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PRE-BOARD EXAMINATION
CLUSTER 2 - IMAGE PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION
DEC 2024 Philippine Radiologic Licensure Examination Review
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1. This test questionnaire contains 100 test questions
2. Shade only one (1) box for each question on your answer sheets. Two or more boxes shaded will invalid your answer.
3. AVOID ERASURES.
4. Detach one (1) answer sheet from the bottom of your Examinee ID/Answer Sheet Set.
5. Write the subject title “CLUSTER 2 IMAGE PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION” on the box provided
C. Indigo color
1. What material is used for cassette to reduce D. Orange-brown
attenuation up to 50% and permits a corresponding
reduction in patient dose? 8. Which of the following was a distinct disadvantage of
A. Bakelite using cellulose triacetate as a film base material?
B. Graphite A. Cellulose triacetate turns brownish color over a
C. Lightweight short period of time caused by its rapid
D. Radiolucent disintegration
B. Cellulose triacetate has a thicker base material
2. What is the purpose of including the countertops and which take longer time for latent image
other work surfaces inside the darkroom be production
grounded? C. Cellulose triacetate has a thicker film base
A. To prevent static build up making it easily breakable, causing cracks on the
B. To adhere to the practice of safety film
C. To prevent the risk of processing chemical D. Cellulose triacetate is a non-reliable base material
contamination due to its production of added density on the
D. To maintain a consistency of the resultant processed film
radiographic images
9. A request of skeletal survey was ordered for a patient
3. In manual processing, if the temperature of the with multiple myeloma. Which of the following must
developer drops below 60 ⁰F, which of the following be done when performing radiographic examinations
may happen? with this kind of a disease?
A. The activity of one of the reducing agents ceases A. The use of a 16:1 grid ratio is a must
B. The radiograph will lack contrast B. Object to image receptor distance must be
C. The radiograph will lack density increased
D. All of the above C. Technical factors must be decreased
D. Fast exposure time is used
4. What type of film artifact would present when
bending of the film by the fingernails happened prior 10. How would you take advantage of the heel effect in
to processing? imaging the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in
A. Crescent marks with increased density the body?
B. Crescent marks with decreased density A. Shoulder is positioned towards the cathode;
C. Fingerprint mark with decreased density elbow is positioned towards the anode
D. Fingerprint mark with increased density B. Shoulder is positioned towards the anode; elbow
is positioned towards the cathode
5. In automatic processing, the temperature of the wash C. Hip is positioned towards the cathode; knee is
water should be maintained at approximately __ the positioned towards the anode
developer temperature. D. Hip is positioned towards the anode; knee is
A. 3°F (5°C) below positioned towards the cathode
B. 3°C (5°F) below
C. 3°C (5°F) above 11. Quantum detection efficiency is also referred as the
D. 3°F (5°C) above __.
A. atomic number
6. Which of the following body parts can be best imaged B. x-ray absorption
using a cardboard film holder? C. light emission
A. Abdomen lateral position 23 cm D. light absorption
B. Skull AP projection 17 cm
C. Elbow lateral position 5 cm 12. A pass box is used to allow cassettes to be passed to
D. Femur AP projection 11 cm the darkroom personnel without opening the door.
How many inches should the pass box project into the
7. Rachel is a newly hired employee at a hospital as a darkroom?
radiographer. She was first assigned in the darkroom A. 6 inches
and notices that there are no available safelights for B. 10 inches
use. If the department uses a monochromatic type of C. 15 inches
film, what color safelight would be best used? D. 20 inches
A. Blue-violet
B. Yellow-green

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 13. Which of the following is the most likely result of an 22. What does DICOM stand for in the context of radiography
improperly seated crossover network in an automatic technology?
film processor? A. Digital Imaging and Communication Operations in
A. Black lines along the length of the radiograph Medicine
B. White lines along the length of the radiograph B. Digital Imaging and Communication Organization in
C. Regularly repeated black marks along the length Medicine
of the radiograph
C. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
D. Black, crescent, half-moon marks
D. Digital Imaging and Communication for Medicine
14. Which of the following statements below would BEST
reverse a low subject contrast abdominal radiograph? 23. How are images viewed in a PACS system?
A. Increase kvp factor A. On paper prints
B. Decrease mas factor B. On computer monitors
C. Increased amounts of gastric gas C. On X-ray films
D. Decrease the time of development D. On mobile devices

15. Which of the following statements below regarding 24. What is the purpose of DICOM in radiography technology?
short scale contrast is INCORRECT? A. To standardize file formats for images
A. A short scale contrast can be made by using a B. To transmit information in medical imaging
low kvp technique
C. To handle storage and printing of images
B. A short scale contrast is a high degree of contrast
D. All of the above
C. Using a short scale contrast will decrease patient
dose
D. A triangular object will produce a high contrast 25. In computed radiography, what type of plate is used as the
image receptor?
16. A small amount of fixer, if splashed into the A. Film
developing solution, can render the developer into __. B. Imaging plate
A. Agitated C. Screen
B. Contaminated D. Detector
C. Ineffective
D. Exhausted 26. How does CR differ from screen-film imaging in terms of
image capture?
17. A satisfactory radiograph of an abdomen is made in A. CR uses a film-based system
the supine position, using 14 in. x 17 in. collimation.
B. CR uses a digital imaging plate
If 8 in. x 10 in collimation is used to demonstrate the
C. CR captures images on paper prints
gallbladder without a technique compensation, the
resultant film would demonstrate which of the D. CR does not use any receptor
following?
A. No change in density 27. What is the purpose of the protective layer in a CR plate
B. More density cassette?
C. Less density A. To enhance image quality
D. Slightly more density B. To prevent laser penetration
C. To protect the imaging plate
18. A technique of 100 mA, 1/5 sec (20 mas) has been D. To reduce radiation exposure
used to produce a film of satisfactory density. If the
mA were changed to 500, what would be the time 28. How is the latent image on a CR plate read during the
needed to obtain the same mAs given that all other scanning process?
factors remain constant?
A. By exposing the plate to sunlight
A. 3/20 sec
B. By scanning with a laser light
B. 2/10 sec
C. 1/25 sec C. By using a magnetic field
D. 1/10 sec D. By heating the plate

19. If a radiographer improper clears the developing

radiograph, what would be its result?
A. The remaining silver bromide will darken on 29. What is the purpose of the CR plate clearing process after
exposure to light. exposure?
B. Bleaching of the image A. To enhance image resolution
C. The metallic silver will continue to darken. B. To erase the stored image
D. None of the above C. To reduce file size
D. To increase contrast resolution
20. What type of laser is used to scan the CR plate during
readout?
30. How is the CR plate erased after reading the latent image?
A. Helium-Neon
A. By using a bright light
B. Argon
B. By heating the plate
C. CO2
C. By exposing to X-rays
D. Diode
D. By washing with chemicals
21. What is the role of a PACS system in radiography?
31. What is the advantage of digital radiography (DR) over
A. To replace conventional film and paper records with
screen-film imaging?
electronic images
A. Faster image acquisition
B. To provide direct digital output
B. Lower resolution
C. To erase the image plate after reading
C. Limited image storage
D. To store images in a physical archive
D. Higher radiation dose

32. How are images stored and transmitted in a PACS system?

A. Electronically on monitors

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 B. On physical X-ray films
C. Printed on paper 42. If oils from the skin are deposited on the film during
D. Stored on CDs handling, what will be the color of the artifact in a
processed radiograph?
33. What is the role of DICOM in integrating different devices A. Radiopaque
in a PACS system? B. Radiolucent
C. Brownish color
A. To provide network security
D. Yellowish color
B. To ensure device compatibility
C. To control image resolution 43. The tinting used in some radiographic intensifying screens
D. To store patient demographics keeps the visible light from spreading, and also
A. Decreases recorded detail and decreases screen
34. What is the purpose of a PACS system? speed
A. To replace conventional film records B. Decreases recorded detail and increases scree
B. To store images on physical films speed
C. To connect to social media C. Increases recorded detail and decreases screen
D. To print images on paper speed
D. Increases recorded detail and increases screen
35. How does CR resolution compare to DR resolution? speed
A. CR has higher resolution
44. Quantum mottle would MOST likely occur when using
B. DR has higher resolution
A. Rare-earth screens
C. CR and DR have equal resolution B. Par-speed screens
D. Resolution does not apply to CR and DR C. Ultra-detail screens
D. Non screen film holders
36. A broken cassette would reveal a backing made of
cardboard, plastic or metal that would all be coated with a 45. Emulsion layer is the heart of the x-ray film as it functions
white pigment. What is the purpose of the white pigment to record the latent image. This layer is composed of
coating? which of the following?
A. It is used to add thickness on the intensifying A. Potassium bromide and gelatin
screen B. Iodobromide and gelatin
B. It is used to embed small granules of fluorescent C. Silver iodobromide and gelatin
materials D. Gelatin and silver iodine
C. It is used as a reflector
D. It is used to match the spectral sensitivity of the 46. The combination of hydroquinone and metol in a
film used developer solution would create greater effect than the
chemicals working alone. This is best known as the __.
37. Which of the following groups of factors would produce A. Sequestrating action
the least radiographic density? B. Developing process
A. 400 mA, 0.010 second, 94 kV, 100-speed screens C. Superaddivity
B. 500 mA, 0.008 second, 94 kV, 200-speed screens D. Archival permanence
C. 200 mA, 0.040 second, 94kV, 50-speed screens
D. 100 mA, 0.020 second, 80 kV, 200-speed screens 47. To prevent reduction of unexposed silver bromide during
the developing process, what chemical can be added in a
38. Which set of technical factors would produce the greatest P-Q developer solution?
image blur? A. Calgon
A. 160 cm SID, 20 cm OID, 0.33 mm FSS B. Sodium salt of EDTA
B. 100 cm SID, 15 cm OID, 2 mm FSS C. Sequestering agent
C. 80 cm SID, 25 cm OID, 1 mm FSS D. Benzothiazole
D. 100 cm SID, 25 cm OID, 0.6 mm FSS
48. As specified in the manufacturing manual, the newly
39. What is the optimum relationship between the central ray, delivered mobile x-ray machine is already equipped of an
the body part of interest, and the image receptor in order inherent filtration. Which of the following are examples of
to produce minimal shape distortion on a radiograph? inherent filters?
A. Part perpendicular to image receptor, with A. Oil bath, anode heel effect and mirror
central ray parallel to image receptor B. Metal envelope, port window and collimator
B. Central ray, part and image receptor all parallel C. Penetrometer, glass envelope and lead shutters
to each other D. Collimator, glass window and dielectric water
C. Part parallel to image receptor, with central ray bath
perpendicular to part
D. Central ray and image receptor parallel to each 49. Which of the following radiographic techniques would
other, with part perpendicular to central ray compensate for a low-kvp technique?
A. 200 ma & 0.75 sec
40. If you are going to perform a radiographic examination to B. 400 ma & 0.25 sec
a patient with suspected Barton’s fracture, what would be C. 500 ma & 0.10 sec
the proper focal spot size to be utilized? D. 600 ma & 0.15 sec
A. Small FSS Rationale: Highest mAs (ma x time) would be best
B. Large FSS partnered
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A and B 50. Which of the following substance does NOT emit light
when bombarded by x-rays?
41. If a radiograph exposed using a 12:1 ratio grid exhibits A. Barium platinocyanide
increased brightness/loss of density at its lateral edges, it B. Calcium tungstate
is probably because the C. Silver halide
A. SID was too great D. Zinc sulphide
B. grid failed to move during the exposure
C. x-ray tube was angled in the direction of the lead 51. Which of the following chemical agents below is not
strips included in a manual processing solution?
D. central ray was off-center A. Dialdehyde

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 B. Chelates turned out to be with less density on the periphery of a
C. Potassium alum 14x17-in radiograph. Which of the following statement
D. Sodium sulfite below would provide a solution to the problem?
A. Utilized a focused grid to avoid grid cut off
52. Which of the following is unrelated to recorded detail? B. Use two 14x17-in cassettes in a crosswise
A. Presence of a high-speed screen orientation
B. Increasing the source to image receptor distance C. Take a second exposure of the same factors,
C. Determination of the amount of thermionic decreasing the SID used
emission D. Place the patient in supine position to evenly
D. Using Pigg-O-stat for chest x-ray examinations of distribute the abdominal organs & fats
pediatric patients
62. Starter solution is composed of __.
53. The sequestering agents help prevent the development of A. Silver sulfide
__, which forms as the developer solution is carried into B. Potassium bromide
the fixer. C. Silver nitrate
A. Carboxylic acid D. Potassium bromate
B. Sulfuric acid
C. Aluminum hydroxide 63. What happens if a long bone in a wet cast is radiographed
D. Amalgam in comparison with a long bone placed in a dry cast?
A. Tissue differentiation is greatly seen
54. What would be the standard measurement of the B. A wet cast would result to great scatter radiation
darkroom sink? C. It will require an increase of both kvp and mas
A. 50 cm wide and 45 cm deep settings
B. 60 cm wide and 40 cm deep D. Increase tissue density will result to increase film
C. 60 cm wide and 45 cm deep density
D. 45 cm wide and 60 cm deep
64. Using fixed milliampere-seconds and variable kilovoltage
55. What is the difference between the film used in ninety- technical factors, each centimeter increase in patient
second processing and regular film? thickness requires what adjustment in kilovoltage?
A. The base is thinner A. Increase 2 kV
B. The emulsion coating is thinner B. Decrease 2 kV
C. It contains less gelatin content C. Increase 4 kV
D. It contains less silver bromide crystals D. Decrease 4 kV

56. Which of the following reasons is correct why contrast 65. HVL may be defined as the thickness of a designated
media gives greater contrast? absorber required to which of the following?
A. The small difference in absorption between A. Decrease the intensity of the primary beam by
contrast material and bone tissue 50% of its initial value
B. The large difference in absorption between B. Decrease the intensity of the primary beam by
contrast material and bone tissue 25% of its initial value
C. The small difference in absorption between C. Increase the intensity of the primary beam by
iodine and barium 50% of its initial value
D. The large difference in absorption between iodine D. Increase the intensity of the primary beam by
and barium 25% of its initial value

57. Which of the following materials used as a radiographic 66. Which of the following chemicals were used in making
film base had caused browning of the film and polyester-based films?
disintegration over short periods of time? A. DMT and ethylene glycol
A. Glass plate B. gelatin and DMT
B. Cellulose Triacetate C. cellulose and ethylene glycol
C. Cellulose Nitrate D. cellulose and gelatin
D. Mylar
67. Which of the following pH levels given below can be
58. Which combination of temperature and humidity should be considered as a proper pH for a developer solution?
used for film storage? A. 1.07 to 1.10
A. 60% relative humidity, 10°F B. 4.30 to 4.90
B. 10% relative humidity, 10°F C. 10.0 to 11.5
C. 98% relative humidity, 68°F D. 13.8 to 14.0
D. 50% relative humidity, 68°F
68. Which of the following statement below would confirm if
59. When image-forming light passes through a film and into the x-ray film used was a fast-speed film?
the air beyond it, some of the light is reflected back onto A. The toe of an H&D curve is long-length
the film, causing the image to be unsharp. This effect is B. The toe of an H&D curve is short-length
called as __. C. The shoulder of an H&D curve is short-length
A. Solarization D. The shoulder of an H&D curve is long-length
B. Induction
C. Interpolation 69. Reticulation is the result of __.
D. Halation A. Negative charges built up inside of cassettes
B. Drying for short periods at high temperature
60. In which of the following examinations would a cassette C. Underdevelopment and over fixation
front with very low absorption properties be especially D. Gross difference in temperature between
desirable? solutions
A. Extremity radiography
B. Abdominal radiography 70. Which of the following examination would BEST
C. Mammography demonstrate the benefit of elongation?
D. Angiography A. Mahoney’s method for the maxillary sinus
B. Haas method for the occipital bone
61. After taking an abdominal radiograph of a male geriatric C. AP projection of the abdomen
patient with the use of a parallel grid, the resulted image D. Brewerton’s method for the metacarpal joints

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 A. The radiographic object being placed at an angle
71. For an experiment, student radiographer Seinfeld exposed to IR
a metal object for three consecutive times. The first and B. Excessive distance between the object and the IR
last exposures were of same density while the second C. Insufficient distance between the focus and the
exposure was a bit underexposed. What could have been IR
done to correct the problem? D. Excessive distance between the focus and the IR
A. Proper calibration of the machine
B. Increase the technical factors for all of three 80. Which of the following materials are used in the
exposures construction of an entrance roller?
C. Perform a correct manual processing procedure A. Acrylic plastic
D. Use exposure time of more than 10 seconds B. Stainless steel
C. Polyester
72. Which of the following sets of technical factors will D. Rubberized plastic
produce a radiograph with the highest contrast?
A. 20 mAs, 80 kVp, 30-in FFD, 8:1 grid 81. X-ray tube failures can be caused by different sources and
B. 15 mAs, 75 kVp, 40-in FFD, 12:1 grid one of which can be attributed to focal spot blooming. To
C. 12.5 mAs, 70 kVp, 40-in FFD, 16:1 grid minimize focal spot blooming, which of the following
D. 10 mAs, 70 kVp, 50-in FFD, 5:1 grid below would provide a solution?
A. Decreased the selected mas and used a higher kv
73. Which of the following tool is used to identify poor screen technique
contact? B. Initiate a warm up technique prior to the start of
A. Wire mesh the procedure
B. Step edge C. Switch off the machine every after examination
C. Phantoms to allow the machine to cool down
D. Densitometer D. Increase the ventilation of the exposure room by
additional installation of fans & aircon
74. Which of the following combinations results in the BEST
definition? 82. Which of the following changes would have a dramatic
A. Medium-speed screens and a 1.5-mm focal spot effect on radiographic contrast?
B. High-speed screens and a 1.8-mm focal spot A. Changing mAs from 100 to 125
C. Rare-earth screens and a 2.0-mm focal spot B. Changing from a table - top to a 12:1 grid
D. Slow-speed screens and a 1-mm focal spot C. Changing the focal spot from small to large
D. Changing the kilovoltage from 86 kV to 82 kV
75. Which of the following radiographic techniques would
exhibit the greatest density? 83. In manual processing, if the temperature of the developer
A. 75 mA, 1 sec, 80 kV, 6:1 grid drops below 60 ⁰F, which of the following may happen?
B. 50 mA, 1.5 sec, 60 kV, 10:1 grid A. The activity of one of the reducing agents ceases
C. 200 mA, 0.25 sec, 70 kV, 8:1 grid B. The radiograph will lack contrast
D. 300 mA, 0.33 sec, 65 kV, 12:1 grid C. The radiograph will lack density
D. All of the above
76. As light crosses over the opposite emulsion of an x-ray
film, it results to an increased blurring of the image. To 84. If the developer temperature is set at 96 degree F, then
reduce the negative effect of crossover, which of the the wash water temperature should be set at _?
following would contribute to its greatest interest? A. 86 degree F
A. Increase the amount of silver halide crystal in an B. 91 degree F
x-ray film during manufacturing C. 96 degree F
B. Development of the spherical shaped silver halide D. 101 degree F
crystals
C. Using an intensifying screen which emits blue 85. It is a special device that guides the film to change
light direction while being transported by the rollers
D. Proper spectral matching A. Squeegee assembly
B. Turnaround system
77. When a technologist is comparing two radiographs of the C. Deflector plates
chest, one is taken with a 72-in FFD and the other with a D. Crossover system
50-in FFD (and a compensated technique), the radiograph
with the 50-in FFD would exhibit? 86. What type of films does the presence of bromide drag
A. Increase distortion of the heart produce?
B. Less autonomic motion A. Overdeveloped
C. Increase quantum mottle B. Under developed
D. Greater definition C. Under fixed
D. Over fixed
78. Carmela was asked by a radiographer to only clean the
crossover network of the automatic processor after three 87. What is the relationship of anode angle to anode heel
days of weekly cleaning. Why is it important to do so? effect?
A. There is short window time allowed to clean the A. Directly proportional
processor, so the option is to only clean the B. Inversely proportional
crossover rack C. Directly squared
B. With a clean crossover network, less jamming of D. Inversely squared
the radiograph may occur
C. Its position allows accumulation of chemical 88. What is the replenishment rate of the fixer solution?
deposits A. 10 – 20 cc for every inch of film
D. The crossover is mainly constructed by B. 6 – 8 cc for every inch of film
permeable plastic C. 4 – 5 cc for every inch of film
Rationale: The position of the crossover network is D. 6 – 10 cc for every inch of film
half in the solution and half out, allowing the device
to readily accumulate chemical deposits. 89. Which combination of temperature and humidity should be
used for film storage?
79. Foreshortening can be caused by which of the following? A. 60% relative humidity, 10°F
B. 10% relative humidity, 10°F

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 C. 98% relative humidity, 68°F
D. 50% relative humidity, 68°F 100. For which of the following examinations might the use of a
grid not be necessary in an adult patient?
90. Why is a very short exposure time essential in chest A. Hip
radiography? B. Knee
A. To avoid excessive focal spot blur C. Abdomen
B. To maintain short-scale contrast D. Lumbar spine
C. To minimize involuntary motion
D. To minimize patient discomfort

91. Which of the following chemicals were used in making

polyester-based films?
A. DMT and ethylene glycol
B. gelatin and DMT
C. cellulose and ethylene glycol
D. cellulose and gelatin

92. The parallax effect may be lessened by the use of which

of the following?
A. a film with thinner emulsion
B. a film with thicker emulsion
C. a film with thinner base
D. a film with thicker base

93. Which of the following is the primary cause of decreased

intensifying screen efficiency after several years of use?
A. Exposure to light
B. Exposure to x-rays
C. Abrasion of screen surface
D. Exposure to heat

94. Which of the following is the most likely result of an

improperly seated crossover network in an automatic film
processor?
A. Black, crescent, half-moon marks
B. Black lines along the length of the radiograph
C. White lines along the length of the radiograph
D. Regularly repeated black marks along the length
of the radiograph

95. A radiographic examination of an abdomen was mad using

200 mA, 50msec exposure and 75 kVp. Each of the
following changes will effectively double the radiographic
density except:
A. Change to 0.1 sec exposure time
B. Change to 20 mAs
C. Change to 86 kV
D. Change to 250 mA

96. When the exposure to a film is increased beyond that

which produces maximum density, a decrease in density
occurs. This phenomenon is called which of the following?
A. solarization
B. induction
C. interpolation
D. halation

97. Which of the following is unrelated to recorded detail?

A. Presence of a high-speed screen
B. Increasing the source to image receptor distance
C. Determination of the amount of thermionic
emission
D. Using Pigg-O-stat for chest x-ray examinations of
pediatric patients

98. Which set of technical factors would produce the greatest

image blur?
A. 160 cm SID, 20 cm OID, 0.33 mm FSS
B. 100 cm SID, 15 cm OID, 2 mm FSS
C. 80 cm SID, 25 cm OID, 1 mm FSS
D. 100 cm SID, 25 cm OID, 0.6 mm FSS

99. Which of the following examinations will produce less

magnification?
A. Lateral examination of the lumbar spine with a
hypersthenic patient.
B. Placing the hand in contact with the IR.
C. Placing the knee 2cm above the IR.
D. Using a fast film-screen system.

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