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Bus Organization

Bus organization dld

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views4 pages

Bus Organization

Bus organization dld

Uploaded by

wowal21442
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bus Organization

A bus organization is a group of conducting wires which carries information, all the peripherals are connected to
microprocessor through the bus. A system bus is nothing just a group of wires to carry bits.

The MPU (Micro Processing Unit) performs primarily four operations:

 Memory Read: Read data (or instructions) from memory.


 Memory Write: Write data (or instructions) into memory.
 I/O Read: Accepts data from I/P devices.
 I/O Write: Sends data to O/P devices.

Types of Bus in the microprocessor are:-

 Address Bus
 Data Bus
 Control Bus

i. Address Bus:-

The address bus carries information about the location of data in the memory. The addresses bus is unidirectional
because of data flow in one direction, from the microprocessor to memory or from the microprocessor to input/out
devices. Length of Address bus of 8085 microprocessor is 16 bit (That is, four hexadecimal digits), ranging from
0000H to FFFF H. The microprocessor 8085 can transfer maximum 16-bit address which means it can address
65,536 different memory location i.e 64KB memory.

Address Bus is used to perform the first function, identifying a peripheral or a memory location.

ii. Data Bus:-

The data bus allows data to travel between the microprocessor (CPU) and memory (RAM). The data bus is
bidirectional because of data flow in both directions, from the microprocessor to memory or input/output devices and
from memory or input/output devices to microprocessors. Length of Databus of 8085 microprocessor is 8 bit (that is,
two hexadecimal Digits0, ranging from 00H to FF H.

The data bus is used to perform the second function, transferring binary information.

iii. Control Bus:-

The control bus carries the control signals to control all the associated peripherals, the microprocessor uses control
bus to process data, that is what to do with selected memory location signals are:-

a. memory card
b.memory write
c. input/output,write.

What is ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)?


In the computer system, ALU is a main component of the central processing unit, which
stands for arithmetic logic unit and performs arithmetic and logic operations. It is also
known as an integer unit (IU) that is an integrated circuit within a CPU or GPU, which is
the last component to perform calculations in the processor. It has the ability to perform
all processes related to arithmetic and logic operations such as addition, subtraction, and
shifting operations, including Boolean comparisons (XOR, OR, AND, and NOT operations).
Also, binary numbers can accomplish mathematical and bitwise operations. The
arithmetic logic unit is split into AU (arithmetic unit) and LU (logic unit).

Except performing calculations related to addition and subtraction, ALUs handle the
multiplication of two integers as they are designed to execute integer calculations;
hence, its result is also an integer. However, division operations commonly may not be
performed by ALU as division operations may produce a result in a floating-point
number. Instead, the floating-point unit (FPU) usually handles the division operations;
other non-integer calculations can also be performed by FPU.

Although the ALU is a major component in the processor, the ALU's design and function may be different in
the different processors. For case, some ALUs are designed to perform only integer calculations, and some are
for floating-point operations. Some processors include a single arithmetic logic unit to perform operations, and
others may contain numerous ALUs to complete calculations. The operations performed by ALU are:
o Logical Operations: The logical operations consist of NOR, NOT, AND, NAND, OR, XOR,
and more.
o Bit-Shifting Operations: It is responsible for displacement in the locations of the bits to
the by right or left by a certain number of places that are known as a multiplication
operation.
o Arithmetic Operations: Although it performs multiplication and division, this refers to bit
addition and subtraction. But multiplication and division operations are more costly to
make. In the place of multiplication, addition can be used as a substitute and subtraction
for division.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Signals


A variety of input and output electrical connections are contained by the ALU, which led to casting the digital
signals between the external electronics and ALU.

ALU input gets signals from the external circuits, and in response, external electronics get outputs signals from
ALU.

Data: Three parallel buses are contained by the ALU, which include two input and output operand. These
three buses handle the number of signals, which are the same.

Opcode: When the ALU is going to perform the operation, it is described by the operation selection code
what type of operation an ALU is going to perform arithmetic or logic operation.

Configurations of the ALU


The description of how ALU interacts with the processor is given below. Every arithmetic logic unit includes
the following configurations:

o Instruction Set Architecture


o Accumulator
o Stack
o Register to Register
o Register Stack
o Register Memory

Accumulator
The intermediate result of every operation is contained by the accumulator, which
means Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) is not more complex because there is only
required to hold one bit.
Stack
Whenever the latest operations are performed, these are stored on the stack that holds
programs in top-down order, which is a small register. When the new programs are
added to execute, they push to put the old programs.

Register-Register Architecture
It includes a place for 1 destination instruction and 2 source instructions, also known as a
3-register operation machine. This Instruction Set Architecture must be more in length
for storing three operands, 1 destination and 2 sources. After the end of the operations,
writing the results back to the Registers would be difficult, and also the length of the
word should be longer..

Register - Stack Architecture


Generally, the combination of Register and Accumulator operations is known as for
Register - Stack Architecture. The operations that need to be performed in the register-
stack Architecture are pushed onto the top of the stack. And its results are held at the
top of the stack. With the help of using the Reverse polish method, more complex
mathematical operations can be broken down. Some programmers, to represent
operands, use the concept of a binary tree. It means that the reverse polish methodology
can be easy for these programmers, whereas it can be difficult for other programmers.
To carry out Push and Pop operations, there is a need to be new hardware created.

Register and Memory


In this architecture, one operand comes from the register, and the other comes from the
external memory as it is one of the most complicated architectures. The reason behind it
is that every program might be very long as they require to be held in full memory
space. Generally, this technology is integrated with Register-Register Register
technology and practically cannot be used separately.

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