Practice sheet

Thursday, November 7, 2024 8:43 PM

Q1 Let p, q and r be the propositions "The student has submitted the

assignment", "The professor has graded the assignment", "The student
receives a passing grade” respectively. Express each of these compound
propositions as an English sentence.
p Λ ㄱq
p⋁r
p→qΛr
p↔q
ㄱr Λ (ㄱp ⋁ ㄱq)

Q2 Let p, q, r and s be the propositions

p: The student has submitted the research paper.
q: The student has attended all workshops.
r: The student has participated in group projects.
s: The student will receive a degree with honors.
Express each of these compound propositions as an English sentence.
p ∨ (q ∧ ¬ s)
¬p ∨ (q ∧ r)
(p ∧ r) → s
(p ∧ q) ↔ r
(p → q) ∧ (r → s)
¬(p ∧ s) ∨ (q ∧ r)

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Q3 Let p and q be the propositions:
p: The weather is sunny.
q: We will go to the beach.

Write these propositions using p and q and logical connectives (including negations
and exclusive OR):

It is sunny and we go to the beach.

It is sunny but we do not go to the beach.
It is not sunny and we do not go to the beach.
Either it is sunny, or we go to the beach (or both).
If it is sunny, then we go to the beach.
Either it is sunny or we go to the beach, but not both, and if it is sunny, then we
do not go to the beach
That it is sunny is necessary and sufficient for going to the beach.

Q4 Let p, q, and r be the propositions:

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 p: The campground is open for visitors.

q: Campfires are allowed in the campground.

r: The river nearby is safe for swimming.

Write these propositions using p, q, and r and logical connectives (including negations).

The campground is open for visitors, but campfires are not allowed.
Campfires are allowed, and the river is safe for swimming, but the campground is
not open for visitors.
If the campground is open, then campfires are allowed if and only if the river is
safe for swimming.
Campfires are not allowed, but the campground is open and the river is safe for
swimming.
For campfires to be allowed, it is necessary and sufficient that the campground be
open and that the river is not safe for swimming.
Campfires are not allowed whenever the campground is open and the river is safe
for swimming.

Q5 Let p and q be the propositions:

p: The project is complete.

q: The team has been informed.

Express each of these compound propositions as an English sentence.

¬p
p∨q
¬p ∧ q
q→p
¬q → ¬p
¬p → ¬q
p↔q
¬q ∨ (¬p ∧ q)

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Q6 Let p, q, and r be the propositions:

p: You solve the practice sheet.

q: You pass the test.

r: You get a good grade.

Express each of these compound propositions as an English sentence.

¬q ↔ r
q→¬r
p∨q∨r
(p → ¬ r) ∨ (q → ¬ r)
(p ∧ q) ∨ (¬ q ∧ r)
(q ∧ r) ↔ (p ⊕ ¬ r)

Q7 Determine the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of each of these conditional

statements (Apply De Morgan's Laws for conjunction and disjunction where
necessary):

If it rains tomorrow, the outdoor concert will be canceled.

An angle is a right angle only if it measures 90 degrees.
A polygon is a triangle only if it has three sides.

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 A polygon is a triangle only if it has three sides.
You are eligible for the scholarship if your CGPA is at least 3.7 and you have
completed 30 credits.
A figure is a square only if it has four equal sides and four right angles.
The machine will shut down if the temperature exceeds 100°C and the system
pressure drops below the minimum threshold.
1. Statement: If it rains tomorrow, the outdoor concert will be
canceled.
• Converse: If the outdoor concert is canceled, then it rains tomorrow.
• Contrapositive: If the outdoor concert is not canceled, then it does not rain tomorrow.
• Inverse: If it does not rain tomorrow, then the outdoor concert will not be canceled.

2. Statement: An angle is a right angle only if it measures 90 degrees.

• Converse: If an angle measures 90 degrees, then it is a right angle.
• Contrapositive: If an angle does not measure 90 degrees, then it is not a right angle.
• Inverse: If an angle is not a right angle, then it does not measure 90 degrees.

3. Statement: A polygon is a triangle only if it has three sides.

• Converse: If a polygon has three sides, then it is a triangle.
• Contrapositive: If a polygon does not have three sides, then it is not a triangle.
• Inverse: If a polygon is not a triangle, then it does not have three sides.

4. Statement: You are eligible for the scholarship if your CGPA is at

least 3.7 and you have completed 30 credits.
• Converse: If you are eligible for the scholarship, then your CGPA is at least 3.7 and you have
completed 30 credits.
• Contrapositive: If your CGPA is less than 3.7 or you have not completed 30 credits, then you are
not eligible for the scholarship.
• Inverse: If your CGPA is less than 3.7 or you have not completed 30 credits, then you are not
eligible for the scholarship.

5. Statement: A figure is a square only if it has four equal sides and

four right angles.
• Converse: If a figure has four equal sides and four right angles, then it is a square.
• Contrapositive: If a figure does not have four equal sides or does not have four right angles, then
it is not a square.
• Inverse: If a figure is not a square, then it does not have four equal sides or does not have four
right angles.

6. Statement: The machine will shut down if the temperature exceeds

100°C and the system pressure drops below the minimum threshold.
• Converse: If the machine shuts down, then the temperature exceeds 100°C and the system
pressure drops below the minimum threshold.
• Contrapositive: If the temperature does not exceed 100°C or the system pressure does not drop
below the minimum threshold, then the machine will not shut down.
• Inverse: If the temperature does not exceed 100°C or the system pressure does not drop below
the minimum threshold, then the machine will not shut down.

Q12 Show that, “In the Olympic Games, either the USA will win the gold medal or both
Canada and Australia will win medals” and “The USA will win a medal or Canada will
win a medal, and the USA will win a medal or Australia will win a medal” are
logically equivalent using truth tables.

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Q13 Let D(x) denote "x donates to charity regularly," where the domain consists of all
people in a city. Express each of these statements in English:

∃x D(x)
∀x D(x)
∃x ¬D(x)
∀x ¬D(x)

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Q14 Translate these statements into English, where T(x) means "x is a teacher" and R(x)
means "x reads every day." The domain consists of all individuals in a neighborhood.

∀x (T(x)→R(x))
∃x (T(x)∧R(x))
∀x (T(x)∧R(x))
∃x (T(x)→R(x))

Q15 Let E(x) represent "x is enrolled in an art class," B(x) means "x is in a beginner's
course," G(x) means "x has a good grade," and S(x) represent "x likes studying." The
domain consists of some students in an art class. Translate each of these statements
into English.

∀x (E(x) → G(x))
∃x (B(x) ∧ S(x))
¬∀x (B(x)→(G(x) ∨ S(x)))

Q16 Translate each of these statements into logical expressions using predicates,
quantifiers, and logical connectives. Let F(x) denote "x is a family member," and K(x)
denote "x is kind."

At least one family member is kind.

All of your family members are kind.
Not every family member is kind.
Everyone is either a family member or is kind.
Not everyone is a family member or there is someone who is not kind.

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Q17 Let L(x) represent "x knows how to play an instrument," and let M(x) represent "x is a
member of a band." Express each of these statements in terms of L(x), M(x),
quantifiers, and logical connectives. The domain for quantifiers consists of all students
at a school.

There is a student at your school who knows how to play an instrument and is a
member of a band.
There is a student at your school who knows how to play an instrument but is not
a member of a band.
Every student at your school either knows how to play an instrument or is a
member of a band.
No student at your school knows how to play an instrument or is a member of a
band.

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Q18 Let P(x), Q(x), and R(x) be the statements "x is a scientist," "x is curious," and "x likes
to experiment," respectively. Express each of these statements using quantifiers, logical
connectives, and P(x), Q(x), and R(x), where the domain consists of all people.

All scientists are curious.

All curious people like to experiment.
No scientists like to experiment.

Q19 In a university, we define the following predicates:

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Q19 In a university, we define the following predicates:

S(x): x is a student.

P(x): x is a professor.

C(y): y is a course.

T(x,y): x takes course y.

E(x,y): x teaches course y.

Express each of these statements using quantifiers, logical connectives.

Every student takes at least one course.

For every professor, there exists a course that they teach.
There exists a student who takes every course.
For every course, there exists a student who is enrolled in that course.
Every professor teaches at least one student in their course.
For every student, there exists a professor who teaches at least one course they
are taking.

Q22 Let r and s be the propositions:

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 r: I studied for the exam.

s: I passed the exam.

Express each of these propositions as an English sentence:

¬r
r↔s
¬r⊕s
(r ↔ s) ^ (¬ r ⊕ s)

Q24 State the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of each of these conditional statements.

If it snows today, I will ski tomorrow.

I come to class whenever there is going to be a quiz.
A positive integer is a prime only if it has no divisors other than 1 and itself.

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Q30 Let P(x) be the statement “x spends more than five hours every weekday in class,”
where the domain for x consists of all students. Express each of these quantifications in
English.

∃xP(x)
∀xP(x)
∃x¬P(x)
∀x¬P(x)

Q31 Translate these statements into English, where C(x) is “x is a comedian” and F(x) is “x
is funny” and the domain consists of all people.

∀x(C(x) → F(x))

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 ∀x(C(x) → F(x))
∀x(C(x) ∧ F(x)
∃x(C(x) → F(x)
∃x(C(x) ∧ F(x)

Q32 Translate these statements into English, where

A(x): x teaches CSE230

T(x): x likes STA201

F(x): x has a Facebook page

C(x): x likes to cook

The domain consists of all faculties in a university.

∀x(T(x) → F(x))
∃x(T(x) ∧ A(x)
¬∀x(T(x) → (F(x) ∨ C(x))

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Q33 Translate each of these statements into logical expressions using predicates, quantifiers,
and logical connectives.

No one is perfect.
Not everyone is perfect.
All your friends are perfect.
At least one of your friends is perfect.
Everyone is your friend and is perfect.
Not everybody is your friend or someone is not perfect.

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Q34 Let P(x) be the statement “x can speak English” and let Q(x) be the statement “x knows
programming language Python.” Express each of these sentences in terms of P(x),
Q(x), quantifiers, and logical connectives. The domain for quantifiers consists of all
students at your school.

There is a student at your school who can speak English and who knows Python.
There is a student at your school who can speak English but who doesn’t know
Python.
Every student at your school either can speak English or knows Python.
No student at your school can speak English or knows Python.

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Q35 Let P (x), Q(x), and R(x) be the statements “x is a professor,” “x is ignorant,” and “x is
vain,” respectively. Express each of these statements using quantifiers; logical
connectives; and P (x), Q(x), and R(x), where the domain consists of all people.

No professors are ignorant.

All ignorant people are vain.
No professors are vain.

Q36 Let C(x) means "x is a core course," T(x,y) means "Student y has taken course x," and
G(y) means "Student y has met graduation requirements." The domain consists of all
students and courses. Formulate the following statements using quantifiers:

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 For every student, if they have taken all core courses, they meet the graduation
requirements.
There exists a student who has not taken every core course but still meets the
graduation requirements.
For every core course, there is at least one student who has not taken it.

Q37 Let S(x) mean "x submitted a research paper," R(x,y) mean "Reviewer y read x's
paper," and A(x,y) mean "Reviewer y approved x's paper." The domain consists of all
researchers and reviewers.

Express the following statements using nested quantifiers:

Every researcher has at least one reviewer who has read and approved their paper.
There exists a reviewer who has read every paper but has not approved at least
one of them.
For every research paper, if it was read by a reviewer, then there exists another
reviewer who did not read it.

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Q38 Let P(x,y )mean "Person x can work on a project with Person y," Q(x) means "Person x
knows Python," and R(x) means "Person x is a project manager." The domain consists
of all people in a software development team.

Express the following statements using quantifiers and logical connectives:

There exists a project manager who can work with everyone on the team who
knows Python.
For every person who knows Python, there is at least one other person they can
work with who is not a project manager.
For every person, if they are a project manager, there exists at least one person on
the team with whom they cannot work.

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Q39 Let S(x) represent "x is skilled in software development," M(x) represent "x has
managerial experience," and Q(x,y) represent "Person x qualifies for Job y." The
domain consists of all applicants for the job, and there are multiple types of jobs.

Describe, using quantifiers, the condition where there exists a job such that only
applicants with both software skills and managerial experience qualify.
Write the condition, using quantifiers, for a job that requires at least one
applicant without software development skills but with managerial experience to
qualify.

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Q40 Let A(x) represent "x is an applicant," S(x) represent "x has strong academic scores,"
and E(x) represent "x participates in extracurricular activities." The domain consists of
all college applicants.

Express with quantifiers the requirement that all applicants participate in

extracurricular activities only if they have strong academic scores, but there is at
least one applicant who has strong academic scores and does not participate in
extracurricular activities.
Write the condition that for an applicant to be admitted, they must either have
strong academic scores or participate in extracurricular activities, but not
necessarily both.

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