A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON ETHICAL CHALLENGES

FACED BY THE SOCIAL CASE WORKERS

Dissertation submitted to

Marian College Kuttikkanam (Autonomous)

Affiliated to the Mahatma Gandhi University , Kottayam

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF SOCIAL WORK

By

Amith K Deepak

Reg No: 22USW261

Under the Supervision of

Ms. AnithaMol Babu

MARIAN COLLEGE KUTTIKANAM (AUTONOMOUS)

Peermade, Idukki (Dist), Kerala-685531

December 2024
Abstract:

Understand the ethical challenges faced by social caseworkers and how these challenges
affected their daily professional lives. It examined how these challenges became more
poignant in the minds of social case workers and the organization policies and rules That
promoted ethical decision making and client well being. Vertical challenges face by social
caseworkers were identified as potential problems that could adversely impact their working
environment and mindset. The study explored how social caseworkers dealt with these
challenges in their daily lives and whether they applied their skills and competencies
effectively in their professional practices. It also sought to assess whether social caseworkers
possess sufficient knowledge to handle ethical challenges competently. A qualitative research
design was adopted and data collection continued until data saturation was achieved using
convenient sampling. Semi structured in the way guides were used to collect the data which
was transcribed to local language to English analysed using thematic analysis the steady
results narrated the ethical challenges face by social case workers and highlighted
organization policies that supported ethical decision making . The findings provided insight
into the impact of ethical challenges including their mental stress.On decision making process
and the balance between personal and professional values the study also explored strategies
used by social case workers to cope with negativity and maintain Mental well-being, Along
with How these challenges influence other aspects of their daily lives and career development.
The findings of the study explain the various ethical challenges that social caseworker dealt
with there daily lives. Highlighted how organizational policies and guidelines supported their
ethical decision making and helped workers address difficult situations. The study also shed
light on how these challenges impacted their mental health stress and influenced Their ability
to make decisions without compromising person or professional values. Furthermore
research explore the strategies used by social case workers to cope up with the negative
effects of these challenges affected their career growth decision making process and other
aspects of their daily lives.

Key Words - Ethical challenges, social case workers, organizational policies, mental health

Coping strategies
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Positioning of the Researcher............................................................................................................... 10
1.3 Statement of the problem ..................................................................................................................... 10
1.4 Background of the study ...................................................................................................................... 13
1.4.1 Definition and scope of social work............................................................................................. 13
1.4.2 History of Social Work ................................................................................................................ 14
1.4.3 Social Work Methods .................................................................................................................. 15
1.4.4 Social Caseworkers...................................................................................................................... 16
1.4.5 United Nations Convention on Rights of Children (UNCRC) ..................................................... 16
1.4.6 Children in Conflict with Law ..................................................................................................... 17
1.4.7 Juvenile Justice Act, 2015............................................................................................................ 17
1.4.8 Juvenile Justice System................................................................................................................ 18
1.4.9 Juvenile Courts ............................................................................................................................ 18
1.4.10 Rehabilitation and Reintegration .................................................................................................. 19
1.4.11 Role of Juvenile Justice Boards.................................................................................................... 19
1.4.12 Child Welfare Committees ........................................................................................................... 20
1.4.13 Criticism of Juvenile Justice Act, 2015......................................................................................... 20
1.4.14 Role of Caseworkers in Kaval Project .......................................................................................... 21
1.4.15 Relevance of Psychosocial Care for Children ............................................................................... 22
1.5 Review of literature ............................................................................................................................. 22
1.5.1 Reviews in themes ....................................................................................................................... 23
1.5.2 Literature Gap .............................................................................................................................. 43
1.6 Objectives of the study ........................................................................................................................ 45
1.6.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................................ 45
1.6.2 specific Objective ........................................................................................................................ 45
1.7 Research questions............................................................................................................................... 45
1.8 Key concepts ....................................................................................................................................... 45
1.8.1 Theoretical definitions ................................................................................................................. 45
1.8.2 Operational definitions................................................................................................................. 46
1.9 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................................................... 46
1.10 Chapterization...................................................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 2: Methodology............................................................................................................................ 50
2.1 Title of the study .................................................................................................................................. 50
2.2 Area of the study .................................................................................................................................. 50
2.3 Research Approach.............................................................................................................................. 50
2.4 Research Design .................................................................................................................................. 50
2.5 Recruitment of the participant .............................................................................................................. 51
2.5.1 universe of the study .................................................................................................................... 51
2.5.2 population of the study ................................................................................................................. 51
 2.5.3 unit of the study ........................................................................................................................... 51
2.5.4 Sampling technique ...................................................................................................................... 52
2.5.5 Sample size .................................................................................................................................. 52
2.5.6 Inclusion criteria .......................................................................................................................... 52
2.5.7 Exclusion criteria ......................................................................................................................... 52
2.6 Pilot study ............................................................................................................................................ 53
2.7 Pre-test ................................................................................................................................................. 53
2.8 Method of data collection..................................................................................................................... 53
2.9 Tool for data collection........................................................................................................................ 53
2.10 Data analysis........................................................................................................................................ 54
2.11 Ethical considerations .......................................................................................................................... 54
CHAPTER 3: Results ..................................................................................................................................... 56
3.1 Demographic Profile............................................................................................................................ 56
3.2 Themes ................................................................................................................................................ 56
3.2.1 Theme-1 ....................................................................................................................................... 56
3.2.2 Theme-2 ....................................................................................................................................... 58
3.2.3 Theme-3 ....................................................................................................................................... 61
3.2.4 Theme-4 ....................................................................................................................................... 64
3.2.5 theme-5 ........................................................................................................................................ 67
3.2.6 Theme-6 ....................................................................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................................... 72
4.1 discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 72
4.2 Major Findings..................................................................................................................................... 75
4.3 Social work implication ....................................................................................................................... 79
4.4 Limitations of the study ....................................................................................................................... 79
4.5 Suggestion ........................................................................................................................................... 80
4.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 81
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Positioning of the Researcher
1.3 Statement of the Problem
1.4 Background of the Study
1.5 Review of background
1.5.1 Review of previous studies
1.5.2 Literature Gap
1.6 Objectives
1.6.1 General Objective
1.6.2 Specific Objectives
1.7 Research Questions
1.8 Key Concepts
1.8.1 Conceptual Definition
1.8.2 Operational Definition
1.8 Significance of the Study
1.9 Chapterization
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The ethical challenges are the case workers who working with client who have different
personal values influenced by cultural norms/morality and/or religion, such as on issues of
abortion rights and domestic violence. And there are different type ethical challenges such as
report of any misconduct, therapeutic boundaries and differences in personal values are the
examples ethical challenges. Social workers play a vital role in the mental health of an
individual, will play the role of advocacy and support system. These social workers within
health settings are not only advocates but also the support systems that help clients navigate
complicated social situations. Their work, however, often intersects with ethical challenges
that may put them under great stress or even challenge professional judgment. NASW, 2021.
This qualitative study explores the lived experiences regarding ethical challenges that social
case workers in healthcare settings uniquely go through.

The ethical challenges are one of the most common and unavoidable thing that has been the
part of the social work profession, especially when social case workers are working within
the health settings.Reamer,1997 The social case workers are facing unique ethical challenges
that require careful consideration and navigation IFSW,2020. Social workers, especially when
working in the health area faces ethical challenges, social work is an ethic profession Since
they are essentially the last advocates for individuals and communities, social case workers
face ethical dilemmas daily that need to be approached cautiously.

Conducting The research will come to know about the ethical challenges of social case
workers in Health settings by getting an insight into how these profession between their
principles while trying to act in the best interest of both other health professionals and those
for whom they are providing care.NASW,2021 quantitative research might tell you how come
social workers face ethical challenges but qualitative research can make the research to know
more about the ethical challenges faced by the social case workers in health settings. through
the qualitative research we can explore the nature of the challenges and to know in which all
cases they can might face the ethical challenges Csikai& Sales,1998. settings consist of a wide
array of environments such as hospitals, clinics/residential nursing homes
 and retirement communities/community health centres. Manning,1997 Social case workers
are essential in these settings for patient and family support, psychosocial issues intervention,
coordination of care, and advocating to eliminate service inequalities. reamer,1997. Results
show that ethical challenges in social case Work a rise from conflicting values cultural
expectations and limited resources. For example a study on ethical dilemma in Jordan
highlighted how cultural norms and organizational constraints often clash with professional
ethics creating difficult situations for social workers AL-Krenawi et al., 2017
Overall, a qualitative study on ethical challenges faced by the social case workers has the
potential to significantly improve the working environment for social workers, this study can
also lead to the betterment of patient care and for the better understanding about the ethical
challenges faced by the social case worker.

1.2 Positioning of the Researcher

As a 3rd year BSW student, I have studied about the various types of ethical challenges. In
Which the social case workers can cause unique ethical challenges. Such as reporting the
misconduct can lead to ethical challenges among social case worker. The main reason behind
taking the particular study is that I have learned different types of ethical challenges that is
faced by the social case workers. it is the situation in which the social worker wanted to look
both professional consequences and personal consequences after the decision made by the
caseworker. Therefore to understand how the social case workers are handling the ethical
challenges from the client and different types of ethical challenges. The reason behind the
study is that I have got an academic knowledge about what is ethical challenge is and wanted
to address and minimise the ethical challenges that is faced by the case worker and to get more
knowledge about the ethical challenges that is faced by the social case worker and decrease
the chances of ethical challenges. the social workers does not have the right to disclose about
the clients details and the clients personal life challenges to the other people.so this is one of
the ethical challenges faced by the social case worker. Therefore the need of the study is that
to understand work life condition of the social case worker.
1.3 Statement of the problem

The social case workers , they provide support and advocacy for the clients when they are
facing mental issues. They also prepare appropriate care plan for the following client who
come for emergency mental health intervention However they can hit with different types of
ethical challenges during there daily work basis this ethical challenges can cause stress and
can also affect their professional life and personal life. These ethical challenges can make the
social workers mind get conflicted. The major ethical challenge arise from is that the need of
keeping confidentiality with the clients personal life and personal details. Social workers want
to make sure about themselves to protect the patient privacy, the ethical challenges can be
emotionally draining and requires careful consideration of ethical principles and potential
consequences. Social case workers in health settings can also face several other types of
ethical challenges such as reporting of misconduct, resource allocation, cultural competency
and technology and privacy. These types of ethical challenges can make them more confused
and get stressed. Through knowing into these issues the qualitative research approach aims to
study the ethical challenges experiences faced by the social case worker in health setting. This
exploration can help to develop better support system for the social case workers, and finally
it can contribute more ethical and patient-centred healthcare system. Garcia et al.(2022) has
conducted an study on social workers approaches to ethical dilemmas result has shown that
the social workers face variety of ethical challenges in their professional practice. The
research design of the study was exploratory research design. In the study, professionals were
grouped based on their likelihood of encountering ethical challenges. These categories
included individuals with minimal, low, notable, and high incidences of ethical challenges.
Interestingly, approximately one-third of the social workers in the sample exhibited a very low
likelihood of experiencing ethical conflicts. Unlike social work practice with legal
registration, social workers in Kerala are not legally registered and face various challenges in
their profession especially facing ethical issues, maintaining children’s confidentiality, and
providing effective intervention for children. Working with children is very sensitive and
often challenges social workers in their career and personal life. Furthermore, job satisfaction
and the ability to balance professional and personal life are important. Often social workers
face difficulty in managing professional work at the office time only and it affects their mental
well-being. One persistent issue facing the child welfare system has been the high turnover
rate of caseworkers (Boraggina-Ballard et al., 2020). Unclear guidelines to practice in the
field of children in conflict with the law can lead to unfair treatment of children. When there
is no awareness of the legal aspects of the rights of social workers in providing interventions
for social workers, it can also lead to poor strategies.The social work curriculum is very
different in each college in Kerala. This also determines the level of competency among social
workers employed in the Kaval project and caseworkers from other NGOs. If the social work
education practiced by the professionals is effective, then the performance of the role of
caseworker will be good enough to handle cases efficiently. If the Caseworker attained good
field experience while doing the internship, that person will be able to deal with people
effectively. Otherwise, the level of competency of caseworkers will be very low which will
directly affect the child who committed the crime. Case workers in the Kaval project and
NGOs case workers provide multi-disciplinary approaches which include practicing various
psychological theories, conducting social group work, social casework, and preparing
intervention plans for the child delinquent. Furthermore, the social workers have to be capable
of handling the legal concerns of the child and maintaining good collaboration with other
teams such as medical practitioners and the JJB board. If the social workers are not fully
equipped to do these responsibilities, it can negatively affect the child’s future. Furthermore,
handling the trauma of children and other mental health issues is very critical and sensitive
because these factors can affect the development process of children. They must be also
capable of handling each individual differently as well as have a cultural sensitivity for
effective intervention. The nature of crime done by children will change in every situation as
well as the background of the children. If social workers are not having good cultural
competence, then it is very difficult to handle serious cases. In a community, the reintegration
of a child is very difficult because of the cultural values, ethics, and other beliefs in the
community. If a child commits a crime, the chances of society discriminating against that
child are very high. This rejection of that community will influence the child’s development.
In this situation, social workers need to maintain confidentiality and handle the members of
society for the child's positive development. While social workers are assisting children with
effective rehabilitation, many environmental factors can hinder the chances of child
delinquency to get effective rehabilitation. These factors can be decision-making in other
multi-disciplinary teams, problems to accommodate the child to the rehabilitation, family
issues, and more. This affects the child’s reintegration process into society and increases the
chances of recidivism. Training various stakeholders working on the Kaval project is one of
the objectives of this project and to ensure effective interventions for children in conflict with
law. For that various training modules have been prepared for the stakeholders. Even though
the authorities ensure professional development through training, social workers will usually
not have adequate skills in handling reported cases effectively. Under the Kaval project, only
2 days of orientation modules are prepared for social workers and that is not enough to
carry out different cases.
1.4 Background of the study

As I took this for my study a qualitative study on ethical challenges faced by the social case
workers. Social case workers face various technical challenges while supporting vulnerable
population and balancing client needs with legal and organizational expectations Especially
the caseworkers who are working with children and individuals who have got problem issues
like maintaining confidentiality managing resources constraints and addressing systematic
inadequacies often create ethical dilemmas in their professional roles these challenges can
lead to stress burnout and compromised service quality in Impacting both their work and
mental health. In This Study I aims to explore These ethical challenges their effects on social
case workers professional and personal Lives and the strategies used to address them. It would
fix a minister role of organization policies in supporting ethical decision making and
promoting effective practice.

1.4.1 Definition and scope of social work

According to Zastrow (1999), social work is a field of work that offers helpful and productive
social services, but it also requires knowledge, theoretical frameworks, practical skills, and
core social values. Social work is a profession that mainly aims to promote the overall well
being of an individual, family, group, and the community as a whole (Social work and the
social worker, n.d.). One of the primary careers that society has mandated to assist in
addressing the needs of children and families is social work (Petr, Christoper, 2004; Webb,
Nancy Boyd, 2009). "The primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human
well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the
needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed," states the NASW Code
of Ethics for social workers (Peters, 2011). It includes assisting people to change their
behavior more positively, adjust to the society they live in, identify their problems, and assist
them to solve their problems by themselves and help them to access their resources. This
profession's core value focuses on promoting human rights and social justice. Social work
often deals with major issues and empowers the vulnerable, marginalized people in the
community. Various types of institutions promote social work, including schools, hospitals,
community organizations, and government agencies. Social workers can practise multi-
context intervention and client assessment, particularly from a preventive, rehabilitative, and
 development point of view, by collaborating with other professionals (Singh & Azman,
2020). Professional knowledge from other professions can be gathered through profession
integration, which helps social workers handle and overcome challenges that they may not be
able to manage on their own (Singh & Azman, 2020).

1.4.2 History of Social Work

Social work originated in the 19th century in England. It has a long history of promoting each
individual’s life conditions meaning it has its roots in the philosophy of philanthropy and
humanitarianism. In the early 20th century, a tremendous change occurred in terms of the
socioeconomic status of people. The revolution of industrialization and urbanization
happened during this stage which pushed many people into poverty. This also resulted in
increased social discrimination and inequalities which led people to have fewer resources to
maintain a good life. When all these happened, many social issues arose affecting a huge
amount of people and society became unrest. Social workers have been a part of community
and individual health care since the turn of the 20th century (Zerden et. al, 2018). Social work
becomes a discipline during this period to bring positive changes in society and with a motive
of promoting the welfare of the people by setting up professional schools and organizations.
This development is to conduct evidence-based practices among people like practicing
medicine profession.

The social work profession has been rooted in the United States and through various
movements to remove hunger and poverty and improve the living conditions of the poor who
lack basic resources. In the United States, Jane Addams established Hull House in Chicago in
the year 1889 and which was a settlement house. This settlement house provided needed social
services and assistance to the immigrants and the poor. Mary Richmond was the founder of
the social casework method in primary social work methods. She introduced the concept of
providing special attention to an individual by assessing overall well-being and providing an
integral intervention to address the social problems that person has gone through. The social
work profession has also boomed after World War 1 due to the increased need for social
welfare services.

The creation of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 1921, currently
known as the International Association of Schools of Social Work, had a role in the
globalization of social work practice and education by fostering professionalism and
 uniformity. Reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Swami
Vivekananda in India worked to transform social norms relating to caste discrimination, child
marriage, and other concerns like empowering individuals through education. And these
deeds played a significant role in the growth of social work in India. Different organizations
focused on helping people and providing charitable services flourished in India to provide
social services during the British colonial era. In 1952, the Madras School of Social Work
was founded in Tamil Nadu, marking a turning point in the country's social work curriculum
and profession. After India gained independence, social work significantly advanced with a
greater emphasis on community development, rural development, eradicating poverty and
illiteracy, and addressing many other weak regions of the nation that have an impact on
development. By including social workers in many ministries, including the Ministry of
Social Welfare and Justice and the Ministry of Women and Child Development, the
government also began to play a significant role in promoting the welfare of all citizens.
Currently, social workers are employed in a variety of corporate and public sectors. Multiple
well-known NGOs are operating throughout India's diverse areas, determining the unique
requirements of the local population and offering support. In the government sector, social
workers play a crucial part in formulating public policy, fostering social harmony, and
working in a variety of ministries with a focus on welfare.

1.4.3 Social Work Methods

Social work can be practiced mainly by using six core primary and secondary methods of
social work. The primary methods include social casework, social group work, and
community organization and secondary methods include social work research, social welfare
administration, and social action. Social casework often deals with a particular individual and
looks into several socio-economic, physical, psychological, and other aspects of issues that
person is going through. Casework is practicing by providing multiple assistance to various
problems. In terms of social group work, people with similar problems come together with a
motive for change. Here, a guided interaction between group members takes place to bring
better coping strategies and ultimately help members to identify their solutions.Another
approach in social work is called community organization, and it makes a deliberate effort to
strengthen good connections with community members, utilize community resources, and
adjust the needs of the community. Social welfare administration is a secondary method of
social work that can be performed by the public or private sector. Here, prime importance is
given to policy and program development for the vulnerable population. Systematic planning
 of the course of action and recruitment of people takes place to conduct the activities. Social
welfare administrations often have a prime goal, or mission to achieve so that development
happens. Research in social work involves skillfully examining and examining the facts.
In social work, research is frequently carried out to highlight social problems, offer
community suggestions for current problems, and many other purposes. The third secondary
method of social work is social action which aims at bringing societal changes by creating
awareness among a large population. This method is often used to seek public attention, a
voice against injustice, and acquire justice through government support.

1.4.4 Social Caseworkers

Caseworkers are also referred to as case managers who work for individuals, families, and
groups. Caseworkers are professionals and normally have graduate certificates in Master of
Social Work or other equivalent degrees. The main duties of Caseworkers include conducting
a detailed assessment of a client who is going through a difficult scenario. The assessment
includes identifying the strengths, challenges, and weaknesses areas of a person. Also, social,
emotional, and physical factors are assessed. The assessment will take through interviews,
observations, or even written assessments. After the assessment, a detailed plan for
interventions will formulate. The intervention can be counseling, providing therapy, or
rehabilitation. Coordinating and collaborating with multi-disciplinary teams is a major role of
Caseworker for the client. After providing interventions, it is important to check the progress
of the client. And for that, monitoring evaluation takes place where it is used to analyze
whether the planning was conducted as per the goals and whether the goals are achieved. To
be a caseworker, it is important to have various skills, especially communication and listening.
Cultural competence is another important ability a caseworker must have in order to accept
the client as a unique person. Caseworkers must manage clients by having empathy as a core
value and maintaining ethical practices.

1.4.5 United Nations Convention on Rights of Children (UNCRC)

In 1989, United Nations adopted Convention on the Rights of Children. UNCRC was formed
with a universal agreement that should be followed by all countries legally. This came into
force to mainly secure the rights of children under the age of 18. Under the
 articles, it is mandatory to follow all the provisions of children and secure and fulfill the life
of children. India signed this international agreement in 1992, agreeing to all of its provisions
in principle with the exception of a few concerns about working children. The UN formulated
guiding principles on child right. This includes non-discrimination, right to life, survival, and
development, securing the basic interests of children and youth, and respecting the views of
children and youth. Children are the vulnerable sections in the community which highlights a
special requirement of providing all types of assistance. The guideline principles allow
countries to promote the welfare aspects of children, securing their life by attaining integral
development support and guidance. This allows children to attain basic necessities to live as
well as promote better living conditions. Based on these principles, many countries are
implementing policies and laws to support children.

1.4.6 Children in Conflict with Law

A child under the age of 18 who commits a crime, has been accused or is found guilty under
the legal system is called Children in Conflict with the law. Like offenses of adults, a child
delinquent engages in petty offenses to serious crimes. Although, children undergone crime
are treated differently with the prime aim of providing care and protection and reintegration
of children through rehabilitation. To carry out cases of children, a Juvenile system is set up
in India. This system recognizes the unique needs of children to ensure their rights of children
and protect children exposed as vulnerable. The juvenile system in India ensures that a child
who committed an offense will get the opportunity to realize the mistake conducted and
provide integral support including medicine, justice, education, shelter, emotional and mental
support, and so on.

1.4.7 Juvenile Justice Act, 2015

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 is the main legislation that
governs children who are in legal conflict in India (JJ Act). The care, protection, and
rehabilitation of children who are in conflict with the law are the main objectives of this law,
which succeeded the preceding Juvenile Justice Act of 2000. Children under this Act are
called juveniles who are below the age of 18. The major legal provisions under
 this Act involve Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) as well as the Child Welfare Committees
(CWCs) at the district level to deal with cases of children. This law emphasizes minors' rights
to privacy, dignity, and legal representation while focusing primarily on the processes for
their detention, release on bail, and rehabilitation. It forbids the application of confinement,
physical punishment, or any other cruel or inhumane treatment to minors in detention centers.
Most importantly, the law is entitled to make decisions with the principle of considering the
“best interest of the child” along with a motive of providing welfare and development of
children. For the welfare of children, all types of support will be given to children including
counseling services, advocacy, and community services. Another crucial aspect is giving
children with rehabilitation, which includes teaching them skills and encouraging their
general well-being. This Act divides minors into categories, such as juveniles who commit
heinous crimes, and it permits punishing some juveniles as adults based on the severity of the
crime and age.

1.4.8 Juvenile Justice System

Juvenile Justice System under Juvenile Justice Act includes a framework for managing
children in conflict with law. The juvenile system is formulated in such a way that helps legal
authorities to provide intensive care and protection from the start of maintaining a child till
the reintegration of a child into society. The juvenile justice system applies graduated
sanctions, which begin with less severe penalties for minor offences and increase in severity
for repeated or more significant offenses, as opposed to applying punitive penalties.

1.4.9 Juvenile Courts

Juvenile courts are established to handle the special requirements and circumstances of
children who have engaged in criminal activity. Rehabilitating children and reintegrating
them into society as law-abiding citizens is the primary objective of this institution. Typically,
juvenile courts take a personalized approach, taking into account the unique circumstances of
each case as well as the requirements of the juvenile offender. When choosing the best
intervention, factors such as the offender's age, mental health, family background, and prior
experience are taken into consideration. Juvenile courts are governed
 by a different set of laws than adult criminal courts. Instead of punishment, the emphasis is
on the child's best interests. There may be provisions that allow for the transfer of a juvenile's
case to adult criminal court in certain circumstances involving major offenses or repeat
offenders. The age of the offender, the gravity of the offense, and the offender's past behavior
are often taken into consideration while making this decision.

1.4.10 Rehabilitation and Reintegration

The process of rehabilitation depends greatly on the work of juvenile probation officers. They
determine the juvenile's requirements, supervise them while they are on probation, keep an eye
on their adherence to court orders, and link them to the support systems they require. The
process of restoration is significantly aided by therapy and counseling. To address
psychological, emotional, and behavioral disorders, many diagnostic methods are frequently
employed, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, individual counseling, group therapy, and
family therapy. rehabilitation takes into account the individual requirements and
circumstances of each young offender. Programs and interventions should be specifically
designed to meet each participant's unique risk factors, such as dysfunctional families,
substance misuse, a lack of education, or mental health problems. Rehabilitation initiatives
go beyond resolving the initial crime. They cover a wide range of services, such as education,
job training, counseling, mental health support, drug abuse treatment, and the development of
life skills. The objective is to give the child the skills he or she needs to live a successful and
law-abiding life. The successful reintegration of juvenile offenders depends on their access to
high-quality education and opportunities for skill development. To avoid educational gaps
and enhance opportunities for work and higher education, educational programs should be
offered inside correctional facilities.

1.4.11 Role of Juvenile Justice Boards

JJBs are quasi-judicial bodies created in compliance with legislation like the Juvenile Justice
(Care and Protection of Children) Act. They often include a magistrate or other judicial
representative, two social workers, or other specialists in child care. JJBs carry out
investigations to learn the specifics of the case and the circumstances surrounding the alleged
offence committed by the child. They decide whether the child should be treated as a juvenile
 or transferred to the adult criminal justice system. The most appropriate disposition is also
chosen by JJBs, with an emphasis on rehabilitation and reintegration rather than punishment.
JJBs are in charge of directing the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders. They make sure that
the right interventions, programmes, and services—such as those for education, skill
development, counselling, and vocational training—are offered to meet the requirements of
the child. JJBs may work along with social workers, probation officers, and other relevant
organisations to oversee the child's development and aftercare support. Children who are in
legal trouble, that is, those who have allegedly violated the law, fall under the purview of
JJBs. They are in charge of conducting investigations, choosing the best course of action, and
managing the process of rehabilitation and reintegration.

1.4.12 Child Welfare Committees

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act or comparable laws establish
CWCs as statutory organizations. They have a chairperson and four additional members,
including one who has training in child care or child protection and at least one woman. Cases
involving children in need of care and protection are under the purview of CWCs. These kids
have been abused, neglected, exploited, abandoned, orphaned, or they have experienced any
other type of harm. CWCs are essential in assuring the safety, upbringing, and rehabilitation
of such children. Children who require care and protection have their progress and well-being
monitored by CWCs. They make sure the child receives the required support services, such as
medical care, education, counseling, and rehabilitation. To address the risks and
vulnerabilities encountered by children under their jurisdiction, CWCs may also take
preventive steps. To ensure that the right interventions and services are offered for the child's
holistic development and ultimate reintegration into a safe and caring environment, they work
in collaboration with child welfare organizations, NGOs, and government departments. To
decide the best course of action for children in need of care and protection, CWCs undertake
investigations and assessments. They assess the child's circumstances, identify the root causes
of the child's vulnerability, and take actions that are best for the child. It could also include
assisting in adoption proceedings or deciding whether the child should be placed in a
children's home, foster care, or a suitable facility.
1.4.13 Criticism of Juvenile Justice Act, 2015

Juvenile Justice Act, 2015, was amended in connection to the Nirbhaya Case and the
introduction of the POCSO Act in 2013 (Jaybhaye, 2023). Although the Juvenile Justice Act,
2015 has received criticism. The Act has drawn criticism for the prolonged duration of the
legal process and the adjudication of cases involving minors, which can leave victims without
closure and the accused in the shadows. Critics claim that the Act may not effectively protect
victims' rights and that a more balanced strategy is required that considers the requirements
of both minors and victims. It is sometimes said that adult prisons do not provide inmates
with a reformatory experience and that ex-offenders have greater rates of criminal recidivism.

1.4.14 Role of Caseworkers in Kaval Project

To prevent further loss of rights, increase social stability, make society more inclusive, and
help juvenile offenders and youth at risk, Sinha (2020) specifies the responsibility of social
workers in rehabilitating these individuals. These young people are placed under the
supervision of social workers, whose role is to provide guidance, advice, and targeted
interventions aimed at reducing the stress of adult life that youth, including family and
teachers, experience (Lim, 2017). Caseworkers assess the needs, capabilities, and threats of
child delinquents. Based on these assessments, they create customized strategies and
interventions to address the underlying problems and encourage constructive change.
Programme delivery, including pre-sentence monitoring and investigation, remediation, and
returns to these communities, becomes their primary responsibility (Shaikh, 2019). The
psycho-social interventions developed can be stress management, life skill education,
planning activity-oriented education, and so on. Children who receive counselling from
caseworkers either individually or in groups are given support in acquiring life skills, coping
mechanisms, and alternative behaviors. They might lead seminars or courses on how to
control their emotions, handle conflicts, make decisions, or even get a job. Caseworkers can
also act as advocates for children, making sure that their rights are protected and that they
have access to resources like legal counsel, education, healthcare, and mental health
assistance. Children receive emotional support and direction from them as they negotiate the
legal system and other obstacles they may encounter. Caseworkers work together with a
variety of stakeholders, including the police, probation officials, teachers, doctors, and
community organizations. They collaborate to ensure a thorough and well-rounded
commitment to addressing psycho-social issues of children. Throughout the process of
rehabilitation and reintegration, Caseworkers keep track of the development of the children.
 They monitor their obedience to court orders, program participation, and general well-being.
Regular evaluation assists in determining the success of interventions and making the required
changes in monitoring and providing interventions. A child is ready to be reintegrated back
into society when they exhibit good changes in their behavior, activities, and in all other
aspects.

1.4.15 Relevance of Psychosocial Care for Children

Psychosocial care fosters resilience, emotional control, and positive mental health outcomes
by offering support, direction, and therapeutic interventions. This care entails establishing a
supportive and safe atmosphere, delivering trauma-informed interventions, and presenting
chances for emotional expression and the development of healthy coping strategies. It
promotes chances for children to communicate with each other, form good relationships, and
enhance their social skills. Group exercises and treatments encourage empathy, teamwork,
and a sense of community, all of which are crucial for children's social and emotional growth.
Children's psychological needs can be met to help them concentrate better, participate more
fully in educational activities, and achieve better learning results overall. It entails providing
the proper resources and interventions as well as supportive and inclusive learning
environments. Its primary goals are to support positive identity formation, assertiveness, and
decision making abilities. Psychosocial care supports a child's resilience and personal
development by fostering their sense of self-worth. Psychosocial therapies offer beneficial
alternatives by educating children on stress management, conflict resolution, and appropriate
emotional expression. By offering stability, structure, and support through trying times, it
helps minimize the damaging consequences that such events have on children's mental health.
Ultimately, psychosocial care for children is important because it acknowledges the
connection between their mental, emotional, and social health. It fosters resilience, recovery,
and healthy development by catering to their psychosocial needs, setting the foundation for a
better future. Moreover, as children represent a nation's future, it is crucial to encourage their
fullest development in all possible ways.
1.5 Review of literature

The literature review aiming to provide the necessary knowledge that cover various topics
such as the ethical challenges faced by the social case worker, working of social case workers,
ethical policies. Thus, it is important in the study to get the existing knowledge and
information related to the study.

1.5.1 Reviews in themes

Adia and banks (2022) conducted a study on the topic ethical issues in hospital-based social
work during the covid-19 pandemic in Uganda: they found that the people of Uganda
especially the Muslims are forced to stop fasting food by looking upon their health situation.
. The Ugandan hospital was has got insufficient number of staffs and patients. This was one
of the ethical challenge faced by the social health worker in the Ugandan hospital during the
covid 19 pandemic. The study also reflects the importance of giving importance to the clients
unique needs. In this study highlighted the importance of courage in pandemic conditions. As
said study it is important to give more importance to the clients unique needs. Here the study
also address the lack proper resources such as doctors and nurses this can lead to less people
to get admitted in the hospital and they can feel insecure due to the less number of resources
that they needed in the hospital. the lack of information and panic among staffs and patients
are the another limitation that is highlighted in the study. The study is about the importance
of ethics work and courage during pandemic by the social worker by making sure the client is
safe and giving proper care plan to the patient. The role of courage in working with new risks
and facing fears. The study also focused on forcing the patient to prioritize health over fasting,
making decisions against rules, and supporting stigmatized individuals.

Reamer (2023) conducted a study on ethical practice in a post-roe world guide for social
workers: conducted the study the author has made a overview about the decision and
discussions compelling ethical issues facing social workers who work with reproductive
health information and services; and highlighted the importance of ethics-informed social
work advocacy for reproductive health. Through conducting the study on the ethics informed
social work advocacy for reproductive health. After the study conducted on the ethics-
informed social work advocacy for reproductive it has got it up with guidelines for social
workers facing reproductive health ethical dilemmas. The roe v. wade overturned, impacting
social workers ethical dilemmas. the study benefited to provide guidelines for social workers
in post roe world. But it has got some limitations such as privacy and confidentiality concerns
and risk of licensing board complaints. The study is about the ethical practice in a post-roe
world guide for social workers. The study has given more importance on ethics-informed
social work advocacy related to reproductive health and guidelines for social workers facing
ethical dilemmas in reproductive health. thus the privacy protection, documentation, client
abandonment, legal risks, and the need for ethics-informed advocacy for reproductive health.it
is important that the social must protect the rights of the clients and safeguard the rights of
the client through advocacy related to the reproductive health.

O. Odo et al. (2022) conducted a study on cases and commentaries on ethical issues in social
work practice: the study focused on examining the two cases such as the ethical challenges
for social workers. The relevance of ethics of care and virtue ethics has been highlighted. The
study examine the ethical challenges faced by social workers in maintaining professional
boundaries. By highlighting the relevance of ethics of care and virtue ethics. The author
examines two cases the 1st case is about the Lebanese social worker who step out from her
official responsibilities to assist a refugee mother of three children who has suicidal thoughts
and the 2nd is that a Ugandan social worker has confronted a 12 year old girl was raped and
became pregnant but whose parents was refused for the abortion when the medical report has
the girls life is in danger. In the first case as social worker she have been intervened as a social
case worker to solve the problem of the women who has got suicidal thoughts. But the social
worker has crossed out the boundaries by getting out all the responsibility and get
concentrated on that particular client. in the second case the parents of the 12 year old rape
victim girl who has became pregnant has got her life in danger because her parents are not
willing for abortion here the social worker can face ethical challenge and they report it as a
misconduct from the clients family. The study highlights about the dynamic nature of the
ethical challenges in both cases and this nature of the ethical challenges make the social
workers open mind and flexibility in decision making.

Fantus et al. (2022) conducted a qualitative investigation of social workers’ moral distress
across a U.S. health system: the study focused on the moral distress of the health social
workers these moral distress are caused by through individual interaction and the culture and
climate of health systems. The sources of moral distress include client-centred decisions,
interpersonal dynamics, structural issues and organizational values. Qualitative study focuses
on moral distress triggers among social workers in health settings. the reason behind the moral
distress is because of the unresolved ethical conflict. There is a large number social worker
triggers of social workers moral distress at the southern U.S. The study also made understand
about the moral distress derives from the both individual interaction and the working
surrounding of health setting. Here the study focused to know about the moral distress and
the causes for distress and through the study we can remove the moral distress. These types
of moral distress derived from end- of-life care and patient autonomy and interpersonal
dynamics. The research suggest that the health systems need to foster positive ethical
environment that can lead to less moral distress and through programs that aim to increase
moral resilience, and foster wellness.

Witt and levin (2021) conducted a study on macro practice in a reproductive rights policy
setting: the study focused on the birth control legislation that highlights the challenges faced
by the social work students in their field placement. The study emphasizes need for broader,
flexible ethical training in social work. Advocates for inclusion of policy practice dilemmas
in courses. The ethical dilemma in social work education in a conservative state. Case study
on birth control legislation and human rights focus. There are some limitation in study that
the ethics taken to extremes and dogmatized the ethical frameworks in social work field. But
the study highlights importance of including policy practice dilemmas in courses. This study
present a case regarding birth control legislation that highlights the challenges faced by social
work students in their field placements and argue in favour of broader, more flexible training
that includes virtue ethics and a focus on human rights. Need more flexible training in social
work education. Case studies should include policy practice dilemmas to inform effective
decision making.

Mcintosh and Hoek (2019) conducted a study on negotiating the path of ethical decision
making in health care social work: the study examines ethical decision making in healthcare
social work. It outlines the process, influences, and challenges in end-of-life situations.
Ethical decision-making in health care social work focus on end of life issues and social work
practice. There are some limitation the limited discussion on cultural influences in decision-
making lack of emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration in ethical decision-making.
guidelines for ethical decision making in health care settings. importance of social workers’
values, knowledge,and client-centred approach. This study the ethical decision making in
health care involves resources, values and responsibility. Social workers play a crucial role in
end-of- life issues.as the social workers the study has contributed more knowledge such as
the guidelines for decision making in health care settings and giving importance of the social
work values and knowledges.

Reamer (2018) conducted a study on ethical issues in integrated health care: implications
for social workers: the study identifies ethical issues in integrated health care settings.
discusses challenges related to informed consent, privacy and boundaries. integrated health
care has become the standard of care in the field. The social workers who are working in these
settings can face unique ethical challenges. There are some limitations in the study the
boundary challenges due to family referrals in integrated health care. Varied training levels
on informed consent among integrated health care providers. identifies and discusses ethical
issues facing social workers in integrated health care settings. provides practical resources for
developing state-of-the-art ethics policies and protocols. The study the social workers in
integrated healthcare settings face complex ethical challenges. practical resources are
provided to develop ethics policies and protocols. These ethical challenges faced by the social
worker in integrated health care settings include issues related to informed consent, privacy ,
boundaries , dual relationships and conflicts of interest.

Shdaimah and Strier (2020) conducted study on ethical conflicts in social work practice:
challenges and opportunities: the study Bridging gap in moral distress research between
health and social work. Exploring ethical conflicts in social work practice. Addresses moral
distress in social work practice .Aims to bridge gap in social work scholarship. There are
some limitations in the study Social work scholarship lags behind in exploring ethical
conflicts. Need to bridge gap in addressing moral distress. Bridge gap in moral distress
research between health and social work. Explore ethical conflicts in social work practice.
The study Bridging gap in moral distress research between health and social work. Exploring
ethical conflicts in social work practice. Ethical conflicts in social work practice within health
settings are explored, highlighting moral distress and the need for further research to address
these challenges effectively.

Bernhardt et al. (2021) conducted study on violations of health as human right and moral
distress: consideration for social work practice and education: the study Social workers face
moral distress in upholding patients' human rights. Challenges arise due to discrepancies
between ethics and organizational systems Social work aims to uphold human rights in
healthcare. Discusses moral distress when human rights are violated. There are some
limitation in the study Discord between social work ethics and field reality Lack of formal
inclusion of moral distress in education. Address moral distress in social work education.
Advocate for human rights in healthcare. The study variation between social work values and
organizational systems contribute to moral distress . Moral distress can result in inadequate
care for patients. Social case workers in health settings may encounter moral distress when
witnessing violations of patients' human rights, impacting their ability to act in the patients'
best interests.

Banks et al. (2020) conducted study on ethical challenges for social worker during covid- 19:
the study Six key themes of ethical challenges faced by social workers during Covid-19
Recommendations for rethinking social work in the future. Ethical challenges faced by social
workers during Covid-19 pandemic International study conducted in May 2020 with 607
responses. There are some Limitations in the Resource constraints during pandemic Difficulty
in conducting full assessments Identifying key ethical challenges faced by social workers
during Covid-19 Highlighting the need for rethinking social work in the future.
The study Six key themes of ethical challenges for social workers during Covid-19 Need to
rethink social work in the future Social workers in health settings face ethical challenges
during Covid-19, including maintaining trust remotely, prioritizing needs with limited
resources, balancing risks, following policies, managing emotions, and rethinking future
practice.

Travis et. al, (2015) conducted a study titled “‘I’m So Stressed!’: A Longitudinal Model of
Stress, Burnout and Engagement among Social Workers in Child Welfare Settings”. Leaders,
policymakers, and academics are becoming more concerned about the well-documented daily
and long-term experiences of job stress and burnout among personnel in child welfare
organizations. This study aims to increase knowledge of the varied effects of job stressors
(work-family conflict, role conflict, and role ambiguity) and burnout (emotional exhaustion
and depersonalization) on employee disengagement (work withdrawal and exit-seeking
behaviours) by testing a theory-driven longitudinal model. Three six-month intervals were
used to gather data from a convenience sample of 362 front-line social workers or social work
supervisors employed at a major urban public child welfare organisation in the United States.
The study's findings led to an excellent model fit (RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.96, NFI
= 0.94). Burnout was found to affect job withdrawal and exit-seeking behaviors indirectly
by influencing work-family conflict, role ambiguity, and role conflict. Depersonalization and
work withdrawal had a statistically significant positive influence on the outcome variable,
exit-seeking behaviors. Overall, the results, at least in the US context, emphasize the need
for further research into how social workers and social work supervisors who work in child
welfare settings develop job burnout. They also highlight the value of long-term
administrative strategies to reduce the likelihood of burnout development and foster
engagement.
Kim et.al (2016) aimed to study the topic: “Improving child welfare services with family team
meetings: A mixed methods analysis of caseworkers' perceived challenges”. In order to
empower families and deliver efficient individualized services through community
partnerships, several types of family team meetings are being used more frequently in child
welfare systems. However, a lot of family team meetings frequently fail to meet their intended
objectives, primarily because of persistent difficulties that team members deal with. This study,
which focused on the perceived difficulties faced by caseworkers, used data from a survey of
caseworkers to evaluate the dynamic processes of family team meetings to enhance the results
of child welfare services. Further, answers to an open-ended question were examined using
content analysis to identify common or unique challenges encountered by diverse team
members. Path analysis was used to examine survey data, and it was discovered that logistical
challenges tended to reduce stakeholder and family engagements, making child welfare
services less available, less used, and less efficient for children and families. Caseworkers
perceived disagreement/conflict and knowledge gaps about child welfare as common issues
for all team members, according to content analysis. The findings of this study can increase the
effectiveness of the family team model already in use by highlighting its more comprehensive
approach. This research concludes with practice implications that offer suggestions for
reducing the difficulties found and enhancing the success of a family team meeting.

Padilla & Mercado (2023) in their research study titled “The Barriers Direct Social Service
Workers Face When Working with Incarcerated Youth”, explored the challenges faced by
direct social service workers while engaging with children who are imprisoned by employing
a qualitative approach and an exploratory research design. Interviews were done over Zoom
with individuals who had prior experience dealing with detained children. In order to examine
the difficulties faced by direct social service workers when dealing with families, probation,
and the juvenile justice system, a purposive technique that included the snowball sampling
technique was used. Following, a review of the data, basic themes emerged: difficulty in
involving families, a lack of communication amongst direct social service workers, issues
with probation and their jobs, and problems in consultation and collaboration among
organizations. The study's limitations include the small sample size that prevented
generalization to a larger populous. The adoption of cross-training among agencies or a better
comprehension of the basics of mental health education and the effects it has on children's

environments and decision-making are some of the recommendations. This study

acknowledges the need for future investigations to fully comprehend and implement an all-
inclusive knowledge base collaboration between agencies, as well as the lack of continuity
between organizations.

Rienks and Obermann, (2017) researched child welfare workers who report significant levels
of burnout, which can lead to unsatisfactory job performances and turnover rates. This study
explores the causes and effects of burnout in that population using a sample of 2,302 child
welfare Caseworkers and supervisors from three states. It also validates the use of the
Copenhagen Burnout Inventory with child welfare workers. Staff members were more
stressed out as a result of agency-level factors than client-related factors. In contrast to
clientrelated burnout, work-related burnout was also more strongly linked to job stress, job
dissatisfaction, and intention to leave. There are suggestions provided to help with employee
retention and to alleviate burnout. One unexpected finding was that employees who had been
with the agency for 3 to 5 years had much higher levels of burnout from their work and their
clients than employees who had been with the organisation for 5 to 15 years or less. These
results certainly indicate that working with traumatized children and families can lead to stress
and burnout for child protection workers, but this stressor is not as severe as stressors related
to the organisational context.

Griffiths et al. (2018) conducted research on worker stress in the child protective services
field. Numerous physical and mental health issues, including coronary heart disease, acute
myocardial infarctions, poor recovery from cardiac events, and alterations in the
immunological and neural systems, have been linked to high levels of stress. With its
emphasis on hard-to-serve populations and low pay, social work has gotten little scholarly
attention among stressful professions. The literature on the relationship between child
protection workers' health and lifestyle choices and job-related stress is seriously lacking. This
study examines the influence of job-related stress and its perceived impact on the health and
well-being of a sample of public child welfare professionals (n = 511). Participants
qualitatively described 586 harmful routines or behaviours that they connected to the pressure
of their jobs (e.g. unhealthy eating, substance use, disturbed sleep, lack of exercise, irritability,
self-neglect, other troubling behaviors). The stress of their jobs was also mentioned by these
child welfare professionals as causing mental health (n = 214 comments), physical health (n =
160 mentions), and work-life poor balance (n = 68 mentions) challenges. A ratio level variable
was utilized to test for mean differences using the qualitative mentions
of unhealthy practices by individuals. Significant variations were found in the number of
unhealthy behaviours, duration of employment at the agency, intention to remain, and self-
perception of health. This study takes the first step in exploring the connection between
occupational stress and health among personnel in child protective services. The results of the
study could have an impact on the high rate of turnover in this industry. As they evaluate how
to improve retention and protective service outcomes, policymakers may need to take into
account workers' stress levels and capacity for self-care.

Shier, et al. (2012) studied the title “Social Workers and Satisfaction with Child Welfare
Work”. Various challenges and workplace stressors faced by social workers working in
legally mandated child welfare programs can lead to job dissatisfaction and greater turnover
rates. The majority of occupational well-being research focuses more on workplace features
than other elements, like personal and professional life aspects. Following a model of
subjective well-being, results from a sample of 145 child welfare workers (n = 145) show that
three factors—work, profession, and personal life—significantly predict overall social worker
satisfaction and intention to leave. This finding supports prior research on the many facets of
a social worker's life that affect his or her subjective well-being. To fill a knowledge gap in the
area of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) in social work in Romania,

Rentea et al. (2021) conducted a study titled “Perceived needs and barriers related to
continuing professional development of child protection social workers in Romania” The
study looked at how Romanian social workers who specialise in child protection experience
CPD over the course of their careers. A total of 27 child protection social workers with varied
years of experience who work for both NGOs and public service organisations participated in
in-depth qualitative interviews. The results show that despite obstacles like time and money,
these social professionals are generally motivated to participate in CPD. However, the top-
down, unilateral decisions on participation led to differences between the perceived
educational/learning needs of employees and CPD activities that were completed. In order to
optimise the CPD framework for child protection social workers, implications for improving
communication between the many key stakeholders (such as social workers, employers,
professional bodies, and government policymakers) are addressed. Despite the presence of
significant obstacles, such as a lack of employer release time for CPD, a demanding workload,
and the dilemma of utilising one's own limited personal expenditures, the respondents to this
survey are encouraged to participate in CPD. The challenge social workers have to exercise
their agency to meet their particular learning needs is revealed by the perception that they
have no control over the quantity, content, or quality of CPD. These findings show how
complicated child protection cases can be, especially when children are exposed to traumatic
events like child abuse and neglect. Therefore, child protection social workers must receive
the assistance they require not only to provide services but also to maintain their well-being
(Byrne, 2016). According to a study by Boonzaaier et al. (2021) on the occupational risk
factors for child protection social workers, these professionals have important responsibilities
centered on the legal protection of abused or neglected children. Although there are some
studies on CPSW risks, only two (outdated) knowledge syntheses with some limitations have
been recorded. As a result, a scoping review based on the framework developed by Arksey
and O'Malley (2005) was carried out to draw up the information from the studies that have
already been done on the risks faced by CPSWs and to identify any research gaps. The search
for articles published between April of 1990 and April of 2020 involved online databases. 47
peer reviewed studies in all were included, and the socio-ecological model was used to analyse
them thematically. Themes developed include the fact that CPSWs face challenges on a
variety of levels, including: (1) intrapersonal risks (certain negative personality traits, lack of
preparation for the job, and a personal history of abuse); (2) interpersonal risks (unsupportive
coworkers, client attacks on CPSWs, and challenging clients); (3) institutional risks
(unpleasant workspaces, harmful workplace duties, and work pressure); and; (4) risks at the
community level (poor public perception of CPSWs; unrealistic expectations of CPSWs;
uncooperative role players); and
(5) risks at the policy level. It is also discussed how this will negatively affect CPSWs, CPSW
organizations, and society. Based on the results of this review, additional empirical research,
particularly qualitative studies that explore the lived experiences of CPSWs' risk, is required
to better understand CPSWs' circumstances so to develop interventions that could reduce risk
exposure, possibly resulting in the delivery of services that are more effective.

Miller et al. (2019) In their research, examined the personal and professional lives of social
workers working in child welfare (N = 623) united states (U.S.) to know about their self care
practices. Overall results show that participants practice a minimal level of self-care. By race,
education level, licensing status, marital status, supervision status, professional organization
membership, and financial status, analyses showed significant differences in self-care.
Findings indicate that child protection workers need more organizational support as well as
more specific attention to self-care education and training. Additionally, Bloomquist et al.
(2015) hypothesized that the social workers in their sample only occasionally engaged in self-
care behaviors in a study that looked into the self-care practices of MSW practitioners (p.
292). This research and the results of the current study indicate that there is space for
development in social workers' self-care practice participation in general and in those working
in child welfare circumstances in particular.

Morazes et al. (2010) conducted a study titled “Views of Specially-trained Child Welfare
Social Workers: A Qualitative Study of their Motivations, Perceptions, and Retention” The
study examined the differences and similarities between a sample of Title IV-E MSW
graduates who opt to stay in public child welfare (stayers) and those who leave (leavers). To
examine and contrast the motivations, perspectives, and experiences of 304 stayers and 82
leavers across a 10-year data collection period, interview transcripts from a self-selected
sample of 386 specially trained, MSW-level child welfare workers were thematically coded.
The findings indicated that commitment to children, families, and social work values are the
same for both stayers and leavers. The gap between educational experiences and the reality
of the workplace was generally brought up by respondents. While workload and stress were
identified by all participants as problems at work, stayers provided examples of situations that
mitigated these issues, notably interactions with helpful supervisors. Leavers expressed more
difficulties juggling their personal and work lives and tended not to experience these buffers.
It is emphasized that both those who stayed and those who left encountered problems related
to their workloads and time constraints, as well as frustration over how administrative duties
prevented them from carrying out their 'true social work' duties, which were viewed in terms
of developing relationships with clients. Despite the generally positive feedback regarding
education, it is important to improve the Title IVE program by ensuring that skills in how to
use supervision, identify and use buffering mechanisms, self-management techniques to
balance work and personal life, and how to strengthen critical thinking skills are consistently
included in the curricula. To gain retrospective insight from former public child welfare
workers about job satisfaction and reasons they left their professions, Griffiths & Royse
(2016) used a mixed methods study with a snowball sample (n = 54). Open-ended questions
yielded responses with the common theme of lack of organisational support as the main cause
of their resignation. Former workers also stated that they desired more acknowledgment, the
chance to engage in self-care, a voice and someone to listen to their problems. On a 19-item
global scale measuring job satisfaction, workers who had been in their positions for at least
eight years were statistically the most satisfied. The strain and emotional toll of their jobs
bothered the respondents. Although there seems to be a significant lack of research on the
advantages of child welfare workers working in their home counties, this study did not
discover any evidence that doing so was connected with higher job satisfaction. According to
the literature, organisational support (Madden, Scannapieco, &
Painter, 2014) and its absence (Kim & Kao, 2014) have a consistent impact on employee
retention and turnover. Boraggina-Ballard et al.,(2021) on a study titled “What motivates
highly trained child welfare professionals to stay or leave?” to examine the factors that
influence the transition from student to child welfare professional and those that influence the
decision of a highly trained cohort of child welfare professionals to remain in or leave the
field (post one year of employment). The self-determination theory and the idea of transfer of
learning served as the framework for analysis of emergent themes and quantitative data,
wherever necessary. According to the findings, it is critical that child welfare organizations
foster a supportive corporate culture and climate because some of the sector's most genuinely
motivated employees are prone to leaving. Also, it is critical to address the knowledge gaps
related to fully understanding the drivers of leaving as well as factors that keep child welfare
professionals in their positions because the constant high turnover rate of child welfare
workers threatens the stability and continuity of child welfare professionals and, equally
important, the children and families served.

Cabiati et al, (2020) research centred on understanding the risk and protective factors that
affect social workers who operate in the intricate child protection system to address to the
pain, needs, and hopes of others. The results of quantitative research carried out in the context
of Italian child welfare are presented in this article, which begins with a quick overview of
the literature. A survey that involved 300 child protection social workers revealed both
positive and negative aspects that encourage and influence child protection activities. They
raise concerns that shouldn't be disregarded in their opinions. Helping families was deemed a
non-protective action by social workers in charge of child protection. Social professionals
mentioned the moral value of their field of work, peer support, and teamwork as protective
factors. The heavy workload and the perception of personal danger were the main risk factors.
The results of this study demonstrated both favourable and unfavourable elements that
supported and had an impact on child protection social workers. Results on working hours,
workload, activities, and perspectives of social workers are reported. The findings showed
that child protection social workers had certain protections in place while dealing with issues
and challenges. The primary one discussed organisational concerns, continuing education and
supervision activities, and, more broadly, relational factors. It also discussed the fundamental
value of the profession. According to the findings, interpersonal connections among members
of the same service appear to be a source of crucial energy for social workers in child
protection. This study reinforced the idea that, when it comes to risk factors, social workers
often overlook their own needs as well as those of the child protection
organisation. The voices of a considerable proportion of practitioners revealed sensations of
danger, weariness, and terror. These findings highlight the critical importance of remembering
that self-care is vital and essential for all professions, but especially for professional altruists
(Lubove, 1965).

Molakeng et al. (2021). The hazards they face at work make child protection social workers
(CPSWs) more susceptible to unfavourable consequences like burnout. Some CPSWs
demonstrate resilience by performing well despite being exposed to these hazards. The
PRISMA checklist and Arksey and O'Malley's framework served as the foundation for this
scoping review. The results of the analysis of 13 articles on the resilience of CPSWs are
integrated into the socioecological model and show that the resilience of CPSWs in included
studies was influenced by intrapersonal resilience processes (such as agency and emotional
intelligence) and interpersonal resilience processes (e.g., supportive relationships). The
majority of resilienceenhancing processes seem to be initiated and maintained by CPSWs;
however supportive ecologies also contribute. Only three studies on CPSW resilience were
done in low-income countries between 1995 and 2020, with the majority of research on this
topic being done in developed nations. Understanding CPSWs' resilience in developed nations
is crucial, but there is a shortage of studies on CPSW resilience in low-income nations like
Nigeria, where there is a high prevalence of child abuse and a requirement for efficient CPSW
services. To accept and honor individual experiences and uniqueness, more research must be
done on CPSW resilience around the world.

Gupta et al. (2015) aimed to assess the sociodemographic features and aggression level of
juvenile delinquents and compare them to those who were not. Five juvenile homes in the
cities of Hyderabad, Lucknow, and Pune were the subject of a case-control study. The study
involved 90 inmates (74 boys and 16 girls). A sociodemographic questionnaire and a modified
Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire were used to evaluate the sociodemographic features
and aggression quotient of children involved in legal conflicts. These were compared to a
control group of individuals who were of a similar age, sex, and income level. The study's
findings revealed that all of the surveyed children who conflicted with law came from lower
socioeconomic groups and had a significantly higher chance (p<0.05) than controls of coming
from dysfunctional homes, having addictions, having family members in jail, and having
experienced physical and sexual abuse. Additionally, they outscored controls on all aspects
of the aggression questionnaire. Juvenile delinquency appears to be significantly correlated
with a number of sociodemographic characteristics,
including broken relationships, addictions, and maltreatment. In comparison to children who
were not in trouble with the law, children who were in conflict with law are also more likely
to be linked to a greater aggressiveness quotient.

Irene et al. (2013) conducted a study on the status of children with the law in the Philippines
through a data triangulation method. This paper explains the findings of a study that assessed
the status of children in legal trouble (CICL) in Catbalogan City, Samar, Philippines. The
Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006, also known as RA 9344, necessitates that the
identities of child offenders be protected, therefore the researchers were prohibited from
interviewing and personally interacting with individuals. However, the triangulation method
was used to secure secondary data. Consequently, information about the status of the children
involved in legal disputes is presented here. Interviews with social welfare staff, police
officers, village authorities, CICL's parents, and other community members were conducted
as part of the methodology. The core participants during the interview and focus group
discussion presented significant findings and developed perceived patterns and observations
regarding the common offenses, issues, remedies, activities, and requirements of these CICL.
According to CSWD data, the majority (61%) of the criminal charges brought against the
children were crimes against property, specifically: theft (40%) and robbery (18%). The study
has shown that the majority of CICL have trouble meeting for their basic requirements, such
as adequate food, clothing, and housing. The majority of CICL prefer to remain in the public
market where they may easily acquire a job or service that will pay them enough money to
buy food. Parental neglect was highlighted by every barangay LGU unit, the PNP, and CSWD
as the main reason why CICL committed crimes. The barangay and CSWD levels conduct the
majority of the intervention activities for CICL. However, there is no clear response or
solution to prevent CICL from occurring. Contrary, the punitive actions taken at the barangay
level will only serve to discourage CICL; if their requirements are not satisfied, CICL cases
will continue. Some key recommendations from this study include providing special training
for Barangay officials because many of them are unfamiliar with the CICL legislation and
designing and implementing a community-based children's program by Local agencies such
as City Social Welfare and Development and other NGOs.

Singh & Azman, (2020) conducted a study under the title “Dealing with Juvenile
Delinquency: Integrated Social Work Approach”. The public encounters a persistent social
issue as a result of juvenile delinquency. The integrated social work strategy was used in this
article's complete intervention to address juvenile delinquency. As it concentrates on both
the individual and the environment, the integrated social work approach has evolved into a
framework for social work. This model has been used to bridge the gap between people and
their circumstances, and social work intervention relies heavily on it. It is advantageous for
social workers to provide a multi-context intervention and assessment that is based on the
preventive, rehabilitative, and development perspectives because the nature of this framework
encompasses several different professions, particularly in the case of juvenile delinquency. In
terms of identifying the source of the issues, a social worker's profession may benefit from the
application of an integrated social work framework. By using the proper strategies, social
workers will be able to address the issues related to juvenile delinquency. Social workers must
also take into account the theories regarding juvenile delinquency. Because clients function
on multiple dimensions, they should apply various theories and approaches into practice while
providing care for the clients.

Patalinghug (2021) aimed to study on the title “The Life Changer: Social Workers in
Rehabilitation Facilities for Child in Conflict with the Law”. Special services are provided to
delinquent juveniles to keep them out of the juvenile court system. With the aid of social
workers, offenders are taught to adopt socially acceptable behavior through productive ways.
The experiences of social workers handling juvenile cases were explored in this
phenomenological study. The study concentrated on 10 social workers from institutions for
children who had violated the law on the Philippines' Zamboanga Peninsula. The study's
findings found that social workers had both positive and negative experiences while working
on the juvenile's case. The study highlights the challenges and plight of social workers who
manage minor cases daily. In terms of how the participants handled the challenges, they had
mentorship and adapted exactly like they did at work. Additionally, they overcame difficulties
by perceiving them as opportunities for humanitarian work and advocacy. This study has also
demonstrated how social workers' attitudes and mindsets affect how well they are able to deal
with the challenges of working with juvenile cases. The handling of the child and the agencies
involved during the initial encounter by social workers in the community is challenging.

Peters (2011) study. Despite having historical connections to social work, the field of juvenile
probation today has little to no continuity with it. Traditional theories concentrate on social
workers' unwillingness to interact with clients in coercive settings, but historical evidence
reveals that this view only partially explains the scenario. An examination of the history of
social work reveals that problems with gender stereotyping and the failure of
theory contribute to the explanation of social workers' decreasing participation in juvenile
probation. Recent shifts in views around working with coerced clients and gender, as well as
indications of successful interventions, suggest that social workers may be prepared to
meaningfully reengage with juvenile probation and other prison work. This article highlights
initiatives in workforce development and professional education that would advance the
profession toward social work's reintegration into the criminal justice system. Also, Social
workers frequently interact with probationers in other contexts, such as child welfare,
residential settings, and schools, despite having a minimal presence in direct correctional
work. Many people working in the field of corrections have helped offenders in significant
ways by giving additional services like social or psychological examinations (Brownell &
Roberts, 2002).

Tham (2018) conducted research based on a 2014 follow-up of a 2003 study of Swedish child
welfare social workers. Social workers who worked in 2014 with the same types of work as
in the previously studied areas (n 14 349) were given the same questionnaire that was given
to respondents in 2003 (n 14 309). Examining and analyzing how working circumstances have
changed over the past eleven years was the overall goal. The findings show two broad
characteristics. The first demonstrates how their working conditions have gotten worse, with
more job demands, more role conflicts, and less opportunity to have an impact on significant
decisions. Additionally, there was a rise in the intention to quit one's job or career. The second
overall pattern relates to the evolving changes in job content, with the work today appearing
to be focused on conducting investigations as opposed to 2003, when the vast majority of
social workers also mentioned other tasks, like providing guidance and support, as being a
part of their job content. Today's social workers don't seem to have as much time to spend
directly interacting with clients as they would want. The effects of these modifications on
social workers' professional roles and their clients are examined.

Atkins, (2019) titled “An exploration into statutory Social Workers' perceptions and
experiences of their child protection work” examined how Statutory Social Workers
perceived and dealt with their work in child protection. To understand their perceived
obstacles and benefits within the profession and to provide recommendations for improving
Statutory Child Protection Work, the goals of this study were to acquire insight into the role,
responsibilities, and experiences of Statutory Child Protection Social Workers. A qualitative
research design was employed in the study. The 19 participants in this study were chosen
using a deliberate non-probability sampling technique. Social Workers for Statutory Child
Protection from Government and Non-Government Child Protection Organizations
comprised all of the responses. One-on-one interviews were used to gather the data utilising
a semi-structured interview plan. Using NVIVO 12 data analysis software and Tesch's (2013)
methodology, the interviews were analyzed. Overall, the survey indicated that even while
respondents faced difficulties in their area of work, there were satisfying aspects of social
work that encouraged them to continue with it. The main duties and roles of Statutory Child
Protection Social Workers are determined to be incorporated in the context of Statutory Social
Work, according to the study. In this situation, social workers' child protection interventions
are required to address social issues under social work and child protection legislation. Poor
parenting, substance abuse, gangsterism, domestic violence, school dropouts, unemployment,
and teen pregnancies are the main societal challenges mentioned by respondents. The study
highlighted the significance of efficient stakeholder collaboration in child protection
activities. The majority of respondents stated that when there are well- defined roles and duties
and excellent working relationships between collaborators, collaborative work in child
protection can be more effective. According to the study, respondents consider both extrinsic
and intrinsic parts of their jobs as gratifying and difficult. Poor working conditions,
specifically: safety concerns, lack of resources to accomplish the work, excessive caseloads,
and disappointment with the compensation, are identified by respondents as the most difficult
extrinsic experiences of social work. Lack of acknowledgment from collaborators, the general
public, and the government is seen by respondents as the most difficult intrinsic experience.
According to respondents, receiving support at work, having positive working relationships,
and receiving support from colleagues are the extrinsic social work experiences that are most
satisfying. Achievements at work, acknowledgment for their job, encouragement to do SW
and stay in SW, and feeling a sense of personal and professional growth in their work are
among the intrinsic components that respondents find to be the most fulfilling. Using the
study's findings as a basis, recommendations can be made for the government, future social
work research, social work practise (among employees and employers), and social work
education and training. According to the survey, self-care is a crucial coping strategy for the
respondents to handle emotional exhaustion and the difficulties of their jobs. Employers are
urged to provide improved resources, effective supervision, assistance, and acknowledgment
by the respondents. There is a need for forums and networking, as well as for stronger working
relationships with collaborators and clarification of collaborators' roles and responsibilities.
These recommendations were made by respondents for improving the delivery of statutory
child protection services. Better work preparation while in college was one of the
recommendations that respondents had for institutes of social work education and training.
Justice for abuse and neglect victims, improved working conditions for Statutory Child
Protection Social Workers, and the inclusion of Social Workers' voices when Child Protection
policy and legislation are formed are the primary recommendations that respondents
expressed to the government.

Suerte, (2023), a case study is used to examine how social workers manage the complicated
needs of children who are in legal trouble. The study investigates techniques, interventions,
and difficulties faced by social workers in this profession using a qualitative research
approach. Interviews, reviews of intervention plans, and observation of social work practise
are all part of the research design. The case study looks into a variety of aspects of these
children, including their backgrounds, familial situations, and offenses. The data show that
social workers use a variety of strategies, including counselling, restorative justice techniques,
diversion programmes, preventive measures, and stakeholder involvement. The study
emphasises the value of client-centered, holistic approaches to address the underlying causes
of children's participation in illegal behaviours. It also reveals substantial obstacles faced by
social workers, such as a shortage of resources, moral conflicts, and challenges in developing
relationships with the children and their parents. These challenges impair the efficacy and
sustainability of intervention, necessitating a critical examination of current methods and
regulations. The study offers suggestions at the end to improve social work practises,
including encouraging positive discipline strategies, creating short-term rehabilitation
facilities, raising public awareness, and hiring more social workers. By addressing these gaps,
the research advances understanding of efficient strategies for dealing with children who are
in legal trouble, ultimately promoting their recovery, reintegration, and general wellbeing.

Atianzar (2022) focuses on identifying the difficulties in carrying out an intervention

programme for children in conflict with the law (CICL) in the local setting. The study
involved a total of 58 social workers, including those from the barangays who were also their
copartner social workers. To find out the difficulties that were faced when implementing the
intervention programme for CICL, a self-made questionnaire was used. The study's objectives
were addressed using a descriptive research methodology. The major obstacle to the
intervention program's implementation, according to the results, is how the CICL and their
parents behave on it. As a result, rapport-building with the CICL and their parents should be
done in the early stages of the helping relationship. A sensitive parenting seminar,
personality development, or a reorientation of values can be used to help parents of CICL
understand their important role in the holistic development of their children. For social
workers to continually expand their knowledge on psychosocial activities, especially their
barangay coworkers.

Cabiati (2017). The title of the study is “What would you learn to improve your work in child
protection? Social workers’ continuing education requests”. The research study being
emphasized is a part of a greater one which was carried out in the Italian region of Lombardy
to learn more about the views, activities, and workloads of social workers. A particular area
of the study focused on requests for continuing education because to the involvement of 300
child protection social workers who were doing fieldwork. Social workers were asked to
discuss their thoughts on the educational needs after first discussing their impressions of the
competencies and abilities necessary for practice. The continuing education requirements for
social workers were explored using an online survey that was created based on necessity,
initially with multiple choice questions and then with a priority scale. The interviewees
identified 22 distinct areas in which they needed more education. The information gathered
broadens perspectives for new child protection efforts and inspires those in charge of
education to embrace democratic and participatory methods. The results make
recommendations for social work practice and instruction.

Susilowati, E. (2018), “Knowledge and Skills of Social Workers in Handling Children in

Conflict with Law in Indonesia” aimed to learn how social workers in Indonesia handle
children who were violating the law (ABH) Law No. 11 of 2012, which deals with the juvenile
criminal justice system, mandates the profession of a social worker. Six social workers who
worked in Cianjur Regency, West Java, participated in this study using qualitative approach
and descriptive approaches. Interviews, observation, and documentation studies were
employed as data-gathering techniques. The findings showed that social workers' knowledge
and abilities to handle ABH still had certain limits, particularly in the use of working skills
with ABH. The study's findings make it clear that the knowledge and skills that support social
workers' competency in handling ABH cases are still based on social work competencies in
general and are not tailored to the needs of each stage of handling cases for children dealing
with the legal system. The study's suggestions are: 1) The Education and Training Center in
the ABH training for Social Workers needs to develop knowledge and skills about social
rehabilitation; 2) Child social workers regularly discus and share the social worker’s
competency in relation to handling ABH.
Pösö & Forsman (2012) examine the potential benefits that lead social workers to continue
working in this field. Such analysis is required since stress, exhaustion, and concerns with
professional break-up are frequently highlighted in current studies. 28 social workers
participated in focus groups, and a questionnaire carried out by 56 child welfare professionals
in two Finnish urban municipalities was completed. These results are empirical. New,
experienced, and seasoned social professionals were targeted in the focus groups. From a
social workers' perspective, the analysis highlights organisational, interpersonal, and client-
work beneficial features. The findings show that working in social services for children can
be both satisfying and professionally challenging. Among beginner, expert, and senior social
workers, the positive aspects vary, with the latter particularly perceiving their profession as
independent expert work with significant chances to transform children's lives. One of the
main motivators is a commitment to caring for children. According to the study, social work
education should acknowledge that a person's own drive to help others may fluctuate
throughout their career and that helping others may be both stressful and gratifying. The
balance between these parts of their job should be taught to students.

Zerden et. al, (2018) conducted a study on the potential of social workers and their
contributions to improved care across the lifespan, however, still require a lot of work in the
areas of education, practice, and research. This special issue provides examples of how social
work can effectively cover the range of requirements for behavioral health, psychosocial
support, and physical health care in integrated settings. Integrated care is a promising future
direction for health services in today's rapidly changing healthcare scenario and may be used
to enhance population health across the lifespan. Two themes were highlighted in the papers
chosen for this special issue: (a) defining the expanding roles and responsibilities social
workers perform in integrated health settings; and (b) identifying organizational and system
factors that influence social workers' delivery of interventions in integrated health models.
The added value that social workers bring to healthcare teams and the better outcomes that
result for patients, families, and communities are further articulated in this special issue. The
authors hope that the profession will continue to improve the boundary-spanning roles and
capacities of social workers in integrated health settings—both in hospitals and community
based settings—through increased evidence, such as the knowledge acquired through this
special issue.

Keshri (2016) attempted to examine a few child-friendly procedures of the current juvenile
justice system in different South Asian nations. The article concludes by emphasizing the
need for India to embrace these practices in light of the review. The Juvenile Justice Act, of
2015 have implemented to address various issues including delayed processes, terrible
conditions of government observation, and shelter homes for CICL. Although, it is mentioned
in the study that reexamining the implementation was necessary in order to keep the same act
in place. Similarly, findings from various studies have shown that the issue of implementation
can be resolved by taking into account a number of interrelated factors, such as the
government's financial constraints, probation officers' heavy workloads, and advocacy for the
rights of CICL, among others (Dabir, 2008; Gupta and Bose, 2010; Nigudkar, 2013; HAQ,
2016). Moving on to basic guidelines for arrest and pretrial custody in the juvenile justice
system, the Maldives is the only nation where the law upholds the position that arresting
children should only be done as a last resort. Any arrest for a status offense is prohibited in
Afghanistan. The study shows that these are illustrations of child-friendly policies that India
should embrace in light of its own customs, in which the majority of youngsters are detained
and involved with the juvenile court system due to status offences. His study indicates none
of the countries in this region have developed juvenile justice systems that are ideal in
accordance with the UNCRC and other relevant international frameworks; however, a few
local practises in various parts of the region have managed to preserve the ethos of child-
friendliness, and other nations should adopt those practices (UNICEF 2006a, UNICEF 2007,
and Dabir, 2008). Additionally, strict measures of punishment, incarceration, or
institutionalization as a means of addressing the problem of CICL have failed to produce the
desired results worldwide and have only served to divert attention from the problem's root
causes, such as the risk and protective factors associated with each child, their life
circumstances, etc.

Suerte, (2023), a case study is used to examine how social workers manage the complicated
needs of children who are in legal trouble. The study investigates techniques, interventions,
and difficulties faced by social workers in this profession using a qualitative research
approach. Interviews, reviews of intervention plans, and observation of social work practise
are all part of the research design. The case study looks into a variety of aspects of these
children, including their backgrounds, familial situations, and offenses. The data show that
social workers use a variety of strategies, including counselling, restorative justice techniques,
diversion programmes, preventive measures, and stakeholder involvement. The study
emphasizes the value of client-centered, holistic approaches to address the underlying causes
of children's participation in illegal behaviours. It also reveals substantial obstacles
 faced by social workers, such as a shortage of resources, moral conflicts, and challenges in
developing relationships with the children and their parents. These challenges impair the
efficacy and sustainability of intervention, necessitating a critical examination of current
These challenges impair the efficacy and sustainability of intervention, necessitating a
critical examination of current methods and regulations. The study offers suggestions at the
end to improve social work practises, including encouraging positive discipline strategies,
creating short-term rehabilitation facilities, raising public awareness, and hiring more social
workers. By addressing these gaps, the research advances the understanding of efficient
strategies for dealing with children who are in legal trouble, ultimately promoting their
recovery, reintegration, and general wellbeing.

Gonzales, et al. (2023) was to identify and assess the existing intervention programmes to
provide insightful information about the current situation of children in conflict with the law
and to suggest measures for improving the intervention programmes in the chosen barangays
to better meet the needs of the CICL in the City of Cabuyao, Laguna. The seven (7) qualified
Violence Against Women and Children Officers hired to implement the existing intervention
programmes and had been facilitating for at least more than a year were selected by the
researchers using a phenomenological research design under qualitative method and
purposive sampling. Data were gathered via an open-ended, semi-structured interview, and
analysis methods included thematic analysis. According to the study's findings, several
intervention programmes were implemented. However, despite the authorities' best attempts
to give aid and assistance to CICL, it was discovered that some programme implementation
areas still require improvement to better address and assist CICL. Additionally, this study
offered suggestions for improving intervention programmes for children in conflict with law.

1.5.2 Literature Gap

This study is on mainly focusing the ethical challenges of social case workers in middle
Kerala. The ethical challenges such as report of any misconduct, receiving gifts from the
client, relationship with client are some examples of the common ethical challenge faced by
the social case workers. There is a gap in study which tell about the lived experience of the
ethical challenges faced by the social case workers how it affects and get conflicted with there
personal and professional values. So through this study we can know about the how the social
case workers are facing with the ethical challenges. And through understanding

bring new ideas to cope up with this ethical challenges.

This study could explore how culture values, societal expectations, and regional policies
shape the ethical challenges and decision-making processes of social case workers in this
specific area. It could also examine how these workers navigate conflicts between
professional ethics and local norms. Lack of guidelines for how to take a decision among
social case worker is a main reason for titling ethical challenges as disadvantage on case
workers life. Lack of proper mentoring on how to take a wise decision while the social case
worker dealing with ethical challenges. Precisely speaking, the social case workers would be
judged even in future for any mistakes they made in past as it is the basic behavior of humans
to judge a person from his one mistake rather being judged from his hundred right things.

Ethical challenge has became a common thing in social case workers profession. Ethical
challenges has became a root cause for increase in stress among social case workers. the
ethical challenges can affect there personal and professional thinking. The social case workers
wanted to provide the client’s right to self determination. And when the social case worker
has been confronting an ethical this can affect there personal and professional values. The
stress thus formed is a never ending as it is completely dependent on the social case workers
opinion and decision. In which while the social case worker can face stress while they dealing
with ethical challenges.

Dietz and Thompson (2004) the conducted study tells that rethinking boundaries the ethical
dilemmas in the social worker-client relationship. The study explores the ethical dilemmas

encountered by social workers in their professional relationships with the clients. The focus
is on how these dilemmas arise and the ways in which social workers navigate them while
maintaining professional boundaries and ethical standards.

In conclusion, the social case workers will definitely get ethical challenges and this can affect
there personal and professional values. Lack of proper guideline and mentoring on how to
take a wiser decision while dealing with ethical dilemma. To avoid and minimize stressful
situation that a social case worker can go through. Even though appropriate measures are
taken to protect the social case workers from ethical challenges.
1.6 Objectives of the study

1.6.1 General Objective

• To explore and understand the ethical challenges faced by social case workers in their
professional practice and the strategies they employ to address these challenges.

1.6.2 specific Objective

• To identify the common ethical challenges faced by social case workers in their practice.
• To analyze the methods and strategies used by social case workers to navigate and resolve
ethical dilemmas.
• To assess the impact of ethical challenges on the professional well-being and practice of
social case worker

1.7 Research questions

1. Can you describe a recent situation where you encountered an ethical challenge in

2. your work?
3. What types of ethical dilemmas do you find most common in your practice?

1.8 Key concepts

1.8.1 Theoretical definitions

a. Social Work - The academic field of social work, which is practice-based, supports social
growth, cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of individuals. Social work is
fundamentally based on the values of social justice, human rights, collective
responsibility, and respect for individual diversity. Social work involves people and
structures to address life challenges and improve welfare. It is underpinned by theories
from the social sciences, humanities, and indigenous knowledge. (IFSW, 2014)

b. Child- The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as an individual
aged 0–18 years and, in time, the UN has come to formally define adolescence as the
period between 10 and 19 years of age.
 c. Children in conflict with law- According to Section 2(l3) of the Juvenile Justice (Care &
Protection of Children) Act, 2015, a child who is accused or found guilty of committing an
offense and was under the age of 18 on the day of the offense is referred to as a "Child in
Conflict with Law."

d. Caseworker – Caseworker, working with individuals to help them address personal

issues (Asquith et al., 2005)

1.8.2 Operational definitions

a. Social work- in this study focusing about the ethical challenges faced by the Social case
worker as the ethics of the social work is always the same in social work.social work is a
helping profession that involves providing effective interventions based on components
including preventing, protecting, and rehabilitating children under conflict with the law.

b. Child- in the study children has faces conflict with law A child under the age of 18,
who had undergone legal conflict, is vulnerable in society and in need of care and
protection to reintegrate back into society.

c. Children in conflict with law- in the study the respondents mainly shared about the
ethical challenges faced from the CCL. A child under the age of 18 who has been in legal
trouble and receives services from the Kaval project, an initiative of the state government,
for the child's social integration and to deliver care and protection.

d. Caseworker- In the study mainly focused on case worker and their ethical challenges. A
qualified individual charged with handling situations of children or adult in legal trouble,
developing interventions, personalized plans, and carrying out other activities for the
benefit of the child.

1.9 Significance of the Study

Social workers currently require strong organizational and systematic support to practice their
profession effectively with multi-dimensional care teams for children in conflict with law
(Zerden,2018). This study's significance lies in its potential to provide nuanced insights into
the unique challenges and opportunities facing by Caseworkers in the Kavel Project. By
expanding on earlier research, this study will go further in comprehending the elements that
affect the efficiency and well-being of Caseworkers. Developing approaches to interact with
other professionals will help social workers become more effective in their work with
children. When working with children, social workers frequently experience challenges in
collaborating with other professionals who provide care (Zerden,2018). Juvenile who
commits crime are from probably deprived and vulnerable sections of society. They may be
the victims of hunger and poverty. When this happens, the community the children belong to
provides unfavorable conditions to live and they have also been victimized by acts of violence,
rape, and illegal activities. These factors influence their life making them have no meaning in
life. Such children, when brought to the legal system after committing a crime, requires an
integral effort to bring changes in their life or to fully transform their life by helping them to
realize their true meaning of life. And changing a child’s life is very challenging even for an
expert since everyone is unique and has a different motto. The Caseworkers handling such
juveniles need to have a comprehensive understanding of children in conflict with the law.
Otherwise, the support strategies developed for the reintegration of juveniles are not effective.
At present, knowing the Caseworkers' potential, strategies and commitment to juveniles assist
the policy makers and multi-disciplinary teams to adopt strategies and bring new suggestions
from the light of expert Caseworkers experiences. Communicating with an adult offender and
a child delinquent is two entirely different concepts. Interaction with juveniles is often
challenging because they are not mature and are only developing. Also, they are not aware of
the real world and have chances of manipulating the conversation, telling lies, and
inappropriately behaving in circumstances where they feel difficulties. In contrast, interacting
with an adult offender is easier for caseworkers since they are able to understand the
psychological, physical, and biological aspects of the offender. In this view, it is important to
identify the communication strategies adopted by caseworkers while they deal with children
in conflict with law. Thus, identifying the key strategies assist welfare workers in effectively
dealing with children. Caseworkers need to be well aware of the legal system in order to
promote an effective reintegration of juveniles who are in legal disputes. Most of the time lack
of knowledge about the legal frameworks challenges the caseworkers to work with multi-
disciplinary teams and facilitate the child in the legal process. Caseworkers must be highly
knowledgeable in the legal system as it determines the child’s future. It is significant to
recognize how efficient are caseworkers in handling the legal process as well as to recognize
the challenges faced by them. Most caseworkers nowadays are quitting their profession who
are working in a child setting mainly because of the negative experience of caseworkers and
their health impact. The field of child protection is perceived as stressful due to high employee
turnover, the possibility of burnout and compassion fatigue, as well as low staff retention
(McFadden, Campbell, & Taylor, 2014). Caseworkers often face psychological issues,
burnout, and job dissatisfaction. This hinders their career and even affect their professional
life. The quality of child protection social workers' work may be put at risk in situations where
they are overworked and vulnerable to unfavorable consequences (Truter, Fouché, & Theron,
2016).

It is been eight years since the Kaval project has introduced in Kerala. Through this project,
various cases have been handled by Caseworkers and brought significant changes in the
life of juveniles. Although, it is important to know about the life of trained professionals
especially the Caseworkers working under the Kaval project. This will help to understand the
personal and professional impact of working on this project. Understanding the personal
impact, the level of dedication that the Caseworkers have, and the emotional challenges and
coping strategies can be understood. The professional impact assists in exploring the get
insightful feedback on the interventions of the project.

Several studies point out the significance of organizational climate and commitment for the
well-being of social workers (Healy & Meagher, 2007; Horwath, 2016; Kyonne, 2009).
Caseworkers requires a supportive environment to work among children and thus requires the
muilti-disciplinary team to provide needed support system. It is thus important to understand
the caseworker's current commitment to work among children relation to the influence of
stakeholders. The importance of this study is that to understand ethical challenges faced by
the social caseworker . To inform interventions that might support child protection social
workers, it is essential to comprehend the professional risks that these workers encounter and
how they manage them (Truter et al., 2016). The results could inform policy and practice by
identifying ways to improve worker training, reduce burnout, enhance job satisfaction, and
improve intervention programs for CICL. This study may also reveal critical periods in a
worker's career trajectory where extra support might be beneficial, potentially leading to
greater job retention in this crucial field. To inform interventions, policy programs, and social
work continuing education, it is vital to comprehend and keep in mind the professional threats
that child protection social workers encounter daily (Cabiati et al, 2020). Furthermore, the
insights gained could contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the systems that
serve CICL and how to enhance their efficacy. Ultimately, the findings will have implications
not only for improving the lives and careers of caseworkers but also for optimizing the
support and outcomes for children and adults in conflict with the law.
1.10 Chapterization

Chapter 1- Introduction

The introduction part covers statement of the problem, significance of the study,
background of the study, theoretical-conceptual framework. It also includes various
previous literature studies from journal articles formulated by researchers and the last part
of the review concludes with literature gap.

Chapter 2 – Methodology

This chapter covers all aspects that needed to conduct a research study. It mainly includes the
research approach, research design, objectives of the study, tool for data collection, data
collection method, sampling technique, data analysis method, ethical considerations, etc.

Chapter 3 - Data Analysis and Interpretation

The fourth chapter contains the data collected from participants and is analysed by separating
the data by themes using thematic analysis.

Chapter 4 – Findings, Suggestions, and Conclusion

The last chapter of the study involves major findings from the study, discussion, limitations
of the study, implication for social work practise, suggestions and conclusion. The appendix is
the part which contains the references for the study, tool used for data collection and the
consent form for the data collection purpose.
CHAPTER II METHODS
2.1 Title of the Study
Area of the Study
2.2 Research Approach
2.3 Research Design
2.4 Recruitment of the Participant
2.4.1 Universe of Study
2.4.2 Population of the study
2.4.3 Unit of the Study
2.4.4 Sampling Technique
2.4.5 Sample Size
2.4.6 Inclusion Criteria
2.4.7 Exclusion Criteria
2.5 Pilot Study
2.6 Pre-Test
2.7 Method of Data Collection
2.8 Tool of Data Collection
2.9 Data Analysis
2.10 Ethical Considerations
 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

2.1 Title of the study

The title of the study is “ethical challenges faced by the social caseworker”

2.2 Area of the study

The area of this study is the field of social work practice and the welfare services of
organizations. The study mainly focuses on how the social caseworker is facing the ethical
challenges. The study was conducted with the kaval project and with other NGO kaval project
was initiated by the kerala government for the protection, care and other needed service
children.

2.3 Research Approach

De Vos et al. (2011) state that a qualitative approach is used to comprehend the significance
that respondents attribute to their daily lives. As here I conducted The study aims to understand
the experience of Caseworkers who are handling child delinquents. So, it is essential to gather
subjective data from Caseworkers and hence the study adopted a qualitative methodology. A
quantitative approach, on the other hand, is less efficient and it will result in less information
and will limit the knowledge of Caseworkers. On the other hand, after collecting more
information about qualitative research it provides additional useful data, fresh perspectives,
and experiences that I gained from the participants. Through qualitative research, I can gain
a solid understanding of complex reality and learn about people's experiences.

2.4 Research Design

The methodology used in this study is a phenomenology research design. This will enable
one to develop a thorough grasp of what it's like to work with children who are in a legal
dispute. The participant's perspectives and understanding of certain phenomena will also be
comprehended because of this study (Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. W., 2013)
2.5 Recruitment of the participant

The data was collected with the collaboration of the Kaval project. An official mail was sent
to collect data from the samples and official procedures including the completion of ethical
clearance and submitting project proposal were done to interview the participants. The
participants were contacted via telephone calls and mail service.

2.5.1 Universe of the study

Social caseworkers working and dealing with children in conflict with law and person with
psycho social problems in kerala.

2.5.2 Population of the study

Professional social caseworkers working under the NGO and kaval project which is
implemented in kerala.

2.5.3 Unit of the study

An individual Caseworker with a social work qualification who specialise in working with
children in conflict with the law and is employed in an NGO in Kerala as part of the Kaval
project.

2.5.4 Sampling technique

A study having a qualitative foundation is best suited for using a purposive non probability
sampling method (De Vos et al., 2011). For this study, purposive sampling was used so that
social workers who have direct experience in working under the Kaval project and NGO can
be taken as participants. This sampling technique also always selects participants who can
provide in-depth data which is important for the study. Purposive sampling strategies were
kept away from any sort of random sampling and worked to ensure that specific areas of
expertise of cases of people who might be included are represented in the research study’s
final sample. (Campbell et.al, 2020)
2.5.5 Sample size

The sample size utilized in this study was 6 participants and when the seven samples

were taken for the study, the data collected came to the point for data saturation (Yin, 2014).

2.5.6 Inclusion criteria

• Social Case workers in middle Kerala

• Social Case workers having 1 or more year of experience in working

• Social Case workers that aged 22 or above

2.5.7 Exclusion criteria

• Social case workers who are unable to gave the consent for the study

• Social case workers who are not easily accessible with communicating through mobile phone.

• Social case workers in long term leave.

2.6 Pilot study

As I conducted pilot study was conducted before conducting the main study and made required changes
in the research methodology part. The study was conducted among six caseworkers working in six
different NGO and who are under the Kavel Project and NGO. The data was collected through the
medium of telephone and by utilizing interview method for the communication. The study was on the
ethical challenges faced by the social caseworker as all the caseworkers were collaborative when I
conducted pilot study.

2.7 Pre-test

A pre-test was conducted among a few participants to conduct a trial. This helped to confirm
the reliability of the interview question used for this study. An interview guide was used to
probe questions. Few of the questions were omitted after conducting the test and made
necessary corrections and modification and noted the significance of the questions that are
formulated for the study.
2.8 Method of data collection

The method of data collection here I used is interviews over telephonic interviews were I
conducted as it allowed the to further probe and explore more. As here I conducted telephonic
interview was conducted because of the challenges of meeting participants in various
locations of Kerala that were far to reach and travel. However, as per the convenience of
myself , direct in-person interviews were conducted among a few participants.

2.9 Tool for data collection

The semi-structured interview guide consisting of twelve questions was conducted as it allows
the researcher to further probe and explore more about a piece of particular information. The
data were collected from the corresponding participants using the guide which contains
various themes which were connected with the specific objectives of the study. When a
further explanation was required from the participants, the researcher clarified the doubts
and explored more information.

2.10 Data analysis

In thematic analysis, associations between categories and themes are investigated to better
comprehend the research phenomenon (Hilal & Alabri, 2013. To provide an interpretation,
the data collected from various subjects were evaluated thematically. This made it simpler to
structure the data presentation. The audio of the participants was recorded by the researcher
by informing the participants. By using a recording, information could be captured
completely, allowing the researcher to concentrate on the respondent interview rather than
taking notes De Vos et al., 2011. The Malayalam voice recordings were then translated to the
English language.

2.11 Ethical considerations

An informed consent was obtained from the participants, which included

information about the study's nature and purpose.
• The participants had the right to voluntarily discontinue the study at any time without
risk. Participants in the study had complete freedom To leave or Withdrew at any time they
wanted. Their decisions to discontinue would not result in any consequences or penalties for
them. This ensured that their involvement was based barely on their willingness.

• Any information shared by Caseworkers was kept confidential including the anonymity
of the participant. Any details shared by the Caseworker during the study strictly keep
private. The study maintained confidentiality by Not disclosing any sensitive or identifying
information about the participants to anyone outside The research team.

• Personal details about a child delinquent shared by the caseworkers were kept
confidential. Any personal Or sensitive information Regarding child delinquents That was
provided by the caseworker who’s also treated as the utmost confidentiality. Search details
for securely protected to prevent any breach of privacy Or harm to the individuals involved.

• The participants had the freedom to whether or not participate in this study without any
external force. Participants were given the complete choice to take part in the study measure
on their will. They were not influenced or pressured in any way to participate. Their
involvement was entirely voluntary.

• A permission for data collection was taken from the head of the kaval project. Before
collecting any data for the study permission was obtained from The head of the Kaval project.
This ensured that the research followed all necessary guidelines and was conducted ethically with
proper authorization.
CHAPTER III Results
3.1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics (in the case of
quantitative study
Cases, interpretations, thematic analysis etc in the case of
Qualitative study)
Use either table/Graph ( No need to give both for a single
variable)
 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS
3.1 Demographic Profile

SI NO NAME WORK PLACE

EXPERIENCE
1. Aryan 2 years KOLLAM

2. Meera 1 years ERNAMKULAM

3. Dev 3 years PALAKKAD

4. Naina 2.5 years TRIVANDRUM

5. Rohan 3 years ERNAMKULAM

6. Ananya 2 years ERNAMKULAM

Aryan is a social caseworker with 2 years’ work experience and he is from Kollam

Meera is a social caseworker with 1 year work experience and she is from Ernakulam

Dev is a social caseworker with 3 years’ work experience and he is from Palakkad

Naina is a social caseworker with 2.5 years’ work experience and she is from Trivandrum

Rohan is a social caseworker with 3 years work experience and he is from Ernakulam

Ananya is a social caseworker with 2 years’ work experience and she is from Ernakulam

3.2 Themes

3.2.1 Theme-1 Personal Intervention

The first theme emerged Is personal intervention it includes Subthemes such as Building
Trust balancing emotions role boundaries. Move to these subthemes Have different ways
are more required to handle ethical challenges in social work.
 Balancing
Emotions

Building Role
Trust Boundaries

Personal
Intervention

The Aryan claimed that they interact with client cautiously considering perspective from the
client their family and friends. this approach helps clarify the situation and ensures a
comprehensive understanding. although it sometimes creates a cautious attitude to balance
Personal perception with Professional assessment

“ As I was working with different clients I will interact with them with a suspicious attitude
because during interaction with the climb I’ll bear not only perspective of the client I listen
to the client families perspectives and the clients friends perspective from assessing from
different people we can assess the clear perspective about the
client.” (Aryan)

The Dev states that through looking up on the theoretical knowledge claimed they emphasize
with children and strive to maintain emotional balance during interactions they emphasize the
importance of applying professional principles such as confidentiality and non judgmental
attitudes while taking necessary precautions to address a child’s issues effectively.
“ Through looking upon the theoretical we will be see the child as identity the child and me
has no different that I am a child and I always try to emotionally balance with the children.
There I can understand the status of the child’s case and I also take precautions on dealing
issues. Therefore ethical dilemma doesn’t influence the interaction with the
client.”(Dev)

Naina claimed that tend to keep good relations with kids therefore the child shares and
communicate more openly as the participant deals mostly with girls but the colleague deal
with the boys tend to misunderstand the process that initiates.

" We tend to create a relationship where kids like this can communicate with us openly. I deal
mostly with girls. They don’t seem to go deep into it, but my colleagues deal with boys. They
tend to misunderstand the pace we try to input."

It is just that as we are also mere human beings, things like this will be felt in an emotional
level. We need some time to overcome situations like this and while those times, interactions
with them are slightly tough."

I automatically set a boundary for myself. However, we do provide the client whatever
possible help we could do.” ( Naina)

Rohan stated that to build connection with the child, through involving the parents or someone
trusted in their residential area. This can ensure maximum privacy and this can direct a private
way to communicate with the child is necessary. Maintaining of confidentiality is a shared
provision of responsibility. Teachers, police, doctors and others involved in the case should
not fail to keep child’s privacy, but not everyone follow this.

" If we cannot connect to a child, find a way for that first. Whether we should call parents or
someone from that area. There shall be maximum privacy. We shall be provided with a direct
connection."
 " We try to keep the confidentiality. A lot of areas should be responsible for safeguarding
the privacy. Like police officers, teachers, doctors etc.… and all of them don’t follow it.."
(Rohan)

Ananya claims that family members and colleagues will be considered as a support system
consist of colleagues offers advice this can reduce work stress. Boundaries are maintained
with the client which is guided by the authority.

" Colleagues and family can be considered as the support system especially colleagues.
Suggestions and advices can be asked from them and that way, work related stress can be
mitigated."

" We cannot do anything beyond the boundary affixed by our authority.." (Ananya)

3.2.2 Theme-2 Professional Ethics

The second theme emerged is professional ethics it includes subthemes such as adherence
to ethical codes, conflict of interest , accountability. These sub themes plays significant
role in guiding decision making, resolving dilemmas, and maintaining the ethics of social
work practice.

Adherence to
Ethical codes

Conflict of
Accountability
Interest

Professional
Ethics
Aryan states that faced where faced a situation in which personal wish was to continue the
intervention with pathetic health condition client but conflicted with professional choice. Due
to the doctor’s stated that intervention never help Which produced ethical dilemma.

" I was attended a case the client was wounded critically and his health was very pathetic
He was near to end of his life. For my personal choice of intervention I was ready to give
appropriate intervention to the client but my professional choice of intervention was become
against my personal choice of intervention because when I assessed the health status of the
client health situation it was critical and he is near to death therefore I didn’t do further
intervention because the doctors assessments also said that there will be no improvement
will be happen in the clients health status and it will remain the same pathetic condition the
client facing. Therefore here I faced a conflict between professional and personal ethics "
(Aryan)

Meera claims that to maintain confidentiality is an ethical challenges while deal with POCSO
cases. Always tries to assure the victim to maintain confidentiality but while the case is
handled by police this can lead to failure to maintain confidentiality. This can lead to lost trust
from the victim. as here work as project coordinator have the autonomy to take decision but
the unprofessional behavior from the police can be a barrier for a smooth management.

" maintaining confidentiality is one of the main ethical challenge that which confronts
me while I dealing with a case. In my working system doctors and other professionals also
needed to maintain the confidentiality because I’m working with a huge system Such as
mainly when I confront a POCSO cases we need to corporate and collaborate with doctors
for medical examination of the POCSO victim and police for filing case against the accuse.
When a romantic relationship POCSO case victim opens about her sexual relationship with
the accuse. When I collect those information from the victim I always gives assurance that it
will be purely maintained confidential. After this information gathered and take appropriate
action to the accused intervention plan to the victim and report to police station. But the
main ethical challenge here I face in this case is that while I report it to the police. There
the case confidentiality can easily breaks through the civil police officers and this can
spread to the residential area of the victim. this was one of the main ethical challenge is that
the breaking of confidentiality after reporting to the police station this can lead to the victim
loss the trust on me."

" project coordinator in kaval project was a different as I was worked in the community
development I didn’t confronted any ethical challenges but as now I’m
working in the kaval project here I have confronted the ethical challenge mainly see is the
failure of the legal authorities to maintain confidentiality of the reported POCSO cases." (
Meera)

Dev states that working with mentally disabled client who have the wandering behavior. Tried
best but kept running away. This lead to create conflict between wish to protect at the same
time it limits professional resource. Reporting this case to the police station was challenging.

" the client got a wandering nature. The client is also vulnerable to drug peddlers this can
also lead to give client drug distributing responsibility from the drug peddlers as I looking
upon this I still look this clients case as one of the risk case as the child has got self harming
nature can also lead to suicide. The ethical challenge here I face is there will be a
professional and personal conflict will be there as the child in this case has got self harming
naturing and impulsive behavior. Therefore when I decide report the case to police station
after the client opens up about the plans there I have conflict between personal and
professional ideas. That shall I report it or not." (Dev)

Naina claims that in tribal areas ASHA workers lacks the sensitivity of the POCSO case.
Therefore to prevent problems information will be shared to schools through trained
professionals. Families tends to push for settlement due to
social pressure. But educate them about the consequences of legal process is followed.

" .In tribal areas, we gather information through courtyard shelter teachers and Asha
workers. They may not know details regarding the case. So, we are forced to communicate
this with them in certain situations. We cannot predict their behavior. It is not a big deal in
tribal areas. But at normal places, these Asha workers and teachers have a different
approach towards POCSO cases. They start treating the child differently. Even though we
are obliged to keep this confidential, there occur situations where there is no other choice
than to break them in order to conduct the follow-ups. As the kids live in their homes, it is
not feasible for us to visit them time to time or maintain a communication. The Asha
workers and courtyard shelter teachers have more access to the kids than us. They have to
 be sure whether this kid is safe at home or not. As this is a POCSO case, we tend not to
inform the schools often because then the child will face isolation or may feel outcasted.
There is a chance that even teachers may be judgmental. Some teachers are supportive. Due
to this, we only inform schools who have a counsellor. As counsellors and us work in the
same field, they know how to handle these."

" In some situations, they would not be having any legal affairs. Some of them are willing to
drop the cases and approach settlement. This often happens due to influence of powerful
people. Sometimes parents don’t understand the mental situation of their kids who have
undergone this situation. Common people don’t know the procedures. In between the gap of
the case proceedings which is almost a year, there are chances that the case may be
compromised in the form of a settlement Accused families will convince the victim’s family
to settle the case. At those points. Our only concern is to bring justice to the kid. So, we try
to make them aware about how this might get things complicated.
So, we do involve in some of the decision making by parent." (Naina)

3.2.3 Theme-3 Ethical Dilemma

The third theme is emerged is ethical dilemma it includes subthemes such as Conflicting
stakeholder interests, Moral vs. legal responsibilities, Impartiality. This sub themes
reflects the problems faced by the social case worker in navigating competing priorities,
making moral and legal obligations, and make sure of fairness in their practice.
 Conflicting
Stakeholder
Interests

Moral Vs Legal
Impartiality
Responsibilities

Ethical
Dilemma

Aryan states that faced conflict between personal and professional ethics. Faced ethical
dilemma due to because personally wanted to provide client with proper treatment to benefit
the clients condition. But professionally couldn’t intervene properly.

" here I faced a conflict between professional and personal ethics that both in my personal
and professional choice intervention I was ready to give the appropriate treatment to the
client but through my professional choice of intervention I can’t give the client a solution to
cure his pathetic condition and to make him comeback to live a normal life." ( participant-1)

Meera claims that POCSO cases due to romantic relationships. Assures the victim that the
case will be confidential. But through reporting to the police lead to break in confidentiality.
The tribal areas child marriage is a common thing and it will be considered to take case more
liberal as this practice is there part of there culture sometimes reporting of the case lead to
ethical dilemma.

" When a romantic relationship POCSO case victim opens about her sexual relationship
with the accuse. When I collect those information from the victim I always gives assurance
that it will be purely maintained confidential. After this information gathered and take
appropriate action to the accused intervention plan to the victim and report to police
station. But the main ethical challenge here I face in this case is that while I report it to the
police. There the case confidentiality can easily breaks through the civil police officers and
this can spread to the residential area of the victim."

" cases reporting such as POCSO cases due to the developing of romantic relation in-
between the school students. As here I can clearly see that there will be ethical dilemma
while reporting the case to the legal authorities. But the same POCSO case report from a
tribal setting will be normal thing that child marriage is normal thing in the tribal setting
and the minor child get conceived. Here the minor child conceived is a result of penetrative
sexual assault as we look upon the POCSO provision. But this is the part of there culture.
Here I intervene the case with cultural based intervention and through assessing the best
interest of the child my organization give the right to the child to live a family life. As I look
upon the reporting of POCSO cases in tribal setting the case will be taken but the
procedures will be more liberal as we compared to the other POCSO cases." (Meera)

Dev states that group crimes involving juvenile will understand one of them as innocent one’s
but must be treated them as the same as the others involved. Tribal area mostly depend on
teachers and ASHA workers to gather information. This can also break the confidentiality
because to make sure of proper follow-ups.

“I have seen a case group crime done by the children there I saw innocent one’s who was
accidently trapped in the case. But for the group crime we can’t the deal this innocent child
separately as I wanted treat and deal the same with the other children. I also understand the
innocent child home environment will peaceful through assessing there family through the
reporting of the case this peaceful environment can get easily collapsed. But through
assessing the innocent child there I can understand the child has committed very less
offensive crime as I look upon the other children. But I can’t outcast the innocent child there
I face a situation were even if I see it I have to pretend not to see it."

" in tribal areas. But at normal places, these Asha workers and teachers have a different
approach towards POCSO cases. They start treating the child differently. Even though we
are obliged to keep this confidential, there occur situations where there is no other choice
than to break them in order to conduct the follow-ups." (Dev)

Naina states through developing a good communication with kids can gather more
information. Sometimes kids with family issues lead to counter- transference. This can create
difficulty to keep professional boundaries.
 " We can call it transference or counter- transference. Amith knows about how the
teenage mind works these days. At least 80 or 75% of cases we obtain are related to love
affairs. Nowadays the last stage of love is considered as sex. We tend to create a relationship
where kids like this can communicate with us openly. " (Naina)

3.2.4 Theme-4 Ethical Challenges

The fourth theme emerged is ethical challenges in confidentiality it includes such as

balancing transparency and secrecy, risk of information leakage , team collaboration.
these challenges maintains a equilibrium needed to maintain ethical principles while
working with efficient communication and teamwork.

Risk of
Information
Leakage

Balancing
Team
Transparency
Collaboration
and secrecy

Ethical
Challenges

Meera claimed that maintaining confidentiality is the main ethical challenge. While dealing
with POCSO cases. And give confidentiality assurance to the victim but it will fail to keep
confidentiality by other authorities. This lead to loss trust from the victim. the reporting of an
POCSO cases to a civil police officer lead to break the confidentiality.

" maintaining confidentiality is one of the main ethical challenge that which confronts me
while I dealing with a case. In my working system doctors and other professionals also
needed to maintain the confidentiality because I’m working with a huge system Such as
mainly when I confront a POCSO cases we need to corporate and collaborate with doctors
for medical examination of the POCSO victim and police for filing case against the accuse.
When a romantic relationship POCSO case victim opens about her sexual relationship with
the accuse. When I collect those information from the victim I always gives assurance that it
will be purely maintained confidential. After this information gathered and take appropriate
action to the accused intervention plan to the victim and report to police station. But the
main ethical challenge here I face in this case is that while I report it to the police. There
the case confidentiality can easily breaks through the civil police officers and this can
spread to the residential area of the victim. this was one of the main ethical challenge is that
the breaking of confidentiality after reporting to the police station this can lead to the victim
loss the trust on me..”

“When we go for collecting FIR the civil police officers announces the name of the victim so
loudly. Here the main problem that arises due to breaking of confidentiality is that the civil
police officers lacks proper guidelines and training on how to handle a POCSO case
confidential. This can lead to irreversible problem to the accused."(Meera)

Dev stated that the cases which involve with mentally vulnerable clients will be risk to share
information to the authorities which creates an ethical dilemma by thinking that this action
harm the client in the future. Collaborating and networking with the JJB is important and the
decision intervention becomes child favorable. The peer support helps to resolve the conflict
between professional and personal ethics.

"In cases involving mentally vulnerable clients, sharing information with authorities creates
a dilemma because while it is necessary to protect them, it risks information leakage that
could harm their future."

".As I mentioned before about POCSO case such as the CWC, juvenile justice board, district
child protection also work favorable by looking upon the best interest of the child. In some
few cases only I avoid looking upon the emotional feeling of the child because the child will
be a high risk case. Also I wanted to study and access the child that the child will repeat the
offense again or not if the case is heinous that can be murder attempt I’ll will be more
conscious while with the case. Therefore my superior officials always work always be the
most helpful for resolving ethical dilemmas." (Dev)

Naina stated that keeping confidentiality in POCSO cases is very important.

But in some situation it can be broken for follow-up. In tribal areas the
 community workers are connected to children. The problem arise is that the teacher’s and
ASHA workers who are not trained can lead to isolation or judgement to children. To
minimize the problem working with counsellors. When confronts difficulty in communicate
directly with the children due to inaccessible geographical location and distance.

"Especially with POCSO cases, confidentiality is crucial. While we strive to keep it,
situations arise where breaking confidentiality is necessary for follow-ups, such as in tribal
areas where community workers have more access to children."

"Confidentiality is particularly challenging when shared with teachers or Asha workers As

this is a POCSO case, we tend not to inform the schools often because then the child will
face isolation or may feel outcasted. There is a chance that even teachers may be
judgmental. who lack training and treat the child differently, exposing them to judgment or
isolation."

"We coordinate with community workers and counsellors for follow-ups. In some cases, they
become the primary point of contact, especially when direct communication with children is
not feasible due to geographical constraints." (Naina)

Ananya stated that the legal procedures requires breaking of confidentiality. Which can lead to more
challenges. without being affected the efforts to protect privacy. Colleagues are one of the great
support and discussing with them can overcome ethical issues and find solution.

“the legal authorities like police has got training on how to handle a POCSO confidential
there will be stress free and smooth functioning can be seen.”

" Colleagues and family can be considered as the support system especially colleagues.
Suggestions and advices can be asked from them and that way, work related stress can be
mitigated. " (Ananya)

3.2.5 theme-5 Sensitive Case Information

Fifth theme emerged is sensitive case information and it sub themes such as data
protection, dissemination of information and client-informed consent.
 Dissmination of
Information

Client-Informed
Data Protection
Consent

Sensitive
Case
Information

Meera stated that maintaining confidentiality in POCSO cases is a major challenge. Give
assurance to the victims reporting to the police lead to break confidentiality because of lack
of training. When romantic relationship are involved. Face a difficult situation for sharing
sensitive detail this lead to broke confidentiality due to collaboration from external
authorities. Poor families with poor mental health are not able to take decision therefore
involving community workers can help them in taking decisions.

" maintaining confidentiality is one of the main ethical challenge that which confronts me
while I dealing with a case ethical challenge here I face in this case is that while I report it
to the police. There the case confidentiality can easily breaks through the civil police
officers and this can spread to the residential area of the victim ."

" Here the main problem that arises due to breaking of confidentiality is that the civil
police officers lacks proper guidelines and training on how to handle a POCSO case
confidential."

" When a romantic relationship POCSO case victim opens about her sexual relationship
with the accuse. When I collect those information from the victim I always gives assurance
that it will be purely maintained confidential. After this information gathered and take
appropriate action to the accused intervention plan to the victim and report to police
station. But the main ethical challenge here I face in this case is that while I report it to the
police. There the case confidentiality can easily breaks through the civil police officers."

" I report it to the higher authorities that is child welfare committee and secondly, I conduct
follow up sessions to the client. As I said in the previous POCSO case that was reported in
school I followed this steps when I faced with an ethical dilemma."

" in the case of child who has got a family with poor mental health can be challenging to
make decision making process when ethical issues arises. Therefore I build a relationship
with Anganwadi workers of the child residential area to conduct and make sure that the child
has now in good mental state or not. Therefore getting decision making contribution from
the family is very rare." (Meera)

Dev stated that the intervention plan’s are made with involving family involvement, respect
the child’s right to make their own choices. The child involving with the cases of CCL they
have limited ability to take there own decision.

". to the child through setting a care plan accordingly to the assessing of the past events that
is (ICP) individual care plan. This process need more involvement from the client’s family
through looking upon the client right to self determination but in the case of dealing with a
child case the decision process has got limitation because the immature become (CCL)
therefore I consider the child’s but not bring that into implement. But there family has a
great influence in decision making process. " (Dev)

Naina stated that keeping confidentiality is important with the sexually abused children. The
follow-ups sometimes become limited information can be shared with the community workers
due to risk of breaking confidentiality. Mainly in POCSO cases sharing of information will
be challenging to teachers and ASHA workers due to the developing of judgmental attitude.
Through prioritizing informed consent from the children and if the child is unwilling seek
help from the parents for approval. As in POCSO cases child involving with psychiatric issue
consent will be acquired through giving importance to the child’s vulnerability.

"confidentiality is very important. Especially kids who are sexually abused. Their identity
should be kept private under any circumstances."
 ". We cannot predict their behavior. It is not a big deal in tribal areas. But at normal places,
these Asha workers and teachers have a different approach towards POCSO cases. They start
treating the child differently. Even though we are obliged to keep this confidential, there occur
situations where there is no other choice than to break them in order to conduct the follow-
ups. "

". We always need consent for the things we deal with. But in some situations, it
doesn’t work. Recently, a case emerged. The child was a victim of POCSO case and also a
psychiatric patient. The child has personality disorder with mood swings. It was not a severe
situation, but the child was on medication. The child was sheltered in our entry home after
the case was registered " (Naina)

Ananya claims that follow strict guidelines to protect confidentiality. For example during
field visits. Work to raise awareness and share information of
available resource. Many communities are still doesn’t know about there support
system.

"We follow organizational guidelines and In those cases, the identity of that particular kid is
ruined. In here we try our maximum. We don’t even keep government tags when we go on
field visits. Otherwise, questions like who came? Why did they come? And we are
answerable to those. And we don’t want to destroy that child’s image or identity under any
manner.

“No matter our efforts, some of them do not respond to it. We do have to accept that, but
still despite our efforts if people turn a blind eye, it is kind of a big deal. Even though this is
saddening and affects us, there is no lack in the amount of hard work we put forward."
(Ananya)

3.2.6 Theme-6 Assurance of Confidentiality

The sixth theme emerged is assurance of confidentiality and it’s sub theme such as building
confidence, addressing breaches, communication clarity.
 Addresing
Breaches

Communication
Confidence
Clartiy

Assuarance Of
Confidentiality

Meera stated that give assurance to the victim that the shared information will stay
confidential. But whenever after reporting to the police the confidentiality breaks. Make sure
that sensitive information of the victim also should share to legal authorities through handling
it carefully.

" I always gives assurance that it will be purely maintained confidential."

“the main ethical challenge here I face in this case is that while I report it to the police. There
the case confidentiality can easily breaks through the civil police officers and this can spread
to the residential area of the victim."

" I have confronted the ethical challenge mainly see is the failure of the legal authorities to
maintain confidentiality of the reported POCSO cases." (Meera)

Naina stated that in tribal areas gather information through ASHA worker and teachers, in
some situation confidentiality will be broken for follow-ups. The cases which are reported in
school inform the counsellors to protect the child from isolation. Keeping transparency in
maintaining confidentiality.

" In tribal areas, we gather information through courtyard shelter teachers and Asha
workers. They may not know details regarding the case."

"When a case is reported in schools There is a chance that even teachers may be
judgmental. Some teachers are supportive. Due to this, we only inform schools who have a

counsellor. As counsellors and us work in the same field, they know how to handle these."

" We even inform the parents on how we presented ourselves in front of other people. Only
see this is a career or a profession. If we go beyond that, it will start influencing our life."
(Naina)

Rohan stated that ensure parents and client to understand each and every step process and it’s
importance.

" we try to explain it’s phases. What I have to deal with is sent by the department. Due to
that, most of them would be unaware. So obviously, a challenge has not been felt. I deal it
properly by explaining the parents." (Rohan)

Ananya stated that try to maintain confidentiality but there are families and collaborative
authorities doesn’t cooperate this leads to confidentiality break.

". despite our efforts if people turn a blind eye, it is kind of a big deal. Even though this is
saddening and affects us, there is no lack in the amount of hard work we put forward. "
(Ananya)
CHAPTER IV Discussion
4.1 Discussion
4.2 Major Findings (Based on the Objectives)
4.3 Social Work Implications
4.4 Limitations of the Study
4.5 Suggestions

4.6 Conclusion
 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION

4.1 Discussion

The study looks at ethical challenges faced by social caseworkers especially in health and
child protection settings. These challenges include managing personal emotions main reading
professional boundaries and protecting sensitive information. This discussion links the
findings to other studies Explore the issues in detail and suggest ways to address them
Social case workers often face situations where there personal feelings or values clash with
their professional duties. They may feel strongly About a case but need to stay neutral and
objective. Reamer (1997) Says that emotional control is very important for social workers to
make fair decision. Csikai and sales (1998) Suggest that training in mindfulness and emotional
awareness can help case workers handle these conflicts better. Case workers need training on
how to handle their emotions And Avoid letting personal feelings affect their work.
Supervisors should help case workers talk about their feelings and find solution to ethical
problems. A Caseworker handling domestic violence may feel upset by the situation but must
remain calm and focus on helping the client in the best way possible.

In tribal areas cultural traditions like child marriage often Conflict with laws Like The POCSO
act. Social case workers need to balance respect for this tradition with their duty to follow the
law. Rhemtulla et al. (2017) Explains that social workers need to use cultural sensitive
methods, Like involving local leaders to solve this conflict without creating any problem.
Programs to educate communities about harmful practices like child marriage Can help build
trust. Case workers should explain the law in a way that shows respect for cultural values.
Caseworker may speak with community elders About the risks of child marriage and
encourage them to support legal protections for children.

Protecting sensitive information is a big challenge especially in POCSO cases. Sometimes

police teachers are commenting workers and intentionally leak details which can harm the
child and their family. Manning (1997) says Confidentiality is a key part of ethical social
work. However Many people involved in cases like police officers lack of training this lead
to mistakes. Everyone involved in sensitive cases should learn how to protect the child’s
privacy. Agencies should create strict guidelines To make sure information is handled
properly. If a community worker accidentally shares details about a case it can causeway
stigma for the child at The school are in their community. Training can help prevent such
mistakes.

Case workers often rely on the family colleagues and friend to handle stress and ethical
challenges. Having people to talk to can make it easier to manage tough situations.
Rhemtulla et al. (2017) Found that peer support is very helpful for social workers As it
provides emotional relief and new ideas for solving problems. Agency should encourage team
bonding so workers can support each other. Workshops on handing stress can give workers
tool to cope up better.

Several studies have shown that social workers experience high levels of stress and burnout at
work because of a variety of factors, including poor communication within the organisation,
unclear job expectations, and limited resources (J. F. Boyas et al., 2015), secondary traumatic
stress (Bride, 2007; Naturale, 2007), and burnout (Adams et al., 2006; J. Boyas & Wind, 2010;
Sprang et al., 2011). In the present study, participants claimed to experience mental health
challenges like stress and anxiety while working with CCLs. They also claimed that their
personal values like empathy towards children sometimes negatively acts. In the study results
of Patalinghug, (2021), It is stated that social workers don’t have any specific time for work
or job description and this creates challenges among them. In that study, a participant claimed
to sacrifice personal business due to call of duty. Similarly, the study results indicate that
personal life gets imbalanced with professional work and affects a participant with poor
mental health due to the situation where the child was involved in a group crime one of the
child innocent this can cause a stress from CCL case. A number of other studies have
indicated that CPSWs have either left or have plans to leave the field as a result of the
challenging conditions in the workplace (Antonopoulou et al., 2017; Boyas et al., 2012;
McFadden, 2020). Due to the adverse effects on some CPSWs, many child clients of CPSWs
have received poor services (Griffiths & Royse, 2017; Kaplan & Jones, 2013).

Participants suggested for proper need of training by the Kavel project to manage their
professional and personal skills and for the growth. Susilowati, E. (2018) suggests that the
education and training center in the ABH training for social workers needs to increase
knowledge and skills about social rehabilitation for ABH. Also, it is suggested that social
worker supervisors need to periodically supervise social work for the implementation of social
worker duties in handling ABH. With the appropriate approaches, social workers can deal
with CCLs' problems and get social functioning back to normal. Social workers must also
take into account the theories related to juvenile offenders (Singh & Azman, 2020).

When assisting the clients, they must put different theories and methods into practice because
the clients actually function on multiple dimensions. Accordingly, people and the
environment are interdependent, and changes to one will undoubtedly have an impact on the
other (Singh & Azman, 2020). Zerden et. al, (2018) claimed that to make sure that the current
and future workforces are equipped for the practice realities of the modern healthcare
environment, more work is required to support the synergy between social work educational
programs and practice settings.

Social work education was found to be good enough to get started the social worker's career
among CCLs. Although, many participants claimed to bring changes in current social work
education practise. The suggestions of participants show a need to bring in-depth learning on
theories and approaches which makes social work students capable of practising at job
effectively. Also, they claimed to make students efficient enough to practice such theories
through numerous fieldwork opportunities. Peters', (2011) claimed that Programs for field
education should look for ways to give social work students more hands-on experience in
probationary work, such as directly supervising probationer cases. Students, professionals,
and professors may become more interested in the subject as a result of this exposure, and this
interest may lead to specialization, the development of new theories, and reform (Peters,
2011).

Participants perception on role support indicates that the consistent support from multi
disciplinary team is highly required for efficient support services for CCLs. And when they
are not receiving proper attentions, services and support from many organisation staffs
including governent authorities, it is very challenging for them to handle situations as well as
to provide interventions. Supportive to these findings, in the study of Boraggina-Ballard et
al., 2020, the insights provided by the participants regarding relationship dynamics highlight
the significance of social support during the transitional phase and the ways in which helpful
coworkers, managers, and seasoned mentors or a support network can either
 enhance or detract from an employee's sense of well-being. Despite having a heavy caseload,
social workers in the fields of adult/elder protective service and child protective service are
paid poorly (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2016; Otto & Bell, 2003). Various research
studies brought different strategies to reduce crimes committed by children. The Community
Crime Prevention Programme, which has been shown to be successful in lowering burglaries
in residential areas, makes use of neighborhood watch (Singh & Azman, 2020). Although this
strategy works well in discouraging crime, what is more essential is that neighbours use social
networks to prevent crime (Hawkins & Weis, 2017). Adolescents can take part in community
service initiatives to keep them out of legal issues. Committees could be formed to mobilize
community members of all ages in order to create a delinquent- free environment (Singh &
Azman, 2020). To protect employees working in child welfare, they are urged to put strategies
like creating plans for personal safety and selfcare, taking regular breaks from work, and
setting boundaries between work and personal time into practice.

The findings of this study show that participants are not satisfied with the financial provisions
at Kavel project and is concerned with many challenges. However, in the study of Boraggina-
Ballard et al. (2020), participants claimed that the reason why they are staying at the child
settings is because they are receiving good pay, the needs of having a full-time job and to
attain a job. The study also indicates that participants also require recognition from supervisor
including feedback, the comments on the daily activities that participants are doing. This
result is similar to the current study since a participant also suggested for proper appraisal and
reinforcement.

4.2 Major Findings

Objective 1: to understand defendant ethical challenges faced by Social case worker the
ethical challenges include balancing in personal emotion Maintaining boundaries and
managing trust during interaction with clients. It is important to keep personal emotions
can cloud your judgement and prevent you from providing objective Advise or support
Therefore maintaining boundaries helps to create a safe and respectable environment
over both client and the caseworker. Then personal emotions seek guidance from
supervisor or mentor to tell your feelings and practice self care techniques like
meditation and yoga spend time in nature to manage stress and maintain emotional balance.
The Professional ethics gets conflicted when personal Wishes conflict with professional ethics
such as providing intervention against medical advice. This conflict arises between personal
and professional ethics can be emotionally training but it is an essential component of How
many professions by identifying these issues with integrity and compassion the profession
can maintain their ethical challenges while giving the best possible care to the patients.

In tribal areas Conflicting interest between cultural practices examples child marriage in tribal
areas and legal responsibility under the POCSO act create ethical challenges. As in tribal areas
cultural practices make child marriage as often clash with the legal framework because of the
POCSO Act creating ethical challenges for social workers these marriages are sometimes
Viewed as a tradition. But under the POCSO Act it is a criminal heinous offence such
practices needed to be reported and intervened by the social worker and the social worker
must identify this concrete carefully as enforcing the low through balancing the cultural
sensitivity this requires a tactful communication community education and collaboration.

The Challenges are increased when stakeholders like police fail to maintain confidentiality or
show Unprofessional behavior this is because of lack of training. The challenges increase
when stakeholders like police fail to maintain confidentiality or show unprofessional behavior
this is mainly because of lack of proper training many police officers are not fully trained
about how to handle types of sensitive cases Especially the POCSO cases sometimes they
reveal information in act near of Mano which affects trust and communication skills with
victims family and from the victim proper handling of such cases needs training on child
protection laws without this the quality of intervention may negatively impact and it creates
a negative impact on the child.

Objective 2: to understand the social caseworker level of maintaining

confidentiality

Maintaining confidentiality is critical yet challenging particularly in POCSO cases

where confidentiality fails to keep during legal procedures. When the case goes to court or
involves police investigation details about the child may get revealed even if unintentional
this can lead to social stigma or negative judgement towards the child and their family.
Moreover some officials like civil police officers or community workers may not handle
sensitive information properly they may fail to keep confidentiality making the situation
worse fell into maintain confidentiality not only affect the child’s wellbeing but also damage
trust in the system making it harder for others to report such cases in the future.

As the POCSO case is sensitive this sensitive Information leaks by community workers
teachers and police officers fail the efforts to safeguard victims privacy. However these
sensitive information can get leaked by community workers teachers or even police officers
such leaks can harm the child and fail the effort to safeguard their safety when these
information spread the victims may face judgement isolation and stigma from the society
especially from the school this also damages the trust between the victim and their family and
the professions involved ensuring confidentiality is a major challenge as one mistake can
expose the child to trauma.

In the case of geographical inaccessibility therefore the case handled by untrained community
workers like Asha workers can make failure to maintain confidentiality. As these workers may
lack proper training in handling sensitive information which can lead to failure in maintaining
confidentiality while discussing a case in public or sharing details casually they might
unintentionally reveal the identity of the victim this can causeway stigma or harm to the child
and their family lack of understanding about the importance of privacy in such cases
highlights need more proper training and should awareness programme for community
workers in remote areas.

Only the school with trained counsellors are informed about sensitivity cases to minimize risk
of judgement and isolation for children. This decision ensures a supportive environment worth
the child’s emotion and mental health are prioritized schools without trained counsellors may
May handle the situation unprofessionally this can cause stigma or harm to the child.
Therefore the counsellors a trained counsellors play a key role in maintaining confidentiality
offering guidance and creates safe place for the child the risk of negative reaction from
teachers can be minimized and this can promote the child’s recovery effectively.
Objective 3 : To understand whether social case workers have the potential to face ethical
challenges
The Social caseworkers has the strength to balance in emotional and professional demands
especially in the cases involving vulnerable clients like abuse children or juveniles with
mental health issues. They need to manage their own feelings while providing support and
solution to these clients. Handling sensitive cases requires empathy patients and strong
decision making skills at the same time they have to maintain professional boundaries to
ensure confidentiality this balance is not easy as the nature of such cases can be emotionally
Damage the client.

Strong support system including colleagues and family enabled caseworker to mitigate work
related stress and ethical conflict. As the colleagues provide guidance share their experience
and give emotional support during difficult situations and family act as a safe space for
caseworkers can relax this can give them a platform to discuss their challenges with trusted
people which helps them to see different solutions this support gives them confidence to face
those tough cases and make ethical decision without such support system the stress can
become an emotional burden.
Training in theoretical knowledge and respect their professional principles empathy non
judgmental attitude help workers manage ethical Dilemma effectively. These allow workers
to understand the feelings and situation of clients without being influenced. When workers
suspect the ethics like confidentiality they can make decision that are in the best interest of
the client the theoretical knowledge gives them a competent mind and clear guide to handle
difficult situations this can lead to a training and at the same time to develop personal qualities
help them to face challenges and maintain trust and confidentiality with the client.

The Social case workers often raise barriers like lack of cooperation from external authorities
but they employee strategy such as cultural based intervention to overcome them. This
intervention helps the caseworker not to fall in the phase of ethical dilemma. These strategies
help case workers understand and respect the community value beliefs and tradition making it
easier to work with them by using this cultural approaches the caseworker can build trust
and reduce this helps them avoid falling into ethical
 dilemmas as they can handle situations in a way that respects both the clients needs and they
must follow their professional role too.

4.3 Social work implication

The study provides several practical implications to improve the current social Casework
practice And for the improvement of the roles of caseworkers. Should get regular training to
handle ethical challenges especially when cultural traditions clash with laws. This training
should focus on balancing cultural respect and professional Responsibilities. Building strong
support system among colleagues and organization can help social workers manage stress and
difficult situations confidentiality must be a priority especially insensitive cases like child
abuse. Community workers teachers and police need proper training on keeping information
private. Social workers should learn how to respect cultural values while following legal and
professional values while following the Cases especially in areas where tradition conflict with
laws. Social workers should practice self care like yoga or meditation to reduce stress.
Organizations should also offer mineral support to prevent burnout. Advocate for better
policies and resources to help social workers handle ethical issues especially in Rural remote
areas.

4.4 Limitations of the study

a. Data collection limitation: There was an issue with the availability of

participants to attend phone calls. Because they have time schedules to
work in the field. The possibility of conducting face-to-face interviews was
also very low. Participants were located in different districts and the
researcher had limitations in traveling. A face to face interview could have
provided given better results.

b. Result verification limitation: There is a limitation regarding the verification

of results. The study was conducted using a qualitative approach and the
participants had greater control over the results. This limited the possibility of
conducting verification of results objectively.

c. Sample size limitation: The sample size of the study is only 6 participants
and it is not enough to generate more accurate results in a qualitative study.
If the number of participants was higher, then the results might have
 depicted more reliable data and the outcome also created a greater variation.

d. Possibility of misunderstanding results: The chances of slight variation and

misunderstanding in study results might occur because of false
conclusions and misleading interpretation of results.

e. Participant's related limitation: The participants were chosen from only

seven districts and could have added more from other districts. Also, the
demographic characteristics of the participants are weak and could have
included their geographical area of living (rural, urban, or tribal), and
family details (type of family, whether married/divorced
or unmarried, primary breadwinner). The participants in the study
were only caseworkers.

4.5 Suggestion

Social caseworkers face many challenges especially when working with sensitive cases
like child protection. One major issue is managing their emotions while staying
professional to help with this caseworkers can have regular meetings with supervisors
Or peer to share their experiences and get support. They can also practice self care
activities like meditation yoga or time spending in nature to reduce stress and avoid
burnout.

Another challenge is balancing culture practices with legal responsibilities especially in

tribal areas where tradition like child marriage clash with law like the pocso. to handle
this Social workers need training to understand cultural practices and how to approach
these issues respectfully. Community programs can also help educate people about the
importance of following the law while respecting traditions. Maintaining confidentiality
is critical Especially in cases under the Pocso Act. Sometimes sensitive information is
leaked by police officers teacher or community workers causing harm to the child and
their family. Training programme should teach everyone involved how to handle
sensitivity information properly. Clear rules should be in place to ensure confidentiality
and regular reminders can help people stay careful. Unprofessional behavior by some
stakeholders like police officers Can make things worse. To address this there should be
systems to report and correct such behavior.
Joined training with police and other professionals can help them understand child
protection laws and the importance of ethical behavior.
 Social caseworkers also need support to stay strong emotionally and professionally.
Mentorship Programs can help Newer workers Learn from experience once. Family
support is also important giving workers a safe space to talk about their challenges and
find solutions.

Ongoing training is necessary to improve decision making and handle with legal
challenges better. In tribal areas more resources like Trained counselors in school and
better trained community workers are needed to support children and families effectively.
There should be efforts to improve the system as a whole. Policy should require training
on ethics for everyone involved in child protection. Public awareness programs can also
educate communities about the importance of confidentiality and how to protect children
better. These steps can help social caseworkers face their challenges and provide best care
possible.

4.6 Conclusion

As I completed the study on the ethical challenges faced by the social caseworker This study
highlights the ethical challenges faced by social caseworkers understanding their role in
directing their complex situations involving vulnerable populations these challenges forms
conflict between personal values cultural norms legal obligations and professional ethics.
Social caseworkers must indicate lie balanced their personal emotions with professional
responsibilities especially when dealing with sensitive issues such as abortion rights
domestic violence child abuse and culturally entrenched practice like child marriage a key
finding is the critical importance of maintaining therapeutic boundaries and confidentiality
particularly in cases governed by laws like the POCSO act. Instance were stakeholders
such as untrained police officers or community workers failed to handle sensitive
information with care significantly this can causeway ethical dilemma.

These not only harm The victim But also destroys trust in the system this can create to
hinder for others to seek help Especially when they fail to make Indian confidentiality
during legal procedures or by untrained personnel can lead to in the victims life into a
stigma isolation and societal judgement this can lead to trauma face by the victim and their
families.
I also finds The systemic issues that heighten these challenges inaccessible geographic
regions of underlay on untrained community workers who have compromised
confidentiality due to lack of awareness or training. This underscores the need for capacity
building initiatives including training programs for all stakeholders to foster a deeper
understanding of ethical principles and the significance of safeguarding clients Privacy.
Social caseworkers demonstrate remarkable adaptability their theoretical knowledge
empathy and non judgement latitude to address the dilemmas effectively. The employee
strategies like culturally sensitive interventions to know one trick between traditional
practices and legal requirements these approaches enable them to build trust and foster
community collaboration while ensuring compliance with their professional obligations
Support systems including colleagues and family play a wider role in mitigating work that
strengthening training ensuring proper stake holder collaboration related stress and ethical
conflict. Peer guidance and emotional support provide caseworkers with the confidence to
make sound ethical decisions additionally personal qualities such as empathy patience and
strong decision making skills are instrumental in managing the dual demands of emotional
engagement and professional detachment.

The findings I suggest That Strengthening training ensuring proper stakeholder

collaboration and fostering community awareness are critical to enhancing the ethical
framework within which social case workers operate. By addressing these challenges
through targeted intervention the profession can better support and it improves outcomes
for the individuals and communities they serve. In conclusion my study highlights that
while the ethical challenges are always there This can be effectively managed through
theoretical knowledge and strategies this not only enhances the parking environment for
social case workers but also lead to improved care and advocacy for vulnerable individuals
ensuring a more equitable and compassionate approach to social casework.
Reference
Objective 1; DEMOGRAPGHIC DETAILS

DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS • AGE

• NAME
• WORK EXPERIENCE
• PLACE

Objective 2: To identify the common ethical challenges faced by social case workers in their practice.

1. Can you describe a recent situation where you encountered an ethical challenge in your
work?

2. What types of ethical dilemmas do you find most common in your practice?

3. How do organizational policies and guidelines influence your handling of ethical

challenges?

4. Have you noticed any changes in the types of ethical challenges over the course of your
career?

Specific Objective 2: To analyze the methods and strategies used by social case workers to
navigate and resolve ethical dilemmas.

1. What steps do you take when faced with an ethical dilemma?

2. Can you provide an example of a particularly challenging ethical situation and how you
resolved it?

3. How do you involve clients and their families in the decision-making process when
ethical issues arise?

4. What resources (e.g., supervision, ethical guidelines, peer support) do you find most
helpful in resolving ethical dilemmas?

Specific Objective 3: To assess the impact of ethical challenges on the professional well
being and practice of social case workers.
1. How do ethical challenges affect your job satisfaction and professional well-being?
2. In what ways do ethical dilemmas influence your interactions with clients?
3. Have you experienced any changes in your approach to social work due to ethical
challenges? Please elaborate.
4. What support systems or coping mechanisms do you use to manage the stress associated
with ethical challenges in your work?