Lecture wise short notes available:

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Course: MTH101
Short Notes For Midterm

Lecture # 01

What is calculus?
Calculus is the study of the continuous rates of change of quantities.

What does calculus study?

Calculus studies how various quantities change with respect to other quantities.

What are natural numbers?

Natural numbers are the simplest numbers, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, which are used
for counting.

What is a subset?
A subset is a part of a collection or set.

What are integers?

Integers are numbers that include the natural numbers, their negatives, and zero.

What are rational numbers?

Rational numbers are numbers formed by taking ratios of integers, excluding
division by zero.

What are irrational numbers?

Irrational numbers are numbers that cannot be expressed as the ratio of integers,
such as √2 or π.

What is analytic geometry?

Analytic geometry is a branch of mathematics that describes algebraic formulas
using geometric curves and vice versa.

How are real numbers represented on a coordinate line?

Each real number corresponds to a point on a coordinate line.
What does the order of real numbers represent?
The order of real numbers represents the relative size of one number compared
to another.

What does the symbol ">" mean?

The symbol ">" means "greater than."

What does the symbol "<=" mean?

The symbol "<=" means "less than or equal to."

What does the symbol "∪" represent?

The symbol "∪" represents the union of two sets, combining all their elements.

What does the symbol "∩" represent?

The symbol "∩" represents the intersection of two sets, including only the
common elements.

Lecture # 02

What is the notation used for absolute value?

Answer: The notation used for absolute value is |a|.

How is the absolute value of a non-negative real number defined?

Answer: The absolute value of a non-negative real number is the number itself.

What is the absolute value of a negative real number?

Answer: The absolute value of a negative real number is the number without the
minus sign.

Is 0 considered a positive or negative number in mathematics?

Answer: 0 is considered neither positive nor negative in mathematics. It is a non-
negative number.

What is the effect of taking the absolute value of a number?

Answer: The effect of taking the absolute value of a number is to remove the
minus sign if the number is negative.

Can both +a and -a be positive or negative?

Answer: No, if a is negative, then -a is positive and +a is negative.

Solve the equation |x-3| = 4.

Answer: The solutions to the equation |x-3| = 4 are x = 7 and x = -1.

What is the relationship between square roots and absolute values?

Answer: Every positive real number has two real square roots, one positive and
one negative.
What is the positive square root of 9?
Answer: The positive square root of 9 is 3.

Is the equality 2a = a always correct?

Answer: No, the equality 2a = a is correct only when a is non-negative.

What is the theorem related to the square of a number and its square roots?
Answer: The theorem states that for any real number a, a^2 = (+a)^2 = (-a)^2.

What are the properties of absolute value?

Answer: (a) |-a| = |a|, (b) |ab| = |a||b|, (c) |a/b| = |a|/|b|.

What is the distance formula for points A and B on a coordinate line?

Answer: The distance formula is d = |b - a|.

How can inequalities of the form |x-a| < k be solved?

Answer: Inequalities of this form can be solved by finding the interval notation
for the solutions.

Solve the inequality |x-3| < 4.

Answer: The solution to the inequality |x-3| < 4 is (-1, 7).

Solve the inequality x + |a| ≥ 4.

Answer: The solution to the inequality x + |a| ≥ 4 is x ≤ -a or x ≥ 6.

Is it always true that |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|?

Answer: Yes, it is always true that |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|. This is known as the
triangle inequality.

What is the Triangle Inequality theorem?

Answer: The Triangle Inequality theorem states that for any real numbers a and
b, |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|.

What is the essence of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle in quantum physics?

Answer: The essence of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is based on the
Triangle Inequality.

What is the proof of the Triangle Inequality?

Answer: The Triangle Inequality can be proved by adding two inequalities and
analyzing the cases where a + b is greater than or equal to 0 or less than 0.

Lecture # 03
What is the coordinate plane?
The intersection of two coordinate lines at 90 degrees.

How can points in the plane be represented?

By pairs of real numbers.

What is the purpose of drawing two lines through a point in the coordinate plane?
To associate a unique ordered pair of real numbers with that point.

What is the rectangular coordinate system?

The coordinate plane along with the ordered pairs, together known as the
rectangular coordinate system.

What are quadrants?

The four regions into which the plane is divided by the coordinate axes.

How are graphs of equations in two variables defined?

They are the set of all points in the plane whose coordinates satisfy the equation.
What is the importance of intercepts in a graph?
Intercepts are points where the graph intersects the coordinate axes.
What are x-intercepts and y-intercepts?
X-intercepts are points of the form (a, 0), and y-intercepts are points of the form
(0, b).

What is symmetry in the context of coordinate planes?

Symmetry refers to the property of points being symmetric about an axis or the
origin.

How can symmetry be used as a tool for graphing?

By taking advantage of existing symmetries, the work required to obtain a graph
can be reduced.

Is the graph of an equation always an exact representation?

No, when obtained by plotting points, there is no guarantee that the resulting
curve has the correct shape.

What is the symmetry of the graph y = x?

It is symmetric about the line y = x.

How can the graph of y = -x be obtained from the graph of y = x?

By reflecting the graph of y = x about the x-axis.

Is the graph of y = x symmetric about the y-axis?

Yes, it is symmetric about the y-axis.

Can symmetry reduce the computation required for graphing?

Yes, by utilizing symmetries, computations for one half of the graph can be used
to obtain the other half.
Is the graph of 2x + 2y = 4 symmetric about the y-axis?
No, the graph is not symmetric about the y-axis.

How can the graph of 2x - y = 0 be obtained from the graph of y = x?

By reflecting the graph of y = x about the x-axis.

What is the shape of the graph of y = x?

It is a straight line passing through the origin.

Can the graph of an equation have multiple symmetries?

Yes, it is possible for a graph to have multiple types of symmetry.

How can symmetries be useful in mathematical arguments and applied fields?

Symmetry plays an important role in understanding the structure of the universe
and has practical applications in various fields of mathematics and engineering.

Lecture # 04

What is the definition of slope?

The slope is the ratio of the vertical distance to the horizontal distance between
two points on a line.

Does the slope definition apply to vertical lines?

No, the slope is undefined for vertical lines.

Can any two distinct points on a non-vertical line be used to calculate its slope?
Yes, the slope remains the same regardless of which pair of distinct points on the
line is used.

What does a positive slope indicate?

A positive slope means that the line is inclined upward to the right.

What does a negative slope indicate?

A negative slope means that the line is inclined downward to the right.
What does a zero slope indicate?
A zero slope means that the line is horizontal.

How is the angle of inclination related to the slope of a line?

The slope and angle of inclination are related by the equation m = tan(θ), where
θ is the angle measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis.

How can you determine if two lines are parallel or perpendicular?

Two lines are parallel if their slopes are equal (m1 = m2), and they are
perpendicular if the product of their slopes is -1 (m1 * m2 = -1).

What is the equation of a vertical line?

The equation of a vertical line passing through (a, 0) is x = a.

What is the equation of a line passing through a point (x1, y1) with slope m?
The equation of the line is given by y - y1 = m(x - x1), known as the point-slope
form.

What is the slope-intercept form of a line?

The slope-intercept form of a line is y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b is the
y-intercept.

What is a first-degree equation in x and y?

A first-degree equation in x and y is of the form Ax + By + C = 0, where A, B, and
C are constants.

Why is slope important?

Slope helps us measure steepness, describe changes, and is essential in various
applications, such as studying motion and determining relationships between
quantities.

What is the relationship between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures?

Fahrenheit temperature (F) and Celsius temperature (C) are related by a linear
equation: F = (9/5)C + 32.

Lecture # 05
What will we derive a formula for in this lecture?
The distance between two points in a coordinate plane.

What will we study using the formula?

Equations and graphs of circles.

How is the distance between two points on a coordinate line calculated?

By taking the absolute value of the difference between their coordinates.

What is the formula for finding the distance between two points in a plane?
sqrt((x2 - x1)^2 + (y2 - y1)^2)

What theorem is used to derive the distance formula?

The Pythagorean Theorem.

How can the distance formula be simplified?

By taking the absolute value of the differences individually.

How do we label the points for the distance formula?

It doesn't matter which point is labeled as (x1, y1) or (x2, y2).

How can we determine if three points form a right triangle?

By checking if the sum of the squares of the two shorter sides equals the square
of the longest side (Pythagorean theorem).

What is the midpoint formula?

The coordinates of the midpoint between two points are the average of their
coordinates.

How is the midpoint formula derived?

By considering similar triangles formed by the midpoint and the two points on
the x-axis and y-axis.

What is the equation of a circle in standard form?

(x - x0)^2 + (y - y0)^2 = r^2

How can the equation of a circle be written in expanded form?

Ax^2 + Ay^2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

What is the special importance of the unit circle?

It is a circle centered at the origin with a radius of 1.

What are the three cases for the equation of a circle?

Circle, point, or no graph (degenerate cases).

What is the shape of the graph for a quadratic equation in x?

A parabola.

What is the line of symmetry for a parabola?

A vertical line parallel to the y-axis.

What is the vertex of a parabola?

The highest or lowest point on the curve.

How can we solve an inequality graphically?

By determining the values of x that satisfy the inequality by analyzing the graph.

How can we find the x-intercepts of a quadratic equation?

By setting y = 0 and solving for x using the quadratic formula.

What is the distance formula for a ball thrown straight up?

s = -4.9t^2 + 24.5t