MEMBRANE POTENTIAL a) +30 mV

b) -70 mV
1. The resting membrane potential is primarily c) 0 mV
determined by: d) -90 mV
e) +50 mV
a) The sodium-potassium pump.
b) The concentration gradient of potassium ions. Answer: b) -70 mV
c) The permeability of the cell membrane to chloride
ions.
d) The electrical gradient of sodium ions.
e) The Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter. 6. Which ion is primarily responsible for the
negative resting membrane potential?
Answer: b) The concentration gradient of potassium
ions. a) Sodium (Na⁺)
b) Potassium (K⁺)
c) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
d) Chloride (Cl⁻)
2. Which ion is most responsible for establishing e) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
the resting membrane potential in most cells?
Answer: b) Potassium (K⁺)
a) Sodium (Na⁺)
b) Potassium (K⁺)
c) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
d) Chloride (Cl⁻) 7. The membrane potential of a cell is primarily
e) Magnesium (Mg²⁺) determined by:

Answer: b) Potassium (K⁺) a) The concentration of potassium inside the cell.

b) The concentration of sodium inside the cell.
c) The difference in ion concentrations across the
membrane.
3. The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions: d) The amount of protein synthesis occurring in the
cell.
e) The electrical gradient of chloride ions.
a) Into the cell.
b) Out of the cell.
c) In and out of the cell equally. Answer: c) The difference in ion concentrations
d) In and out of the cell depending on ion across the membrane.
concentration.
e) Only when the cell is at rest.

Answer: b) Out of the cell. 8. When the membrane potential becomes less
negative, it is known as:

a) Hyperpolarization.
4. Which of the following contributes to the resting b) Depolarization.
membrane potential? c) Resting potential.
d) Repolarization.
e) Equilibrium potential.
a) The high concentration of sodium ions outside the
cell.
b) The influx of calcium ions. Answer: b) Depolarization.
c) The movement of potassium ions out of the cell.
d) The concentration of chloride ions inside the cell.
e) The activity of voltage-gated sodium channels.
9. Which of the following would cause
Answer: c) The movement of potassium ions out of depolarization of the membrane?
the cell.
a) Influx of sodium ions (Na⁺).
b) Efflux of potassium ions (K⁺).
c) Influx of chloride ions (Cl⁻).
5. What is the approximate resting membrane d) Influx of calcium ions (Ca²⁺).
potential in most cells? e) Efflux of sodium ions (Na⁺).
Answer: a) Influx of sodium ions (Na⁺). a) +30 mV
b) -70 mV
c) -90 mV
d) +60 mV
e) 0 mV
10. During the resting state of a neuron, which of
the following ions is most concentrated inside the
cell? Answer: c) -90 mV

a) Sodium (Na⁺)
b) Potassium (K⁺)
c) Calcium (Ca²⁺) 15. Which of the following ions primarily dictates
d) Chloride (Cl⁻) the resting membrane potential in most cells?
e) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
a) Sodium (Na⁺)
Answer: b) Potassium (K⁺) b) Potassium (K⁺)
c) Chloride (Cl⁻)
d) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
e) Phosphate (PO₄³⁻)
11. Which of the following best describes the
direction of potassium ion movement across the Answer: b) Potassium (K⁺)
membrane at rest?

a) Potassium ions move into the cell.

b) Potassium ions move out of the cell. 16. What happens to the membrane potential when
c) Potassium ions remain at equilibrium. potassium channels open?
d) Potassium ions diffuse across the membrane
without a concentration gradient. a) The membrane potential becomes more negative
e) Potassium ions are actively pumped into the cell. (hyperpolarization).
b) The membrane potential becomes more positive
Answer: b) Potassium ions move out of the cell. (depolarization).
c) The membrane potential becomes 0 mV.
d) The membrane potential remains constant.
e) The membrane potential increases slightly.
12. The action potential threshold occurs at:
Answer: a) The membrane potential becomes more
negative (hyperpolarization).
a) -40 mV
b) -55 mV
c) -70 mV
d) -90 mV
e) 0 mV 17. Which ion has the highest concentration
outside the cell at rest?
Answer: b) -55 mV
a) Sodium (Na⁺)
b) Potassium (K⁺)
c) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
d) Chloride (Cl⁻)
13. The Nernst equation is used to calculate: e) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)

a) The threshold potential. Answer: a) Sodium (Na⁺)

b) The resting membrane potential of a cell.
c) The equilibrium potential for a specific ion.
d) The rate of ion diffusion across the membrane.
e) The electrical resistance of the membrane.
18. Which of the following ions is primarily
Answer: c) The equilibrium potential for a specific responsible for generating the action potential?
ion.
a) Sodium (Na⁺)
b) Potassium (K⁺)
c) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
d) Chloride (Cl⁻)
14. The equilibrium potential for potassium (K⁺) is e) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
approximately:
Answer: a) Sodium (Na⁺) Answer: b) Potassium channels open and potassium
exits the cell.

19. The sodium-potassium pump helps establish

the resting membrane potential by: 23. Which of the following would result in a
hyperpolarized membrane potential?
a) Pumping potassium ions into the cell and sodium
ions out. a) Influx of sodium ions.
b) Pumping sodium ions into the cell and potassium b) Efflux of potassium ions.
ions out. c) Influx of calcium ions.
c) Allowing sodium and potassium ions to diffuse d) Efflux of chloride ions.
freely across the membrane. e) Influx of potassium ions.
d) Regulating the concentration of chloride ions inside
the cell. Answer: b) Efflux of potassium ions.
e) Maintaining the electrical gradient across the
membrane.

Answer: a) Pumping potassium ions into the cell and

sodium ions out. 24. The Nernst equation is used to calculate the
equilibrium potential for a specific ion based on:

a) The electrical charge of the ion.

b) The size of the ion.
20. During an action potential, the depolarization c) The concentration gradient of the ion across the
phase is primarily caused by: membrane.
d) The number of ion channels for that ion.
a) The opening of potassium channels. e) The permeability of the ion to the membrane.
b) The closing of sodium channels.
c) The opening of sodium channels. Answer: c) The concentration gradient of the ion
d) The efflux of potassium ions. across the membrane.
e) The influx of chloride ions.

Answer: c) The opening of sodium channels.

25. Which of the following accurately describes the
electrochemical gradient?

21. The resting membrane potential of a cell is a) It is the combination of electrical and concentration
closest to the equilibrium potential for: gradients that determines the net direction of ion flow.
b) It only accounts for the concentration gradient.
a) Sodium (Na⁺). c) It only accounts for the electrical gradient.
b) Potassium (K⁺). d) It is determined solely by the action potential.
c) Calcium (Ca²⁺). e) It only affects ions that can diffuse freely.
d) Chloride (Cl⁻).
e) Hydrogen (H⁺). Answer: a) It is the combination of electrical and
concentration gradients that determines the net
Answer: b) Potassium (K⁺) direction of ion flow.

22. Which of the following events occurs during 26. What occurs when the membrane potential
repolarization of the action potential? reaches the threshold voltage?

a) Sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell. a) The cell reaches its resting potential.
b) Potassium channels open and potassium exits the b) The sodium channels open rapidly, causing
cell. depolarization.
c) Calcium channels open and calcium enters the cell. c) The potassium channels open, causing
d) Sodium-potassium pump activates to restore resting repolarization.
potential. d) The membrane potential becomes hyperpolarized.
e) Chloride ions enter the cell. e) The cell enters refractory period.
Answer: b) The sodium channels open rapidly,
causing depolarization.
31. During an action potential, the rapid
repolarization of the cell membrane is primarily
due to:
27. Which of the following is the main function of
the sodium-potassium pump in generating the a) The closing of sodium channels and opening of
resting membrane potential? potassium channels.
b) The influx of calcium ions.
a) It prevents the buildup of positive charge on the c) The continuous activation of sodium-potassium
inside of the membrane. pumps.
b) It increases the intracellular concentration of d) The closing of potassium channels.
sodium. e) The opening of chloride channels.
c) It helps maintain a negative charge inside the cell.
d) It facilitates the movement of chloride ions into the Answer: a) The closing of sodium channels and
cell. opening of potassium channels.
e) It establishes the action potential threshold.

Answer: c) It helps maintain a negative charge inside

the cell. 32. What is the function of the sodium-potassium
pump in terms of membrane potential?

a) It transports sodium ions into the cell and

28. In which part of the action potential is the cell potassium ions out of the cell, maintaining the
membrane most permeable to sodium ions? concentration gradients.
b) It maintains the balance of chloride and sodium
a) Resting phase. ions across the membrane.
b) Depolarization phase. c) It produces ATP for ion transport.
c) Repolarization phase. d) It transports calcium ions into the cell.
d) Hyperpolarization phase. e) It generates the action potential.
e) Refractory period.
Answer: a) It transports sodium ions into the cell and
Answer: b) Depolarization phase. potassium ions out of the cell, maintaining the
concentration gradients.

29. The period during which the cell membrane

cannot respond to a new stimulus is called: 33. The action potential reaches its peak when:

a) The absolute refractory period. a) Potassium ions exit the cell.

b) The relative refractory period. b) Sodium ions enter the cell.
c) The action potential. c) Potassium and sodium ions reach equilibrium.
d) The depolarization phase. d) Chloride ions enter the cell.
e) The resting potential. e) The sodium-potassium pump is activated.

Answer: a) The absolute refractory period. Answer: b) Sodium ions enter the cell.

30. The movement of ions across the membrane to 34. At which point during an action potential is the
change the membrane potential from negative to inside of the cell most positive relative to the
positive is called: outside?

a) Repolarization. a) At the peak of depolarization.

b) Depolarization. b) During the resting potential.
c) Hyperpolarization. c) During repolarization.
d) Refractory period. d) At the end of hyperpolarization.
e) Equilibrium. e) During the absolute refractory period.

Answer: b) Depolarization. Answer: a) At the peak of depolarization.

 c) The opening of voltage-gated potassium channels.
d) Diffusion through non-gated sodium channels.
35. Which of the following ions plays a key role in e) The action of the sodium-calcium exchanger.
the repolarization phase of the action potential?
Answer: b) The opening of voltage-gated sodium
a) Sodium (Na⁺) channels.
b) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
c) Potassium (K⁺)
d) Chloride (Cl⁻)
e) Magnesium (Mg²⁺) 40. Which ion is primarily responsible for the
depolarization phase of an action potential?
Answer: c) Potassium (K⁺)
a) Sodium (Na⁺)
b) Potassium (K⁺)
c) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
36. The overshoot of an action potential, where the d) Chloride (Cl⁻)
membrane potential becomes more negative than e) Magnesium (Mg²⁺)
the resting potential, is called:
Answer: a) Sodium (Na⁺)
a) Depolarization.
b) Repolarization.
c) Hyperpolarization.
d) Resting potential. 41. Which type of ion channel is responsible for
e) Threshold potential. initiating the action potential in neurons?

Answer: c) Hyperpolarization. a) Ligand-gated ion channels.

b) Voltage-gated ion channels.
c) Mechanically gated ion channels.
d) Leak channels.
37. During the absolute refractory period, a second e) Calcium channels.
action potential cannot be generated because:
Answer: b) Voltage-gated ion channels.
a) Sodium channels are inactivated.
b) Potassium channels are open.
c) The cell is hyperpolarized.
d) The sodium-potassium pump is inactive. 42. Which of the following happens during the
e) Calcium ion concentration is too high inside the refractory period of an action potential?
cell.
a) The neuron is more excitable and can generate a
Answer: a) Sodium channels are inactivated. new action potential more easily.
b) The neuron cannot generate another action
potential, no matter the stimulus.
c) The sodium channels open for an extended period.
38. Which of the following events immediately d) Potassium ions move into the cell, causing
follows depolarization in an action potential? depolarization.
e) The cell membrane restores its resting potential.
a) Hyperpolarization.
b) Repolarization. Answer: b) The neuron cannot generate another
c) Threshold potential. action potential, no matter the stimulus.
d) Resting membrane potential.
e) Sodium-potassium pump activation.

Answer: b) Repolarization. 43. What does the term "threshold potential" refer
to in terms of action potential?

a) The point at which the sodium-potassium pump is

39. The rapid influx of sodium ions during an activated.
action potential is due to: b) The membrane potential required to trigger an
action potential.
c) The membrane potential when the cell is at rest.
a) Active transport via the sodium-potassium pump.
b) The opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.
d) The voltage reached at the peak of depolarization. speed of conduction.
e) The point at which the cell becomes hyperpolarized. d) It requires continuous sodium influx along the axon.
e) It is initiated only at the axon terminal.
Answer: b) The membrane potential required to
trigger an action potential. Answer: c) It is facilitated by myelin sheaths that
increase the speed of conduction.

44. The resting membrane potential of a neuron is

primarily maintained by: 48. Which of the following statements about the
resting membrane potential is true?
a) Ion channels that allow free diffusion of ions across
the membrane. a) It is primarily determined by the concentration
b) Active transport mechanisms like the sodium- gradient of sodium ions.
potassium pump. b) It is maintained by active transport and ion
c) The sodium-calcium exchanger. concentration gradients.
d) High levels of intracellular sodium ions. c) It occurs only when potassium channels are open.
e) The influx of chloride ions. d) It is a result of active transport of chloride ions.
e) It is influenced by the electrochemical gradients of
Answer: b) Active transport mechanisms like the all ions equally.
sodium-potassium pump.
Answer: b) It is maintained by active transport and
ion concentration gradients.

45. Which of the following events directly results in

the generation of an action potential?
49. In a neuron, the action potential travels in one
a) The activation of chloride channels. direction due to:
b) The opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.
c) The opening of potassium leak channels. a) The refractory period, which prevents the action
d) The efflux of calcium ions. potential from traveling backward.
e) The influx of sodium ions through passive diffusion. b) The continuous opening of sodium channels.
c) The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors.
Answer: b) The opening of voltage-gated sodium d) The influx of calcium ions.
channels. e) The presence of ion pumps.

Answer: a) The refractory period, which prevents the

action potential from traveling backward.
46. In which of the following situations would a cell
be in a hyperpolarized state?

a) When the membrane potential becomes more 50. Which of the following factors can influence the
negative than the resting potential. speed of action potential conduction?
b) When the cell depolarizes and the membrane
potential becomes more positive. a) The diameter of the axon and the presence of
c) When potassium channels are blocked. myelin.
d) When sodium ion influx is prevented. b) The sodium-potassium pump's activity.
e) When the resting membrane potential is restored. c) The concentration of chloride ions.
d) The activity of voltage-gated calcium channels.
Answer: a) When the membrane potential becomes e) The number of potassium channels in the axon
more negative than the resting potential. terminal.

Answer: a) The diameter of the axon and the presence

of myelin.
47. Which of the following is true of the action
potential propagation along an axon?

a) It is a passive process that does not require ATP. 51. What is the role of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) in the
b) It is a continuous process along the length of the action potential of muscle cells?
axon.
c) It is facilitated by myelin sheaths that increase the
a) They initiate the depolarization of the cell a) To increase the duration of the action potential.
membrane. b) To reduce the resting membrane potential.
b) They trigger the release of neurotransmitters at c) To increase the speed of action potential conduction.
synaptic terminals. d) To prevent depolarization of the axon.
c) They are involved in the repolarization phase of the e) To facilitate the movement of ions across the
action potential. membrane.
d) They cause muscle contraction by interacting with
actin and myosin. Answer: c) To increase the speed of action potential
e) They activate the sodium-potassium pump. conduction.

Answer: d) They cause muscle contraction by

interacting with actin and myosin.
56. Which of the following is true about the
conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons?

52. Which of the following is a characteristic of a a) Action potentials propagate continuously along the
graded potential? axon.
b) Action potentials jump from node to node, which is
a) It is an all-or-nothing response. called saltatory conduction.
b) It is always large enough to trigger an action c) The action potential slows down due to ion leakage
potential. at the nodes.
c) It can vary in magnitude based on the strength of d) Myelin decreases the speed of action potential
the stimulus. propagation.
d) It only occurs in neurons. e) Action potentials occur only at the axon terminals.
e) It is typically long-lasting and non-localized.
Answer: b) Action potentials jump from node to node,
Answer: c) It can vary in magnitude based on the which is called saltatory conduction.
strength of the stimulus.

57. The term "repolarization" refers to:

53. The membrane potential of a neuron can
become more negative during which process? a) The process of the membrane potential becoming
more negative following depolarization.
a) Depolarization. b) The membrane potential becoming more positive
b) Repolarization. during depolarization.
c) Hyperpolarization. c) The restoration of the resting membrane potential
d) Threshold potential. after an action potential.
e) Refractory period. d) The generation of an action potential.
e) The opening of chloride ion channels.
Answer: c) Hyperpolarization.
Answer: c) The restoration of the resting membrane
potential after an action potential.

54. During an action potential, the inside of the cell

becomes positively charged relative to the outside
due to: 58. Which of the following is responsible for the
hyperpolarization phase of the action potential?
a) The movement of potassium ions out of the cell.
b) The influx of sodium ions into the cell. a) The continued efflux of potassium ions after the
c) The efflux of chloride ions. membrane potential reaches its resting value.
d) The movement of calcium ions into the cell. b) The influx of sodium ions into the cell.
e) The activity of the sodium-potassium pump. c) The activation of sodium-potassium pumps.
d) The influx of calcium ions into the cell.
Answer: b) The influx of sodium ions into the cell. e) The efflux of chloride ions.

Answer: a) The continued efflux of potassium ions

after the membrane potential reaches its resting value.
55. What is the primary function of myelination in
nerve cells?
59. Which of the following factors affects the Answer: b) They open to allow the influx of sodium
resting membrane potential? ions into the cell, causing depolarization.

a) The concentration gradients of sodium and

potassium ions across the membrane.
b) The activity of voltage-gated sodium channels. 63. Which statement about the resting membrane
c) The presence of acetylcholine at the synapse. potential is correct?
d) The influx of calcium ions into the cell.
e) The phosphorylation of proteins in the cell
membrane. a) It is determined by the active transport of sodium
ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
b) It is always positive, due to the higher
Answer: a) The concentration gradients of sodium concentration of sodium outside the cell.
and potassium ions across the membrane. c) It is a result of continuous depolarization.
d) It is primarily influenced by the permeability of the
membrane to chloride ions.
e) It occurs only in muscle cells.
60. What is the effect of opening chloride channels
in the cell membrane? Answer: a) It is determined by the active transport of
sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the
a) It leads to depolarization of the membrane. cell.
b) It causes hyperpolarization of the membrane.
c) It has no effect on the membrane potential.
d) It increases the action potential threshold.
e) It initiates the action potential. 64. At the peak of an action potential, the inside of
the neuron is:
Answer: b) It causes hyperpolarization of the
membrane. a) Negative relative to the outside of the cell.
b) Equal to the outside in terms of charge.
c) Positive relative to the outside of the cell.
d) Hyperpolarized relative to the outside.
61. The equilibrium potential for an ion is the e) At resting membrane potential.
membrane potential at which:
Answer: c) Positive relative to the outside of the cell.
a) There is no net movement of that ion across the
membrane.
b) The ion's concentration gradient is equal to the
electrical gradient. 65. Which of the following causes the membrane
c) The ion concentration is at equilibrium on both potential to become more positive?
sides of the membrane.
d) The ion channels are completely closed.
e) The ion channels are open. a) The efflux of potassium ions.
b) The influx of sodium ions.
c) The opening of chloride channels.
Answer: a) There is no net movement of that ion d) The closing of potassium channels.
across the membrane. e) The movement of calcium ions out of the cell.

Answer: b) The influx of sodium ions.

62. Which of the following best describes the role

of voltage-gated sodium channels in the action
potential?
66. Which of the following best describes the role
of the potassium (K⁺) ion in the generation of the
a) They allow the efflux of potassium ions from the action potential?
cell during repolarization.
b) They open to allow the influx of sodium ions into
the cell, causing depolarization. a) Potassium ions flow into the cell to initiate
c) They block the influx of sodium ions during the depolarization.
resting state. b) Potassium ions flow out of the cell during
d) They close after potassium ions enter the cell. repolarization to restore the resting membrane
e) They restore the resting membrane potential by potential.
actively pumping sodium out of the cell. c) Potassium ions increase the permeability of the
membrane during depolarization.
d) Potassium ions are responsible for the peak of the
action potential.
e) Potassium ions flow into the cell to contribute to d) The resting membrane potential.
hyperpolarization. e) The equilibrium potential for chloride (Cl⁻).

Answer: b) Potassium ions flow out of the cell during Answer: c) The equilibrium potential for sodium
repolarization to restore the resting membrane (Na⁺).
potential.

71. The voltage-gated potassium channels open

67. Which of the following occurs when the during which phase of the action potential?
membrane potential reaches the threshold?
a) Resting phase.
a) Only potassium channels open. b) Depolarization phase.
b) Only sodium channels close. c) Repolarization phase.
c) Sodium channels open and sodium enters the cell. d) Hyperpolarization phase.
d) Potassium channels open and potassium exits the e) Threshold phase.
cell.
e) The cell remains at resting potential. Answer: c) Repolarization phase.

Answer: c) Sodium channels open and sodium enters

the cell.
72. The membrane potential during the resting
state is approximately:

68. What is the role of myelin sheaths in nerve a) 0 mV.

fibers? b) +50 mV.
c) -70 mV.
a) They inhibit the conduction of action potentials. d) -90 mV.
b) They prevent the action potential from reaching the e) +30 mV.
axon terminals.
c) They increase the speed of action potential Answer: c) -70 mV.
propagation by insulating the axon.
d) They provide nutrients to the axon.
e) They decrease the axonal diameter to improve
signal transmission.
73. The "all-or-nothing" principle of action
Answer: c) They increase the speed of action potentials means that:
potential propagation by insulating the axon.
a) The action potential will occur only if the stimulus
is strong enough to reach the threshold.
b) Action potentials vary in size depending on the
strength of the stimulus.
69. What occurs when sodium channels close c) The action potential is only generated in neurons.
during the action potential? d) The action potential is initiated at the axon terminal.
e) Action potentials are always the same size.
a) The membrane potential becomes more positive.
b) The membrane potential reaches its peak. Answer: a) The action potential will occur only if the
c) Potassium ions flow into the cell. stimulus is strong enough to reach the threshold.
d) Repolarization begins.
e) The action potential is generated.

Answer: d) Repolarization begins.

74. Which of the following describes the role of
voltage-gated potassium channels during an action
potential?

70. During the depolarization phase of an action a) They open to allow sodium ions to enter the cell
potential, the membrane potential moves towards: during depolarization.
b) They open to allow potassium ions to exit the cell,
a) The equilibrium potential for potassium (K⁺). repolarizing the membrane.
b) The threshold potential. c) They close to prevent the efflux of potassium ions
c) The equilibrium potential for sodium (Na⁺). during depolarization.
d) They are responsible for the initiation of the action
potential. a) The membrane becomes hyperpolarized.
e) They maintain the resting membrane potential. b) The sodium channels open, allowing an influx of
sodium ions.
Answer: b) They open to allow potassium ions to exit c) The potassium channels open, allowing an efflux of
the cell, repolarizing the membrane. potassium ions.
d) The cell begins to repolarize.
e) The resting membrane potential is restored.

Answer: b) The sodium channels open, allowing an

75. Which ion's concentration gradient is most influx of sodium ions.
responsible for the negative resting membrane
potential?

a) Sodium (Na⁺)
b) Potassium (K⁺) 79. Which of the following best describes the effect
c) Calcium (Ca²⁺) of a depolarizing stimulus on a neuron?
d) Chloride (Cl⁻)
e) Magnesium (Mg²⁺) a) It causes the membrane potential to become more
negative.
Answer: b) Potassium (K⁺) b) It causes the membrane potential to become less
negative, moving toward zero.
c) It inhibits the release of neurotransmitters.
d) It results in hyperpolarization.
e) It has no effect on the membrane potential.
76. In neurons, the sodium-potassium pump
transports: Answer: b) It causes the membrane potential to
become less negative, moving toward zero.
a) Three potassium ions out of the cell for every two
sodium ions that enter.
b) Two potassium ions out of the cell for every three
sodium ions that enter.
c) Three sodium ions into the cell for every two 80. In a typical neuron, the action potential is
potassium ions that exit. initiated at the:
d) Two sodium ions out of the cell for every three
potassium ions that enter. a) Axon terminal.
e) Potassium and sodium ions in equal amounts. b) Axon hillock.
c) Dendrites.
Answer: d) Two sodium ions out of the cell for every d) Soma.
three potassium ions that enter. e) Node of Ranvier.

Answer: b) Axon hillock.

77. Which of the following correctly describes the

refractory period?
81. Which of the following occurs during the
a) It is the time when the cell is depolarized and depolarization phase of an action potential?
cannot generate another action potential.
b) It is the time when the cell is hyperpolarized and a) Potassium ions leave the cell.
cannot generate another action potential. b) Sodium channels open, and sodium ions enter the
c) It is the period during which the sodium channels cell.
remain open. c) The resting membrane potential is restored.
d) It is the period after the action potential when d) Chloride ions enter the cell.
sodium-potassium pumps are inactivated. e) The membrane potential becomes more negative.
e) It is the time during which the membrane is at the
resting potential. Answer: b) Sodium channels open, and sodium ions
enter the cell.
Answer: b) It is the time when the cell is
hyperpolarized and cannot generate another action
potential.
82. In which situation would a neuron be most
likely to fire an action potential?

78. What happens when the membrane potential

reaches the threshold voltage?
a) When the membrane potential is at resting potential. 86. What is the effect of opening chloride channels
b) When the membrane potential is at the equilibrium in a neuron during an action potential?
potential for potassium.
c) When the membrane potential depolarizes to the a) Depolarization.
threshold level. b) Hyperpolarization.
d) When potassium ions enter the cell. c) Reversal of the action potential.
e) When the cell is hyperpolarized. d) Repolarization.
e) Generation of the action potential.
Answer: c) When the membrane potential depolarizes
to the threshold level. Answer: b) Hyperpolarization.

83. What causes the "undershoot" or 87. Which of the following correctly describes the
hyperpolarization phase after an action potential? relationship between membrane potential and ion
permeability?
a) The continued opening of sodium channels after
depolarization. a) Membrane potential is independent of ion
b) The influx of chloride ions into the cell. permeability.
c) The slow closing of potassium channels, allowing b) The membrane potential is the result of the net
potassium to leave the cell. movement of ions, which depends on their relative
d) The rapid influx of calcium ions. permeabilities.
e) The inactivation of sodium-potassium pumps. c) Membrane potential only changes when sodium
channels open.
Answer: c) The slow closing of potassium channels, d) Ion permeability only affects the resting membrane
allowing potassium to leave the cell. potential.
e) Ion permeability affects action potentials but not
resting potential.

84. Which of the following would result in a Answer: b) The membrane potential is the result of
greater action potential frequency in a neuron? the net movement of ions, which depends on their
relative permeabilities.
a) A decrease in the concentration of potassium ions.
b) A stronger depolarizing stimulus that reaches the
threshold faster.
c) A lower membrane resistance. 88. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic
d) A slower influx of sodium ions. of action potentials?
e) A decrease in the threshold potential.
a) They are all-or-nothing events.
Answer: b) A stronger depolarizing stimulus that b) They travel in one direction along the axon.
reaches the threshold faster. c) They are graded in size depending on the strength
of the stimulus.
d) They involve a rapid depolarization and
repolarization of the membrane.
e) They are generated by the opening and closing of
85. Which of the following describes the function of voltage-gated ion channels.
the sodium-potassium pump during the action
potential?
Answer: c) They are graded in size depending on the
strength of the stimulus.
a) It directly triggers the opening of ion channels.
b) It helps re-establish the resting membrane potential
after the action potential.
c) It causes depolarization by moving sodium ions
into the cell. 89. Which type of ion channel is responsible for the
d) It generates the action potential. rapid depolarization during an action potential?
e) It contributes to the refractory period by inhibiting
sodium flow. a) Voltage-gated sodium channels.
b) Ligand-gated potassium channels.
Answer: b) It helps re-establish the resting membrane c) Voltage-gated potassium channels.
potential after the action potential. d) Leak channels.
e) Calcium channels.

Answer: a) Voltage-gated sodium channels.

 e) The membrane potential when the sodium-
potassium pump is activated.
90. In a myelinated axon, action potentials are said
to propagate via: Answer: b) The membrane potential at which the
action potential is fully initiated.
a) Continuous conduction.
b) Saltatory conduction.
c) Passive diffusion.
d) Local depolarization. 94. During the refractory period, which of the
e) Hyperpolarization. following is true?

Answer: b) Saltatory conduction. a) The neuron can easily fire another action potential
regardless of the stimulus strength.
b) Sodium channels are inactivated, preventing the
initiation of a new action potential.
91. What is the role of the absolute refractory c) The resting membrane potential is at its lowest
period in action potential propagation? point.
d) Potassium channels remain closed.
e) Calcium channels remain open for an extended
a) It ensures that action potentials travel in only one period.
direction.
b) It allows for the generation of another action
potential immediately. Answer: b) Sodium channels are inactivated,
c) It causes hyperpolarization of the membrane. preventing the initiation of a new action potential.
d) It facilitates the return of the membrane to resting
potential.
e) It activates the sodium-potassium pump.
95. Which of the following increases the conduction
Answer: a) It ensures that action potentials travel in velocity of an action potential?
only one direction.
a) Larger diameter of the axon.
b) Increased potassium concentration inside the cell.
c) Increased sodium permeability.
92. What happens during the repolarization phase d) Higher resting membrane potential.
of the action potential? e) Decreased axonal length.

a) Potassium channels close, and sodium channels Answer: a) Larger diameter of the axon.
open.
b) Potassium channels open, and sodium channels
close.
c) Sodium channels open, causing an influx of sodium 96. In a neuron, which of the following ions is most
ions. responsible for the resting membrane potential?
d) Calcium channels open, allowing calcium to enter
the cell.
e) The resting potential is maintained. a) Calcium ions.
b) Chloride ions.
c) Sodium ions.
Answer: b) Potassium channels open, and sodium d) Potassium ions.
channels close. e) Magnesium ions.

Answer: d) Potassium ions.

93. Which of the following best describes the

concept of "threshold" in the context of an action
potential?
97. What is the main factor that contributes to the
establishment of the resting membrane potential?
a) The point at which the cell reaches its peak
depolarization.
b) The membrane potential at which the action a) Active transport of ions via the sodium-potassium
potential is fully initiated. pump.
c) The membrane potential at which the potassium b) Passive diffusion of sodium and potassium ions.
channels close. c) The action potential.
d) The membrane potential that repolarizes the cell. d) The presence of neurotransmitters in the synapse.
e) The influx of chloride ions into the cell.
Answer: a) Active transport of ions via the sodium-
potassium pump.

98. How does the opening of potassium channels

affect the membrane potential during
repolarization?

a) It makes the inside of the cell more positive.

b) It makes the inside of the cell more negative,
returning the cell to resting potential.
c) It makes the outside of the cell more positive.
d) It causes the cell to become more depolarized.
e) It causes an influx of sodium ions.

Answer: b) It makes the inside of the cell more

negative, returning the cell to resting potential.

99. Which of the following is a function of the

voltage-gated sodium channels during an action
potential?

a) To prevent the depolarization of the cell.

b) To initiate repolarization by allowing potassium
ions to flow out of the cell.
c) To allow the influx of sodium ions, leading to
depolarization.
d) To close potassium channels after they open.
e) To restore the resting membrane potential by
actively transporting sodium out of the cell.

Answer: c) To allow the influx of sodium ions,

leading to depolarization.

100. Which of the following best describes the

relationship between an action potential and the
threshold potential?

a) The action potential occurs when the threshold

potential is reached and depolarization occurs.
b) The action potential occurs before the threshold
potential is reached.
c) The action potential is a gradual process that
depends on the strength of the stimulus.
d) The action potential is only generated when the
resting membrane potential is reached.
e) The action potential is only generated if chloride
channels are activated first.

Answer: a) The action potential occurs when the

threshold potential is reached and depolarization
occurs.