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Lecture Notes 11 Principles of Alternating Current

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89 views21 pages

Lecture Notes 11 Principles of Alternating Current

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liquidonathan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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EE 40

Basic Electrical Engineering

XI. PRINCIPLES OF
ALTERNATING CURRENT
GENERATING AN ALTERNATING
VOLTAGE
An AC Voltage is one that continually changes in magnitude and
periodically reverse in polarity (Figure below). The zero axis is a horizontal
line across the center. The vertical variations on the voltage wave show the
changes in magnitude. The voltages above the horizontal axis have positive
(+) polarity, while voltages below the horizontal axis negative (-) polarity.
ANGULAR MEASUREMENT
The complete circles is 360°. One half cycle, or one alternation, is 180°. A
quarter turn is 90°. Degrees are also expressed in radians (rad). One
radian is equal to 57.3°. A complete circle has 2∏ rad:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE 1:
How many radians are there in 30°?

EXAMPLE 2:
How many degrees are there in ∏/3 rad?
SINE WAVE

The instantaneous value of voltage at any point on the sine wave is


expressed by the equation.
EXAMPLE:
A sine wave voltage varies from zero to a maximum of 10 V. What is the
value of voltage at the instant that the cycle is at 30°? 45°? 60°? 90°? 180°?
270°?
ALTERNATING CURRENT
When a sine wave of alternating voltage is connected across a load
resistance, the current that flows in the circuit is also a sine wave (Figure
below).
EXAMPLE:
The AC Sine Wave voltage (figure a) is applied across a load resistance of
10Ω (figure b). Show the resulting sine wave of alternating current.
EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
FREQUENCY AND PERIOD
The number of cycles per second in called frequency. It is indicated by
the symbol f and is expressed in hertz (Hz). One cycle per second equals
one hertz. Thus 60 cycles per second equals 60 Hz. A frequency of 2 Hz
(Figure 11-7 b) is twice the frequency of 1 Hz (Figure 11-7 a).
FREQUENCY AND PERIOD
The amount of time for the completion of 1 cycle is the PERIOD. It is
indicated by the symbol T for time and is expressed in seconds (s).
FREQUENCY AND PERIOD
The angle of 360° represents the time for 1 cycle, or the period T. So we
can show the horizontal axis of the sine wave in units of either electrical
degrees or seconds (Fig. 11-8).
EXAMPLE:

1. An ac current varies through one complete cycle in 1/1OOs. What are


the period and frequency? If the current has a maximum value of 5 A,
show the current waveform in units of degrees and milliseconds.
WAVELENGTH:
The wavelength (λ) is the length of one complete wave or cycle. It depends
upon the frequency of the periodic variation and its velocity of transmission.

For electromagnetic radio waves, the velocity in air or vacuum is 186 000
mi/s, or 3𝑥108 m/s which is the speed of light.
EXAMPLE:

1. TV Channel 2 has a frequency of 60 MHz. What is its wavelength?


PHASORS:
A Phasor is a quantity that has magnitude and direction. The terms
phasor and vector are used for quantities that have direction. However, a
phasor quantity varies with time, while a vector quantity has direction in
space. The length of the arrow in a phasor diagram indicates the
magnitude of the alternating voltage. The angle of the arrow with respect
to the horizontal axis indicates the phase angle. One waveform is chosen as
the reference. Then the second waveform can be compared with the
reference by means of the angle between the phasor arrows.
PHASORS:
Generally,
The reference phasor is horizontal, corresponding to 0°. If 𝑉𝐵 were shown
as the reference (fig.11-11b), 𝑉𝐴 would have to be 90° clockwise in order to
have the same phase angle. In this case 𝑉𝐴 lags 𝑉𝐵 by 90°. There is no
fundamental difference between 𝑉𝐵 leading 𝑉𝐴 by 90° (fig. 11-11a) or 𝑉𝐴
lagging 𝑉𝐵 by 90° (fig. 11-11b).
PHASORS:
When two waves are in phase (fig. 11-12a), the phase angle is zero. Then
the amplitudes add (fig.11-12b). When two waves are exactly out of phase
(fig. 11-13a), the phase angle is 180°. Their amplitudes are opposing (fig.11-
13b). Equal values of opposite phase cancel each other.
EXAMPLE:
1. What is the phase angle between waves A and B (fig. 11-14)? Draw
the phasor diagram first with the wave A as reference and then with
wave B as reference.
EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
End of Discussion for this Semester course EE 40.
Please prepare for the Final Examination

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