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3-1 Design-Process-Cont. -1

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21 views10 pages

3-1 Design-Process-Cont. -1

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makibutra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CE 426 – Structural Design of Buildings

❑ Guiding Principles for Positioning of Beams


(1) Beam shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated load to
avoid these loads directly coming on slabs.
o The maximum practical thickness of slab for residential/office/public buildings is
200mm while the minimum is 100mm.

(2) Avoid larger spans of beams.


o Spacing of columns decides the span of the beam.
o As the span (and the length) of the beam increases, the required depth of the beam,
and hence its selfweight, and the total load on beam increases, thus, large spans of
beams should preferably be avoided for economy reasons.
o In the case of a column, the increase in total load (hence the increase in size) due to
the increase in length is negligible as long as the column is short, therefore, the cost
of the beam per unit length increases rapidly with the span as compared to that of
the column.
CE 426 – Structural Design of Buildings
❑ Guiding Principles for Positioning of Beams (Cont.)
o In general, columns are therefore always cheaper compared to beams on the basis
of the unit cost.

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 1
CE 426 – Structural Design of Buildings
❑ Guiding Principles for Positioning of Beams (Cont.)
o In general, the maximum spans of beams carrying live loads up to 4 kPa may be
limited to the following values in Table 1.

Table 1. Maximum spans of beams


Beam Type Cantilevers Simply Supported Fixed/Continuous
Rectangular 3 meters 6 meters 8 meters

Flanged 5 meters 10 meters 12 meters

(3) Avoid larger spacings from deflection and cracking critreria.


o Larger spacings of beams shall be avoided from considerations of controlling
deflection and cracking.
𝛼𝑊𝐿3 𝛼𝑊𝐿3 12𝛼𝑊𝐿3
𝛿= = =
𝐸𝐼 𝐷3 𝐸𝑏𝐷3
𝐸 𝑏
12
CE 426 – Structural Design of Buildings
❑ Guiding Principles for Positioning of Beams (Cont.)
o In this case, as “L” increases, “D” does not increase in that proportion with the
result of the deflection 𝛿 increases considerably.
CE 426 – Structural Design of Buildings
❑ Spanning of Slab
o This is decided by the supporting arrangements, i.e., when the supports are only on
opposite edges or only in one direction, then the slab acts as a “one-way” supported
slab.
o When the rectangular slab is supported along its four edges, it acts as a “one-way
slab” when the ratio of the long span to the shorter span is greater than 2 (L/S > 2),
otherwise, it is a “two-way slab” when the ratio of the long span to the shorter span
is less than or equal to 2 (L/S ≤ 2).
o In a one-way slab, the main steel is provided along the short span only and the load
is transferred to two opposite supports only. The steel along the long span just acts
as distribution steel and is not designed for transferring the load but to distribute the
load and to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses.
o The two-way slab is generally economical compared to the one-way slab because
steel along both the spans acts as main steel and transfers the load to all its four
supports.
o Spanning of slab is also decided by the necessity of continuity to the adjacent slab.
CE 426 – Structural Design of Buildings
❑ Spanning of Slab (Cont.)

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 2. Spanning of slabs

o If slab S2 is designed as one-way slab spanning only in the direction parallel to AB,
then the slab S1 will get the desired fixity or structural continuity over AB.
CE 426 – Structural Design of Buildings
❑ Layout of Stairs

𝐅𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞 3. Parts of stairs


CE 426 – Structural Design of Buildings
❑ Layout of Stairs
Guidelines for fixing the dimensions of the parts of stairs are the following:

1) The rise “R” should not be more than 200mm and the thread “T” should not be less
than 200mm.
▪ For residential buildings, the riser “R” may be between 150-180mm and the thread
“T” maybe between 220-250mm.
▪ For public buildings, the riser “R” may be kept between 120-150mm and the thread
“T” maybe between 250-300mm.
2) The sum of the thread plus twice the rise (T + 2R) should be between 500-650mm.
3) The width of the stairs is dependent on its usage and shall be such as to avoid
overcrowding.
▪ For residential buildings, the width of the stairs should be between 0.8-1m.
▪ For public buildings, it should be between 1.8-2m.
CE 426 – Structural Design of Buildings
❑ Layout of Stairs (Cont.)
4) The width of the landing should not be less than the width of the stairs.

5) For comfortable ascend on the stairs, the number of steps in each flight should not be
greater than 12.
6) The pitch of the stairway should not be greater than 38o.

7) The headroom measured vertically above any step or below mid-landing shall not be
less than 2.1m.
8) Avoid winders as far as possible.
CE 426 – Structural Design of Buildings
❑ Choice of Footing Type
o The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and bearing
capacity of the supporting soil.

o It is necessary to conduct soil test in the area where the proposed structure is to be
constructed to determine the soil properties and the bearing capacity of the soil.
o For framed structures, isolated column footings are normally preferred except in
cases where the soil is with very low bearing capacities.
o For columns closely spaced and bearing capacity is low, raft foundation can be an
alternative solution.
o For columns on the boundary line, a combined footing or a strap footing may be
provided.

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