Q1) Answer the following (Any 5) [5x2=10]

1. What are the types of networks?

 Local Area Network (LAN): Connects computers within a small geographical area, such as an
office or home.

 Wide Area Network (WAN): Covers large geographical areas, connecting multiple LANs (e.g.,
the Internet).

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Spans a city or campus, larger than a LAN but smaller
than a WAN.

 Personal Area Network (PAN): Used for communication between devices like phones and
laptops within a small area.

2. Write the types of memory.

 Primary Memory:

o RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for data currently in use.

o ROM (Read-Only Memory): Stores essential system instructions; non-volatile.

 Secondary Memory:

o Hard drives, SSDs: Permanent data storage devices.

 Cache Memory: High-speed memory for frequently used data.

 Virtual Memory: Extends physical memory using disk storage.

 Flash Memory: Non-volatile memory used in USB drives and SD cards.

3. Explain types of computers.

 Supercomputers: High-performance machines for complex calculations, e.g., weather

forecasting.

 Mainframes: Large systems used in enterprises for bulk data processing.

 Minicomputers: Mid-sized, used for specific tasks in labs or small businesses.

 Microcomputers (PCs): General-purpose computers, used at home or in offices.

 Workstations: Powerful PCs for professional tasks, e.g., graphics design.

 Embedded Systems: Computers integrated into devices like washing machines.

4. What is software? Write its types.

 Definition: Software is a set of instructions that tell a computer how to perform tasks.

 Types:
 o System Software: Manages hardware, e.g., Operating Systems like Windows, Linux.

o Application Software: Designed for specific tasks, e.g., MS Word, Photoshop.

o Utility Software: Performs maintenance tasks, e.g., antivirus, disk cleanup.

5. Explain the operating system with examples.

 Definition: The operating system (OS) is system software that manages hardware and
software resources.

 Functions:

o Resource Management: Allocates CPU, memory, etc.

o File Management: Handles data storage and retrieval.

o User Interface: Provides graphical or command-based interaction.

 Examples:

o Windows, macOS, Linux (Desktop OS).

o Android, iOS (Mobile OS).

6. Define the Internet. Mention its uses.

 Definition: The Internet is a global network of interconnected devices that communicate

using standardized protocols.

 Uses:

o Communication: Email, video calls.

o Information Sharing: Search engines, online encyclopedias.

o Entertainment: Streaming services, online gaming.

o E-Commerce: Online shopping, banking.

o Social Networking: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter.

7. Write a short note on cloud computing.

 Definition: Cloud computing refers to delivering computing services like storage, servers,
databases, and software over the Internet.

 Advantages:

o Scalability: Adjust resources based on demand.

o Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.

o Accessibility: Access data and applications anywhere.

 o Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud.

Q2) Write short notes on (Any 3) [3x5=15]

Here are the topics from the document (interpreted from the text). Let me provide detailed
explanations for three of them.

1. Input Devices

 Definition: Input devices are hardware components that allow users to provide data or
control signals to a computer.

 Examples:

o Keyboard: Used for text and command inputs.

o Mouse: A pointing device for graphical user interface interaction.

o Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital format.

o Microphone: Captures audio input for communication or recording.

o Touch Screen: Both input and output device; interacts via touch gestures.

2. Output Devices

 Definition: Output devices are hardware that conveys processed data from a computer to
the user.

 Examples:

o Monitor: Displays visual information; includes LCD, LED screens.

o Printer: Produces physical copies of documents.

o Speakers: Outputs audio.

o Projector: Enlarges computer display for presentations.

o Headphones: Personal audio output device.

3. Types of Printers

 Printers: Devices that produce hard copies of digital documents.

 Types:

o Inkjet Printers: Spray liquid ink to form images; ideal for high-quality prints.

o Laser Printers: Use laser technology for fast and precise printing.

o Dot Matrix Printers: Impact printers that create characters with pins; used for
invoices.
 o 3D Printers: Build physical objects layer by layer from digital designs.

4. Hard Disk

 Definition: A hard disk is a data storage device used in computers to store digital
information.

 Structure:

o Platters: Magnetic disks that store data.

o Read/Write Head: Accesses and modifies data on the platters.

o Spindle: Rotates the platters.

 Capacity: Ranges from a few GB to multiple TB.

 Advantages: High storage capacity, durability, cost-effective.

Q3) Answer the following (Any 3) [3x5=15]

1. Explain the characteristics of computers.

1. Speed: Computers process data and instructions at an incredibly high speed, measured in
microseconds, nanoseconds, or even picoseconds.

2. Accuracy: Computers perform calculations and processes with high accuracy; errors typically
occur due to human input errors.

3. Automation: Once programmed, computers can operate automatically without manual

intervention.

4. Storage: They can store vast amounts of data for quick retrieval.

5. Versatility: They can perform a wide variety of tasks, from calculations to multimedia
rendering.

6. Connectivity: Computers can connect to networks to share data and resources.

2. Describe primary and secondary storage.

 Primary Storage:

o Definition: Temporary memory that a computer uses while performing tasks.

o Examples: RAM, cache memory.

o Features:

 Fast access speed.

 Volatile: Loses data when power is off.

o Usage: Stores data and instructions currently in use.

  Secondary Storage:

o Definition: Non-volatile memory used for long-term data storage.

o Examples: Hard drives, SSDs, USB drives.

o Features:

 Permanent data retention.

 Larger storage capacity compared to primary storage.

o Usage: Stores operating system, applications, and user data.

3. Write the differences between system software and application software.

Feature System Software Application Software

Software that manages hardware and provides core Software for specific tasks or
Definition
functionalities. user needs.

Operating systems (Windows, Linux), device

Examples MS Word, Excel, Photoshop.
drivers.

Purpose Supports the operation of the computer system. Solves user-specific problems.

Runs independently; required for application Depends on system software to

Dependency
software. function.

User
Limited direct interaction. Extensive user interaction.
Interaction

4. Explain computer networks and their advantages.

 Definition: A computer network is a system of interconnected devices that communicate and

share resources.

 Types: LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN.

 Advantages:

1. Resource Sharing: Devices like printers and scanners can be shared.

2. Data Sharing: Allows users to share files and data efficiently.

3. Communication: Enables email, messaging, and video calls.

4. Centralized Management: Easier control of multiple devices and resources.

5. Scalability: New devices can be added easily to the network.

Q4) Write notes on (Any 2) [2x5=10]

1. Functions of an Operating System

An Operating System (OS) is a critical software layer that manages hardware and software resources
in a computer. Its primary functions include:

1. Process Management:

o Schedules processes for execution and ensures efficient CPU utilization.

o Manages multitasking, allowing multiple applications to run simultaneously.

2. Memory Management:

o Allocates and deallocates memory to processes.

o Ensures efficient use of RAM and prevents memory conflicts.

3. File System Management:

o Organizes and stores data in files and directories.

o Provides access control and file-sharing capabilities.

4. Device Management:

o Manages hardware devices like printers, keyboards, and storage.

o Communicates with devices through drivers.

5. User Interface:

o Provides a graphical (GUI) or command-line interface (CLI) for user interaction.

2. Characteristics of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing provides on-demand access to computing resources via the Internet. Key
characteristics include:

1. On-Demand Self-Service:

o Users can provision resources without human intervention from the service provider.

2. Broad Network Access:

o Resources are accessible over the Internet from various devices like laptops, phones,
and tablets.

3. Resource Pooling:

o Multiple users share pooled resources like storage and processing power.

4. Scalability and Elasticity:

o Resources can be scaled up or down based on user needs.

5. Measured Service:

o Usage is metered, and users pay based on what they consume.

3. Evolution of Computers

Computers have evolved through five distinct generations:

1. First Generation (1940–1956):

o Used vacuum tubes.

o Large, expensive, and generated significant heat.

2. Second Generation (1956–1963):

o Used transistors, replacing vacuum tubes.

o Smaller, faster, and more reliable.

3. Third Generation (1964–1971):

o Used integrated circuits (ICs).

o Further miniaturization and cost reduction.

4. Fourth Generation (1971–Present):

o Based on microprocessors.

o Led to personal computers (PCs).

5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond):

o Focuses on artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum computing.

Q5) Solve the following (Any 1) [1x10=10]

1. Explain the role of information technology in modern business.

Information Technology (IT) plays a pivotal role in modern business by enhancing efficiency,
communication, and decision-making. Key contributions include:

1. Improved Communication:

o IT tools like email, video conferencing, and instant messaging enable seamless
communication across teams and geographies.

2. Enhanced Productivity:

o Automation tools (e.g., ERP systems) streamline repetitive tasks, allowing employees
to focus on strategic work.

3. Data Management and Analysis:

o IT systems store vast amounts of data securely and use analytics tools to extract
insights for better decision-making.

4. Cost Efficiency:
 o Cloud computing and virtualization reduce infrastructure costs by offering scalable
resources.

5. E-Commerce and Online Presence:

o Businesses can expand their reach through e-commerce platforms and digital
marketing.

6. Customer Relationship Management:

o CRM systems improve customer service by tracking interactions and managing

feedback.

7. Cybersecurity:

o IT implements security protocols to protect sensitive business data from breaches.

2. Explain the applications of computers in various fields.

Computers have revolutionized multiple industries by enabling faster processing and accurate
solutions. Applications include:

1. Education:

o E-learning platforms and virtual classrooms facilitate online education.

o Tools like simulations enhance learning experiences.

2. Healthcare:

o Medical imaging technologies (e.g., CT scans) and diagnostic tools.

o Electronic Health Records (EHR) streamline patient data management.

3. Banking and Finance:

o Online banking and mobile apps offer convenience to users.

o Computers support fraud detection and financial modeling.

4. Entertainment:

o Used in video games, movie production (CGI), and streaming services.

o Tools for music and video editing.

5. Manufacturing:

o Automation and robotics enhance production efficiency.

o CAD software aids in product design.

6. Defense:

o Used for simulations, satellite imaging, and advanced weapons control.

7. Transportation:
 o GPS systems provide real-time navigation and tracking.

o Traffic management and airline reservation systems.

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Paper 2nd – PA-4073

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Q1) Answer the following (Any 5)

a) What is the smallest unit of memory?

1. Bit (Binary Digit):

o A bit is the smallest unit of data in a computer system.

o It represents a binary value, either 0 or 1.

o Multiple bits combine to form larger units like bytes, kilobytes, etc.

b) What is input and output device? Give 2 examples of each.

1. Input Device:

o Devices used to send data or control signals to a computer.

o Examples:

 Keyboard (used for typing text).

 Mouse (used for navigation and selection).

2. Output Device:

o Devices that receive data from a computer and present it to the user.

o Examples:

 Monitor (displays visual information).

 Printer (produces physical copies of documents).

c) What is the use of the number system in a computer?

1. Binary Number System (Base-2):

o Computers use the binary system to process and store data using 0s and 1s.

2. Hexadecimal (Base-16):

o Used for memory addressing and error debugging.

 3. Octal (Base-8):

o Applied in digital electronics for compact representation.

4. Decimal (Base-10):

o Used in user-facing systems for convenience and human understanding.

d) What is BCD?

1. Definition:

o BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal) is a representation of decimal numbers where each

digit is stored as a separate 4-bit binary number.

2. Example:

o Decimal 15 in BCD: 0001 0101.

3. Uses:

o BCD is commonly used in digital clocks, calculators, and financial applications.

e) Define operating system.

1. Definition:

o An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages hardware and software
resources and provides services to computer programs.

2. Functions:

o Resource Management: Manages CPU, memory, and I/O devices.

o Process Management: Handles task scheduling and multitasking.

o User Interface: Provides a graphical or command-line interface for users.

f) Explain batch processing.

1. Definition:

o Batch processing is a computing technique where data and tasks are collected,
grouped into batches, and processed together without user intervention.

2. Examples:

o Payroll systems.

o Bank statement generation.

g) What is the function of a compiler?

 1. Definition:

o A compiler is a program that translates high-level source code (e.g., C, Java) into
machine code (binary format).

2. Functions:

o Translation: Converts the entire program at once.

o Optimization: Improves performance by optimizing code.

o Error Detection: Identifies syntax and semantic errors.

h) What do you mean by network topology?

1. Definition:

o Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of devices (nodes)

in a network.

2. Types:

o Bus Topology: Single central cable connects all devices.

o Star Topology: Devices connect to a central hub or switch.

o Ring Topology: Each device connects to two others, forming a ring.

Q2) Answer the following (Any 2)

a) Explain cache memory. Write down its functions.

1. Definition:

o Cache memory is a small, high-speed memory located inside or close to the CPU,
storing frequently used data and instructions.

2. Functions:

o Speed Enhancement: Reduces access time for frequently used data.

o Intermediate Storage: Acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory.

o Efficiency: Improves the overall system performance.

b) Write a short note on Android OS.

1. Definition:

o Android is an open-source mobile operating system developed by Google, based

on the Linux kernel.

2. Key Features:
 o User Interface: Touchscreen interaction with gestures.

o Applications: Access to millions of apps via Google Play Store.

o Customization: Highly customizable interface and features.

3. Uses:

o Powering smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and wearables.

c) Differentiate multiprocessing and multiprogramming.

Feature Multiprocessing Multiprogramming

Multiple CPUs execute tasks One CPU executes multiple programs by time-
Definition
simultaneously. sharing.

Speed Faster due to parallel processing. Slower as tasks share the CPU.

Hardware Requires multiple CPUs or cores. Requires one CPU.

Example Modern multi-core processors. Early mainframe systems.

Q3) Convert the following

a) i. (726)₈ = (?)₁₀

1. Conversion Process (Octal to Decimal):

o Formula: Multiply each digit by 8n8^n8n, where nnn is the position of the digit
from the right, starting from 0.

o Calculation:
(726)8=(7×82)+(2×81)+(6×80)=(7×64)+(2×8)+(6×1)=448+16+6=47010(726)₈ = (7 \
times 8^2) + (2 \times 8^1) + (6 \times 8^0) = (7 \times 64) + (2 \times 8) + (6 \
times 1) = 448 + 16 + 6 = 470₁₀(726)8
=(7×82)+(2×81)+(6×80)=(7×64)+(2×8)+(6×1)=448+16+6=47010

o Answer: (726)8=(470)10(726)₈ = (470)₁₀(726)8=(470)10.

a) ii. (150)₁₀ = (?)₂

1. Conversion Process (Decimal to Binary):

o Repeatedly divide the number by 2 and write down the remainders.

o Calculation:
150÷2=75,remainder = 075÷2=37,remainder = 137÷2=18,remainder = 118÷2=9,rem
ainder = 09÷2=4,remainder = 14÷2=2,remainder = 02÷2=1,remainder = 01÷2=0,rem
ainder = 1150 \div 2 = 75, \text{remainder = 0} 75 \div 2 = 37, \text{remainder = 1}
37 \div 2 = 18, \text{remainder = 1} 18 \div 2 = 9, \text{remainder = 0} 9 \div 2 =
 4, \text{remainder = 1} 4 \div 2 = 2, \text{remainder = 0} 2 \div 2 = 1, \
text{remainder = 0} 1 \div 2 = 0, \text{remainder = 1}
150÷2=75,remainder = 075÷2=37,remainder = 137÷2=18,remainder = 118÷2=9,rem
ainder = 09÷2=4,remainder = 14÷2=2,remainder = 02÷2=1,remainder = 01÷2=0,rem
ainder = 1

o Binary (read remainders bottom to top): (10010110)₂.

o Answer: (150)10=(10010110)2(150)₁₀ = (10010110)₂(150)10=(10010110)2.

OR

b) i. (10110.001)₂ = (?)₁₀

1. Conversion Process (Binary to Decimal):

o Multiply each digit by 2n2^n2n, where nnn is the position relative to the binary
point:

 Left of the binary point: positive powers (n=0,1,2,…n = 0, 1, 2, \dotsn=0,1,2,

…).

 Right of the binary point: negative powers (n=−1,−2,…n = -1, -2, \

dotsn=−1,−2,…).

o Calculation:
(10110.001)2=(1×24)+(0×23)+(1×22)+(1×21)+(0×20)+(0×2−1)+(0×2−2)+(1×2−3)
(10110.001)₂ = (1 \times 2^4) + (0 \times 2^3) + (1 \times 2^2) + (1 \times 2^1) +
(0 \times 2^0) + (0 \times 2^{-1}) + (0 \times 2^{-2}) + (1 \times 2^{-3})
(10110.001)2=(1×24)+(0×23)+(1×22)+(1×21)+(0×20)+(0×2−1)+(0×2−2)+(1×2−3)
=16+0+4+2+0+0+0+0.125=22.12510= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0.125 =
22.125₁₀=16+0+4+2+0+0+0+0.125=22.12510

o Answer: (10110.001)2=(22.125)10(10110.001)₂ = (22.125)₁₀(10110.001)2

=(22.125)10.

b) ii. (1111101011.0011)₂ = (?)₈

1. Conversion Process (Binary to Octal):

o Group the binary digits into sets of 3 (from right for fractional part and left for
integer part).

 Integer: (111110101)(111 110 101)(111110101).

 Fraction: (100110)(100 110)(100110) (pad with zeros if necessary).

o Convert each group:

 111=7,110=6,101=5111 = 7, 110 = 6, 101 = 5111=7,110=6,101=5.

 001=1,100=4001 = 1, 100 = 4001=1,100=4.

 o Combine integer and fractional parts: (765.14)₈.

o Answer: (1111101011.0011)2=(765.14)8(1111101011.0011)₂ =
(765.14)₈(1111101011.0011)2=(765.14)8.

Q4) Answer the following

a) i. Differentiate preemptive and non-preemptive CPU scheduling. (4 marks)

1. Preemptive CPU Scheduling:

 Definition: Allows a process to be interrupted mid-execution so the CPU can allocate

resources to a higher-priority process.

 Key Points:

o Processes can be paused and resumed later.

o Suitable for time-sharing systems.

o Ensures better response time for critical tasks.

o Example algorithms: Round Robin (RR), Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF).

2. Non-Preemptive CPU Scheduling:

 Definition: Does not allow interruption of a running process until it completes or switches
to the waiting state.

 Key Points:

o The CPU is allocated to a process until it finishes.

o Simpler and easier to implement.

o May cause delays for higher-priority tasks.

o Example algorithms: First Come First Serve (FCFS), Shortest Job First (SJF).

Difference Table:

Aspect Preemptive Non-Preemptive

Interruption Process can be interrupted. Process cannot be interrupted.

Complexity More complex to implement. Simpler to implement.

Response Time Better for time-critical tasks. Can delay higher-priority tasks.

Examples RR, SRTF FCFS, SJF

a) ii. Differentiate between assembler, compiler, and interpreter. (6 marks)

Aspect Assembler Compiler Interpreter

Definition Converts assembly Translates entire high-level Translates and executes

language to machine
Aspect Assembler Compiler Interpreter

code. code to machine code at once. high-level code line-by-line.

Execution Fast as the whole program is Slower as it translates

Fast after translation.
Speed precompiled. during execution.

Error Detects errors in Detects all errors after Detects errors line-by-line
Detection assembly language code. compilation. during execution.

Python Interpreter, Ruby

Examples MASM, NASM GCC, Java Compiler
Interpreter.

OR

b) i. What is process management? Write its functions. (4 marks)

Definition:
Process management is a core function of an operating system that handles the creation,
execution, suspension, and termination of processes.

Functions of Process Management:

1. Process Creation and Termination:

o Manages starting and stopping processes efficiently.

2. CPU Scheduling:

o Allocates the CPU to processes based on scheduling algorithms.

3. Resource Allocation:

o Manages and allocates resources like memory, I/O devices, and files to processes.

4. Deadlock Handling:

o Detects and resolves deadlocks that arise due to conflicting resource demands.

5. Inter-process Communication (IPC):

o Facilitates communication between processes.

b) ii. What is a high-level language, low-level language, and object-oriented language? (6 marks)

1. High-Level Language:

 Definition: Programming language that is human-readable and closer to natural language

(e.g., Python, Java).

 Features:

o Easy to learn and understand.

o Independent of machine architecture.

 o Requires a compiler or interpreter to execute.

2. Low-Level Language:

 Definition: Programming language closer to machine code, like assembly language.

 Features:

o Requires detailed knowledge of hardware.

o Machine-dependent.

o Fast and efficient but difficult to code.

3. Object-Oriented Language (OOL):

 Definition: High-level language based on the concept of "objects," which encapsulate data
and functions (e.g., Java, C++).

 Features:

o Supports principles like inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.

o Promotes code reuse and modularity.

Q5) Answer the following

a) i. Draw the digital block diagram of a computer and explain the function of the CPU. (4 marks)

1. Digital Block Diagram of a Computer:

 A computer's basic architecture includes the following components:

1. Input Unit: Devices like keyboard and mouse, which accept data.

2. CPU (Central Processing Unit): Executes instructions and processes data.

3. Memory Unit: Stores data and instructions.

4. Output Unit: Devices like monitor and printer, which display or produce results.

2. Function of the CPU:

The CPU is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer. Its key functions include:

1. Arithmetic and Logical Operations:

o Performs calculations and decision-making tasks via the ALU (Arithmetic Logic
Unit).

2. Control Unit Operations:

o Directs the flow of data and manages the execution of instructions.

3. Registers:

o Provides temporary storage for quick data access during execution.

4. Fetch, Decode, and Execute Cycle:

 o Retrieves instructions from memory, decodes them, and executes.

a) ii. Draw the ISO-OSI model and write down the function of the network layer. (6 marks)

1. ISO-OSI Model:
The OSI model has 7 layers, each responsible for specific networking functions.

Layers of the OSI Model (Top to Bottom):

1. Application Layer: Provides user interfaces and application services.

2. Presentation Layer: Handles data formatting, encryption, and compression.

3. Session Layer: Manages sessions and connections between devices.

4. Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data transfer using protocols like TCP/UDP.

5. Network Layer: Handles routing and forwarding of packets.

6. Data Link Layer: Ensures error-free data transmission between nodes.

7. Physical Layer: Deals with the physical connection and transmission medium.

2. Function of the Network Layer:

The Network Layer is responsible for:

1. Routing: Determines the best path for data packets to reach their destination.

2. Logical Addressing: Assigns and uses IP addresses for devices.

3. Packet Forwarding: Transmits data packets from source to destination.

4. Fragmentation and Reassembly: Breaks data into smaller packets and reassembles them.

OR

b) i. What are the primary storage devices? (4 marks)

1. Definition of Primary Storage:

 Primary storage (also known as main memory) refers to storage directly accessible by the
CPU. It is used to temporarily store data and instructions currently in use.

2. Examples of Primary Storage Devices:

1. RAM (Random Access Memory):

o Volatile memory used for temporary storage during processing.

2. ROM (Read-Only Memory):

o Non-volatile memory that stores permanent instructions like the BIOS.

3. Cache Memory:
 o High-speed memory for frequently used instructions and data.

4. Registers:

o Ultra-fast, small memory units inside the CPU for immediate data access.

b) ii. What is topology? Explain star and ring topology. (6 marks)

1. Definition of Topology:

 Topology in networking refers to the arrangement of nodes (computers/devices) and the

connections between them in a network.

2. Star Topology:

 Structure: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.

 Advantages:

1. Easy to set up and manage.

2. Fault isolation is straightforward.

 Disadvantages:

1. Failure of the central hub disrupts the entire network.

2. Requires more cabling.

3. Ring Topology:

 Structure: Devices are connected in a circular fashion where each device is linked to two
others.

 Advantages:

1. Equal access to resources for all nodes.

2. Data transmission is sequential, reducing collision chances.

 Disadvantages:

1. A break in the connection disrupts the entire network.

2. Troubleshooting is more complex.

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Paper 3rd – P6934

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Q1) Answer the following (Any 5)

a) What is primary storage in a computer system?
Primary storage, also known as main memory, refers to the computer's immediate storage,
which is directly accessible by the CPU. It stores data and instructions that the CPU is actively
using.

Key Features of Primary Storage:

1. Volatile Memory: Loses its content when power is turned off.

2. Fast Access: Data can be accessed quickly by the CPU.

3. Temporary Storage: Used for current processing tasks.

Examples of Primary Storage:

1. RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporarily stores data and program instructions.

2. Cache Memory: High-speed memory used for frequently accessed data.

3. Registers: Small, fast storage units within the CPU.

b) Explain the characteristics of a computer.

Computers have several defining characteristics:

1. Speed: Capable of processing millions of instructions per second.

2. Automation: Executes instructions without manual intervention.

3. Accuracy: Highly reliable with minimal errors.

4. Storage: Can store large volumes of data.

5. Versatility: Can perform a variety of tasks.

6. Connectivity: Easily connects to networks and other devices.

7. Diligence: Does not suffer from fatigue or loss of concentration.

c) What is a non-positional number system?

A non-positional number system is one where the position of a digit does not affect its value.

Examples of Non-Positional Number Systems:

1. Roman Numerals: E.g., X = 10, L = 50.

2. Tally Marks: Symbols representing numbers without positional significance.

d) What is ASCII?

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a character encoding standard
that represents text in computers and other devices.

Key Features of ASCII:

1. Uses 7 or 8 bits to represent characters.

2. Includes 128 standard characters: uppercase, lowercase, digits, and special symbols.

3. Example:

o 'A' = 65

o 'a' = 97

o '0' = 48

e) What is a microprocessor?

A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) implemented on a single integrated circuit

(IC).

Key Features:

1. Core Component of a Computer: Handles arithmetic, logic, and control operations.

2. Multi-purpose: Used in computers, embedded systems, and other electronic devices.

3. Examples: Intel Core i7, AMD Ryzen.

Functions of a Microprocessor:

1. Performs calculations (ALU operations).

2. Manages data flow between memory and peripherals.

3. Executes instructions from programs.

f) Define software.

Software is a set of instructions, data, or programs used to operate a computer and perform
specific tasks.

Types of Software:

1. System Software: Includes the operating system and utilities.

2. Application Software: For specific tasks like MS Word or Excel.

3. Middleware: Bridges between applications and system software.

g) What are the types of language converters?

Language converters are used to translate high-level programming languages into machine
code.

Types:
1. Compiler: Converts the entire program into machine code before execution (e.g., C
Compiler).

2. Interpreter: Translates and executes code line by line (e.g., Python Interpreter).

3. Assembler: Converts assembly language to machine code.

h) What is network topology?

Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of devices in a network.

Types of Topologies:

1. Star Topology: Devices connected to a central hub.

2. Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line.

3. Ring Topology: Devices connected in a circular manner.

4. Mesh Topology: Devices connected with multiple paths for redundancy.

Q2) Answer the following (Any 2)

a) Explain input and output devices with examples.

Input Devices: Devices used to send data to a computer.

1. Examples: Keyboard, mouse, scanner.

2. Function: Input data like text, images, or commands.

Output Devices: Devices that display or output data from a computer.

1. Examples: Monitor, printer, speakers.

2. Function: Display processed results or outputs.

b) Define operating system and explain its function.

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software.

Functions of an OS:

1. Process Management: Manages running programs.

2. Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory.

3. Device Management: Controls input/output devices.

4. File System Management: Organizes data on storage devices.

5. Security: Protects data and system resources.

c) Differentiate compiler and interpreter.

Aspect Compiler Interpreter

Execution Translates the entire program. Executes line by line.

Speed Faster after compilation. Slower due to real-time execution.

Error Detection Reports all errors at once. Detects errors line by line.

Examples C Compiler, Java Compiler. Python Interpreter.

Q3) Convert the following: (10 marks)

a) i. (11010110)₂ = (?)₈

To convert binary (base 2) to octal (base 8):

1. Group the binary digits into sets of three from right to left. Add leading zeroes if needed.

sql

Copy code

Binary: 11010110

Group: 11 | 010 | 110

Add leading zero: 011 | 010 | 110

2. Convert each group to its octal equivalent:

o 011 = 3

o 010 = 2

o 110 = 6

3. Combine the results:

(11010110)₂ = (326)₈

a) ii. (356)₁₆ = (?)₁₀

To convert hexadecimal (base 16) to decimal (base 10):

Use the formula:
Decimal=Dn×16n+Dn−1×16n−1+…+D0×160\text{Decimal} = D_n \times 16^n + D_{n-1} \times
16^{n-1} + \ldots + D_0 \times 16^0Decimal=Dn×16n+Dn−1×16n−1+…+D0×160

For (356)₁₆:

1. 3×162=3×256=7683 \times 16^2 = 3 \times 256 = 7683×162=3×256=768

2. 5×161=5×16=805 \times 16^1 = 5 \times 16 = 805×161=5×16=80

3. 6×160=6×1=66 \times 16^0 = 6 \times 1 = 66×160=6×1=6

4. Sum: 768+80+6=854768 + 80 + 6 = 854768+80+6=854

(356)₁₆ = (854)₁₀

b) i. (7986)₁₆ = (?)₂

To convert hexadecimal (base 16) to binary (base 2):

1. Convert each hexadecimal digit into a 4-bit binary equivalent:

o 7 = 0111

o 9 = 1001

o 8 = 1000

o 6 = 0110

2. Combine:
(7986)₁₆ = (0111 1001 1000 0110)₂

b) ii. (726)₈ = (?)₁₀

To convert octal (base 8) to decimal (base 10):

Use the formula:
Decimal=Dn×8n+Dn−1×8n−1+…+D0×80\text{Decimal} = D_n \times 8^n + D_{n-1} \times 8^{n-
1} + \ldots + D_0 \times 8^0Decimal=Dn×8n+Dn−1×8n−1+…+D0×80

For (726)₈:

1. 7×82=7×64=4487 \times 8^2 = 7 \times 64 = 4487×82=7×64=448

2. 2×81=2×8=162 \times 8^1 = 2 \times 8 = 162×81=2×8=16

3. 6×80=6×1=66 \times 8^0 = 6 \times 1 = 66×80=6×1=6

4. Sum: 448+16+6=470448 + 16 + 6 = 470448+16+6=470

(726)₈ = (470)₁₀

Q4) Answer the following: (10 marks)

a) i. Differentiate between Windows Operating System and Open Source Operating System (4
marks)

Feature Windows Operating System Open Source Operating System

Proprietary; source code is not Open source; source code is freely

Source Code
publicly available. available.

Cost Typically requires a paid license for Mostly free of cost to use and
Feature Windows Operating System Open Source Operating System

use. modify.

Highly customizable due to open-

Customization Limited customization options.
source nature.

Microsoft Windows (e.g., Windows Linux (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora),

Examples
10, 11). FreeBSD.

a) ii. Explain Multiprocessing and Multiprogramming in a Software System (6 marks)

Multiprocessing:

1. Involves using multiple processors to execute multiple tasks simultaneously.

2. Each processor works on a separate task, increasing efficiency and speed.

3. Provides true parallel execution.

4. Requires special hardware (multi-core processors).

5. Example: Modern servers or desktops with quad-core processors.

Multiprogramming:

1. A single CPU is shared among multiple tasks or programs.

2. Only one task is executed at a time; others are in a waiting state.

3. Improves CPU utilization by switching between tasks.

4. Does not require special hardware.

5. Example: Running multiple applications like Word, Chrome, and Spotify on a PC.

Key Difference: Multiprocessing involves multiple CPUs, while multiprogramming involves

sharing a single CPU.

b) i. Explain Types of Microprocessors (4 marks)

1. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer):

o Supports complex instructions that can execute several low-level operations.

o Example: Intel x86 processors.

2. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer):

o Uses simple instructions that can be executed in a single clock cycle.

o Example: ARM processors in mobile devices.

3. DSP (Digital Signal Processor):

o Designed for high-speed processing of real-time data, such as audio or video.

 o Example: Processors used in smartphones for signal processing.

4. Multi-core Processor:

o Contains multiple cores in a single chip for parallel processing.

o Example: Intel Core i7.

b) ii. Explain Online and Real-Time Processing (6 marks)

Online Processing:

1. Transactions or operations are processed immediately upon submission.

2. The system requires continuous connectivity.

3. Suitable for applications where quick response time is critical.

4. Examples: Online banking, e-commerce transactions.

Real-Time Processing:

1. Data is processed immediately, with strict time constraints.

2. Ensures a response within a defined time limit.

3. Used in critical systems where delays could lead to failure.

4. Examples: Air traffic control systems, medical equipment monitoring.

Q5) Answer the following: (10 marks)

a) i. Draw the digital block diagram of a computer and explain the function of the CPU (4
marks)

Digital Block Diagram of a Computer:

The primary components of a computer system include:

 Input Unit

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

o Control Unit (CU)

o Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

o Registers

 Memory Unit

 Output Unit

Function of the CPU:

1. Control Unit (CU):

 o Manages and coordinates the operations of the computer.

o Fetches instructions from memory and decodes them.

o Directs the flow of data between input, memory, and output devices.

2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):

o Performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and

division.

o Executes logical operations such as comparisons (e.g., AND, OR, NOT).

3. Registers:

o Small storage locations within the CPU used to store data temporarily during
processing.

4. Overall Function:

o The CPU is the "brain" of the computer that processes data and executes
instructions.

a) ii. Draw the ISO-OSI model and write down the function of the Network Layer (6 marks)

ISO-OSI Model:
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model consists of seven layers:

1. Physical Layer

2. Data Link Layer

3. Network Layer

4. Transport Layer

5. Session Layer

6. Presentation Layer

7. Application Layer

Function of the Network Layer:

1. Routing: Determines the best path for data packets to reach the destination.

2. Addressing: Assigns logical addresses (IP addresses) to devices.

3. Packet Forwarding: Transfers data packets from the source to the destination through
intermediary devices.

4. Error Handling: Ensures that packets are delivered without errors.

5. Protocol Example: Internet Protocol (IP).

b) i. What are the primary storage devices? (4 marks)

Primary Storage Devices:

1. Random Access Memory (RAM):

o Volatile memory that temporarily stores data and instructions for quick access.

o Essential for running applications and processes.

2. Read-Only Memory (ROM):

o Non-volatile memory that contains permanent instructions and data for booting
the system.

3. Cache Memory:

o High-speed memory located inside the CPU.

o Stores frequently used data to speed up processing.

4. Registers:

o Temporary storage within the CPU used for immediate processing tasks.

b) ii. What is topology? Explain star and ring topology (6 marks)

Network Topology:
Topology refers to the arrangement of devices (nodes) in a network, including their
connections and communication paths.

Types of Topology:

1. Star Topology:

o All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.

o Communication passes through the central hub.

o Advantages:

 Easy to install and configure.

 Failure of one device does not affect the network.

o Disadvantages:

 Central hub failure disrupts the entire network.

2. Ring Topology:

o Devices are connected in a circular manner, forming a closed loop.

o Data travels in one direction until it reaches the destination.

o Advantages:

 Equal access to resources for all devices.

 Easy fault isolation.

 o Disadvantages:

 Failure of one device disrupts the entire network.

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Paper 4th – P3591

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Q1: Answer the following (Any 5):

(a) Define data and information.

 Data: Data is the raw, unprocessed collection of facts, figures, or symbols without any
context or interpretation. It is simply a collection of numbers, words, measurements, or
observations that require further processing to become meaningful. For example, "123,"
"John," or "Apple" are pieces of data.

 Information: Information is data that has been processed, organized, or structured to

provide meaning and context. When data is analyzed and interpreted, it becomes
information, which is useful for decision-making or solving problems. For example, "John
scored 123 marks in the exam" is information derived from data.

Key Difference:

 Data: Raw and unorganized.

 Information: Organized and meaningful.

(b) What are the different types of ROM?

ROM (Read-Only Memory) is a type of non-volatile memory that retains its data even when the
computer is powered off. It is primarily used to store firmware or system software. The types of
ROM include:

1. PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory):

o PROM is a blank ROM chip that can be written or programmed once using a special
device called a PROM programmer. After programming, it cannot be modified or
erased.

o Example Use: Embedded systems.

2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory):

 o EPROM can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times using ultraviolet (UV)
light. The UV light removes the stored charge, making the memory blank for
reprogramming.

o Example Use: Development of software for embedded systems.

3. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory):

o EEPROM can be erased and reprogrammed electrically, without the need for UV
light. It is more flexible and is widely used in modern systems.

o Example Use: Storing BIOS settings.

4. Masked ROM:

o Masked ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process and cannot be

altered. It is pre-loaded with data or instructions.

o Example Use: Embedded systems in consumer electronics.

(c) What are the different types of number systems?

A number system is a way to represent numbers in different forms using specific base values. The
major types of number systems are:

1. Binary Number System (Base 2):

o Uses two digits: 0 and 1.

o Every binary digit is referred to as a "bit."

o Used in digital systems and computing.

o Example: 1010 (binary) = 10 (decimal).

2. Decimal Number System (Base 10):

o Uses ten digits: 0 to 9.

o It is the standard number system used in everyday life.

o Example: 255 (decimal).

3. Octal Number System (Base 8):

o Uses eight digits: 0 to 7.

o Often used in computer systems as a shorthand for binary numbers.

o Example: 377 (octal) = 255 (decimal).

4. Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16):

o Uses sixteen symbols: 0 to 9 and A to F (where A=10, B=11, ..., F=15).

o Commonly used in programming and memory addressing.

 o Example: FF (hexadecimal) = 255 (decimal).

(d) What is EBCDIC?

 EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is an 8-bit character encoding
system developed by IBM. It is primarily used in IBM mainframe and midrange systems to
represent alphanumeric characters and control characters.

 Unlike ASCII, which is widely used in modern systems, EBCDIC has a different structure and
is less common outside IBM systems.

 Example:

o Character 'A' in EBCDIC = 11000001 (binary).

Key Features:

 Designed for older IBM systems.

 Supports special characters, alphabets, and numbers.

(e) What are the functions of an operating system?

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software, and
resources, and provides services for application programs. Key functions include:

1. Process Management:

o Handles process creation, scheduling, and termination.

o Allocates CPU time and resources to processes efficiently.

2. Memory Management:

o Manages the allocation and deallocation of memory to ensure processes have

sufficient resources.

o Includes virtual memory and paging mechanisms.

3. File Management:

o Handles file creation, deletion, reading, writing, and access permissions.

o Manages file systems like FAT32, NTFS, and ext4.

4. Device Management:

o Controls and manages input/output devices like printers, keyboards, and disks.

5. Security and Access Control:

o Protects data and resources from unauthorized access.

o Implements user authentication and access rights.

6. User Interface:
 o Provides an interface for users, such as command-line interfaces (CLI) or graphical
user interfaces (GUI).

(f) What is multiprocessing?

Multiprocessing refers to the capability of a computer system to use two or more CPUs
(processors) to execute multiple tasks simultaneously. It is commonly used in high-performance
computing environments to improve efficiency and performance.

Types of Multiprocessing:

1. Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP):

o All processors share a single operating system and memory.

o Processors are equally important and work on tasks independently.

o Example: Modern multi-core processors.

2. Asymmetric Multiprocessing (AMP):

o Processors are assigned specific tasks, and one processor controls the system.

o Example: Early supercomputers.

Advantages:

 Faster processing of tasks.

 Increased system reliability (if one CPU fails, others can continue).

Applications:

 Servers, supercomputers, and parallel processing tasks.

(g) What is the function of an interpreter?

An interpreter is a type of language processor that translates high-level programming code into
machine code line by line and executes it immediately. Unlike a compiler, an interpreter does not
produce a standalone executable file.

Key Features:

1. Line-by-line execution.

2. Provides real-time feedback on errors, making it useful for debugging.

Advantages:

 Faster initial execution as no separate compilation step is required.

 Easier for beginners to learn and test code.

Examples:

 Python Interpreter, JavaScript Interpreter.

(h) What are the types of networks?

Networks are categorized based on their geographic scope and purpose:

1. LAN (Local Area Network):

o Covers a small geographical area like an office or building.

o High speed and low cost.

o Example: A network within a school.

2. WAN (Wide Area Network):

o Spans a large geographical area, often connecting multiple LANs.

o Example: The internet.

3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):

o Covers a city or campus area.

o Example: Cable TV networks.

4. PAN (Personal Area Network):

o Covers a very small area, typically for personal devices.

o Example: Bluetooth connections.

5. VPN (Virtual Private Network):

o Provides secure remote access to a private network over the internet.

Q2: Answer the following (Any 2):

(a) What is memory? Differentiate between RAM and ROM.

 Memory: Memory is a component in a computer that stores data, instructions, and results
for short-term or long-term use. It plays a crucial role in ensuring smooth and fast
processing.

Difference between RAM and ROM:

Feature RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Volatility Volatile (data lost on power-off) Non-volatile (retains data)

Purpose Temporary storage for tasks Permanent storage for firmware

Operations Read and write Read-only (usually)

Speed High-speed Slower compared to RAM

Example Used for running applications Stores BIOS or bootloader

b) What is a microprocessor? Explain its types in detail.

Answer:
A microprocessor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, integrated into a single chip. It
performs arithmetic and logic operations, controls data flow, and executes instructions from
programs. Microprocessors are the brain of computers, smartphones, and many embedded
devices.

Types of Microprocessors:

1. Based on the Number of Bits:

o 4-bit Microprocessor: Earliest type, used in calculators and simple devices.

Example: Intel 4004.

o 8-bit Microprocessor: Processes 8 bits of data at a time. Example: Intel 8085.

o 16-bit Microprocessor: Used in more advanced devices. Example: Intel 8086.

o 32-bit Microprocessor: Standard in personal computers (PCs). Example: Intel

Pentium series.

o 64-bit Microprocessor: Used in modern computers and servers for higher

performance. Example: AMD Ryzen, Intel Core i7/i9.

2. Based on Application:

o General-Purpose Microprocessors:

 Used in PCs and laptops.

 Example: Intel Core and AMD Ryzen series.

o Embedded Microprocessors:

 Used in embedded systems like washing machines, cameras, and TVs.

 Example: ARM Cortex series.

o Digital Signal Processors (DSPs):

 Specialized for signal processing tasks like audio, video, and image
processing.

 Example: Texas Instruments TMS320.

3. Based on Instruction Set:

o CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer):

 Large and complex instruction sets.

 Example: Intel x86 processors.

 o RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer):

 Simplified instruction sets for efficiency.

 Example: ARM processors.

o Hybrid Processors:

 Combine features of CISC and RISC for better performance.

 Example: Intel Core i-series.

4. Based on Technology:

o Microcontrollers:

 Integrate CPU, memory, and I/O in a single chip.

 Example: Arduino and PIC microcontrollers.

o FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays):

 Reprogrammable processors used in specialized tasks.

 Example: Xilinx and Altera FPGAs.

c) Explain language converter with its types.

Answer:
A language converter is a software or hardware tool that translates code written in one
programming language into another language or into machine-readable code. It enables programs
written in high-level languages to execute on a computer.

Types of Language Converters:

1. Assembler:

o Converts assembly language into machine code (binary).

o Example: MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler).

2. Compiler:

o Translates the entire high-level program into machine code at once before
execution.

o Generates an executable file.

o Example: GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) for C, C++, and Java.

o Advantages:
  Faster execution after compilation.

 Detects all errors in the program during compilation.

o Disadvantages:

 Debugging is harder as errors are reported after the entire code is

compiled.

3. Interpreter:

o Translates and executes code line-by-line.

o No executable file is generated.

o Example: Python and JavaScript interpreters.

o Advantages:

 Easy debugging as errors are reported immediately.

 Suitable for dynamic and interactive programming.

o Disadvantages:

 Slower than compilers since translation happens during execution.

4. Decompiler:

o Converts machine code (binary) back into a high-level language.

o Example: Jad (Java decompiler).

o Use Case: Reverse engineering.

5. Translator:

o Converts code from one high-level language to another.

o Example: Converts Python code to Java.

Q3: Convert the following (10 Marks)

a) Convert the following:

i) (150)₁₀ = (?)₂

To convert 150 from decimal (base 10) to binary (base 2):

1. Divide the number by 2 and record the remainder.

2. Continue dividing the quotient by 2 until it becomes 0.

3. Write the remainders in reverse order.

Steps:

 150 ÷ 2 = 75 remainder 0

 75 ÷ 2 = 37 remainder 1

 37 ÷ 2 = 18 remainder 1

 18 ÷ 2 = 9 remainder 0

 9 ÷ 2 = 4 remainder 1

 4 ÷ 2 = 2 remainder 0

 2 ÷ 2 = 1 remainder 0

 1 ÷ 2 = 0 remainder 1

Answer: (150)₁₀ = (10010110)₂

ii) (726)₈ = (?)₁₀

To convert 726 from octal (base 8) to decimal (base 10):

1. Multiply each digit of the octal number by 8n8^n8n, where nnn is the position of the digit
from the right, starting at 0.

2. Sum the results.

Steps:

 6×80=66 \times 8^0 = 66×80=6

 2×81=162 \times 8^1 = 162×81=16

 7×82=4487 \times 8^2 = 4487×82=448

Sum: 448+16+6=470448 + 16 + 6 = 470448+16+6=470

Answer: (726)₈ = (470)₁₀

b) OR

i) (326)₈ = (?)₂

To convert 326 from octal (base 8) to binary (base 2):

1. Convert each octal digit to its 3-bit binary equivalent.

Steps:

 3=0113 = 0113=011

 2=0102 = 0102=010

 6=1106 = 1106=110
Answer: (326)₈ = (011010110)₂

ii) (10110.001)₂ = (?)₁₀

To convert 10110.001 from binary (base 2) to decimal (base 10):

1. Multiply each digit before the decimal point by 2n2^n2n, where nnn is the position from
the right starting at 0.

2. Multiply each digit after the decimal point by 2−n2^{-n}2−n, where nnn starts at 1.

Steps:

 Before the decimal:

1×24=161 \times 2^4 = 161×24=16
0×23=00 \times 2^3 = 00×23=0
1×22=41 \times 2^2 = 41×22=4
1×21=21 \times 2^1 = 21×21=2
0×20=00 \times 2^0 = 00×20=0

Total before decimal = 16+4+2=2216 + 4 + 2 = 2216+4+2=22.

 After the decimal:

0×2−1=00 \times 2^{-1} = 00×2−1=0
0×2−2=00 \times 2^{-2} = 00×2−2=0
1×2−3=0.1251 \times 2^{-3} = 0.1251×2−3=0.125

Total after decimal = 0.1250.1250.125.

Answer: (10110.001)₂ = (22.125)₁₀

Q5: Answer the following (10 Marks)

a) i) Draw the digital block diagram of a computer. Explain the function of input and output devices
(4 Marks)

Digital Block Diagram of a Computer:

1. Input Unit → 2. CPU (Control Unit, ALU, Registers) → 3. Memory Unit → 4. Output Unit

Functions of Key Components:

 Input Devices:
Input devices allow users to interact with the system by providing data and commands.
Examples include keyboard, mouse, microphone, and scanner.

Functions:

o Convert user data into a format the computer can process.

o Send the data to the CPU for further processing.

 Output Devices:
Output devices provide processed data or results back to the user in a readable form.
Examples include monitor, printer, speakers, and projector.
Functions:

o Convert processed data from the CPU into a user-friendly format.

o Display or produce results based on user commands.

a) ii) What is topology? Explain any two with proper diagram (6 Marks)

Definition of Topology:
Topology refers to the arrangement or layout of various devices (nodes) in a computer network. It
defines how devices communicate with each other.

Types of Topologies:

1. Star Topology:

o All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.

o Communication passes through the central hub.

Diagram:
Advantages:

o Easy to add or remove devices.

o Faults in one device do not affect others.

Disadvantages:

o Failure of the central hub disrupts the entire network.

o Expensive due to the cost of the hub.

2. Bus Topology:

o All devices are connected to a single central cable (the bus).

o Communication is shared across the bus.

Diagram:

Device 1 ---- Device 2 ---- Device 3 ---- Device 4

Advantages:

o Cost-effective and easy to set up.

o Requires less cable compared to other topologies.

Disadvantages:

o Fault in the main cable disrupts the entire network.

o Difficult to troubleshoot.

b) OR

i) What is an input device? Explain scanning devices in detail (4 Marks)

Input Device:
An input device allows users to provide data or control signals to a computer system.
Scanning Devices:
Scanning devices are input devices that capture text, images, or objects in digital form. Examples
include:

1. Flatbed Scanner: Used to digitize documents and photographs.

2. Barcode Scanner: Reads barcodes on products for identification and inventory

management.

3. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR): Recognizes marks on documents, such as exam answer
sheets.

4. Optical Character Recognition (OCR): Converts printed or handwritten text into machine-
readable text.

ii) Draw the ISO-OSI Model. Write down the function of any two layers (6 Marks)

ISO-OSI Model Diagram:

yaml

Copy code

Layer 7: Application

Layer 6: Presentation

Layer 5: Session

Layer 4: Transport

Layer 3: Network

Layer 2: Data Link

Layer 1: Physical

Functions of Any Two Layers:

1. Application Layer (Layer 7):

o Provides services directly to end-users.

o Examples: Web browsers, email, and file transfer protocols.

2. Transport Layer (Layer 4):

o Ensures reliable data transfer between devices.

o Manages error detection and correction.

o Example: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).