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ECE302_ElectIII_L5_Active Filter

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15 views19 pages

ECE302_ElectIII_L5_Active Filter

Uploaded by

Abdulrahman Eltoum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND


COMMUNICATIONS
ECE 302
Electronic III
Lecture #5

SUMMER 2015
Active Filters

Instructor:
Dr. Ahmad AbdelTawab
Intro.
• Filters are circuits that are capable of passing signals with certain selected
frequencies while rejecting signals with other frequencies.
• This property is called selectivity.
• Active filters use transistors or op-amps combined with passive RC, RL, or
RLC circuits.

• The passband of a filter is the range of frequencies that are allowed to pass through the
filter with minimum attenuation.
• The critical frequency, (also called the cutoff frequency) defines the end of the
passband and is normally specified at the point where the response drops (70.7%) from
the passband response.

• Following the passband is a region called the transition region that leads
into a region called the stopband.

There is no precise point between the transition region and the stopband.
Basic Filter Responses
Filter transfer function
Basic Filter Responses
• Actual filter responses depend on the number of poles, a term used with
filters to describe the number of RC circuits contained in the filter.

• The -20 dB/decade roll-off rate for the gain of a basic RC filter means that
at a frequency of 10 fc , the output will be -20dB (10%) of the input.

• This roll-off rate is not a good filter characteristic because too much of the
unwanted frequencies (beyond the passband) are allowed through the
filter.
Basic Filter Responses
• Low-Pass Filter Response
Basic Filter Responses
• High-Pass Filter Response
Basic Filter Responses
• Band-Pass Filter Response

• The quality factor (Q) of a band-pass filter is the ratio of the center
frequency to the bandwidth.
• The higher the value of Q, the narrower the bandwidth and the better the
selectivity for a given value of f0.
• Band-pass filters are sometimes classified as narrow-band (Q>10) or
wide-band (Q<10).
Basic Filter Responses
• Band-Stop Filter Response
also known as notch, band-reject, or band-elimination filter.
FILTER RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
• Each type of filter response (low-
pass, high-pass, band-pass, or band-
stop) can be tailored by circuit
component values to have either a
• Butterworth,
• Chebyshev, or
• Bessel characteristic.
• Each of these characteristics is
identified by the shape of the
response curve, and each has an
advantage in certain applications.
The Butterworth Characteristic
• The Butterworth characteristic provides a very flat amplitude response in the
passband and a roll-off rate of -20 dB/decade/pole.
• The phase response is not linear, and the phase shift (thus, time delay) of signals
passing through the filter varies nonlinearly with frequency.
• Therefore, a pulse applied to a Butterworth filter will cause overshoots on the
output because each frequency component of the pulse’s rising and falling edges
experiences a different time delay.
FILTER RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
The Chebyshev Characteristic
•Filters with the Chebyshev response characteristic are useful
when a rapid roll-off is required because it provides a roll-off
rate greater than -20 dB/decade/pole.
•This is a greater rate than that of the Butterworth, so filters can
be implemented with the Chebyshev response with fewer poles
and less complex circuitry for a given roll-off rate.
•This type of filter response is characterized by overshoot or
ripples in the passband (depending on the number of poles) and
an even less linear phase response than the Butterworth.

The Bessel Characteristic


•The Bessel response exhibits a linear phase characteristic, meaning that the
phase shift increases linearly with frequency.
•The result is almost no overshoot on the output with a pulse input.
•It has the slowest roll-off rate.
Critical Frequency and Roll-Off Rate

• The number of filter poles can be increased by cascading.


Example: Third-order (three-pole) filter
Advantages of Op-Amp Active Filters
• Filters that use op-amps as the active element provide several
advantages over passive filters (R, L, and C elements only).
• The op-amp provides gain, so the signal is not attenuated as it
passes through the filter.
• The high input impedance of the op-amp prevents excessive
loading of the driving source.
• The low output impedance of the op-amp prevents the filter
from being affected by the load that it is driving.
• Active filters are also easy to adjust over a wide frequency range
without altering the desired response.
Single-Pole LPF
2-Pole LPF
The Sallen-Key LPF (2nd Order)
• It is used to provide very high Q
factor and passband gain without
the use of inductors.
• It is also known as a VCVS (voltage-
controlled voltage source) filter.

@
Assignment:
Derive the fc equation.
Cascaded LPF

• A three-pole filter is
required to get a
third-order low-pass
response.

• A four-pole filter is
preferred because it
uses the same number
of op-amps to achieve
a faster roll-off.
Single Pole HPF

Sallen-Key HPF
Cascaded HPF

Order = ?
roll-off = ?
Cascaded Low-Pass and High-Pass
Filters
Cascaded Low-Pass and High-Pass
Filters

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