Lecture

Presentation

Chapter 1
Representing
Motion

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.

 Chapter 1 Representing Motion

Chapter Goal: To introduce the fundamental concepts of

motion and to review related basic mathematical principles.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-2

 Types of Motion
• ________ is the change of an object’s position or
orientation with time.

• The path along which an object moves is called the

object’s _____________.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-3

 Depicting Motion of an object
We call this representation a __________________.
Time=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

0 x
We need a way to reference an object’s location
Decide on an origin, and a direction to be positive.

We also need to assign a time to each position.

The times between each dot are equal. They could
be seconds, or minutes, or 0.2 seconds etc
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-4
 Making a Motion Diagram
• These motion diagrams in
one dimension show
objects moving at constant
speed, speeding up and
slowing down.
• Skateboarder is
_____________________
• The runner is
____________________
• The car is _____________

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-5

 The Particle Model
• The particle model of
motion is a
simplification in
which we treat a
moving object as if all
of its mass were
concentrated at a
single point

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-6

 QuickCheck 1.3
Two runners jog along a track. The times at each position
are shown. Which runner is moving faster?

A. Runner A
B. Runner B
C. Both runners are moving at the same speed.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-7

 Position and Coordinate Systems
• To specify position we need a reference point (the origin),
a distance from the origin, and a direction from the
origin.

• The combination of an origin and an axis marked in both

the positive and negative directions makes a coordinate
system.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-8
 Time
• For a complete motion diagram we need to label each
frame with its corresponding time (symbol t) as read off
a clock.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-9

 Changes in Position and Displacement
• A change of position is called a displacement.

• Displacement is the difference between a final position and

an initial position:

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-10

 Change in Time
• In order to quantify motion, we’ll need to consider
changes in time, which we call _____________.

• A time interval Δt measures the elapsed time as an

object moves from an initial position xi at time ti to a
final position xf at time tf. Δt is always positive.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-11

 QuickCheck 1.4
Maria is at position x = 23 m. She then undergoes a
displacement Δx = –50 m. What is her final position?

A. –27 m
B. –50 m
C. 23 m
D. 73 m

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-12

 Velocity and Speed
• Motion at a constant speed in a straight line is called
_____________.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-13

 Example Problem
Jane walks to the right at a constant rate, moving 3 m in 3 s.
At t = 0 s she passes the x = 1 m mark. Draw her motion
diagram from t = –1 s to t = 4 s.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-14

 Velocity and Speed
• _____________ measures only how fast an object
moves, but _____________ tells us both an object’s
speed and its direction.

• The velocity defined by Equation above is called the

average velocity.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Slide 1-15
 Depicting Motion with a Graph

Time=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

0 1.0 x

13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
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0 Slide 1-16
Representing Motion with an x-t Graph

Position verses time

If velocity is positive and

constant the x – t graph will be
linear with a positive slope

What would the slope be if

velocity was negative and
constant?
What if the object stopped?

Slide 1-17
 Representing Motion with an x-t Graph

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-18

 From Position to Velocity

• On a position-versus-time
graph, a faster speed
corresponds to a steeper slope.

• The slope of an object’s

position-versus-time graph is
the object’s velocity at that
point in the motion.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-19

 Practice with Constant Velocity Motion

Describe the motion for the following graphs

10

t1 t2 t3

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-20

 Practice with Constant Velocity Motion

Describe the motion for the following graphs

x

10

t
t1 t2 t3

-10

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 Practice with Constant Velocity Motion

Plot v-t from x-t graphs

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-22

 Practice with Constant Velocity Motion TPS!
Find a) Distance and displacement
b) Average velocity and average speed
x

200

t
5 10 15 20 25

-200

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-23

 Practice with Constant Velocity Motion TPS!
Find a) Distance and displacement
b) Average velocity and average speed
x

150

100

50

0 t
5 10 15 2 0 25
-50

-100

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 Find a) Distance , displacement and average velocity
b) Sketch the x-t graph assuming initially at origin
V
m/s

10

5 10 15 20 25 t

-10

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-25

 Find a) Distance , displacement and average velocity
b) Sketch the x-t graph assuming initially at origin
v

10 m/s
100m
5 10 15 20 25 t

-200m
-20 m/s
x (m)
100

5 10 15 20 25 t (s)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. -100 Slide 1-26

 The average velocity of the motion is 3 m/s.
a) Determine vx
b. Sketch the x –t graph assuming initially at the origin
vx
(5s)vx
5 m/s
50m
5 10 15 20 25 t

-50m
-5 m/s

x (m)
125

75
50

5 10 15 20 25 t (s)

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-27

 QuickCheck 2.2

• Here is a motion diagram of a car moving along a straight road:

• Which velocity-versus-time graph matches this motion

diagram?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

E. None of the above. Slide 1-28
 QuickCheck 2.3
• Here is a motion diagram of a car moving along a straight
road:

• Which velocity-versus-time graph matches this motion

diagram?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-29

 QuickCheck 2.4
A graph of position versus time for a basketball player
moving down the court appears as follows:

Which of the following velocity graphs matches the position

graph?

A. B. C. D.

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 QuickCheck 2.1
• Here is a motion diagram of a car moving along a straight
road:

• Which position-versus-time graph matches this motion

diagram?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-31

 QuickCheck 2.6
• A graph of velocity versus time for a hockey puck shot into a
goal appears as follows:

• Which of the following position graphs matches the velocity

graph?

A. B. C. D.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-32