ABSTRACT

We propose to implement a house price prediction model of Bangalore,

India. It’s a Machine Learning model which integrates Data Science and
Web Development. We have deployed the app on the Heroku Cloud
Application Platform. Housing prices fluctuate on a daily basis and are
sometimes exaggerated rather than based on worth. The major focus of
this project is on predicting home prices using genuine factors. Here, we
intend to base an evaluation on every basic criterion that is taken into
account when establishing the pricing. The goal of this project is to learn
Python and get experience in Data Analytics, Machine Learning, and AI.
Decision tree regression algorithm gives the best score among other
algorithms when using the public dataset in training.Moreover, this study
attempts to analyse the correlation between variables to determine the
most important factors that affect house prices in bangalore.The
correlation graphs show the variables level of dependency. In addition, the
empirical results show that crime, deposit, lending, and repo rates
influence the house prices negatively. Where inflation, year, and
unemployment rate impact the house prices positively.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Whenever a module of work is completed successfully, a source of

inspiration and guidance is always there for the student.We hereby take
the opportunity to thank those entire people who helped us in many
different ways. First and foremost we are grateful to our thesis guides
System Analyst Assistant Professor Flower Abraham Mundackel for
showing faith in our capability and providing able guidance and their
generosity and advise extended to us throughout our thesis. Last, but not
the least we would like to thank all our faculty and our friends for helping
us in all measure of life and for their kind cooperation and moral support.
 Contents

List of Figures iv

List of Tables v

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 CONTEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 MOTIVATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4
2.0.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 METHODOLOGY 7
3.1 ALGORITHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 DESIGN 8
4.1 DATA COLLECTION :- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 CLASSIFICATION :- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3 FLOW CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5 IMPLEMENTATION 10

6 TESTING 11

7 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS 12

8 CONCLUSION 13

9 REFERANCE 14

10 SAMPLE CODE 15

11 SCREENSHOTS 33

12 TABLES 40

iii
 List of Figures

2.1 Block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.1 Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

11.1 Histogram 1 Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

11.2 Histogram 2 Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
11.3 Without Removal of Outliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11.4 After Removing Outliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11.5 ML Final Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
11.6 ML 1 Final Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
11.7 ML 2 Final Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
11.8 ML 3 Final Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
11.9 ML 4 Final Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11.10REST API Web Testing By Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11.11REST API Web Testing By Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
11.12Home Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
11.13Predictoin Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

iv
 List of Tables

12.1 User Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

v
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 CONTEXT
This project was made because we were intrigued and we wanted to gain
hands-on experience with the Machine Learning Project.House price prediction
can help the developer determine the selling price of a house and can help the
customer to arrange the right time to purchase a house. There are three factors
that influence the price of a house which include physical conditions, concept and
location.House price prediction works as it take data from the user and process it
and classify it using pre-available data and uses various classification algorithm
and classifies data and predict the accurate price of the property. It then
confirms that accurate prediction result also depends on the population and
quality of the training dataset.In this way, people could make better decisions
when it comes to home investment.The family purchase the house in city. They
invest whole profit into house they don’t have idea about that price of house at
the certain area. So, sometimes they give extra money to builder for same
construction and some distance. But they don’t know about the two different
prices of the model. In some cases,builder can’t predict the price of the current
area where his construction is working so that he can loss his business.
So,proposed system is developing for price

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College Of Engineering Poonjar HOUSE PRICE PREDICTION

1.2 MOTIVATION
Growing unaffordability of housing has become one of the major challenges for
metropolitan cities around the world. In order to gain a better understanding of
the commercialized housing market we are currently facing, we want to figure out
what are the top influential factors of the housing price. Apart from the more
obvious driving forces such as the inflation and the scarcity of land, there are
also a number of variables that are worth looking into. Therefore, we choose to
study the house prices predicting problem on Kaggle, which enables us to dig
into the variables in depth and to provide a model that could more accurately
estimate home prices. prediction.

Our object is to discuss the major factors that affect housing price and make
precise predictions for it. We use 79 explanatory variables including almost every
aspect of residential homes in bangalore. Methods of both statistical regression
models and machine learning regression models are applied and further compared
according to their performance to better estimate the final price of each house.
The model provides price prediction based on similar comparables of people’s
dream houses, which allows both buyers and sellers to better negotiate home
prices according to market trend. of patients within a reasonable time frame.
The intentions of the system are to reduce over-time pay and increase the
number of patients that can be treated accurately. The relationship between
house prices and the economy is an important motivating factor for predicting
house prices. Housing price trends are not only the concern of buyers and sellers,
but it also indicates the current economic situation.

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College Of Engineering Poonjar HOUSE PRICE PREDICTION

1.3 OBJECTIVES
As a first project, we intended to make it as instructional as possible by tackling
each stage of the machine learning process and attempting to comprehend it well.
We have picked Bangalore Real Estate Prediction as a method, which is known
as a ”toy issue,” identifying problems that are not of immediate scientific
relevance but are helpful to demonstrate and practice. The objective was to
forecast the price of a specific apartment based on market pricing while
accounting for various ”features” that would be established in the following
sections. To predict the house price according to the area.
* calculate house price depending upon surrounding environment like railway
station, hospital area, ATM, college, banks so customer can purchase flat with
full facilities.
*To suggest builder price prediction for the new constructions.
* provide comparison of house pricing to customers. This paper consists of V
section, section I represents introduction of proposed system and techniques
used. Reviews related previous work in part II. Section III consists of the system
that we proposed to predict house prices. Section IV is about conclusion and the
last section V consists of the future work where, with reference to this system
new modules can be formed.

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 Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Real Estate Property is not only a person’s primary desire, but it also reflects a
person’s wealth and prestige in today’s society. Real estate investment typically
appears to be lucrative since property values do not drop in a choppy fashion.
Changes in the value of the real estate will have an impact on many home
investors, bankers, policymakers, and others. Real estate investing appears to be
a tempting option for investors. As a result, anticipating the important estate
price is an essential economic indicator. According to the 2011 census, the Asian
country ranks second in the world in terms of the number of households, with a
total of 24.67 crores. However, previous recessions have demonstrated that real
estate costs cannot be seen. The expenses of significant estate property are
linked to the state’s economic situation. Regardless, we don’t have accurate
standardized approaches to live the significant estate property values. First, we
looked at different articles and discussions about machine learning for housing
price prediction. The title of the article is house price prediction, and it is based
on machine learning and neural networks. The publication’s description is
minimal error and the highest accuracy. The aforementioned title of the paper is
Hedonic models based on price data from Belfast infer that submarkets and
residential valuation this model is used to identify over a larger spatial scale and
implications for the evaluation process related to the selection of comparable
evidence and the quality of variables that the values may require. Understanding
current developments in house prices and homeownership are the subject of the
study. In this article, they utilized a feedback mechanism or social pandemic that
fosters a perception of property as an essential market investment

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College Of Engineering Poonjar HOUSE PRICE PREDICTION

2.0.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1: Block diagram

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College Of Engineering Poonjar HOUSE PRICE PREDICTION

1)DATA COLLECTION:-Raw data (also known as primary data) is a term for

data collection from a source
2)PROCESSING:-data processing in machine learning Data Processing is the
task of converting data from a given form to a much more usable and desired
form i.e. making it more meaningful and informative.
1.Data cleaning
* Remove Noise
* Filling missing values * Resolving inconsistencies
2.Data Integration
3.Data transmission
3)DATA ANALYSIS:- In Machine Learning, Data Analysis is the process of
inspecting, cleansing, transforming,(study the different parameters) and
modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information by informing
conclusions and supporting decision making.
4)APPLICATION OF ALGORITHM:-
1.Linear Regression:-Linear Regression is a supervised machine learning
algorithm where the predicted output is continuous and has a constant slope. It’s
used to predict values within a continuous range, (e.g. sales, price) rather than
trying to classify them into categories (e.g. cat, dog). There are two main types:
Simple regression.
2.Decision Tree Regression Algorithm:-Decision tree builds regression or
classification models in the form of a tree structure. It breaks down a dataset
into smaller and smaller subsets while at the same time an associated decision
tree is incrementally developed. The final result is a tree with decision nodes and
leaf nodes.
5)EVALUATING MODELS:- It is the process of using different evaluation
metrics to understand a machine learning model’s performance, as well as its
strengths and weaknesses.

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 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 ALGORITHM
1) LINEAR REGRESSION: Simple linear regression statistical method allows us
to summarize and study the relationship between two continuous quantative
variables.
*One variable, denoted x, is regarded as the predictor, explanatory, or
independent variable.
*he other variable, denoted y, is regarded as the responsIt is an object that trains
a tree-structured model to predict data in the future in order to provide
meaningful continuous output.
2) DECISION TREE REGRESSION ALGORITHM: core principles of decision
trees, Maximizing Information Gain, Classification trees, and Regression trees
are the processes involved in decision tree regression. The essential notion of
decision trees is that they are built via recursive partitioning. Each node can be
divided into child nodes, beginning with the root node, which is known as the
parent node. These nodes have the potential to become the parent nodes of their
resulting offspring nodes. The nodes at the informative features are specified as
the maximizing information gain, to establish an objective function that is to
optimize the tree learning method.ie, outcome, or dependent variable.

7
 Chapter 4

DESIGN

4.1 DATA COLLECTION :-

The statistics were gathered from Bangalore home prices. The information
includes many variables such as area type, availability, location, BHK, society,
total square feet, bathrooms, and balconies.The data is the most important
aspect of a machine learning assignment, to which special attention should be
paid. Indeed, the data will heavily affect the findings depending on where we
found them, how they are presented, if they are consistent, if there is an outlier,
and so on. Many questions must be addressed at this stage to ensure that the
learning algorithm is efficient and correct. To obtain, clean, and convert the
data, many sub steps are required. We will go through these steps to understand
how they’ve been used in my project and why they’re helpful for the machine
learning section.

4.2 CLASSIFICATION :-
Classification trees are used to forecast the object into classes of a categorical
dependent variable based on one or more predictor variables.

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College Of Engineering Poonjar HOUSE PRICE PREDICTION

4.3 FLOW CHART

Figure 4.1: Flowchart

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 Chapter 5

IMPLEMENTATION

The Flow of Implementation goes as follows:

1.Data Preprocessing
After the manual collection of data through web scraping, there could be some
mistakes in the collected entries, some null or blank values, human errors or some
impractical values which we call as outliers. So to overcome these inaccuracies,
we need to Pre-process and clean the data from these clutter values. There is a
high need of Data Pre- processing because if the Data that we are providing to
our model is accurate and faultless, then only the model will be able to give
precise estimations which are very close the actual value. In Data Pre-processing
and Cleaning, we remove the null values, take an overview of the dataset and
also removal of unnecessary data columns (independent attributes) is done for
the sake of accuracy and over fitting of the model. After cleaning the data looks
like this:
2.Fitting the Model
After the data has been cleaned and free from the outliers, Feature Engineering
and Exploratory Data Analysis have to be done.Then the data was split into
training and testing sets for the classification of the best fitting machine learning
model. The standard 80-20 split ratio is used, a typical ratio for this purpose;
3.Deployment of model
Once the Implementation is done the model is predicting us the price of the
property (house) in that particular location. We will deploy the model using
Flask framework and create UI where the user will enter the desired values and
our Model will predict the output. This is made Possible by using the python
package for creating an API called Flask. For building the web application and
linking the Model with the web application, first we need to extract our model
into pickle and json files and design webpage using HTML. With this the Model
is ready to be displayed and make predictions on the web application.

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 Chapter 6

TESTING

The testing would be carried out on the Hospital Management System while
logging into the system as a customer or a normal user of the system.
The Unit Testing is a test that tests each single module of the software to check
for errors. This is mainly done to discover errors in the code of the Hospital
Management System. The main goal of the unit testing would be to isolate each
part of the program and to check the correctness of the code. In the case of
Hospital Management System, all the web forms and the classes will be tested.
In Integration Testing, the individual software modules are combined and tested
as a whole unit. The integration testing generally follows unit testing where each
module is tested as a separate unit. The main purpose of the integration testing
is to test the functional and performance requirements on the major items of the
project.
Acceptance testing is generally performed when the project is nearing its end.
This test mainly qualifies the project and decides if it will be accepted by the
users of the system. The users or the customers of the project are responsible for
the test.
The system testing is mainly done on the whole integrated system to make sure
that the project that has been developed meets all the requirements.

11
 Chapter 7

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

Cross-validation of different Algorithms has proven to be a suitable method to

find an acceptable best fitting algorithm for the Model. Linear Regression
Algorithm is giving very precise Estimation of the house prices. For different
Locations it is giving much accurate estimations. Also, according to confusion
matrix linear regression is giving nearly accurate predictions. Linear Regression
fits our dataset and gives the highest accuracy of 85.64 percentage . The Model
has also proved that Location and square feet area plays an important role in
deciding the price of a property. This is helpful information for Sellers and
buyers to act accordingly. The GUI has provided Ease of access to the model,
hence improving quality of accessibility.

12
 Chapter 8

CONCLUSION

We have managed out how to prepare a model that gives users for a novel best
approach with take a gander at future lodging value predictions.Conclusion
College of Engineering Poonjar Conclusion We have used machine learning
algorithms to predict the house prices We have mentioned the step by step
procedure to analyze the dataset and finding the correlation between the
parameters. A few relapse strategies have been investigated Furthermore
compared, when arriving during a prediction strategy In linear regression.
Straight former imply works bring been utilized within our model, something like
that that future value predictions will have a tendency towards All the more
sensible values. These incorporate upgrades we didn’t settle on because of
constrained duration of the time. Moreover, our data set takes more than one
day should prepare. As opposed performing the computations sequentially, we
might utilize various processors and parallel the computations involved, which
might possibly decrease the preparation time Furthermore prediction period.

13
 Chapter 9

REFERANCE

[1]Amey Thakur, Mega Satish,”BANGALORE HOUSE PRICE

PREDICTION”,International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology,Volume: 08 Issue: 09, Sep 2021
[2]A. Varma, A. Sarma, S. Doshi and R. Nair, “House Price Prediction Using
Machine Learning and Neural Networks,” 2018 Second International Conference
on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (ICICCT), 2018,
pp. 1936-1939, doi: 10.1109/ICICCT.2018.8473231. [
3]Furia, Palak, and Anand Khandare. “Real Estate Price Prediction Using
Machine Learning Algorithm.” e-Conference on Data Science and Intelligent
Computing. 2021
: The Definitive Guide: The Definitive Guide. “ O’Reilly Media, Inc.”, 2002.
[5]Aggarwal, Shalabh. Flask framework cookbook. Packt Publishing Ltd, 2014.
[6]Grinberg, Miguel. Flask web development: developing web applications with
python. “ O’Reilly Media, Inc.”, 2018.

14
 Chapter 10

SAMPLE CODE

MACHINE LEARNING

d f 1 = pd . r e a d c s v ( ” Bengaluru House Data . c s v ” )

d f 1 . head ( )
d f 1 . shape
d f 1 . columns
d f 1 [ ’ a r e a t y p e ’ ] . unique ( )
df1 [ ’ area type ’ ] . value counts ()
d f 2 = d f 1 . drop ( [ ’ a r e a t y p e ’ , ’ s o c i e t y ’ , ’ b a l c o n y ’ , ’ a v a i l a b i l i t y ’ ] , a x i s= ’ col
d f 2 . shape
d f 2 . i s n u l l ( ) . sum ( )
d f 2 . shape
d f 3 = d f 2 . dropna ( )
d f 3 . i s n u l l ( ) . sum ( )
d f 3 . shape
d f 3 [ ’ bhk ’ ] = d f 3 [ ’ s i z e ’ ] . apply ( lambda x : int ( x . s p l i t ( ’ ’ ) [ 0 ] ) )
d f 3 . bhk . unique ( )
def i s f l o a t (x ) :
try :
float (x)
except :
return F a l s e
return True
d f 3 [ ˜ d f 3 [ ’ t o t a l s q f t ’ ] . apply ( i s f l o a t ) ] . head ( 1 0 )
def convert sqft to num (x ) :
t o k e n s = x . s p l i t ( ’− ’ )

15
College Of Engineering Poonjar HOUSE PRICE PREDICTION

i f l e n ( t o k e n s ) == 2 :
return ( f l o a t ( t o k e n s [ 0 ] ) + f l o a t ( t o k e n s [ 1 ] ) ) / 2
try :
return f l o a t ( x )
except :
return None
d f 4 = d f 3 . copy ( )
d f 4 . t o t a l s q f t = d f 4 . t o t a l s q f t . apply ( c o n v e r t s q f t t o n u m )
df4 = df4 [ df4 . t o t a l s q f t . notnull ( ) ]
d f 4 . head ( 2 )
df4 . l o c [ 3 0 ]
(2100+2850)/2
d f 5 = d f 4 . copy ( )
df5 [ ’ p r i c e p e r s q f t ’ ] = df5 [ ’ p r i c e ’ ]∗100000/ df5 [ ’ t o t a l s q f t ’ ]
d f 5 . head ( )
d f 5 s t a t s = df5 [ ’ p r i c e p e r s q f t ’ ] . d e s c r i b e ()
df5 stats
d f 5 . t o c s v ( ”bhp . c s v ” , i n d e x=F a l s e )
d f 5 . l o c a t i o n = d f 5 . l o c a t i o n . apply ( lambda x : x . s t r i p ( ) )
l o c a t i o n s t a t s = d f 5 [ ’ l o c a t i o n ’ ] . v a l u e c o u n t s ( a s c e n d i n g=F a l s e )
location stats
l o c a t i o n s t a t s . v a l u e s . sum ( )
l e n ( l o c a t i o n s t a t s [ l o c a t i o n s t a t s >10])
len ( location stats )
l e n ( l o c a t i o n s t a t s [ l o c a t i o n s t a t s <=10])
l o c a t i o n s t a t s l e s s t h a n 1 0 = l o c a t i o n s t a t s [ l o c a t i o n s t a t s <=10]
location stats less than 10
l e n ( d f 5 . l o c a t i o n . unique ( ) )
d f 5 . l o c a t i o n = d f 5 . l o c a t i o n . apply ( lambda x : ’ o t h e r ’ i f x i n l o c a t i o n s t a
l e n ( d f 5 . l o c a t i o n . unique ( ) )
d f 5 . head ( 1 0 )
d f 5 [ d f 5 . t o t a l s q f t / d f 5 . bhk < 3 0 0 ] . head ( )
d f 5 . shape
d f 6 = d f 5 [ ˜ ( d f 5 . t o t a l s q f t / d f 5 . bhk <300)]
d f 6 . shape

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College Of Engineering Poonjar HOUSE PRICE PREDICTION

df6 . p r i c e p e r s q f t . d e s c r i b e ()
def remove pps outliers ( df ) :
d f o u t = pd . DataFrame ( )
for key , s u b d f i n d f . groupby ( ’ l o c a t i o n ’ ) :
m = np . mean ( s u b d f . p r i c e p e r s q f t )
s t = np . s t d ( s u b d f . p r i c e p e r s q f t )
r e d u c e d d f = s u b d f [ ( s u b d f . p r i c e p e r s q f t >(m−s t ) ) & ( s u b d f . p r i c e p
d f o u t = pd . c o n c a t ( [ d f o u t , r e d u c e d d f ] , i g n o r e i n d e x=True )
return d f o u t
df7 = remove pps outliers ( df6 )
d f 7 . shape
d e f p l o t s c a t t e r c h a r t ( df , l o c a t i o n ) :
bhk2 = d f [ ( d f . l o c a t i o n==l o c a t i o n ) & ( d f . bhk==2)]
bhk3 = d f [ ( d f . l o c a t i o n==l o c a t i o n ) & ( d f . bhk==3)]
m a t p l o t l i b . rcParams [ ’ f i g u r e . f i g s i z e ’ ] = ( 1 5 , 1 0 )
p l t . s c a t t e r ( bhk2 . t o t a l s q f t , bhk2 . p r i c e , c o l o r= ’ b l u e ’ , l a b e l= ’ 2 BHK ’ , s
p l t . s c a t t e r ( bhk3 . t o t a l s q f t , bhk3 . p r i c e , marker= ’+ ’ , c o l o r= ’ g r e e n ’ , l a b
p l t . x l a b e l ( ” Total Square Feet Area ” )
p l t . y l a b e l ( ” P r i c e ( Lakh I n d i a n Rupees ) ” )
plt . t i t l e ( location )
plt . legend ()
p l o t s c a t t e r c h a r t ( df7 , ” R a j a j i Nagar ” )
p l o t s c a t t e r c h a r t ( df7 , ” Hebbal ” )
def remove bhk outliers ( df ) :
e x c l u d e i n d i c e s = np . a r r a y ( [ ] )
for l o c a t i o n , l o c a t i o n d f i n d f . groupby ( ’ l o c a t i o n ’ ) :
b h k s t a t s = {}
for bhk , b h k d f i n l o c a t i o n d f . groupby ( ’ bhk ’ ) :
b h k s t a t s [ bhk ] = {
’ mean ’ : np . mean ( b h k d f . p r i c e p e r s q f t ) ,
’ s t d ’ : np . s t d ( b h k d f . p r i c e p e r s q f t ) ,
’ count ’ : b h k d f . shape [ 0 ]
}
for bhk , b h k d f i n l o c a t i o n d f . groupby ( ’ bhk ’ ) :
s t a t s = b h k s t a t s . g e t ( bhk−1)

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College Of Engineering Poonjar HOUSE PRICE PREDICTION

i f s t a t s and s t a t s [ ’ count ’ ] >5:

e x c l u d e i n d i c e s = np . append ( e x c l u d e i n d i c e s , b h k d f [ b h k
return d f . drop ( e x c l u d e i n d i c e s , a x i s= ’ i n d e x ’ )
df8 = remove bhk outliers ( df7 )
# d f 8 = d f 7 . copy ( )
d f 8 . shape
p l o t s c a t t e r c h a r t ( df8 , ” R a j a j i Nagar ” )
p l o t s c a t t e r c h a r t ( df8 , ” R a j a j i Nagar ” )
import m a t p l o t l i b
m a t p l o t l i b . rcParams [ ” f i g u r e . f i g s i z e ” ] = ( 2 0 , 1 0 )
p l t . h i s t ( d f 8 . p r i c e p e r s q f t , rwidth =0.8)
p l t . x l a b e l ( ” P r i c e Per Square Feet ” )
p l t . y l a b e l ( ”Count” )
d f 8 . bath . unique ( )
p l t . h i s t ( d f 8 . bath , rwidth =0.8)
p l t . x l a b e l ( ”Number o f bathrooms ” )
p l t . y l a b e l ( ”Count” )
d f 8 [ d f 8 . bath >10]
d f 8 [ d f 8 . bath>d f 8 . bhk+2]
d f 9 = d f 8 [ d f 8 . bath<d f 8 . bhk+2]
d f 9 . shape
d f 9 . head ( 2 )
d f 1 0 = d f 9 . drop ( [ ’ s i z e ’ , ’ p r i c e p e r s q f t ’ ] , a x i s= ’ columns ’ )
d f 1 0 . head ( 3 )
dummies = pd . get dummies ( d f 1 0 . l o c a t i o n )
dummies . head ( 3 )
d f 1 1 = pd . c o n c a t ( [ df10 , dummies . drop ( ’ o t h e r ’ , a x i s= ’ columns ’ ) ] , a x i s= ’ colum
d f 1 1 . head ( )
d f 1 2 = d f 1 1 . drop ( ’ l o c a t i o n ’ , a x i s= ’ columns ’ )
d f 1 2 . head ( 2 )
d f 1 2 . shape
X = d f 1 2 . drop ( [ ’ p r i c e ’ ] , a x i s= ’ columns ’ )
X. head ( 3 )
X. shape
y = df12 . p r i c e

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y . head ( 3 )
len
from s k l e a r n . m o d e l s e l e c t i o n import t r a i n t e s t s p l i t
X t r a i n , X t e s t , y t r a i n , y t e s t = t r a i n t e s t s p l i t (X, y , t e s t s i z e =0.2 , r a n
from s k l e a r n . l i n e a r m o d e l import L i n e a r R e g r e s s i o n
l r c l f = LinearRegression ()
l r c l f . f i t ( X train , y t r a i n )
l r c l f . score ( X test , y t e s t )
from s k l e a r n . m o d e l s e l e c t i o n import S h u f f l e S p l i t
from s k l e a r n . m o d e l s e l e c t i o n import c r o s s v a l s c o r e

cv = S h u f f l e S p l i t ( n s p l i t s =5, t e s t s i z e =0.2 , r a n d o m s t a t e =0)

c r o s s v a l s c o r e ( L i n e a r R e g r e s s i o n ( ) , X, y , cv=cv )
from s k l e a r n . m o d e l s e l e c t i o n import GridSearchCV

from s k l e a r n . l i n e a r m o d e l import Lasso

from s k l e a r n . t r e e import D e c i s i o n T r e e R e g r e s s o r

d e f f i n d b e s t m o d e l u s i n g g r i d s e a r c h c v (X, y ) :
algos = {
’ linear regression ’ : {
’ model ’ : L i n e a r R e g r e s s i o n ( ) ,
’ params ’ : {
’ n o r m a l i z e ’ : [ True , F a l s e ]
}
},
’ lasso ’ : {
’ model ’ : Lasso ( ) ,
’ params ’ : {
’ alpha ’ : [ 1 , 2 ] ,
’ s e l e c t i o n ’ : [ ’ random ’ , ’ c y c l i c ’ ]
}
},
’ decision tree ’ : {

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’ model ’ : D e c i s i o n T r e e R e g r e s s o r ( ) ,
’ params ’ : {
’ c r i t e r i o n ’ : [ ’ mse ’ , ’ friedman mse ’ ] ,
’ s p l i t t e r ’ : [ ’ b e s t ’ , ’ random ’ ]
}
}
}
scores = [ ]
cv = S h u f f l e S p l i t ( n s p l i t s =5, t e s t s i z e =0.2 , r a n d o m s t a t e =0)
for algo name , c o n f i g i n a l g o s . i t e m s ( ) :
gs = GridSearchCV ( c o n f i g [ ’ model ’ ] , c o n f i g [ ’ params ’ ] , cv=cv , r e t
gs . f i t (X, y )
s c o r e s . append ({
’ model ’ : algo name ,
’ b e s t s c o r e ’ : gs . b e s t s c o r e ,
’ b e s t p a r a m s ’ : gs . b e s t p a r a m s
})

return pd . DataFrame ( s c o r e s , columns =[ ’ model ’ , ’ b e s t s c o r e ’ , ’ b e s t p a r a m

f i n d b e s t m o d e l u s i n g g r i d s e a r c h c v (X, y )
d e f p r e d i c t p r i c e ( l o c a t i o n , s q f t , bath , bhk ) :
l o c i n d e x = np . where (X. columns==l o c a t i o n ) [ 0 ] [ 0 ]

x = np . z e r o s ( l e n (X. columns ) )
x [0] = sqft
x [ 1 ] = bath
x [ 2 ] = bhk
i f l o c i n d e x >= 0 :
x [ loc index ] = 1

return l r c l f . p r e d i c t ( [ x ] ) [ 0 ]
import p i c k l e
with open ( ’ b a n g l o r e h o m e p r i c e s m o d e l . p i c k l e ’ , ’wb ’ ) as f :
p i c k l e . dump( l r c l f , f )

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import j s o n
columns = {
’ da ta c ol umn s ’ : [ c o l . l o w e r ( ) for c o l i n X. columns ]
}
with open ( ” columns . j s o n ” , ”w” ) as f :
f . w r i t e ( j s o n . dumps ( columns ) )

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BACK END

{SERVER PAGE}

from f l a s k import F l a s k , r e q u e s t , u r l f o r , j s o n i f y , r e n d e r t e m p l a t e
import u t i l
app = F l a s k ( name )
@app . r o u t e ( ’ / ’ )
def i n d e x ( ) :
return r e n d e r t e m p l a t e ( ’ i n d e x . html ’ )
@app . r o u t e ( ’ / about ’ )
def about ( ) :
return r e n d e r t e m p l a t e ( ’ about . html ’ )
@app . r o u t e ( ’ / dashboard ’ )
def dashboard ( ) :

return r e n d e r t e m p l a t e ( ’ app . html ’ )

@app . r o u t e ( ’ / g e t l o c a t i o n n a m e s ’ )
def g e t l o c a t i o n n a m e s ( ) :
u t i l . l o a d s a v e d a r t i f a c t s ( ) #e x t r a
r e s p o n s e = j s o n i f y ({
’ locations ’ : u t i l . get location names ()
})
r e s p o n s e . h e a d e r s . add ( ’ Access−Control −Allow−O r i g i n ’ , ’ ∗ ’ )
return r e s p o n s e
#l o c a t i o n s i n b a n g l u r c i t y > column . j s o n
@app . r o u t e ( ’ / p r e d i c t h o m e p r i c e ’ , methods =[ ’POST ’ , ’GET ’ ] )
def p r e d i c t h o m e p r i c e ( ) :
t o t a l s q f t = f l o a t ( r e q u e s t . form [ ’ t o t a l s q f t ’ ] )
l o c a t i o n = r e q u e s t . form [ ’ l o c a t i o n ’ ]
bhk = int ( r e q u e s t . form [ ’ bhk ’ ] )
bath = int ( r e q u e s t . form [ ’ bath ’ ] )
u t i l . load saved artifacts () # extra
r e s p o n s e = j s o n i f y ({
’ estimated price ’ :

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u t i l . g e t e s t i m a t e d p r i c e ( l o c a t i o n , t o t a l s q f t , bhk , bath )
})
r e s p o n s e . h e a d e r s . add ( ’ Access−Control −Allow−O r i g i n ’ , ’ ∗ ’ )
return r e s p o n s e
if name == ’ main ’:
app . run ( debug=True )
UTILITY / CONNECTION

import j s o n
import p i c k l e
import numpy as np
l o c a t i o n s = None
d a t a c o l u m n s = None
m o d e l = None
def g e t l o c a t i o n n a m e s ( ) :
return locations
def g e t e s t i m a t e d p r i c e ( l o c a t i o n , s q f t , bhk , bath ) :
try :
loc index = data columns . index ( l o c a t i o n . lower ( ) )
except :
l o c i n d e x = −1
x = np . z e r o s ( len ( data columns ))
x [0] = sqft
x [ 1 ] = bath
x [ 2 ] = bhk
i f l o c i n d e x >= 0 :
x [ loc index ] = 1
return round ( model . p r e d i c t ( [ x ] ) [ 0 ] , 2 )
def l o a d s a v e d a r t i f a c t s ( ) :
print ( ” Loding saved a r t i f a c t s . . . . start ”)
global data columns
global locations
with open ( ” a r t i f a c t s / columns . j s o n ” , ’ r ’ ) as f :
d a t a c o l u m n s = j s o n . l o a d ( f ) [ ’ d at a co lu mn s ’ ]
locations = data columns [ 3 : ]

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global model
with open ( ” a r t i f a c t s / b a n g l o r e h o m e p r i c e s m o d e l 2 . p k l ” , ’ rb ’ )
as f :
model = p i c k l e . load ( f )
print ( ’ Loading saved a r t i f a c t s . . . . . done ’ )
if name == ’ main ’:
load saved artifacts ()
print ( g e t l o c a t i o n n a m e s ( ) )
#t e s t i n g
print ( g e t e s t i m a t e d p r i c e ( ’ 1 s t Phase JP Nagar ’ , 1 0 0 0 , 3 , 3 ) )
print ( g e t e s t i m a t e d p r i c e ( ’ 1 s t Phase JP Nagar ’ , 1 0 0 0 , 2 , 2 ) )
print ( g e t e s t i m a t e d p r i c e ( ’ K a l h a l l i ’ , 1 0 0 0 , 2 , 2 ) )
print ( g e t e s t i m a t e d p r i c e ( ’ E j i p u r a ’ , 1 0 0 0 , 2 , 2 ) )
DYNAMIC WEB CONNECTIVITY

f u n c t i o n getBathValue ( ) {
var uiBathrooms = document . getElementsByName ( ” uiBathrooms ” ) ;
for ( var i in uiBathrooms ) {
i f ( uiBathrooms [ i ] . checked ) {
return p a r s e I n t ( i )+1;
}
}
return −1; // I n v a l i d Value
}
f u n c t i o n getBHKValue ( ) {
var uiBHK = document . getElementsByName ( ”uiBHK” ) ;
for ( var i in uiBHK) {
i f (uiBHK [ i ] . checked ) {
return p a r s e I n t ( i )+1;
}
}
return −1; // I n v a l i d Value
}
function onClickedEstimatePrice () {
c o n s o l e . l o g ( ” Estimate p r i c e button c l i c k e d ” ) ;

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var s q f t = document . getElementById ( ” u i S q f t ” ) ;

var bhk = getBHKValue ( ) ;
var bathrooms = getBathValue ( ) ;
var l o c a t i o n = document . getElementById ( ” u i L o c a t i o n s ” ) ;
var e s t P r i c e = document . getElementById ( ” u i E s t i m a t e d P r i c e ” ) ;
var u r l = ” http : / / 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 : 5 0 0 0 / p r e d i c t h o m e p r i c e ” ; // Use t h i s
i f you a r e NOT u s i n g nginx which i s f i r s t 7 t u t o r i a l s
// var u r l = ”/ a p i / p r e d i c t h o m e p r i c e ” ; // Use t h i s i f you a r e
u s i n g nginx . i . e t u t o r i a l 8 and onwards
$ . post ( url , {
t o t a l s q f t : parseFloat ( s q f t . value ) ,
bhk : bhk ,
bath : bathrooms ,
l o c a t i o n : l o c a t i o n . value
} , f u n c t i o n ( data , s t a t u s ) {
c o n s o l e . l o g ( data . e s t i m a t e d p r i c e ) ;
e s t P r i c e . innerHTML = ”<h1>” +
data . e s t i m a t e d p r i c e . t o S t r i n g ( ) + ” Lakh</h1>” ;
console . log ( status ) ;
});
}
f u n c t i o n onPageLoad ( ) {
c o n s o l e . l o g ( ” document l o a d e d ” ) ;
var u r l = ” http : / / 1 2 7 . 0 . 0 . 1 : 5 0 0 0 / g e t l o c a t i o n n a m e s ” ; // Use
t h i s i f you a r e NOT u s i n g nginx which i s f i r s t 7 t u t o r i a l s
// var u r l = ”/ a p i / g e t l o c a t i o n n a m e s ” ; // Use t h i s i f you a r e
u s i n g nginx . i . e t u t o r i a l 8 and onwards
$ . g e t ( u r l , f u n c t i o n ( data , s t a t u s ) {
c o n s o l e . l o g ( ” g ot r e s p o n s e f o r g e t l o c a t i o n n a m e s r e q u e s t ” ) ;
i f ( data ) {
var l o c a t i o n s = data . l o c a t i o n s ;
var u i L o c a t i o n s =
document . getElementById ( ” u i L o c a t i o n s ” ) ;
$ ( ’#u i L o c a t i o n s ’ ) . empty ( ) ;
for ( var i in l o c a t i o n s ) {

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var opt = new Option ( l o c a t i o n s [ i ] ) ;

$ ( ’#u i L o c a t i o n s ’ ) . append ( opt ) ;
}
}
});
}
window . onload = onPageLoad ;
<HTML5> CODE WEBPAGE
c o d i n g l a n g u a g e : <html>
purpose : making w e b s i t e e l e m e n t s
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
< t i t l e >B an g lo r e Home P r i c e P r e d i c t i o n </ t i t l e >
<s c r i p t
s r c=” h t t p s : / / a j a x . g o o g l e a p i s . com/ a j a x / l i b s / j q u e r y / 3 . 4 . 1 / j q u e r y . min
. j s ”></s c r i p t >
< s c r i p t s r c=” {{ u r l f o r ( ’ s t a t i c ’ , f i l e n a m e =’ j s /app . j s ’ )
}} ”></s c r i p t >
<l i n k r e l=” s t y l e s h e e t ”
h r e f=” {{ u r l f o r ( ’ s t a t i c ’ , f i l e n a m e =’ c s s /app . c s s ’ ) }} ”>
</head>
<body>
<d i v c l a s s=”img”></div>
<d i v c l a s s=” alpha ”><br><br><br><br><br><br>
<form c l a s s=” form ” method=”POST”>
<h2>Area ( Square Feet )</h2>
<input c l a s s=” a r e a ” type=” t e x t ” id=” u i S q f t ”
c l a s s=” f l o a t L a b e l ” name=” S q u a r e f t ” v a l u e=” 1000 ”>
<h2>BHK</h2>
<d i v c l a s s=” switch −f i e l d ”>
<input type=” r a d i o ” id=” r a d i o −bhk−1” name=”uiBHK”
v a l u e=”1”/>
<l a b e l for=” r a d i o −bhk−1”>1</ l a b e l >
<input type=” r a d i o ” id=” r a d i o −bhk−2” name=”uiBHK”

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v a l u e=”2” checked/>
<l a b e l for=” r a d i o −bhk−2”>2</ l a b e l >
<input type=” r a d i o ” id=” r a d i o −bhk−3” name=”uiBHK”
v a l u e=”3”/>
<l a b e l for=” r a d i o −bhk−3”>3</ l a b e l >
<input type=” r a d i o ” id=” r a d i o −bhk−4” name=”uiBHK”
v a l u e=”4”/>
<l a b e l for=” r a d i o −bhk−4”>4</ l a b e l >
<input type=” r a d i o ” id=” r a d i o −bhk−5” name=”uiBHK”
v a l u e=”5”/>
<l a b e l for=” r a d i o −bhk−5”>5</ l a b e l >
</div>
<h2>Bath</h2>
<d i v c l a s s=” switch −f i e l d ”>
<input type=” r a d i o ” id=” r a d i o −bath −1” name=” uiBathrooms ”
v a l u e=”1”/>
<l a b e l for=” r a d i o −bath −1”>1</ l a b e l >
<input type=” r a d i o ” id=” r a d i o −bath −2” name=” uiBathrooms ”
v a l u e=”2” checked/>
<l a b e l for=” r a d i o −bath −2”>2</ l a b e l >
<input type=” r a d i o ” id=” r a d i o −bath −3” name=” uiBathrooms ”
v a l u e=”3”/>
<l a b e l for=” r a d i o −bath −3”>3</ l a b e l >
<input type=” r a d i o ” id=” r a d i o −bath −4” name=” uiBathrooms ”
v a l u e=”4”/>
<l a b e l for=” r a d i o −bath −4”>4</ l a b e l >
<input type=” r a d i o ” id=” r a d i o −bath −5” name=” uiBathrooms ”
v a l u e=”5”/>
<l a b e l for=” r a d i o −bath −5”>5</ l a b e l >
</div>
<h2>Location </h2>
<div>
< s e l e c t c l a s s=” l o c a t i o n ” name=”” id=” u i L o c a t i o n s ”>
<o p t i o n v a l u e=”” d i s a b l e d=” d i s a b l e d ”
s e l e c t e d=” s e l e c t e d ”>Choose a Location </o pt i on >

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<o pt i on >E l e c t r o n i c City </o pt i on >

<o pt i on >R a j a j i Nagar</o pt i on >
</ s e l e c t >
</div>
<button c l a s s=” submit ” o n c l i c k=” o n C l i c k e d E s t i m a t e P r i c e ( ) ”
type=” button ”>Estimate P r i c e </button>
<d i v id=” u i E s t i m a t e d P r i c e ” c l a s s=” r e s u l t ”> <h1></h1> </div>
</form>
<br>
</div>
</body>
</html>

EXTRA UNIMPORTANT CODE

@import u r l ( h t t p s : / / f o n t s . g o o g l e a p i s . com/ c s s ? f a m i l y=Roboto : 3 0 0 ) ;

. s w i t ch −f i e l d {
display : flex ;
margin−bottom : 36 px ;
o v e r f l o w : hidden ;
}
. s w i t ch −f i e l d input {
p o s i t i o n : a b s o l u t e ! important ;
c l i p : rect (0 , 0 , 0 , 0);
h e i g h t : 1px ;
width : 1px ;
border : 0;
o v e r f l o w : hidden ;
}
. s w i t ch −f i e l d l a b e l {
background−c o l o r : #e4e4e4 ;
c o l o r : rgba ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 . 6 ) ;
f o n t −s i z e : 14 px ;
l i n e −h e i g h t : 1 ;
t e x t −a l i g n : c e n t e r ;

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padding : 8px 16 px ;
margin−r i g h t : −1px ;
b o r d e r : 1px s o l i d rgba ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 . 2 ) ;
box−shadow : i n s e t 0 1px 3px rgba ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 . 3 ) , 0 1px
rgba ( 2 5 5 , 2 5 5 , 2 5 5 , 0 . 1 ) ;
t r a n s i t i o n : a l l 0 . 1 s ea s e −in−out ;
}
. s w i t ch −f i e l d l a b e l : hover {
cursor : pointer ;
}
. s w i t ch −f i e l d input : checked + l a b e l {
background−c o l o r : #6C55F9 ;
box−shadow : none ;
c o l o r : white ;
}
. s w i t ch −f i e l d l a b e l : f i r s t −of −type {
border −r a d i u s : 4px 0 0 4px ;
}
. s w i t ch −f i e l d l a b e l : l a s t −of −type {
border −r a d i u s : 0 4px 4px 0 ;
}
. form {
max−width : 270 px ;
f o n t −f a m i l y : ” Lucida Grande ” , Tahoma , Verdana , sans− s e r i f ;
f o n t −weight : normal ;
l i n e −h e i g h t : 1 . 6 2 5 ;
margin : 8px auto ;
padding− l e f t : 50 px ;
padding−r i g h t : ;
padding−top : 10 px ;
padding−bottom : 10 px ;
z−i n d e x : 2 ;
background−c o l o r : rgba ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 . 7 ) ;
box−shadow : rgba ( 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 . 5 6 ) 0px 22 px 70 px 4px ;
border −r a d i u s : 4px ;

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}
h2 {
f o n t −s i z e : 18 px ;
margin−bottom : 8px ;
c o l o r : white ;
f o n t −f a m i l y : sans− s e r i f ;
}
h1 {
c o l o r : #FFD700 ;
f o n t −f a m i l y : sans− s e r i f ;
f o n t −s i z e : 30 px ;
margin−bottom : 8px ;
}
. area {
f o n t −f a m i l y : ” Roboto ” , sans− s e r i f ;
outline : 0;
ackground : #f 2 f 2 f 2 ;
width : 76%;
border : 0;
margin : 0 0 10 px ;
padding : 10 px ;
box−s i z i n g : border −box ;
f o n t −s i z e : 15 px ;
h e i g h t : 35 px ;
border −r a d i u s : 5px ;
}
. location {
f o n t −f a m i l y : ” Roboto ” , sans− s e r i f ;
outline : 0;
background : #f 2 f 2 f 2 ;
width : 76%;
border : 0;
margin : 0 0 10 px ;
padding : 10 px ;
box−s i z i n g : border −box ;

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f o n t −s i z e : 15 px ;
h e i g h t : 40 px ;
border −r a d i u s : 5px ;
}
. submit {
background : #6C55F9 ;
width : 76%;
border : 0;
c o l o r : white ;
margin : 25 px 0 10 px ;
box−s i z i n g : border −box ;
f o n t −s i z e : 15 px ;
h e i g h t : 35 px ;
t e x t −a l i g n : c e n t e r ;
border −r a d i u s : 5px ;
}
. result{
width : 76%;
border : 0;
margin : 25 px 0 10 px ;
box−s i z i n g : border −box ;
f o n t −s i z e : 25 px ;
h e i g h t : 50 px ;
t e x t −a l i g n : c e n t e r ;
}
. img {
background : u r l ( ’ h t t p s : / / images . u n s p l a s h . com/ photo−
1505843513577 −22 bb7d21e455 ? i x l i b=rb−
1 . 2 . 1 & i x i d=MnwxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8&auto=forma
t& f i t =crop&w=1632&q=80 ’ ) ;
background−r e p e a t : no−r e p e a t ;
background−s i z e : auto ;
background−s i z e :100% 100%;
position : fixed ;
width : 100%;

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h e i g h t : 100%;
top : 0 ;
l e f t : 0;
z−i n d e x : −1;
}
body , html {
h e i g h t : 100%;
}

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 Chapter 11

SCREENSHOTS

Figure 11.1: Histogram 1 Representation

Figure 11.2: Histogram 2 Representation

33
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Figure 11.3: Without Removal of Outliers

Figure 11.4: After Removing Outliers

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Figure 11.5: ML Final Output

Figure 11.6: ML 1 Final Output

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Figure 11.7: ML 2 Final Output

Figure 11.8: ML 3 Final Output

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Figure 11.9: ML 4 Final Output

Figure 11.10: REST API Web Testing By Python

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Figure 11.11: REST API Web Testing By Python

Figure 11.12: Home Page

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Figure 11.13: Predictoin Page

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 Chapter 12

TABLES

No: Fieldname Datatype Constraint

1 area varchar Primary Key
2 BHK varchar NOT NULL
3 Bath varchar NOT NULL
4 location varchar NOT NULL

Table 12.1: User Table

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