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Real and Complex Analysis (Lesson 04)

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18 views11 pages

Real and Complex Analysis (Lesson 04)

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Nur Nabi Rashed
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MAT 370: Real and Complex Analysis

Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif


Lecturer in Mathematics
Department of General Education
Canadian University of Bangladesh
Former Lecturer, World University of Bangladesh

Lesson 04
Lecture Outline

Transformations

Derivatives

Analytic Functions

Cauchy-Riemann Equations

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 04


Transformations
If 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 (where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are real) is a single-valued
function of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 (where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are real), we can write
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 . By equating real and imaginary parts, this is
seen to be equivalent to

𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 , 𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 … … … (𝑖)

Thus given a point (𝑥, 𝑦) in the 𝑧 plane, such as 𝑃 in Fig. 𝐴, there Figure (A)

corresponds a point (𝑢, 𝑣) in the 𝑤 plane, say 𝑃′ in Fig. 𝐵.

The set of equations (𝑖) [or the equivalent, 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧)] is called a


transformation. We say that point 𝑃 is mapped or transformed
into point 𝑃′ by means of the transformation and call 𝑃′ the
image of 𝑃.
Figure (B)

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 04


Transformations
In general, under a transformation, a set of points such as those
on curve 𝑃𝑄 of Fig. (𝐴) is mapped into a corresponding set of
points, called the image, such as those on curve 𝑃′ 𝑄′ in Fig. 𝐵 .
The particular characteristics of the image depend on the type
of function 𝑓(𝑧), which is sometimes called a mapping function.
If 𝑓(𝑧) is multiple-valued, a point (or curve) in the 𝑧 plane is Figure (A)

mapped in general into more than one point (or curve) in the 𝑤
plane.

Example: If 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 , then 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 2
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦
and the transformation is 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 , 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦. The image of a
point 1, 2 in the 𝑧 plane is the point (−3, 4) in the 𝑤 plane.
Figure (B)

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 04


Transformations
Problem: Let 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 . Find the values of 𝑤 what
correspond to 𝒂 𝑧 = −2 + 𝑖 and 𝒃 𝑧 = 1 − 3𝑖, and show
how the correspondence can be represented graphically.
Solution:
2
𝒂 𝑤 = 𝑓 −2 + 𝑖 = −2 + 𝑖 = 4 − 4𝑖 + 𝑖 2 = 3 − 4𝑖
2
𝒃 𝑤 = 𝑓 1 − 3𝑖 = 1 − 3𝑖 = 1 − 6𝑖 + 9𝑖 2 = −8 − 6𝑖
Figure (A)
The point 𝑧 = −2 + 𝑖, represented by point 𝑃 in the 𝑧 plane of
Fig. 𝐴 , has the image point 𝑤 = 3 − 4𝑖 represented by 𝑃′ in the
𝑤 plane of Fig. 𝐵 . We say that 𝑃 is mapped into 𝑃′ by means of
the mapping function or transformation 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 . Similarly, 𝑧 =
1 − 3𝑖 [point 𝑄 of Fig. (𝐴)] is mapped into 𝑤 = −8 − 6𝑖 [point
𝑄′ of Fig. 𝐵 ]. To each point in the 𝑧 plane, there corresponds
one and only one point (image) in the 𝑤 plane, so that 𝑤 is a
single-valued function of 𝑧.
Figure (B)

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 04


Derivatives
If 𝑓(𝑧) is single-valued in some region ℛ of the 𝑧 plane, the derivative of 𝑓(𝑧) is defined as

′
𝑓 𝑧 + Δ𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓 𝑧 = lim
Δ𝑧→0 Δ𝑧

provided that the limit exists independent of the manner in which Δ𝑧 → 0. In such a case,
we say that 𝑓(𝑧) is differentiable at 𝑧.

In the above definition, we sometimes use ℎ instead of Δ𝑧. Although differentiability


implies continuity, the reverse is not true. That is,

“Every differentiable function is continuous but every continuous function is not


necessarily differentiable”

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 04


Derivatives
Problem: Using the definition, find the derivative of 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 3 − 2𝑧, at the point where
𝒂 𝑧 = 𝑧0 , 𝒃 𝑧 = −1
Solution: (a) The derivative of 𝑓(𝑧) is defined as
𝑓 𝑧 + Δ𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓 ′ 𝑧 = lim
Δ𝑧→0 Δ𝑧
∴ The derivative at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 is

′
𝑓 𝑧0 + Δ𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧0 ) 𝑧0 + Δ𝑧 3
− 2 𝑧0 + Δ𝑧 − (𝑧03 − 2𝑧0 )
𝑓 𝑧0 = lim = lim
Δ𝑧→0 Δ𝑧 Δ𝑧→0 Δ𝑧
𝑧03 + 3𝑧02 Δ𝑧 + 3𝑧0 Δ𝑧 2
+ Δ𝑧 3
− 2𝑧0 − 2Δ𝑧 − 𝑧03 + 2𝑧0 3𝑧02 Δ𝑧 + 3𝑧0 Δ𝑧 2 + Δ𝑧 3
− 2Δ𝑧
= lim = lim
Δ𝑧→0 Δ𝑧 Δ𝑧→0 Δ𝑧
Δ𝑧 3𝑧02 + 3𝑧0 Δ𝑧 + Δ𝑧 2
−2
= lim = lim 3𝑧02 + 3𝑧0 Δ𝑧 + Δ𝑧 2
− 2 = 3𝑧02 − 2.
Δ𝑧→0 Δ𝑧 Δ𝑧→0

In general, 𝑓 ′ 𝑧 = 3𝑧 2 − 2 for all 𝑧.

(b) From (a), we find that if 𝑧0 = −1, then 𝑓 ′ −1 = 3 ∙ −1 2


− 2 = 1.

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 04


Analytic Functions

If the derivative 𝑓′(𝑧) exists at all points 𝑧 of a region ℛ, then 𝑓(𝑧)


is said to be analytic in ℛ and is referred to as an analytic function
in ℛ or a function analytic in R. The terms regular and holomorphic
are sometimes used as synonyms for analytic.

A function 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be analytic at a point 𝑧0 if there exists a


neighborhood |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | < 𝛿 at all points of which 𝑓′(𝑧) exists.

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 04


Analytic Functions
Problem: Given 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = (1 + 𝑧)/(1 − 𝑧), find
(𝒂) 𝑓 ′ 𝑧 or 𝑑𝑤/𝑑𝑧 and (𝒃) determine where 𝑓(𝑧) is non-analytic
Solution:
𝑑𝑤 𝑓 𝑧 + Δ𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧)
𝒂 𝑓′ 𝑧 = = lim
𝑑𝑧 Δ𝑧→0 Δ𝑧
1 + (𝑧 + Δ𝑧) 1 + 𝑧
− 2 2
1 − (𝑧 + Δ𝑧) 1 − 𝑧
= lim = lim = 2
Δ𝑧→0 Δ𝑧 Δ𝑧→0 (1 − 𝑧 − Δ𝑧)(1 − 𝑧) 1−𝑧

Independent of the manner in which Δ𝑧 → 0, provided 𝑧 ≠ 1.

𝒃 The function 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic for all finite values of 𝑧 except 𝑧 = 1 where the
derivative does not exist and the function is non-analytic. The point 𝑧 = 1 is a
singular point of 𝑓(𝑧).
Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 04
Cauchy–Riemann Equations
A necessary condition that 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) be analytic in a region ℛ is that, in
ℛ, 𝑢 and 𝑣 satisfy the Cauchy–Riemann equations

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= , =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

If the partial derivatives in above equations are continuous in ℛ, then the Cauchy–Riemann
equations are sufficient conditions that 𝑓(𝑧) be analytic in ℛ.

The functions 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) are sometimes called conjugate functions. Given 𝑢 having
continuous first partials on a simply connected region ℛ, we can find 𝑣 (within an arbitrary
additive constant) so that 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic.

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 04


Next Lecture

 Analytic Functions

 Partial Derivatives as Limits

 Cauchy-Reimann Equations

 Use of Cauchy-Reimann Equations

 Harmonic Functions

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 04

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