970,299 9.9499 4.6261 .010101010 311.02 7,697.69
100 10,000 1,000,000 10.0000 4.6416 .o100owoo 314.16 7.853.98
 E L E C T R I C A L D A T A 185

SECTION X-ELECTRICAL DATA

CONTENTS

Page
Electric Motors-Service Conditions .. . .. .. . .... .. . . . . . . . . .186 .
Electric Motors-Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1%7 +

Electric Motors-Synchronous Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .187

Electric Circuits-Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .188
Electric Motors-Full Load Currents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .189
Watt Hour Meters-Disc Constants and Horsepower
Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .190
Electric Circuits-Wire and Fuse Sizes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
186 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

SECTION X-ELECTRICAL DATA

ELECTRIC MOTORS-SERVICE CONDITIONS
Electric motofs are manufactured in several types of frame en-
closures. This makes it possible to install motors in a variety of
atmospheric environments some of which are normally unfriendly
to the efficient operation of electrical apparatus. T h e table follow-
ing gives the normal temperature rating and overload rating or
service factor for each type.

NORMAL TEMPERATURE RISE BY THERMOMETER, AND

SERVICE FACTOR, 40 C AMBIENT
Class A Class B Class H
Enclosure Insulation Insulation Insulation
Dripproof
Dripproof, guarded I
Dripproof with moisture-sealed features
Forced-ventilated (pipe- or base-)
Self-ventilated (base- and pipe-, where
1 40C 1.15 60C 1.15 9OC 1.15

ducts are attached) J 50 C 1.00 70 C 1.00 110 C 1.00

Splashproof
Totally enclosed fan-cooled (std and 1
exp-proof)
TEFC with air-to-water heat exchanger }
Waterproof, totally enclosed fan-cooled J
55 '.O0 75 "O0 '15 '.O0

Weather-protected, N E M A Type I
Weather-protected. N E M A T v w I1 } 40C 1.15 60C B.15 9OC 1.15

These ratings apply where:

1. Temperature of the surrounding air does not exceed 40 deg.

C. (104 deg. F.).

2. Voltage does not vary more than 10% above or below the
nameplate rating.

3. Frequency does not vary more than 5% above or below the

nameplate rating

4. Both voltage and frequency do not vary the maximum

amount given in (2) and (3) simultaneously. Keeping the
limit of 5% on frequency the combined variation is limited
to 10%.

5. Altitude does not exceed 1000 meters (3300 ft.)

 ELECTRICAL D A T A 187

TABLE 59. MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS

Low starting and max-

i m u m t o r q u e . Low
150-160 350-400 3-5 starting current. Con-
150-160 350-400 3-5 tinuous duty, service
150-160 350-400 3-5 factor 1.0 and no over-
load capacity.
Require normal s b r t -
Multi- lz:
1800/

c ~ $ ~ ~ 1200/
n t 125-180
125-180 200-250
200-250
450-550
450-550
2-4
2-4
ing torque for contin-
uous. duty. Infrequent
load fluctuations. ~ M o -
tor provides service
Pumps.
Positive Torque 900/600 f a c t o r for overload
Displacement conditions. Constant
speed. No special con-

Require normal start-

ing torque for contin-
uous duty. Infrequent
Pumps.
Centrifugal
’;:89‘
Speed 1800/
125-180 200-250 450-550 2-4 load fluctuations. Mo-
tor provides service
Variable 1200/ 125-180 200-250 450-550 2-4 f a c t o r for overload
Torque 900/600 conditions. Constant
speed. No special con-
ditions.

WHERE: R.P.M. = REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE: F = FREQUENCY OF SUPPLY

IN CYCLES PER SECOND; P = NUMBER OF PAIRS OF POLES
188 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
0
"
W
c1
0
0
rl
X X
a
X
B
w
"
W
c-
X a
c
X
a
X
W
-3
c1
X
a
X
h
U
7
a
E
U
v
E L E C T R I C A L D A T A 189
..........
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
:. :*c9 : e o : : :
W N . . .
.t-C-.
-N
..... .....
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ZW%SZ?s$;
f rg
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.............
.. .. .bo, -mwPah *.me -
0
2ul'MEZ se22: 5 1s
ZWSXZ S%%$ ;:g
3 $ 9 E I gg%c!S
---NN
=: :2
C9 0
.............
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.............
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
:::1
;4g$'6 Fz:=S!2 N
...
--
190 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

POWER ME-4SUREMENT BY WATT-HOUR METERS.

If the watt-hour meter is in correct adjustment it can be used
as a convenient means of measuring electrical power. B y measur-
ing with a stop watch the exact time for a definite number of
revolutions of the disk, the average speed of the disk can be de-
termined accurately. T h e speed of the disk is directly propor-
tional to the power being used, as expressed in the formulas :
Watts = K X M X Revolutions per Hour
Kilowatts = 6o ~ 6o K x M X Rev. per Sec.
1000
R
=3.6KxMx-
t
H.P.Input to Motor = 4.826 K X M X
R
-
t
K = disk constant, representing watt-hours
per revolution, found on the meter nameplate
or painted on the disk.
M = product of current transformer ratio
and potential transformer ratio. (When
either transformer is not used the
equivalent ratio is one.)
R = total revolutions of watt-hour meter disk.
r = time for total revolutions of disk in seconds.
F o r convenient reference the disk constants of a number of
commonly used meters are listed below and on the following page.

TABLE 63. DISK CONSTANTS FOR

SINGLE-PHASE METERS
(Watt-Hours per Revolution of Disk)
-___
METER GENERAL ELECTRIC WESTING- SANGAMO DUNCAN
RATING HOUSE
Types Types Types Types
B. C.
OA OB,
1-16 1-60s 0C:CA. 535 MQS
1-20 1-18 CB. CS. HC MD
Volts Amp 1-14 1-30 V-2 DS-3 H HF M2 MF
5 0.3 0.6 1.2 1/3 5/24 1/3 0.25 1/3
10 0.6 1.2 2.4 2/3 5/12 2/3 0.5 2/3
15 0.9 71.8 3.6 1 5/8 1 0.75 I
I00 25 1.5 3. 6. 1-2/3 1-1/24 1-2/3 1.25 1-2/3
to
120 50 3. 6. 12. 3-1/3 2-1/12 3-1/3 2.5 3-1/3
75 4.5 5 3-1/8 5 3.5 5
100 6. 12. 6-2/3 4-1/6 6-2/3 5.0 6-2/3
150 9. 10 6-1/4 10 7.5 10
5 0.6 1.2 2.4 2/3 5/12 2/3 0.5 2/3
10 1.2 2.4 4.8 1-1/3 5/6 1-1/3 1.0 1-1/3
15 1.8 A3.6 7.2 2 1-1/4 2 1.5 2
200 25 3. 6. 12. 3-1/3 2-1/12 3-1/3 2.5 3-1/3
to
240 50 6. 12. 24. 6-2/5 4-1/6 6-2/3 5. 6-2/3
75 9. 10 6-1/4 10 7.5 10
100 12. 24. 13-1/3 8-1/3 13-1/3 IO. 19-1/9
I50 18. 20 12-1/2 20 15. 20
t 1-30 Meters have K 1 5 in the 15 amp. size.
A 1-30 Metera have K 3.0 in the 15 amp. &a.
 ELECTRICAL D A T A 191

TABLE 63A. DISK CONSTANTS FOR

POLYPHASE METERS
(Watt-Hours per Revolution of Disk)
METER GENERAL WESTING- SANCAMO DUNCAN
READING ELECTRIC HOUSE
Types m s Types Types
-.-

5 0.6 1.8 2/3 1 5/12 2/3 0.5 2/3 1

10
15
1.2
ia
%
3.6
3.6
5.4
1-1/3
2
2
3
5/6
1-1/4
1-1/3
2
1.0
1.5
1-1/3
2
2
3
100 25 3. 6. 9. 3-1/3 5 2-1/12 3-1/3 2.5 3-1/3 5
ta
120 50 6. 12. 18. 6-2/3 10 4-1/6 6-2/3 5. 6-2/3 10
75 9. 10 15 6-1/4 10 7.5 10 15
100 12. 13-1/3 20 8-1/3 13-1/3 10. 13-1/3 20
150 18. 20 30 12-112 20 15.2 20 30
5 12 t2.4 3.6 1-1/3 2 5/6 1-1/3 1. 1-1/3 2
10 2.4 4.8 7.2 2-2/3 4 1-2/3 2-2/3 2. 2-2/3 4
15 3.6 7.2 10.8 4 6 2-1/2 4 3. 4 6
?? 25 6. 12. 18. 6-2/3 10 4-1/6 6-2/3 5. 6-2/3 10
G
O 50 12. 24. 36. 13-1/3 20 8-1/3 13-1/3 10. 13-1/3 20
75 18. 20 30 12-1/2 20 15. 20 30
100 24. 26-2/3 40 16-2/3 26-2/3 20. 26-2/3 40
150 36. 40 60 25 - 40 30. 40 60
5 2.4 t4.8 72 2-2/3 4 1-2/3 2-2/3 2. 2-2f3 4
io 48 9.6 14.4 5-113 1; g-113 5-113 4. 5-113 a
15 72 14.4 21.6 8 8 6. * 8 12
400 25 12. 24. 36. 13-1/3 20 8-1/3 3-1/3 10. 13-1/3 20
to .
r

480 50 24. 48. 12. 26-2/3 40 16-2/3 26-2/3 20. 26-2/3 40

75 36. 40 60 25 40 30. 40 Bo
100 48. 53-1/3 80 33-1/3 53-1/3 40. 53-113 60
150
___ 72. 80 120 50 80 60. 80 120
-
5 3. t6. 9. 3-1/3 5 2-1/12 3-1/3 2.5 3-113 5
10 6. 12. 18. 6-2/3 10 4-1/6 6-2/3 5. 6-2/3 10
15 9. 18. 27. 10 15 6-1/4 10 7.5 10 15
25 15. 30. 45. 16-2/3 25 10-5/12 16-2/3 12.5 16-2 f3 25
600 50 30. 60. 90. 33-1/3 50 20-5/6 33-1/3 25. 33-1/3 50
75 45. 90. 135. 50 75 31-1/4 50 37.5 50 75
100 60. 120. 180. 66-2/3 100 41-2/3 66-2/3 50. 66-213 100
150 90. 180. 270. 100 150 62-1/2 100 75. 100 150

tMost m o d e m meters with current transformers have 2!5 amp. current coils which would
make the constant one half of that shown above. This constant is marked on edge of
disc.
El
192 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 64. TABLE FOR SELECTING W I R E AND F U S E

SIZES FOR MOTOR BRANCH CIRCUITS
(Based on Room Temperature 30°C. 86°F.)

Minimum Allowoble Size of Copper For Running Protection

Wire, A. W. C. or MCM of Motors Moximum Allmwoblc Rating o f Branch.
Notional Electric Code Circuit Fuses with Code Letters

1 14 14 14 2 1.25 15 15 15 15
2 14 14 14 3 2.50 15 15 15 15
3 14 14 14 4 3.75 15 15 15 15
4 14 14 14 6 5.0 15 15 15 15
5 14 14 14 8 6.25 15 15 15 15
6 14 14 14 8 7.50 20 15 1 5 1 5 -
8 14 14 14 10 10.0 25 20 20 15
10 14 14 14 15 12.50 30 25 20 15
12 14 14 14 15 15.00 40 30 25 20
14 14 12 14 20 17.50 45 35 30 25
16 12 12 14 20 20.00 50 -40-35-- 25 --
18 12 12 14 25 22.50 60 45 40 30
20 12 12 14 25 25.0 60 50 40 30
24 10 10 14 30 30.0 80 60 50 40
28 10 10 12 35 35.0 90 -- 70 60 45
32 8 8 10 40 40.0 100 80 70 50
36 8 8 10 45 45.0 100 90 80 60
40 8 8 10 50 50.0 125 100 80 60
44 6 8 8 60 55.0 125 110 90 70
150 125 100 80
-48 6 6 8 60 60.0 175 - 50
i110
52 6 - 70-65.0
56 4 6 6 70 70.0 175 150 120 90
60 4 6 6 80 75.0 200 150 120 90
64 4 6 6 80 80.0 200 175 150 100
68 4 4 6 90 85.0 225 175 150 110
72 3 4 h 9 0 90.0 225 200 150-.--lTO-
76 3 4 4 100 95.0 250 200 175 125
80 3 4 4 100 100.0 250 200 175 125
84 2 4 4 110 105.0 250 225 175 150
88 2 3 4 110 110.0 300 .-2.s225
o-.oo 200 __ 150
-150 ..
-92 2 3 3- ----i25 115.0 300
96 1 3 3 125 120.0 300 250 200 150
100 1 3 3 125 125.0 300 250 200 150
110 1 2 2 150 137.5 350 300 225 175
400 ....300 250 - 200
120
-1-30
0
00
1
1
2
1
.__ 150
175
150.0
162.5 400
3503-o.o.
200 .
140 00 0 1 175 175.0 450 350 300 225
150 000 0 0 200 187.5 450 400 300 225
160 000 00 200 200.0 500 400 350 250
170 0000 O0
00 __00 _.____225 213.0 500 450 350 300
-iSF 0000 000 00 225 225.0 600----.450---460 -300-
190 0000 000 000 250 238.0 600 500 400 300
250 0000 000 250 250.0 600 500 400 300
220 300 0000 0000 300 275.0 ... 600 500 400
240 300 250 250 300 300.0 ._. 600 500 400

Wire sizes shown In this table are for single motor. for short distances from feeder
center to motor. therefore the wire sizes a r e tabulated as minimum. Where a group of
motors is involved. special consideration must be given in selecting proper wire size.
Wire sizes are based on not more than three conductors in raceway or cable.

FROM NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE 1947

 P U M P T E S T I N G 193

SECTION XI-PUMP TESTING

CONTENTS
Page
Measurement of Pressure .............................. ..194
Pressure Gauges .................................................................................... 194
Determination of Total Head ............ . .............................................. 196
Manometers ............................................................................................... 198
Determination Water Level in Well ....................................
Measurement of Capacity .
Venturi Meter ...........................................................
Nozzles .........................................................................
Orifices ...................................................................................................... 203
Table-Discharge of Orifices ............................................................ 204
Construction and Use of Pipe Cap Orifices ......
Chart-Capacity of Pipe Cap Orifices ............................................ 207
Weirs ......................................................................................................... n
~ 0 8
Table-Flow Over Suppressed Weir .............................................. 210
Weir Formula-Various Types ........................................................... 211
Pitot Tubes ...................................................................... ................211
Table-Flow from Fire Hose Nozzles by Pitot Tube Method ....212
Parshall Measuring Flume ................................................................... 215
Parshall Measuring Flume-Dimensions ........................................ 216
Table-Capacities Parshall Flumes .................................................. 217
Water Flow from Pipes-Approximations .................................... 218
194 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

SECTION XI - P U M P T E S T I N G

MEASUREMENT O F PRESSURE
Pressures are usually measured by means of Bourdon tube type
gauges although for pressures less than approximately 10 psi
water or mercury manometers are often used. Any type of instru-
ment used should be so located that it can reflect the true pres-
sure inside the pipe line. T o do so the pressure (or vacuum)
connection should be located in a pipe, straight and smooth on
the inside, of unvarying cross-section and preferably five to ten
pipe diameters down stream from any elbow, valve or other similar
turn or obstruction that might cause turbulence a t the gauging
section.
The pressure tap should be to f/4" diameter, drilled a t right
angles t o the wall of the water passage, perfectly smooth and
flush with the inside of the pipe and any burrs carefully removed.
Two pressure taps approved by the Hydraulic Institute are shown
in Fig. 58.

NIPPLE
CONNECTS
HERE
APPROX. 9
4

FIG. 58. Approved pressure taps.

The pressure gauge is constructed as shown in Fig. 59. Being

a mechanical device and adjustable the gauge must always be
calibrated before use. Very few gauges will be found to be ac-
curate over their entire scale range. On important tests or where
considerable heat is present the gauge should be calibrated both
before and after the test. This may be done by means of a standaTd
dead weight gauge tester. Whenever the pressure of hot water or
steam is being measured, a syphon should always be used with the
gauge. T h e water trapped in the syphon loses heat and the tem-
perature of the water forced into the Bourdon tube is, therefore,
relatively cool. The elastic qualities of the Bourdon tube will be
destroyed if overheated.
 PUMP TESTING 195

FIG. 60. FIG. 62.

Pressure gauge.t Vacuum gauge.t

FIG. 59.
Gauge mechani5m.t

FIG. 61. FIG. 63.

Altitude gauge.t Compound gauge.1
Gauges are available in most any dial graduation desired, but
the units the gauge indicates is not always given on the face of
the gauge. Custom in the industry has, however, made gauge
users familiar with these units. T h e gauge illustrated in Fig. 60
reads from 0 to 100. When no indication is present on the face
of the gauge t o indicate the units, it is always understood in the
industry to indicate the pressures in psi. When the word ALTI-
T U D E appears on the face as in Fig. 61 the gauge reads head
in feet of water. T h e word VACUUM on the face of the gauge
as illustrated in Fig. 62 indicates negative pressures (vacuum) in
in.hg. and the compound gauge illustrated in Fig. 63 reads vacuum
in in. hg. and pressure in psi. Any gauge reading in inches of
water, ounces/sq.ft. or in any other units, will be clearly marked
on the face of the gauge.
I n using gauges when the pressure is positive or above atmos-
pheric pressure any air in the gauge line should be vented offby
?Courtesy American Macbine 6 Metals, Inc. See page 6.
196 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

loosening the gauge until liquid appeprs. When this is done it

can be assumed that the gauge is reading the pressure a t the ele-
vation of the center line of the gauge. However, in measuring vac-
uum the gauge line will be empty of liquid and the gauge will be
reading the vacuum a t the elevation of the point of attachment of the
gauge line t o the pipe line.

FIG. 64. Determination of total head from gauge readings.

I n pump tests the total head can be determined by gauges as

illustrated in Fig. 64. I n this illustration the total Head would be
determined as follows.
H = Discharge gauge reading, corrected, Ft. liquid + Vacuum
+
gauge reading, corrected, ft. liquid distance between point
of attachment of vacuum gauge t o the center line of discharge

or H = Discharge gauge reading, corrected, F t . liquid - pressure

gauge reading in suction line, corrected, ft. liquid dis- +
tance between center of discharge and center of suction

gauges, h, Ft. + (1: 1);

-- -

The method of head determination above applies specifically t o

pumping units installed SO th& both suction and discharge flanges
of the pump and adjacent piping are located so as to be accessible
for installation of gauges for testing the pump. I n such an installa-
tion it is possible to determine the head losses in both the suction
and discharge piping and, therefore, the test will determine the true
 P U M P' T E 5 T I N G 197

efficiency of the pump. In this case the pump is charged only with
the head losses in the pump itself and all other head.losses are right-
fully charged against the piping system.

FIG. 64a. Total Head-

Deep well turbine or pro-
Deller pump.

-
0
-
0

..Lg +
.-.. 4 Where

i
0
3 Hp = Total Head or Field Head, i n
woter level .-m feet.
E h, = Vertical distance i n feet from
pumping
before 2 level of water in well when
II
begins " pumping t o the center-line of
5 x discharge.
0
t
ha = Vertical distance i n feet from
e center-line of discharge t o
level of water i n elevated
woter level tank = Static discharge head.
4 =Friction head i n discharge
piping, in feet.
Submergenc vd'
-= Velocity head at discharge,
Entrance eye- 2g
first Stoge in feet.
Impeller T h e gauge reading at discharge in
+
feet = ha fa
Therefore Hp also equals-
Hp = h, + discharge gauge reading
in feet + distance from cen-
Well Caring - ter line of gage to center line
of discharge pipe + Vd'
2g
198 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

T h e installation of vertical Propeller and Turbine Pumps is in-

variably such that i t is not possible t o obtain pressures at the suc-
tion and discharge of the submerged basic pumping unit. There-
fore, the method of head determination and testing must neces-
sarily vary from the practice used on horizontal pumps. T h e only
fair method of head determination t o the user of the pump is one
that will permit checking of pump performance in the field. Such
a method will be described here. The Total Head determined by
this method will be called “Field Head”, HI, for it can be obtained
by field measurements. Please refer to Figure 64a.
Notice in this method of figuring that all velocity, entrance and
friction losses at the suction of the pump are charged against the
pump. Also all exit losses from pump discharge as well a s all column
friction losses are charged against the pump. This makes the effi-
ciency of the pump appear lower than it really is. These losses exist
whether charged to the pump or not. When not charged t o the pump
it makes field checking of pump performance impractical.
I n the illustrations and text relating to calculations of total head
the simplest type of pumping has been used-i.e. from one open ves-
sel to another. Often closed vessels under pressure or vacuum are
involved. T o avoid error convert all elements of total head i.e.,
pressure or vacuum, static, friction and velocity to head in feet of the
liquid pumped and proceed algebraically as described and illustrated
in the preceding text.
Pressures may also be measured by manometers. The liquid
used in the manometer is generally water or mercury. However,
any liquid of known specific gravity may be used. Manometers
are most often used for low pressures for the instrument becomes
too long when used on the higher pressures. About 10 psi is the
practical limit, for this would be equivalent to a water column
23 ft. high or a mercury column
about 24 in. high. The advan-
tage of using the manometer
is, of course, that they do not
need to be calibrated and since
the deflection is greater they
can be read more accurately.
For field tests water mano-
meters are quite convenient for
they can often be fabricated
out of readily obtainable ma-
terials. Fig. 65 shows a sim-
ple manometer installed on a
suction pipe where h, = the
vacuum in the pipe line a t the
point of attachment of the
manometer to the pipe. Mer-
cury could also be used in this
FIG. 65. Manometer indicating vacuum. simple manometer but great
 PUMP TESTING 199

care should be used to see that the space between the pipe and the
mercury meniscus is completely filled with air or completely filled
with liquid.
To illustrate this point refer t o Fig. 66 showing a mercury
manometer measuring pressure in a water pipe line. If the space
above the mercury in both legs of the manometer is filled with air
the pressure in the pine line,
H,ft. water = hd, in. hg. X -
13.6
12
= h d x 1.133
where
13.6 = specific gravity of
mercury.

FIG. 66. Manometer indicating pressure.

However if the left hand leg above the mercury is filled with
water the weight of the water, h d , causes extra deflection of the
mercury. I n this case, therefore, it is necessary to subtract the
specific gravity of water from the specific gravity of mercury in
arriving a t the head in the pipe, thus:
H,ft. water = hd, in. hg X
13.6 - 1
-=hb X 1.05
12
200 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

FIG. 67. Method of

testing water level.
 PUMP TESTING 20 1

DETERMINING T H E D E P T H T O W A T E R LEVEL
I N A D E E P WELL
I n testing a vertical submerged pump such as a Deep W e l l
Turbine it is necessary to determine the water level i n the well
when pumping.
T h e most satisfactory method of determining the water level
involves the use of a M in. air line of known vertical length, a
pressure gauge and an ordinary bicycle or automobile pump in-
stalled as shown in Fig. 67. If possible the air line pipe should
reach at least twenty feet beyond the lowest anticipated water
level in the well in order to assure more reliable gauge readings
and preferably should not be attached to the column o r bowls as
this would hinder the removal of the pipe should any leaks de-
velop. As noted in Fig. 67 an air pressure gauge is used t o indicate
the pressure in the air line.
T h e M in. air line pipe is lowered into the well, a tee is placed
in the line above the ground, and a pressure gauge is screwed into
one connection and the other is fitted with an ordinary bicycle
valve t o which a bicycle pump is attached. All joints must be
made carefully and must be air tight to obtain correct information.
When air is forced into the line by means of the tire pump t h e
gauge pressure increases until all the water has been expelled.
When this point is reached the gauge reading becomes constant.
The maximum maintained air pressure recorded by t h e gauge is
equivalent to that necessary t o support a column of water of t h e
same height as that forced out of the air line. T h e length of this
water column is equal to the amount of air line submerged.
Deducting this pressure converted to feet (pounds pressure
X 2.31 equals feet) from the known length of the % in. air line
pipe, will give the amount of submergence. The following ex-
amples will serve t o clarify the above explanation.
Assume a length L of 150 f t .
Pressure gauge reading before starting pump = P I = 25 lb.
per sq. in. Then A = 25 X 2.31 = 57.7 ft., therefore the water
level in the well before starting the pump would be B= L - A =
150 - 57.7 = 92.3 feet.
Pressure gauge reading when pumping = Pz = 18 lb. per sq.
in. Then C = 18 X 2.31 = 41.6 feet, therefore the water level in the
well when pumping would be D= L - C = 150 - 41.6 f t . = 108.4 ft.
T h e drawdown is determined by the following equation:
D- B = 108.4 - 92.3 = 16.1 feet.
MEASUREMENT O F CAPACITY
T h e most accurate method of measuring the capacity of a pump-
ing unit is by weighing the liquid pumped or measuring its vol-
ume in a calibrated vessel. F o r obvious reasons either method is
practical only for small capacities. It has been necessary there-
fore, t o devise other means, some of which are quite accurate,
others only approximations. Some are suitable for measuring flow
in a pipe line under pressure-others can be used only in open
channels. Typical methods of measuring flow will be described
here.
202 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

VENTURI METER
T h e Venturi Meter is a common device for accurately measur-
ing the discharge of pumps, particularly when a permanent meter
installation is required. When the coefficient for the meter has
been determined by actual calibration, and the meter i s correctly
installed and accurately read, the probable error in computing the
discharge should be less than one per cent.
As usually constructed the meter consists of a converging por-
tion, a throat having a diameter of approximately one third the
main pipe diameter, and a diverging portion to reduce loss of
energy from turbulence, see Fig. 68. The length of the converg-
ing portion is usually 2 to 2% times the diameter of the main
pipe, while the best angle of divergence is about 10 degrees in-
cluded angle.
For accurate results the distance from the nearest elbow or
fitting to the entrance of the meter should be at least 10 times the
diameter of the pipe. Otherwise straightening vanes should be
used to prevent spiral flow at entrance.

dzl
From a consideration of Bernoulli’s Theorem :

Gallons per Minute = 3.118 c a

c = coefficient of discharge from calibration data. While this co-
efficient may vary from about 0.94 to more than unity i t is
usually about 0.98.
a = area of entrance section where the upstream manometer con-
nection is made, in square inches.
d
R = ratio of entrance to throat diameter = -
di
g = acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft./sec.*).
h = hl - h, = difference in pressure between the entrance section
and throat, as indicated by a manometer, in feet.

FIG. 68. Venturi meter.

I n the illustration Fig. 68 the pressures hl and h, may be taken
by manometer as illustrated when the pressures are low. When
pressures are high a differential mercury manometer which indi-
cates the difference in pressure h, -
h, directly, is most often
 P U M P T E S T I N G 203

used. Gauges can also be used, but they can be read less accurately
than a manometer and do require calibration. I n commercial instal-
lations of venturi meters instruments are often installed that will
continuously indicate, record and/or integrate the flow. They also
require calibration so, when conducting a test, it is best to use a
differential manometer connected directly to the meter to measure
hi - h,.

NOZZLES
A nozzle is, in effect, the converging portion of a venturi tube.
T h e water issues from the nozzle throat into the atmosphere. T h e
pressure h,, therefore, is atmospheric pressure. T o calculate the
flow from a nozzle use the same formula as for the venturi meter.
The head, h, in the formula will be the gauge reading hl.

ORIFICES
Approximate discharge through orifice

1 d
where-is greater than .3
Q = 19.636 K d ' f l d
1 - ($1' D

d
Q = 19.636 K d L u whereBis less than .3

Q=flow, in Gpm
d = dia. of orifice or nozzle opening, in.
h = head a t orifice, in feet of liquid.
D = dia. of pipe in which orifice is placed.
K = discharge coefficient
c
RE-ENTW T U I SUARP EDGED SQU*RE EDGED RE.ENTRANT TUBE SQUARE EDGED WELL ROUNDED

l(=.52 K=.61 K==.61 K-.73 K=.8? KP.98

FIG. 69. -Typical orifice c0efficients.t

$Courtesy Ingersoll-Rand Co. See page 6.
204 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
c
c
B
; d
f;
 P U M P T E S T I N G 205
W
s
n
n
2
d
rc
s
n
n
.*
n-
N
s
N
s
N
N
*el-
..+
0
s
r(
k
c
c
m
206 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

CONSTRUCTION AND USE O F PIPE C A P ORIFICE

FIG. 70. Pipe cap orifice.

A pipe cap orifice is a form of sharp-edged orifice and is free

flowing, since it is placed on the end of a pipe and allows the
water to discharge i n t o the atmosphere.

A number of precautions must be taken to insure accuracy of

measurer-ent.
1. Approach pipe must be smooth inside, straight and hori-
zontal.

2. T h e distance between the orifice and any valves or fittings

in the approach pipe must be greater than 8 pipe diameters.

3. The S'' pressure opening should be two feet back of, and
in the centerline plane of, the orifice. It should be fitted with a
standard nipple, at right angles to the approach pipe and flush on
the inside. A rubber tube and a piece of glass pipe complete the
arrangement for easy reading of the head on the orifice. The
rubber tube may be used as shown, or may be connected directly
to the horizontal nipple.

4. T h e orifice must be a true bore, smooth, diameter accurate

to & 0.001". inside wall flush and smooth, edges square and sharp
and %'' thick, excess material chamfered a t an angle of 45 deg.
on outside as illustrated in Fig. 70.
Capacities may be read directly in GPM from Fig. 71.
P U M P T E S T I N G 207
208 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

WEIRS
There are a number of forms of the weir in use as capacity meas-
uring devices, but this discussion concerns itself primarily with the
rectangular suppressed weir, the only form approved in the Stand-
ards of the Hydraulic Institute.
This is the rectangular sharp crested weir with smooth vertical
crest wall, complete crest contraction, free overfall and with end
contraction suppressed. I t is often called, simply, a full width rec-
tangular weir. This weir is of the specific proportions of weirs that
have been calibrated by precision methods and proper coefficient
determined and these data are applicable to this specific form only.
When a weir is constructed, certain dimensional relationships
should be incorporated to insure accuracy of flow measurement.
See Fig. 72.
When using an existing weir, a tolerance of plus or minus two
percent may be expected when the Head, h, is accurately read and
the following flow limitations obtain :
a. Head, h, not less than 0.2 feet,
b. Head, h, not greater than % height of weir crest, (% of 2).
c. Head, h, not greater than ‘/z length of weir crest, (% of B).

/-I
I -

Limiting
Dimensions
B =I 3h or more
Z = 3h or more
L = 4h min. to
-1 10h max.
FIG. 72. Rectangular suppressed weir.

The weir plate shall be constructed of non-corrosive metal about

%” thick, sharp right angle corner on upstream edge, actual crest
 P U M P T E S T I N G 209

width %”, with plate beveled at 45O angle from crest on the down-
stream face. The crest shall be. smooth and free from rust, grease,
algae, etc., during testing. The plate must be mounted in a vertical
plane at right angles to the line of flow, with the crest absolutely
level. The channel walls shall be smooth and parallel and shall
extend downstream beyond the overfall, and above the crest level.
Complete aeration of the nappe is required, and observations before
and during test are necessary to provide evidence of complete free-
dom from adhering nappe, disturbed or turbulent flow, or surging.
The weir shall be located sufficiently downstream from the source
to insure that smooth flow, free from eddies, surface disturbance, or
excessive air in suspension, is maintained at all flow rates. Since
slight deviation from proper conditions can cause appreciable varia-
tion in the indicated quantity, proper baffling is very important in
order to give approximately uniform velocity across the approach
channel. This channel must be of uniform cross section, straight
and free from stilling racks or other obstructions for a length equal
to at least fifteen times the maximum head on the weir. If out of
doors, protection should be provided against surface disturbance
from wind.

T h e head on the weir shall be measured by hook gages, securely

placed in stilling boxes located at the side of the approach channel,
upstream from the crest a distance, L,of between four and ten times
the maximum head, h, on the weir. The stilling boxes shall com-
municate with the channel by a pipe about 1%” in diameter, flush
with the side of the channel and approximately one foot below the
level of the crest. If located out of doors, protection against wind
pressure and entrance of foreign material shall be provided.
Table 66 gives the flow over this type of weir, based on the
Francis formula, Q = 3.33BhS/’, where Q = flow in cu. ft./second,
B = crest length in feet, and h = head on the weir in feet. While
this is an approximation, it is a close one, and is accurate enough
for many field tests.
However, where accurate field testing is desired and precise in-
struments are available to measure the head, h, the Rehbock formula
should be used as follows :
Q = (3.228 + 0.435&)Bhe3/a
2

where :
Q = quantity in Cu. ft./sec.
+
he =h 0.0036
h = observed head on crest, in feet, without correction for
velocity of approach.
z = height of weir crest above bottom of channel of approach,
in feet.
B = length of weir crest, in feet.
210 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 66. FLOW OVER RECTANGULAR SUPPRESSED

WEIR IN CU. FT. PER SECOND. Q=3.33BhJIa

Crest Length in Feet

Head
Ft. 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4 .O 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.1 0.11 0.16 0.21 0.32 0.42 0.53 0.63 0.74 0.84
0.2 0.30 0.45 0.60 0.89 1.19 1.49 1.79 2.08 2.38
0.3 0.65 0.82 1.09 1.64 2.19 2.74 3.28 3.83 4.38
0.4 0.84 1.26 1.68 2.53 3.37 4.21 5.05 5.90 6.74
0.5 1.18 1.77 2.35 3.53 4.71 5.89 7.06 8.24 9.42
0.6 1.55 2.32 3.10 4.64 6.19 7.74 9.29 10.83 12.38
0.7 1.95 2.93 3.90 5.85 7.80 9.75 11.70 13.65 15.60
0.8 2.38 3.57 4.77 7.15 9.53 11.91 14.30 16.68 19.06
0.9 2.84 4.26 5.69 8.53 11.37 14.22 17.06 19.90 22.76
1.0 3.33 5.00 6.66 9.99 13.32 16.65 19.98 23.31 26.64
1.1 3.84 5.76 7.68 11.53 15.37 19.21 23.05 26.89 30.73
1.2 4.38 6.57 8.75 13.13 17.51 21.89 26.26 30.64 35.02
1.3 4.94 7.40 9.87 14.81 19.74 24.68 29.61 34.55 39.49
1.4 5.52 8.27 11.03 16.55 22.06 27.58 33.10 38.61 44.13
1.5 6.12 9.18 12.24 18.35 24.47 30.59 36.71 42.82 48.94
1.6 6.74 10.11 13.48 20.22 26.96 33.70 40.44 47.18 53.92
1.7 7.38 11.08 14.76 22.14 29.52 36.91 44.29 51.67 59.05
1.8 8.04 12.06 16.08 24.13 32.17 40.21 48.25 56.29 64.33
1.9 8.72 13.08 17.44 26.16 34.89 43.61 52.33 61.05 69.77
2.0 9.42 14.13 18.84 28.26 37.68 47.10 56.51 65.93 75.35
2.1 10.13 15.20 20.27 30.40 40.54 50.67 60.80 70.94 81.07
2.2 10.87 16.30 21.73 32.60 43.46 54.33 65.20 76.06 86.93
2.3 11.62 17.42 23.23 34.85 46.46 58.08 69.69 81.31 92.92
2.4 12.38 18.57 24.76 37.14 49.52 61.91 74.29 86.67 99.05
2.5 13.16 19.74 26.33 39.49 52.65 65.82 78.98 92.14 105.30
2.6 13.96 20.94 27.92 41.88 55.84 69.81 83.77 97.73 111.69
2.7 14.77 22.16 29.55 44.32 59.10 73.87 88.64 103.42 118.19
2.8 15.60 23.40 31.20 46.81 62.41 78.01 93.61 109.21 124.82
2.9 16.45 24.67 32.89 49.34 65.78 82.23 98.67 115.12 131.56
3.0 17.30 25.95 34.61 51.91 69.21 86.52 103.82 121.12 138.42
 P U M P T E S T I N G 21 1

Following are sketches of various weir types, with formulas for

calculation of flow over each:
Rectangular Suppressed Rectangular Contracted

E
Francis Formula, Q = 3.33Bh3I2
or the more accurate Rehbock
Formula,
Francis Formula,
Q = 3.33h812 (B - 0.2h)
Q = (3.228 +
V-Notch Cipolletti

Thompson Formula, Sides Slope 1 :4

Q = 2.54h61s Cipolletti Formula,
Q = 3.367Bhs/S
FIG. 73. Various weir formula.
PITOT TUBE
The Pitot Tube is a device used for measuring the velocity of
flowing fluids. Many forms of Pitot Tube are used but the principle
of all are the same. Two pressure readings are taken on the pipe
interior-one receiving the full impact of the flowing stream reads
a pressure equal t o the static head plus the velocity head-the
other reads the static head only. T h e difference between the two
readings, therefore, is the velocity head. The velocity can be cal-
culated by the equation V = C V 2gh where C is a cofficient for t h e
meter determined by calibration. The quantity of fluid flowing
equals the pipe area x average velocity.
Since the velocity varies from a minimum a t a point adjacent t o
the pipe wall to a maximum at the pipe center a traverse of the
pipe must be made to determine the average velocity. This is not
easily done. The use of a commercially manufactured Pitot Tube
gives results accurate to approximately 97% when used by a care-
fully trained operator.
TESTING F I R E PUMPS
A specialized type of Pitot Tube is used when testing Fire Pumps.
212 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

I t is an instrument used manually by holding the tip of the Pitot

Tube in the stream of water issuing from the hose nozzle. A gauge
indicates the velocity pressure in Psi. Fire stream formula and
tables have been prepared for use with these Pitot Tube measure-
ments. The following data and tables are published by permission
of Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies.
TABLE 67. NOZZLE DISCHARGE TABLESt
The following formulas may be used to determine the volume of
discharge, hydrant pressure, or nozzle pressure for nozzles of vary-
ing size and with different lengths of Zs-inch cotton rubber-lined
hose when one factor is unknown.
The.use of these formulas will give the same result as Freeman's
Fire Stream Tables, since the constants indicated have been derived
from the tables. T h e detailed nozzle discharge tables are limited
t o the 1%- and l%-inch smooth nozzles as these are the most com-
mon sizes encountered in private fire protection. T h e discharge
from nozzles of other sizes can be calculated from the following
formulas and tables.
P
G = K ~ P = p(AB+l)
p = m

(inches) K A C.R.L. Hose (feet) B

-- -

1 29.1 .024 50 4.9

1-1/16 32.8 .031 100 8.8
150 12.8
1-118 36.8 .039 200 16.7
1-3/16 41.0 .048 250 20.6
1-114 45.4 .059
300 24.5
1-5!16 50.1 .072 350 28.4
1-318 54.9 .087 400 32.4
450 35.3
1-7/16 60.0 .lo4 500 40.2
1-112 65.4 .123
550 44.1
1-9/16 70.9 .145 GOO 48.1
1-518 76.8 .170 650 62.1
1-11/16 82.8 .197 700 65.9
750 58.8
1-314 89.0 .228
800 63.8
1-13/16 95.5 .262 850 67.7
1-718 102.0 .300 900 71.6
1-15/16 109.0 .343 950 75.5
2 116.0 .389 1000 79.4
t Courtesy of Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies. See page 6.
 P U M P T E S T I N G 213

TABLE 67 (Continued) NOZZLE DISCHARGE TABLES

Showing Pressures Required at Hydrant or Fire Department
Pumper, while Stream is Flowing, to Maintain Nozzle Pressure
Indicated in First Column Through Various Lengths of Best
Quality Cotton Rubber-Lined Hose
lf/B-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE
Node Hydrant Pressure, psi.
Pressure Discharge Single Z!i-Inch Lines (Feet)
Psf. (G.P.M.) 50 100 150 200

2 52 2 3 3 3
4 74 5 6 6 7
6 90 7 8 9 10
8 104 9 11 12 13
10 iiS 12 13 14 16
12 127 14 16 17 19
14 137 17 18 20 23
16 146 19 21 23 26
18 155 21 24 26 29
20 164 24 27 29 33
22 172 26 29 32 36
24 180 29 32 35 39
26 187 31 35 38 43
28
~- 194
~~ ~ 33 38 41 46
30 201 36 40 44 50
32 208 38 43 47 63
34 213 40 45 50 56
36 220 42 48 53 69
38
._ 226 45 51 56 63
40 232 47 54 59 66
42 238 50 56 62 69
44 243 52 59 65 73
46 248 54 61 68 76
48 254 57 64 71 80
50 259 59 66 74 83
52 264 62 69 77 86
54 2G9 64 72 80 89
56 274 66 75 83 92
58 279 68 78 86 95
60 283 71 80 89 98
62 288 73 83 92 101
64 293 76 86 95 104
66 298 78 89 98 107
68 302 81 91 101 110
70 307 83 94 104 113
72 311 85 97 107 116
74 315 88 99 110 120
76 319 90 102 113 123
78 323 92 105 116 126
80 328 95 108 119
82 332 97 111 122
84 336 100 113 125
86 340 103 116 128
88 343 105 118 131
90 347 107 121 133 146
92 351 110 124 136 150
94 355 113 127 139 163
96
__ 359 115 129 142 166
98 363 ii7 , 132 I .I5 160
100 367 119 135 148 164
Nozzle Pressure = Pitot Tube Pressure. Discharge Coef. = .97
214 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

TABLE 67. (Cont.) NOZZLE DISCHARGE TABLES.

Showing Pressures Required at Hydrant or Fire Department
Pumper, while Stream is Flowing, to Maintain Nozzle Pressure
Indicated in First Column Through Various Lengths of Best
Quality Cotton Rubber-Lined Hose
l%-INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE
Nozzle H drant Pressure. psi.
Pressure Discharge slngre 2 !$-Inch Lines (Feet)
psi. (G.P.M.) 50 100 150 200

2 . 125 4 6 8 9
4 178 8 12 16 19
6 217 13 18 23 29
8 251 17 24
~~ 31
__ 39
10 280 21 30 38 48
12 307 25 36 46 58
14 332 29 42 54 68
16 355 34 48 62 77
18 376 38 54 69 87
20 397 42 60 77 96
22 416 46 66 85 106
24 435 50 72 93 116
26 452 54 78
.- 101
- . ~ 126
28 469 68 84 112 135
30 486 63 90 120 145
32 502 67 96 128 155
34 517 72 102 135 165
36 538 76 108 143 175
38 547 80 114 150 ......
40 561 85 120 158 .---..
42 574 89 126 165 ..--_.
44 588 93 132 173 ......
46
~. 601
-__ 97 138 181 ......
48 614 101 144 ...... _____.
50 627 106 149 ......
52 639 110 .__._.
54 651 115 160 __._.. .---.-
66 663 119 166 ...... .__._.
58 675 123 172 ...... ......
60 687 127 ._..__ ...... ......
62 698 131 ......
64
~~ 709
... 135 ......
66. 720 140 ......
68 731 145 _._.__ ...... I..._

70 742 149 ._..__ ......

72 753 154
74
.- ._ _
763 158
76 773 163
78 783 167
80 793 172
82
.~ 803
-.- 177
84 813 ......
86 823
88 832
90 841 ._..__ ......
92 850 ...... ......
94 859 ...... ......
96 868 .._.__ ......
98 877 ...... ......
100 887 ...... ......
Nozzle Pressure = Pilot Tube Pressure. Discharge Coef. = .97
 P U M P T E S T I N G 215

T H E PARSHALL MEASURING F L U M E
The Parshall measuring flume, as shown in Fig. 74, is an ex-
cellent device for the measurement of irrigation water since it
is relatively simple t o build and operate. I t will not easily get
out of order, and is not likely to be affected by silt deposit be-
cause of the increased velocity of flow in the approach channel and
the throat. As long as the depth of water a t the lower gage, Ha, is
less than 0.7 of the depth a t the upper gage, H a , for flumes with
throat widths of one foot or more, or 0.6 for the smaller flumes, the
flow can be determined from a single gage reading, Ha.
Discharge under these conditions is called free flow and the meas-
urement is not affected by conditions in the channel downstream.
This is the only condition for which information is given in the
table in this Handbook.
When the depth at the lower gage, H b , is more than 70% of the
depth at the upper gage, the flow is considered to be submerged,
and determination of flow requires readings at both gages plus ap-
plication of necessary correction factors.
Information on submerged flow, plus comp!ete formulae for both
types of flow, may be found in Bulletin 423, Colorado State College,
Fort Collins, Colorado.
Dimensions for building the Parshall flume, plus information on
discharge capacities for the free flow condition, are included here-
with.

. ..

SECTION 11
FIG. 74. Plan and elevation of the Parshall measuring f1ume.t
From U.S.D.A. Fawners' Bulleiin No. 1683.
216 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
P U M P T E S T I N G 217
E
.I
E
0
.d
c,
m
c(
0
Ef.
0
c,
E
.I
c.
0
Q)
l.4
.d
U
x
P
U
E
w
Q)
x
:
E
0
4
Q)
m
0
5
E
m
5
l.4
0)
50
m
2
2
l.4
0
w
3
0
G
Iu
0
..
w
w
0
z
218 HYDRAULIC H A N D B O O K

O T H E R METHODS O F APPROXIMATING W A T E R F L O W
Often an approximation of water flow is required when it is not
practical to use weirs, orifices, nozzles or other means of determina-
tion. This can be done by taking the coordinates of a point in the
stream flow as indicated in Fig. 75. The accuracy of this method
will vary from 90-100~o.The pipe must be flowing full.

FIG. 75. Approximating flow from horizontal pipe.

2.45 Ds Where D = Pipe diameter, in.

x = Horizontal distance, ft.
Capacity, Gpm =
y = Vertical distance, ft.

This can be further simplified by measuring to the top of the

flowing stream and always measuring so that y will equal 12 inches
and measuring the horizontal distance “X” in inches as illustrated
in Fig. 76.

FIG. 76. Approximating flow from horizontal pipe.

Capacity, Gpm = 0.818 P X

 PUMP T E S T I N G 21 9

TABLE 70. APPROXIMATE CAPACITY, GPM,

FOR FULL FLOWING HORIZONTAL PIPES
ILLUSTRATED I N FIG. 76.
Std. Wt. Steel
Pipe, Inside
Dia.. In. Distance x. in., w h e n y = 12"
Nominal Actual 12 14 16 18 20 26 22 24 28 30 32
- --- ~ -
2 2.067 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112
2% 2.469 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
3 3.068 93 108 123 139 154 169 185 200 216 231 246
4 4.026 159 186 212 239 266 292 318 345 372 398 425
5 5.047 250 292 334 376 417 459 501 543 585 627 668
6 6.065 362 422 482 542 602 662 722 782 842 902 962
8 7.981 627 732 837 942 1047 1150 1255 1360 1465 1570 1675
10 10.020 980 1145 1310 1475 1635 1800 1965 2130 2290 2455 2620
12 12.000 1415 1650 1890 2125 2360 2595 2830 3065 3300 3540 3775

In like manner flow can be estimated from a vertical pipe as shown

in Fig. 77 by measuring the vertical height H.

Capacity, Gpm. = 5.68 KDz

D = I.D. of Pipe, In.
H = Vertical Height of water
jets, in.
K = a constant, varying from .87
to .97 for pipes 2 to 6 in. dia.
and H = 6 to 24 in.

FIG. 77. Approximating flow from vertical pipe.

TABLE 71. FLOW FROM VERTICAL PIPES. GPM.

Nominal Vertical Height. H. of Water Jet. in.

1.D.Pipe. in. 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 7 8 10 12

2 38 41 44 47 50 53 56 61 65 74 82
3 81 89 96 103 109 114 120 132 141 160 177
4 137 151 163 174 185 195 205 222 240 269 299
6 318 349 378 405 430 455 480 520 560 635 700
8 567 623 684 730 776 821 868 945 1020 1150 1270
10 950 1055 1115 1200 1280 1350 1415 1530 1640 1840 2010
 FAIRBANKS MORSE P U M P S 22 1

SECTION XI1. FAIRBANKS MORSE PUMPS

CONTENTS

Page
'hrbine and Propeller Pumps .................................... 222
Fire Pumps .................................................... 223
Non-Clog Pumps ............................................... 2~
End Suction and Submersible Pumps ............................. 225
Angleflow and Split Case Pumps ................................. 226
Peripheral Pumps .............................................. 227
Water Systems ................................................. 228
Utility Pumps .................................................. 229
Vertical 'kbine Solids Handling Pumps ............................ 230
222 HYDRAULIC H A N D B O O K

TURBINE AND PROPELLER P U M P S

6920, 6970 6 7000

8211 6 8312
OIL A N D WATER
PROPELLER PUMPS
LUBRICATED DEEP WELL 6
SUMP TURBINE PUMPS

6930
POT PUMP

6900F 6 7000F
SKID MOUNTED UNIT
FOR OFFSHORE
ARE P R O T K n O N
 F A I R B A N K S MORSE PUMPS 223

6920F 6 TOOOF
TURBINE FIRE PUMP

HOOF
ENGINE DRIVEN
CENTRIFUGAL FIRE PUMP

5876F
HI-SPEED CENTRIFUGAL FIRE PUMP
224 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

NON-CLOG PUMPS
5400 with Bladed Impeller
5400 K with Bladeless Impeller

5420P
HORIZONTAL SELF PRIMER PUMP
5 4 1 0 6 5410K
VERllCAL PUMP

54301
5430 PULL-UP 5440
VERTICAL BlLlOCETHER PUMP SUBMERSIBLE P U M P MON CLOG P U M P
 FAIRBANKS MORSE PUMPS 225

END SUCTION AND SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

5553ER
END SUCTION
5520R HORIZONTAL BILTOGETHER
FRAME MOUNTED END SUCTION

5553F
RADIAL VANE DIFFUSER

5426
NON-CLOG
5430AW HI-HEAD
SUBMERSIBLE-NONCLOG PUMP PUMP
226 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

ANGLEFLOW 8 SPUr CASE

5710
ANGLEFLOW

5720 5740
ANGLEFLOW ANGLEFLOW

5800
SPUT CASE

5900
MULTISTAGE SPLIT CASE
 F A I R B A N K S MORSE PUMPS 227

PERIPHERAL PUMPS

K)P-SUCTION TYPE

CENTER-SUCTION TYPE

BOTTOM-SUCTION TYPE
228 HYD'RAULIC HANDBOOK

WATER S Y S T E M S
~ ~~ ~ ~~

From nearly a century of service to the

farm and the rural home, Fairbanks Morse
continues to pioneer in the development
of machinery which will bring prosperity,
health and luxury to rural living.

SDIO
CELLAR DRAINER
MULTIPLE VERTICAL PUMP

SUBMERSIBLE
DEEP WELL PUMP

CONVERTIBLE JET P U M P
W I T H 12 GAL. PRESSURE TANK

SHALLOW WELL
JET P U M P
 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK 229

UTILITY PUMPS

"Rain Maker" ESP 315-320 ENGINE DRIVEN

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP SELF-PRIMING CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

58 MAGNUM HIGH PRESSURE

uniiw PUMP

CIJ CENNTRIFUGAL PUMP

1 'h C1JE ENGINE DRIVEN

CENTRIFUGAL FERTILIZER PUMP
230 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

VTSH Pump

The Vertical "brbine Solids Handling (VTSH) pump is a wet pit solids
handling pump combining the advantages of the classic solids handling
pump with the well-proven vertical pump. The design is patented by Fair-
banks Morse.
 G E N E R A L INDEX 23 1

GENERAL INDEX

A BTU, conversion factors, 73

Butane, propane mixtures, proper-
Acre, conversion factor, 66 ties of, 132
Acre feet per 24 hrs., conversion Butane, properties, 131, 133
factor, 68
Acre foot, conversion factors, 67
C
Acre inch, conversion factors, 67
Acre inch per hour, conversion
factors, 68 Calcium choloride, properties of, 171
Affinity laws, centrifugal pumps. 27 Capacity, measurement of, 201
Aging of pipe, effect on friction loss, Carbon dioxide, properties, 131
63 Cast iron pipe,
Airports, water requirements, 97 dimensions, 174
Altitude, 86 friction, 52
Ammonia, properties, 131 Caustic soda, properties of, 172
Angle flow pumps, NPSH, 23 Cavitation,
Apartments, water requirements, 90 centrifugal pumps, 24
A P I degrees, specific gravity, con- pipe lines, 25
version table, 77 propeller pumps, 24
Area, conversion factors, 66 specific speed, 18
Atmospheric pressure, conversion to Cemeteries, water requirements, 97
other units, 86 Centimeters, conversion factors, 66
Centrifugal pumps, ...
affinity laws, 27
cavitation, 24
B N P S H , 23
parallel and series operation, 33
specific speed, 18
Back-wash, swimming pools, 91
Chemical liquids, pumps, 158
Ballings degrees, specific gravity,
conversion table, 78 Chemical plants, water require-
ments, 88
Barrels per minute, conversion
factor, 68 Chloride, calcium, properties of, 171
Barrels p e r 24 hrs., conversion Chloride, sodium, properties of, 171
factors, 68 Circulation, hot water, 92
Barrel, volume of, 67 Clay,
Barometric pressure, conversion to fall ve!ocities, 142
other units, 86 pumping, 141
Bathing capacity, swimming pools, Clubs, water requirements, 90
92 Coefficients, orifices, 203
Baume, conversion table, 76 Coal, pumping, 141
Beer barrel, volume of, 67 Coke dust, pumping, 141
Bentonite, pumping, 141 Continuity equation, 11
Boiler, excess pressure, 87 Conversion table, viscosimeter, 111
Boilers. feed pump, 87 Conversion factors,
Boilers, horsepower definition, 87 area, units of, 66
boiler horsepower to GPM, 87
Boilers, w a t e r required to feed, 87 flow, units of, 68
Brass pipe, dimensions, 180 leneth. units of. 66
Brinell, conversion table, 80 power,. units of, 73
Brix degrees, specific gravity, con- pressure, units of, 66
version table, 78 Continued next page
232 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Conversion factors, (cont.) tubes, 180

torque, units of, 73 Discharge head, 9, 10, 197
viscosity, units of, 102 Disk constants, w a t t hour meters,
volume, units of, 67 190
w a t e r analysis, units of, 79 Domestic, water requirements, 94
work, units of, 73
Drainage, pumped outlets, 100
Conversion formula,
electrical, 188 Drawdown, 197
viscosity, 103 Drives, V-belt, 182
Conversion tables,
Baume, 76
degrees API, 77
degrees, Balling's, 78
degrees, Brix, 78
fahrenheit centigrade. 75 E
hardness numbers, 82
inches water, to f e e t water, to
inches mercury, to PSI, 70
kinematic viscosity, 115 Efficiency, 15
KWH per thousand gallons pump- Electric motor,
ed at one f t . head. 74 characteristics, 187
M G D and -cubic ft.' per second, to f o r pumps, 187
GPM,69 f r a m e enclosures, 186
pounds per cubic ft., specific gra- full load currents, 189
vity, 79 full load speed, 187
viscosity of water, 84 fuse sizes, 332
Corrosion, service conditions, 18G
p H values, 169 service factor, 186
synchronous speeds, 187
Copper pipes, dimensions, 180 tempcrature rating, 186
Crops, wire sizes, 192
irrigation of, 94 Electro chemical corrosion, 37
peak moisture use, 96
Electro chemical series, 39
Cubic foot, conversion factors, 67
Electrolysis, 38
Cubic foot per second, conversion
factors, 68 Equation,
continuity, 11
Cubic inch, conversion factors, 67 conversion, electrical, 188
Cubic meter, conversion factors, G7 Conversion formula, viscosity. 103
Cubic meters per hour, convcrsion field head, 197
factors, 68 horizontal pipe, flow from, 218
Cubic yard, conversion factors, 67 hydro pnrumatic tank, 35
nozzle, 203
Curves, performance, 15 NPSH, 21
orifice, flow from, 203
parshall flume, 217
pitot, 211
presrui.e conversion, 8, 15
D Reynolds number, 112
sprrific speed, 18
Decane, propcrtics of, 133 total hcnd. 9
Decimal Equivalents, 80 velocity, I t
velocity hcnd, 10
Density, definition, 102 ventuyi meter, 202
Dimensions, vertical pipe, flow from, 219
brass pipe, 180 water hammer, 12
cast iron pipe, 174 weir, 209, 210
copper pipe, 180 Ethane, propertics of, 133
parshall flume, 216
pipe fittings, 175 Ethclene, propcrtics of, 133
pipe flanges, 175-176, Evaporation, water, 87
steel pipe, 177 Excess pressure, boiler, 87
Continwd next page
 GENERAL I NDEX 233

F digested sludge, 143

dredge pipe, 142
paper stock, 147
Factors conversion, pipe fittings, 58
area, units of, 66 pipe fittings, equivalent length,
flow, units of, 68 60, 6 1
length, units of, 66 pumping slurries, 139
power, units of, 73 sludge, 140
pressure, units of, 66 valves equivalent length, 61
torque, units of, 73 various types of pipe, 62
volume, units of, 67 viscous liquids, 112, 116
w a t e r analysis, units of, 79 water in pipe, 42
work, units of, 73 Friction tables,
Feet of water, conversion factors, G6 cast iron, 52
Filters, swimming pools, 9 1 use of, viscous fluids, 113
Fire pump testing, 211 wrought iron pipe, 43, 116
nozzle discharge tables, 212 Fuel oils, viscosity of, 109
Fittings, cast. iron, dimensions, 155 Function of numbers, 183
Flanges, cast iron, dimensions, 175, Fuse a n d wire sizes, 192
176
Flow conversion factors, 68 G
laminar, 113, 114, 116
turbulent, 113, 116
Gallon,
Fluid flow, 11 imperial, conversion factors, 67
Food Industry, water requirements, U.S. conversion factors, 67 ,
88 Galvanic Series, 37, 39
Food, Gasoline, Reid vapor pressure, 129
pumps, 138, 154
hydraulic conveyors, 154 Gauge, pressure, 10, 194
Foot, conversion factors, 66 Glass, sand, plaster of paris, pump-
ing, 141
Foot pounds, conversion factor, 73
Golf courses, w a t e r requirements, 97
Foot pounds per minute, conversion
factors, 73 GPM,
imperial conversion factors, G8
Formula, U.S. conversion factors, 68
continuity equation, 11 Grains per gallon, conversion f a c -
conversion, electrical, 188 tors, 79
Darcy-Weisbach, 113
equation viscosity, 103 Grams per square centimeter, con-
field head, 197 version factors, 66
friction in pipes, 42 Graphitization, 40
horizontal pipe, flow from, 218 Gravel, fall velocities, 142
hydro pneumatic tank, 3 G
nozzle, 203
N P S H , 21, 22 H
orifice, 203
pressure head conversion, 8, 15 Hardness numbers, conversion table,
Reynolds number, 112 82
specific speed, 16
total head, 9 Head,
velocity, 11 defined, 8, 9
velocity head, 9, 10 discharge, 9, 197
venturi meter, 202 field, 197, 198
vertical pipe, flow from, 219 formula, 8, 9
w a t e r hammer, 11 friction, 10, 42, 197
weir, 209, 211 recovery in siphon, 25
specific gravity and, 14
Freon properties, 131 static, 9, 10, 197
Friction, factor, 42, 112, 120 suction. 9
Friction head, 9, 10, 42, 197 swimming pools, 91
Friction loss, total, 9, 14, 196, 197, 198
a g i n g of pipe, 63 Continued next page
 234 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Head, (cont.) Kilograms per square cm. conversion

total, deep well pumps, 197 factors, 66
total dynamic, 9 Kilometer, conversion factor, 66
velocity, formula, 9, 10, 197 Kilowatt,
Hectare, conversion factor, 66 ' conversion factors, 73
Heptane, properties of, 133 input to motor, 16
Hexane, properties of, 133 Kilowatt hours,
Horizontal pipe, flow from, 218 conversion factors, 73
per thousand gallons, 16
Horsepower, 15, 16
boiler, definition, 87
conversion factors, 73
input t o motor, 190 L
Horsepower hours, conversion fac-
tors, 73 Laminar flow, 113, 116
Horsepower metric, conversion fac- Length, conversion factors, 66
tors, 73 Liquids,
Hose; friction loss, 62 compressibility, 11
Hospitals, water requirements, 90 flow, 11
Hotels, water requirements, 90 momentum, 11
viscous, 102
Hydraulic Handbook, purpose, 8 volatile, 128
Hydraulics, definition, 8 Liter, conversion factor, 67
Hydrocarbon liquids, Liters per second, conversion factors,
NPSH. 129, 130 68
vapor pressure, 130
Hydro-pneumatic tanks, 35
M
I
Impeller, Manometer, 198, 199
peripheral velocity, 14 Materials of construction, pumps,
Inch, conversion factors, 66 158
Inches mercury, conversion factors, Mechanical seal, 161)
66 Mercantile buildings, water require-
Inches water, conversion factor, 66 ments, 90
Industrial plants, water require- Meter,
ments, 88 conversion factors, 66
Irrigation, nozzle, 203
frequency of, 96 orifice, 203
overhead, water required, 97 parshall flume, 215
quantity tables, 99 pipe cap orifice, 206
rates, various soils, 96 pitot tube, 211
tables, 98 venturi, 202
w a t t hour, 190
Irrigation, water requirements, 94 weir, 208-211
water requirements various cli-
mates, 96. MCD,
water requirements various crops, imperial conversion factors, 68
96 U.S.conversion factors, 68
Iron dust, pumping, 141 Mile, conversion factors, 6G
Iron ore, pumping, 141 Milligrams per liter, conversion fac-
tors, 79
Iron pyrites, pumping, 141
Millimeters mercury, conversion fac-
Iso-butane, properties of, 133 tors, 66
Iso-pentane, properties of, 133 Miners inch, conversion factors, 68
Mixed flow pumps, NPSH, 23
K Mixed flow pumps, specific speed, 18
Kilogram meters, conversion fac- Momentum, liquids, 11
tors, 73 Continued next page
 GENERAL INDEX 235

Motors, electric Parts per million, conversion factors,

characteristics, 187 79
frame enclosures, 186 Pentane, properties of, 133
f o r pumps, 187 Performance curves, 15
full load currents, 189
full load speed, 187 Peripheral pumps, NPSH, 23
fuse sizes, 192 Petroleum industry, water require-
service conditions, 186 ments, 89
service factor, 186 Petroleum oils, properties, 135
synchronous speeds, 187 p H values, various liquids, 169
temperature rating, 186
wire sizes, 192 Pipe,
cast iron. dimensions. 174
friction k b l e s , cast &on pipe, 52
N friction tables, steel pipe, 43
friction of water in., 42
N e t positive suction head, 21 roughness, 42
available, 21 roughness factors, 63
definition, 21 Pipe cap orifice, 206
hydro carbon liquids, 128, 129
required, 21 Pipe fittings,
volatile liquids, 128, 129 dimensions, 175
Nonane, properties of, 133 friction, paper stock, 151
friction loss, 58-61,113, 114
Non-nietalic contruction material, 40 resistance coefficient, 58, 59
Nozzles, 203 Pipe flanges, dimensions, 175, 176
Numbers, Pipe friction,
functions of, 183 digested sludge, 143
dredge pipe, 142
fittings, paper stock, 151
0 paper stock, 147-150
Octane, properties of, 133 pulp, 147-150
slurries, 140
Office buildings, water requirements, water, 43-57
90
Pitot tube, fire pump testing, 211
Oil, barrel, volume of, 67
Poise, 102
Oil, expansion-temperature, 136
Positive displacement pumps, N P S H ,
Oil, petroleum, properties, 135 23
Orif ice, Pounds per cubic foot, specific gra-
capacity tables, 204 vity conversion table, 79
coefficients, 203
meter. 203 Pounds per square inch, conversion
pipe cap orifice, construction of, factors, 66
206 Power, conversion factors, 73
Pressure,
absolute, 8, 86
boiler excess, 87
P conversion factor, 66
Packing f o r various liquids, 161-167 definition, 8
gauge, 10, 194
Paper, manufacture of, 144
head, 8
P a p e r and pulp industry, water re- measurement of, 194
quirements, 88 vapor, water, 84
Paper stock, Products, Fairbanks-Morse, 222-228
consistency, 144
consistency conversion, 152 Propane,
conversion table, 152 Butane, mixtures, properties of,
definition, 144 132
friction i n pipe fittings, 151 properties, 131, 133
pumps, 138, 144 Propeller pumps,
cavitation, 24

m
Parallel a n d series operation, cen-
trifugal pump, 33
Parshall flume, 215-217 Continued next page
236 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Propeller pumps, (cont.) Relative roughness, definition, 112,

N P S H , 23 120
specific speed, 17 Residences, w a t e r requirements, 94
Properties of gasoline, 134 Resistance coefficient, pipe fittings,
Propylene, properties of, 133 58, 59
Public buildings, water require- Reynolds number, 42, 112, 115, 120
ments, 90 Reynolds number equation, 112
Pulp, Rockwell number, conversion table,
conversion table, 152 80
definition, 144 Rod, conversion factors, 66
friction in pipe fittings, 151
friction loss, 147-150 Roughness factor, pipe, 63
Pumping level in well, 197, 200 Roughness, relative definition, 112
P u m p Installation, food, 154-156 Rural, water requirements, 94
Pump,
bentonite, 141 S
bladeless, 139, 155
boiler feed, 87 Sand, fall velocities, 142
centrifugal performance, 121 Sand, pumps, 138
chemical liquids, 158
clay, 141 Saybolt Seconds Universal Viscosity,
clogging, 138, 139 103
coal. 141 Schools, water requirements, 90
coke dust, 141 Seal, mechanical, 168
construction of, f o r abrasives, Series and parallel operation, cen-
138,139 trifugal pump, 33
drainage, 100 Sewage,
foods, 138,154, 155 pumps, 138, 139
foods, construction of, 154 pumps, bladeless, 139
glass, sand, plaster of paris, 141
hot w a t e r circulating, 92,93 Shore scleroscope number, conversion
hydro carbon liquids, 129 table, 80
irrigation, 94-100 Silt, f a l l velocities, 142
iron dust, 141 Siphons, 25
iron ore, 141 Sludge,
iron pyrites, 141 digested, 140
materials recommended, 161-167 velocity in pipe lines, 140
non clog, 138
paper stock, 144 Slugs, 102,112
paper stock selection, 144, 145, 146 Slurry, pumps, 138, 141
performance, 198 Soda, caustic, properties of, 172
reciprocating, viscous perf., 125 Sodium chloride, properties of, 171
sand, 138, 139 Soils,
sewage, 138, 139 DreciDitation rate. 96
sludge, 139, 140 wate; holding capacities, 95
slurries, 138, 139 Solids, in suspension, 138, 139
storm water, 139 Specific gravity,
testing, 194 ammonia, 131
trash, 138 Baume, conversion factors, 76
volatile liquid, 128 butane, 131
volatile liquid installation, 128 carbon dioxide, 131
definition, 102
degrees A P I conversion table, 77
Q degrees Brix conversion table, 78
freon, 131
Quart, conversion, 67 head, 14, 15
hydrocarbons, 130
hydrocarbon liquids, 130
R pounds per cubic f t . conversion
table, 79
Recirculation, swimming pools, 91 propane, 131
Reid, vapor pressure, 129 Continued next page
 I N D E X OF T A B L E S 237

Specific gravity, (cont.) Turf, water requirements, 96

various liquids, 161-167
water, 84
Specific Speed, V
cavitation, 18
charts, 18, 20 Valves, resistance coefficient, 58, 59
definition, 16 Vapor pressure,
formula, 18 ammonia, 131
pump proportions, 16, 17 butane, 131
suction limitation, 18, 20 butane, propane mixture, 132
Specific weight, water, 84 carbon dioxide, 131
Static head, freon, 131
defined, 9, 10 gasoline, 134
discharge, 9, 197, 199 hydro carbons,130
suction, 10, 197, 198 hydro carbon liquids, 129
propane, 131
Steel pipes, dimensions, 177-179 Reid, 129
Stokes, 102 water, 84
Storage capacity, .hydro pneumatic V-Belt, drives, 182
tank, 35 Velocity, 43, 52
Submergence, 197, 201 abrasives, 139
Suction Head, 10 clogging, 139
n e t positive, 21 effect on corrosion, 37
Suction, limitations specific speed, 18 fall, abrasives, 142
Square centimeter, conversion factor, peripheral, 14
66 Velocity h&d, 10, 43, 52, 197
Square foot, conversion factor, 66 formula, 10
Square inch, conversion factor, 66 Velocity limit in siphon, 25
Square kilometer, conversion factor, Venturi meter, 202
66 Vertical pipe, flow from, 219
Square meter, conversion factor, 66 Vickers pyramid conversion table, 80
Square mile, conversion factor, 66 Viscous liauids. 102
Square yard, conversion factor, 66 centrifugal pump performance,
121-124
Surge tanks, 11 reciprocating pump performance,
Swimming pools, 125
back washing, 91 Viscosity,
filter, 91 absolute, 112
recirculation, 91 blending chart, 110
.total head, 91 Conversion table, 111
water requirements, 9 1 definition, 102
Synthetic fuel, water requirements, dynamic, 102
88 fuel oils, 109
kinematic, 103, 112, 115
SSU, 103
T temperature chart, 108
various liquids, 103-107
Tanks, Volatile liquids,
capacity table, 181 definition, 128
hydro-pneumatic, 35 in storage, 128
surge, 11 Volume, conversion factors, 67
Testing pumps, 194
Textile industry, w a t e r requirements,
89 W
Torque, conversion factors, 73
Water,
Total head, 9 boiling point of, 84, 86
deep well pumps, 197-199 flow measurement of, 201
measurement of, 196 hammer, 11
Turbulent flow, 112, 116 pound, conversion factor. 67
Tubes. dimension, 180 Continued next page
238 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Water, (cont.) industrial plants, 88

properties of, 84 irrigation, 94-100
required t o feed boilers, 87 mercantile buildings, 90
specific gravity, 84 office buildings, 90
specific weight, 84 paper and pulp industry, 88
Water analysis, petroleum industry, 89
conversion factors, 79 public buildings, 90
Water flow, residences, 94
fire nozzles, 212 rural, 94
horizontal pipe, 218 schools, 90
nozzle, 203 swimming pools, 91
orifices, 203 synthetic fuel industry, 89 .
parshall flumes, 216 textile industry, 89
pipe c a p orifices, 206 t u r f , 97
pitot tube, 211 W a t t hour, meter, 190
venturi meter, 202 Well pumping level, 197
vertical pipe, 219 Westco peripheral pumps, NPSH, 23
weir, 208-211
Weirs, 208
Water, hot, water requirements, 9 2 Cipolletti, 211
Water level, deep well, 201 construction of, 208
Water requirements, rectangular contracted, 211
a i r ports, 97 rectangular suppressed, 208, 211
apartments, 90 V-notch, 211
cemeteries, 97 Whiskey barrel, volume of, 67
chemical plant, 88 Wine barrel, volume of, 67
clubs, 90
domestic, 94 Wire and f u s e sizes, 192
food industry, 88 Work, conversion factors, 73
golf courses, 97
hospitals, 90 Y
hotels, 90
hot w a t e r service, 92 Yard, conversion factors, 66
 I N D E X OF TABLES 2 39

INDEX OF TABLES

Table Description
1 Friction loss fGr water in new wrought iron o r schedule 40 steel
............................................................................... 43
2 ter in new asphalt dipped cast iron pipe ...... 52
3 Values of resistance cofficient for pipe fittings ............................... 58
4 Equivalent length of straight pipe f o r various fittings-Tur-
bulent flow only .................................................................................. 60
5 Multipliers to apply to values from Table 1 to obtain fric
loss in other types of pipe or conduit ..................................... 62
6 Increase in friction loss due to aging of pipe ................................ 64
7 Conversion factors-Units of length ............................................... 66
8 Conversion factors-Units of area ... ......................................... 66
9 Conversion factors-Units of pressure ............................................ 66
10 Conversion factors-Units of volume .. ....................... 67
11 Conversion factors-Units of flow .................................................... 68
12 Conversion table-Mgd . and cu. ft./sec. to gpm ............................ 69
13 Conversion table-units of pressure ...................... 70
14 Conversion factors-work - power - torque .................................... 73
15 Power consumed pumping 1000 gallons of clear water at one foot
total head-various efficiencies ........................................................ 74
16 United States Standard Baume Scales ............. 76
17 Relation between specific gravity a n d degrees A.P.I. at 60'F ...... 77
18 Degrees Brix ................................. .......................................... 78
19 Conversion factors-Water analysis ................................................. 79
20 .
Pounds per cu . f t at various specific gravities ............................... 79
21 Conversion table f o r approximate hardness numbers obtained by
different methods . ................................................ 82
22 Viscosity of w a t e r ..........._........................,.............................................84
23 Properties of w a t e r ................................... ............................. 85
24 Atmospheric pressure, barom ding a n d boiling point of
water at various altitudes . ............................................... 86
25 W a t e r required to feed boile 87
26 W a t e r requirements-Industrial ............. ................. 88
27 Water requirements-Public buildings ............................................ 90
28 W a t e r requirements-swimming pools ............................... 91
240 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Table Description Page

29 W a t e r requirements-Rural and Domestic . . ............................. 94
30 Amount of water necessary to irrigate a soil to a five foot depth 95
31 Amount of water and frequency of irrigation required f o r
various crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
32 Peak moisture use f o r common irrigated crops and optimum
yields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
33 Gpm per acre required f o r overhead irrigation ............................ 97
34 Irrigation table ......................................... : ...................................... 98
35 Irrigation quantity tables .................................................................. 99
36 Viscosity of common liquids ................................................................ 103
36A Viscosity conversion table ................................................................... 111
37 Friction loss in fittings-Laminar flow ........................................... 114
38 Friction loss in head f o r viscous liquids .......................................... 116
39 Sample calculation-Viscous performance ....................................... 123
41 Volatile liquids-Vapor pressure and specific gravity .................... 131
42 Fall velocities various abrasives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
43 Required percentage of paper stocks to equal pcrformance of
pump lifting Kraft-Sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
44 Weights, volume, etc. of liquid pulp stock carrying various
percentages of Air Dry Stock ........................................... 152
45 Material Selection Chart ................................................................. 160
46 Materials of construction and packing suggested when pumping
various materials ..................................................................... 161
47 Approximate p H values .................................................................... 169
47A Materials of construction indicated by p H value ........................... 169
48 Physical properties of calcium chloride (Ca CIS) and sodium
chloride ( N a C1) ........................................................................ 171
49 Specific gravity of caustic soda solutions 150°C ( 5 9 ° F ) by
Lunge ............................................................................................. 172
50 Cast iron pipe dimensions ..........................................
51 Class 125 cast iron flanges and fittings ........................................... 175
52 American standard C.I. pipe flanges .............. ......................... 176
53 Properties of steel and wrought iron pipe ..... .......................... 177
54 Weights and dimensions of copper and brass pipe and t.ubes ........ 180
55 Cylindrical Tanks set vertically . Capacity in U . S. Gallons per
foot of depth ...................................................................... 181
56 Cylindrical tanks set horizontally and partially filled .............
57 V-Belt drives ........................................................... .................182
58 Functions of numbers ........................................................................ 183
 I N D E X OF T A B L E S 24 1

Table Description Page

59 Motor characteristics ............................................................................ 187
60 Synchronous speeds ................................................................................ 187
61 Electrical conversion formulas ......... ............................... 188
62 Full-load currents of motors ................................................................. 189
63 Disk constants f o r single phase meters ..... .................................. 190
63n Disk constants f o r polyphase meters ......... .................................. 191
64 Table f o r selecting wire and fuse sizes for motor branch circuits 192
65 .
Theoretical discharge of orifices, U . S gpm .................................. 204
66 Flow over rectangular suppressed weir in cu . f t. per second ...... 210
67 Nozzle discharge tables ................................................ ............... 212
68 Dimensions and capacities-Parshall flumes .................................... 216
69 Free flow discharge-Parshall flume-cu . ft./sec. ........................ 217
70 Approximate capacity, gpm, f o r full flowing horizontal pipes
illustrated in Fig. 76 .................................................................... 219
71 Flow from vertical pipes, gpm .......................................................... 219
72 Friction loss of water per 100 feet of flexible plastic pipe ........ 247
 INDEX OF FIGURE NUMBERS 243

INDEX O F FIGURE NUMBERS

Figure Caption Page

1 Pump operating with suction lift. Suction bay level below center
line of punip. Gauge reading at suction Range-vacuum .... 9
2 Pump operating with suction head. Suction bay level above center
line of pump. Gauge reading at suction flange-pressure . . . . . . . 9
3 Maximum shock pressure caused by water hammer (based on
instantaneous closure of valves) ................................................... 13
4 Pressure-head relationship identical pumps handling liquids of
differing specific gravities ............................................................ 14
5 Pressure-head relatiomhip pumps delivering same pressure
handling liquids of differing specific gravity ............................. 15
D,
6 Relation specific speed, A'., to pump proportions, - ................... 17
D,
-
7 Values of H?; and V gpm .................................................................... 17
8 Hydraulic Institute upper limits of specific speeds f o r single
stage, single siiction and double suction pumps with shaft
through eye of impeller pumping clear water at sea level
a t 8 5 " F .......................................................................................... 18
9 Hydraulic Institute upper limits of specific speeds f o r single
stage, single suction mixed flow and axial flow pumps pump-
ing clear water at sea level a t 8 5 ° F ............................................ 20
10 Graphic solution N P S H problem for 85°F water .......................... 22
11 Graphic solution N P S H problem for 190°F water ........................ 23
12 Siphons used with pumps ........................................... :.<.................... 26
13 Typical performance curve of a centrifugal pump with constant
impeller diameter but varying speeds .......................................... 27
14 Typical performance curve of a centrifugal pump at 1750 rpm
but with varying impeller diameters ........... ............................ 28
15 C h a r t showing effect of speed change on centrifugal pi'mp
performance ....................................................................................... 29
17 Comparison of test performance with performance calculated
using aflinity laws f o r speed change ............................................ 30
18 Curves showing the disagreement between test and calculated
performance when applying aiEnity laws f o r diameter change
f o r a pump with specific speed N, = 1650 .................................... 31
20 Curves showing the relative agreement between test and cal-
culated performance when applying affinity laws f o r diameter
change f o r a pump with a very low specific speed N. = 855 32
21 Head capacity curves of pumps operating in parallel .................. 34
22 Head capacity curves of pumps Operating in series ...................... 35
23 Hydro-pneumatic tank ..... .................................................. 36
244 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

Figure Caption Page

24 Hydro-pneumatic tanks-relation between pressure range and

storage capacity ... .. .._................._ .... ............._... ....................... 37
25 Galvanic series . ................. ...... . .. .. .......... ................................. 39
26 Relative roughness factors for new clean pipes .......................... 63
27 Conversion chart. Fahrenheit-Centigrade 75
. ..... ..._...r.._..,.._.___._.
28 Pump capacity for forced hot water circulation a t various tem-
perature drops in heating system .. . . . ....... ..._......... ........ .......... 93
29 Viscosity-Temperature c h a r t . .. .. ... .........._...
30 Fuel oil viscosity limits. 1951 Navy grades _.....__..
31 Viscosity blending c h a r t ..... ...... .. ... . . . ........._
32 Kinematic Viscosity and Reynolds Number c h a r t ........................... 115
33 Friction factors f o r a n y kind and size of pipe . ............................ 120
34A&B Correction factors-water performance to viscous performance
f o r centrifugal pumps ...... . ..,....._ .. ........ . .. . ....................... ... 125
35 Comparison of centrifugal pump performance when handling ,
water and viscous material _..,........ .. ................................... 126
36 Correction c h a r t f o r viscosity and temperature, reciprocating
pumps , ... . .. .. . .. . .. . . . ... . ... . .. .... . .. .. . . ... ... . ..............__.
, ...._.. ...

37 N P S H correction c h a r t f o r hydrocarbons ....................................... 130

38 Vapor pressures of Butane-Propane mixtures .........................
39 Hydrocarbons-Temperature vs Vapor Pressure ............................ 133
40 Vapor pressures vs Temperatures f o r motor and n a t u r a l
134
gasolines _........ . .... .._......... ._....... ..... . ..... ._....... ... ...............___,___
41 Specific gravity and temperature relations of petroleum oils
(approximate) ........... .. . . . . . . . _ . _ . . . . . . _ _....__... .................................. 135
42 Expansion-Temperature chart ......... _ . . _ ...... ...._.......... ..........._._ 136

43 Friction losses in 24” I.D. Dredge pipes when water and water
142
sand mixtures a r e being pumped . _........_... ._. _ _ _....___...__...._....
_

44 Friction loss of digested sludge in 6, 8 and 10 in. diameter pipe 143

45 Effect of sulfate paper stock on centrifugal pump characteristic 145
46 Effect of sulfate paper stock on centrifugal pump efficiency .,_...._146
47 Friction.loss of groundwood paper stock through 6 inch cast
iron pipe ................................................ . ...................... ...................... 147
48 Friction loss of sulphite paper stock through 6 inch cast iron
pipe .__..__
.................................. ......._.._.__......_
.... ............................. 147
49 Friction. loss of ground d paper stock through 8 inch c a s t
iron pipe ......___.._..._...._._
..................... ............................................. 148
50 Friction loss of sulphite paper stock through 8 inch cast iron
pipe ................................................................................ _.__....___....__.._...
14s
51 Friction.loss of groundwood paper stock through 10 inch cast
iron pipe ................................... .......... ....... .................................. ..._.._.149
 INOEX OF FIGURE NUMBERS 245

Figure Caption Page

52 Friction loss of sulphite paper stock through 10 inch cast iron

.................................................................................... 149
53 s of groundwood paper stock through 12 inch cast
iron pipe .............................................................................. 150
54 Friction loss of sulphite paper stock through 12 inch cast iron
pipe .................................................................................... 150
55 Estimated friction loss for standard short radius 90 deg. elbows 151
56 Line drawing of typical installation including pump, rod reel
washer and scavenger reel with supply tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
57 Typical mechanical seal. Single inside type illustrated ................ 168
58 Approved pressure taps ...................................................................... 194
59 Gauge mechanism .............................................................................. 195
60 Pressure gauge .................................... ......... 195
61 Altitude gauge ..................................................................................... 195
62 Vacuum gauge ........................... ..... 195
63 Compound gauge ................................................................................. 195
64 Determination of total head from gauge readings .......
64 A Total Head-Deep Well turbine or propeller pump .......................... 197
65 Manometer indicating vacuum ........................................... :.............. 198
66 Manometer indicating pressure ............................................................ 199
67 Method of testing water level .....................
68 Venturi meter ................................................................................. 202
69 Typical orifice coefficients ......
70 Pipe cap orifice .....................
71 Pipe cap orifice c h a r t ............ ................. 207
72 Rectangular suppressed weir ..
73 Various weir formula .............
74 Plan and elevation of Parshall measuring flume ............................ 215
75 Approximating flow from horizontal pipe .................... _ _ . _ 218
__
76 Approximating flow from horizontal pipe ..................................... 218
77 Approximating flow from vertical pipe . _ _ .. 219
78 Pressure and temperature flange rating ............................................ 248
 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK 247
TABLE 72.
TABLE FRICTION LOSS OF WATER
PER 100 FEET OF FLEXIBLE PIPE
248 HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK

FIG. 78
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HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
M E M O R A N D A
HYDRAULIC HANDBOOK
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Directory of Operations

mFairbanks Morse Pump

CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS
Pentair, Inc.
Waters Edge Plaza
1500 County Road 82 West
St. Paul, MN 55113-3105
Phone: (612) 636-7920
Fax: (612) 639-5203

MANUFACTURING FACILITY
Fairbanks Morse Pump
3601 Fairbanks Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66106
Phone: (913) 371-5000
Fax: (913) 371-2272

PUMP SERVICES GROUP

Fairbanks Morse Pump
3601 Fairbanks Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66106
Phone: (913) 371-5000
Fax: (913) 371-0515
NOTES