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Nuremberg code

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20 views

Nuremberg code

Uploaded by

deshmukhvishakha004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Nuremberg Code

What is Nuremberg Code?


The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation as a result
of the subsequent Nuremberg trials at the end of the Second World War.
- The Holocaust was the systematic, annihilation of six million Jews by the Nazi regime during World
War 2.
- “Holocaust” is a word of Greek origin meaning “sacrifice by fire”.
- The Nazis, believed that Germans were “racially superior” and that the Jews were “Inferior”.
- By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as
part of the “final solution”, the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe.
History
- No ethical guidelines for research existed in the major allied countries before Nuremberg Code.
- Nazi doctors performed experiments on concentration camp prisoners.
- Exploited by forcing to participate in research without consent.
- Subjects experienced extreme pain or torture, and in most of them they suffered permanent injury
or death.
Experiments of Nazi Doctors
Military Experiments
- High Altitude
- Freezing temperature
- Sulfanilamide
Injuries and Illnesses
- Malaria/ Tuberculosis / Bone Grafting / Bone, muscle, joint transplantation
Racial Diagnosis
- Jewish Collection
Twin Studies
These experimentations and research were crimes committed in the disguise of scientific research.
Experiments caused unnecessary suffering and injury.
On January 14, 1942, representatives from the nine occupied countries met in London to draft the
Inter-Allied resolution on German War Crimes, agreed on the format of punishment for those
responsible for war crimes during Word War II.
Nuremberg Trials
Nuremberg trials were held in 1945-1946 in the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria , Germany at the Palace of
Justice.
Two trials were conducted:
- Trials of the Major war criminals
- Trials of Lesser war criminals:
(1) The Doctors Trial
(2) The Judges Trial
- 24 defendants were executed as a result of the Nuremberg trials, 128 were sent to prison and
25 were acquitted.
- 21 of the 24 were convicted, of these, 12 were sentenced to hang and the remainder were sent
to prison.
- The Nuremberg trials had a great influence on the development of international criminal law.
Nuremberg Code
1. Voluntary informed consent
2. Fruitful result for the good of the society
3. Prior experimentation on animals and prior knowledge of the problems
4. Avoidance of unnecessary physical or mental injury.
5. Banning of known lethal or disable procedures
6. Degree of benefits should exceed risks.
7. Proper preparation and proper facilities to prevent injury or death.
8. Performance of experiments only by scientifically qualified persons.
9. Participants may freely end the experimentation
10. The experiments must stop if it proves too dangerous.
- Although it did not carry the force of law, the Nuremberg Code was the first international
document which advocated voluntary participation and informed consent.
- The first and the longest principle is “The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely
essential”.
- Informed consent, with specific reliance on the Nuremberg Code, is the basis of the
International Ethical Guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects.
Informed Consent
First provision of Nuremberg Code
- Voluntary consent of human subject is absolutely essential.
- Subjects are made fully aware of nature and purpose of research
- Persons involved have the legal capacity to give consent and consent is voluntarily given
- Description of any risks or discomforts and benefits to subject.
- Disclosure of appropriate alternative treatments if any exist.
- Describe protection of confidentiality of personal records.
- If there is risk, describe precautions and treatments available.
Criticism
The regulations were ambiguous, vague and in many instances, impossible to fulfill.
Disliked the very idea of a single, concrete set of standards to guide behavior in such a complex
matter as human experimentation.
Conceived in reference to Nazi atrocities and not considered adequate for the conduct of
medical research in other parts of the World.
Consent clause was too extreme and not feasible with the realities of clinical research.
In view of the apparent ineffectiveness of the Nuremberg Code and the narrowness of its scope,
the World Medical Association drafted the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) which was designed for
professional use and distinguished between therapeutic and non-therapeutic research.
Conclusion
The Nuremberg Code has served as a foundation for ethical clinical research.
Focused attention on the fundamental rights of research participants and on the responsibilities
of investigators
It has resulted in the development of other initiatives e.g. the Declaration of Helsinki (DoH) and
the Belmont Report – designed to ensure the rights and safety of human beings taking part in
medical research.
It has served as an authoritative reference point for general debate and for the critics of human
experimentation.
Thank You

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