ABSTRACT

File Transfer Protocol is used for transferring files to clients over networks using
client-server architecture. FTP provides two mechanisms for file transfer; one is
anonymous method and another one is password authentication mechanism. All the
communication between client and server is without encryption means data is transferred
in clear text whether it is password or ftp commands. There are some requirements which
are considered important while file transfers and these are Authentication, Integrity and
Confidentiality. For implementing security in file transfer protocol we use FTPS rather
than FTP as it is more secure. As FTPS uses some encryption mechanisms, it adds some
extra process which effects the performance. FTP and FTPS are configured according to
the security requirements for file transfer. Adding some extra process overhead in FTPS
like encryption, it affects the performance. This research paper compares both FTPS and
FTP on Linux and Windows server.

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 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
A server is a system that responds to requirements across a computer network to
make available, or assist to provide, a network examination. Servers also run on the same
hardware as a computer does, the only difference is the services and the programs it
provides to the client. In many situations, computers offer many services and it has series
of servers in sequence.

Servers generally work as client-server architecture. Servers provide the necessary

program in order to work with new users. As a result the server performs many tasks in
place of users. Generally the users communicate with the server by using the network but
there is one possibility that the server run on the same system. Server is a program which
also acts as a socket listener.

Servers often present required services over a network, both to private users
within a huge organization or else to public users. Usual computing servers are
application server, file server, print server, web server, database server, mail server,
gaming server, or various other types of servers.

Several systems employ the client / server network model as well as email
services and Web sites. Another model, peer-to-peer networking enables the entire
computers to perform as both server and client as required.

1.1 Types of Servers

1.1.1 Application Servers
At times referred to as a kind of application servers take up a huge amount of
computing area among the end user and database servers. Middleware is software which
connects two or else divides application. There are various middleware goods that
connect a database system to Web server. It allow for data from the database which user

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demands using forms and it also allows the server to return vibrant Web pages based on
top of the user's needs and profile.

The word middleware is used to explain different products to facilitate as the bond
among two applications. Therefore, it is different from import and export features with
the purpose to build it into one of the applications. Middleware is at times known as
plumbing for the reason that it joins two sides of an application and transfers data trapped
between them. General Middleware category includes:
 Message Passing
 TP monitors
 Object Request Brokers (ORBs)
 DCE environments
 RPC systems
 Database access systems

1.1.2 Audio/Video Servers

Audio/Video servers convey multimedia capabilities by enabling broadcast
streaming multimedia content in Web sites. Streaming is a method for sending data in
such a way that it can be processed as continuous steady stream. Streaming technologies
are very important with the expansion of the Internet as most users do not have speedy
access to download big multimedia files speedily. Through streaming, the client browser
starts showing the data prior to the whole file has been transmitted.

For using streaming technology, the client getting the data should be capable to
gather the information and transmit it as a stable stream and this steady stream is then
used by application where it is then processed the data and further changes it to pictures
or sound. It concludes that if client receives more data speedily than required, then there
is a need to save the extra data and we save it in a buffer. Moreover, the data doesn't
arrive fast enough then the appearance of the data to the user will not be even or we can
say smooth.

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There are many streaming technologies rising at this time. To send audio data, there is
one i.e., de facto standard is best for Progressive Network's RealAudio.

1.1.3 Chat Servers

Chat servers facilitate a huge amount of users to exchange data in the
surroundings comparable to Internet newsgroups to facilitate real-time conversation
capabilities. Here real time means happening instantly. The term real time is used to
illustrate various computer features. For example, the real-time operating systems are
those systems which react to the input instantly. These systems are useful for tasks such
as navigation, and for this the computer is required to respond to a continuous flow of
fresh data without any break. Many daily useable computers are not real time as they take
few minutes to respond to the client.

Real time means that the time to complete an event is same in real as the time
taken by the computer. One of the example is graphics animation in this a real-time
program displays objects at the similar rate as that they would move in real.

1.1.4 Fax Servers

Fax servers are useful where we want to send original documents to other place
and also want to reduce the telephonic conversations.

1.1.5 Groupware Servers

These servers are software’s that is planned to allow users to work together,
despite of place, with help of the Internet or a company Intranet and also to work as one
in a virtual environment.

1.1.6 IRC Servers

These are used when we want real-time capabilities, and this server is made up of
different networks at different locations and it allows users to hook up with one other
using an Internet Relay Chat server network.

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1.1.7 List Servers
List servers present a method to better handle mailing lists; either they are one-
way lists with the purpose to convey announcements, newsletters or interactive debate
open for all.

1.1.8 Mail Servers

Mail server’s is used to store and save mails above company networks using
LANs and WANs and also on the Internet.

1.1.9 News Servers

News servers are servers that perform as a distribution and delivery resource
designed for many public news groups presently available above the USENET
information system. USENET is a wide-reaching report panel method which can be used
all the way through the Internet or by various other online services. The USENET is
having near about 14,000 forums called newsgroups and they cover all possible concern
group. It is accessed by thousands of users throughout the globe.

1.1.10 Proxy Servers

Proxy servers are used between an external server (typically another server on the
Web) and a user system or program usually a Web browser to check requests, improve
performance, and share connections.

1.1.11 Telnet Servers

A Telnet server provides a facility to users to log on to a remote computer and
carry out jobs as if they work on the remote system itself.

1.1.12 Web Servers

Web server serves static and dynamic content to a Web browser. It loads file from
disk and allocate it throughout the network to user's Web browser. They use HTTP
mediate to exchange data between browser and server.

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1.1.13 FTP Server
File Transfer Protocol is a archetypal network protocol worn to transfer files as of
single host to another host in intemperance of a TCP-predestined network, like Internet.
FTP is assemble on client-server propose as well as utilize separate categorize plus data
connections amongst the consumer with the server. FTP patrons may authenticate
themselves through a clear-text sign-in method, habitually in the manifestation of a
username with password, additional can bond secretly if the server is configured to
sanction it. For confined communication to encrypt the username and password, as well
as encrypts the content, FTP is regularly cosseted through SSL/TLS ("FTPS"). SSH File
Transfer Protocol ("SFTP") is from time to time as well used in its place, but is
technically dissimilar.

As a consumer, we can use FTP with an easy command line edge (for case, as of
the Windows MS- DOS punctual window) or by a profitable agenda that present a
graphical consumer line. Our net browser can also construct FTP requirements to
download agenda we choose as of a Web page. Using FTP, we can as well inform
(delete, rename, move, and copy) records at a server. We require retrieving an FTP
server. Though, openly accessible files are simply admission by means of unidentified
FTP.

Fig: 1.1 working of FTP server

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1.1.13.1 Connection Methods
FTP sprint above the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Typically FTP
servers pay attention on the renowned port number 21 (IANA-kept) for inward links from
customers. A link to this seaport as of the FTP client forms the manage watercourse on
which instructions are approved to the FTP server and reply are composed. FTP make use
of out-of-band organize; it unlock devoted data links on additional port information. The
strictures for the statistics streams depend on the particularly demanded transportation
mode. Data links typically use port numeral 20.

Active mode:
FTP consumer unfasten a active port, throws the FTP server the active port
amount through which it got connected and wait for a link from the FTP server. Once the
FTP server connects to the data link layer of the FTP client it connects to port 20 on the
FTP server.

Passive mode:
The FTP server release a dynamic port, compel the FTP client using the server's
IP address to connect to the port using which we can pay attention more than the organize
brook and stay for a link from the FTP consumer. In this pencil case, the FTP clients
attach the foundation port of the link to a active port. To utilize passive form, the
customer uses the direct link to throw a PASV control to the server plus then accept a
server IP address plus server port figure as of the server, which the consumer after that
uses to release a data association from an random consumer port to the server IP address
in addition to server port numeral received. Equally methods were modernized in
September 1998 to prop up IPv6.

Login:
FTP login exploits a standard username and password method for yielding access.
The username is throws to the server with the USER authority, plus the password is
drives with the PASS control. If the data offer by the customer is established by the
server, server will transmit a salutation to the customer and the meeting will begin. If

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server supports it, client may log in with no provided that login qualifications, except the
similar server could allow only inadequate contact for such sessions.

Anonymous FTP:
Host that present an FTP examination may offer unknown FTP contact. Users
usually log into the examiner with an unknown account whilst provoked for user name.
Even though users are normally requested to throw their email address as an alternative
of a code word, no confirmation is in reality executed on the complete data. Lots of FTP
hosts whose reason is to offer software updates will permit unknown logins.

1.1.13.2 Role of FTP protocol

FTP protocol tells us about how the data can be transferred on to network.
The main points of FTP protocol are:
 It allows user to use remote computers using programs
 To protect a user from duplications while file is stored among hosts,
 To encourage file sharing
 To send data consistently and efficiently. FTP can be used openly by a user using
a terminal but it is designed mainly for use by programs.

1.1.13.3 The FTP model

FTP protocol uses a client-server model it means client sends instructions and the
server awaits instruction to perform desired actions.
When we open an FTP link, there are two transmission channels which are in use:
o A control channel for commands
o And a channel for data transfer

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 Fig: 1.2 FTP Model
There are two processes running on both the client and server to manage the
information sent over the channel:

DTP (Data Transfer Process):

The data transfer process is mainly used for the establishment and link
organization over the channel. The DTP used at client side is called USER-DTP and DTP
used at server side is called SERVER-DTP.

PI (Protocol Interpreter):
The Protocol Interpreter is different for client and server. The main work is to
check for instructions which are over the link by the control panel used for the data
transfer process control.

The instructions received from USER-PI over the control channel are analyzed by
the server-PI. The control channel is the main part for proper communication between the
server and the client. USER-PI gives instruction over the channel and SERVER-PI has to
forward those instructions over the channel. For connection establishment with the ftp

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server USER-PI is in charge. It also performs several other functions like controlling
USER-DTP, transmitting FTP commands and getting replies from the SERVER-PI.

The USER-PI is the first part which communicates with the ftp server. When
connection is established the USER-PI starts communication over the channel using ftp
commands. When the client sends FTP commands to the server; then the server reacts
accordingly. The server after getting request runs its DTP and then sends a reply to the
client. Now, for sending the response the server opens a port and server-PI made a
connection with client. The client DTP then starts listening on the port opened by the
server for any incoming data.

There are two channels for data transfer using ftp, the control and data channels.
These both work on different ports. For data transfer the control channel is used first and
then the data is transferred using the data channel on the specified ports.

During data transfer the control channel in this type of configuration will remain
open. And if the control channel is broken through transmission then the server can stop
the transmission.

1.2 Data Representation and Storage

Transmission of data between sender and receiver happens for a storage space and
sometimes it becomes important to make some alterations information generated from
data to remove the remedies from the data transferred in the process. This ramification
process makes information more suitable for sender and receiver. NVT-ASCII is a good
example of diversified storage organization.

When transmission is done for different sort of word length in between sender and
receiver in form of binary many difficulties occurs. Sending process is not unique all time
so sender has to take care of it. To send a 32 bytes information in form of 36 bytes
information, system is required to have right justification of 32 bit words in 36 bit word
and the transmission should be of quality with efficiency. Data representation and

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transmission needs to be clarified and user must be aware of it and what modifications
are required in functions. FTP provides very limited representation of data. User required
doing this alteration on their own if needs to make other transformations different from
the limited capacity of the FTP.

1.2.1 Data Types

Data types which are accessed in FTP by a client tell us about a type of the data
transferred. These types may be defined as ASCII or EBCDIC as well as in Local byte as
a byte size and these are also known as "logical byte size." Here, one point is noticed that
there is nothing related with size of byte which is transmitted over the link, known as
“transfer byte size” and also these two are not complex. The logical byte size of ASCII is
of 8 bits. If we are talking about the Local byte then in this the logical byte size is
specified in second parameter of the data command send over the link.

1.2.1.1 ASCII Type

This is used mainly for transferring the text files in only one case that they don’t
transfer data using EBCDIC technique. It is the most common and default kind and is
used by all FTP implementations.

The data transferred by the sending server converts it from internal data technique
to the all known and useful NVT-ASCII form and it is of 8 bit. And after the data is
received by the receiver, it is converted from the NVT-ASCII to the form it used for its
internal use. To use with the regular NVT method, we use a sequence <CRLF> which is
helpful to indicate the end of a line in a text file. If we are using NVT-ASCII technique
signifies that the transferred data between the devices is of 8 bytes. The data types used in
ASCII and EBCDIC are briefly discussed.

1.2.1.2 EBCDIC Type

It is mainly used for internal representation of data while the data is transferred
between the two clients. The data transmitted over the channel is shown as 8-bit EBCDIC
representation. The only variations in EBCDIC and ASCII types are the code used.

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1.2.1.3 IMAGE Type
In this the data transferred are in continuous bits and these are grouped into 8 bit
long bytes. The data received by the client must be stored as adjoining bits. The storage
organization must consist of padding for each file and of each record at some level like
word or byte. The padding used is either of adding of all zeros or all ones and are used at
the end of the file and if we are considering of records then at end of records. If file is
restored then we must know about padding to get back the original file if we don’t know
the padding added to file then we never retrieve the original file. When the data is
transferred over a channel then we must have the padding information to process the file.
Image type is mainly used to transfer binary data or to store the binary data. Image type is
recognized and is used by the entire ftp using protocols and techniques.

1.2.1.4 LOCAL Type

When we transfer any data, then it is grouped into logical bytes and these bytes
are of the size which is specified by the Byte size parameter. There is no default value set
for the byte size parameter but the value of it must be a decimal integer. Nowhere is it
defined that the transfer byte size must be same as logical byte size. If there is any
difference between the byte sizes of these two, then the logical bytes should be grouped
in contiguous packets. It does not care about the transfer byte limits. It also adds some
padding at the end of a file if necessary. Once the data is transferred then the specific host
transforms the data according to the logical byte size. We can get the same file by using
this process if we use the same parameters for the same file and it will be used by all the
techniques.

1.2.2 Format Control

ASCII and EBCDIC types will accept an optional second parameter and it is to
explain if we are using any kind of vertical format control which is linked with a file.
There are many types of data representation techniques.
When we transfer any file to a client then we have three things in our mind or we
have three reasons for it and these are:
1. Either for printing purpose

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 2. Or for storing data
3. And last is for processing or for retrieval of file.

First we talk about printing, when a file is transmitted to a client then the client must
know about the vertical format representation of the data. Now if we talk about storage,
then there are chances that we can get exactly the same file in same form once we
transferred it to a client. And at last if we are moving a file from any one client to another
then it is possible that we can process the file without any errors. Any single format
techniques do not fulfill all the conditions of the user.

1.2.3 Data Structures

The structure of a file tells us about many things. It will also influence the transfer
mode of a file as well as the understanding and storage space of the file. The structure of
a file is default if we are not considering the STRU command. The file structure must use
both file and record structures for all the transmissions occurred over a channel by all ftp
protocols.

There are various representation methods; there are three file structures
implemented in FTP and it also defines the structure of a file.

Page-structure:
It is the place where the file is constructed and the file consists of the self-
sufficient indexed pages.
Record-structure:
In this section the file is a collection of sequential records or ordered records.
File-structure:
In this the file contains sequence of data in continuous form and it has no internal
structure.

1.3 Data connections in FTP Server

First of all you have to make a suitable connection among the ports and select the
appropriate parameter for that. Then you will be able to transmit the data. Consumer as

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well as the server-DTPs has their unique defined ports. Both the user process and control
connection ports are identical; apart from the user the server has adjoining to control
connection port.

The size of the transmitted data is 8-bit bytes. Importance of the size of the data in
sonly for the pure transmission of the data; it doesn't comportment on demonstration of
the data inside a host's file system.

The first transmit request command is usually listen by the same port as pervious
in inactive data transfer method. The route of the data transmit is verified by the FTP
request control. The data connection will be start to port by the server which gets the
earlier request. After establishing the connection the user-PI gets the authentication reply
because of the data transfer begin among DTP and Server-PI. Only the user-PI can work
on non default port but other must have their default port to work.

The PORT command gives the client information of alternating data port. The
user-PI establishes data connection between both server-PI. The other server is
commanded to listen the work of the parallel server. Demonstrating the other server port
user-PI send the PORT command to Server A the last both send the suitable commands to
respective port. The progression report is define in segment on FTP respond of it totally
depends on the server whether it want to seal or begin the connection.

In general, it is the server's dependability to keep the data connection to begin it

and to seal it. If the block data try to transmit by the user-DTP it shows an error. The data
transmission should be blocked in the following circumstances.
1. The server has done its work.
2. The server accepts an ABORT authority from the client.
3. The port requirement is misused by a authority from the client.
4. The control connection is blocked officially or otherwise.
5. A disregarded fault condition takes place.

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Or else the shut is a server choice, the use of which the server should point out to the
user-process by any a 250 or 226 replies simply.

1.4 Data Connections Managements

Defined ports of the Data Connection:
FTP should be acknowledged how to use avoided data association ports, the User-
PI defines how to utilize the non-default ports.

Defined ports of Non-Default Data:

The non -default data port control is identified by the user-PI using PORT
control. To categorize a non-default server side data the user PI would ask data port
through the PASV control. Since an association is definite by the couple of addresses,
moreover of these events is sufficient to get a dissimilar data association, at rest it is
allowed to do both guidelines to utilize new ports.

Reuse of the Data Connection:

To transfer data over a channel, the stream of data broadcasted on it the end
fraction of the file has to be displayed by concluding the alliance. We can face problems
if we want to transfer many files at a time. At many times the TCP connection will not be
able to respond at one time. These are also helpful to transfer large data files easily over a
channel.

There are two ways to describe this thing. First is to use a port other than default
and another one is to use a different method to transfer the data.

There are various methods to transfer the data between client and server. In these
one is Stream transfer mode, the main advantage is that it is random in nature and it does
not establish connection if the channel got congested. There are various modes by which
we can transfer data in sort form like Block and compressed modes. These modes also
provide faster data transfer rates. These are also having such encoding in the protocol that

15
client will know the end of file and for this it will use some kind of escape characters.
Using, these methods the data transfer provides secure way to transfer the data.

1.5 Transmission Modes

Next deliberation in transmitting data is choosing the suitable communication
method At hand three methods: one which designs the data as well as permits for restart
events, solitary which also condenses the data for resourceful transmit; and solitary which
surpasses the data with small or no dispensation. In this last casing the style interrelates
with the organization characteristic to conclude the type of dispensation. In the
compacted method, the demonstration type verifies the stuffing byte.

The different modes of transmissions and is as follows:

1.5.1 Stream Mode
The byte form the data is allows in it. There is no limitation on illustration in
present; only the proof structured are allowed. EOR and EOF are précised by two-byte
organizes code. The First byte should be one, second may contain zero. If the data is
departing in the sequence of all ones, it must be repetitive in the subsequent bytes.

In this mode the end of file is indicated by a sequence character and is responsible
for better transmission of data over the channel.

1.5.2 Block Mode

This is the method in which data is transferred in blocks. The header of each
block is shown below:

There are some codes used by the ftp protocols:

 16 – This part is used as Restart Marker

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  32 – This part is used for errors in the block

 64 – This part indicates EOF

 128 – this block indicates EOR

The Byte Count Field shows the number of bytes in the data block.
The descriptor code divides in two parts, one is end portion in the file (EOF) and another
one is end part of the record (EOR).

1.5.3 Compressed Mode

In this mode the information is transmitted as regular data, transmitted in a byte
string and as compressed data.
Compressed mode is used to compress data for better transmission rates and for
better quality.

1.6 FTP Commands

FTP commands are of three types:
1. Access control commands
2. Transfer parameter commands
3. FTP service commands

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Table: 1.1 Access Control Commands

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Table: 1.2 Transfer Parameter Commands

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Table: 1.3 FTP Service Commands

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FTP responses
The FTP response is the way by which synchronization is ensured among the FTP
server and client. Every instruction sent by the user is analyzed by the server and it will
perform an action and send back a reply.

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 The response consists of a 3 number code shows the means in which the
instruction is being processed by the client. The 3 numbered response code is difficult for
humans to read so each code is described with a text.

The responses from the client consist of 3 digits and the meaning is as follows:
The first digit shows whether the connection is successful or not.
The second digit shows about what the response from client refers to.
The third digit provides additional information compared to second number.

Table: 1.4 First Number Code of FTP Response

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 Table 1.5 Second Number Code of FTP Response

1.7 Secure Socket Layer and Transport Layer Security

Secure file transfer over the Internet revealed SSH (Secure Shell, also known as
Secure Socket Shell) and SSL (Secure Socket Layer) as the two current primary options
used for secure file transfer communications. As of this writing equally viable products
exist for enhanced secure file transfer using either SSH or SSL. Both SSH and SSL can
accomplish session traffic encryption and connection authentication using industry
standard encryption algorithms such as RSA key exchange and Triple DES.

SSH:
SSH was originally designed as a replacement for unsecured applications such as
telnet, rlogin, rsh and ftp where usernames and passwords are sent in clear text across a
network. It can also be used to securely “tunnel” other applications. The standard TCP/IP

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port used for SSH is 22. SSH and its associated components are applications that can
perform a variety of tasks.

SSL:
SSL was originally designed by Netscape Corporation, as an Internet browser
add-on (as opposed to an “application” in the case of SSH) for secure web
communications. SSL is a universally accepted standard for secure web based
transactions such as credit card purchases and other ecommerce. It typically uses TCP/IP
port 443.
TLS (Transport Layer Security) Protocol is used to provide privacy and data
integrity between two communicating applications. SSL protocol provides a way to
communicate client and server so that attacker can’t tamper the message.

SSL itself is not an application. Operating at the Transport layer of the OSI (Open
Systems Interconnection) model it provides services to other higher layer application
protocols, functioning as an application independent method for confidential,
authenticated, integrity based communication between applications. Figure below depicts
SSL/TLS in logical relation to other applications using the seven layer OSI model.

Fig1.3 SSL/TLS OSI Model Relationship

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FTPS (File Transfer Protocol Secure)
FTPS protocol adds an extra layer of protection to the clients by implementing
encryption and using some secure protocols like TLS protocol to transfer data over the
TCP/IP network. FTPS is the upgraded version of FTP which removes the limitations of
the FTP server. FTPS provides secure protocol support as provided by some other
services like SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Service Extension for Secure SMTP
over TLS) and HTTPS (supports Transport Layer Security protocol for secure
connection). FTPS overcomes the limitations of FTP server like eavesdrop ping,
tampering and message forgery across the network. It supports full functionality for
Secure Socket Layer (SSL) cryptographic protocol and Transport Layer Security
protocol. It also implements the use of client-side certificates and server-side public key
authentication mechanisms. It also supports well-suited ciphers for transferring data over
the network including AES, Triple DES, DES and also some of hash functions such as
SHA and MD5.
Typically one of two possible modes is used for FTP over SSL:
Explicit SSL/TLS –AUTH SSL, AUTH TLS: connection starts on standard FTP
port 21, switches to SSL or TLS based on FTP client requesting SSL encryption via
AUTH SSL or AUTH TLS command respectively. In Explicit Mode the clients have
complete power on which areas of the link are to be encrypted.
Implicit SSL/TLS –FTP connection starts on a designated port (usually 990), SSL
is started at the beginning of the connection. Explicit SSL should be used where
standards compliance is mandated. In Implicit Mode, the entire FTP session is encrypted.
FTPS was used in explicit mode in this research.

SFTP:
The SSH file transfer protocol or secure FTP (SFTP) is used to transfers files
between client and server in a secure way. SFTP uses the Secure Shell protocol (SSH) to
transfer files. FTP does not encrypt any data but SFTP encrypts the data transmitting
between client and the server, as a result the sensitive information like password can’t be
forged or tempered between transmissions. It is good alternative to FTP.

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 Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Anand Srivastava Linux in excess of the past duo of years has developed to the
position where it has been acknowledged as a practicable proposal for server
applications. This renovation is due to its steadiness and shore up offered by a few
corporations. At present it is being worn by Internet Service Providers. Linux will be
established for additional grim applications merely if it can hold serious loads. This
research examines the performance of Linux in one such request, the FTP server. A
number of experimentations were demeanor to resolve the performance below diverse
environments. Termination pedestals on these experiments are drained and prearranged in
this research. Research prove that Linux execute relatively well below serious loads.[1].

T. Kiran This research explain the propose and accomplishment of a system that
permits the news to contact files on remote anonymous FTP sites clearly. By
transparency we represent that each and every files on each and every remote FTP sites in
the planet emerge to be the part of the local file system tree and can be admittance by
means of any of the recognizable Unix programs exclusive of need to change or still
recompile these programs, This is accomplished by applying a new sort of file system,
known as FTP file system, for Linux. The FTP file system include the file transfer
protocol (FTP) within the kernel and build files on remote accomplish sites emerge as
local files. It utilizes a disk cache to cache freshly accessed file. A user level method,
known as cache daemon, occasionally removes cached files that gratify the system
administrator individual criteria, in order to present some resemblance of cache
rationality [2].

Roy Gregory Franks Client-server systems are developing more and more
familiar in the world these days as clients shift to networks of distributed, interacting
computers. This structure of job demands new recital models as the communications in
client-server systems are additional complex than the categories maintained by classic
queuing network solvers such as Mean Value Analysis. Layered Queuing Network is one

26
of these replicas; it uses hierarchical putrefaction and replacement setbacks to answer the
model [3].

This research illustrates a fresh analytic modeling tool called LQNS (Layered
Queuing Network Solver) which expands previous methods worn to model distributed
client-server systems. The assistance of the theory are as trails. First, the form now
supports forwarding. Forwarding is a method where a respond to a client is postponed to
a lesser level server in a multi-level system, humanizing routine by reducing
communication traffic. Forwarding can also be worn to renovate open models to closed
models. Second, systems that use before time respond can be modeled. Early answers are
worn to decrease the response time by responding to a client earlier than all of its work at
a server is finished. Previous methods have been extensive to multi servers and to allow
multiple clients. Third, actions have been set up. Activities characterize the minimum
unit of modeling detail and can have subjective precedence associations. Finally, the
solver has been unmitigated to hold models with both standardized and assorted threads
inside a task. Standardized threads are worn to model multi servers. Assorted threads are
worn to model fork-join communications such as asynchronous remote process calls and
in RAID storage devices. The solver also integrates exactness enhancements for models
with premature replies and for models with several layers.

The solver has been worn to investigate abundant systems found in continuation
today including a tele-operator arrangement and a business processing system. In
conclusion, a widespread presentation model of the Linux 2.0 Network File System
(NFS) is obtainable [4].

M. Horowitz and S. Lunt In this paper we discuss the FILE TRANSFER

PROTOCOL (FTP) and its security considerations. Many new authentication schemes
are introduced in this paper. These extension mechanisms provide integrity and
confidentiality while transferring the data using FTP server. These mechanisms are
applicable on both channels i.e. the control and data channels.

27
 New optional commands which were introduced in this paper are AUTH, ADAT,
PROT, CCC, CONF and MIC. These commands increase the security part wile
transferring the data over the network.

Dag Henning Liodden Sørbø The normal technique of transmitting files from a
FTP server to clients is through TCP connections on the Internet. The whole file is
transferred separately to each and every user using a uni cast link. The most common
thing which happens is that clients download the same file at the same time within certain
time interval. The whole time server sends several copies of the same data. This results in
needless data sending within the system. This research focus on Cache Cast file server,
which removes needless data sending by using CacheCast method. This method also
helps in removing redundancy.

Cache Cast method is used when the same data section must be transferred to
various users in a very short time frame. In a live streaming design, all clients
overwhelming the similar video or voice stream are getting the same records
synchronously. Thus, live streaming schemes can really profit from Cache Cast. During
transfer in file server, the clients are not harmonized per se. Cache Cast sustain in a file
server requires a unique system idea. The main idea in the Cache Cast server is to
reorganize the file blocks prior to transmission, such that the identical file block is
transport to numerous clients. Cache Cast is then capable to eliminate the unneeded data
transfers.

This research consists of the design, implementation and appraisal of the Cache
Cast file server. The method is executed in the ns-3 network simulator, in sort to execute
experimentation in a network with dozens of customers. Three chief aspects of the
scheme are appraise, specifically the belongings on the bandwidth expenditure in the
system, the collision on the download time practiced by the clients, and the equality
among alongside connected customers. The presentation of the Cache Cast file server is
balanced against the presentation of an FTP server.

28
 The assessment has exposed that the Cache Cast file server executes appreciably
superior than an FTP server, which transport the files using TCP. It distributes the files
quicker to the receivers, and trim down the total bandwidth expenditure in the network. In
our research, the download time is concentrated by a cause of 10 and the bandwidth
enthusiastic is 89 % less then when using an FTP server. These presentation gains are
accredited to the Cache Cast sustain in the file server. The appraisal also shows that the
Cache Cast files server guarantee fairness amongst challenging customers.

M. Allman and S. Ostermann The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) has many
mechanisms which can make this protocol vulnerable to many network security issues.
The FTP protocol is used to transfer files by the server to the client. The proxy FTP
creates many security problems. The FTP protocol also allows the user to enter n number
of attempts for entering the credentials such as username and password. Due to this issue
an attacker can perform a password guessing attack commonly known as brute force
attack. The research paper suggests the solutions for the security problems contained in
FTP which also helps the system administrators to strengthen the FTP managed by them.

29
 Chapter 3
IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 VMware
VMware is a corporation that was accepted in 1998 who offers diverse software
and applications for virtualization. In these days, it has become one of the key
contributors of virtualization software in the invention. VMware’s software's be capable
to classify in two levels: desktop applications along with server applications.

VMware is a virtualization as well as cloud computing software provider in

support of x86-compatible systems. VMware Inc. has its head office in Palo Alto of
California. VMware virtualization is base lying on the ESX/ESXi bare metal hypervisor,
supporting virtual technology. The word "VMware" is time and again used in suggestion
to particular VMware Inc. products for eg. VMware Horizon Application Manager,
VMware v Cloud Director, VMware Workstation and many more.

Virtual machines are used widely in IBM architecture computers as they make
possible to run an additional operating system and it runs in such a way that it appears as
it is running on a different set of hardware. It helps people to install and analyze more
than one operating system on a single hardware or on a single computer. VMware was
founded by five special IT experts. The company formally launched its earliest product,
in 1999 that was VMware Workstation, and after that VMware GSX Server in 2001. The
company has started many advance applications since that occasion.
VMware's desktop software is friendly with all OSs, like Linux, Windows, and Mac OS
X. VMware offer three miscellaneous type of desktop application:
 VMware Workstation: This creation is used to install and run a variety of copies
or cases of the similar operating systems or besides diverse operating systems on
a exacting physical PC.
 VMware Fusion: This was designed for Mac users plus offers extra compatibility
between all extra VMware products.

30
  VMware Player: This was launched as freeware by VMware, intended for
consumers who do not have accredited VMware software. This is software
intended only for personal use.

VMware's product hypervisors planned for servers that can run openly on the server
hardware with no need of an additional primary OS. VMware’s procession of server
software includes:
 VMware ESX Server: It is an enterprise-level illumination, which is
constructing to show improved functionality in estimation to the freeware
VMware Server substantial as of a small scheme overhead. VMware ESX is
integrated with VMware vCenter to facilitate added results to get improved the
manageability and consistency of the server achievement.
 VMware ESXi Server: This is similar to the ESX Server apart from that the
examine console is change with BusyBox system as well as it necessitate terribly
small disk space to control.
 VMware Server: It's a freeware application that can be worn over obtainable
operating systems similar to Linux or Microsoft Windows.

3.2 Virtualization
Virtualization enables today’s X86 computers on the way to run numerous
operating systems and applications, building your communications simpler as well as
more efficient. Applications catch deployed quicker, performance with availability swell
and operations turn out to be automated, ensuing in that’s easier to relate and not as a lot
of expensive to hold plus handle.

3.2.1 Server Virtualization

The architectural blueprint of today’s x86 server allows running one OS at a time.
It also helps in twice the better resource utilization and also make possible in extra cost
cutting as it provides same hardware to one or more operating system. It provides us the
technique by which we can run many operating systems on a single piece of hardware or
system. Virtualization technology is a key technology which helps us in developing

31
future technology. It also overcomes many other limitations and provides path for future
development.

Server virtualization allows us to choose any server beyond its hardware

limitations. Most of the servers in market dealing with low hardware quality which
gradually decreases its performance.
VMware vSphere provide us the virtualization which helps in:
 80 % better utilization of resources
 Up to 50 % declination in expenses
 10:1 or higher server consolidation gain

3.2.2 Network Virtualization

Network Virtualization is a term which can be defined as software which can
provide exact duplication of hardware for operating system. Network virtualized
software’s are helpful in initial stages of learning. They also provide an easy and cost
effective way to build a network. These are also hardware independent and they provide
large operational freedom to the client. These are stable networks and easy to handle as
well as for debugging.

Network virtualization current sensible networking mediation plus services

dependable ports, switches, firewalls, load balancers, routers, VPNs as well as more to
connected workloads.

We can build a remarkably scalable network structure with the aim to provide
enhanced levels ordered capability moreover nimbleness, QoS, previous provisioning and
replica, through observing, error bugging, all this with protection by VMware network
virtualization application.

VMware NSX will be the world's best system and safety virtualization strategy
given that a full-service, programmatic in addition mobile virtual network worn for
virtual equipment, organized on zenith of any ordinary purpose IP network hardware.

32
 VMware NSX phase group all together the most excellent of Nicira NVP plus
VMware vCloud Networking and Security devoted on one phase. VMware NSX
represents a entire group of abridge logical networking rudiments plus services together
by means of routers, firewalls, logical switches, VPN, monitoring bonus security.

3.2.3 Desktop Virtualization

Arranging desktops as a supervised renovate offer you the juncture to get exploit
faster to unreliable requirements and occasion. You can reduce expenses and supplement
overhaul by promptly and simply deliver virtualized desktops in addition to applications
to separation workplaces, outsourced in addition to offshore workers in addition movable
workers on iPad as well Android tablets.

VMware desktop explanations are scalable, firm, entirely protected and

exceptionally accessible to assurance maximum uptime and efficiency. Diminish
consumption and organization by transporting desktops as renovate. In
attendance protected remote access to teleworkers in addition to temporary staff with no
sacrifice recital.

3.2.4 Application Virtualization

Associations are steadily additional virtualizing of their Tier 1 operation
important product submissions. This includes records, CRM, email, ERP, Java
middleware, business intelligence, teamwork and lots of others.

In order to defend the needed stages of SLA and QoS for these Tier 1 business
products in virtual surroundings, IT professionals must interest similarly on the
virtualization tools of the arrangement additionally on the strong association and
monitoring of virtualized business applications, and also on preserve profitable policy for
commerce steadiness and tragedy recuperation.

These virtualized software's essentially run enhanced and give high convenience,
tragedy recuperation, impetus and swiftness as well as cloud-readiness. During the

33
VMware Tier 1 request Virtualization answer construct on VMware vCloud Suite, you
can enlarge the attribute of IT services distributed, while make simpler your
transportation, exploit efficiency and get rid of it.

3.2.5 Storage Virtualization

Storage virtualization is division of the storage space on basis of software-defined
level with the purpose to show improvement in the space effectiveness without any
additional hardware for storage.

It have to permit quick stipulation so that high-performance, space-efficient

storage space can be spun up as instantaneous as a Virtual Machine these days. It is
necessary to offer a VM-centric space administration duplication that is intuitive for
virtual administrator, and they are fulfilling on additional space organization jobs in
virtual environment. And it has to bond equally with the hypervisor place to compel
occupant, outstanding workflows.

Storage virtualization of VMware is grouping of ability that present a

simplification layer for physical storage belongings to be administered, addressed and
optimized in virtualization expenditure.

Storage virtualization skill offers a fundamentally improved way to manage

storage possessions for your virtual transportation, giving your industry the potential to:
 expansively pick up storage supply operation along with suppleness
 abridge OS patching plus driver requirements, in nastiness of storage topology
 enlarge application uptime in addition abridge day-to-day function
 control and correspond your accessible storage setups

3.3 VMware Virtualization

Formulate effects easier for your IT communications throughout confirmed
virtualization elucidations assemble on VMware vSphere in the route of Operations
administration, the industry's important virtualization plus cloud management stage.

34
Virtualization help you to reduce assets cost during server consolidation and neat down
operating cost all the way during computerization, while decrease missing revenue by
dropping both considered and unexpected downtime. Diminish capital along with
operational costs by growing energy efficiency along with requiring less hardware in the
company of server consolidation.
Improve business continuity as well as disaster recovery capability for your
virtualized infrastructure during improved and
basic disaster recovery solutions with vCenter Site
Recovery Manager.

Virtualized Tier 1 industry decisive endeavor

applications, including databases, business
applications, in addition to deliver the maximum SLAs
and top performance. Achieve policy-based automation
plus make sure compliance and performance by a zero-
touch infrastructure with VMware v Center Operations Management Suite used for
virtualization management.

Discover why the software-defined data center is the most excellent and most
capable cloud infrastructure elucidation.

Reason for Choosing VMware for Virtualization

VMware virtualization solution are build on VMware vSphere, our confirmed,
vigorous and consistent virtualization platform—and the pick of additional than 500,000
clients, together with the complete luck overall 100. It's modernization and brilliance
have been known by strategic do research firms like Gartner, who position it in
the leaders side of the Gartner, pleasant Quadrant is used for Server Virtualization
interactions.
Paping:
Paping is a computer program used to check whether the host is alive or reachable
over the network on a specified port. It is a network administration utility and helpful for

35
the network administrators to check the host for further reference. Its name is on another
network utility tool ping.
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used to detect the operating
system of a remote host over the network. This protocol has a limitation that the network
administrators block it for security reasons. The ping utility can’t be used when ICMP is
blocked and the service cannot be determined.
Paping can be used on both windows and Linux systems. Once the paping is initiated it
measures the time taken to establish the connection and also keep record of any failures
in the connection. The final result includes connection time and it is in much summarized
form. The services available on the network must keep their relevant TCP or UDP ports
open to perform their task. The paping utility attempts to connect to the port we specified
to determine if the service is available or not.

3.4 Windows Implementation

This is regarding how to set up a virtual machine on a PC. Virtual machine (VM)
is a application completion of a mechanism (a computer) that implement software like a
physical machine. Mainly people contain single computer. If you desire to set up a LAN
or a mechanism to be small-scale testing, it's not sufficient. You as well desire to include
both windows and Linux OS. Purchase a computer is not value it. Providentially, Virtual
machine product can virtual a set of guests in a user computer.
Steps :
1. Installation of the VMware Workstation on Windows user computers.
Note: For installing the Workstation on a Windows 7 user computer, you need
administrator privileges.
Click on the package of VMware Workstation package that you owned in a CD or in a
package form.

36
2. Click Next.

3. Select the set up type.

37
4. Select the directory in which you want to install VMware Workstation.

5. If we want to check for updates on startup then select this box. If not then uncheck this
box.

38
6. If you like to send feedback to VMware then select this box. Uncheck this if we do not
want to send feedback to it. Then, Click on next button.

7. Select the boxes for which you want the installer to create shortcuts. The choices are
Quick Launch toolbar, Desktop and Start menu program folder. Uncheck the shortcut if
you do not want to create during installation.

39
8. Now, installer had gathered all the needed information and it is all set to start installing
the software. If there are any changes or modifications you want to change it is the time
to make those adjustments and for that Click Back button. If there are no changes to
make then, proceed and click on Continue button. After this the installer starts installing
files to PC.

40
9. When this window appears enter the serial number and click on Enter button.
10. After completion restart your computer.
11. Agree to the terms and conditions in the agreement option, and then click on Next
button and at last click on Finish button.

3.4.1 Windows Server 2008 in VMware Workstation

For installing Windows Server 2008 we need a CD/DVD or an ISO file having
server 2008 files. Before starting installation check the hardware architecture whether it
is 64 bit or 32 bit. Then start installing the server according the CPU architecture.
1. Firstly, open VMware Workstation. Then click on New Virtual Machine.
2. There choose the default action and in next part check the radio button for typical
virtual machine installation.
3. In next step choose to continue with default installation of Windows and then pick the
Windows Server 2008 version.
4. Provide a name to the virtual machine for installation I named it "Win Server".
5. Allocate the disk to the Windows Server from the available memory.
6. The next step is to boot the Server.
7. Go through some of the settings like amount of RAM used.
8. Click the Power button to start the windows server installation.
9. After all this follow the standard procedure of Windows installation till it completes.

3.4.2 Cent OS in VMware Workstation

1. First step is to insert the operating system CD or else use ISO file.
2. Secondly click on Power button to power on the machine.
3. Follow the instructions to complete the installation process.
4. Click on Yes button when it asks for partitioning the drive.
5. At last click on Next button and then Finish to complete the installation.

41
3.5 FTP in Windows Server 2008

 Open Server Manager then click on Roles after that add some roles by clicking on
“Add Roles” button.

 We get another window and in this check the box Web Server (IIS) to install.

42
 Now click on the Next button. There are many services showing on this page,
click on FTP Server and its sub parts then Click Next button to finish the
role installation.

 Now open IIS Manager then enlarge the server, right click on the Sites. After
then click on Add FTP Site provide it a site name and the path where we want to
save it.

43
 Next step is to configure binding and Secure Socket Layer.

 Next is to configure the authorization for security aspects.

44
 Now click on finish button.
 For security aspects configure the Windows Firewall and add some
Inbound Rules. For creating a rule clicks on New Rule and select Port.

 The above rules are applied to TCP port 21 then click on Next button.

45
 Open IIS Manager and click on the server object. After this click on Server
Certificates.

 Under Actions pane on right side click Create Self-Signed Certificate.

46
 Use any name to create the certificate. I used FTPuser as a name for my
implementation and then click on OK button:

 We will see the certificate created in the list.

47
 Again open the FTP SSL Settings.

 Under SSL Certificate select the certificate we created earlier. Under SSL
Policy select Custom and then click on the Advanced button:

48
 Under Control Channel select Require only for credentials and under Data
Channel select Require and then click on OK:

 Click on the Default Web Site and then click on Bindings in the Actions pane:

49
 In the Site Bindings section click on the Add Button:

 In the Add Site Binding section select the Type as ftp, leave the IP Address box
as All Unassigned. Enter the hostname and then click on OK:

50
  After above step confirm the added ftp site binding details and then
click Close:

 After then keep the default configuration to allow the connection and apply it to
all profiles and finish the wizard.
 Now it’s time to check the FTP server, it must be running.

3.6 FTP in Linux

1. Firstly, we install FTP Server and for this we install vsftpd (Very Secure FTP
Daemon).
[root] # yum install -y vsftpd

2. Second step is to configure FTP Server. To configure it we have to edit the

file ‘/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf”.

51
3. Now we must configure the SELinux and the iptables
[root] # setsebool -P ftpd_disable_trans=1
[root] # iptables -I INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 20 -j ACCEPT
[root] # iptables -I INPUT -m tcp -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT

4. Next step is to connect to the FTP Server

There are many applications through which we can connect to the ftp server likewise
Gnome Commander (Linux).

5. Last step is to secure our FTP Server

52
 The FTP protocol supports two modes for file transfer one is active mode and
another is passive mode. Active mode uses port 20 for connection with client. In passive
mode, it uses a custom-defined range of ports above 1024. Vsftpd uses active mode by
default.

Step 1. Disable the anonymous_enable option. It prevents the non-authorized users from
accessing the FTP Server.
# anonymous_enable=NO

Step 2. Restrict the users by using userlist_enable option from accessing the FTP Server.

Step 3. Must change the default folder

53
Step 4. Next step is to create Multi FTP Site
For example, I want to create one IP for local user and one IP address for anonymous
user to log in.

Now one more config file for the new one.

Step 5. Create SSL Certificate on Server

To create a self-signed certificate, we use a tool name openssl and then enter the
following commands. If we don’t want to use a self signed certificate then use a
certificate issued by 3rd party.

54
These Security configuration make the FTP server little bit more secure than the normal
FTP server.

55
 Chapter 4
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT
4.1 Windows Performance Measurement

In this we are measuring performance of the server having different aspects

likewise RTT, Throughput, Latency, Jitter and bandwidth. After comparing all these
aspects of both the servers (Linux and Windows), we are measuring the time to upload
and download files of certain sizes.

4.1.1 Windows FTP Server

1. Round Trip Time

Table: 4.1 Round Trip Time of Window System

Min Avg Max
0.68 0.91 1.38
0.83 0.89 1.03
0.76 0.93 1.98
0.79 0.87 1.03
0.76 0.94 0.94

RTT Graph
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
5 10 15 20 25

Fig 4.1: Round Trip Time Graph of Window System

56
2. Throughput
(MSS = 1500Byte, Loss = 1e-06%)

Table: 4.2 Throughput of Window System

RTT Througput(Mbit/sec)
0.91 125759.25
0.89 128585.30
0.93 123054.75
0.87 131541.29
0.94 121745.66

Fig: 4.2 Throughput Graph of Windows System

3. Latency
Table: 4.3 Latency of Window System
0.36
0.26
0.29
0.18
0.19

57
 Fig: 4.3 Latency Graph of Window System

4. Jitter
Table 4.4 Jitter of Window system
0.29
0.14
0.16
0.35
0.16

Jitter Graph
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 2 3 4 5

Fig: 4.4 Jitter Graph of Window System

58
5. Bandwidth

Table: 4.5 Bandwidth of Window System

Min Avg Max
0.90 0.92 0.97
0.79 1.00 1.23
0.77 1.02 1.90
0.87 0.87 1.59
0.74 1.08 1.02

Fig: 4.5 Bandwidth Graph of Window System

4.1.2 Windows FTPS Server:

1. Round Trip Time

Table: 4.6 Round Trip Time Table of Window System with FTPS
Min Avg Max
0.86 1.07 2.10
0.87 1.15 1.91
0.79 0.88 1.13
0.84 1.17 3.19
0.60 1.15 3.93

59
 Fig: 4.6 Round Trip Time Graph of Window System with FTPS

2. Throughput
(MSS = 1500Byte, Loss = 1e-06%)

Table: 4.7 Throughput Table of Window System with FTPS

RTT Througput(Mbit/sec)
1.07 106954.13
1.15 99513.84
0.88 130046.50
1.17 97812.75
1.15 99513.84

60
 Through Put Graph
140000

120000

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0
1.07 1.15 0.88 1.17 1.15

Fig: 4.7 Throughput Graph of Window System with FTPS

3. Latency
Table: 4.8 Latency Table of Window System with FTPS
0.44
0.29
0.30
0.25
0.22

61
 Latency Graph
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 2 3 4 5

Fig: 4.8 Latency Graph of Window System with FTPS

4. Jitter

Table:4.9 Jitter of Window System with FTPS

0.39
0.22
0.20
0.23
0.18

Jitter Graph
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 2 3 4 5

Fig: 4.9 Jitter Graph of Window System with FTPS

62
5. Bandwidth

Table: 4.10 Bandwidth table of Window System with FTPS

Min Avg Max
0.69 0.87 1.21
0.76 0.83 0.83
0.78 0.87 0.87
0.75 0.81 0.89
0.69 0.80 0.81

Fig: 4.10 Jitter Graph of Window System with FTPS

Downloading files from FTP server:

In this section we will discuss our experiments used to determine the transfer rate
as a function of file sizes. We transferred files of 100MB, 500MB and 1GB. The results
are given in the following table.

From Windows system:

Table 4.11: Downloading files from FTP Server
File Size 100 MB 500 MB 1 GB

Time (sec) 7.17 46.19 96.11

(14951 Kbytes/sec) (11123.50 Kbytes/sec) (11881.88 Kbytes/sec)

63
Uploading Files to Windows FTP server (from Windows System):

Table: 4.12 uploading file to Windows FTP Server (from windows system)
File Size 100 MB 500 MB 1GB

Time 4.02 37.88 112.72

(sec) (26474.21 Kbytes/sec) (13564 (10131.08
Kbytes/sec) Kbytes/sec)

64
65
Downloading Files using Linux system:

Table: 4.13 Downloading Files using Linux system

File Size 100 MB 500 MB 1 GB
Time 15.1 77.50 180
(sec) (7088.02 (6626.80 Kbytes/sec) (6331.74 Kbytes/sec)
Kbytes/sec)

66
Uploading Files to Windows FTP server (from Linux System):

Table: 4.14 Uploading Files to Windows FTP server (from Linux System)
File Size 100 MB 500 MB 1GB

Time 9.71 29.9 180

(sec) (10995.08 (17228.81 (6331.74
Kbytes/sec) Kbytes/sec) Kbytes/sec)

67
4.2 Linux Performance Measurements
4.2.1 Linux FTP Server
1. Round Trip Time
Table: 4.15 Round trip Time Table of Linux System
Min Avg Max
0.62 0.75 1.01
0.59 0.72 1.03
0.64 0.73 1.20
0.57 0.70 0.81
0.62 0.68 0.85

RTT Graph
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.7
0.68
0.66
0.64
5 10 15 20 25

Fig: 4.11 Round trip Time Graph of Linux System

2. Throughput

(MSS = 1500Byte, Loss = 1e-06%)

Table: 4.16 Throughput Table of Linux System

RTT Throughput (Mbit/sec)
0.75 152587.89
0.72 158945.72
0.73 156768.38
0.70 163487.03
0.68 168295.47

68
 Fig: 4.12 Throughput Graph of Linux System
4. Latency
Table: 4.17 Latency Table of Linux System

0.08
0.06
0.02
0.09
0.03

69
 Latency Graph
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
1 2 3 4 5

Fig: 4.13 Latency Graph of Linux System

5. Jitter

Table: 4.18 Jitter Table of Linux System

0.19
0.02
0.10
0.03
0.08

70
 Fig: 4.14 Jitter Graph of Linux System

6. Bandwidth

Table: 4.19 Bandwidth Table of Linux System

Min Avg Max
0.62 0.72 0.95
0.63 0.69 0.85
0.64 0.67 0.69
0.55 0.63 0.71
0.61 0.69 0.73

71
 Fig: 4.15 Bandwidth Graph of Linux System

4.2.2 Linux FTPS Server

1. Round Trip Time

Table: 4.20 Round Trip Time Table of Linux System with FTPS
Min Avg Max
0.65 0.92 2.56
0.47 0.85 1.45
0.68 0.78 0.90
0.72 0.80 0.98
0.65 0.82 1.01

72
 Fig: 4.16 Round Trip Time Graph of Linux System with FTPS

2. Throughput
(MSS = 1500Byte, Loss = 1e-06%)

Table: 4.21 Throughput Table of Linux System with FTPS

RTT Througput(Mbit/sec)
0.92 124392.30
0.85 134636.37
0.78 146719.13
0.80 143051.15
0.82 139562.10

Through Put Graph

150000
145000
140000
135000
130000
125000
120000
115000
110000
0.92 0.85 0.78 0.8 0.82

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 Fig: 4.17 Throughput Graph of Linux System with FTPS
4. Latency

Table: 4.22 Latency Table of Linux System with FTPS

0.17
0.09
0.11
0.08
0.13

Fig: 4.18 Latency Graph of Linux System with FTPS

5. Jitter

Table: 4.23 Jitter Table of Linux System with FTPS

0.33
0.13
0.09
0.17
0.11

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 Fig: 4.19 Jitter Graph of Linux System with FTPS

6. Bandwidth

Table: 4.24 Bandwidth Table of Linux System with FTPS

Min Avg Max
0.64 0.77 0.92
0.58 0.75 1.01
0.56 0.72 1.05
0.71 0.83 1.01
0.69 0.73 0.79

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 Fig: 4.20 Bandwidth Graph of Linux System with FTPS

Downloading files from FTP server:

In this section we will discuss our experiments used to determine the transfer rate
as a function of file sizes. We transferred files of 100MB, 500MB and 1GB. The results
are given in the following table.

From Windows system:

Table: 4.25 Downloading files from Window

File Size 100 MB 500 MB 1 GB

Time (sec) 8.236 41.50 72.55

(12912 Kbytes/sec) (12380.06 Kbytes/sec) (15740.90 Kbytes/sec)

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Uploading Files to Linux FTP server (from Windows System):

Table: 4.26 Uploading Files to Linux FTP server (from Windows System)

File Size 100 MB 500 MB 1GB

Time 12.47 39.92 86.74

(sec) (8524.73 Kbytes/sec) (12871.34 Kbytes/sec) (13165.27 Kbytes/sec)

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Downloading Files using Linux system:

Table: 4.27 Downloading Files using Linux system

File Size 100 MB 500 MB 1 GB

Time (sec) 10.7 67.6 123

(9901.59 Kbytes/sec) (7603.39 Kbytes/sec) (9277.42 Kbytes/sec)

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Uploading Files to Linux FTP server (from Linux System):

Table:4.28 Uploading Files to Linux FTP server (from Linux System)

File 100 MB 500 MB 1GB
Size
Time 4.56 24.1 66.1
(sec) (23297.85 Kbytes/sec) (21346.12 Kbytes/sec) (17272.35 Kbytes/sec)

79
80
 Chapter 5
CONCLUSION
The performance of windows and Linux have been examined under different
circumstances like before and after security related modifications and also calculate the
time taken by the ftp servers to download the files of various sizes. At the end of the
thesis we found the following results.
The RTT, Bandwidth, latency and Jitter for windows is more than the Linux
server. This means Linux is faster while doing any operation in ftp server. The
Throughput of Linux ftp server is more than that of Windows as a result Linux works
faster as it has more capacity to carry data in particular time.
The various parameters during our observation helps in concluding that Linux
perform better than windows and can bear heavy load and traffic. With implementation of
FTPS the performance of both operating systems depletes slightly. But after
implementing FTPS on both operating systems Linux perform better than windows.
There is one more important aspect which is the ease in installing both the
operating systems. This method provides a good idea about the knowledge required
according to user’s viewpoint. Linux server is slightly tough to install and use instead of
Windows server.

RTT

Fig: 5.1 RTT Comparison Graph

81
Throughputs

Fig: 5.2 Throughput Comparison Graph

Latency

Fig: 5.3 Latency Comparison Graph

Jitter

Fig 5.4: Jitter Comparison Graph

82
Bandwidth

Fig 5.5 Bandwidth Comparison Graph

After analyzing these graphs it is clear that when the ftp and ftp services are used
in Linux environment they give the enhanced result and from these graphs it is clear that
RTT if the Linux is better than the windows and Latency, Bandwidth and jitter as well
gives the better result when they are used in Linux based ftp server or Linux based ftp
server.

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