Network Readiness

Index 2023
Trust in a Network Society:
A crisis of the digital age?
Editors Soumitra Dutta and Bruno Lanvin
© 2023 by Portulans Institute.
ISBN: 979-8-89238-367-7

This year’s edition was designed by Mardiyah Miller,

copy edited by Michael Stroup, and authored, edited,
and printed by Portulans Institute, in partnership
with Saïd Business School, University of Oxford.

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Acknowledgements
The report and rankings are produced by a core team
led by Rafael Escalona Reynoso, CEO of Portulans
Institute, which consists of Mariam Chaduneli, Project
Manager, Sylvie Antal, Digital Strategy Manager,
Abdellah Bouhamidi, Data Scientist, and Shailja Bang,
Research Analyst.

Cover image
Vecteezy.com
Network Readiness
Index 2023
Trust in a Network Society:
A crisis of the digital age?
Editors Soumitra Dutta and Bruno Lanvin
4
The Network Readiness Index 2023 Preface
Contents

Photo by Shubham Dhage on Unsplash

6 Preface

9 Foreword by malomatia

10 Foreword by AWS

11 Foreword by CNI

12 Trust in a Network Society:

A crisis of the digital age?

28 Key Messages NRI 2023

32 Key Results of NRI 2023

36 Continuing to improve the NRI model

40 Detailed Results of NRI 2023

41 Overall rankings

45 Pillar-level performances

49 Top 10 NRI performers

54 NRI Performances by Income Group

59 NRI Performances by Region 224 Appendix II: Sources and Definitions

61 Notable scores by individual countries 240 Appendix III: JRC Statistical Audit of the 2023
Network Readiness Index
65 Outstanding pillar performance among
middle- and low-income economies 266 About Portulans Institute
68 Annex 1: Pillar Tables 267 About Saïd Business School, University of Oxford
82 Country/Economy Profiles 268 About Brazilian National Confederation
of Industry (CNI)
83 How to read the Country/Economy Profiles
269 About malomatia
218 Appendix I: Technical Notes
270 About AWS
219 Structure of the Network Readiness Index
272 The NRI 2023 Team
221 Adjustments to the Network Readiness Index
model in 2023

221 Computation of the NRI

222 Country and data coverage

222 Treatment of series with outliers

222 Normalisation

223 Caveats on the year-to-year comparison

of rankings

5
 Preface
Preface
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Prof. Soumitra Dutta Dr. Bruno Lanvin

Over the last few decades, societies Trust cannot be delegated. But can it be re-built? We need
have grown increasingly dependent on better data governance and regulations to ensure healthy
digital exchanges. Far from just being data flows.

the ‘new oil’ of our economies, data has

In the physical world, when trust is lacking, most transactions
become our ‘new air’. Without properly remain feasible. They just become more costly, more
managed data flows, our world cannot cumbersome, and less enjoyable. In the digital realm, trust is
breathe. often a precondition to the very existence of a transaction.
In network societies, trust is the glue that holds the digital
edifice together.

Over the last few decades, societies have grown increasingly

dependent on digital exchanges. Far from just being the ‘new
oil’ of our economies, data has become our ‘new air’. Without
properly managed data flows, our world cannot breathe. As
COVID reminded us, neither air pollution nor airborne viruses
can be defeated by filters and masks alone. We need better
data governance and regulations to ensure healthy data flows
and effective utilisation of available digital resources.

6
 Photo by Possessed Photography on Unsplash
Those same two decades have amply demonstrated how
creative our societies could be in their efforts (conscious
or unconscious) to damage trust. Cybercrime became
more diverse and widespread, fake news became an
ordinary component of social networks, and multilateral
norms cracked under the pressure from protectionist
and nationalistic postures. The ubiquitous availability of
technologies like artificial intelligence have accelerated this
process.

Our societies have now reached a point where fundamental

rights such as privacy and security are being challenged and
threatened on a global scale. New governance principles and
mechanisms are urgently needed to ensure the stability and
integrity of our network societies.

Trust cannot be delegated. But can it be re-built? This is

one of the questions that this edition of NRI attempts to
explore. The NRI is a testament to our ongoing commitment
to facilitate data-driven decision-making in the realm of
Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs),
with the ultimate goal of fostering economic growth and
enhancing quality of life across the world. In this endeavour,
we are immensely thankful to our partners at the Saïd
Business School, University of Oxford, for co-publishing the
report.

We would also like to thank our Knowledge Partners Amazon

Web Services (AWS), malomatia and the Brazilian National
Confederation of Industry (CNI), for supporting the 2023
edition of the NRI. We deeply appreciate the ongoing
commitment and engagement of our partners, the Advisory
Board, and the NRI Technical Advisory Group. Special
acknowledgement goes to the Joint Research Centre (JRC)
for ensuring the accuracy and relevance of our metrics and
conclusions year after year.

Digital readiness is a moving target and we welcome your

insights and suggestions in improving the NRI, to make
sure it continues to take the pulse of the digital revolution
happening across the world.

Prof. Soumitra Dutta Dr. Bruno Lanvin

7
Foreword

“Our constant commitment to advancing digital readiness

The Network Readiness Index 2023

has sparked dynamic collaborations and transformative

innovations that extend far beyond Qatar’s borders. We
have harnessed the boundless potential of technology to
foster growth, enrich lives, and strengthen our shared future,
paving the way for a knowledge-based economy.”

Khalid M Al Kubaisi
Chief Executive Officer (CEO), malomatia

8
Foreword by
malomatia

Khalid M Al Kubaisi
Chief Executive Officer (CEO), malomatia

I am delighted to extend a warm welcome to all readers of In today’s landscape, trust in technology forms a dynamic
this year’s NRI Report, a platform that unveils the dynamic pattern crafted from intricate elements. The rapid evolution of
intersection of technology and social progress. At malomatia, AI, data privacy concerns, cybersecurity breaches, and ethical
our mission is to be the driving force behind technology considerations are shaping this narrative. Our responsibility
adoption in Qatar and beyond. As we navigate this as champions of innovation is to ensure that technology
transformative era, I’m proud to look back at our initiatives aligns with the values and aspirations of humanity. Only
that have catalyzed digital readiness, propelling us toward an through fostering transparency, accountability, and
era of boundless possibilities. collective responsibility can we solidify trust in technology’s
transformative potential.
Our constant commitment to advancing digital readiness
has sparked dynamic collaborations and transformative Our collaboration with the Portulans Institute for the 2023
innovations that extend far beyond Qatar’s borders. We have NRI Report is a testament to the power of collective wisdom.
harnessed the boundless potential of technology to foster The Portulans Institute’s insights and global perspectives
growth, enrich lives, and strengthen our shared future, paving harmonize seamlessly with our mission. Together, we aim to
the way for a knowledge-based economy. equip decision-makers with data-driven insights that steer
our shared digital aspiration. This partnership amplifies our
The theme of the 2023 NRI Report - “Is there a crisis of trust shared vision of fostering dialogue, shaping policies, and
towards technology in the digital age” - is a significant propelling technology as a force for inclusive progress.
question that demands our thoughtful consideration. Trust
forms technology’s core. It is a currency that shapes our As we delve into this year’s NRI Report, I invite you to explore
interactions, transactions, and relationships in this digital the contours of trust in the digital age, deciphering the trends
realm. As we embrace the benefits of innovation, we must that define it. Let us collectively uncover the pathways to
also acknowledge the associated concerns. Our reflections reinforcing and strengthening this vital trust. As stakeholders
on this theme feature the complicated link between trust and in this transformative journey, the responsibility rests on us to
technological advancement. co-create a digital world that thrives on trust, innovation, and
shared prosperity.

Thank you for embarking on this enriching journey with us.

9
 Foreword by AWS
Foreword

Digital technology is one of the most important drivers of

economic growth, higher living standards and increased
sustainability. Since the 1980s, digital technology has been
responsible for around a quarter of growth in advanced
economies. 1 Successive technologies such as the personal
computer, spreadsheet, internet, smartphone, artificial
intelligence, and cloud computing have helped transform
the way we live, work, learn, and communicate. The current
rate of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology adoption alone
could deliver economic activity of around $13 trillion USD
globally by 2030. 2 This represents about 1.2% GDP growth
per year, which is greater than the economic productivity
growth brought about by either the steam engine or the early
The Network Readiness Index 2023

IT boom of the 2000s. All countries, and all sectors, should

benefit from this transformation.

At AWS, we believe multi-stakeholder cooperation is key to

unlocking the ambitions of countries to meet their digital
transformation goals. We share a mission to empower
governments and organizations with insights to inform their
digital strategies, and through our cooperation have included
in this year’s Network Readiness Index (NRI) additional
assessments of how the successful adoption of cloud Tanuja Randery
technology positively impacts innovation, digital readiness Managing Director AWS EMEA
and the economy at large, utilizing our AWS Cloud Readiness
Index models, methodology and research.

AWS has consistently partnered with businesses and

governments with the core mission to put the power of the
cloud and artificial intelligence in the hands of everyone and
democratize access to innovation. Our vision for a digitally-
empowered world is reflected in five commitments we made
to Governments, customers, and partners:

1. Earn Trust: Countries around the world are trying to 5. Enable Innovation: Innovation is the lifeblood of the
harness the opportunities of the twin digital and green digital economy. We will continue to reduce the cost of
transition. We will work every day to earn trust as a partner innovation, allowing for rapid iteration, rollout and scaling.
in this transformation. We will help the best and brightest tackle the world’s most
pressing challenges.
2. Invest in Skills: We will continue to help economies
address the digital, AI, and cloud skills shortage through
education, training, and support. While the benefits of digital transformation are already
plain to see and improving the lives of billions of people
3. Accelerate Sustainability: A digital future is a green future. around the world, unlocking its full potential requires
As the world’s largest buyer of renewable energy, we building greater confidence in the use of technologies as
will continue to transform our infrastructure to meet our these continue to evolve. That means earning public trust
sustainability targets. that these technologies will be used both securely and
responsibly. At AWS, we are convinced that responsibility
4. Power Business: AWS helps customers build tailored drives trust, trust drives adoption, and adoption drives
solutions that digitally transform businesses through the innovation. We look forward to continuing to support
power of the cloud. AWS will support and help customers countries, and organizations in their innovation journeys
benefit from technology that will drive their businesses so they can all be best placed to unlock their full digital
forward. potential.

10
Foreword by CNI
Industry is at the heart of the intense
digital transformation the world is
undergoing today. Therefore, CNI has
prioritized initiatives to support the
digitalization of industrial companies
and equipping professionals for the
digital age.

Ricardo Alban
President, Brazilian National Confederation of Industry (CNI)

The industry plays a central role in the intense digital SENAI is also responsible for vocational and technological
transformation the world is currently experiencing. education, for research and development of careers in
Therefore, CNI has prioritized initiatives to support the strategic areas related to digital transformation, as well
digitalization of industrial companies and the training of as skilling professionals in new technologies and digital
professionals equipped for the digital age. processes.

The Brazilian National Confederation of Industry (CNI) is the Further, the Entrepreneurial Mobilization for Innovation
country’s primary institution for representing and supporting (MEI), which is coordinated by CNI, brings together about 500
the industrial sector in the country. CNI is responsible for business leaders to share opportunities created and lessons
communicating the challenges facing industrial companies learned. MEI has been working for 15 years in defense of
in Brazil, sharing the industry perspective on the priorities the science, technology, and innovation agenda that is so
for the country’s economic and social development strategy. important for developing the economy of Brazil. Articulating
By articulating with the government, science, technology, with government, academia and society, MEI debates and
and innovation institutions, as well as with civil society, proposes priorities so that the country can be developed
CNI proposes initiatives to improve the competitiveness through innovation. The digitalization of industry and society
of industrial companies in Brazil. These initiatives include is one of its priority themes, and is implemented by the
proposals for new public policies, financing instruments, and Digital Transformation Working Group. This group promotes
improvements to the business environment in the country. interaction between representatives of government, business
and civil society for the identification of strategic actions to
Industry is at the heart of the intense digital transformation support digital transformation.
the world is undergoing today. Therefore, CNI has prioritized
initiatives to support the digitalization of industrial The digitalization of the economy and the broader society
companies and equipping professionals for the digital will be a fast and unstoppable process. Both companies and
age. CNI also manages the National Service of Industrial citizens must collaborate to create new technologies that
Training (SENAI) and its technology and innovation institutes, reflect their values and improve the lives of their families and
present across all regions of Brazil. SENAI increases industrial their communities. Collaborating with the NRI is one way to
productivity by supporting companies’ incorporating digital contribute to this important process. Trustworthy information
technologies in pursuit of increased industrial productivity. is key to fostering innovation.

11
12
The Network Readiness Index
The2023
Network Readiness Index 2023 Trust inTrust
a Network
in a Network
Society:
Society:
A crisis
A crisis
of the
of the
digital
digital
age?age?

the digital age?

Society: A crisis of
Trust in a Network
 Photo by Stella Jacob on Unsplash.jpeg
William Dutton
Oxford Internet Institute,
University of Oxford and Portulans Institute

Soumitra Dutta
Saïd Business School,
University of Oxford and Portulans Institute

Bruno Lanvin
Institut Européen d’Administration des Affaires (INSEAD),
Descartes Institute for the Future and Portulans Institute

Rafael Escalona Reyonoso, Mariam Chaduneli,

Sylvie Antal, Shaijla Bang and Abdellah Bouhamidi,
Portulans Institute

Note: This chapter draws significantly on the book ‘The Fifth

Estate: The Power Shift of the Digital Age’, recently published
by William Dutton (Director of Portulans Institute).

Introduction engage with technology have presented challenges for

everyone, especially those who are digitally inexperienced
or unconnected, and least trusting in technology. However,
taken-for-grantedness has shifted to increased skepticism
Is there a crisis of trust in our digital age? In network towards the internet and digital technologies like artificial
societies, trust is a basic foundation to our use of media, intelligence (AI) not only among the digitally disconnected
communication tools, and related digital information but also among the general public, intellectuals, business
systems. Trust is largely based on levels of exposure elites, politicians, and even computer scientists and engineers
and familiarity - experience. As innovations driving driving the forefronts of change.
our network societies became more widespread, the
trustworthiness of technology underpinning this new The past decade has witnessed an erosion of trust in digital
age has been taken for granted. No more. As the United technologies, exemplified by worries over social media and
Nation’s incoming President of the General Assembly, more recently by the step-change in the power of artificial
Csaba Kőrösi, said in September of 2023: “Our world is intelligence, so-called generative AI. There is clearly an
suffering from a bad case of ‘Trust Deficit Syndrome’.” element of collective skepticism. However, various factors
have fed prevailing negative scenarios, from concerns over
While the General-Secretary referred to trust in how the fake news on social media and the undermining of privacy
world is dealing with crises ranging from climate change in harvesting data generated by living in the digital age. All
to wars across the globe, he captured a crucial concern for are stoking greater concerns over how and by whom data
businesses, governments, and the public that could be a is being collected, stored, shared, and processed for various
crisis for our network society. The changing ways in which purposes.
we acquire information, communicate, use services, and

13
 Photo by Glenn Carstens-Peters on Unsplash
Foreword

New approaches to artificial intelligence, driven by machine

learning and large language models (LLMs), further
complicates this landscape. AI promises major benefits to
the efficiency and ease of searching and virtually reading
the web. Yet it also raises concerns over the ability of bad
actors to generate fake news, images, and voices, while
undermining your privacy. The opportunities of AI are great,
but enabling malicious actors to create content that blurs
narrowing lines between reality and fabrication could further
undermine trust in online content.

There are growing fears over new technologies, questions

over appropriate forms of digital governance and regulation,
and concerns over the growing power of monopolies by
major ‘big tech’ companies. There are anxieties over state
interference, disinformation campaigns, and advances in
surveillance technologies. More recently, there is increased
apprehension over the rapid growth of AI and large language
The Network Readiness Index 2023

models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. This all culminates in a growing

crisis of trust in the network society of our digital age.

As larger portions of the world continue to grow more

dependent on technology and the internet, it is ever more
crucial to ensure a learned level of trust exists across the
digital engines of our networked society. Any factor that
might prevent society from more fully leveraging digital
technologies for the public good needs critical scrutiny.

The Network Readiness Index (NRI) stands out as a pivotal

metric for assessing digital trends and understanding the
evolution of online trust in this networked era. The NRI seeks
to identify and analyze major trends, identify the driving
forces behind developments in media, information, and
communication technologies and their societal implications,
and offer actionable recommendations for policy and
practice. The aim is to assist policymakers, the industry, and
academia in establishing measures that amplify the positive
effects of technology on society and the economy, while
promoting positive relationships between individuals and
digital technologies.

14
Evolving Digital In a dystopian context defined by a focus on cyber-harms,
the experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic brought
a sobering reminder that the internet had become a

Landscapes: Tracing critical resource. It provided a lifeline for individuals and

communities around the world during periods of limited
travel and social interaction, such as by enabling remote

the Evolution of working. Nevertheless, in the aftermath of the pandemic,

the dystopian agenda that was created around Internet-
related harms was quickly revived, and expanded. This

the Internet and Its was in response to the information, communication, and
security issues driven by panics over such issues as election
interference and the Russo-Ukraine War, which created a

Societal Roles context for bad actors to exploit the Internet for propaganda
and sow disinformation.

Despite these panics, a more realistic, empirically grounded

The social and political roles of the Internet and related understanding of the social and political dynamics of
digital media have changed dramatically over the years networks of the digital age would show how trust has
(Dutton, 2023, p. xi).3 Initially, the Internet was largely an been earned over decades by policies and practices across
interesting innovation in academia, enabling researchers to an increasingly varied ecology of actors. This ecology has
share information and computational resources. But with a enabled over 5 billion people, nearly two-thirds of the world,
small proportion of people online, it was not initially viewed to use the Internet in their daily life and work (Statista, 2023).5
to have a broad significance to politics or the wider society. Will this diffusion of access continue to diminish global
However, as the Internet diffused more widely, the growing digital divides, or will use of the Internet and related digital
trust in the Internet relative to other media became one of resources decline and digital divides increase in the face of
the most remarkable developments over the first decade of growing distrust?
this century. The value of being online became an accepted
fact of life, particularly among high income countries, and
was increasingly taken for granted. Internet use, and the
resulting vast amounts of data that this created, became a
new form of capital. Public policy and regulation sought to
diffuse this capital worldwide to reduce digital divides which
threatened to increase socioeconomic inequalities.

However, over the next few decades, concerns over the

Photo by: aleksandr-popov-eXoXJrOGqG4-unsplash

misuse of the Internet and personal data online, as well as
many new threats to privacy and surveillance, began to grow.
With the advent of social media and the growing reach of
global platforms, concerns arose over the ‘platformization’ of
the Internet and social media, along with a growing litany of
harms, such as misinformation and the misuse of personal
data. In parallel, as billions of individuals moved online, new
cybersecurity threats emerged over cases of disinformation
and data breaches and leaks that could affect households
and children, as well as business, industries, and the public
sector. Increasingly serious questions were raised about
the unintended consequences of opening the Internet for
individuals, the media, and cybersecurity. In this context,
deterministic concerns over harms overcame previous
conceptions about the Internet’s ability to close geopolitical
and hierarchical divides and democratize the world (Dutton,
Law, Bolsover, & Dutta, 2013).4

15
 Factors Shaping
Trust in a Network Society: A crisis of the digital age?

Notably, no medium was viewed as “totally reliable” by over

10% of participants, indicating a broad public skepticism
towards all media platforms, including search engines (Table

Trust 2). Ironically, it is a good thing that most people have some
reservations about what they can read or see online. Most
individuals with experience online do not have blind faith in
the Internet or any other media.
Trust Across Dimensions of Internet Access and
Use For such reasons, people often look at multiple sources of
information online and offline, especially when an issue is
Trust in the Internet and related digital media masks a more important to them. Experience – whether buying a book,
textured basis of trust anchored in the functions for which banking, or meeting a person online – often nurtures a
people use the internet (Dutton, 1999).6 As Table 1 illustrates, learned level of trust and skepticism. This is a positive
people use the Internet and social media in ways that enable outcome as it reinforces a propensity to put effort into
access to information (that they read, hear, see, or create), finding multiple sources of information, to check the identity
people (who they communicate with), services (that they of people they connect with, and the authenticity of sites for
use, consume, pay for), and technologies (such as various providing services online.
information and communication equipment, techniques,
The Network Readiness Index 2023

and know-how) they access. In doing so, the Internet can More concretely, it is also important to ask about the
reshape what they know (information), who they know nature of the activities individuals engage in online. Digital
(communication), who pays what to whom (services), and transformation, further accelerated by the COVID-19
what know-how they require (technologies) (Dutton, 1999).7 pandemic, has increased the prevalence of digital solutions
for many routine tasks, such as accessing news and
With respect to trust, individuals are often asked if they “trust information, shopping, socializing and connecting with
the Internet” or “feel safe going online”, but with networked friends and family, receiving medical treatment, attending
individuals doing almost anything online and in relation to school, using financial services, and even working remotely
a broad ecology of actors across the world, we need to be and from home. While contingent on other factors such as
more precise. For example, it might be more useful albeit digital access and skill level, indicators measuring the use
still very general to ask whether they have confidence in of virtual social networks, internet shopping, and online
information they can find online and the people they meet or financial accounts within an economy can provide insight
communicate with online (Table 1). For instance, networked into which functions users trust on the Internet and related
individuals can find information through search or on social digital technologies to carry out. For example, it is clear from
media. Generally, individuals tend to trust search as a means the rise of online shopping and digital banking that these
to find information more than they trust information they services are increasingly trusted by a larger proportion of the
find on social media, which is more often from friends and public.
family. In 2019, a survey by the Oxford Internet Institute asked
respondents to rate the reliability of various information
sources (Bland and Dutton, 2023).8 Social media was deemed
the least reliable, with 25% labeling it as “totally unreliable.”

Table 1 How Digital Media Reconfigure Access and Reshape Trust

Access to: Reshaping: Trust in:

Information what you watch, read, see, hear; ultimately what you Sources of information you access online, such as a podcast,
know news, or discussion on social media
People Who you meet, who you know, who you keep in touch Individuals, influencers, experts, neighbors you communicate
with, whom you communicate with with
Services How and from whom you obtain services The providers of different services, from banks and bookstores
to dating sites, and healthcare providers
Technology Producing, using, and consuming equipment, devices, Your knowledge of how to safely use the Internet, AI, and other
hardware & software to access ICTs online resources as a producer, consumer or citizen

N=1,818 2019 OxIS

16
 Shaping an Individuals’ Trust: The Internet as an

Photo by Sigmund on Unsplash

Experience Technology

Trust in digital technologies, particularly the internet, is

significantly shaped by personal experiences. The Internet is
an “experience technology”: as individuals gain experience
with the Internet, they not only gain a learned level of trust,
but also a personal sense of how it empowers them. Above
all, it is their own personal experience that is critical in
building trust while avoiding blind faith in the online world.

This hands-on engagement is vital in molding an individual’s

perspective. Age and familiarity with technology are key
determinants of this trust. Older generations who did not
grow up in the digital age often have lower confidence in
these platforms due to their limited exposure. This can lead to
heightened skepticism. Likewise, any individual, irrespective
of age, who hasn’t engaged much with digital tools can feel
apprehensive.

This helps explain why many politicians, government

agencies, business organizations, and other institutions can
lag behind the public in their use of the Internet and related
digital media. Institutions are made up of individuals. Yet,
those senior leaders at the top are older and not always the
most experienced online. They are therefore more likely to
be more skeptical of doing business online. As an increasing
proportion of leaders and managers in government, business,
and industry are likely to have grown up with the internet, they
will have more online experience. If so, over time, institutions
might well be less likely to lag behind the public and better
able to be more innovative in their use of digital technologies.

Those who regularly use the Internet and possess the

necessary skills to navigate it can gain an informational
advantage, further empowering them - becoming part of the
Fifth Estate. However, it’s essential to recognize that not all
online experiences are positive. Bad encounters with issues
like security breaches, fake news, self-proclaimed expertise,
‘influencing/flock/herd behaviors’, and offensive content
can all tarnish the many good experiences. Such negative
interactions can counterbalance the positive ones, leading to
a diminished overall trust in the digital realm.

Table 2 Percentage Rating How Reliable and Accurate Information is from Different Sources

Television Radio Online News Social Media Search engine results

1 Totally unreliable 3 5 7 25 5
2 12 13 18 31 18
3 38 38 47 27 53
4 36 36 22 13 38
5 Totally Reliable 7 7 5 4 10

N=1,818 2019 OxIS

17
Trust in a Network Society: A crisis of the digital age?

vecteezy
However, experiencing problems online very rarely leads
people to drop out and refuse to use the Internet or social
media. Experience online most often fosters trust online, even
when a person experiences problems. When these problems
are factored into the analysis, they remain more trusting than
those without experience (Dutton & Shepherd, 2006; Blank
& Dutton, 2011.9 Problems are often more likely to play a
positive role in raising awareness of risks and fostering more
caution in living and working in the online world, such as in
not immediately opening a suspicious email attachment.

The Rise of Generative AI

More recently, press and media coverage of the likely

emergence of generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI) has
intensified feelings of distrust and unease among many
individuals towards technology. New technologies normally
generate a mix of reactions. As Emmanuel G. Mesthene put
The Network Readiness Index 2023

it in the 1960s, new technologies often elicit one of three

reactions: as an unalloyed blessing, an unmitigated curse, or
not worthy of special notice (Mesthene, 1981).10 Reactions
to emerging AI chatbots, for example, have been largely
positive, positioning AI as the ‘new, new thing’, but also
feared by some of its creators as an existential threat in the
foreseeable future of a God-like generative AI.

One of the significant causes for concern is its potential

economic impact, as many fear that Gen AI might replace
rather than augment human intelligence, making certain
jobs redundant (Engelbart, 1970).11 But beyond economic
anxieties, there’s a deeper technological skepticism. Many
believe that AI, with its inherent biases and potential
to “hallucinate” or misinterpret information, can be
fundamentally unreliable and error-prone. These biases,
often a result of flawed training data or methods, can lead
to skewed outcomes, further fueling the perception that
AI may not be used in our best interest. The combination
of job insecurity and the unpredictability of AI’s societal
implications crafts a narrative where Gen AI is seen not just as
a disruptive force, but also as a potentially untrustworthy one.

The rise of generative AI associated with large language

models has also reignited efforts to restrict access to
copyrighted material online. While motivated by efforts
to protect the financial viability of authors, artists, and
publishers, these restrictions can dumb-down the content on
which LLMs are based – making everyone the poorer.

18
Box 1 have used the technology (with 14% was perceived to be, and whether

Understanding of German adults aged 55+ having

used ChatGPT, as compared to 57% of
or not there was a clear benefit to
consumers. For example, the public
Public Perception: 18-24 year olds). Further, there were tended to favour restrictions on
Generative AI and significant levels of misunderstanding generative AI making automatic
about its functionality and a investment decisions for consumers
Its Regulatory conflation with other technologies. but were more relaxed about it
Considerations Most of the public were yet to form being used to generate diagnostic
strong views about generative AI reports for doctors to inform patient
Global Counsel and tended to have mixed feelings, treatment.
recognising both opportunities and
Methodological note: Global risks. The most compelling benefits Despite support for oversight and
Counsel conducted a research study were its potential to save consumers regulation, trust in institutions in
into attitudes to generative AI and time, increasing business productivity, relation to generative AI was limited.
implications for its likely regulation. and resolving customer service Trust was generally highest in
Alongside interviews with key experts complaints more responsively. The Germany, while it was lowest in the
and opinion formers, GC conducted most prominent concerns included UK. Yet the survey results broadly
a nationally-representative online increasing unemployment, spreading suggested an overall favourability
survey of the public in the US, UK, and misinformation and infringing toward generative AI and reflected a
Germany (n=1,000 in each nation), people’s privacy. Across all markets, clear link between trust in institutions
and compiled a qualitative Citizens’ people who felt more familiar with the and trust in the technology. While
Jury with members of the public in technology (esp. younger adults and the UK and German public typically
the UK. Fieldwork was conducted in men) tended to be more favourable trusted regulators more than
July - September 2023. than those less familiar, e.g. 41% of US businesses when developing or
men felt favourable compared to only using generative AI technology, the
Global Counsel’s surveys found public 27% of US women. reverse was true in the US, where
awareness of generative AI to be businesses were more widely trusted
strikingly high for a novel technology, Mixed overall attitudes toward than regulators. Friends and family
with around 9 in 10 people in the UK, generative AI are reflected in views were among the more trusted sources
US, and Germany claiming to have towards different use cases in of information in all three markets,
heard of it. This awareness is largely healthcare, financial services, and demonstrating how important direct
due to media coverage of dramatic elsewhere. Attitudes to different use experience and word-of-mouth
forecasts of its risks. Public familiarity cases were influenced by a number of are likely to be in shaping people’s
was still nascent, where older adults factors, including the extent of human attitudes to generative AI.
were found to be much less likely to oversight, how novel the application

Public trust in relation to generative AI

% of adults in each market saying they trust each institution at least moderately

US (%) UK (%) DE (%)

Friends and family 49 43 65
A relevant charity, consumer group or campaigner 34 39 41
Universities, academics and other researchers 38 33 51
An independent regulator 26 29 39
A relevant government department 30 27 34
Public bodies using generative AI technology 30 22 43
Businesses using generative AI technology 30 20 32
Businesses developing generative AI technology 34 20 38
The government 21 16 27
Other consumers using generative AI technology 27 15 29

19
 The Role of Media in Framing Perceptions Concerns of data privacy and security
Trust in a Network Society: A crisis of the digital age?

Another important set of threats exist around a range of Living and working in an online world generates huge
restrictions on an open and global Internet. They include amounts of data, such as through the creation of content, the
greater copyright restrictions, and the movement of use of search terms, liking of social media posts, and more.
increasing proportions of content behind paywalls, such as in In the early years of the Internet, the manufacturing of data
the news industry. While driven by incentives to maintain the was viewed as a problem, which was called a ‘data deluge’. As
financial viability of the press and other content producers, the Internet and digital media industries discovered value in
they are placing professional content beyond the reach of this data, such as in determining the most trusted web sites
many ordinary internet users, leaving them more exposed and in personalizing search results, the data deluge problems
and vulnerable to misinformation - less empowered. evolved into ‘big data’ opportunities to be mined for a
growing range of purposes. In mining these opportunities,
Media narratives play a vital role in shaping public perception leading critics saw this change as undermining personal
of emerging technologies, including AI. The media serves privacy in ways that amounted to ‘surveillance capitalism’
as a primary source of information for the general public, (Zuboff, 2019). 13 Clearly, progress in exploiting big data,
and the angle or tone they adopt can significantly influence along with advances in surveillance technologies like face
collective sentiment—whether optimistic, apprehensive, or recognition, has resurfaced decades old issues concerning
neutral. how best to protect personal privacy issues and prevent the
The Network Readiness Index 2023

misuse of personal data.

Overall, 52% of Americans say they feel more concerned than
excited about the increased use of artificial intelligence (Pew The rapid advancements in surveillance, biometric, and
Research Center, 2023).12 Indeed, 53% of Americans say AI generative technologies have brought about significant
is doing more to hurt than help people keep their personal challenges concerning trust in technology. Today’s data
information private. However, there are several uses of AI flows are characterized by three alarming traits: they are
where the public sees a more positive than negative impact. unprecedented in volume, increasingly sensitive, and more
For instance, 49% say AI helps more than hurts when people robust. With a surge in the amount of data being collected,
want to find products and services they are interested in combined with the intimate nature of biometric information
online. and the integration of data from diverse sources, individuals
are becoming distinctly identifiable from their online traces.
This perception can be attributed in part to media coverage
on topics such as deep fakes and misinformation campaigns.
Conversely, positive media portrayals showcasing AI’s
potential benefits in sectors like healthcare or education can
bolster public optimism. Thus, the media’s portrayal of digital
technologies not only informs but can also drive societal

Photo by NordWood Themes on Unsplash

acceptance, inform the design of regulations, and influence
the trajectory of these technologies.

20
This vast and intricate web of personal data, while potentially across all media and all sites. The diversity of information
transformative for many sectors, presents serious concerns. people can have at their fingertips through the use of
The very technologies that promise enhanced security and Internet search and other sources is far broader from the
personalization simultaneously raise fears of privacy invasion narrow technical logic of the filter bubble.
and misuse. As surveillance tools become more sophisticated,
biometrics more revealing, and generative technologies more However, the other end of this continuum, the technically-
manipulative, there’s a growing apprehension that personal high sophisticated end of the continuum, is too small to
data could be exploited in ways previously unimagined, be seen in sample surveys - we’ve tried. An incredibly small
undermining trust in the digital landscape. percentage of the public are doing things like designing Gen
AI. But anecdotally, they seem to follow a pattern found in
Furthermore, forecasts of the rise of ‘surveillance capitalism’ more qualitative studies of a ‘certainty trough’ (Mckenzie,
envision big data analytics tied to personal data becoming 2019).16 At one extreme, the least informed are most
a new gold that leads to greater breaches of personal alienated from a technology, and at the other extreme, are
privacy than ever before imaginable.14 While surveillance scientists who are the most informed about the technology
capitalism is a possible future, breaches in cyber-security but also uncertain about its overall efficacy. Uncertainty is
and unauthorized access to personal data is an increasingly common among both groups. Those in between, most of
greater problem. With billions of internet users, privacy and us, are more certain, less distrustful, and more anchored in
security are no longer a problem for IT experts in institutions our experiences, rather than beholding to dystopian press
and large organizations, but remain an issue for billions of accounts or technologically deterministic forecasts.
ordinary networked individuals.

Experience and the Certainty Trough

You might be thinking: Wait a minute. Some of those who

have contributed to the development of Gen AI are the most
concerned about its societal, even existential, threats. You
are right, but there are likely to be two different problems at
each end of the experience continuum. (MacKenzie, 1993). At
one end of the continuum, those without experience using
a particular digital technology have been found to be more
alienated and distrustful - they have no personal experience
and are more likely to adopt dystopian perspectives in
conversations and in the press. At the other end are those
who actually design and develop technologies. They are

Photo by Marten Bjork on Unsplash

most focused on the technical features and more likely to
extrapolate the social implications from what the technology
is designed to do - being more technologically deterministic.

An example can be found in a once dominant discussion

of information search creating a filter bubble, leading
networked individuals to only see what they have expressed
interest in. If a person searches for information about left-
wing or right-wing politics, then search will tend to be biased
to prioritising left- or right-wing results in their search results.
It is arguably helpful for you to allow a search engine to
know where you live and that you are interested in particular
candidates. So, if you look for a pizza restaurant, for example,
search might prioritize one in your neighborhood. If you
look for the latest news about an election, it could prioritize
information about the elections and candidates you have
been following. Does this create a filter bubble?

A seven-nation study of how people find political information

found that those who are interested in politics tend to look
for information, on an average, in four different places, one
of them being online (Dutton, Reisdorf, Dubois, & Blank,
2017).15 And when they go online, they tend to look at an
average of four different sites for information about politics.
For most internet users, therefore, the technical dynamics of
a filter bubble are unlikely to be shaping a person’s searches

21
 Moving Forward
Trust in a Network Society: A crisis of the digital age?

but the solution isn’t to avoid social media entirely. A fear of

bullies should not keep a person locked in their home, afraid
to go out. Nor should it keep them offline, afraid to use the
Internet.
Avoiding Deterministic Perspectives:
Balancing Risks and Rewards Instead, teaching individuals how to safely interact online,
identify potential threats, and practice good cyber hygiene
There are bad actors online, and although only a relatively can mitigate such risks. Riding a bicycle, swimming, walking
small proportion of internet users are bad or malicious actors, across a street, and many everyday activities carry risks,
they can cause problems far greater than their number would yet children are taught to be careful and how to navigate
suggest. However, instead of government regulation being through the world in a safe manner.
overly focused on censoring what networked individuals can
read or view, it should be increasingly possible to focus more Most importantly, by highlighting both the benefits and
on identifying and regulating the bad actors. For instance, a risks, we empower users to make informed decisions. The
troll farm, or a site using software to automatically generate media and education sectors are instrumental in shaping
malicious posts, can be identified and then better regulated public perception and knowledge. While the media
or even blocked by a platform or regulator. disseminates information and frames narratives, education
equips individuals with the tools to critically analyze and
The Network Readiness Index 2023

While it is crucial to recognize the problems and potential engage with this information, fostering a well-informed and
risks of digital technologies, an overemphasis on harms discerning society. By focusing on skill-building and proper
that is not tempered by the benefits can skew perceptions. online conduct, we can harness the benefits of the digital age
Analyzing the true implications of the internet requires a without unnecessarily limiting its vast potential.
balanced understanding that is rooted in facts, data, and
real-world examples. Such an approach can counteract
uninformed, overly simplistic, or complex but technologically
deterministic viewpoints.

While certain concerns, like child protection, have prompted

organizations and governments to take action, it’s essential
to balance caution with constructive solutions. Instead of
succumbing to fear-based narratives, especially concerning
platforms like social media which offer invaluable global
connections, we should emphasize education and
empowerment. Cyberbullying, for instance, is a genuine issue,

Photo by Giovanni Gagliardi on Unsplash.

While certain concerns, like child
protection, have prompted organizations
and governments to take action, it’s
essential to balance caution with
constructive solutions. Instead of
succumbing to fear-based narratives,
especially concerning platforms like
social media which offer invaluable
global connections, we should emphasize
education and empowerment.

22
De-Mystifying Technologies
Box 2
The mystification of tech is another threat as it undermines
a user’s sense of personal efficacy. Developments in big The Importance of Ongoing
data analytics, AI, and social and ethical issues of personal Skill Support for Achieving
data may seem complicated, but in many cases, they can be
presented in ways that make them more comprehensible Digital Participation
to networked individuals. Efforts toward demystifying
technologies and equipping users with the competencies to Good Things Foundation
protect themselves and their assets in the digital realm are
important factors in developing a learned level of trust. The Good Things Foundation supports people in
the UK with overcoming three critical barriers to
In this respect, states hold a pivotal role of enhancing digital participation: access, skills, and support. The
transparency in the technological sphere, especially foundation provides wrap-around support and online
regarding algorithms and data handling. It’s imperative courses that cover a range of skills such as how to
for policy makers to ensure that tech companies are more switch on a device, connect to a network, make an
transparent about the mechanics of their algorithms and appointment with a doctor, make an online video call
explicitly detail data usage, storage, and distribution and avoid online scams.
practices. Such transparency not only protects users
but also helps support trust within the digital domain. The research shows that supporting individuals in
Moreover, consumers equipped with this knowledge can becoming digitally included not only helps bridge the
make informed decisions that resonate with their individual existing digital divide but also has broader impacts
values. This does not mean that every networked individual such as:
researches the algorithms of a search engine. However, more
transparency enables flawed or biased algorithms to be • Increased Happiness - 81% feel more connected
discovered by an individual or civil society organization that with family and friends and 74% feel less lonely
cares about this issue. • Overall Health - 63% reported their mental health
improved, 48% their physical health improved, 60%
In that same vein, there’s an urgent need to instate reported they were better able to manage their
ethical standards, particularly for AI and machine learning health or their illness
innovations. Setting these benchmarks will ensure • Better Off - two thirds wanted to continue learning
technologies evolve within a responsible framework. One way or felt they had better job prospects and 37% of
to support this is by the establishment of an oversight body, the network felt that the National databank had
which can monitor tech advancements, ensuring societal helped to ease the financial burden of accessing
interests are upheld, and potential risks are mitigated. the internet for the people they support

Additionally, private initiatives like “Better Images for AI” However, research showed that once someone
strive to enhance public comprehension of transformative has access to the online world and a base amount
technologies, especially Gen AI. The current trend of using of knowledge, their worries around online safety
abstract or sci-fi-inspired AI visuals often obscures the more than double. According to the Impact Survey
technology’s tangible societal and environmental effects. conducted on June 23, 2023, before receiving initial
Such visuals, which likening generative AI to human skills support, only 15% reported that they had worries
cognition, foster misconceptions about its actual capabilities. about staying safe online. However, after receiving the
Moreover, representing AI as autonomous robots diminishes skills training, the number reached 37%.
the vital role of its human developers and might falsely hint
at robots where none exist. Such imagery might also carry Online safety is central to what being ‘digitally
biases related to gender, ethnicity, and even religion, further included’ means. It is especially important for people
perpetuating undue fears. Understanding the difficulty in with limited exposure to the Internet (often older
obtaining unbiased and accurate visuals, Better Images for AI people, and working-age adults with low educational
can offer a more comprehensive, realistic image library of AI attainment and low incomes) and those in vulnerable
for both individuals and the broader media community. situations. Around 6 in 10 UK adults report having
had at least one potentially harmful experience
online in the past year (Ofcom/ICO, 2020). Hence,
continued support through online safety courses is
key to building confidence throughout the journey to
becoming digitally included.

23
 Protecting Personal Privacy and Security
Trust in a Network Society: A crisis of the digital age?

Photo by Christina @ wocintechchat.com on Unsplash

Many have argued for efforts to create a new ‘cybersecurity
mindset’(Dutton, 2017)17 that enables ordinary internet
users to be as aware of the security of their data and personal
information as they are of their physical possessions. While
all institutions and organizations need to enhance their
cybersecurity, ordinary networked individuals can help
protect their own privacy and security, as many did when
shifting to work from home during the COVID-19 pandemic
(Esteve-González, Dutton, Creese, & Agrafiotis, 2023).18

Protecting privacy and cybersecurity is a critical responsibility

of individuals, but also of both states and organizations. On
the state level, proper governance becomes paramount.
Whether you agree or disagree with the introduction of
regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation
(GDPR) in the European Union, this regulation underscores
The Network Readiness Index 2023

a mission to protect personal privacy. By setting stringent

standards for data protection and privacy, the GDPR has been
designed to reshape public perception, make individuals
more aware of their digital rights and raise the bar for data-
handling practices worldwide. Such regulations also seek to
incentivise tech companies to maintain robust cybersecurity
measures, promote the use of end-to-end encryption and
other secure methods of data transmission and exercise
better accountability such as by notifying users immediately
of breaches. Critics of the GDPR have identified weaknesses,
such as the additional burdens placed on users, and the
Protecting privacy and cybersecurity blocking of access to information on sites in other nations
is a critical responsibility of that do not recognize the EU’s regulations. But initiatives to
individuals, but also of both states better protect privacy will continue to evolve.

and organizations. On the state

On the organizational front, companies also play an essential
level, proper governance becomes role in safeguarding data. For example, most organizations
paramount. and institutions help protect the security of their personnel
and provide assistance to those working remotely or at home.
It is in the interest of service providers to offer secure services
if they wish to build their clientele. Online banking has to
be safe. Online shopping needs to be safe, providing a good
experience to online shoppers. (See Box 3).

Arguably the most trusted and popular online shopping

service in the US and Europe has been Amazon. Founded in
1994 by Jeff Bezos in a garage in the US state of Washington,
Amazon began as a humble online bookstore. It has since
evolved with the rise of the internet into a multinational
‘everything’ store providing: e-commerce, such as online
shopping; cloud computing services, through Amazon Web
Services (AWS); online advertising; digital streaming services;
and AI, such as in smart speaker services. Its growth has
been largely credited with it being trusted by its customers
- exemplifying the significance of trust in the networked
society.

24
 Photo by Christian Wiediger on Unsplash
Box 3

Bridging the Trust Gap:

Amazon Web Services’ Role in
Ensuring Digital Assurance
Globally
Amazon Web Services (AWS)19

In the digital era, trust is hard earned and easily lost,

particularly when using emerging technologies.
Companies can often build and maintain that trust
through their investments in local communities, which
helps create jobs, infrastructure, and education and
training opportunities for the people who live and
work in those communities. Amazon Web Services’
(AWS) investment in data centers across Ireland serves
as a good example: it has boosted economic output in
Ireland by over €11.4 billion since 2012, contributing
nearly €2.4 billion in additional economic output in 2022
alone. 20

Similarly, in Germany, a substantial number of

businesses across various locales have integrated AWS’s
cloud solutions into their operations, resulting in a
16.9% surge in employment growth within two years
and solidifying trust in digital technologies as catalysts
for innovation. 21 In the Middle East and North Africa Concurrently, AWS’s commitment to data
(MENA) region, the anticipated addition of $733.1 billion security, adaptability, and consistent
to the economy over the next decade is closely tied performance fosters an environment
to the expansion of cloud adoption, with AWS at the
where businesses and communities alike
forefront of this digital transformation.22
can operate with heightened confidence.
In the realm of artificial intelligence (AI), AWS actively
participates in Amazon’s commitment to responsible AI.
Amazon is engaged with organizations and standard
bodies focused on the responsible development of
next-generation AI systems including NIST, ISO, the
Responsible AI Institute, and the Partnership on AI.
Earlier this year, at the White House, Amazon signed
voluntary commitments to foster the safe, responsible,
and effective development of AI technology. This
commitment is consistent with AWS’ approach of
ensuring responsible AI is an integral part of the entire
AI lifecycle - including design and development,
deployment, and ongoing use. To help customers
transform responsible AI from theory into practice,
AWS gives them tools, guidance, and resources to
get them started. This includes AWS AI Service Cards
which documents the intended use cases and fairness
considerations of AWS AI Services, and Amazon
SageMaker Clarify which customers can use to detect
potential bias in data and models.

This is reflective of the AWS approach to building

products and services across the organization.
Customers say they use AWS to lower costs, increase
security, and accelerate innovation, all of which helps to
build trust in digital technologies.

25
 Promoting a Plurality of Platforms and Sources
Trust in a Network Society: A crisis of the digital age?

Dominant search engines are being challenged by the rise

of AI and large language models, potentially shifting the
Over the past decade, the rise of big tech firms has positions of different companies. This competition may lead
dramatically transformed the architecture of the internet and to the democratization of AI and large language models
driven forward the phenomenon of platformisation of the to empower information search on the part of networked
Internet, leading to concerns over the extent to which a small individuals. Not only have advances placed powerful
number of large platforms can exert control over our online computing devices in the hands of ordinary people, but they
experience. Amazon, for example, is one of the big five tech are also putting advances in AI within reach of everyone with
giants, along with Google, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft. While a mobile smartphone.
it may appear that the big tech companies control a majority
of our online activity, such as searching or networking, they Of course, the value of platforms depends on the validity
are networking a dynamically changing array of many more and efficiency of their services. If they use their dominant
content and service providers and users, and have many positions to undermine competing services, then there are
contenders in the wings. This makes it possible for companies reasons for concern, which are the subject of governmental
to lose their favored positions through the choices of regulatory reviews, such as by the US Federal Trade
networked individuals. Commission.

The idea that search engines and social networks are Navigating the Uncharted Tomorrow
The Network Readiness Index 2023

systematically biased in ways that prevent users from gaining

access to the most relevant and accurate information has A decade ago, in a piece for the World Economic Forum,
led to concerns over information integrity. As discussed experts warned that the world may be in an “internet
above, many pundits and technologists alike have warned trust bubble” highlighting global confidence challenges
networked individuals that advances in algorithmic in emerging online technologies (World Economic Forum,
personalization have placed them in a filter bubble or an 2023). 25 Today, while that bubble might have burst, there’s
echo chamber. However, individuals who are online have still a chance to rebuild trust. Addressing trust in digital
access to a more diverse range of information sources than technologies is paramount; failure to do so risks deepening
ever possible in an earlier era. digital divides and making the vision of an open global
internet elusive. Despite the hurdles, numerous initiatives can
As noted above, research from the Quello Center on help foster trust globally. The internet, as a pivotal innovation
the use of internet search for information about politics of the digital age, offers immense benefits, yet it’s worth
demonstrated that most networked individuals go to four noting that over a third of the global population lacks usable
or more sources of information about politics, with only one internet access, as per ITU 2022.
of them being online. Once online, they tend to look at four
or more sources. It is highly unlikely that they are trapped in Many nations remain sidelined from the digital revolution
a filter bubble orchestrated by one online platform (Dutton, due to developmental hurdles, infrastructural deficits,
Reisdorf, Dubois, & Blank, 2017).23 However, many individuals and diverse regulatory landscapes. Ensuring global digital
have psychological propensity to confirm their existing inclusion in the future hinges on addressing these trust
biases - what is called a confirmation bias. If people choose to issues. In conclusion, this report aims to shed light on
only read or view content they agree with, then they lose the upcoming challenges and, through anticipatory governance,
benefit of being on the most diverse source of information calls for proactive, appropriate, and informed strategies. In
across the world. this vein, it seeks to equip decision-makers with the foresight
to discern and address the extensive ramifications of their
The freedom provided by the Internet and social media to decisions and actions on the digital trust ecosystem.
networked individuals includes the freedom to create their
own echo chamber by following their own confirmation
bias – such as only reading opinions they agree with, only
following their favorite politician, or only networking with
people who agree with them. If they do so, it is a response to
a psychological propensity rather than a closure determined
by technology. While individuals can find some imagined
comfort in a self-constructed echo chamber, there are
other features enabled by the internet that can counter this
tendency (Dutton, 2023).24

26
A decade ago, in a piece for the World Economic Forum,
experts warned that the world may be in an “internet
trust bubble” highlighting global confidence challenges
in emerging online technologies (World Economic Forum,
2023). Today, while that bubble might have burst, there’s
still a chance to rebuild trust. Addressing trust in digital
technologies is paramount; failure to do so risks deepening
digital divides and making the vision of an open global
internet elusive. Despite the hurdles, numerous initiatives
can help foster trust globally. The internet, as a pivotal
innovation of the digital age, offers immense benefits, yet
it’s worth noting that over a third of the global population
lacks usable internet access, as per ITU 2022.

27
28
The Network Readiness Index 2023 Key Messages NRI 2023

NRI 2023
Key Messages
 1
Trust is the glue for our
interconnected world
Trust is the glue that binds our interconnected world. Over the past few decades,
however, that trust has progressively eroded. More importantly, mis-trust has
changed in nature: from being directed mostly at content (fake news, propaganda,
advertising claims) it has now morphed into systemic mis-trust, whereby entire
sets of tools, architectures and systems are subject to lower level of acceptance
and credibility. This includes tools (cloud computing, AI, blockchain and
cryptocurrencies, quantum computing), the media in general, large enterprises,
and even institutions or economic and political systems (capitalism, representative
democracy). Without trust, the fabric of our global society would unravel, causing
not only uncertainty and inefficiency in our digital interactions but breaking
many of the connections that empower our daily lives. Whether it’s searching for
information online, connecting with loved ones, making new contacts across borders,
or conducting business, trust is a critical backbone that upholds the integrity and
functionality of our digital age.

2
There are reasons for
collective skepticism
Arguably, over the past decade, there has been a decline in trust towards digital
technologies, which have dramatically exceeded expectations time and again.
Many thought the internet would fail. However, a decline in trust can be attributed
to a range of factors, including the explosion of social media, advancements in
generative AI, the rise of cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology, and developments
in quantum computing. Many people are skeptical due to issues like the spread of
fake news and potential privacy breaches resulting from the extensive data collection
that characterizes the digital age. These concerns are further exacerbated when
one considers how this data is almost magically managed: the ways it is gathered,
stored, disseminated, and used by billions of individuals. As technology continues to
rapidly evolve, it’s vital for society to strike a balance between harnessing its benefits,
managing risks, and safeguarding individual rights.

29
 3
We need to move past a
Key Messages NRI 2023

perspective centered on
harms
In an era often characterized by heightened attention to cyber-harms, the COVID-19
pandemic underscored the indispensable role of the internet – literally as a lifeline.
During times of restricted movement and physical interaction, it emerged as a
vital conduit, facilitating remote work and maintaining connections for global
communities. While the digital realm is not without its challenges, it’s essential to
ensure our perspective isn’t solely centered on potential dangers. Like everyday
activities such as cycling, swimming, or crossing a street, online interactions come
with inherent risks. Rather than magnifying these threats, it’s more productive to
The Network Readiness Index 2023

equip individuals with the skills and mindset to navigate the digital space safely,
emphasizing the importance of discerning potential hazards and practicing robust
cyber hygiene.

Access, Exposure and Skills

Development are crucial to
building trust
Trust in digital technologies, especially the internet, is built largely through personal
experience. The more individuals interact with these platforms, the better they
understand and appreciate their value. It’s this hands-on interaction over time that
anchors our trust. However, one’s age and prior exposure to technology can affect
this trust. Older individuals, often isolated and not having grown up with these tools,
might be overly cautious due to unfamiliarity or lack of support. Similarly, anyone
with limited experience, regardless of age, may feel hesitant. Therefore, expanding
access to digital technologies, coupled with comprehensive skills training, is crucial to
ensure that everyone can confidently and effectively engage in the digital world.

30
 5
We need to demystify
technology
Demystifying technology is a critical aspect of fostering trust in the digital age.
Complex concepts like big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and the ethical
dimensions of personal data should not remain enigmatic. Media, serving as a
primary source of information for many, can heavily influence public perceptions of
emerging technologies like AI. Their role shapes the collective sentiment, guiding
whether it leans towards optimism, caution, or neutrality. States can play a pivotal
role in promoting transparency, especially in the realms of algorithms and data
management. Policymakers must press tech companies to make the dynamics
of their algorithms and the specifics of data usage, storage, and sharing, more
transparent. By simplifying these topics and prioritizing transparency, we can
empower individuals to better understand and protect their digital assets, and
increase their personal sense of efficacy.

Appropriate data
6

governance is required
Concerns keep growing (among decision makers as well as ordinary citizens) about
the ways in which data is collected, managed, stored, shared, and used. As technology
continues to evolve, it is now vital for society to identify and guarantee the right
balance between digitalization on one hand, and fundamental human rights and
aspirations on the other. Regulation, particularly regarding privacy and cybersecurity,
plays a pivotal role in building trust in the digital age. States and organizations must
prioritize. Early regulatory initiatives like the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation
(GDPR) need to be continually reassessed to evolve with social and technical change.
Regulation should encourage tech companies to implement robust cybersecurity, use
secure data transmission methods like end-to-end encryption, and ensure prompt
notifications of breaches. Barriers between media regulators and cybersecurity experts
need to be bridged. As digital technologies and regulations continue to evolve at an
ever-increasing pace, the metrics provided by the NRI will seek to equip decision-makers
with the foresight to develop proactive, appropriate, and informed strategies, as well as
discern the ramifications of their decisions and actions on the digital trust ecosystem.

7
Trust and Inclusion are
interconnected
Trust and inclusion can be seen as mutually reinforcing aspects of a country’s
technology landscape. When digital inclusion is promoted, it ensures that
technology is accessible to all, and used in ways that foster a learned level of trust
in digital technologies. This, in turn, can support higher levels of technology
adoption, innovation, and overall technology readiness. This year’s findings show
that Trust and Inclusion are interconnected elements of technology readiness.
Economies and societies with high levels of digital inclusion demonstrate the value
of building Trust toward digital technologies.

31
32
The Network Readiness Index 2023 Key
Key Results
Results of
of NRI
NRI 2023
2023

NRI 2023
Key Results of
The Top 10

Photo by Joshua Hoehne on Unsplash

The United States retains its top position in the NRI for the
second consecutive year, closely followed by Singapore.
Finland has climbed to the third spot, displacing Sweden to
fifth place, while the United Kingdom reenters the top 10.
Historically, the Top 10 performers in the NRI exhibit three
prominent trends: they consistently belong to high-income
economies, demonstrating robust network readiness
across all dimensions, and European countries continue
to dominate the list. These trends continue in the NRI
2023, with each of the top 10 countries achieving a top 25
ranking across all four primary pillars (Technology, People,
Governance, Impact). As for regional distribution, Singapore
and Korea remain the only top 10 countries located in Asia
and the Pacific, while the United States is the only economy
located in the Americas. The rest of the top 10 rankings
consist of European countries.

Table A Top 10 performers in NRI 2023

Pillars

Country NRI rank NRI score Technology People Governance Impact

United States of America 1 76.91 1 4 7 23
Singapore 2 76.81 5 6 10 1
Finland 3 76.19 10 7 1 2
Netherlands 4 76.04 4 15 2 5
Sweden 5 75.68 9 9 5 4
Switzerland 6 74.76 2 14 13 6
Republic of Korea 7 74.48 17 1 18 11
Denmark 8 74.06 11 11 3 8
Germany 9 74.00 6 8 14 10
United Kingdom 10 72.75 8 10 16 9

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

33
 Regional Leaders
Key Results of NRI 2023

Wendt on Unsplash
rodion-kutsaev-unsplash
The performance distribution across regions in the NRI 2023
follows an established pattern. Europe dominates those
economies in the top ten rankings for digital readiness.

Photo by Lucas George

Asia follows with Singapore and the Republic of Korea both
securing a position among the top 10 positions. The United
States is the sole representative from the Americas. Africa, the
CIS, and the Arab States fail to appear in the top ten rankings.
There are some changes in the top three economies from
each region this year. Kenya surpasses South Africa to claim
the top position in the African region. Finland joins the top
three in Europe, also claiming the top position. Chile replaces
Brazil in the Americas.

The regional leaders for NRI 2023 include Kenya, United

Arab Emirates, Singapore, the Russian Federation, Finland,
and the United States. Overall, these regional trends in
The Network Readiness Index 2023

the NRI 2023 highlight the varying levels of progress and

challenges faced by economies across the different parts
of the world as their journey towards digital readiness
and network capabilities continues. Europe stands out as a
strong leader in the NRI while The Americas and the Asia &
Pacific display a diverse spectrum of digital competencies.
The CIS showcases the smallest variation in scores among
its member nations. These regional trends shed light on the
fact that the pace of advancement in digital technology and
network infrastructure varies significantly from one region
to another. The relative standings of individual counties in
their respective regional rankings reflect the importance
of creating and pursuing tailored strategies and policies to
address the specific and unique digital needs and challenges
faced by each region.

Table B Top 3 countries by region

Africa Arab States Asia & Pacific CIS Europe The Americas
Kenya (70) United Arab Emirates (30) Singapore (2) Russian Federation (38) Finland (3) United States of America (1)

South Africa (74) Saudi Arabia (41) Republic of Korea (7) Kazakhstan (58) Netherlands (4) Canada (11)

Mauritius (76) Qatar (46) Japan (13) Armenia (63) Sweden (5) Brazil (44)

Note: Global ranks in parentheses. CIS = Commonwealth of Independent States.

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

34
Income group leaders

Photo by Muhammad-taha Ibrahim on Unsplash

While the data produce a strong positive link between
income and digital success, a closer look at the group leaders
in each income bracket reveals standout countries within
their peer group. This closer look showcases the rising stars
in network readiness. This positive correlation reveals the
importance of ongoing investments in digital infrastructure
and policies for nations aiming to enhance their digital
capabilities and drive economic growth in the digital era.
The United States, Singapore, and Finland all exemplify this
pattern. China, an upper-middle-income economy, defies
tradition by securing a spot in the NRI’s Top 20 due to its
formidable technological prowess. Notably, Ukraine remains
the sole lower-middle-income economy to claim a spot in
the NRI’s top 50. While the link between income and digital
success remains strong, the emergence of these standout
countries within their income groups highlights the potential
for rapid advancements in network readiness through
strategic investments and policy initiatives, regardless of a
nation’s income level.

Outstanding pillar performance among middle-

and low-income economies

Middle- and low-income economies, especially China, India,

and Rwanda, have notably surpassed expectations in digital
readiness. An economy is recognized as outstanding when
its pillar score exceeds the trendline by at least 10%, derived
from modeling the relationship between pillar scores and
GDP per capita. Regionally, Africa and Asia & Pacific stand out,
with nations like Brazil and Ukraine also making significant
strides. The lower-middle-income group is particularly
dominant in this digital evolution. For a detailed view, refer to
Table 5 in Detailed results of NRI 2023.

Table C Top 3 countries by income group

High-income economies Upper middle-income economies Lower middle-income economies Low-income economies
United States of America (1) China (20) Ukraine (43) Rwanda (99)

Singapore (2) Russian Federation (38) Viet Nam (56) Uganda (117)

Finland (3) Malaysia (40) India (60) Gambia (120)

Note: Global ranks in parentheses.

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

35
36
The Network Readiness
The Network
Index Readiness
2023 Index 2023 Continuing to improve the NRI model

the NRI model

Continuing to improve
Digital transformation necessitates a constant review of

Photo by Jayana Rashintha on Unsplash

the data that powers the NRI model. Annually, the NRI
team scours a variety of general and tech-specific sources,
pinpointing new indicators that can effectively gauge
the ever-shifting terrain of digital evolution and network
readiness.

Stability is paramount; while evolving the model is crucial,

ensuring its stability is equally essential for maintaining
its validity. The refinement of the NRI stems from the
introduction, evolution, or integration of relevant metrics.
However, at the heart of the NRI model remains the belief
that our shared future hinges on a seamless fusion of People
and Technology.

As technology progresses, its interplay with people will

intensify. Both entities will work hand in hand, forming a
symbiotic relationship in both social and business realms. To
bolster this alliance, it’s imperative to institute governance
structures addressing trust, security, and inclusivity. Our
ultimate goal is to enhance the ways people can harness
technology to its full potential, a measure that is reflected in
three pivotal domains of societal wellbeing.

• To have a positive impact on the economy

• To have a positive impact on a country’s quality of life
• To help a country achieve all Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs)

Each of these objectives aligns with the United Nations’ vision

for a brighter and more sustainable future.

As technology progresses, its interplay

with people will intensify. Both entities
will work hand in hand, forming a
symbiotic relationship in both social and
business realms. To bolster this alliance,
it’s imperative to institute governance
structures addressing trust, security, and
inclusivity.

37
Continuing to improve the NRI model

The Network Readiness Index

Photo by Keith Fox on Unsplash

The 2023 NRI Report is anchored in the three core
principles outlined by the NRI Technical Advisory Group
in 2019, ensuring the NRI model remains future-ready.

1. To maintain continuity with the major components of

the NRI from previous years.
2. To reflect the current issues concerning ICT
deployment that the previous NRI models may not
have adequately captured.
3. To future-proof the NRI model regardless of
developing future technology trends.

The NRI 2023 model maintains its foundational four-pillar

structure: Technology, People, Governance, and Impact.
Each pillar is further divided into three sub-pillars, as
illustrated in Figure A.
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Primary technical updates to the NRI 2023 apply to four

indicators across three sub-pillars: Content, Individuals,
and Economy. Additionally, two indicators within the
Access sub-pillar underwent a nomenclature revision.
A sum of 58 indicators span across the 12 sub-pillars in
the NRI. For detailed insights into enhancements within
the full set of indicators, refer to Appendix I: Technical
Notes and Appendix II: Sources and Definitions. The
organization of the NRI model’s pillars and sub-pillars is
outlined as follows:

Figure A NRI 2023 model

38
Technology People

Central to the networked economy is technology. As The technological landscape mirrors the proficiency,
a foundational component of the NRI, the Technology inclusivity, and adeptness of the populace and entities
pillar aims to evaluate the technological infrastructure of a nation in harnessing technological assets. The
crucial for a country’s engagement in the global People pillar, therefore, assesses the application of ICT
economy. The Technology pillar’s objectives are across three facets: individuals, enterprises, and public
addressed through three sub-pillars: sectors.

Access: This examines the basic level of ICT accessibility Individuals: Analyzes individual technological
for individuals in countries, delving into facets such as utilization and their capacity to engage in the
communication infrastructure and cost-effectiveness. networked economy.

Content: Focuses on the nature of digital technologies Businesses: Evaluates the way enterprises integrate
generated within countries and the local deployable ICT and their involvement in the networked economy,
content/applications. It encompasses data derived inclusive of R&D expenditures.
from scientific articles, expenditure on software, GitHub
commits, and the development and use of mobile Governments: Probes into government ICT investments
applications. and deployments to cater to the wider populace.

Future Technologies: Gauges a country’s readiness

towards the impending trends in the networked
economy and novel technological paradigms. It
encapsulates the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI),
the Internet of Things (IoT), and investments in budding
technologies.

Governance Impact

Governance epitomizes the frameworks that fortify A nation’s readiness in the networked economy
a holistic network, ensuring its users’ safety. The translates into holistic growth and societal
Governance pillar emphasizes the creation and enhancement. The Impact pillar endeavors to gauge the
reachability of structures that invigorate the networked diverse ramifications of engagement in the networked
economy across a triad of dimensions: economy across a trio of arenas:

Trust: Assesses the security landscape for both Economy: Delves into the economic repercussions of
individuals and corporations within the networked integration into the networked economy, incorporating
economy, highlighting a trust-conducive environment aspects like the magnitude of the domestic market.
and its consequent behavior among citizens.
Quality of Life: Chronicles the societal implications
Regulation: Surveys the government’s role in fostering derived from participation in the networked economy.
networked economy participation via regulatory
measures, strategies, and foresight. SDG Contribution: Analyzes the influence of networked
economy engagement in the purview of the Sustainable
Inclusion: Identifies digital disparities within nations, Development Goals (SDGs). In this context, ICT emerges
where governance can mitigate discrepancies stemming as pivotal, with specific indicators weaving through
from gender, disabilities, and economic backgrounds. health, education, gender parity, and environmental
concerns.

39
40
The Network Readiness Index 2023 Detailed Results of NRI 2023

NRI 2023
Detailed Results of
“The Network Readiness Index 2023
evaluates 134 economies based on a wide
range of factors related to their readiness
to harness the benefits of the digital
revolution. In the latest rankings, the
United States and Singapore have retained
their top positions as Rank 1 and 2,
respectively, from the previous year.”

Overall rankings among the top 25 countries, 16 are from Europe (primarily
Northern and Western Europe), five hail from Eastern and
Southeastern Asia (including Singapore, the Republic of
The Network Readiness Index 2023 evaluates 134 economies Korea, China, Hong Kong, and Japan), two come from Oceania
based on a wide range of factors related to their readiness (Australia and New Zealand), and two are from North America
to harness the benefits of the digital revolution. In the latest (Canada and the United States).
rankings, the United States and Singapore have retained their
top positions as Rank 1 and 2, respectively, from the previous Overall, the NRI 2023 covers 134 economies, which is an
year. A notable advancement is Finland, which has surged increase from 131 in the previous year. This year’s report
by 4 places to secure 3rd place from its 7th position last year. includesMauritania, Nicaragua, The Bolivarian Republic of
Following closely are the Netherlands and Sweden, now Venezuela, and Uzbekistan as new members, but drops
ranking 4th and 5th, respectively. Trinidad and Tobago. Among these 134 countries, 48 are
considered high-income economies, 34 fall into the upper
Completing the top 10 are Switzerland (6th, down from 5th middle-income category, 40 belong to lower middle-income
in NRI 2022), Republic of Korea (7th, up from 9th), Denmark economies, and 12 are classified as low-income countries.
(8th, down from 6th), Germany (9th, down from 8th), and the Regionally, there are 31 African countries, 13 Arab States,
United Kingdom (10th, up from 12th). China has ascended 21 economies from Asia and the Pacific, seven from the
to the 20th position, marking the only upper-middle-income Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 41 European
country in the top 20. Conversely, Norway has experienced countries, and 21 countries from the Americas. It’s important
a significant decline, now standing at 16th place, down from to acknowledge that year-to-year comparisons of NRI rankings
10th in 2022. can be influenced by data availability and changes in the NRI
model framework.
The top 10 performers in NRI 2023 underscore that advanced
economies in Europe, the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific are Note: Countries are grouped according to the World Bank
leading the way in terms of network readiness. Specifically, Income Classifications (1 July 2023).

41
 Table 1 NRI 2023 rankings
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

Rank Economy Score Income Region

1 United States of America 76.91 High income The Americas
2 Singapore 76.81 High income Asia & Pacific
3 Finland 76.19 High income Europe
4 Netherlands 76.04 High income Europe
5 Sweden 75.68 High income Europe
6 Switzerland 74.76 High income Europe
7 Republic of Korea 74.48 High income Asia & Pacific
8 Denmark 74.06 High income Europe
9 Germany 74.00 High income Europe
10 United Kingdom 72.75 High income Europe
11 Canada 71.99 High income The Americas
12 Israel 71.82 High income Europe
13 Japan 71.06 High income Asia & Pacific
The Network Readiness Index 2023

14 Australia 70.36 High income Asia & Pacific

15 France 70.17 High income Europe
16 Norway 69.70 High income Europe
17 Austria 69.13 High income Europe
18 Luxembourg 67.84 High income Europe
19 Ireland 67.51 High income Europe
20 China 67.31 Upper middle income Asia & Pacific
21 Belgium 67.02 High income Europe
22 Estonia 66.11 High income Europe
23 New Zealand 65.96 High income Asia & Pacific
24 Iceland 65.70 High income Europe
25 Hong Kong, China 65.01 High income Asia & Pacific
26 Spain 64.77 High income Europe
27 Czechia 63.20 High income Europe
28 Portugal 63.08 High income Europe
29 Slovenia 62.57 High income Europe
30 United Arab Emirates 62.43 High income Arab States
31 Italy 62.20 High income Europe
32 Malta 61.94 High income Europe
33 Lithuania 60.41 High income Europe
34 Poland 60.20 High income Europe
35 Cyprus 58.43 High income Europe
36 Hungary 58.21 High income Europe
37 Latvia 57.77 High income Europe
38 Russian Federation 57.27 Upper middle income CIS
39 Slovakia 57.08 High income Europe
40 Malaysia 56.72 Upper middle income Asia & Pacific
41 Saudi Arabia 56.14 High income Arab States
42 Thailand 55.73 Upper middle income Asia & Pacific
43 Ukraine 55.16 Lower middle income Europe
44 Brazil 54.67 Upper middle income The Americas
45 Uruguay 54.50 High income The Americas
46 Qatar 54.15 High income Arab States
47 Turkiye 53.22 Upper middle income Europe

42
Rank Economy Score Income Region
48 Chile 53.18 High income The Americas
49 Greece 53.02 High income Europe
50 Croatia 52.75 High income Europe
51 Bahrain 52.48 High income Arab States
52 Romania 52.41 High income Europe
53 Bulgaria 52.18 Upper middle income Europe
54 Oman 52.10 High income Arab States
55 Serbia 51.68 Upper middle income Europe
56 Viet Nam 51.19 Lower middle income Asia & Pacific
57 Costa Rica 50.99 Upper middle income The Americas
58 Kazakhstan 50.97 Upper middle income CIS
59 Indonesia 50.26 Upper middle income Asia & Pacific
60 India 49.93 Lower middle income Asia & Pacific
61 Argentina 49.78 Upper middle income The Americas
62 Mexico 49.59 Upper middle income The Americas
63 Armenia 49.36 Upper middle income CIS
64 Kuwait 48.36 High income Arab States
65 Colombia 48.28 Upper middle income The Americas
66 Montenegro 48.14 Upper middle income Europe
67 Republic of Moldova 47.69 Upper middle income Europe
68 Jordan 47.29 Lower middle income Arab States
69 Philippines 47.24 Lower middle income Asia & Pacific
70 Kenya 46.86 Lower middle income Africa
71 North Macedonia 46.26 Upper middle income Europe
72 Jamaica 46.11 Upper middle income The Americas
73 Peru 45.89 Upper middle income The Americas
74 South Africa 45.85 Upper middle income Africa
75 Azerbaijan 45.57 Upper middle income CIS
76 Mauritius 45.56 Upper middle income Africa
77 Morocco 45.43 Lower middle income Arab States
78 Georgia 45.25 Upper middle income Europe
79 Albania 44.98 Upper middle income Europe
80 Sri Lanka 44.14 Lower middle income Asia & Pacific
81 Egypt 44.07 Lower middle income Arab States
82 Uzbekistan 43.94 Lower middle income CIS
83 Mongolia 43.52 Lower middle income Asia & Pacific
84 Dominican Republic 43.49 Upper middle income The Americas
85 Ecuador 43.05 Upper middle income The Americas
86 Panama 43.03 High income The Americas
87 Iran (Islamic Republic of ) 42.83 Lower middle income Asia & Pacific
88 Tunisia 42.25 Lower middle income Arab States
89 Paraguay 41.91 Upper middle income The Americas
90 Pakistan 41.26 Lower middle income Asia & Pacific
91 Bangladesh 41.04 Lower middle income Asia & Pacific
92 Bosnia and Herzegovina 40.06 Upper middle income Europe
93 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of ) 39.98 Upper middle income The Americas
94 Kyrgyzstan 39.80 Lower middle income CIS

43
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

Rank Economy Score Income Region

95 Cabo Verde 39.70 Lower middle income Africa
96 Lebanon 39.70 Lower middle income Arab States
97 Bolivia (Plurinational State of ) 39.35 Lower middle income The Americas
98 Ghana 38.83 Lower middle income Africa
99 Rwanda 38.26 Low income Africa
100 El Salvador 38.07 Upper middle income The Americas
101 Cote d’Ivoire 37.89 Lower middle income Africa
102 Senegal 37.66 Lower middle income Africa
103 Algeria 37.52 Lower middle income Arab States
104 United Republic of Tanzania 36.31 Lower middle income Africa
105 Guatemala 35.84 Upper middle income The Americas
106 Nigeria 35.73 Lower middle income Africa
107 Honduras 35.70 Lower middle income The Americas
108 Cambodia 35.64 Lower middle income Asia & Pacific
The Network Readiness Index 2023

109 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 34.72 Lower middle income Asia & Pacific
110 Botswana 34.38 Upper middle income Africa
111 Benin 33.87 Lower middle income Africa
112 Namibia 33.87 Upper middle income Africa
113 Tajikistan 33.75 Lower middle income CIS
114 Nepal 33.73 Lower middle income Asia & Pacific
115 Nicaragua 33.32 Lower middle income The Americas
116 Zambia 32.11 Lower middle income Africa
117 Uganda 31.33 Low income Africa
118 Cameroon 31.09 Lower middle income Africa
119 Zimbabwe 30.05 Lower middle income Africa
120 Gambia 29.76 Low income Africa
121 Malawi 29.39 Low income Africa
122 Guinea 28.77 Lower middle income Africa
123 Mali 28.27 Low income Africa
124 Madagascar 27.64 Low income Africa
125 Eswatini 27.50 Lower middle income Africa
126 Ethiopia 27.36 Low income Africa
127 Angola 27.20 Lower middle income Africa
128 Lesotho 26.74 Lower middle income Africa
129 Burkina Faso 26.63 Low income Africa
130 Mozambique 25.07 Low income Africa
131 Mauritania 23.73 Lower middle income Arab States
132 Democratic Republic of the Congo 21.09 Low income Africa
133 Chad 20.82 Low income Africa
134 Burundi 20.62 Low income Africa

Note: CIS = Commonwealth of Independent States.

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

44
Pillar-level strides this year, climbing to the 5th position, with notable
strengths in Individuals (6th) and Business (6th). These
shifts and standings underscore the varying strengths and

performances accomplishments of these economies in digital technology

adoption by people, businesses, and governments.

Governance: The Governance pillar remains dominated by

The top-performing economies in the NRI typically exhibit Northern European countries, with four of the top 5 leaders
excellence across all facets of digital readiness, as reflected in from this region. Finland secures the top position (1st),
the four pillars of the index: Technology, People, Governance, followed by the Netherlands (2nd), Denmark (3rd), Norway
and Impact. This means, respectively, that they possess (4th), and Sweden (5th). This European dominance within
cutting-edge technological infrastructure, a highly skilled the Governance pillar underscores the region’s outstanding
and adaptable workforce, efficient governance structures performance in the sub-pillar areas ofTrust, Regulation,
capable of managing digital transformations, and the ability and Inclusion. Specifically, Finland claims the top spot in
to harness digital technologies for positive societal impact. this pillar due to its robust digital security and Trust (6th),
In essence, these economies excel in every aspect necessary strong digital Regulations (2nd), and commitment to digital
for thriving in the digital age. Notably, seven of the top 10 inclusion (6th). The Netherlands similarly exhibits notable
economies secure positions within the NRI’s top 10 rankings strengths in Trust (3rd), Regulations (5th), and Inclusion (2nd).
in at least three pillars. Conversely, among the 10 economies Denmark follows closely in the rankings, characterized by a
with the lowest performance, five prominently feature in the high level of security and Trust (1st) in its digital capabilities.
lowest rankings for a minimum of three areas, while eight It retains its global leadership in the number of Secure
exhibit weakness in at least two areas. Internet Servers (1st) and excels in Online Access to Financial
Accounts (2nd) and the popularity of Online shopping
This discovery underscores the importance of adopting a (2nd). Norway maintains its strong performance in Trust
comprehensive approach to enhance digital readiness, a (2nd) and Regulation (3rd) concerning digital technologies.
critical factor in achieving favorable NRI rankings. It also Additionally, Singapore and Luxembourg continue to
highlights the wide array of strategies that economies be global leaders in Inclusion (1st) and Regulation (1st),
can employ to fortify their digital initiatives and formulate respectively.
policies that accelerate digital progress. The sub-pillars of
Access, Governance, Trust, and Inclusion are closely tied to Impact: Singapore leads the Impact pillar, securing the 1st
the overall NRI ranking. position globally. It excels in various aspects, particularly in
the Economy sub-pillar (1st) and demonstrates leadership in
Technology: The United States stands as the top-ranking high-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing (1st) and
economy in the Technology pillar, solidifying its position high-tech exports (1st). Following closely behind Singapore
with impressive performance in sub-pillars like high-quality are Finland, Ireland, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Finland
digital Content (2nd) and stable investments in Future also claims the top spot in the Quality of Life sub-pillar.
Technologies (1st). Switzerland (2nd) also showcases a It ranks first in the Happiness of its citizens and exhibits
commendable performance by excelling in the production of a high degree of Freedom to make life choices (3rd).
digital Content (3rd). Hong Kong, securing the 3rd position, Ireland maintains its position as the global leader in SDG
makes a noteworthy entrance among the leading economies Contribution, demonstrating a robust performance in various
in this pillar, establishing itself as a global leader in Content Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Notably, it secures
(1st). Meanwhile, China, a standout performer in the upper the top rank in SDG 5: Women’s economic opportunity (1st),
middle-income economies category, maintains its leadership SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy (5th), and holds the 4th
in Access to digital technologies (1st). position in SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. This
consistent commitment to sustainability and achievement in
People: The Republic of Korea continues to maintain its top multiple SDGs reinforces Ireland’s pivotal role in promoting
position in the People category (1st), which is underpinned women’s economic empowerment, clean energy access,
by its remarkable levels of digital technology adoption and sustainable urban development on a global scale. These
among Individuals (1st), Businesses (1st), and Governments accomplishments underscore these countries’ significant
(1st). Israel, on the other hand, has made significant progress, contributions to global sustainability, economic impact, and
advancing from 10th place in the previous year to 2nd place. overall quality of life.
This jump can be attributed to a substantial improvement
in the Government sub-pillar (2nd, up from 21st), driven
by increased expenditure in research and development
by government and education (1st), and a robust digital
technology adoption among Individuals (4th). Japan secures
the 3rd spot, demonstrating strength in both Individuals
(5th) and Government (4th). The United States, positioned
at 4th place, ranks 3rd in having both digitally engaged
Businesses and Governments. China has made remarkable

45
 Table 2: Rankings by pillar
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

Economy NRI ranking Technology People Governance Impact

United States of America 1 1 4 7 23
Singapore 2 5 6 10 1
Finland 3 10 7 1 2
Netherlands 4 4 15 2 5
Sweden 5 9 9 5 4
Switzerland 6 2 14 13 6
Republic of Korea 7 17 1 18 11
Denmark 8 11 11 3 8
Germany 9 6 8 14 10
United Kingdom 10 8 10 16 9
Canada 11 7 17 9 15
Israel 12 19 2 27 7
Japan 13 15 3 24 14
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Australia 14 18 13 8 19
France 15 12 12 21 12
Norway 16 14 24 4 16
Austria 17 16 16 15 18
Luxembourg 18 13 33 12 17
Ireland 19 23 30 25 3
China 20 20 5 35 21
Belgium 21 21 20 23 13
Estonia 22 31 22 6 25
New Zealand 23 27 23 11 24
Iceland 24 24 27 17 22
Hong Kong, China 25 3 35 38 34
Spain 26 25 21 26 27
Czechia 27 28 40 22 20
Portugal 28 26 32 29 29
Slovenia 29 32 29 30 26
United Arab Emirates 30 22 18 47 31
Italy 31 29 28 32 30
Malta 32 33 26 33 28
Lithuania 33 35 36 19 44
Poland 34 39 37 31 33
Cyprus 35 46 39 34 32
Hungary 36 30 42 37 37
Latvia 37 51 54 20 39
Russian Federation 38 40 19 49 57
Slovakia 39 42 74 28 35
Malaysia 40 38 48 39 41
Saudi Arabia 41 36 31 50 62
Thailand 42 50 34 46 45
Ukraine 43 43 25 58 54
Brazil 44 45 41 42 72
Uruguay 45 44 50 55 38
Qatar 46 34 68 40 63
Turkiye 47 48 38 51 80
Chile 48 60 52 43 52

46
Economy NRI ranking Technology People Governance Impact
Greece 49 64 47 41 60
Croatia 50 74 57 36 59
Bahrain 51 54 62 53 47
Romania 52 57 66 52 42
Bulgaria 53 58 55 45 71
Oman 54 63 53 44 67
Serbia 55 83 58 48 46
Viet Nam 56 55 56 74 36
Costa Rica 57 52 81 57 40
Kazakhstan 58 79 49 54 55
Indonesia 59 37 73 64 75
India 60 41 51 83 56
Argentina 61 71 64 59 53
Mexico 62 70 63 68 43
Armenia 63 53 61 77 51
Kuwait 64 56 71 72 65
Colombia 65 66 60 70 73
Montenegro 66 47 76 69 81
Republic of Moldova 67 75 80 63 61
Jordan 68 68 44 67 99
Philippines 69 84 59 85 48
Kenya 70 65 69 61 96
North Macedonia 71 89 84 62 58
Jamaica 72 85 85 71 50
Peru 73 92 45 80 77
South Africa 74 59 77 60 105
Azerbaijan 75 62 72 88 84
Mauritius 76 80 106 56 66
Morocco 77 72 75 81 83
Georgia 78 81 70 66 98
Albania 79 94 43 86 86
Sri Lanka 80 61 86 97 79
Egypt 81 69 93 82 78
Uzbekistan 82 67 88 98 76
Mongolia 83 86 92 65 89
Dominican Republic 84 95 65 75 97
Ecuador 85 87 87 96 68
Panama 86 77 94 89 85
Iran (Islamic Republic of ) 87 73 78 78 108
Tunisia 88 76 79 87 106
Paraguay 89 114 82 84 70
Pakistan 90 49 89 117 93
Bangladesh 91 78 90 100 101
Bosnia and Herzegovina 92 104 97 73 95
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of ) 93 96 100 104 64
Kyrgyzstan 94 111 101 95 69
Cabo Verde 95 116 83 91 91
Lebanon 96 82 46 116 120

47
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

Economy NRI ranking Technology People Governance Impact

Bolivia (Plurinational State of ) 97 105 67 120 82
Ghana 98 102 95 76 109
Rwanda 99 101 107 79 104
El Salvador 100 108 105 111 49
Cote d’Ivoire 101 100 102 94 103
Senegal 102 91 116 93 102
Algeria 103 97 91 106 107
United Republic of Tanzania 104 93 112 101 110
Guatemala 105 113 111 108 88
Nigeria 106 88 96 114 116
Honduras 107 109 114 107 92
Cambodia 108 98 104 122 94
Lao People’s Democratic Republic 109 99 98 130 87
Botswana 110 115 108 92 124
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Benin 111 121 113 90 117

Namibia 112 90 115 115 115
Tajikistan 113 107 119 123 90
Nepal 114 112 122 110 100
Nicaragua 115 129 103 125 74
Zambia 116 124 99 105 125
Uganda 117 110 131 99 119
Cameroon 118 119 109 119 118
Zimbabwe 119 118 110 109 131
Gambia 120 120 130 102 121
Malawi 121 131 121 112 114
Guinea 122 122 118 128 113
Mali 123 125 126 118 112
Madagascar 124 128 124 113 126
Eswatini 125 103 117 126 134
Ethiopia 126 106 127 132 111
Angola 127 123 120 127 127
Lesotho 128 126 129 103 132
Burkina Faso 129 134 123 121 122
Mozambique 130 127 132 124 129
Mauritania 131 117 134 131 123
Democratic Republic of the Congo 132 132 125 133 133
Chad 133 133 133 129 130
Burundi 134 130 128 134 128

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

48
Top 10 NRI

Photo by Denny Müller on Unsplash

performers
The United States retains its top position in the NRI for the
second consecutive year, closely followed by Singapore.
Finland moves up to 3rd place replacing Sweden which is
now 5th. The United Kingdom enters the top 10 replacing
Norway which is now at 16th.

It is noteworthy that the top 10 performers are all high-

income economies and do well across most of the pillar
dimensions comprising the NRI. Each of the top 10 countries
achieves top 25 rankings across all four primary pillars
(Technology, People, Governance, Impact). As for regional
distribution, Singapore and Korea remain the only top 10
countries located in Asia and the Pacific, and the United
States is the only economy located in the Americas. The rest
of the top 10 rankings consist of European countries.

A closer examination of the top ten performers provides

valuable insights into the comparative strengths of each
country’s network readiness. What distinguishes these
highest-ranked economies is their consistent excellence
across a wide range of network readiness dimensions and
their remarkable dedication to making technology tangible,
accessible, and advantageous for both their economies
and societies. These nations are actively engaged in
enhancing their digital ecosystems, infrastructure, and policy
frameworks to maximize the benefits of technology for
economic growth and societal advancement. This collective
commitment underscores the worldwide significance of
digitalization and its far-reaching impact on various facets of
contemporary life.

These nations are actively engaged in

enhancing their digital ecosystems,
infrastructure, and policy frameworks
to maximize the benefits of technology
for economic growth and societal
advancement. This collective commitment
underscores the worldwide significance of
digitalization and its far-reaching impact
on various facets of contemporary life.

49
 1
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

Photo by Derick Anies on Unsplash.

The United States continues to demonstrate its leadership
as the most network-ready country by leading the NRI for
the second consecutive year. Additionally, it continues its
longstanding dominance in Technology (1st). The United
States stands as a global leader in computer software
spending (1st) and investments in emerging technologies
(1st) and annual investment in telecommunication services
(1st), cementing its position as the foremost leader in future
technologies (1st) and digital content (2nd). The United
States exhibits remarkable resilience in the people category,
securing the 4th position. Its consistent presence in the
Top 5 is a testament to its strong performance in the digital
ready businesses (3rd) and governments (3rd) sectors. For
the third consecutive year, the United States holds the 7th
position in digital governance, while in the Impact pillar,
The Network Readiness Index 2023

it stands at the 23rd position. There lies the possibility for

further enhancement in areas like quality of life (66th),
including factors such as the freedom to make life choices,
reducing income inequality, and increasing healthy life
expectancy at birth.

2
The United States stands as a global Singapore maintains its 2nd-place ranking in NRI 2023,
leader in computer software spending demonstrating excellence in creating an Impact (1st)
(1st) and investments in emerging through digital technologies, benefiting both the economy
(1st) and society. This achievement is further accentuated
technologies (1st) and annual investment
by its leadership in high-tech and medium-high-tech
in telecommunication services (1st), manufacturing (1st) as well as high-tech exports (1st).
cementing its position as the foremost Singapore’s high performance across various dimensions of
leader in future technologies (1st) and digital readiness reflects its comprehensive technological
digital content (2nd). development in Technology (5th) and its increasing adoption
by its People (6th), coupled with strong Governance (10th).
Further, the country’s top ranking in digital inclusion (1st)
highlights its well-rounded digital ecosystem. To further
enhance Singapore’s digital landscape and foster economic
growth, addressing income inequality (116th), narrowing the
gender gap in Internet use (56th), and strengthening privacy
protection through law content (93rd) are key areas of
opportunity which could contribute to the nation’s continued
digital advancement.

50
3

Photo by Sincerely Media on Unsplash

Finland has made an impressive leap, climbing 4 places to
secure the 3rd position in NRI 2023, rejoining the Top 5. The
country has firmly established itself as a leader in Governance
(1st), reinforced by its strong digital Regulations (2nd).
Continuously demonstrating its prowess, Finland excels in
creating Impact (2nd) through its digital capabilities, resulting
in a top-ranking quality of life (1st) and an exceptional degree
of happiness (1st). Finland’s leadership extends across various
domains, boasting extensive Internet access in schools, a
high level of ICT skills within its education system, holding
the highest numbers of firms with websites and leading in
ICT services exports. All of these achievements underscore its
robust digital capabilities. However, there is an opportunity
for further improvement by ensuring greater public access
to technological services, reflected in lower levels of FTTH/
building Internet subscriptions (59th) and international
Internet bandwidth (86th). Such measures could further
increase access to digital technology within the country.

4
The Netherlands secures an impressive 4th position in the
NRI 2023, reaffirming its strong digital standing. Notably, the
country excels in the domain of digital Governance (2nd) and
has a strong digital Technology (4th) ecosystem, while also
creating Impact (5th) through its network capabilities. Its
dedication to digital Inclusion (2nd) stands out highlighting
the country’s efforts to bridge digital divides and ensure
that a broad spectrum of its population has access to and
can benefit from digital technologies, promoting equality
and inclusivity. In matters of digital security and trust, The
Netherlands ranks 3rd, indicating a high level of confidence
in its digital systems and robust cybersecurity measures,
fostering a safe and trustworthy digital environment. This
achievement underscores its’ commitment to creating an
environment conducive to digital innovation, supported
by clear regulations and policies that foster responsible
technology use. Furthermore, The Netherlands distinguishes
itself as a global leader in the adoption of emerging
technologies, ranking 1st in this category. In the realm of
digital content, The Netherlands performs admirably, ranking
4th overall. The nation boasts the highest number of Internet
domain registrations (1st) and provides excellent Internet
access in schools (1st), reflecting a thriving digital presence
and accessibility to online resources and information. There
exists potential for growth in encouraging Individual (57th)
usage of digital technologies suggesting an opportunity to
enhance digital literacy, promote the adoption of digital tools
in daily life, and ensure that the benefits of digitalization are
widely distributed among citizens.

51
 5
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

Photo by Raychan on Unsplash

Sweden sums up the Top 5 performing economies in
the NRI 2023, showcasing exceptional strength in Future
Technologies (3rd) which is a testament to its digital
Technology (9th) capabilities. Notably, Sweden boasts
a high degree of technological adoption within both its
Businesses (2nd) and Governments (9th). In the Governance
dimension (5th), the country excels particularly in digital
security and Trust (5th), and it maintains a strong regulatory
environment (6th). Sweden’s greatest asset lies in its ability
to create Impact (4th) through its digital capabilities,
contributing consistently to the Economy (7th), elevating
the quality of life (4th), and actively focusing on SDG
Contributions (4th). However, despite Sweden’s extensive
coverage of its population with at least a 3G mobile network
(1st), areas of opportunity exist in terms of Access (35th)
The Network Readiness Index 2023

to digital technologies, including competitive handset

prices, expanding fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) and building
Internet subscriptions, bolstering international Internet
bandwidth, and enhancing Internet access in schools could
help address this challenge. Additionally, there’s potential
for Sweden to encourage greater individual (57th) usage
of digital technologies, further enhancing its well-rounded
performance across all facets of network readiness.

The Republic of Korea attains the 7th

position, distinguishing itself as the
6
second Asian nation to secure a spot Switzerland secures the 6th position in the NRI 2023,
closely trailing the United States in digital Technology (2nd)
within the Top 10 performers.
capabilities. This achievement is underpinned by widespread
Access (6th) to digital resources within the country,
competitive digital content (3rd) offerings, and notable
strength in future technologies (5th). Switzerland consistently
demonstrates its ability to create an Impact through its digital
capabilities, maintaining the 6th position. Furthermore,
Switzerland has solidified its position as a trailblazer in several
aspects of network readiness. It boasts the most competitive
mobile tariffs, ensures that the maximum population is
covered by at least a 3G mobile network, actively promotes
internet access in schools, showcases a strong presence
in GitHub commits, and has successfully reduced the
socioeconomic gap in the utilization of digital payments.
There are possibilities for further enhancement in certain
areas, including fostering Internet shopping (38th), bolstering
cybersecurity (50th) measures, and promoting digital
adoption among Individuals (26th) by increasing active
mobile broadband subscriptions (41st) and government
(20th) entities by enhancing government online services
(49th). These are tools which could contribute significantly to
Switzerland’s network readiness and digital capabilities.

52
7 9
The Republic of Korea attains the 7th position, Germany maintains its position as a global leader, securing
distinguishing itself as the second Asian nation to secure a the 9th rank in the NRI, showcasing a robust performance
spot within the Top 10 performers. The Republic of Korea across various NRI pillars. Technology (6th) remains Germany’s
shines particularly in the People pillar, where it stands as strongest area of network readiness. The country continues
the global frontrunner. Notably, the Republic of Korea’s to exhibit significant strength in future technologies (4th)
digital prowess is exemplified by its 1st place rankings and the quality of digital content (7th). Businesses (5th)
across all components of digital technology adoption by its and governments (12th) in Germany actively engage in the
individuals, businesses, and government. This remarkable digital landscape, but there’s room for increased Individual
achievement underscores the Republic of Korea’s holistic and participation (22nd). Opportunities for improvement exist in
multifaceted approach to digitalization. It signifies active several key areas, including mobile app development (49th),
participation and commitment from individuals, businesses, exports of ICT services (56th), and reducing the gender gap in
and government entities in harnessing digital technologies Internet use (63rd). Notably, Germany has made substantial
to propel economic growth and advance societal well- progress in enhancing government online services (44th, up
being. The country’s impressive statistics include the highest from 58th in 2022) and has implemented structures for ICT
density of robots, a notable concentration of AI talent, and skills development within its education system (38th, up from
substantial gross expenditure on research and development 64th in 2022). These achievements underscore Germany’s
(GERD) performed by business enterprises on a global scale. commitment to continued growth and innovation in the
Amidst its successes, there are areas of opportunity which digital arena.
include addressing challenges related to high mobile tariffs
(71st), improving the ICT regulatory environment (105th),
promoting freedom in life choices (100th), and advancing
access to affordable and clean energy (101st). Targeted efforts
towards these areas can further enhance the Republic of
10
Korea’s digital readiness and contribute to its overall progress The United Kingdom makes a noteworthy return to the Top
in the digital landscape. 10, securing the 10th position in the NRI 2023 rankings. Its
strength in Technology (8th) and its ability to create Impact
(9th) in the digital landscape contribute significantly to

8 this achievement. In the Technology category, the United

Kingdom demonstrates notable prowess in various areas,
including computer software spending (2nd), international
Denmark secures the 8th position in the NRI rankings for Internet bandwidth (7th), and AI scientific publications
the current year. This marks Denmark as the third Northern (7th). The country also excels in SDG Contributions (2nd),
European nation to prominently feature in the Top 10, emphasizing its commitment to sustainable development
reaffirming the region’s continued dominance in the realm goals. The UK’s digital ecosystem comprises several key
of digital readiness and technology adoption. Denmark’s factors that bolster its competitive edge. These include
digital Governance prowess remains a standout, with the its leadership in Digital Publication and the utilization of
country securing the 3rd position in this category. This open data (1st), robust E-commerce legislation (1st), strong
governance excellence is further underscored by Denmark’s Cybersecurity practices (2nd), a high standard of good health
exceptional digital security and trust, where it claims the 1st and well-being within its society (2nd), and a prevalent
rank. Denmark’s unrivaled confidence and security within and resilient gig economy (4th). There are opportunities
the digital landscape can be attributed to its distinction as for further enhancement in areas of Robot density (24th),
the global leader in secure Internet servers (1st). Denmark’s concentrating AI talent (26th), strengthening fiber-to-the-
leadership extends into the area of Impact (8th). The nation home (FTTH) and building Internet subscriptions (45th), and
ranks 3rd in both quality of life and SDG Contributions. improving privacy protection through legal content (85th).
Denmark’s happiness score (3rd) is noteworthy and it These opportunities are tools to further solidify the United
emerges as the world leader in promoting Women’s economic Kingdom’s position as a global digital leader and foster
opportunity. Denmark has potential to further enhance its continued growth and innovation in the digital sphere.
Technological (11th) capabilities by strengthening FTTH
and building Internet subscriptions (66th) and enhancing
international Internet bandwidth (80th) and improve access
(17th) to digital technologies, elevating Denmark’s position to
even greater heights in the digital readiness landscape.

53
 NRI Performances
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

(59th) also join this outperforming cluster. An outstanding

example is Ukraine, achieving the 43rd position, although
it’s important to note that data might be lagging for this

by Income Group particular case. In the lower middle-income category, India

(60th), Vietnam (56th), and the Philippines (69th) showcase
commendable digital adaptability. Within the low-income
bracket, Rwanda (99th) and Malawi (121st) stand out,
More developed economies typically exhibit greater levels highlighting that even economies with limited financial
of digital readiness. This trend is evident in Figure 1, which resources can achieve significant digital readiness.
plots the relationship between NRI scores and GDP per
capita. While wealthier nations generally align with higher It’s particularly noteworthy that many of the economies
technological preparedness, the graph reveals intriguing exceeding digital readiness expectations predominantly
exceptions. Many low- and middle-income economies hail from the lower middle-income group. Geographically,
surpass expectations in terms of network readiness. these overperformers are concentrated in the Asia & Pacific
and Africa regions, underscoring the rapid technological
China has made notable strides this year, securing the 20th advancements and digital adoption occurring in these parts
position in the global rankings. Other upper middle-income of the world.
countries like Thailand (42nd), Brazil (44th), and Indonesia
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Figure 1 NRI scores and GDP per capita in PPP$ NRI 2023 ( bubble size: population )

90

80 US

FI SG
KR NL SE
DE CH
DK
CN CA
70 JP FR
GB
AU
NO
AT IL
BE IE LU
ES EE NZ IS
PT IT HK
PL CZ
60 LT SI
NRI Score

RU MT AE
LV
TH BR MY HU CY
UA TR
IN
UY SK SA QA
VN ID KZ BG BH
50 PH
AM CO RS RO CL HR GR OM
KW
MD CR
KE MA MK
ZA PE AR
EG ME MX
LK JO GE
PK JM PA
TN IR
UZ BD AL AZ MU
VE MN DO
40 RW
KG GH CI
CV
DZ
EC
BA
TZ PY
KH HN LB GT
LA BO SV
TJ NP BJ SN BW

UG NI NA
GM CM NG
MW
30 MG ET ZM AO
ZW SZ
GN
ML MR
CD BF LS
BI MZ
TD
20

10
100 400 1,600 6,400 25,600 102,400

GDP per capita in PPP$ (natural logarithm)

High-income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income

Notes:
1. GDP per capita is in PPP$ (natural logarithms). Both GDP per capita and population data (represented by the size of the bubbles) are for 2022 or the latest year available. The
data are drawn from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators database. The general trend line is a polynomial of degree two (R2 = 0.8375).
2. Countries are grouped according to the World Bank Income Classifications (1 July 2022) with the exception of Venezuela (1 July 2020).

54
Country/Economy codes for the chart

Code Economy Code Economy Code Economy

AL Albania DE Germany NG Nigeria
DZ Algeria GH Ghana MK North Macedonia
AO Angola GR Greece NO Norway
AR Argentina GT Guatemala OM Oman
AM Armenia GN Guinea PK Pakistan
AU Australia HN Honduras PA Panama
AT Austria HK Hong Kong, China PY Paraguay
AZ Azerbaijan HU Hungary PE Peru
BH Bahrain IS Iceland PH Philippines
BD Bangladesh IN India PL Poland
BE Belgium ID Indonesia PT Portugal
BJ Benin IR Iran (Islamic Republic of ) QA Qatar
BO Bolivia (Plurinational State of ) IE Ireland KR Republic of Korea
BA Bosnia and Herzegovina IL Israel MD Republic of Moldova
BW Botswana IT Italy RO Romania
BR Brazil JM Jamaica RU Russian Federation
BG Bulgaria JP Japan RW Rwanda
BF Burkina Faso JO Jordan SA Saudi Arabia
BI Burundi KZ Kazakhstan SN Senegal
CV Cabo Verde KE Kenya RS Serbia
KH Cambodia KW Kuwait SG Singapore
CM Cameroon KG Kyrgyzstan SK Slovakia
CA Canada LA Lao People's Democratic Republic SI Slovenia
TD Chad LV Latvia ZA South Africa
CL Chile LB Lebanon ES Spain
CN China LS Lesotho LK Sri Lanka
CO Colombia LT Lithuania SE Sweden
CR Costa Rica LU Luxembourg CH Switzerland
CI Cote d'Ivoire MG Madagascar TJ Tajikistan
HR Croatia MW Malawi TH Thailand
CY Cyprus MY Malaysia TN Tunisia
CZ Czechia ML Mali TR Turkiye
CD Democratic Republic of the Congo MT Malta UG Uganda
DK Denmark MR Mauritania UA Ukraine
DO Dominican Republic MU Mauritius AE United Arab Emirates
EC Ecuador MX Mexico GB United Kingdom
EG Egypt MN Mongolia TZ United Republic of Tanzania
SV El Salvador ME Montenegro US United States of America
EE Estonia MA Morocco UY Uruguay
SZ Eswatini MZ Mozambique UZ Uzbekistan
ET Ethiopia NA Namibia VE Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of )
FI Finland NP Nepal VN Viet Nam
FR France NL Netherlands ZM Zambia
GM Gambia NZ New Zealand ZW Zimbabwe
GE Georgia NI Nicaragua

55
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

Figure 2 further illustrates the existing gap in NRI scores The network readiness capabilities of a nation have shown
between high-income economies and the other income a strong historical correlation with the country’s income
groups, with noticeable distinctions among upper middle- level. Typically, high-income nations consistently dominate
income, lower middle-income, and low-income groups. In the top positions in NRI. Table 3 outlines the top-performing
NRI 2023, high-income economies at the 25th percentile economies within various income groups. Among high-
achieve a score of 57.59, surpassing the 50.98 score of upper income economies, the United States (1st), Singapore (2nd),
middle-income economies at the 75th percentile. Similarly, and Finland (3rd) lead the way. In the upper-middle-income
lower middle-income economies at the 25th percentile category, China (20th) retains its top position, with Russia
record a score of 33.74, above the 29.47 score of low-income (38th) now in second place, moving Malaysia (40th) to third
economies at the 75th percentile. Notably, as we move within place. Ukraine (43rd) continues to lead the lower-middle-
the middle-income category, the gap between upper middle- income economies, followed by Viet Nam (56th), while India
income and lower middle-income economies narrows, as (60th) maintains its third position. For low-income economies,
upper middle-income economies at the 25th percentile Rwanda (99th), Uganda (117th), and Gambia (120th) earn top
attain a score of 43.86, just slightly above the 43.62 score performance scores. These variations in performance across
of lower middle-income economies at the 75th percentile. different pillars offer valuable insights into the relationship
This indicates a convergence in their digital readiness and between network readiness and income levels.
capabilities over time.
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Figure 2 Box plot by income group

100

75
NRI core

50

25

High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income

Notes:
1. Countries are grouped according to the World Bank country classifications by income level (July 2022). GDP per capita and population data (represented by the size of the
bubbles) are for 2021 or the latest year available. This data is respectively drawn from the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook (October 2021) and from the
2022 Revision of World Population Prospects prepared by the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat.
2. The general trend line is a polynomial of degree two (R2 = 0.8376).

56
Table 3 Top 3 countries by income group

High-income economies Upper middle-income economies Lower middle-income economies Low-income economies
1. United States of America (1) 1. China (20) 1. Ukraine (43) 1. Rwanda (99)
2. Singapore (2) 2. Russian Federation (38) 2. Viet Nam (56) 2. Uganda (117)
3. Finland (3) 3. Malaysia (40) 3. India (60) 3. Gambia (120)

Note: Global ranks in parentheses.

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

Within the upper middle-income group of countries, China impact on the Economy (15th). This achievement includes
(20th), Russia (38th) and Malaysia (40th) lead the NRI 2023. leadership in high-tech exports (4th) and a strong presence
of a gig economy (6th).Relative to its peers in the same
China stands out as the only economy not classified as income group, Malaysia stands out with high rankings in
high-income to secure a place in the top quartile, ranking areas such as E-commerce legislation (1st), Cybersecurity
among the Top 20 overall in the NRI 2023. This achievement (8th), mobile broadband internet traffic within the country
underscores its remarkable strength and ability to (9th), and government support for investment in emerging
outperform both high-income and upper-middle-income technologies (11th). However, opportunities for improvement
nations in various aspects. China’s digital excellence is exist in the areas of Businesses’ adoption of digital solutions
particularly evident in the People (5th) category, indicating (62nd), Quality of Life (60th), and contributions toward SDG
widespread adoption of digitization within its society. Goals (89th). All such categories could further enhance
Additionally, it leads globally in digital Access (1st) to Malaysia’s overall network readiness and digital impact.
technology, with extensive internet coverage across buildings
and society. Noteworthy achievements also include its The group of lower middle-income economies is led by
supremacy in AI scientific publications, government support Ukraine (43rd), Viet Nam (56th), and India (60th).
for investment in emerging technologies, robust e-commerce
legislation, high mobile broadband internet traffic, a strong Ukraine’s network readiness profile showcases significant
domestic market, a thriving gig economy, and a commitment strengths. This is evidenced by its rank in the People category,
to quality education. However, there exist areas where where it continues to make notable progress, now ranking
opportunities for improvement with respect to GitHub 25th. This high performance reveals that Ukraine excels in
commits (106th), the ICT regulatory environment (120th), and the adoption of digital technologies by Individuals (2nd),
Privacy protection by law content (123rd) including building high rates of adult literacy (1st), the integration of ICT
Sustainable cities and communities (120th) and increase the skills into the education system (16th), and strong tertiary
use of Affordable and clean energy (109th). education enrollment (21st). Ukraine also leads the way in
areas such as Internet access in schools (1st), low Income
The Russian Federation’s notable strengths lie in the inequality (3rd), and substantial computer software spending
People dimension (19th), where it excels in the Individuals (4th). Additionally, Ukraine demonstrates digital prowess
sub-pillar, securing the 3rd position. This achievement is in various other areas, including ICT services exports (6th),
underpinned by high adult literacy rates (10th) and robust FTTH/building Internet subscriptions (11th), and mobile app
tertiary enrollment (16th). The widespread adoption and development (14th). There lies potential in the dimensions
use of mobile broadband internet (3rd) also contribute to related to Governance (58th) and the Impact of digital
this strong performance. However, much potential remains technologies (54th). Strength in these aspects could pave the
in the Impact (57th) dimension, which could further bolster way for further enhancements in its digital capabilities and
its digital readiness, as well as the lack of progress towards overall network readiness.
improving the Quality of Life (70th), as well as SDG goals
(77th). For example, SDG 5: Women’s economic opportunity Vietnam’s noteworthy achievement lies in its ability to
(107th) and SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy (125th) could generate a Significant Impact (36th) through its robust
both be key tools to enhance its overall digital impact. digital capabilities, which sets it apart from its peer group. Its
primary strength is its capacity to leverage digital capabilities
Malaysia’s performance in network readiness is characterized to create impact in its Economy (27th), particularly through
by a well-rounded approach across all aspects of network high-tech exports (5th). Additionally, Vietnam excels in
readiness: Technology (38th), People (48th), Governance affording its citizens the Freedom to make life choices (1st),
(39th) and Impact (41st). Notably, Malaysia has effectively contributing to a high Quality of Life (36th) within its borders.
leveraged its robust digital ecosystem to make a significant While Vietnam maintains relatively strong performance in the

57
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

Technology (55th) and People (56th) dimensions compared Uganda, much like Rwanda, excels in the Governance
to its peers, there is room for improvement in digital dimension (99th) of digital technologies, notably standing
Governance (74th), including digital Regulation (94th) and out in cultivating Trust (85th) in the process of digitization,
digital Inclusion (92nd). These are tools to bolster its overall primarily through robust digital Regulation (92nd). It
digital and network capabilities. surpasses its peer group in critical areas such as Cybersecurity
(79th), increased online access to financial accounts (63rd),
India’s network readiness profile showcases notable and maintaining a strong ICT regulatory environment (58th).
strengths, primarily in its Technological (41st) capabilities. In the Technology dimension (110th), Uganda’s strengths
It exhibits prowess in Digital Content creation (29th) and include robust international internet bandwidth (34th),
stands out with exceptional performance in scientific noteworthy production of AI scientific publications (62nd),
publications in AI (2nd), widespread Internet Subscriptions and substantial investments in emerging technologies (78th).
(2nd), and International Internet bandwidth (2nd). India Nevertheless, there remain areas with potential, including
also excels in AI talent Concentration (1st) and ICT services the scope to enhance tertiary enrollment (126th), promote
exports (1st). Additionally, its substantial annual investment the use of virtual social networks (132nd), and Affordable
in Telecommunication Services (3rd) results in a high level of and Clean Energy (130th). Overall, Uganda’s digital landscape
mobile broadband Internet traffic (2nd) and a large domestic shows promise and the potential for further growth and
market size (3rd). Opportunities for improvement remain development through strategic efforts and investments in
in the Governance dimension (83rd), with Gender gap in these key areas.
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Internet use (104th), and its ranking in access to online

financial accounts (119th) is relatively low . Improvements in Gambia presents a well-balanced performance across all
these areas would contribute towards further strengthening pillars of network readiness, including Technology (120th),
India’s overall network readiness and digital capabilities. People (130th), Governance (102nd), and Impact (121st).
Notably, it excels in the area of Regulatory strength (50th)
The group of low-income economies is led by Rwanda and stands out in the top quartile for Privacy protection
(99th), Uganda (117th), and Gambia (120th). by law content, securing an impressive 18th position.
Gambia’s strong focus on Future Technologies (57th) and
Rwanda demonstrates relative strengths in digital its continued investment in emerging technologies (77th)
technology Governance (79th), particularly excelling in indicate a commitment to staying at the forefront of digital
Regulatory aspects (60th), including a robust ICT regulatory advancements. Furthermore, Gambia’s dedication to SDG
environment (45th), strong regulations for emerging contribution (109th) is evident through its significant
technologies (57th), and competitive e-commerce legislation. contribution to SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy, where
Additionally, the country benefits from government it secures a notable 31st position. However, there are some
promotion of investments in emerging technologies (32nd) areas where Gambia could benefit from improvement, such
and offers its citizens the Freedom to make life choices (39th). as enhancing digital Access (127th) and digital Content
Rwanda has opportunities in the area of patent applications creation (132nd). These improvements can empower
(99th), virtual social network use (128th) for businesses, businesses, individuals, and the government to harness
and boosting internet shopping (128th). These areas can the full potential of digital technologies, thereby driving
further bolster its digital capabilities and leverage digital innovation and economic progress.
transformation for economic development.

China stands out as the only economy

not classified as high-income to secure
a place in the top quartile, ranking
among the Top 20 overall in the NRI
2023. This achievement underscores
its remarkable strength and ability
to outperform both high-income and
upper-middle-income nations in
various aspects.

58
NRI Performances Asia and the Pacific (with a median score of 50.25), as well
as the Americas (with a median score of 45.88), each consist
of 21 countries with a substantial representation of both

by Region upper and lower-middle-income nations, in addition to a

strong presence of high-income countries. These regions also
display the highest variability in performance, as evidenced
by the standard deviation of NRI scores. Conversely, the CIS,
Figure 3 offers a comprehensive overview of NRI statistics composed of a total of 7 countries, showcases the smallest
across six distinct regions: Africa, the Arab States, Asia and variation in scores among its member nations.
the Pacific, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS),
Europe, and the Americas. Within each region, a striking It’s important to highlight that Africa (31 countries) and
correlation emerges between regional performance and the Europe (41 countries) each exhibit less variation in NRI
prevalence of income groups. scores, as compared to Asia and the Pacific or the Americas.
This difference can primarily be attributed to the high
Europe notably stands out as a region with a robust concentration of lower-middle-income or low-income groups
leadership position in NRI 2023, boasting an impressive in Africa and a significant presence of high-income nations
median score of 62.19. This dominance is further underscored in Europe. These insights emphasize the varying degrees of
by the fact that over three-quarters of the countries in Europe income group representation and performance dispersion
(76 percent) are classified as high-income economies. In across regions and their significant impact on regional digital
stark contrast, the African region records the lowest scores, readiness and capabilities.
with a median score of 31.08. Africa is notably characterized
by the highest concentration of lower-middle-income and
low-income economies.

Figure 3 Box plot by region

100

75
NRI score

50

25

Africa Arab States Asia & Pacific CIS Europe The Americas

Note: The whiskers indicate minimum and maximum values, while the extremes of a box indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles. The line within a box represents the median
(i.e. 50th percentile)
Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

59
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

Photo by Maxime on Unsplash

The dominance of Northern and Western European
countries in network readiness is a noteworthy trend in the
NRI performances by region. These regions consistently
excel in various aspects of network capabilities, including
technology, people, governance, and impact. In the NRI
2023 rankings, Western European countries, in particular,
stand out with four of them securing positions in the
top 10. These countries have demonstrated strong
performance in fostering digital innovation, ensuring
access to advanced technologies, and creating a conducive
environment for digital development. Northern Europe,
while also performing well, has three countries in the top 10.
Nonetheless, the remaining European countries are making
substantial progress in network readiness, leveraging
technology to drive economic and social development. In
contrast, the Americas and the Asia & Pacific region have
fewer representatives in the top 10 rankings, indicating that
there is room for improvement in certain aspects of network
The Network Readiness Index 2023

capabilities in these regions. However, it’s essential to note

that these regions encompass a wide range of countries
with varying levels of economic development and digital
infrastructure. Overall, the dominance of Northern and
Western European countries in the top ranks of network
readiness showcases their commitment to embracing digital
technologies and creating an environment conducive to
digital innovation and growth. Other regions can draw
valuable insights from their success stories to further
enhance their network readiness and harness the benefits of
the digital era.

Table 4 Top 3 countries by region

Africa Arab States Asia & Pacific CIS Europe The Americas
1. Kenya (70) 1. United Arab Emirates (30) 1. Singapore (2) 1. Russian Federation (38) 1. Finland (3) 1. United States of America (1)
2. South Africa (74) 2. Saudi Arabia (41) 2. Republic of Korea (7) 2. Kazakhstan (58) 2. Netherlands (4) 2. Canada (11)
3. Mauritius (76) 3. Qatar (46) 3. Japan (13) 3. Armenia (63) 3. Sweden (5) 3. Brazil (44)

Note: Global ranks in parentheses. CIS = Commonwealth of Independent States.

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

60
Notable scores by Mauritius stands out as a leader among African countries,
achieving overall success driven by its Governance (56th) of
digital technologies and its capacity to create Impact (66th)

individual countries through its digital capabilities. The nation distinguishes

itself as a pioneer in ensuring widespread Internet access
in schools (1st), a testament to its commitment to digital
education and connectivity. Mauritius’ digital governance
strength is fortified by exceptional performance in
E-commerce legislation (1st), robust Cybersecurity (23rd),
Africa and high Regulatory quality (27th). These factors contribute
to a secure and conducive digital environment. The country
The highest-ranked economies in Africa are Kenya (70th), excels in creating Impact within its economy and community,
South Africa (74th), and Mauritius (76th). particularly through its supremacy in ICT services exports
(37th) and its contributions toward achieving SDG Goals,
Kenya stands out as a regional leader, demonstrating notably Affordable and Clean Energy (10th). However,
significant strengths in its Technological capabilities (65th), Mauritius has opportunity in the People (106th) dimension
with outstanding performance in Future Technologies in the aspects of promoting digitally-engaged Businesses
(43rd) supported by substantial Investment in emerging (131st), fostering a culture of digital innovation and skill
technologies (32nd). The nation’s Governance pillar (61st) development which could enhance the workforce to drive
reflects effective regulatory mechanisms and an environment digital transformation and economic growth.
conducive to digital innovation. Kenya ensures the
widespread availability of digital technologies, providing
users access to Online financial accounts (18th), thereby Arab States
promoting financial inclusion. Moreover, Kenya exhibits a
high level of digitization within the Government (40th), with The United Arab Emirates (30th), Saudi Arabia (41st), and
exceptional performance in the Publication and use of open Qatar (46th) are the highest ranked Arab States in the NRI
data (41st). It demonstrates strength in providing Access 2023.
(76th), primarily due to its extensive coverage of international
Internet bandwidth (8th), enhancing connectivity and global The United Arab Emirates (UAE) exhibits a solid overall
data exchange. Nonetheless, Kenya has opportunities in the performance, securing a place among the top 30 performers
area of digital Inclusion (77th), characterized by a noticeable in NRI 2023. Notably, it demonstrates particular strengths in
Gender gap in internet use (97th), which impedes the the dimensions of People (18th) and Technology (22nd). UAE
engagement of the entire society in accessing or generating has achieved widespread Access (3rd) to Future Technology
digital content. Further, Kenya has potential to improve (14th) through deliberate efforts, including extensive 3G
metrics such as raising healthy life expectancy at birth (110th) mobile network coverage (1st), ensuring Internet access in
and enhancing the Freedom to make life choices (108th). schools (1st), competitive Mobile tariffs (7th), and affordable
These factors contribute significantly to the economy’s ability Handset prices (5th). These initiatives have led to widespread
to empower its digital workforce, promote overall well-being, digitalization among Individuals (7th), Businesses (26th),
and stimulate economic growth. and Governments (27th). UAE’s leadership in the Use of
virtual social networks (1st), business enterprise-financed
South Africa showcases considerable strengths in network GERD (5th), and government promotion of Investment in
readiness, particularly within the digital Technology realm emerging technologies (4th) underscores its commitment to
(59th), complemented by a robust digital Governance digital advancement. Furthermore, the country has managed
framework (60th). The nation’s dedication to technological to create a positive Impact in society by reducing Income
progress is clearly visible through its increased investment Inequality (5th) and ensuring a high Quality of Life (13th).
in Computer software (28th) and a strategic focus on the However, UAE has potential to enhance its digital readiness
Adoption of emerging technologies (33rd), which collectively by addressing the privacy protection by law content (131st)
contribute to its high performance in Future Technologies and digital Regulation (74th), which can contribute to an
(49th). Within the Governance pillar, South Africa exhibits overall stronger performance in Trust (46th). Such would
balanced growth across all aspects, ensuring the security further bolster the country’s digital readiness and enhance its
and Trust (60th) in its digital capabilities, implementing overall performance in the digital landscape.
robust digital Regulations (67th), and promoting a high level
of digital Inclusion (65th). However, South Africa’s digital
capabilities have potential to develop further by creating
Impact (105th) of digital technologies on the economy
and society, particularly concerning Quality of Life (124th),
Freedom to make life choices (109th), creating Healthy life
expectancy at birth (115th), and reducing Income inequality
(116th). These measures have the potential to bolster the
nation’s overall network readiness and improve the well-
being of its citizens.

61
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

Photo by Windows on Unsplash

Saudi Arabia displays notable strengths in the People
(31st) and Technology (36th) dimensions within the NRI
2023. The country’s dedication to enhancing digital Access
(30th) within its society is evident through initiatives such as
widespread 3G mobile network coverage (1st) and ensuring
internet access in schools (1st). These efforts, along with a
focus on Future Technologies (19th), contribute to Saudi
Arabia’s technological prowess. Moreover, the government’s
promotion of investment in emerging technologies (5th),
substantial Mobile broadband internet traffic within the
country (8th), and the development of ICT skills in the
education system (8th) have resulted in a large digital
workforce. However, Saudi Arabia has expansion possibilities
in creating Impact (62nd) through its digital capabilities,
enhancing its overall network readiness through Regulations
(98th) and contributing towards the SDG (104th). These areas
could further enhance Saudi Arabia’s ability to demonstrate
network readiness effectively and comprehensively.
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Qatar ranks third in the region for Network readiness,

highlighting its Technological prowess (34th). The nation’s
strong commitment to technology is evident through
initiatives such as establishing extensive 3G mobile network
coverage (1st), ensuring internet access in schools (1st), and
providing affordable Handset prices (5th). Qatar’s continued
Investment in emerging technologies (17th) further
strengthens its technological capabilities. The country’s
leadership in areas like ICT skills in the education system
(4th) and the Use of virtual social networks (3rd) has driven
Qatar ranks third in the region for digitalization within its society, positioning its individuals
Network readiness, highlighting its competitively (12th). While Qatar excels in many aspects,
Technological prowess (34th). The nation’s there are opportunities for improvement in areas such as
developing High-tech exports (101st), increasing FTTH/
strong commitment to technology is
building Internet subscriptions (102nd), and enhancing AI
evident through initiatives such as scientific publications (106th), including contributing to SDG
establishing extensive 3G mobile network Goals (108th), particularly in Affordable and Clean Energy
coverage (1st), ensuring internet access (117th) and Women’s economic opportunity (134th), could
in schools (1st), and providing affordable further enhance its network readiness and societal well-
Handset prices (5th). being.

Asia and the Pacific

Singapore (2nd), the Republic of Korea (7th), and Japan
(13th) are the leading economies for network readiness in
Asia and the Pacific. Australia (14th) closely follows Japan
and deserves further analysis.

Singapore: find a detailed review of Singapore’s NRI 2023

performance in the Top 10 NRI performers section.

The Republic of Korea: find a detailed review of Korea’s NRI

2023 performance in the Top 10 NRI performers section.

Japan remains one of the region’s top performers, securing

a place among the Top 20 in NRI and emerging as a global
leader in the People dimension (3rd). The nation has achieved
widespread digital adoption across its society, with strong
performances by Individuals (5th), Businesses (14th), and
Governments (4th). Additionally, Japan excels in creating

62
widespread Access (5th) to its digital technologies, leading to Armenia has made significant strides in developing its
high levels of digital Inclusion (8th) and creating substantial digital Technology (53rd) ecosystem. Notably, the country
Impact (14th) on its Economy (12th). To further enhance has improved its digital Content creation (53rd, up from 75th
its digital capabilities, Japan has expansion opportunities in 2022) and has focused on Future Technologies (48th, up
in ICT services exports (82nd), ICT regulatory environment from 55th in 2022). These advancements are supported by
(92nd), reducing the Gender gap in Internet use (86th) and increased GitHub commits (36th) and robust Mobile apps
enhancing Women’s economic opportunity (88th) which development (39th). Armenia also continues to generate a
could contribute to a more well-rounded digital economy. meaningful digital Impact (51st), ensuring a high Quality of
Japan’s strong foundation in digital readiness positions it Life (54th) for its residents and actively contributing to SDG
well to continue its leadership in the digital landscape with Goals (55th). The nation boasts strengths in several areas,
targeted improvements. including extensive mobile network coverage, Internet
access in schools, a reduced Gender gap in Internet use, a
Australia maintains its position as a top performer in high adult literacy rate, and very strong ICT services exports.
network readiness, (14th overall). The country exhibits However, there are opportunities for further growth, such as
significant strength in digital Governance (8th), supported by developing High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing
robust performances across various aspects of Governance, capabilities (98th), increasing Annual investment in
including Trust (8th), Regulations (9th), and Inclusion (7th). telecommunication services (113th), and expanding the
Australia also excels in providing high levels of Access (10th), Domestic market size (108th), bridging the Rural gap in the
driven by competitive handset prices (6th) and its leading use of digital payments (120th) which could further enhance
role in ensuring Internet access for schools (1st). Other areas Armenia’s digital readiness and economic development
of strength include increased E-Participation (2nd), high
Tertiary enrollment (3rd), increased Publication and use of
open data (3rd), and high Regulatory quality (4th). However, Europe
there are opportunities for improvement in areas such as
ICT services exports (75th), AI talent concentration (28th), Finland (3rd), the Netherlands (4th), and Sweden (5th) are
Computer software spending (67th), and contributions to the top three performers in the region of Europe. Detailed
SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy (78th), which can further remarks about each country can be found in the Top 10
enhance its network readiness and strengthen its position as NRI performers section. We also analyze France (15th) and
a digital leader. Norway (16th) in detail below.

France has earned a commendable 15th place in network

The Commonwealth of Independent readiness, indicating an overall strong performance with
consistent development in Technology (12th), People
States (CIS) (12th), and Impact creation (12th). It maintains a solid 21st
position in Governance. France’s digital leadership across
The Russian Federation (38th), Kazakhstan (58th), and various aspects is supported by its remarkable presence in
Armenia (63th) lead the region of the Commonwealth of multiple areas where it ranks in the top 10 globally. These
Independent States (CIS). areas of digital prowess include strength in Publication and
use of open data, the availability of affordable handsets,
The Russian Federation: find a detailed review of the Russian mobile broadband internet traffic within the country, and
Federation’s NRI 2023 performance in the NRI Performances a large domestic market size, achieved through consistent
by Income Group section. investments in telecommunication services and computer
software development. France is also making strides in
Kazakhstan demonstrates a strong and engaged digital creating economic opportunities for women and improving
workforce within this region, highlighted by the People healthy life expectancy at birth. To further solidify its
pillar (49th), encompassing society and Individuals (54th), dominant position in the global digital landscape, France
Businesses (56th), and Government (48th). Its robust digital has potential to increase AI talent concentration (18th) and
Governance (54th) is evident through its exceptional levels expand 3G mobile network coverage (57th), reducing the
of digital Inclusion (35th). Additionally, Kazakhstan’s ability to Gender gap in internet use (46th) and encouraging Freedom
create Impact (55th) in society is reflected in its high scores in to make life choices (73rd).
the Quality of Life aspect (35th). The country’s efforts across
various facets of network readiness indicate a commitment
to overall growth and digital development. Kazakhstan has Norway stands at the 16th position in the NRI 2023
potential to develop Future Technologies (98th) and digital rankings. Its most notable strength lies in the realm of
Content creation (82nd), Regulations (104th) and contributions digital governance. Norway is recognized as a frontrunner in
to SDGs (88th). These are tools to further enhance its network cultivating security and Trust (2nd), through robust digital
readiness and digital capabilities, positioning the nation for Regulations (3rd). It excels in creating high-quality digital
continued progress in the digital landscape. Content (8th) on the backdrop of Knowledge intensive
employment (5th), and in ensuring a commendable Quality

63
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

of Life (5th). However, there exist areas with untapped

Photo by Nico Smit on Unsplash.

potential within Norway’s digital landscape. One such aspect
is the need to bolster the digital workforce within the country
amongst the Individuals and Government. This factor plays
a significant role in the shift in Norway’s NRI ranking, from
10th place in 2022 to 16th in 2023. While this reshuffling
can be attributed to various factors, including the superior
performance of other nations, areas of opportunity include
increasing AI scientific publications, advancing high-tech
manufacturing, enhancing government online services
and R&D expenditure by both the government and higher
education institutions. Addressing these facets can empower
Norway to reinforce its leadership in the digital sphere.

The Americas
The United States (1st) leads the region of the Americas,
The Network Readiness Index 2023

alongside Canada (11th) and Brazil (43rd). A detailed

analysis on the performance of the US can be found in the
Top 10 NRI performers section. Canada (11th) and Brazil
(43rd) follow the US in second and third place within the
region.

Canada ranks just outside the top 10 in network readiness

(11th, NRI) and showcases a well-rounded overall
performance, earning top 20 rankings across all aspects
of network readiness. The country demonstrates notable
Technological prowess (7th), particularly excelling in digital
Content creation (5th), where it shows leadership in GitHub
commits (5th) and Internet domain registrations (11th).
Canada’s strength in digital Governance (9th) is evident
across all aspects, with global leadership in Trust (9th), a
conducive Regulatory framework (13th), and high levels
of digital Inclusion (5th). To further enhance its digital
capabilities, Canada has potential to enhance the digitally
capabilities of the workforce, both for Individuals (39th) and
Businesses (23rd), encourage mobile broadband internet
traffic within the country and fostering greater investment
in GERD financed and performed by business enterprises,
developing Affordable and Clean Energy initiatives which
could contribute to a more comprehensive digital ecosystem.

Brazil maintains its position in the top 50, ranking 44th

overall. The country secures a place in the top quartile
through its ability to provide widespread Access (28th) to
its digital capabilities, which leads to high levels of digital
Inclusion (24th). This, in turn, contributes to a strong digital
workforce, as evident in the increased digitization of its
Businesses (36th) and Government (34th). To further enhance
its digital readiness, Brazil has expansion possibilities in
increasing Robot density (44th) and fostering AI talent
(46th), thereby improving its Future readiness in technology
(72nd). Areas of opportunities include investments in Quality
Education (65th) by promoting the use of ICT skills in the
education system (95th), reducing Income inequality (110th).

64
Outstanding pillar

Photo by Annie Spratt on Unsplash .

performance
among middle-
and low-income
economies
A group of middle-and low-income economies stand out
as performing above their expected levels of development
in one or more of the structural categories comprising the
four main pillars of the NRI. Although at a different scale, this
achievement highlights similarities in performance among
these economies and others that are at higher stages of
digital transformation and ranking tiers. These economies
show a pillar score that is above their predicted performance
given their income level.26

In the realm of digital readiness, numerous countries across

different income groups have showcased outstanding
progress and proficiency. Notably, China, India, and Rwanda
remain at the forefront within their respective income
groups, consistently surpassing expectations across all Five out of the seven CIS nations have earned a place on
four dimensions of digital readiness. Their comprehensive the list of outperforming countries, demonstrating their
strategies for digital preparedness position them as impressive drive towards digital readiness. Additionally, four
promising frontrunners in the global digital landscape. European economies have secured spots on the list, with
Ukraine emerging as a prominent leader in Europe, excelling
Africa takes the lead with the largest number of economies in at least three different areas. Completing the list are the
that have exceeded expectations, with 20 nations surpassing Arab States, contributing three high-achieving economies, all
projections in at least one category. Impressively, 15 of these of which display remarkable strength in the “People” aspect,
countries have excelled in the crucial dimension of digital showcasing the presence of a strong digital workforce.
Governance. Rwanda, in particular, shines across all aspects
of digital readiness, while Malawi, Kenya, Senegal, and The lower-middle-income group comprises the highest
Zimbabwe demonstrate exceptional performance in three number of outperformers, totaling 30 economies that have
out of the four key areas. exceeded expectations in at least one of the four dimensions.
Conversely, 15 upper-middle-income economies and eight
The Asia & Pacific region is another standout, featuring 13 low-income economies also showcase similar levels of
economies that have surpassed expectations in various outperformance, reflecting a global trend toward digital
dimensions of digital readiness. Notably, nine of these excel readiness. Table 5 shows the full list and further details about
particularly in digital Technology underscoring the impressive the identified outstanding pillar performers.
technological prowess demonstrated by the region. India
and China lead the region, demonstrating excellence across
all aspects of digital readiness, closely followed by Vietnam, Note: An economy is identified as displaying outstanding
Pakistan, and Thailand, which impressively outperform performance when its pillar score is at least 10% above the
expectations in three out of the four key dimensions. trendline that is generated across all economies for that
particular pillar. Trendlines are produced for each pillar
Within the Americas, eight economies have showcased by estimating a linear model to describe the relationship
robust performance, with five of them excelling in generating between pillar scores and GDP per capita. These trendlines
substantial impact due to their exceptional network are independent of, and display different results than, those
readiness. Notably, Brazil distinguishes itself within this group presented in Figure which shows the outcome of modeling the
by exceeding expectations across three different dimensions. relationship between the overall NRI scores and GDP per capita.

65
 Table 5 Middle- and low-income economies with outstanding pillar performance by region, income group, and pillar
Detailed Results of NRI 2023

Region Economy Income Technology People Governance Impact

Africa Rwanda Low income ● ● ● ●
Malawi Low income ● ● ●
Kenya Lower middle income ● ● ●
Senegal Lower middle income ● ● ●
Zimbabwe Lower middle income ● ● ●
Uganda Low income ● ●
Madagascar Low income ● ●
Burundi Low income ● ●
United Republic of Tanzania Lower middle income ● ●
Zambia Lower middle income ● ●
South Africa Upper middle income ● ●
●
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Gambia Low income

Mali Low income ●
Ethiopia Low income ●
Cabo Verde Lower middle income ●
Ghana Lower middle income ●
Cote d’Ivoire Lower middle income ●
Nigeria Lower middle income ●
Benin Lower middle income ●
Lesotho Lower middle income ●

Asia & Pacific India Lower middle income ● ● ● ●

China Upper middle income ● ● ● ●
Viet Nam Lower middle income ● ● ●
Pakistan Lower middle income ● ● ●
Thailand Upper middle income ● ● ●
Philippines Lower middle income ● ●
Indonesia Upper middle income ● ●
Sri Lanka Lower middle income ●
Mongolia Lower middle income ●
Bangladesh Lower middle income ●
Cambodia Lower middle income ●
Nepal Lower middle income ●
Malaysia Upper middle income ●

The Americas Brazil Upper middle income ● ● ●

Jamaica Upper middle income ● ●
Bolivia (Plurinational State of ) Lower middle income ●
Honduras Lower middle income ●
Nicaragua Lower middle income ●
Peru Upper middle income ●
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of ) Upper middle income ●
El Salvador Upper middle income ●

CIS Uzbekistan Lower middle income ● ●

Kyrgyzstan Lower middle income ● ●
Russian Federation Upper middle income ● ●
Tajikistan Lower middle income ●
Armenia Upper middle income ●

Europe Ukraine Lower middle income ● ● ●

Turkiye Upper middle income ●
Serbia Upper middle income ●
Albania Upper middle income ●

Arab States Jordan Lower middle income ● ● ●

Morocco Lower middle income ● ●
Lebanon Lower middle income ●

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

66
The lower-middle-income group comprises the highest
number of outperformers, totaling 30 economies that
have exceeded expectations in at least one of the four
dimensions. Conversely, 15 upper-middle-income economies
and eight low-income economies also showcase similar
levels of outperformance, reflecting a global trend toward
digital readiness.

67
68
The Network Readiness Index 2023 Annex 1: Pillar
Annex
Tables
1

Annex 1:
Pillar Tables
A group of middle-and low-income economies stand out
as performing above their expected levels of development
in one or more of the structural categories comprising the
four main pillars of the NRI. Although at a different scale,
this achievement highlights similarities in performance
among these economies and others that are at higher
stages of digital transformation and ranking tiers.
These economies show a pillar score that is above their
predicted performance given their income level.

69
Annex 1

Table A-1.1: Rankings in the Technology pillar and associated sub-pillars

Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy Technology Access Content Future Technologies
United States of America 1 7 2 1
Switzerland 2 6 3 5
Hong Kong, China 3 4 1 17
Netherlands 4 19 4 6
Singapore 5 2 13 2
Germany 6 22 7 4
Canada 7 26 5 13
United Kingdom 8 15 6 11
Sweden 9 35 11 3
Finland 10 13 15 7
Denmark 11 17 9 10
France 12 9 19 15
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Luxembourg 13 38 14 9
Norway 14 14 8 29
Japan 15 5 33 12
Austria 16 37 17 16
Republic of Korea 17 23 30 8
Australia 18 10 12 36
Israel 19 39 18 18
China 20 1 39 26
Belgium 21 36 23 21
United Arab Emirates 22 3 57 14
Ireland 23 27 27 22
Iceland 24 61 10 33
Spain 25 12 28 25
Portugal 26 33 25 24
New Zealand 27 45 22 37
Czechia 28 55 21 32
Italy 29 42 35 23
Hungary 30 34 16 77
Estonia 31 41 24 54
Slovenia 32 24 36 41
Malta 33 79 31 27
Qatar 34 20 91 20
Lithuania 35 16 34 61
Saudi Arabia 36 30 80 19
Indonesia 37 18 43 45
Malaysia 38 25 59 30
Poland 39 11 37 71
Russian Federation 40 8 41 67
India 41 49 29 58
Slovakia 42 21 44 47
Ukraine 43 43 42 44
Uruguay 44 40 32 64
Brazil 45 28 40 72
Cyprus 46 64 26 74
Montenegro 47 92 20 59
Turkiye 48 29 48 65
Pakistan 49 68 47 40
Thailand 50 32 68 52
Latvia 51 53 38 80
Costa Rica 52 60 79 34

70
 Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy Technology Access Content Future Technologies
Armenia 53 62 53 48
Bahrain 54 59 93 31
Viet Nam 55 31 51 85
Kuwait 56 54 90 38
Romania 57 48 50 78
Bulgaria 58 51 46 81
South Africa 59 71 61 49
Chile 60 70 67 50
Sri Lanka 61 86 81 28
Azerbaijan 62 72 98 35
Oman 63 56 84 53
Greece 64 77 45 70
Kenya 65 76 83 43
Colombia 66 75 56 63
Uzbekistan 67 44 88 73
Jordan 68 91 65 39
Egypt 69 47 75 88
Mexico 70 63 62 75
Argentina 71 65 60 82
Morocco 72 69 71 69
Iran (Islamic Republic of ) 73 103 52 42
Croatia 74 57 49 110
Republic of Moldova 75 46 63 108
Tunisia 76 73 77 68
Panama 77 83 70 60
Bangladesh 78 58 66 100
Kazakhstan 79 52 82 98
Mauritius 80 67 78 83
Georgia 81 50 58 117
Lebanon 82 78 64 87
Serbia 83 66 54 115
Philippines 84 93 72 62
Jamaica 85 90 106 51
Mongolia 86 74 96 101
Ecuador 87 82 94 89
Nigeria 88 89 69 99
North Macedonia 89 81 73 109
Namibia 90 112 55 79
Senegal 91 97 116 55
Peru 92 84 86 107
United Republic of Tanzania 93 87 108 94
Albania 94 80 95 121
Dominican Republic 95 94 104 96
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of ) 96 85 99 106
Algeria 97 101 92 91
Cambodia 98 102 85 97
Lao People’s Democratic Republic 99 98 126 46
Cote d’Ivoire 100 88 117 103
Rwanda 101 113 109 66
Ghana 102 105 111 90
Eswatini 103 109 76 122
Bosnia and Herzegovina 104 95 102 128

71
Annex 1

Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy Technology Access Content Future Technologies
Bolivia (Plurinational State of ) 105 99 114 105
Ethiopia 106 107 87 118
Tajikistan 107 123 97 95
El Salvador 108 108 101 111
Honduras 109 117 110 86
Uganda 110 104 113 104
Kyrgyzstan 111 100 89 129
Nepal 112 116 74 116
Guatemala 113 115 112 93
Paraguay 114 106 103 124
Botswana 115 96 121 102
Cabo Verde 116 111 123 76
Mauritania 117 124 133 56
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Zimbabwe 118 120 107 114

Cameroon 119 132 100 92
Gambia 120 127 132 57
Benin 121 114 118 120
Guinea 122 130 119 84
Angola 123 110 115 133
Zambia 124 119 127 112
Mali 125 118 124 123
Lesotho 126 121 131 119
Mozambique 127 122 122 127
Madagascar 128 128 130 113
Nicaragua 129 125 120 132
Burundi 130 134 105 126
Malawi 131 126 125 130
Democratic Republic of the Congo 132 129 128 125
Chad 133 131 134 134
Burkina Faso 134 133 129 131

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

72
Table A-1.2: Rankings in the People pillar and associated sub-pillars

Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy People Individuals Businesses Governments
Republic of Korea 1 1 1 1
Israel 2 4 11 2
Japan 3 5 14 4
United States of America 4 21 3 3
China 5 6 6 16
Singapore 6 8 15 11
Finland 7 13 8 7
Germany 8 22 5 12
Sweden 9 52 2 9
United Kingdom 10 48 13 5
Denmark 11 64 9 8
France 12 47 16 6
Australia 13 28 17 13
Switzerland 14 26 7 20
Netherlands 15 57 10 14
Austria 16 46 12 15
Canada 17 39 23 10
United Arab Emirates 18 7 26 25
Russian Federation 19 3 42 30
Belgium 20 90 4 21
Spain 21 18 31 27
Estonia 22 31 25 26
New Zealand 23 77 24 17
Norway 24 82 21 19
Ukraine 25 2 53 43
Malta 26 34 33 22
Iceland 27 73 20 24
Italy 28 32 28 29
Slovenia 29 83 19 23
Ireland 30 58 18 33
Saudi Arabia 31 10 40 35
Portugal 32 43 34 31
Luxembourg 33 109 22 18
Thailand 34 11 43 41
Hong Kong, China 35 17 41 42
Lithuania 36 41 37 32
Poland 37 35 29 51
Turkiye 38 19 45 44
Cyprus 39 15 48 63
Czechia 40 87 30 39
Brazil 41 85 36 34
Hungary 42 68 35 55
Albania 43 65 49 38
Jordan 44 44 27 85
Peru 45 42 38 75
Lebanon 46 14 32 105
Greece 47 38 50 64
Malaysia 48 56 62 37
Kazakhstan 49 54 56 48
Uruguay 50 25 86 36
India 51 37 78 46
Chile 52 40 68 54

73
Annex 1

Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy People Individuals Businesses Governments
Oman 53 20 94 45
Latvia 54 53 51 67
Bulgaria 55 50 61 56
Viet Nam 56 16 67 81
Croatia 57 61 47 70
Serbia 58 36 72 59
Philippines 59 23 79 68
Colombia 60 63 70 50
Armenia 61 55 73 53
Bahrain 62 9 98 61
Mexico 63 76 95 28
Argentina 64 86 66 49
Dominican Republic 65 75 64 62
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Romania 66 70 52 78
Bolivia (Plurinational State of ) 67 24 59 99
Qatar 68 12 107 65
Kenya 69 105 60 40
Georgia 70 27 83 87
Kuwait 71 33 89 74
Azerbaijan 72 89 77 52
Indonesia 73 29 118 47
Slovakia 74 112 39 58
Morocco 75 69 57 91
Montenegro 76 45 74 94
South Africa 77 104 58 66
Iran (Islamic Republic of ) 78 49 80 96
Tunisia 79 67 93 71
Republic of Moldova 80 71 101 60
Costa Rica 81 30 113 80
Paraguay 82 66 69 101
Cabo Verde 83 100 63 76
North Macedonia 84 94 75 83
Jamaica 85 117 46 69
Sri Lanka 86 95 81 82
Ecuador 87 74 92 90
Uzbekistan 88 102 85 72
Pakistan 89 103 54 104
Bangladesh 90 101 96 73
Algeria 91 62 111 92
Mongolia 92 60 105 97
Egypt 93 92 100 86
Panama 94 51 123 89
Ghana 95 107 84 84
Nigeria 96 120 44 95
Bosnia and Herzegovina 97 91 71 123
Lao People’s Democratic Republic 98 98 116 77
Zambia 99 108 55 114
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of ) 100 59 90 129
Kyrgyzstan 101 88 102 107
Cote d’Ivoire 102 99 103 102
Nicaragua 103 79 117 109
Cambodia 104 81 120 106

74
 Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy People Individuals Businesses Governments
El Salvador 105 96 91 121
Mauritius 106 78 131 88
Rwanda 107 116 122 57
Botswana 108 93 99 119
Cameroon 109 113 97 108
Zimbabwe 110 110 82 124
Guatemala 111 84 127 112
United Republic of Tanzania 112 114 108 98
Benin 113 127 88 93
Honduras 114 80 104 133
Namibia 115 106 110 111
Senegal 116 115 115 103
Eswatini 117 97 114 127
Guinea 118 130 109 79
Tajikistan 119 72 133 115
Angola 120 128 76 118
Malawi 121 119 87 120
Nepal 122 111 130 100
Burkina Faso 123 133 65 116
Madagascar 124 122 106 122
Democratic Republic of the Congo 125 123 119 131
Mali 126 131 112 125
Ethiopia 127 132 126 113
Burundi 128 126 129 117
Lesotho 129 118 124 132
Gambia 130 125 125 126
Uganda 131 121 134 110
Mozambique 132 129 128 128
Chad 133 134 121 130
Mauritania 134 124 132 134

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

75
Annex 1

Table A-1.3: Rankings in the Governance pillar and associated sub-pillars

Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy Governance Trust Regulation Inclusion
Finland 1 6 2 6
Netherlands 2 3 5 2
Denmark 3 1 8 12
Norway 4 2 3 21
Sweden 5 5 6 11
Estonia 6 7 7 3
United States of America 7 4 16 10
Australia 8 8 9 7
Canada 9 9 13 5
Singapore 10 17 10 1
New Zealand 11 11 19 9
Luxembourg 12 23 1 18
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Switzerland 13 25 4 14
Germany 14 13 12 20
Austria 15 21 15 15
United Kingdom 16 18 26 4
Iceland 17 12 34 13
Republic of Korea 18 10 41 17
Lithuania 19 24 11 29
Latvia 20 20 18 25
France 21 26 17 23
Czechia 22 15 21 36
Belgium 23 14 24 39
Japan 24 35 23 8
Ireland 25 19 29 27
Spain 26 32 25 16
Israel 27 29 20 26
Slovakia 28 22 32 45
Portugal 29 43 14 32
Slovenia 30 36 22 34
Poland 31 16 49 41
Italy 32 40 30 28
Malta 33 37 28 38
Cyprus 34 41 38 33
China 35 27 84 19
Croatia 36 39 39 42
Hungary 37 30 33 57
Hong Kong, China 38 31 79 22
Malaysia 39 38 52 46
Qatar 40 28 43 61
Greece 41 42 44 53
Brazil 42 52 47 24
Chile 43 47 40 48
Oman 44 33 89 43
Bulgaria 45 55 31 52
Thailand 46 50 56 37
United Arab Emirates 47 46 74 31
Serbia 48 53 48 44
Russian Federation 49 34 102 40
Saudi Arabia 50 44 98 30
Turkiye 51 45 63 56

76
 Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy Governance Trust Regulation Inclusion
Romania 52 51 45 63
Bahrain 53 62 51 47
Kazakhstan 54 48 104 35
Uruguay 55 58 36 71
Mauritius 56 63 53 59
Costa Rica 57 65 35 73
Ukraine 58 54 78 60
Argentina 59 69 68 49
South Africa 60 60 67 65
Kenya 61 56 64 77
North Macedonia 62 61 81 62
Republic of Moldova 63 59 76 68
Indonesia 64 64 72 66
Mongolia 65 66 101 51
Georgia 66 68 86 69
Jordan 67 92 71 50
Mexico 68 71 46 91
Montenegro 69 88 70 55
Colombia 70 79 57 70
Jamaica 71 99 27 87
Kuwait 72 67 80 81
Bosnia and Herzegovina 73 84 69 64
Viet Nam 74 57 94 92
Dominican Republic 75 91 42 89
Ghana 76 75 55 101
Armenia 77 90 65 83
Iran (Islamic Republic of ) 78 49 123 72
Rwanda 79 96 60 84
Peru 80 93 82 79
Morocco 81 80 37 117
Egypt 82 94 91 74
India 83 72 75 103
Paraguay 84 98 90 75
Philippines 85 70 88 105
Albania 86 78 66 104
Tunisia 87 73 97 94
Azerbaijan 88 76 103 90
Panama 89 100 83 88
Benin 90 86 62 107
Cabo Verde 91 103 58 100
Botswana 92 81 59 114
Senegal 93 106 54 99
Cote d’Ivoire 94 95 73 102
Kyrgyzstan 95 101 115 58
Ecuador 96 108 93 76
Sri Lanka 97 97 106 85
Uzbekistan 98 77 127 54
Uganda 99 85 92 106
Bangladesh 100 87 116 80
United Republic of Tanzania 101 74 85 120
Gambia 102 122 50 112
Lesotho 103 111 119 67

77
Annex 1

Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy Governance Trust Regulation Inclusion
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of ) 104 89 124 82
Zambia 105 83 99 121
Algeria 106 117 96 98
Honduras 107 128 87 97
Guatemala 108 124 100 93
Zimbabwe 109 102 121 96
Nepal 110 107 113 109
El Salvador 111 118 95 116
Malawi 112 112 112 111
Madagascar 113 125 61 124
Nigeria 114 82 109 131
Namibia 115 104 120 110
Lebanon 116 110 129 86
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Pakistan 117 105 110 122

Mali 118 130 105 113
Cameroon 119 109 107 127
Bolivia (Plurinational State of ) 120 116 122 95
Burkina Faso 121 115 77 132
Cambodia 122 121 118 108
Tajikistan 123 119 133 78
Mozambique 124 113 108 125
Nicaragua 125 127 117 118
Eswatini 126 114 126 119
Angola 127 120 114 130
Guinea 128 129 111 133
Chad 129 126 132 115
Lao People’s Democratic Republic 130 123 125 126
Mauritania 131 131 128 128
Ethiopia 132 133 130 123
Democratic Republic of the Congo 133 132 131 129
Burundi 134 134 134 134

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

78
Table A-1.4: Rankings in the Impact pillar and associated sub-pillars
Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy Impact Economy Quality of life SDG Contribution
Singapore 1 1 10 8
Finland 2 6 1 19
Ireland 3 5 12 1
Sweden 4 7 4 4
Netherlands 5 8 7 5
Switzerland 6 9 16 9
Israel 7 2 26 28
Denmark 8 19 3 3
United Kingdom 9 11 21 2
Germany 10 13 15 11
Republic of Korea 11 3 40 26
France 12 16 22 14
Belgium 13 21 8 17
Japan 14 12 31 25
Canada 15 20 18 16
Norway 16 43 5 10
Luxembourg 17 31 11 7
Austria 18 22 14 20
Australia 19 23 19 15
Czechia 20 24 9 31
China 21 4 51 57
Iceland 22 29 2 43
United States of America 23 10 66 29
New Zealand 24 36 17 18
Estonia 25 25 20 27
Slovenia 26 54 6 22
Spain 27 32 37 12
Malta 28 30 25 24
Portugal 29 44 32 13
Italy 30 28 53 21
United Arab Emirates 31 37 13 48
Cyprus 32 26 50 30
Poland 33 45 27 32
Hong Kong, China 34 17 105 6
Slovakia 35 51 28 44
Viet Nam 36 27 36 60
Hungary 37 38 49 38
Uruguay 38 49 44 45
Latvia 39 46 56 37
Costa Rica 40 57 43 40
Malaysia 41 15 60 89
Romania 42 33 41 63
Mexico 43 42 57 50
Lithuania 44 60 55 42
Thailand 45 34 39 87
Serbia 46 52 45 67
Bahrain 47 68 29 61
Philippines 48 14 69 113
El Salvador 49 97 47 34
Jamaica 50 77 46 51
Armenia 51 70 54 55

79
Annex 1

Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy Impact Economy Quality of life SDG Contribution
Chile 52 65 62 53
Argentina 53 53 63 66
Ukraine 54 35 59 86
Kazakhstan 55 63 35 88
India 56 18 95 92
Russian Federation 57 39 70 77
North Macedonia 58 62 48 75
Croatia 59 74 79 41
Greece 60 82 80 35
Republic of Moldova 61 69 42 73
Saudi Arabia 62 47 38 104
Qatar 63 58 23 108
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of ) 64 87 73 39
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Kuwait 65 56 30 110
Mauritius 66 96 76 33
Oman 67 72 24 102
Ecuador 68 116 83 23
Kyrgyzstan 69 112 33 64
Paraguay 70 110 58 47
Bulgaria 71 40 88 78
Brazil 72 61 91 59
Colombia 73 73 87 54
Nicaragua 74 111 61 46
Indonesia 75 48 65 99
Uzbekistan 76 99 34 84
Peru 77 104 67 49
Egypt 78 50 97 80
Sri Lanka 79 64 94 68
Turkiye 80 59 117 36
Montenegro 81 83 64 82
Bolivia (Plurinational State of ) 82 117 72 52
Morocco 83 55 96 79
Azerbaijan 84 81 78 72
Panama 85 109 74 58
Albania 86 118 52 69
Lao People’s Democratic Republic 87 78 82 91
Guatemala 88 93 86 81
Mongolia 89 98 85 74
Tajikistan 90 130 77 65
Cabo Verde 91 128 92 56
Honduras 92 119 89 62
Pakistan 93 41 98 117
Cambodia 94 114 84 76
Bosnia and Herzegovina 95 100 68 112
Kenya 96 66 113 85
Dominican Republic 97 89 75 116
Georgia 98 113 71 103
Jordan 99 84 93 105
Nepal 100 101 81 107
Bangladesh 101 88 90 115
Senegal 102 91 100 95
Cote d’Ivoire 103 80 108 93

80
 Pillar Sub-Pillar
Economy Impact Economy Quality of life SDG Contribution
Rwanda 104 107 110 83
South Africa 105 75 124 70
Tunisia 106 92 107 96
Algeria 107 90 102 106
Iran (Islamic Republic of ) 108 79 104 118
Ghana 109 103 111 101
United Republic of Tanzania 110 108 106 114
Ethiopia 111 71 112 126
Mali 112 94 103 123
Guinea 113 95 99 130
Malawi 114 122 116 97
Namibia 115 120 127 71
Nigeria 116 85 109 131
Benin 117 105 114 121
Cameroon 118 67 122 128
Uganda 119 106 115 120
Lebanon 120 76 132 94
Gambia 121 125 119 109
Burkina Faso 122 121 123 111
Mauritania 123 131 101 127
Botswana 124 123 129 90
Zambia 125 124 128 100
Madagascar 126 86 125 132
Angola 127 102 133 98
Burundi 128 127 121 129
Mozambique 129 132 120 125
Chad 130 126 118 133
Zimbabwe 131 129 130 122
Lesotho 132 133 131 124
Democratic Republic of the Congo 133 115 126 134
Eswatini 134 134 134 119

Source: Network Readiness Index Database, Portulans Institute, 2023.

81
82
The Network Readiness Index 2023 Country Profiles

Profiles
Country/Economy
How to read the 3 - Detailed Network Readiness Index Reporting

The third section demonstrates how a particular economy

Country/Economy performed across each of the 58 indicators comprising the

NRI. All indicators organize into primary and secondary level
pillars, and their numbering matches the data tables found in

Profiles the other report sections with additional information such as

descriptions, years, rankings, values, and normalized scores
for all the indicators.

Strengths and Weaknesses

Albania
Country
Country Profile
Profile

Rank Score
(Out of 131)
Network Readiness Index
Pillar/sub-pillar Rank
80 46.50
Score
100

80
NRI

The indicators considered a strength of a particular economy

are notated on the far right-hand side by a solid circle.
A. Technology pillar 94 35.30 60

1 2
1st sub-pillar: Access 86 57.11
40
2nd sub-pillar: Content 84 31.73
20
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 122 17.06 Impact Technology

Indicators signaled as a weakness receive a hollow circle.

0
B. People pillar 48 49.80
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 69 47.55
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 43 51.91
2021
2022

For all economies, indicators with the highest rankings are

3rd sub-pillar: Governments 46 49.96
Index

C. Governance pillar 92 49.12

Index

1st sub-pillar: Trust 79 36.60

Readiness
Readiness

2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 63 64.40

highlighted as strengths, while indicators with the lowest

3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 107 46.37
Governance People
Network

D. Impact pillar 79 51.79

Network

1st sub-pillar: Economy 111 16.34

TheThe

rankings represent weaknesses.

2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 47 73.89
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 65 65.12 Albania Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score
A. Technology pillar 94 35.30 C. Governance pillar 92 49.12
1st sub-pillar: Access 86 57.11 1st sub-pillar: Trust 79 36.60

For any remaining indicators, the strengths and weaknesses

1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 84 48.10 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 66 54.15
1.1.2 Handset prices 77 47.01 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 86 63.69
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 54 27.96 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 112 8.62
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 53 99.74 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 62 19.93
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth
1.1.6 Internet access in schools
2nd sub-pillar: Content
101
47
84
63.05
56.81
31.73
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation
3.2.1 Regulatory quality
3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment
63
60
45
64.40
47.47
87.06 ●
of a particular economy are based on the percentage of
economies with scores that fall above or below a score
1.2.1 GitHub commits 58 7.07 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 53 48.42
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 62 4.85 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 63 80.49 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 47 72.40 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 74 34.49 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 107 46.37
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies
122
116
117
17.06
19.18
21.75
○
3.3.1 E-Participation
3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments
3.3.3 Availability of local online content
36
121
118
83.95
32.57
26.20
●
○
determined by percent ranks. Indicators highlighted as
3 strengths earn a score in the 10th largest percent rank among
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 57 69.33
1.3.4 Computer software spending 87 10.25 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 117 19.80 ○
B. People pillar 48 49.80 D. Impact pillar 79 51.79
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 69 47.55 1st sub-pillar: Economy 111 16.34

the 58 possible indicators of each economy. Indicators

2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 89 2.56 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 100 2.60 ○
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 78 39.05 4.1.2 High-tech exports 108 2.62
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 78 60.27 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 54 38.21 4.1.4 Domestic market size 105 36.55

highlighted as weaknesses include scores that rank below the

2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 28 97.64 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 100 26.74
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 66 29.52
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 43 51.91 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 47 73.89
2.2.1 Firms with website 54 58.11

5th lowest percent rank of the 58 indicators.

4.2.1 Happiness 85 54.79
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 56 76.69
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 81 26.18 4.2.3 Income inequality 25 80.90 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 94 71.44 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 34 83.19 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 65 65.12
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 46 49.96 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 91 55.55
2.3.1 Government online services 31 83.64 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 54 37.34
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 49 33.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 32 87.72 ●

It is important to note that the absence of data may have an

2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 82 32.40 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 16 90.14 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 82 54.88

26

effect on the rankings of those sub-pillars, pillars where these

absences are noted. Thus, caution should be averted when
reviewing the rankings of elements in the NRI under these
circumstances. This includes the signaling of strengths and
The Country/Economy Profiles presents a scorecard that weaknesses.
summarizes the individual performance of each economy
(134 total) covered in The Network Readiness Index 2023. The NRI Online

Each Country/Economy Profile consists of three parts: The NRI website (https://networkreadinessindex.org/) offers
additional analysis, analytical tools, individual country/
1 - Performance Highlights economy profiles, and visualizations such as sortable
rankings and maps.
The first section displays each Country/Economy’s overall
performance across the NRI, the four primary pillars, and the
twelve sub-pillars. For each level of the NRI, the economy’s
ranking (out of the 134 economies) and individual score (on a
0-to-100 scale) is shown.

2 - Radar Chart

The second section uses a radar chart to visually depict the

individual economy’s performance in the overall NRI, its four
pillars, and sub-pillars. The dark blue line plots the economy’s
score, while the light blue line represents the average score
of all economies found in the same income class. The World
Bank defines each country’s income classification and reflects
data current to September 2023.

83
 Albania
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 79 44.98 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 94 31.64 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 80 60.04 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 95 17.37
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 121 17.50
0
B. People pillar 43 49.33
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 65 47.47
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 49 51.78
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 38 48.72
C. Governance pillar 86 48.85
1st sub-pillar: Trust 78 36.45
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 66 65.84
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 104 44.27
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 86 50.11
1st sub-pillar: Economy 118 14.36
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 52 73.00
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 69 62.98 Albania Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 94 31.64 C. Governance pillar 86 48.85

1st sub-pillar: Access 80 60.04 1st sub-pillar: Trust 78 36.45
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 88 49.09 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 66 54.14
1.1.2 Handset prices 67 46.46 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 87 63.69
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 62 29.72 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 113 8.62
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 57 99.67 3.1.4 Internet shopping 70 19.36
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 106 63.04 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 66 65.84
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 44 72.27 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 59 53.96
2nd sub-pillar: Content 95 17.37 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 45 87.06 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 65 7.15 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 53 49.09
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 55 5.62 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 95 55.88 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 47 72.40 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 108 0.84 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 104 44.27
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 121 17.50 3.3.1 E-Participation 22 75.59 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 117 19.18 ○ 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 125 32.57 ○
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 117 21.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 119 26.20
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 65 67.21
1.3.4 Computer software spending 86 11.57 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 119 19.80 ○
B. People pillar 43 49.33 D. Impact pillar 86 50.11
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 65 47.47 1st sub-pillar: Economy 118 14.36
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 92 3.06 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 99 4.53 ○
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 128 0.27 ○
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 84 52.49 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 64 3.15
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 57 36.45 4.1.4 Domestic market size 107 37.42
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 26 97.88 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 100 26.74
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 64 14.03
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 49 51.78 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 52 73.00
2.2.1 Firms with website 51 58.11 4.2.1 Happiness 88 53.19
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 69 71.18
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 76 25.43 4.2.3 Income inequality 19 84.42 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 104 71.81 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 34 83.19 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 69 62.98
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 38 48.72 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 93 55.55
2.3.1 Government online services 33 79.91 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 53 34.98
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 49 33.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 36 87.61 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 82 32.43 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 17 81.86 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 83 54.88

84 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Algeria
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 103 37.52 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 97 31.45 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 101 49.33 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 92 17.83
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 91 27.19
0
B. People pillar 91 35.63
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 62 48.35
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 111 28.92
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 92 29.62
C. Governance pillar 106 41.18
1st sub-pillar: Trust 117 19.16
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 96 57.26
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 98 47.11
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 107 41.82
1st sub-pillar: Economy 90 21.43
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 102 52.69
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 106 51.33 Algeria Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 97 31.45 C. Governance pillar 106 41.18

1st sub-pillar: Access 101 49.33 1st sub-pillar: Trust 117 19.16
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 76 57.75 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 114 30.92
1.1.2 Handset prices 104 30.61 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 105 32.79
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 72 26.39 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 123 4.16 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 75 99.36 3.1.4 Internet shopping 98 8.78
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 36 76.49 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 96 57.26
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 79 5.39 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 130 23.15 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Content 92 17.83 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 111 64.12
1.2.1 GitHub commits 113 0.95 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 115 0.32 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 102 50.98 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 114 41.77
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 28 19.05 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 98 47.11
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 91 27.19 3.3.1 E-Participation 122 20.94
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 65 47.15 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 116 41.78
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 86 34.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 91 47.84
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 98 34.99
1.3.4 Computer software spending 126 0.43 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 3 89.99 ●
B. People pillar 91 35.63 D. Impact pillar 107 41.82
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 62 48.35 1st sub-pillar: Economy 90 21.43
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 32 27.02 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 102 2.88
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 45 56.62 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 114 1.49
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 87 49.07 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 79 1.23
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 63 34.44 4.1.4 Domestic market size 40 61.99 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 79 74.61 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 33 59.59 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 123 1.42
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 111 28.92 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 102 52.69
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 87 53.28
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 80 8.34 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 125 30.61 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 80 24.62 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 42 81.81 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 59 74.19
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 75 0.91 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 106 51.33
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 92 29.62 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 50 76.52 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 116 30.85 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 74 11.28 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 124 39.82
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 42 48.56 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 97 61.99
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 59 9.45 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 64 67.05

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

85
 Angola
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 127 27.20 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 123 21.12 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 110 44.38 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 115 10.78
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 133 8.21
0
B. People pillar 120 24.88
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 128 15.54
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 76 42.33
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 118 16.77
C. Governance pillar 127 31.00
1st sub-pillar: Trust 120 17.58
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 114 48.93
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 130 26.50
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 127 31.78
1st sub-pillar: Economy 102 18.26
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 133 22.93
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 98 54.15 Angola Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 123 21.12 C. Governance pillar 127 31.00

1st sub-pillar: Access 110 44.38 1st sub-pillar: Trust 120 17.58
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 106 34.76 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 122 23.70
1.1.2 Handset prices 75 42.88 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 126 11.46
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 71 26.42 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account NA NA
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 110 95.38 3.1.4 Internet shopping NA NA
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 103 64.17 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 114 48.93
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 81 2.70 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 109 34.63
2nd sub-pillar: Content 115 10.78 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 88 72.59 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 126 0.35 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 117 1.82
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 129 0.08 ○ 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 110 42.61 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 58 68.96 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 127 0.10 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 130 26.50
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 133 8.21 3.3.1 E-Participation 128 15.12 ○
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 121 16.41 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 130 12.39 ○
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 132 0.00 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 125 23.08
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 91 55.39
1.3.4 Computer software spending NA NA 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments NA NA
B. People pillar 120 24.88 D. Impact pillar 127 31.78
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 128 15.54 1st sub-pillar: Economy 102 18.26
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 94 2.89 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 106 1.48
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 106 0.00 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 13 48.70 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 120 7.33 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 110 5.34 4.1.4 Domestic market size 64 53.22 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 91 62.15 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 122 5.23
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 128 0.90 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 76 42.33 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 133 22.93
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 118 26.83
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 130 0.00 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 113 7.73 4.2.3 Income inequality 108 29.40
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 74 76.93 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 120 35.51
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 98 54.15
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 118 16.77 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 127 17.18
2.3.1 Government online services 103 41.60 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 85 70.80 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 119 8.32 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 36 78.25 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 113 0.40 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 89 50.37 ●

86 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Argentina
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 61 49.78 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 71 39.53 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 65 65.18 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 60 24.37
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 82 29.04
0
B. People pillar 64 44.28
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 86 42.83
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 66 44.96
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 49 45.07
C. Governance pillar 59 59.48
1st sub-pillar: Trust 69 43.62
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 68 65.12
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 49 69.69
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 53 55.82
1st sub-pillar: Economy 53 33.64
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 63 69.28
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 66 64.54 Argentina Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 71 39.53 C. Governance pillar 59 59.48

1st sub-pillar: Access 65 65.18 1st sub-pillar: Trust 69 43.62
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 50 71.25 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 49 65.53
1.1.2 Handset prices 73 43.99 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 95 49.24 ○
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 27 44.07 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 76 22.93
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 72 99.51 3.1.4 Internet shopping 53 36.76
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 48 74.56 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 68 65.12
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 51 57.73 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 105 35.64 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Content 60 24.37 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 73 82.94
1.2.1 GitHub commits 49 14.91 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 77 35.58
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 57 5.21 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 58 68.49 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 50 71.46
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 49 8.86 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 49 69.69
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 82 29.04 3.3.1 E-Participation 51 63.95
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 51 51.97 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 54 81.47
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 85 34.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 59 64.18
1.3.3 Robot density 40 3.31 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 35 70.43 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 47 26.37 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 53 68.43
B. People pillar 64 44.28 D. Impact pillar 53 55.82
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 86 42.83 1st sub-pillar: Economy 53 33.64
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 43 17.62 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 44 34.21
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 56 54.00 4.1.2 High-tech exports 82 7.78
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 34 75.27 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 5 65.10 4.1.4 Domestic market size 28 68.79 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 81 35.17
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 44 2.15 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 47 22.28
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 66 44.96 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 63 69.28
2.2.1 Firms with website 35 69.09 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 40 72.70 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 62 28.98 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 65 75.00
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 51 36.74 4.2.3 Income inequality 88 52.76 ○
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 29 84.98 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 49 76.66
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 53 5.02 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 66 64.54
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 49 45.07 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 54 73.93
2.3.1 Government online services 38 78.88 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 66 24.86 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 23 57.35 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 85 70.80
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 72 34.85 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 45 76.08
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 60 9.19 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 44 77.02

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

87
 Armenia
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 63 49.36 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 53 44.04 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 62 66.35 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 53 26.75
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 48 39.01
0
B. People pillar 61 45.50
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 55 50.11
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 73 43.21
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 53 43.18
C. Governance pillar 77 51.63
1st sub-pillar: Trust 90 33.96
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 65 65.88
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 83 55.05
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 51 56.28
1st sub-pillar: Economy 70 26.81
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 54 72.56
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 55 69.46 Armenia Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 53 44.04 C. Governance pillar 77 51.63

1st sub-pillar: Access 62 66.35 1st sub-pillar: Trust 90 33.96
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 64 61.49 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 68 51.31
1.1.2 Handset prices 89 37.80 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 94 49.60
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 57 30.40 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 85 17.52
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 75 17.42
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 85 68.42 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 65 65.88
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 63 52.88
2nd sub-pillar: Content 53 26.75 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 53 86.47
1.2.1 GitHub commits 36 27.89 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 41 59.48 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 58 5.19 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 39 72.52 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 67 63.89
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 97 1.39 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 83 55.05
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 48 39.01 3.3.1 E-Participation 64 56.97
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 64 47.72 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 94 55.89
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 51 46.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 71 59.38
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 2 84.45 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 58 23.07 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 120 18.57 ○
B. People pillar 61 45.50 D. Impact pillar 51 56.28
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 55 50.11 1st sub-pillar: Economy 70 26.81
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 89 4.18 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 98 4.90 ○
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 66 48.65 4.1.2 High-tech exports 71 10.56
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 68 62.46 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 53 5.53
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 59 35.56 4.1.4 Domestic market size 108 37.12 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 9 99.71 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 58 44.48
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 9 58.31 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 73 43.21 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 54 72.56
2.2.1 Firms with website 55 55.45 4.2.1 Happiness 81 56.35
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 71 20.64 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 77 69.08
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 75 25.95 4.2.3 Income inequality 14 88.19 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 113 70.79 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 50 76.63
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 55 69.46
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 53 43.18 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 77 67.15
2.3.1 Government online services 63 69.29 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 53 82.30
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 29 56.74 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 52 75.14
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 89 3.53 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 85 53.25

88 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Australia
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 14 70.36 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 18 59.97 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 10 80.05 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 12 55.08
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 36 44.78
0
B. People pillar 13 64.37
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 28 55.68
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 17 68.66
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 13 68.78
C. Governance pillar 8 86.88
1st sub-pillar: Trust 8 87.66
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 9 88.04
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 7 84.96
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 19 70.23
1st sub-pillar: Economy 23 43.75
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 19 82.09
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 15 84.86 Australia High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 18 59.97 C. Governance pillar 8 86.88

1st sub-pillar: Access 10 80.05 1st sub-pillar: Trust 8 87.66
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 32 78.25 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 18 84.53
1.1.2 Handset prices 6 91.51 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 17 97.43
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 46 35.94 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 11 79.37
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 50 99.84 3.1.4 Internet shopping 6 89.30 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 47 74.75 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 9 88.04
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 4 91.14 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 12 55.08 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 11 94.71
1.2.1 GitHub commits 23 51.26 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 22 74.29
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 10 68.89 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 37 72.73 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 33 80.07
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 17 27.44 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 7 84.96
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 36 44.78 3.3.1 E-Participation 2 98.83 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 15 82.33 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 20 96.29
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 24 65.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 9 93.03 ●
1.3.3 Robot density 27 10.74 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 41 69.85
1.3.4 Computer software spending 67 20.28 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 56 66.79
B. People pillar 13 64.37 D. Impact pillar 19 70.23
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 28 55.68 1st sub-pillar: Economy 23 43.75
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 29 28.69 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 49 30.35
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 10 82.28 4.1.2 High-tech exports 17 40.37
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 28 76.54 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 27 31.51
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 3 75.24 4.1.4 Domestic market size 19 71.62
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 12 78.20
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 28 15.67 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 75 10.47 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 17 68.66 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 19 82.09
2.2.1 Firms with website 18 81.87 4.2.1 Happiness 12 87.09
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 50 79.76
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 8 79.39 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 45 72.11
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 12 89.85 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 22 89.42
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 24 23.52 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 15 84.86
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 13 68.78 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 4 96.39 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 7 93.15 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 20 67.32
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 3 98.53 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 20 95.58
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 37 51.21 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 78 68.71 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 21 32.24 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 9 96.29

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

89
 Austria
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 17 69.13 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 16 60.19 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 37 72.68 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 17 49.86
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 16 58.02
0
B. People pillar 16 63.74
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 46 51.71
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 12 72.73
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 15 66.78
C. Governance pillar 15 81.98
1st sub-pillar: Trust 21 77.61
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 15 86.60
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 15 81.73
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 18 70.61
1st sub-pillar: Economy 22 43.79
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 14 84.83
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 20 83.20 Austria High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 16 60.19 C. Governance pillar 15 81.98

1st sub-pillar: Access 37 72.68 1st sub-pillar: Trust 21 77.61
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 15 86.50 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 22 83.21
1.1.2 Handset prices 3 97.37 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 36 93.78
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 103 12.10 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 22 59.89
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 76 99.34 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 20 73.57
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 86 68.07 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 15 86.60
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 20 80.07
2nd sub-pillar: Content 17 49.86 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 38 88.82
1.2.1 GitHub commits 15 60.80 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 13 80.78
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 13 58.08 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 52 70.83 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 24 83.33
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 47 9.73 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 15 81.73
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 16 58.02 3.3.1 E-Participation 21 76.74
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 21 74.59 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 10 98.14 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 26 64.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 23 85.34
1.3.3 Robot density 14 29.87 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 51 68.92
1.3.4 Computer software spending 8 63.38 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 7 79.51 ●
B. People pillar 16 63.74 D. Impact pillar 18 70.61
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 46 51.71 1st sub-pillar: Economy 22 43.79
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 30 28.48 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 19 57.18
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 34 66.53 4.1.2 High-tech exports 38 24.74
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 24 77.52 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 12 53.52 ●
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 15 57.03 4.1.4 Domestic market size 41 61.97
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 79 35.47 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 15 28.97 4.1.6 ICT services exports 30 29.86
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 12 72.73 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 14 84.83
2.2.1 Firms with website 4 94.14 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 13 86.42 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 27 62.56 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 48 80.04
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 24 67.62 4.2.3 Income inequality 24 83.42
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 37 82.49 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 21 89.44
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 7 56.84 ● 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 20 83.20
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 15 66.78 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 26 88.39
2.3.1 Government online services 19 87.04 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 27 64.07
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 17 69.12 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 20 95.58
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 33 53.67 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 28 79.84
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 8 57.31 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 23 88.14

90 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Azerbaijan
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 75 45.57 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 62 41.37 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 72 62.69 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 98 16.46
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 35 44.98
0
B. People pillar 72 42.13
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 89 41.16
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 77 41.98
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 52 43.25
C. Governance pillar 88 48.46
1st sub-pillar: Trust 76 37.95
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 103 55.44
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 90 52.00
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 84 50.30
1st sub-pillar: Economy 81 23.67
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 78 65.77
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 72 61.48 Azerbaijan Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 62 41.37 C. Governance pillar 88 48.46

1st sub-pillar: Access 72 62.69 1st sub-pillar: Trust 76 37.95
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 55 67.28 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 84 45.49
1.1.2 Handset prices 79 41.13 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 48 89.12 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 60 30.16 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 117 6.93 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 40 99.93 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 90 10.25
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 54 73.31 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 103 55.44
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 48 64.32 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 73 48.25
2nd sub-pillar: Content 98 16.46 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 117 59.41 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 74 4.40 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 93 1.38 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 92 57.73 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 102 47.42
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 84 2.31 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 90 52.00
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 35 44.98 3.3.1 E-Participation 89 37.21
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 34 62.72 ● 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 98 54.39
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 23 67.00 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 24 85.10 ●
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 78 62.58
1.3.4 Computer software spending 101 5.21 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 118 20.72 ○
B. People pillar 72 42.13 D. Impact pillar 84 50.30
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 89 41.16 1st sub-pillar: Economy 81 23.67
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 88 4.47 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 83 13.66
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 97 3.56
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 100 36.46 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 85 0.92
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 78 23.97 4.1.4 Domestic market size 74 50.08
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 8 99.72 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 16 70.06 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 103 3.72
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 77 41.98 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 78 65.77
2.2.1 Firms with website 41 65.50 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 89 52.47
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 56 38.07 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 49 79.84
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 59 33.37 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 101 72.85 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 90 65.00
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 87 0.09 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 72 61.48
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 52 43.25 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 87 60.63
2.3.1 Government online services 81 57.11 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 62 27.81
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 88 69.91
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 20 69.05 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 76 69.22
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 88 3.59 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 38 79.80 ●

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

91
 Bahrain
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 51 52.48 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 54 43.90 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 59 67.00 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 93 17.82
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 31 46.87
0
B. People pillar 62 45.18
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 9 61.42
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 98 33.41
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 61 40.71
C. Governance pillar 53 63.45
1st sub-pillar: Trust 62 48.66
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 51 70.80
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 47 70.88
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 47 57.41
1st sub-pillar: Economy 68 27.07
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 29 79.50
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 61 65.66 Bahrain High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 54 43.90 C. Governance pillar 53 63.45

1st sub-pillar: Access 59 67.00 1st sub-pillar: Trust 62 48.66
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 77 56.01 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 73 48.77
1.1.2 Handset prices 50 57.39 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 68 77.47
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 101 13.35 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 46 40.00
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 61 28.38
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 44 75.24 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 51 70.80
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 35 68.78
2nd sub-pillar: Content 93 17.82 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 64 84.12
1.2.1 GitHub commits 60 8.40 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 19 76.36 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 72 3.28 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 88 59.20 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 125 24.72 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 118 0.40 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 47 70.88
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 31 46.87 3.3.1 E-Participation 85 43.03
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 30 65.71 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 66 75.64
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies NA NA 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 14 88.94 ●
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 26 71.55
1.3.4 Computer software spending 45 28.03 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 26 75.26 ●
B. People pillar 62 45.18 D. Impact pillar 47 57.41
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 9 61.42 1st sub-pillar: Economy 68 27.07
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 64 9.99 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 91 10.40
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 24 72.08 4.1.2 High-tech exports 81 7.82
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 2 93.84 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 63 3.21
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 48 41.72 4.1.4 Domestic market size 92 42.98
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 60 89.49 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 25 63.66 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 25 34.35 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 98 33.41 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 29 79.50
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 45 71.06
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 65 26.93 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 6 94.98 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 65 31.21 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 87 74.99 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 67 72.47
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 79 0.51 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 61 65.66
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 61 40.71 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 63 70.70
2.3.1 Government online services 54 72.62 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 76 17.65 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 114 54.87
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 18 70.91 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 126 40.61 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 105 1.64 ○ 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 8 96.47 ●

92 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Bangladesh
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 91 41.04 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 78 38.23 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 58 67.04 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 66 22.90
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 100 24.75
0
B. People pillar 90 35.85
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 101 36.27
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 96 35.17
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 73 36.12
C. Governance pillar 100 45.94
1st sub-pillar: Trust 87 34.28
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 116 46.96
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 80 56.57
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 101 44.14
1st sub-pillar: Economy 88 21.56
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 90 61.31
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 115 49.56 Bangladesh Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 78 38.23 C. Governance pillar 100 45.94

1st sub-pillar: Access 58 67.04 1st sub-pillar: Trust 87 34.28
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 44 72.17 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 97 39.30
1.1.2 Handset prices 108 29.45 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 61 80.94
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 5 71.36 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 97 14.08
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 74 99.44 3.1.4 Internet shopping 119 2.79 ○
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 24 80.53 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 116 46.96
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 52 49.30 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 117 30.50
2nd sub-pillar: Content 66 22.90 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 117 59.41
1.2.1 GitHub commits 97 2.31 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 91 28.83
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 119 0.22 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 65 65.49 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 100 49.40
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 19 23.59 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 80 56.57
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 100 24.75 3.3.1 E-Participation 74 51.16
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 107 27.75 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 53 82.35
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 99 29.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 88 50.00
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 100 25.62 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 75 17.51 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 36 73.73 ●
B. People pillar 90 35.85 D. Impact pillar 101 44.14
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 101 36.27 1st sub-pillar: Economy 88 21.56
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 21 36.94 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 97 6.06
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 77 40.77 4.1.2 High-tech exports 127 0.31 ○
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 106 22.78 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 91 15.10 4.1.4 Domestic market size 24 69.84 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 88 65.74 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 103 24.42
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 90 7.18
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 96 35.17 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 90 61.31
2.2.1 Firms with website 98 18.83 4.2.1 Happiness 124 19.62 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 43 81.56 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 110 9.07 4.2.3 Income inequality 32 76.88 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 69 77.59 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 84 67.17
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 115 49.56
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 73 36.12 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 109 36.88
2.3.1 Government online services 74 61.55 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 86 11.76 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 127 28.32 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 71 35.04 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 15 82.30 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 88 50.75

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

93
 Belgium
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 21 67.02 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 21 57.11 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 36 72.75 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 23 45.17
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 21 53.41
0
B. People pillar 20 59.10
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 90 41.13
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 4 78.33
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 21 57.84
C. Governance pillar 23 79.40
1st sub-pillar: Trust 14 82.15
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 24 81.79
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 39 74.27
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 13 72.47
1st sub-pillar: Economy 21 45.60
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 8 87.67
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 17 84.14 Belgium High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 21 57.11 C. Governance pillar 23 79.40

1st sub-pillar: Access 36 72.75 1st sub-pillar: Trust 14 82.15
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 28 80.45 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 28 80.55
1.1.2 Handset prices 32 69.58 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 26 96.18
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 104 12.03 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 13 73.15 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 16 78.72
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 49 74.45 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 24 81.79
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 22 79.93
2nd sub-pillar: Content 23 45.17 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 26 92.94
1.2.1 GitHub commits 17 57.73 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 8 82.34 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 17 47.69 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 80 62.20 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 16 87.07
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 39 13.05 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 39 74.27
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 21 53.41 3.3.1 E-Participation 82 44.18 ○
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies NA NA 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 23 95.02
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 21 67.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 25 84.62
1.3.3 Robot density 15 29.47 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 45 69.45
1.3.4 Computer software spending 10 63.25 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 10 78.08 ●
B. People pillar 20 59.10 D. Impact pillar 13 72.47
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 90 41.13 1st sub-pillar: Economy 21 45.60
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 62 10.21 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 18 57.40
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 42 57.43 4.1.2 High-tech exports 26 33.02
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 29 76.44 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 17 45.05
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 22 52.76 4.1.4 Domestic market size 36 63.80
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy NA NA
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 37 8.80 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 32 28.74
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 4 78.33 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 8 87.67
2.2.1 Firms with website 7 89.09 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 18 83.78
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 8 79.53 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 30 85.77
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 12 75.62 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 5 92.96 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 27 85.31 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 26 88.15
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 5 62.12 ● 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 17 84.14
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 21 57.84 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 15 93.69
2.3.1 Government online services 67 65.73 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 19 67.69
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 27 50.00 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech NA NA 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 64 72.54
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 6 57.79 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 28 86.75

94 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Benin
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 111 33.87 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 121 22.49 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 114 42.56 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 118 7.39
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 120 17.52
0
B. People pillar 113 27.88
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 127 17.33
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 88 36.91
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 93 29.39
C. Governance pillar 90 48.29
1st sub-pillar: Trust 86 34.30
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 62 66.89
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 107 43.67
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 117 36.81
1st sub-pillar: Economy 105 17.41
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 114 48.07
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 121 44.96 Benin Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 121 22.49 C. Governance pillar 90 48.29

1st sub-pillar: Access 114 42.56 1st sub-pillar: Trust 86 34.30
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 120 21.44 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 123 22.89
1.1.2 Handset prices 111 27.99 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 64 79.71 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 114 6.45 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 62 30.59 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 122 92.27 3.1.4 Internet shopping 114 4.03
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 99 64.66 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 62 66.89
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 93 39.85
2nd sub-pillar: Content 118 7.39 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 110 64.71
1.2.1 GitHub commits 115 0.88 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 62 44.68 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 114 0.33 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 117 26.89 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 20 85.19 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 96 1.45 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 107 43.67
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 120 17.52 3.3.1 E-Participation 98 32.56
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 110 26.30 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 89 58.72
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 116 22.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 113 29.57
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 103 4.26 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 84 53.85 ●
B. People pillar 113 27.88 D. Impact pillar 117 36.81
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 127 17.33 1st sub-pillar: Economy 105 17.41
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 91 3.34 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 72 44.85 4.1.2 High-tech exports 89 4.77
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 122 6.74 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 88 0.77
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 109 5.65 4.1.4 Domestic market size 105 37.92
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 103 26.05 ○ 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 60 43.60 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 134 0.00 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 88 36.91 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 114 48.07
2.2.1 Firms with website 88 33.27 4.2.1 Happiness 111 34.69
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 103 56.50
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 117 5.39 4.2.3 Income inequality 65 63.32 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 103 72.07 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 118 37.78
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 121 44.96
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 93 29.39 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 129 16.39 ○
2.3.1 Government online services 94 47.45 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 96 7.35 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 69 76.99 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 79 33.36 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 107 56.29
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 123 30.17 ○

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

95
 Bolivia
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 97 39.35 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 105 27.60 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 99 49.42 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 114 11.43
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 105 21.93
0
B. People pillar 67 43.53
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 24 56.74
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 59 47.18
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 99 26.66
C. Governance pillar 120 35.73
1st sub-pillar: Trust 116 20.60
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 122 38.11
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 95 48.47
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 82 50.54
1st sub-pillar: Economy 117 14.91
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 72 66.85
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 52 69.87 Bolivia Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 105 27.60 C. Governance pillar 120 35.73

1st sub-pillar: Access 99 49.42 1st sub-pillar: Trust 116 20.60
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 91 47.23 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 91 42.48
1.1.2 Handset prices 105 30.40 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 123 14.66
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 24 46.20 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 102 12.41
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 109 95.60 3.1.4 Internet shopping 83 12.86
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 76 69.60 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 122 38.11
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 75 7.52 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 128 23.53 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Content 114 11.43 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 111 64.12
1.2.1 GitHub commits 88 3.20 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 115 3.38 ○
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 95 1.09 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 121 33.33 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 112 40.40 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 64 66.21 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 103 1.04 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 95 48.47
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 105 21.93 3.3.1 E-Participation 102 30.24
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 106 27.75 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 106 49.89
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 129 12.00 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 115 28.37
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 83 60.43
1.3.4 Computer software spending 50 26.05 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 37 73.42 ●
B. People pillar 67 43.53 D. Impact pillar 82 50.54
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 24 56.74 1st sub-pillar: Economy 117 14.91
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 85 11.38
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 99 21.63 4.1.2 High-tech exports 79 8.00
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 77 56.99 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment NA NA 4.1.4 Domestic market size 86 46.02
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 58 91.61 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 123 4.94 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 101 4.20
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 59 47.18 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 72 66.85
2.2.1 Firms with website 65 46.10 4.2.1 Happiness 61 66.52 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 42 81.63 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 89 18.21 4.2.3 Income inequality 84 55.53
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 70 77.25 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 91 63.74
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 52 69.87
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 99 26.66 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 84 63.05
2.3.1 Government online services 95 46.87 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 61 26.47 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 44 84.07 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 122 6.64 ○ 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 71 71.10 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 75 61.26 ●

96 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 92 40.06 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 104 27.61 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 95 53.64 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 102 15.13
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 128 14.08
0
B. People pillar 97 33.20
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 91 41.03
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 71 43.51
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 123 15.06
C. Governance pillar 73 53.85
1st sub-pillar: Trust 84 34.48
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 69 64.87
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 64 62.22
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 95 45.59
1st sub-pillar: Economy 100 18.47
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 68 68.01
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 112 50.28 Bosnia and Herzegovina Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 104 27.61 C. Governance pillar 73 53.85

1st sub-pillar: Access 95 53.64 1st sub-pillar: Trust 84 34.48
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 85 51.47 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 52 64.22 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 85 39.21 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 109 28.20
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 96 14.89 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 104 10.71
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 57 99.67 3.1.4 Internet shopping 56 34.79 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 109 62.95 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 69 64.87
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 79 45.57
2nd sub-pillar: Content 102 15.13 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 34 89.41 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 63 7.57 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 107 17.14
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 71 3.43 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 104 47.10 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 48 72.23 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 82 2.40 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 64 62.22
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 128 14.08 3.3.1 E-Participation 71 52.33
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 96 33.05 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 80 65.63
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 125 17.00 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 75 54.33
1.3.3 Robot density 53 0.32 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 76 63.78
1.3.4 Computer software spending 97 5.95 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 28 75.01 ●
B. People pillar 97 33.20 D. Impact pillar 95 45.59
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 91 41.03 1st sub-pillar: Economy 100 18.47
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 105 1.52 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 72 19.23
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 88 29.58 4.1.2 High-tech exports 74 9.40
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 85 52.00 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 66 2.61
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 77 24.64 4.1.4 Domestic market size 101 39.44
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 30 97.41 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 109 21.80
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 54 18.33 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 71 43.51 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 68 68.01
2.2.1 Firms with website 38 67.70 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 71 63.17
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 58 36.37 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 89 63.98
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 52 36.62 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 90 74.82 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 48 76.87 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 63 2.03 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 112 50.28
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 123 15.06 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 89 59.55
2.3.1 Government online services 100 43.61 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 60 27.97
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 91 8.82 ○ 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 60 78.76
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 124 4.51 ○ 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 112 52.89
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 90 3.29 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 121 32.25 ○

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

97
 Botswana
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
Network Readiness Index 110 34.38 NRI
100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 115 25.75 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 96 52.38 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 121 2.35
20
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 102 22.52 Impact Technology
0
B. People pillar 108 29.88
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 93 40.81
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 99 32.55
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 119 16.29
C. Governance pillar 92 47.48
1st sub-pillar: Trust 81 35.45
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 59 67.08
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 114 39.92
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 124 34.39
1st sub-pillar: Economy 123 12.79
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 129 34.39
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 90 56.00 Botswana Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 115 25.75 C. Governance pillar 92 47.48

1st sub-pillar: Access 96 52.38 1st sub-pillar: Trust 81 35.45
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 94 45.84 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 87 43.84
1.1.2 Handset prices 76 42.82 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 93 52.23
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 122 3.43 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 50 36.21 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 76 99.34 3.1.4 Internet shopping 92 9.51
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 72 70.49 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 59 67.08
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 43 63.48 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 121 2.35 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 86 74.12
1.2.1 GitHub commits 107 1.51 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 102 22.34
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 86 1.60 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 120 5.60 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 38 75.47 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 109 0.69 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 114 39.92
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 102 22.52 3.3.1 E-Participation 128 15.12 ○
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 109 26.73 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 96 54.46
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 97 30.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 123 23.56
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 96 44.00
1.3.4 Computer software spending 90 10.09 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 69 62.45 ●
B. People pillar 108 29.88 D. Impact pillar 124 34.39
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 93 40.81 1st sub-pillar: Economy 123 12.79
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 111 1.08 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 57 26.46 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 30 68.39 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 125 0.35
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 97 37.73 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 93 14.85 4.1.4 Domestic market size 113 36.53
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 72 82.01 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 118 11.92
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 120 1.48
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 99 32.55 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 129 34.39
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 123 20.14
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 70 21.87 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 95 60.72
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 58 33.54 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 111 24.37
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 102 72.36 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 127 32.31
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 62 2.41 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 90 56.00
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 119 16.29 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 107 41.65
2.3.1 Government online services 128 19.76 ○ 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 97 5.88 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 119 48.67
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 91 29.60 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 34 78.40 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 58 9.93 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 82 55.29

98 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Brazil
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
Network Readiness Index 44 54.67 NRI
100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 45 47.01 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 28 75.17 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 40 34.60
20
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 72 31.25 Impact Technology
0
B. People pillar 41 50.31
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 85 42.87
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 36 58.16
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 34 49.90
C. Governance pillar 42 68.72
1st sub-pillar: Trust 52 55.06
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 47 72.20
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 24 78.91
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 72 52.64
1st sub-pillar: Economy 61 30.62
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 91 61.16
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 59 66.13 Brazil Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 45 47.01 C. Governance pillar 42 68.72

1st sub-pillar: Access 28 75.17 1st sub-pillar: Trust 52 55.06
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 57 66.93 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 54 64.09
1.1.2 Handset prices 25 71.76 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 25 96.54
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 3 72.61 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 79 19.93
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 101 97.36 3.1.4 Internet shopping 51 39.66
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 25 80.31 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 47 72.20
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 50 62.04 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 77 47.10
2nd sub-pillar: Content 40 34.60 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 14 94.12 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 47 16.95 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 59 45.97
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 53 6.16 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 38 72.65 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 43 73.81
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 8 42.62 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 24 78.91
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 72 31.25 3.3.1 E-Participation 11 89.53 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 46 55.65 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 41 88.16
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 67 39.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 50 67.55
1.3.3 Robot density 44 2.17 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 16 74.03 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 44 28.19 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 25 75.26
B. People pillar 41 50.31 D. Impact pillar 72 52.64
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 85 42.87 1st sub-pillar: Economy 61 30.62
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 17 38.20 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 33 44.02
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 95 24.98 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 55 16.08
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 64 66.37 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 51 5.68
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 62 35.00 4.1.4 Domestic market size 8 79.89 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 56 92.22 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 94 29.36
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 46 0.43 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 85 8.72
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 36 58.16 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 91 61.16
2.2.1 Firms with website 58 54.16 4.2.1 Happiness 42 72.62
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 38 53.48 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 62 75.76
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 57 34.40 4.2.3 Income inequality 110 25.38 ○
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 9 90.60 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 73 70.87
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 59 66.13
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 34 49.90 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 49 76.58
2.3.1 Government online services 14 88.55 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 65 26.91 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 20 61.76 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 60 78.76
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 95 28.44 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 69 71.60
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 34 20.86 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 46 76.80

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

99
 Bulgaria
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 53 52.18 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 58 42.69 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 51 69.38 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 46 29.60
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 81 29.10
0
B. People pillar 55 46.33
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 50 51.09
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 61 46.54
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 56 41.36
C. Governance pillar 45 66.87
1st sub-pillar: Trust 55 53.39
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 31 78.91
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 52 68.30
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 71 52.81
1st sub-pillar: Economy 40 36.22
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 88 61.92
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 78 60.30 Bulgaria Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 58 42.69 C. Governance pillar 45 66.87

1st sub-pillar: Access 51 69.38 1st sub-pillar: Trust 55 53.39
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 45 72.16 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 14 86.02 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 52 56.21 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 84 66.81
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 38 38.86 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 93 16.23 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 22 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 47 44.48
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 27 79.65 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 31 78.91
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 48 59.73
2nd sub-pillar: Content 46 29.60 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 14 94.12 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 37 26.38 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 41 59.48
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 40 15.27 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 48 71.28 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 29 81.25 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 68 5.48 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 52 68.30
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 81 29.10 3.3.1 E-Participation 29 73.25 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 60 48.94 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 77 67.26
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 50 46.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 36 78.12
1.3.3 Robot density 43 2.35 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 64 67.43
1.3.4 Computer software spending 74 18.61 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 79 55.45
B. People pillar 55 46.33 D. Impact pillar 71 52.81
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 50 51.09 1st sub-pillar: Economy 40 36.22
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 59 10.65 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 48 30.52
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 60 51.60 4.1.2 High-tech exports 44 20.24
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 70 61.58 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 47 7.20
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 26 49.06 4.1.4 Domestic market size 69 51.12
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 27 97.84 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 24 63.95 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 9 35.84 ● 4.1.6 ICT services exports 18 44.28 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 61 46.54 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 88 61.92
2.2.1 Firms with website 61 49.01 4.2.1 Happiness 82 56.28
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 52 43.79 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 94 61.05 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 43 48.67 4.2.3 Income inequality 79 56.53
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 62 78.19 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 60 73.83
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 39 13.05 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 78 60.30
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 56 41.36 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 69 68.14
2.3.1 Government online services 64 67.86 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 49 37.78
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 41 38.24 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 39 86.73
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 50 45.63 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 93 64.09 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 47 13.70 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 105 44.76 ○

100 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Burkina Faso
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 129 26.63 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 134 12.14 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 133 26.26 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 129 0.63
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 131 9.52
0
B. People pillar 123 24.29
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 133 9.32
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 65 45.03
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 116 18.50
C. Governance pillar 121 35.29
1st sub-pillar: Trust 115 21.17
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 77 62.61
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 132 22.10
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 122 34.79
1st sub-pillar: Economy 121 13.46
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 123 40.59
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 111 50.34 Burkina Faso Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 134 12.14 C. Governance pillar 121 35.29

1st sub-pillar: Access 133 26.26 1st sub-pillar: Trust 115 21.17
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 127 10.18 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 131 13.67 ○
1.1.2 Handset prices 128 14.65 ○ 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 100 38.92
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 124 0.88 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 68 27.27 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 130 73.79 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 110 4.82
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 121 57.82 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 77 62.61
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 82 0.23 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 95 39.05 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 129 0.63 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 58 84.71 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 132 0.09 ○ 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 131 0.05 ○ 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 81 60.00 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 91 1.76 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 132 22.10
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 131 9.52 3.3.1 E-Participation 122 20.94
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 126 2.44 ○ 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 109 46.40
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 111 24.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 132 8.41 ○
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 105 0.00 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 114 2.13 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 107 34.76
B. People pillar 123 24.29 D. Impact pillar 122 34.79
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 133 9.32 1st sub-pillar: Economy 121 13.46
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 118 0.31 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 93 3.85 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 124 6.06 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 115 4.60 4.1.4 Domestic market size 103 38.86
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 102 26.32 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 114 15.99
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 86 8.59 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 65 45.03 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 123 40.59
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 99 42.46
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 119 44.86
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 94 17.14 4.2.3 Income inequality 102 39.45
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 99 72.92 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 119 35.57
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 111 50.34
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 116 18.50 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 124 24.54
2.3.1 Government online services 117 30.70 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 72 20.59 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 71 75.22 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 106 18.40 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 86 66.98 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 85 4.32 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 119 34.61

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

101
 Burundi
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 134 20.62 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 130 16.84 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 134 20.85 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 105 14.22
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 126 15.43
0
B. People pillar 128 17.72
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 126 17.60
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 129 18.35
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 117 17.21
C. Governance pillar 134 16.27
1st sub-pillar: Trust 134 8.38
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 134 25.74
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 134 14.69
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 128 31.66
1st sub-pillar: Economy 127 11.40
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 121 42.75
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 129 40.82 Burundi Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 130 16.84 C. Governance pillar 134 16.27

1st sub-pillar: Access 134 20.85 1st sub-pillar: Trust 134 8.38
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 132 5.29 ○ 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 129 16.76 ○
1.1.2 Handset prices 132 0.00 ○ 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 133 0.00 ○
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 123 2.29 3.1.3 Online access to financial account NA NA
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 131 70.76 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping NA NA
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 131 46.78 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 134 25.74
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 84 0.00 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 125 27.37
2nd sub-pillar: Content 105 14.22 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 126 54.94
1.2.1 GitHub commits 129 0.21 ○ 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 82 33.25
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 128 0.09 ○ 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 129 0.00 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 108 46.13 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 132 13.12 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 45 10.46 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 134 14.69
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 126 15.43 3.3.1 E-Participation 98 32.56
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 118 17.31 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 131 0.00 ○
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 112 23.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 119 26.20
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 105 0.00 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 99 5.48 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments NA NA
B. People pillar 128 17.72 D. Impact pillar 128 31.66
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 126 17.60 1st sub-pillar: Economy 127 11.40
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 121 0.00 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 103 2.62
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 130 0.06 ○
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 129 2.74 ○ 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 123 2.18 4.1.4 Domestic market size 131 18.98 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 89 65.47 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 91 30.81
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 99 4.53
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 129 18.35 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 121 42.75
2.2.1 Firms with website 99 18.60 4.2.1 Happiness 119 26.46
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 76 10.90 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 118 45.24
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 128 0.00 ○ 4.2.3 Income inequality 71 61.31
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 119 61.81 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 117 37.99
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 80 0.46 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 129 40.82
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 117 17.21 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 122 26.46
2.3.1 Government online services 124 26.79 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 98 66.37
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 103 21.19 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 119 44.36
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 87 3.66 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 126 26.06

102 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Cabo Verde
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 95 39.70 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 116 25.21 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 111 44.18 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 123 1.64
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 76 29.82
0
B. People pillar 83 39.17
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 100 36.64
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 63 45.51
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 76 35.35
C. Governance pillar 91 47.55
1st sub-pillar: Trust 103 28.63
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 58 67.27
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 100 46.77
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 91 46.88
1st sub-pillar: Economy 128 11.04
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 92 60.31
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 56 69.29 Cabo Verde Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 116 25.21 C. Governance pillar 91 47.55

1st sub-pillar: Access 111 44.18 1st sub-pillar: Trust 103 28.63
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 107 33.07 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 94 40.97
1.1.2 Handset prices 66 46.80 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 121 16.29
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 119 4.51 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account NA NA
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 99 97.89 3.1.4 Internet shopping NA NA
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 127 53.67 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 58 67.27
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 63 29.14 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 56 55.78 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 123 1.64 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 84 76.12
1.2.1 GitHub commits 94 2.66 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 86 31.43
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 80 2.25 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 45 73.00 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 131 0.01 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 100 46.77
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 76 29.82 3.3.1 E-Participation 115 23.26
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 103 29.74 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments NA NA
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 86 34.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 87 50.48
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 70 66.56
1.3.4 Computer software spending 53 25.72 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments NA NA
B. People pillar 83 39.17 D. Impact pillar 91 46.88
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 100 36.64 1st sub-pillar: Economy 128 11.04
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 116 0.47 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 90 10.59
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 118 1.13
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 92 44.57 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 95 14.10 4.1.4 Domestic market size 134 0.00 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 63 87.41 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 84 34.01
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 81 9.47
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 63 45.51 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 92 60.31
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness NA NA
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices NA NA
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 83 23.40 4.2.3 Income inequality 90 51.76
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 117 67.61 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 77 68.87 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 56 69.29
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 76 35.35 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 76 67.38 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 97 44.35 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 56 80.53 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 99 26.35 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 24 80.27 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 95 48.98

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

103
 Cambodia
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 108 35.64 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 98 31.23 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 102 49.07 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 85 18.59
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 97 26.03
0
B. People pillar 104 30.22
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 81 43.42
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 120 24.31
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 106 22.92
C. Governance pillar 122 34.88
1st sub-pillar: Trust 121 17.32
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 118 44.27
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 108 43.06
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 94 46.23
1st sub-pillar: Economy 114 15.44
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 84 62.76
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 76 60.48 Cambodia Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 98 31.23 C. Governance pillar 122 34.88

1st sub-pillar: Access 102 49.07 1st sub-pillar: Trust 121 17.32
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 86 49.82 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 93 41.95
1.1.2 Handset prices 106 30.39 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 118 17.70
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 35 39.57 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 121 5.27 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 102 97.27 3.1.4 Internet shopping 112 4.34
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 74 70.32 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 118 44.27
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 76 7.06 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 108 35.05
2nd sub-pillar: Content 85 18.59 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 113 63.53
1.2.1 GitHub commits 99 2.10 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 87 30.91
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 110 0.42 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 55 70.14 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 124 25.18 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 93 1.70 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 108 43.06
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 97 26.03 3.3.1 E-Participation 106 26.75
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 100 32.06 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 113 43.37
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 55 43.75 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 94 45.19
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 62 67.50 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 113 2.28 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 110 32.51
B. People pillar 104 30.22 D. Impact pillar 94 46.23
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 81 43.42 1st sub-pillar: Economy 114 15.44
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 31 27.84 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 92 3.89
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 73 60.90 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 105 6.92 4.1.4 Domestic market size 91 43.14
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 73 78.03 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 97 27.62
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 109 2.57
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 120 24.31 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 84 62.76
2.2.1 Firms with website 101 16.98 4.2.1 Happiness 109 35.30
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 67 24.05 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 5 95.15 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 118 5.20 ○ 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 88 74.91 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 98 57.83
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 82 0.38 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 76 60.48
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 106 22.92 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 97 53.95
2.3.1 Government online services 112 35.69 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 76 73.45 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 87 31.13 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 95 63.29
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 103 1.95 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 86 51.22

104 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Cameroon
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 118 31.09 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 119 23.29 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 132 26.62 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 100 16.18
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 92 27.08
0
B. People pillar 109 28.46
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 113 27.96
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 97 35.16
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 108 22.26
C. Governance pillar 119 35.79
1st sub-pillar: Trust 109 24.13
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 107 53.23
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 127 30.00
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 118 36.81
1st sub-pillar: Economy 67 27.07
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 122 42.36
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 128 40.99 Cameroon Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 119 23.29 C. Governance pillar 119 35.79

1st sub-pillar: Access 132 26.62 1st sub-pillar: Trust 109 24.13
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 114 27.66 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 124 22.37
1.1.2 Handset prices 116 24.45 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 97 44.67
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 91 17.96 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 72 24.15 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 134 0.00 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 107 5.31
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 108 63.02 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 107 53.23
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 121 28.76
2nd sub-pillar: Content 100 16.18 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 100 68.24
1.2.1 GitHub commits 109 1.38 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 96 24.94
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 104 0.64 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 97 55.39 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 111 44.23
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 59 7.32 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 127 30.00
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 92 27.08 3.3.1 E-Participation 106 26.75
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 93 36.36 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 115 41.96
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 90 33.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 122 24.76
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 101 22.14 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 85 11.64 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 108 34.43
B. People pillar 109 28.46 D. Impact pillar 118 36.81
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 113 27.96 1st sub-pillar: Economy 67 27.07
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 113 0.75 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 63 50.11 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 64 12.50 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 116 10.85 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 78 1.33
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 104 7.79 4.1.4 Domestic market size 85 46.39 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 84 70.28 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 41 56.10 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 51 19.03 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 97 35.16 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 122 42.36
2.2.1 Firms with website 102 15.13 4.2.1 Happiness 97 43.89
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 113 49.92
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 102 13.23 4.2.3 Income inequality 101 41.21
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 73 77.12 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 123 34.42
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 128 40.99
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 108 22.26 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 123 26.36
2.3.1 Government online services 114 32.76 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 99 4.41 ○ 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 121 43.36
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 90 29.62 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 81 67.85 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 125 26.38 ○

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

105
 Canada
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 11 71.99 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 7 67.69 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 26 75.51 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 5 66.39
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 13 61.16
0
B. People pillar 17 62.84
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 39 52.88
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 23 64.28
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 10 71.36
C. Governance pillar 9 86.48
1st sub-pillar: Trust 9 86.11
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 13 87.15
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 5 86.17
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 15 70.95
1st sub-pillar: Economy 20 46.25
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 18 82.30
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 16 84.30 Canada High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 7 67.69 C. Governance pillar 9 86.48

1st sub-pillar: Access 26 75.51 1st sub-pillar: Trust 9 86.11
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 36 75.88 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 17 84.53
1.1.2 Handset prices 12 81.43 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 13 97.63
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 30 42.64 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 10 81.53 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 46 99.90 3.1.4 Internet shopping 14 80.76
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 31 77.70 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 13 87.15
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 12 86.13
2nd sub-pillar: Content 5 66.39 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 53 86.47 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 5 95.55 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 16 79.22
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 11 64.71 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 41 72.43 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 23 83.95
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 14 32.87 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 5 86.17
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 13 61.16 3.3.1 E-Participation 14 82.55
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 11 85.04 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 19 96.33
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 20 68.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 15 88.70
1.3.3 Robot density 16 26.98 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 5 64.36 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 12 77.09
B. People pillar 17 62.84 D. Impact pillar 15 70.95
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 39 52.88 1st sub-pillar: Economy 20 46.25
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 38 19.99 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 34 42.85
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 15 79.47 4.1.2 High-tech exports 35 26.91
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 11 81.13 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 24 33.28
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 25 51.83 4.1.4 Domestic market size 15 74.80
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 9 81.98 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 11 31.97 4.1.6 ICT services exports 55 17.68 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 23 64.28 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 18 82.30
2.2.1 Firms with website 8 86.41 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 15 84.91
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 36 54.57 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 56 77.18 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 25 66.75 4.2.3 Income inequality 33 76.63
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 7 91.75 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 16 90.48
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 28 21.91 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 16 84.30
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 10 71.36 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 1 100.00 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 27 83.47 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 7 74.55
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 1 100.00 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 13 74.16 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 116 50.36 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 25 27.79 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 7 96.57 ●

106 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Chad
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 133 20.82 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 133 12.18 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 131 28.40 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 134 0.07
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 134 8.06
0
B. People pillar 133 13.73
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 134 6.37
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 121 23.49
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 130 11.32
C. Governance pillar 129 28.10
1st sub-pillar: Trust 126 15.07
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 132 29.36
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 115 39.86
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 130 29.27
1st sub-pillar: Economy 126 11.41
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 118 44.72
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 133 31.68 Chad Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 133 12.18 C. Governance pillar 129 28.10

1st sub-pillar: Access 131 28.40 1st sub-pillar: Trust 126 15.07
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 134 0.00 ○ 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 134 0.00 ○
1.1.2 Handset prices 132 0.00 ○ 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 99 39.39
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions NA NA 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 89 16.73
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 126 85.83 3.1.4 Internet shopping 113 4.16
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 124 56.16 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 132 29.36
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 84 0.00 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 129 23.51 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Content 134 0.07 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 128 52.59 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 134 0.00 ○ 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 111 8.31
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 130 0.05 ○ 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 129 0.00 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 71 62.39
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 125 0.15 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 115 39.86
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 134 8.06 3.3.1 E-Participation 102 30.24
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 125 3.37 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 83 64.74
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 127 12.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 133 0.00 ○
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending NA NA 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 63 64.45
B. People pillar 133 13.73 D. Impact pillar 130 29.27
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 134 6.37 1st sub-pillar: Economy 126 11.41
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 114 0.58 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 86 30.93 4.1.2 High-tech exports NA NA
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 134 0.00 ○ 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 129 0.36 4.1.4 Domestic market size 125 31.64
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 106 0.00 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 119 10.76
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 104 3.23
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 121 23.49 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 118 44.72
2.2.1 Firms with website 112 0.00 4.2.1 Happiness 104 38.02
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 112 50.75
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 127 0.18 4.2.3 Income inequality 63 64.07
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 115 70.28 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 130 26.04 ○
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 133 31.68
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 130 11.32 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 133 0.00 ○
2.3.1 Government online services 129 19.61 ○ 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 115 52.21
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 117 9.12 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 55 74.49
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 76 5.23 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 133 0.00 ○

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

107
 Chile
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 48 53.18 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 60 41.47 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 70 63.70 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 67 22.76
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 50 37.93
0
B. People pillar 52 46.78
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 40 52.76
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 68 44.56
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 54 43.00
C. Governance pillar 43 68.65
1st sub-pillar: Trust 47 59.81
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 40 75.51
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 48 70.64
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 52 55.82
1st sub-pillar: Economy 65 28.32
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 62 69.30
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 53 69.85 Chile HIgh-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 60 41.47 C. Governance pillar 43 68.65

1st sub-pillar: Access 70 63.70 1st sub-pillar: Trust 47 59.81
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 49 71.57 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 40 75.46
1.1.2 Handset prices 58 52.99 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 81 68.28
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 26 44.42 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 47 39.41
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 93 98.31 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 40 56.09
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 23 80.55 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 40 75.51
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 59 34.35 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 31 71.14
2nd sub-pillar: Content 67 22.76 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 41 88.24
1.2.1 GitHub commits 56 8.96 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 51 50.39
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 46 9.58 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 71 64.50 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 60 67.81
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 55 8.01 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 48 70.64
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 50 37.93 3.3.1 E-Participation 43 68.61
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 36 61.55 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 11 97.84 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 69 38.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 54 66.35
1.3.3 Robot density 52 0.57 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 74 65.12
1.3.4 Computer software spending 21 51.12 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 81 55.27
B. People pillar 52 46.78 D. Impact pillar 52 55.82
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 40 52.76 1st sub-pillar: Economy 65 28.32
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 25 32.37 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 54 28.72
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 68 46.86 4.1.2 High-tech exports 41 22.32
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 16 79.86 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 36 12.30
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 12 60.04 4.1.4 Domestic market size 44 61.57
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 38 95.96 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 65 40.41
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 45 1.50 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 98 4.58 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 68 44.56 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 62 69.30
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 32 75.56
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 54 42.98 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 76 69.72
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 45 47.45 4.2.3 Income inequality 96 45.48 ○
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 30 84.77 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 30 86.45 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 60 3.05 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 53 69.85
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 54 43.00 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 30 84.45 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 30 80.99 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 45 42.32
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 31 47.06 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 83 71.68
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 64 38.06 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 59 73.99
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 73 5.89 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 45 76.81

108 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

China
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 20 67.31 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 20 57.89 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 1 89.25 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 39 35.29
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 26 49.15
0
B. People pillar 5 70.46
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 6 68.41
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 6 76.81
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 16 66.15
C. Governance pillar 35 71.96
1st sub-pillar: Trust 27 73.82
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 84 61.91
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 19 80.15
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 21 68.92
1st sub-pillar: Economy 4 64.44
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 51 73.05
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 57 69.25 China Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 20 57.89 C. Governance pillar 35 71.96

1st sub-pillar: Access 1 89.25 1st sub-pillar: Trust 27 73.82
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 40 75.27 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 64 54.70
1.1.2 Handset prices 37 66.69 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 40 92.40
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 1 100.00 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 28 55.81
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 28 99.97 3.1.4 Internet shopping 3 92.37 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 3 94.98 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 84 61.91
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 32 98.56 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 87 42.52
2nd sub-pillar: Content 39 35.29 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 120 57.65 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 106 1.76 ○ 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 7 83.90
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 63 4.10 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 123 25.49 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 1 100.00 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 19 80.15
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 26 49.15 3.3.1 E-Participation 13 86.04
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies NA NA 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 51 83.52
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 33 59.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 3 97.12 ●
1.3.3 Robot density 5 53.67 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 42 69.81
1.3.4 Computer software spending 27 34.02 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 64 64.25
B. People pillar 5 70.46 D. Impact pillar 21 68.92
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 6 68.41 1st sub-pillar: Economy 4 64.44
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 1 100.00 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 13 60.86
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 10 54.10
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 61 67.74 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 14 52.81
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 49 41.09 4.1.4 Domestic market size 1 100.00 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 36 96.11 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 1 100.00 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 8 37.12 4.1.6 ICT services exports 52 18.90
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 6 76.81 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 51 73.05
2.2.1 Firms with website 42 65.39 4.2.1 Happiness 68 65.29
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 3 95.82 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 37 83.25
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment NA NA 4.2.3 Income inequality 68 62.31
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 2 98.94 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 41 81.36
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 13 47.11 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 57 69.25
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 16 66.15 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 27 88.24
2.3.1 Government online services 15 87.58 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 1 100.00 ●
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 49 33.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 93 69.03
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 1 100.00 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 109 54.48 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 14 43.21 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 120 34.51 ○

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

109
 Colombia
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 65 48.28 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 66 40.40 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 75 62.07 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 56 25.35
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 63 33.79
0
B. People pillar 60 45.51
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 63 48.24
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 70 43.52
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 50 44.78
C. Governance pillar 70 54.65
1st sub-pillar: Trust 79 36.26
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 57 67.44
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 70 60.24
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 73 52.55
1st sub-pillar: Economy 73 25.84
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 87 62.05
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 54 69.76 Colombia Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 66 40.40 C. Governance pillar 70 54.65

1st sub-pillar: Access 75 62.07 1st sub-pillar: Trust 79 36.26
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 87 49.21 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 78 47.91
1.1.2 Handset prices 57 53.51 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 88 63.08
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 23 46.63 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 86 17.15
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 76 16.89
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 14 84.88 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 57 67.44
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 58 38.18 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 57 54.57
2nd sub-pillar: Content 56 25.35 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 58 84.71
1.2.1 GitHub commits 64 7.49 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 55 48.05
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 38 16.00 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 73 64.03 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 98 49.88 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 37 13.89 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 70 60.24
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 63 33.79 3.3.1 E-Participation 37 70.93
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 67 46.99 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 95 55.54
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 68 38.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 78 53.85
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 11 75.22 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 79 15.63 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 97 45.66 ○
B. People pillar 60 45.51 D. Impact pillar 73 52.55
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 63 48.24 1st sub-pillar: Economy 73 25.84
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 33 24.55 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 60 24.82
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 39 59.72 4.1.2 High-tech exports 58 14.64
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 46 69.70 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 56 4.96
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 56 36.71 4.1.4 Domestic market size 31 66.61 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 47 94.04 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 81 35.17
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 42 4.72 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 84 8.84
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 70 43.52 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 87 62.05
2.2.1 Firms with website 34 69.30 4.2.1 Happiness 64 65.83
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 22 66.08 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 72 70.67
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 55 34.92 4.2.3 Income inequality 109 28.89 ○
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services NA NA 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 35 82.82 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 56 3.81 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 54 69.76
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 50 44.78 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 37 81.88
2.3.1 Government online services 59 71.46 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 59 29.15 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 18 64.71 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 68 77.88
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 65 37.92 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 12 83.60 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 80 5.03 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 47 76.31

110 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Congo, Dem. Rep.
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 132 21.09 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 132 16.27 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 129 32.56 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 128 0.78
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 125 15.48
0
B. People pillar 125 18.27
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 123 19.92
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 119 24.33
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 131 10.55
C. Governance pillar 133 22.81
1st sub-pillar: Trust 132 12.10
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 131 29.69
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 129 26.65
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 133 27.00
1st sub-pillar: Economy 115 15.24
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 126 37.40
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 134 28.38 Congo, Dem. Rep. Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 132 16.27 C. Governance pillar 133 22.81

1st sub-pillar: Access 129 32.56 1st sub-pillar: Trust 132 12.10
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 131 6.54 ○ 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 133 9.89 ○
1.1.2 Handset prices 121 19.19 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 131 3.63 ○
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions NA NA 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 56 33.51
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 128 75.66 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 123 1.38
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 115 61.39 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 131 29.69
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 84 0.00 ○ 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 132 17.46 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Content 128 0.78 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 100 68.24
1.2.1 GitHub commits 131 0.10 ○ 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 118 1.30
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 133 0.02 ○ 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 129 0.00 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 76 61.46
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 86 2.21 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 129 26.65
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 125 15.48 3.3.1 E-Participation 115 23.26
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 123 13.47 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 118 39.66
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 123 17.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 131 10.34 ○
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending NA NA 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 109 33.34
B. People pillar 125 18.27 D. Impact pillar 133 27.00
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 123 19.92 1st sub-pillar: Economy 115 15.24
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 76 7.16 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 102 14.68 4.1.2 High-tech exports 121 0.68
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 131 2.15 ○ 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 120 2.89 4.1.4 Domestic market size 83 46.80
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 82 72.72 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 117 13.37
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 132 0.09 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 119 24.33 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 126 37.40
2.2.1 Firms with website 110 8.66 4.2.1 Happiness 128 15.90 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 99 0.05 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 116 48.19
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 106 11.98 4.2.3 Income inequality 89 52.51
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 75 76.61 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 126 33.00
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 134 28.38
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 131 10.55 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 128 16.95 ○
2.3.1 Government online services 131 15.35 ○ 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 86 11.76 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 88 69.91
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 120 7.96 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 134 0.00 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 67 7.14 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 124 26.64

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

111
 Costa Rica
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 57 50.99 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 52 44.22 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 60 66.96 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 79 19.97
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 34 45.72
0
B. People pillar 81 39.51
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 30 54.91
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 113 28.76
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 80 34.85
C. Governance pillar 57 60.30
1st sub-pillar: Trust 65 44.95
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 35 76.62
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 73 59.32
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 40 59.96
1st sub-pillar: Economy 57 31.51
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 43 74.78
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 40 73.58 Costa Rica Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 52 44.22 C. Governance pillar 57 60.30

1st sub-pillar: Access 60 66.96 1st sub-pillar: Trust 65 44.95
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 67 60.90 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 62 57.29
1.1.2 Handset prices 53 55.88 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 83 66.88
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 74 25.77 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 64 29.47
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 98 97.96 3.1.4 Internet shopping 62 26.18
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 46 74.98 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 35 76.62
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 38 86.29 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 47 59.91
2nd sub-pillar: Content 79 19.97 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 28 90.59 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 51 11.69 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 43 57.14
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 52 6.48 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 84 60.56 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 39 75.44
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 101 1.15 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 73 59.32
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 34 45.72 3.3.1 E-Participation 66 54.65
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 43 57.76 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 93 55.92
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 48 48.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 65 60.34
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 20 73.15 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 32 31.13 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 87 52.52
B. People pillar 81 39.51 D. Impact pillar 40 59.96
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 30 54.91 1st sub-pillar: Economy 57 31.51
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 84 5.19 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 81 14.48 ○
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 35 65.53 4.1.2 High-tech exports 33 28.20 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 48 69.40 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 83 0.95
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 55 37.09 4.1.4 Domestic market size 82 46.91
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 31 97.32 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 52 45.64
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 14 52.89 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 113 28.76 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 43 74.78
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 9 87.87 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 85 2.85 ○ 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 20 89.12 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 69 30.35 4.2.3 Income inequality 105 35.93 ○
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 63 78.18 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 31 86.20 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 57 3.68 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 40 73.58
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 80 34.85 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 38 81.78
2.3.1 Government online services 70 64.77 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 56 32.95 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 49 33.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 34 88.50 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 74 34.29 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 9 84.83 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 69 6.51 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 37 79.86

112 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Cote d’Ivoire
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 101 37.89 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 100 29.40 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 88 55.78 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 117 10.07
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 103 22.36
0
B. People pillar 102 31.67
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 99 37.33
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 103 31.70
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 102 25.96
C. Governance pillar 94 47.29
1st sub-pillar: Trust 95 32.34
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 73 63.35
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 102 46.18
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 103 43.21
1st sub-pillar: Economy 80 23.71
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 108 50.76
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 93 55.17 Cote d’Ivoire Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 100 29.40 C. Governance pillar 94 47.29

1st sub-pillar: Access 88 55.78 1st sub-pillar: Trust 95 32.34
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 102 37.33 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 112 32.04
1.1.2 Handset prices 72 44.13 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 82 67.25
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 65 29.08 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 73 23.87
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 81 99.07 3.1.4 Internet shopping 104 6.21
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 77 69.28 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 73 63.35
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 84 43.81
2nd sub-pillar: Content 117 10.07 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 90 70.59
1.2.1 GitHub commits 123 0.43 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 56 47.01 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 112 0.39 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 114 38.49 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 87 55.35
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 105 0.98 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 102 46.18
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 103 22.36 3.3.1 E-Participation 90 36.05
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 89 37.49 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 67 74.56 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 101 28.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 110 33.17
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 99 29.87
1.3.4 Computer software spending 121 1.10 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 76 57.24
B. People pillar 102 31.67 D. Impact pillar 103 43.21
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 99 37.33 1st sub-pillar: Economy 80 23.71
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 60 10.31 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 26 70.42 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 45 20.13 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 110 14.86 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 94 0.23
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 114 4.85 4.1.4 Domestic market size 73 50.24
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 65 86.20 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 64 40.99 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 91 6.98
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 103 31.70 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 108 50.76
2.2.1 Firms with website 109 9.94 ○ 4.2.1 Happiness 94 46.43
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 104 56.39
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 115 7.08 4.2.3 Income inequality 62 64.82
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 64 78.10 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 121 35.38
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 93 55.17
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 102 25.96 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 118 28.21
2.3.1 Government online services 90 49.90 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 82 13.24 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 25 92.92 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 58 39.64 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 54 75.07 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 108 1.09 ○ 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 128 24.48 ○

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

113
 Croatia
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 50 52.75 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 74 38.80 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 57 67.37 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 49 28.93
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 110 20.10
0
B. People pillar 57 45.98
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 61 48.52
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 47 52.22
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 70 37.21
C. Governance pillar 36 71.50
1st sub-pillar: Trust 39 66.65
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 39 75.56
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 42 72.30
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 59 54.71
1st sub-pillar: Economy 74 25.73
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 79 65.57
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 41 72.84 Croatia High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 74 38.80 C. Governance pillar 36 71.50

1st sub-pillar: Access 57 67.37 1st sub-pillar: Trust 39 66.65
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 30 78.93 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 30 79.91 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 34 68.98 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 40 92.40
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 94 16.94 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 39 43.89
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 36 99.96 3.1.4 Internet shopping 43 50.39
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 61 72.03 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 39 75.56
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 45 60.94
2nd sub-pillar: Content 49 28.93 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 14 94.12 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 39 24.86 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 69 43.12
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 39 15.28 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 53 70.79 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 35 79.61
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 71 4.81 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 42 72.30
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 110 20.10 3.3.1 E-Participation 29 73.25 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 57 49.87 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 63 77.08
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 109 25.25 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 56 65.87
1.3.3 Robot density 46 1.76 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 75 64.85
1.3.4 Computer software spending 107 3.54 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 5 80.46 ●
B. People pillar 57 45.98 D. Impact pillar 59 54.71
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 61 48.52 1st sub-pillar: Economy 74 25.73
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 52 13.03 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 47 31.80
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 50 17.10
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 53 68.82 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 55 4.99
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 43 44.13 4.1.4 Domestic market size 78 48.37
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 15 99.25 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 104 23.55 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 25 17.38 4.1.6 ICT services exports 34 28.59 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 47 52.22 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 79 65.57
2.2.1 Firms with website 40 67.33 4.2.1 Happiness 78 60.01
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 49 46.51 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 122 36.44 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 40 52.92 4.2.3 Income inequality 20 84.17 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 52 79.47 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 39 81.67
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 36 14.85 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 41 72.84
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 70 37.21 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 56 73.09
2.3.1 Government online services 36 79.09 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 36 56.24
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 57 29.41 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 29 91.15 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 107 18.17 ○ 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 39 77.17
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 33 22.17 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 66 66.54

114 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Cyprus
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 35 58.43 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 46 46.26 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 64 65.22 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 26 43.65
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 74 29.90
0
B. People pillar 39 50.84
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 15 59.93
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 48 52.13
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 63 40.47
C. Governance pillar 34 72.50
1st sub-pillar: Trust 41 66.15
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 38 75.95
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 33 75.39
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 32 64.13
1st sub-pillar: Economy 26 42.08
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 50 73.06
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 30 77.25 Cyprus High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 46 46.26 C. Governance pillar 34 72.50

1st sub-pillar: Access 64 65.22 1st sub-pillar: Trust 41 66.15
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 66 61.24 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 27 80.61
1.1.2 Handset prices 15 79.75 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 49 88.62
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 109 9.12 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 43 42.11
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 41 53.27
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 41 76.01 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 38 75.95
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 34 69.01
2nd sub-pillar: Content 26 43.65 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 56 85.53
1.2.1 GitHub commits 33 32.77 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 60 45.45
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 22 39.63 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 1 100.00 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 34 79.77
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 85 2.21 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 33 75.39
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 74 29.90 3.3.1 E-Participation 25 74.42
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 73 44.07 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 50 83.94
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 93 31.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 44 72.36
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 8 76.22 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 81 14.40 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 50 70.01
B. People pillar 39 50.84 D. Impact pillar 32 64.13
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 15 59.93 1st sub-pillar: Economy 26 42.08
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 106 1.46 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 67 20.67
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 52 55.18 4.1.2 High-tech exports 31 28.71
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 10 82.99 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 23 33.36
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 10 60.89 ● 4.1.4 Domestic market size 114 36.00 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 17 99.13 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 86 33.72
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 1 100.00 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 48 52.13 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 50 73.06
2.2.1 Firms with website 30 71.63 4.2.1 Happiness 67 65.33
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 46 47.01 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 110 53.90 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 32 58.08 4.2.3 Income inequality 29 78.64
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 95 73.47 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 5 94.37 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 43 10.49 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 30 77.25
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 63 40.47 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 33 82.64
2.3.1 Government online services 46 75.60 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 44 42.42
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 27 92.04
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 88 30.30 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 27 79.91
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 45 15.50 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 21 89.25 ●

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

115
 Czech Republic
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 27 63.20 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 28 53.39 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 55 67.92 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 21 46.35
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 32 45.92
0
B. People pillar 40 50.37
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 87 42.20
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 30 60.76
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 39 48.13
C. Governance pillar 22 79.76
1st sub-pillar: Trust 15 81.11
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 21 83.18
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 36 74.99
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 20 69.27
1st sub-pillar: Economy 24 43.44
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 9 87.35
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 31 77.04 Czech Republic High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 28 53.39 C. Governance pillar 22 79.76

1st sub-pillar: Access 55 67.92 1st sub-pillar: Trust 15 81.11
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 24 81.99 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 12 88.74 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 46 60.44 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 76 73.92 ○
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 67 28.08 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 12 75.65 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 40 99.93 3.1.4 Internet shopping 10 86.12 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 78 69.15 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 21 83.18
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 21 80.06
2nd sub-pillar: Content 21 46.35 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 45 87.06
1.2.1 GitHub commits 19 55.84 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 36 62.86
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 20 43.24 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 27 75.17 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 19 85.93 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 43 11.14 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 36 74.99
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 32 45.92 3.3.1 E-Participation 57 59.31
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 24 72.11 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 14 96.86 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 36 55.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 19 86.30 ●
1.3.3 Robot density 17 25.79 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 80 62.44 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 34 30.77 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 49 70.07
B. People pillar 40 50.37 D. Impact pillar 20 69.27
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 87 42.20 1st sub-pillar: Economy 24 43.44
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 57 10.93 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 4 75.43 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 33 67.34 4.1.2 High-tech exports 23 36.57
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 42 72.53 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 33 17.30
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 44 44.10 4.1.4 Domestic market size 47 60.48
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 53 45.35
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 27 16.09 4.1.6 ICT services exports 38 25.49
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 30 60.76 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 9 87.35
2.2.1 Firms with website 13 84.73 ● 4.2.1 Happiness NA NA
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 51 44.60 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices NA NA
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 29 60.76 4.2.3 Income inequality 9 92.46 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 44 81.62 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 36 82.23
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 19 32.11 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 31 77.04
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 39 48.13 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 35 82.04
2.3.1 Government online services 72 63.45 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 23 65.89
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 35 44.12 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 29 91.15
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 40 49.16 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 77 68.79 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 19 35.80 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 42 77.34

116 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Denmark
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 8 74.06 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 11 65.42 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 17 76.71 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 9 57.26
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 10 62.30
0
B. People pillar 11 65.26
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 64 47.92
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 9 74.89
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 8 72.96
C. Governance pillar 3 89.53
1st sub-pillar: Trust 1 97.41
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 8 88.14
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 12 83.05
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 8 76.04
1st sub-pillar: Economy 19 48.59
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 3 91.97
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 3 87.56 Denmark High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 11 65.42 C. Governance pillar 3 89.53

1st sub-pillar: Access 17 76.71 1st sub-pillar: Trust 1 97.41
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 8 91.37 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 1 100.00 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 28 70.91 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 39 92.47
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 66 28.94 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 2 97.24 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 2 99.93 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 80 69.03 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 8 88.14
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 5 90.46 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 9 57.26 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 9 95.29
1.2.1 GitHub commits 14 60.87 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 17 77.92
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 6 82.93 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 16 76.44 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 37 77.02
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 50 8.79 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 12 83.05
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 10 62.30 3.3.1 E-Participation 12 88.38
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 13 84.22 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 7 99.19 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 14 76.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 34 79.09
1.3.3 Robot density 11 37.40 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 24 72.05
1.3.4 Computer software spending 22 50.82 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 15 76.53
B. People pillar 11 65.26 D. Impact pillar 8 76.04
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 64 47.92 1st sub-pillar: Economy 19 48.59
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 46 17.33 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 10 63.46
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 20 74.12 4.1.2 High-tech exports 39 24.55
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 18 79.28 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 7 68.05 ●
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 20 54.08 4.1.4 Domestic market size 51 58.28 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy NA NA
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 29 14.81 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 33 28.60
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 9 74.89 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 3 91.97
2.2.1 Firms with website 2 96.20 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 3 96.58 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 15 73.73 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 12 92.37
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 13 75.17 4.2.3 Income inequality 11 89.20
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 32 84.59 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 18 89.75
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 14 44.80 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 3 87.56
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 8 72.96 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 17 92.69
2.3.1 Government online services 4 97.76 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 17 68.16
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 14 70.59 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech NA NA 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 11 84.18
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 12 50.53 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 15 92.79

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

117
 Dominican Republic
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 84 43.49 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 95 31.58 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 94 54.13 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 104 14.48
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 96 26.13
0
B. People pillar 65 43.73
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 75 45.21
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 64 45.43
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 62 40.54
C. Governance pillar 75 53.39
1st sub-pillar: Trust 91 33.57
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 42 73.43
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 89 53.17
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 97 45.27
1st sub-pillar: Economy 89 21.48
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 75 66.56
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 116 47.77 Dominican Republic Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 95 31.58 C. Governance pillar 75 53.39

1st sub-pillar: Access 94 54.13 1st sub-pillar: Trust 91 33.57
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 81 52.94 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 99 38.51
1.1.2 Handset prices 65 46.97 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 74 74.61
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 64 29.20 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 100 12.98
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 50 99.84 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 100 8.19
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 60 72.66 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 42 73.43
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 66 23.16 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 66 51.61
2nd sub-pillar: Content 104 14.48 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 3 97.65 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 87 3.25 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 92 27.53
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 81 2.00 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 101 52.59 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 10 90.37 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 128 0.09 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 89 53.17
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 96 26.13 3.3.1 E-Participation 82 44.18
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 62 48.00 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 112 43.97
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 99 29.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 68 60.10
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 15 74.08 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 120 1.38 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 98 43.53
B. People pillar 65 43.73 D. Impact pillar 97 45.27
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 75 45.21 1st sub-pillar: Economy 89 21.48
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 87 4.59 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 91 28.07 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 57 15.14 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 72 61.39 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 82 0.96
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 52 38.60 ● 4.1.4 Domestic market size 62 53.65
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 50 93.41 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 79 35.47
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 114 2.20
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 64 45.43 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 75 66.56
2.2.1 Firms with website 80 37.55 4.2.1 Happiness 79 58.88
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 51 79.68 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 86 20.26 4.2.3 Income inequality 69 61.56
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 61 78.48 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 87 66.11
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 116 47.77
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 62 40.54 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 86 61.36
2.3.1 Government online services 79 57.81 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 76 0.00 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 55 32.35 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 56 80.53 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 85 31.46 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 8 85.19 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 132 11.76 ○

118 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Ecuador
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 85 43.05 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 87 34.53 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 82 58.62 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 94 17.59
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 89 27.37
0
B. People pillar 87 37.74
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 74 46.19
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 92 35.63
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 90 31.40
C. Governance pillar 96 46.86
1st sub-pillar: Trust 108 24.26
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 93 58.96
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 76 57.36
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 68 53.08
1st sub-pillar: Economy 116 15.07
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 83 63.52
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 23 80.64 Ecuador Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 87 34.53 C. Governance pillar 96 46.86

1st sub-pillar: Access 82 58.62 1st sub-pillar: Trust 108 24.26
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 82 52.83 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 80 47.43
1.1.2 Handset prices 64 47.02 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 112 25.00
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 20 48.18 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 110 9.80 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 90 98.54 3.1.4 Internet shopping 82 14.79
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 104 63.55 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 93 58.96
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 55 41.59 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 110 33.73
2nd sub-pillar: Content 94 17.59 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 79 76.47
1.2.1 GitHub commits 80 4.13 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 98 24.42
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 85 1.62 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 91 57.79 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 80 60.21
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 61 6.83 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 76 57.36
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 89 27.37 3.3.1 E-Participation 41 69.76 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 83 38.94 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 100 54.30
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 114 23.25 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 100 39.18
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 33 71.07 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 69 19.93 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 88 52.47
B. People pillar 87 37.74 D. Impact pillar 68 53.08
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 74 46.19 1st sub-pillar: Economy 116 15.07
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 67 9.40 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 87 11.05
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 94 26.23 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 77 8.53
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 49 69.21 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 81 1.08
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 66 33.66 4.1.4 Domestic market size 65 52.57
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 55 92.47 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 115 14.53 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 108 2.65
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 92 35.63 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 83 63.52
2.2.1 Firms with website 22 79.48 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 65 65.74
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 98 0.25 ○ 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 90 63.92
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 97 15.85 4.2.3 Income inequality 99 43.22
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 67 77.82 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 42 81.20 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 55 4.78 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 23 80.64
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 90 31.40 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 29 85.26 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 50 74.04 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 69 22.06 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 42 84.96 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 102 21.70 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 37 77.60 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 65 7.80 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 50 74.75

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

119
 Egypt
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 81 44.07 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 69 39.94 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 47 70.59 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 75 21.48
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 88 27.74
0
B. People pillar 93 35.37
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 92 40.96
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 100 32.43
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 86 32.73
C. Governance pillar 82 50.25
1st sub-pillar: Trust 94 32.79
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 91 59.85
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 74 58.11
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 78 50.73
1st sub-pillar: Economy 50 34.10
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 97 57.88
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 80 60.22 Egypt Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 69 39.94 C. Governance pillar 82 50.25

1st sub-pillar: Access 47 70.59 1st sub-pillar: Trust 94 32.79
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 29 79.18 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 115 29.76
1.1.2 Handset prices 60 52.03 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 30 95.40 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 36 39.08 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 125 3.38 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 46 99.90 3.1.4 Internet shopping 120 2.61 ○
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 18 82.05 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 91 59.85
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 45 71.28 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 97 38.16
2nd sub-pillar: Content 75 21.48 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 64 84.12
1.2.1 GitHub commits 96 2.57 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 84 32.47
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 107 0.54 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 85 60.36 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 110 44.51
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 24 22.44 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 74 58.11
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 88 27.74 3.3.1 E-Participation 95 33.73
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 48 54.92 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 114 42.95
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 75 37.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 35 78.61 ●
1.3.3 Robot density 54 0.12 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 72 65.51
1.3.4 Computer software spending 72 18.94 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 51 69.77
B. People pillar 93 35.37 D. Impact pillar 78 50.73
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 92 40.96 1st sub-pillar: Economy 50 34.10
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 37 20.87 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 56 27.11
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 48 55.84 4.1.2 High-tech exports 88 4.90
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 96 37.83 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 77 1.55
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 75 27.00 4.1.4 Domestic market size 18 71.90 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 90 63.26 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 7 85.17 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 65 13.96
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 100 32.43 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 97 57.88
2.2.1 Firms with website 78 38.01 4.2.1 Happiness 115 31.08 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 83 4.86 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 97 59.58
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 62 32.60 4.2.3 Income inequality 31 78.14 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 21 85.97 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 93 62.73
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 76 0.70 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 80 60.22
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 86 32.73 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 71 68.03
2.3.1 Government online services 86 52.81 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 82 13.24 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 125 30.09 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 43 47.77 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 58 74.13
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 42 17.09 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 58 68.63

120 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

El Salvador
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 100 38.07 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 108 27.14 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 108 46.31 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 101 15.37
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 111 19.74
0
B. People pillar 105 30.05
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 96 38.62
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 91 35.77
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 121 15.76
C. Governance pillar 111 38.75
1st sub-pillar: Trust 118 19.14
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 95 57.51
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 116 39.60
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 49 56.36
1st sub-pillar: Economy 97 19.01
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 47 74.05
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 34 76.02 El Salvador Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 108 27.14 C. Governance pillar 111 38.75

1st sub-pillar: Access 108 46.31 1st sub-pillar: Trust 118 19.14
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 105 35.73 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 96 39.37
1.1.2 Handset prices 68 46.04 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 124 11.77 ○
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 111 6.88 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 92 16.25
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 103 97.23 3.1.4 Internet shopping 96 9.16
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 83 68.76 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 95 57.51
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 65 23.24 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 89 41.83
2nd sub-pillar: Content 101 15.37 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 104 66.47
1.2.1 GitHub commits 77 4.22 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 104 20.00
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 87 1.58 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 96 55.52 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 5 92.60 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 124 0.18 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 116 39.60
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 111 19.74 3.3.1 E-Participation 95 33.73
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 92 36.60 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 127 30.53 ○
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 121 19.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 106 35.82
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 87 57.69
1.3.4 Computer software spending 106 3.63 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 102 40.24
B. People pillar 105 30.05 D. Impact pillar 49 56.36
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 96 38.62 1st sub-pillar: Economy 97 19.01
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 104 1.62 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 92 27.84 4.1.2 High-tech exports 61 13.12 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 75 58.94 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 87 18.36 4.1.4 Domestic market size 99 40.55
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 64 86.33 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 111 19.19
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 48 22.19 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 91 35.77 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 47 74.05
2.2.1 Firms with website 77 38.12 4.2.1 Happiness 29 77.00 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 53 43.42 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 18 89.79 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 88 19.62 4.2.3 Income inequality 75 60.30
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 76 76.36 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 76 69.10
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 69 1.31 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 34 76.02
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 121 15.76 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 47 77.37 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 105 41.09 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 82 13.24 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 44 84.07 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 123 5.90 ○ 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 44 76.37 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 95 2.80 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 68 66.27 ●

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

121
 Estonia
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 22 66.11 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 31 51.33 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 41 72.00 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 24 45.15
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 54 36.84
0
B. People pillar 22 57.59
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 31 54.56
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 25 62.83
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 26 55.38
C. Governance pillar 6 87.71
1st sub-pillar: Trust 7 87.92
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 7 88.74
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 3 86.46
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 25 67.80
1st sub-pillar: Economy 25 42.43
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 20 81.87
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 27 79.10 Estonia High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 31 51.33 C. Governance pillar 6 87.71

1st sub-pillar: Access 41 72.00 1st sub-pillar: Trust 7 87.92
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 38 75.63 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 8 90.51 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 19 77.12 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 4 99.47 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 92 17.53 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 8 82.82 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 15 78.87
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 110 62.48 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 7 88.74
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 30 99.24 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 15 84.82
2nd sub-pillar: Content 24 45.15 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 31 90.00
1.2.1 GitHub commits 16 60.05 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 11 81.56
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 25 34.69 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 5 84.06 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 15 87.33
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 89 1.80 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 3 86.46
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 54 36.84 3.3.1 E-Participation 3 97.68 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 22 73.19 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 13 97.51 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 35 58.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 20 86.06
1.3.3 Robot density 37 5.15 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 13 74.48
1.3.4 Computer software spending 89 10.26 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 14 76.59
B. People pillar 22 57.59 D. Impact pillar 25 67.80
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 31 54.56 1st sub-pillar: Economy 25 42.43
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 66 9.45 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 37 36.63
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 32 67.79 4.1.2 High-tech exports 22 37.17
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 30 76.34 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 30 18.80
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 42 44.77 4.1.4 Domestic market size 102 39.31 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 4 99.82 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 27 63.37
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 14 29.18 4.1.6 ICT services exports 8 59.30 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 25 62.83 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 20 81.87
2.2.1 Firms with website 19 81.21 4.2.1 Happiness 36 74.48
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 29 62.01 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 22 88.11
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 17 71.81 4.2.3 Income inequality 25 81.16
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 93 74.05 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 33 83.73
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 23 25.06 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 27 79.10
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 26 55.38 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 41 80.73
2.3.1 Government online services 1 100.00 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 4 78.15 ●
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 41 38.24 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 15 96.46
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 35 51.86 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 104 59.39 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 22 31.41 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 35 80.79

122 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Eswatini
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 125 27.50 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 103 27.80 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 109 44.97 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 76 21.17
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 122 17.26
0
B. People pillar 117 26.19
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 97 37.57
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 114 28.43
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 127 12.56
C. Governance pillar 126 32.00
1st sub-pillar: Trust 114 21.17
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 126 36.47
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 119 38.35
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 134 24.04
1st sub-pillar: Economy 134 6.56
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 134 20.29
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 119 45.25 Eswatini Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 103 27.80 C. Governance pillar 126 32.00

1st sub-pillar: Access 109 44.97 1st sub-pillar: Trust 114 21.17
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 111 29.66 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 101 37.37
1.1.2 Handset prices 100 32.39 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 120 16.79
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions NA NA 3.1.3 Online access to financial account NA NA
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 56 99.71 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 93 9.36 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 134 0.00 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 126 36.47
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 49 63.11 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 103 36.44
2nd sub-pillar: Content 76 21.17 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 114 62.00
1.2.1 GitHub commits 116 0.75 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 103 0.73 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 129 0.00 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 6 83.10 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 102 47.42
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 126 0.11 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 119 38.35
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 122 17.26 3.3.1 E-Participation 130 12.79 ○
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 115 22.76 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 57 80.87 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 130 11.75 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 126 21.39
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending NA NA 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments NA NA
B. People pillar 117 26.19 D. Impact pillar 134 24.04
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 97 37.57 1st sub-pillar: Economy 134 6.56
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 124 0.37
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 105 24.63 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 121 2.72 4.1.4 Domestic market size 130 21.20 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 67 85.36 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 120 10.17
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 126 1.08
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 114 28.43 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 134 20.29
2.2.1 Firms with website 47 61.23 ● 4.2.1 Happiness NA NA
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 63 27.63 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices NA NA
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 79 24.83 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 113 21.11
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services NA NA 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 132 19.48 ○
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 89 0.03 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 119 45.25
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 127 12.56 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 100 48.90
2.3.1 Government online services 125 25.29 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 105 0.00 ○ 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 130 23.89 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 104 20.31 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 81 67.85 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 83 4.64 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 111 40.37

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

123
 Ethiopia
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 126 27.36 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 106 27.58 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 107 46.45 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 87 18.27
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 118 18.01
0
B. People pillar 127 17.80
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 132 12.02
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 126 21.08
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 113 20.29
C. Governance pillar 132 24.76
1st sub-pillar: Trust 133 10.22
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 130 32.40
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 123 31.67
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 111 39.28
1st sub-pillar: Economy 71 26.61
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 112 49.07
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 126 42.17 Ethiopia Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 106 27.58 C. Governance pillar 132 24.76

1st sub-pillar: Access 107 46.45 1st sub-pillar: Trust 133 10.22
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 103 36.59 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 132 13.34 ○
1.1.2 Handset prices 120 19.80 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 110 26.47
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 105 11.53 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 126 0.00 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 100 97.74 3.1.4 Internet shopping 125 1.06
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 92 66.60 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 130 32.40
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 122 28.64
2nd sub-pillar: Content 87 18.27 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 131 22.35 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 111 1.18 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 134 0.00 ○ 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 121 33.33

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 94 56.82 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 107 45.26
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 35 15.09 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 123 31.67
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 118 18.01 3.3.1 E-Participation 125 17.45
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 113 25.79 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 119 38.94
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 102 28.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 112 30.53
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 102 21.26
1.3.4 Computer software spending 128 0.00 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 90 50.20 ●
B. People pillar 127 17.80 D. Impact pillar 111 39.28
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 132 12.02 1st sub-pillar: Economy 71 26.61
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 80 6.38 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 79 15.25
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 40 23.51 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 130 2.35 ○ 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 111 5.20 4.1.4 Domestic market size 55 56.64 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 101 34.15 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 96 27.91
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 80 9.72 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 126 21.08 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 112 49.07
2.2.1 Firms with website 90 29.23 4.2.1 Happiness 120 23.73
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 90 1.87 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 114 49.78
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 121 2.68 4.2.3 Income inequality 49 70.35 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 107 71.49 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 104 52.43
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 84 0.14 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 126 42.17
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 113 20.29 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 130 16.26 ○
2.3.1 Government online services 117 30.70 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 77 16.18 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 96 67.26 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 92 29.51 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 123 42.99
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 82 4.76 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 108 42.15

124 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Finland
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 3 76.19 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 10 65.50 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 13 78.60 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 15 51.55
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 7 66.35
0
B. People pillar 7 69.42
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 13 60.11
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 8 75.08
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 7 73.08
C. Governance pillar 1 89.94
1st sub-pillar: Trust 6 90.25
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 2 93.75
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 6 85.80
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 2 79.90
1st sub-pillar: Economy 6 61.61
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 1 94.26
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 19 83.82 Finland High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 10 65.50 C. Governance pillar 1 89.94

1st sub-pillar: Access 13 78.60 1st sub-pillar: Trust 6 90.25
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 17 84.75 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 9 90.25
1.1.2 Handset prices 8 88.47 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 29 95.71
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 59 30.28 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 3 93.95 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 22 100.00 3.1.4 Internet shopping 13 81.10
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 86 68.07 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 2 93.75
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 3 92.48 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 15 51.55 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 3 97.65 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 10 75.17 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 2 94.55 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 23 39.49 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 9 81.17 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 22 84.09
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 46 10.37 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 6 85.80
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 7 66.35 3.3.1 E-Participation 6 95.34
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 3 96.95 ● 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 22 95.97
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 5 87.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 13 90.14
1.3.3 Robot density 20 22.90 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 34 70.84
1.3.4 Computer software spending 14 57.79 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 13 76.73
B. People pillar 7 69.42 D. Impact pillar 2 79.90
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 13 60.11 1st sub-pillar: Economy 6 61.61
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 28 28.99 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 28 47.24
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 1 100.00 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 46 18.43
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 20 78.79 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 5 83.21
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 7 62.32 4.1.4 Domestic market size 57 55.97 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 23 64.83
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 13 30.47 4.1.6 ICT services exports 1 100.00 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 8 75.08 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 1 94.26
2.2.1 Firms with website 1 100.00 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 1 100.00 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 20 69.22 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 3 97.20 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 15 72.77 4.2.3 Income inequality 10 90.20
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 49 80.69 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 19 89.62
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 11 52.70 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 19 83.82
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 7 73.08 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 22 89.99
2.3.1 Government online services 2 98.15 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 8 74.44
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 23 57.35 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 15 96.46
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 7 83.09 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 99 61.34 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 10 53.71 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 5 96.88

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

125
 France
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 15 70.17 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 12 62.96 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 9 80.33 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 19 48.68
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 15 59.87
0
B. People pillar 12 64.68
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 47 51.63
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 16 68.68
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 6 73.74
C. Governance pillar 21 80.12
1st sub-pillar: Trust 26 75.58
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 17 85.42
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 23 79.35
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 12 72.92
1st sub-pillar: Economy 16 52.75
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 22 81.05
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 14 84.95 France High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 12 62.96 C. Governance pillar 21 80.12

1st sub-pillar: Access 9 80.33 1st sub-pillar: Trust 26 75.58
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 47 71.87 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 21 83.74
1.1.2 Handset prices 9 84.30 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 14 97.56
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 18 48.76 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 21 60.62
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 57 99.67 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 31 60.40
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 30 78.39 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 17 85.42
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 31 99.00 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 24 77.51
2nd sub-pillar: Content 19 48.68 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 7 95.88 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 26 44.96 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 9 82.08 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 24 37.59 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 19 76.17 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 49 71.63
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 11 36.01 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 23 79.35
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 15 59.87 3.3.1 E-Participation 37 70.93
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 14 83.82 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 17 96.60
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 22 67.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 28 83.65
1.3.3 Robot density 18 24.54 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 46 69.43 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 7 63.87 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 18 76.15
B. People pillar 12 64.68 D. Impact pillar 12 72.92
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 47 51.63 1st sub-pillar: Economy 16 52.75
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 10 45.27 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 12 61.20
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 28 68.69 4.1.2 High-tech exports 20 39.52
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 31 76.05 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 15 49.65
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 40 44.97 4.1.4 Domestic market size 10 79.64 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 21 66.86
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 18 23.18 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 50 19.63
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 16 68.68 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 22 81.05
2.2.1 Firms with website 32 70.47 4.2.1 Happiness 26 79.26
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 19 70.22 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 73 70.52 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 14 73.29 4.2.3 Income inequality 25 81.16
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 6 92.23 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 8 93.27 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 17 37.18 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 14 84.95
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 6 73.74 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 20 91.09
2.3.1 Government online services 20 86.38 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 25 65.14
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 4 94.12 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 12 74.77 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 49 75.58
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 17 39.70 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 14 92.93

126 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Gambia
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 120 29.76 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 120 23.04 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 127 32.83 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 132 0.39
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 57 35.91
0
B. People pillar 130 17.26
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 125 17.70
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 125 21.47
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 126 12.60
C. Governance pillar 102 43.30
1st sub-pillar: Trust 122 16.57
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 50 71.24
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 112 42.09
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 121 35.43
1st sub-pillar: Economy 125 11.57
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 119 44.22
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 109 50.50 Gambia Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 120 23.04 C. Governance pillar 102 43.30

1st sub-pillar: Access 127 32.83 1st sub-pillar: Trust 122 16.57
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 130 6.55 ○ 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 120 26.28
1.1.2 Handset prices 130 9.55 ○ 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 107 30.93
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 125 0.00 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 114 8.45
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 108 95.70 3.1.4 Internet shopping 127 0.61
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 128 52.37 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 50 71.24
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 118 29.87
2nd sub-pillar: Content 132 0.39 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 96 69.06 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 117 0.69 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 118 0.23 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 18 86.02 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 123 0.24 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 112 42.09
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 57 35.91 3.3.1 E-Participation 120 22.09
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 95 35.57 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 78 66.67 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 77 36.25 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 103 37.50
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending NA NA 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments NA NA
B. People pillar 130 17.26 D. Impact pillar 121 35.43
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 125 17.70 1st sub-pillar: Economy 125 11.57
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 116 1.36
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 117 10.36 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 131 0.00 ○ 4.1.4 Domestic market size 132 10.50 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 98 42.74 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 71 37.50 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 87 8.49 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 125 21.47 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 119 44.22
2.2.1 Firms with website 104 14.90 4.2.1 Happiness 107 35.84
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 121 37.37
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 105 12.15 4.2.3 Income inequality 73 60.80 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 120 58.82 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 113 42.87
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 91 0.00 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 109 50.50
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 126 12.60 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 115 32.03
2.3.1 Government online services 132 5.56 ○ 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 112 56.64
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 86 31.18 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 31 78.61 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 109 1.07 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 118 34.70

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

127
 Georgia
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 78 45.25 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 81 37.65 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 50 69.76 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 58 25.11
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 117 18.07
0
B. People pillar 70 42.80
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 27 55.95
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 83 39.74
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 87 32.71
C. Governance pillar 66 55.39
1st sub-pillar: Trust 68 44.60
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 86 61.31
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 69 60.26
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 98 45.15
1st sub-pillar: Economy 113 15.61
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 71 67.45
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 103 52.38 Georgia Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 81 37.65 C. Governance pillar 66 55.39

1st sub-pillar: Access 50 69.76 1st sub-pillar: Trust 68 44.60
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 46 72.14 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 50 65.11
1.1.2 Handset prices 93 36.55 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 63 80.73
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 37 38.99 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 94 15.90
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 25 99.99 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 77 16.67
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 65 70.91 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 86 61.31
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 29 73.56 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 58 25.11 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 31 90.00 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 35 28.76 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 58 46.49
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 62 4.64 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 121 33.33 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 69 65.00 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 68 63.16
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 87 2.05 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 69 60.26
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 117 18.07 3.3.1 E-Participation 71 52.33
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies NA NA 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 68 73.20
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 98 30.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 81 51.68
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 32 71.13 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 96 6.14 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 86 52.98
B. People pillar 70 42.80 D. Impact pillar 98 45.15
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 27 55.95 1st sub-pillar: Economy 113 15.61
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 79 6.62 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 86 11.21
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 64 49.66 4.1.2 High-tech exports 103 2.68
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 26 77.22 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 59 4.33
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 29 47.12 ● 4.1.4 Domestic market size 95 41.17
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 16 99.13 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy NA NA
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 53 18.68
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 83 39.74 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 71 67.45
2.2.1 Firms with website 63 48.18 4.2.1 Happiness 85 54.69
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 88 2.11 ○ 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 66 74.29
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 54 35.78 4.2.3 Income inequality 44 72.36
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 100 72.89 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 79 68.46
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 103 52.38
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 87 32.71 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 88 60.44
2.3.1 Government online services 82 57.02 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 67 21.46 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 45 36.76 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 48 83.19
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech NA NA 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 65 72.33
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 84 4.35 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 129 24.47 ○

128 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Germany
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 9 74.00 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 6 69.45 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 22 75.84 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 7 60.88
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 4 71.65
0
B. People pillar 8 68.25
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 22 57.41
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 5 77.31
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 12 70.03
C. Governance pillar 14 83.16
1st sub-pillar: Trust 13 82.21
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 12 87.46
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 20 79.80
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 10 75.13
1st sub-pillar: Economy 13 56.21
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 15 83.43
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 11 85.75 Germany High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 6 69.45 C. Governance pillar 14 83.16

1st sub-pillar: Access 22 75.84 1st sub-pillar: Trust 13 82.21
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 18 84.73 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 7 91.67 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 20 77.10 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 18 97.36
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 41 37.54 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 14 71.20
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 28 99.97 3.1.4 Internet shopping 24 68.62
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 26 79.84 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 12 87.46
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 11 86.46
2nd sub-pillar: Content 7 60.88 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 21 93.53
1.2.1 GitHub commits 18 56.48 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 21 74.55
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 7 78.18 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 49 70.88 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 26 82.77
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 9 37.96 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 20 79.80
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 4 71.65 3.3.1 E-Participation 32 72.10
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 9 85.48 ● 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 2 99.90 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 7 86.75 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 26 84.38
1.3.3 Robot density 3 56.82 ● 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 63 67.46 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 15 57.56 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 27 75.20
B. People pillar 8 68.25 D. Impact pillar 10 75.13
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 22 57.41 1st sub-pillar: Economy 13 56.21
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 20 37.09 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 9 66.52
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 38 60.61 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 34 27.37
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 12 80.55 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 10 64.49
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 28 47.43 4.1.4 Domestic market size 5 83.19 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 12 78.20
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 5 61.37 4.1.6 ICT services exports 56 17.51 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 5 77.31 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 15 83.43
2.2.1 Firms with website 6 92.28 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 27 79.15
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 11 77.45 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 27 86.66
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 20 70.67 4.2.3 Income inequality 29 78.64
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 5 92.66 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 23 89.27
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 9 53.51 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 11 85.75
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 12 70.03 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 11 94.24
2.3.1 Government online services 44 76.85 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 18 67.91
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 11 73.53 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 14 73.42 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 29 79.48
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 9 56.31 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 26 87.12

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

129
 Ghana
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 98 38.83 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 102 29.02 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 105 47.41 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 111 12.29
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 90 27.37
0
B. People pillar 95 34.58
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 107 31.68
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 84 38.58
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 84 33.50
C. Governance pillar 76 51.68
1st sub-pillar: Trust 75 40.08
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 55 68.36
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 101 46.61
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 109 40.03
1st sub-pillar: Economy 103 17.89
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 111 49.44
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 101 52.77 Ghana Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 102 29.02 C. Governance pillar 76 51.68

1st sub-pillar: Access 105 47.41 1st sub-pillar: Trust 75 40.08
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 78 54.35 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 111 32.28
1.1.2 Handset prices 112 27.46 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 51 86.46 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 84 22.75 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 58 32.31 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 89 98.60 3.1.4 Internet shopping 94 9.28
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 58 72.91 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 55 68.36
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 74 8.41 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 80 45.08
2nd sub-pillar: Content 111 12.29 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 79 76.47
1.2.1 GitHub commits 90 2.98 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 83 32.73
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 116 0.30 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 115 37.61 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 14 87.53 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 51 8.26 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 101 46.61
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 90 27.37 3.3.1 E-Participation 82 44.18
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 99 32.17 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 82 64.96
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 44 49.25 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 103 37.50
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 125 0.68 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 103 39.78
B. People pillar 95 34.58 D. Impact pillar 109 40.03
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 107 31.68 1st sub-pillar: Economy 103 17.89
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 47 15.89 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 84 11.89
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 76 41.51 4.1.2 High-tech exports 109 1.82
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 108 16.42 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 99 11.35 4.1.4 Domestic market size 66 52.03 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 81 73.21 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 75 36.63
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 95 4.99
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 84 38.58 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 111 49.44
2.2.1 Firms with website 92 27.38 4.2.1 Happiness 113 34.19 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 79 68.55
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 107 11.12 4.2.3 Income inequality 94 48.99
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 71 77.23 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 109 46.02
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 101 52.77
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 84 33.50 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 119 27.64 ○
2.3.1 Government online services 92 48.73 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 65 25.00 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 101 64.60
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 98 26.77 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 23 80.71 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 114 38.13

130 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Greece
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 49 53.02 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 64 40.87 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 77 61.25 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 45 29.83
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 70 31.53
0
B. People pillar 47 47.99
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 38 52.98
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 50 50.95
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 64 40.03
C. Governance pillar 41 68.73
1st sub-pillar: Trust 42 65.07
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 44 72.87
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 53 68.24
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 60 54.50
1st sub-pillar: Economy 82 22.84
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 80 65.09
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 35 75.57 Greece High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 64 40.87 C. Governance pillar 41 68.73

1st sub-pillar: Access 77 61.25 1st sub-pillar: Trust 42 65.07
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 58 66.18 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 44 72.57
1.1.2 Handset prices 48 59.68 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 35 93.87
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 121 3.78 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 75 23.33
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 46 99.90 3.1.4 Internet shopping 22 70.53 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 35 76.70 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 44 72.87
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 49 59.58
2nd sub-pillar: Content 45 29.83 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 28 90.59 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 44 20.45 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 66 43.64
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 34 19.65 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 79 62.69 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 55 70.56
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 33 16.54 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 53 68.24
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 70 31.53 3.3.1 E-Participation 55 60.46
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 86 38.50 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 43 86.52
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 112 23.50 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 63 61.30
1.3.3 Robot density 41 2.89 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 49 69.18
1.3.4 Computer software spending 13 61.22 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 66 63.76
B. People pillar 47 47.99 D. Impact pillar 60 54.50
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 38 52.98 1st sub-pillar: Economy 82 22.84
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 69 8.65 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 70 19.86
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 62 50.69 4.1.2 High-tech exports 69 10.84
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 59 68.04 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 34 13.06
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 1 100.00 ● 4.1.4 Domestic market size 53 57.71
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 105 23.26 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 7 37.55 ● 4.1.6 ICT services exports 69 12.34
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 50 50.95 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 80 65.09
2.2.1 Firms with website 50 60.02 4.2.1 Happiness 62 65.99
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 44 47.56 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 124 31.29 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 44 47.59 4.2.3 Income inequality 42 73.87
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 40 82.01 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 24 89.21 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 34 17.55 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 35 75.57
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 64 40.03 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 40 80.83
2.3.1 Government online services 48 75.17 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 42 48.73
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 38 41.18 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 108 17.80 ○ 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 31 78.61 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 28 25.97 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 57 69.65

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

131
 Guatemala
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 105 35.84 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 113 26.66 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 115 41.72 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 112 11.71
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 93 26.53
0
B. People pillar 111 28.15
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 84 42.96
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 127 20.13
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 112 21.37
C. Governance pillar 108 40.84
1st sub-pillar: Trust 124 16.43
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 100 56.30
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 93 49.79
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 88 47.72
1st sub-pillar: Economy 93 20.99
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 86 62.06
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 81 60.12 Guatemala Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 113 26.66 C. Governance pillar 108 40.84

1st sub-pillar: Access 115 41.72 1st sub-pillar: Trust 124 16.43
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 113 28.58 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 102 37.24
1.1.2 Handset prices 77 42.21 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 125 11.60 ○
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 106 10.18 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 116 7.65
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 93 98.31 3.1.4 Internet shopping 95 9.22
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 111 61.93 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 100 56.30
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 72 9.12 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 88 42.48
2nd sub-pillar: Content 112 11.71 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 121 57.29
1.2.1 GitHub commits 98 2.18 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 103 21.30
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 77 2.31 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 111 41.95 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 79 60.42
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 117 0.40 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 93 49.79
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 93 26.53 3.3.1 E-Participation 101 31.39
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 79 41.14 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 90 58.29
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 73 37.50 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 101 38.70
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 89 56.71
1.3.4 Computer software spending 123 0.96 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 65 63.86 ●
B. People pillar 111 28.15 D. Impact pillar 88 47.72
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 84 42.96 1st sub-pillar: Economy 93 20.99
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 82 36.81 4.1.2 High-tech exports 75 9.13 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 91 44.67 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 95 0.22
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 97 13.11 4.1.4 Domestic market size 72 50.47 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 74 77.27 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 110 19.77
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 39 25.37 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 127 20.13 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 86 62.06
2.2.1 Firms with website 54 56.03 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 46 70.64 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 74 13.72 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 46 80.15 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 109 10.71 4.2.3 Income inequality 104 36.93
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services NA NA 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 95 60.50
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 88 0.05 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 81 60.12
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 112 21.37 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 101 47.29
2.3.1 Government online services 91 49.26 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 61 26.47 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 105 62.83
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 118 8.88 ○ 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 75 69.29 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 111 0.87 ○ 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 76 61.06 ●

132 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Guinea
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 122 28.77 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 122 22.01 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 130 31.20 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 119 6.42
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 84 28.42
0
B. People pillar 118 25.99
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 130 13.00
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 109 29.79
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 79 35.17
C. Governance pillar 128 28.17
1st sub-pillar: Trust 129 13.71
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 111 50.09
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 133 20.71
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 113 38.91
1st sub-pillar: Economy 95 19.35
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 99 57.13
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 130 40.27 Guinea Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 122 22.01 C. Governance pillar 128 28.17

1st sub-pillar: Access 130 31.20 1st sub-pillar: Trust 129 13.71
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 117 25.29 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 130 14.91 ○
1.1.2 Handset prices 115 24.61 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 116 19.13
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions NA NA 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 87 16.91
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 133 50.29 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 116 3.88
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 125 55.83 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 111 50.09
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 84 0.00 ○ 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 124 27.82
2nd sub-pillar: Content 119 6.42 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 122 56.82
1.2.1 GitHub commits 133 0.05 ○ 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 110 10.13
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 132 0.04 ○ 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 118 25.59 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 11 89.04
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 132 0.00 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 133 20.71
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 84 28.42 3.3.1 E-Participation 106 26.75
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 94 36.01 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 107 49.14
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 53 45.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 130 10.58 ○
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 105 0.00 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 108 3.49 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 121 17.10
B. People pillar 118 25.99 D. Impact pillar 113 38.91
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 130 13.00 1st sub-pillar: Economy 95 19.35
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 115 1.38
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 115 10.95 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 84 0.94
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 122 2.70 4.1.4 Domestic market size 115 35.80
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 104 25.35 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 35 58.43
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 131 0.18 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 109 29.79 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 99 57.13
2.2.1 Firms with website 108 10.98 4.2.1 Happiness 84 55.15
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 98 59.03
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 114 7.58 4.2.3 Income inequality 21 83.92
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 112 70.81 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 128 30.41 ○
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 130 40.27
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 79 35.17 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 131 14.73 ○
2.3.1 Government online services 107 38.34 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 105 62.83
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 83 32.01 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 102 60.12
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 130 23.41 ○

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

133
 Honduras
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 107 35.70 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 109 27.12 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 117 40.80 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 110 12.38
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 86 28.19
0
B. People pillar 114 27.85
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 80 43.66
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 104 31.35
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 133 8.54
C. Governance pillar 107 40.97
1st sub-pillar: Trust 128 13.87
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 87 61.21
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 97 47.82
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 92 46.86
1st sub-pillar: Economy 119 13.67
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 89 61.47
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 62 65.46 Honduras Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 109 27.12 C. Governance pillar 107 40.97

1st sub-pillar: Access 117 40.80 1st sub-pillar: Trust 128 13.87
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 125 12.72 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 103 36.51
1.1.2 Handset prices 102 31.23 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 132 0.48 ○
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 87 20.68 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 109 9.92
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 120 93.20 3.1.4 Internet shopping 99 8.58
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 67 70.83 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 87 61.21
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 70 16.14 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 98 37.81
2nd sub-pillar: Content 110 12.38 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 79 76.47
1.2.1 GitHub commits 102 1.81 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 106 17.40
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 109 0.46 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 105 46.90 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 41 74.35 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 120 0.35 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 97 47.82
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 86 28.19 3.3.1 E-Participation 132 8.14 ○
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies NA NA 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 108 49.12
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 79 35.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 96 43.51
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 3 83.28 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 66 20.63 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 82 55.03
B. People pillar 114 27.85 D. Impact pillar 92 46.86
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 80 43.66 1st sub-pillar: Economy 119 13.67
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 65 9.51 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 96 23.88 4.1.2 High-tech exports 99 3.31
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 7 85.24 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 93 0.59
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 90 15.34 4.1.4 Domestic market size 98 40.61
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 69 84.31 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy NA NA
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 77 10.15 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 104 31.35 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 89 61.47
2.2.1 Firms with website 75 39.28 4.2.1 Happiness 60 66.57 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 66 26.06 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 52 79.33 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 98 15.49 4.2.3 Income inequality 103 37.19
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 82 75.77 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 92 62.78
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 86 0.13 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 62 65.46
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 133 8.54 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 92 56.85
2.3.1 Government online services 130 16.19 ○ 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 101 64.60
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech NA NA 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 87 66.84
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 110 0.89 ○ 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 52 73.53 ●

134 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Hong Kong (China)
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 25 65.01 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 3 72.52 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 4 82.63 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 1 77.12
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 17 57.81
0
B. People pillar 35 53.49
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 17 59.03
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 41 53.65
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 42 47.80
C. Governance pillar 38 70.69
1st sub-pillar: Trust 31 70.55
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 79 62.09
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 22 79.44
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 34 63.35
1st sub-pillar: Economy 17 51.52
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 105 52.08
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 6 86.46 Hong Kong (China) High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 3 72.52 C. Governance pillar 38 70.69

1st sub-pillar: Access 4 82.63 1st sub-pillar: Trust 31 70.55
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 11 89.37 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 11 89.09
1.1.2 Handset prices 27 70.93 3.1.2 Cybersecurity NA NA
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 47 35.78 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 29 52.51
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 57 99.67 3.1.4 Internet shopping 23 70.06
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 1 100.00 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 79 62.09
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 13 85.38
2nd sub-pillar: Content 1 77.12 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 64 84.12
1.2.1 GitHub commits 1 100.00 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 28 67.79
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 19 45.28 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation NA NA

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 3 86.07 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 133 11.09 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 22 79.44
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 17 57.81 3.3.1 E-Participation NA NA
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 19 76.65 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 44 85.93
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 15 74.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 8 93.27 ●
1.3.3 Robot density 7 45.49 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 57 68.30
1.3.4 Computer software spending 26 34.36 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 48 70.25
B. People pillar 35 53.49 D. Impact pillar 34 63.35
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 17 59.03 1st sub-pillar: Economy 17 51.52
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 45 17.47 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 62 23.70 ○
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 17 75.57 4.1.2 High-tech exports 1 100.00 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 7 85.24 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 13 57.86 4.1.4 Domestic market size 46 60.56
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 18 68.90
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 100 4.44 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 41 53.65 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 105 52.08
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 83 55.22 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 32 60.91 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 115 48.94 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 28 61.82 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 41 81.94 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth NA NA
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 45 9.92 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 6 86.46
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 42 47.80 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being NA NA
2.3.1 Government online services NA NA 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 3 80.27 ●
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 34 88.50
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 9 78.30 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 2 90.61 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 41 17.30 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities NA NA

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

135
 Hungary
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 36 58.21 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 30 51.36 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 34 73.97 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 16 50.29
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 77 29.81
0
B. People pillar 42 49.48
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 68 46.99
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 35 58.94
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 55 42.51
C. Governance pillar 37 70.88
1st sub-pillar: Trust 30 70.60
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 33 77.03
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 57 65.01
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 37 61.11
1st sub-pillar: Economy 38 36.39
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 49 73.13
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 38 73.81 Hungary High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 30 51.36 C. Governance pillar 37 70.88

1st sub-pillar: Access 34 73.97 1st sub-pillar: Trust 30 70.60
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 33 77.46 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 23 82.98 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 41 63.13 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 43 91.13
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 49 34.78 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 40 43.79
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 55 99.74 3.1.4 Internet shopping 28 64.52
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 84 68.69 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 33 77.03
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 46 60.81
2nd sub-pillar: Content 16 50.29 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 14 94.12 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 1 100.00 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 46 56.10
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 29 25.88 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 60 67.33 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 42 74.14
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 57 7.95 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 57 65.01
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 77 29.81 3.3.1 E-Participation 75 50.01
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 63 47.82 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 55 81.42
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 102 28.25 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 58 65.38
1.3.3 Robot density 22 17.20 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 22 72.83 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 51 25.98 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 80 55.43
B. People pillar 42 49.48 D. Impact pillar 37 61.11
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 68 46.99 1st sub-pillar: Economy 38 36.39
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 51 13.35 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 5 74.27 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 75 43.32 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 29 29.25
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 60 67.94 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 35 12.83
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 61 35.39 4.1.4 Domestic market size 52 58.25
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 20 98.77 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 99 27.33 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 18 23.18 4.1.6 ICT services exports 60 16.41
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 35 58.94 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 49 73.13
2.2.1 Firms with website 46 62.29 4.2.1 Happiness 69 65.26
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 28 62.13 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 82 66.73
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 31 58.62 4.2.3 Income inequality 23 83.67 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 51 79.85 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 47 76.88
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 20 31.83 ● 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 38 73.81
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 55 42.51 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 59 72.65
2.3.1 Government online services 56 71.98 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 33 59.29
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 69 22.06 ○ 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 20 95.58 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 47 46.51 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 63 73.34
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 24 29.50 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 62 68.19

136 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Iceland
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 24 65.70 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 24 56.36 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 61 66.69 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 10 56.48
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 33 45.92
0
B. People pillar 27 56.62
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 73 46.24
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 20 67.16
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 24 56.47
C. Governance pillar 17 81.02
1st sub-pillar: Trust 12 84.07
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 34 76.63
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 13 82.35
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 22 68.80
1st sub-pillar: Economy 29 40.51
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 2 93.45
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 43 72.44 Iceland High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 24 56.36 C. Governance pillar 17 81.02

1st sub-pillar: Access 61 66.69 1st sub-pillar: Trust 12 84.07
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 26 81.24 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 10 89.63
1.1.2 Handset prices 16 79.11 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 66 79.45
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 108 9.93 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account NA NA
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 25 99.99 3.1.4 Internet shopping 11 83.12
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 105 63.17 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 34 76.63
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 16 84.27
2nd sub-pillar: Content 10 56.48 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 45 87.06
1.2.1 GitHub commits 13 66.41 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 23 74.03
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 1 100.00 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 89 59.02 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 51 71.14
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 115 0.49 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 13 82.35
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 33 45.92 3.3.1 E-Participation 17 79.08
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 16 78.69 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 4 99.45 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 24 65.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 33 79.33
1.3.3 Robot density 29 9.43 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 26 71.55
1.3.4 Computer software spending 39 29.79 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments NA NA
B. People pillar 27 56.62 D. Impact pillar 22 68.80
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 73 46.24 1st sub-pillar: Economy 29 40.51
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 99 2.16 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 78 15.97
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 11 82.26 4.1.2 High-tech exports 7 60.50 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 22 78.01 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 18 42.44
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 19 55.04 4.1.4 Domestic market size 128 29.56 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 29 62.21
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 30 13.73 4.1.6 ICT services exports 27 32.36
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 20 67.16 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 2 93.45
2.2.1 Firms with website 15 84.42 4.2.1 Happiness 4 94.79 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 43 47.76 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 9 93.39 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 6 80.54 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 8 92.71 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 106 71.65 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 9 92.92 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 12 51.42 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 43 72.44
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 24 56.47 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 7 95.84 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 16 87.48 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 30 60.14
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 38 41.18 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 46 46.93 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 133 6.21 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 13 50.30 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 1 100.00 ●

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

137
 India
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 60 49.93 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 41 48.44 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 49 69.85 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 29 40.46
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 58 35.02
0
B. People pillar 51 46.95
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 37 53.26
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 78 41.84
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 46 45.74
C. Governance pillar 83 49.41
1st sub-pillar: Trust 72 40.37
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 75 62.84
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 103 45.01
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 56 54.90
1st sub-pillar: Economy 18 49.56
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 95 59.54
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 92 55.62 India Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 41 48.44 C. Governance pillar 83 49.41

1st sub-pillar: Access 49 69.85 1st sub-pillar: Trust 72 40.37
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 53 68.66 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 70 49.16
1.1.2 Handset prices 51 56.73 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 15 97.46 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 2 76.53 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 119 5.99 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 68 99.61 3.1.4 Internet shopping 97 8.89
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 2 96.96 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 75 62.84
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 68 20.60 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 75 47.82
2nd sub-pillar: Content 29 40.46 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 70 83.53
1.2.1 GitHub commits 73 4.48 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 34 64.42
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 100 0.91 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 34 73.58 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 91 51.79
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 2 82.87 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 103 45.01
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 58 35.02 3.3.1 E-Participation 61 58.14
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 53 51.54 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 99 54.30
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 26 64.25 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 72 58.17
1.3.3 Robot density 49 0.93 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 104 4.84 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 56 23.35 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 92 49.60
B. People pillar 51 46.95 D. Impact pillar 56 54.90
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 37 53.26 1st sub-pillar: Economy 18 49.56
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 2 92.67 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 35 42.23
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 100 19.58 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 47 18.28
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 102 29.42 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 43 8.53
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 85 19.81 4.1.4 Domestic market size 3 90.81 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 93 58.09 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 71 37.50
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 1 100.00 ● 4.1.6 ICT services exports 1 100.00 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 78 41.84 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 95 59.54
2.2.1 Firms with website 72 42.86 4.2.1 Happiness 117 29.34 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 40 50.17 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 29 86.31
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 96 16.64 4.2.3 Income inequality 54 68.59
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 3 93.47 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 101 53.91
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 49 6.04 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 92 55.62
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 46 45.74 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 96 53.96
2.3.1 Government online services 42 77.17 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 22 58.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 103 63.72
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 70 35.50 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 79 68.35
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 55 11.49 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 115 36.45

138 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Indonesia
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 59 50.26 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 37 49.35 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 18 76.59 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 43 31.79
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 45 39.66
0
B. People pillar 73 41.94
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 29 55.35
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 118 25.01
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 47 45.46
C. Governance pillar 64 57.59
1st sub-pillar: Trust 64 47.60
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 72 63.44
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 66 61.72
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 75 52.16
1st sub-pillar: Economy 48 34.29
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 65 68.36
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 99 53.83 Indonesia Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 37 49.35 C. Governance pillar 64 57.59

1st sub-pillar: Access 18 76.59 1st sub-pillar: Trust 64 47.60
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 39 75.32 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 57 60.20
1.1.2 Handset prices 61 50.22 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 31 94.79
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 7 67.28 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 95 14.96
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 83 98.99 3.1.4 Internet shopping 69 20.45
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 5 91.10 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 72 63.44
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 55 56.34
2nd sub-pillar: Content 43 31.79 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 123 56.47 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 59 8.42 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 37 62.60
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 91 1.40 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 61 67.17 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 114 41.77
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 4 50.18 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 66 61.72
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 45 39.66 3.3.1 E-Participation 37 70.93
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 41 59.47 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 60 78.99
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 28 62.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 46 70.19
1.3.3 Robot density 51 0.70 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 88 57.51
1.3.4 Computer software spending 25 35.74 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 111 30.99 ○
B. People pillar 73 41.94 D. Impact pillar 75 52.16
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 29 55.35 1st sub-pillar: Economy 48 34.29
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 4 61.91 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 39 36.43
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 5 87.76 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 62 12.82
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 79 56.40 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 98 0.09
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 80 22.67 4.1.4 Domestic market size 7 80.48 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 43 94.54 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 17 69.77 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 37 8.80 4.1.6 ICT services exports 93 6.16
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 118 25.01 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 65 68.36
2.2.1 Firms with website 106 12.71 ○ 4.2.1 Happiness 77 60.12
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 78 9.86 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 23 87.99 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 103 13.22 4.2.3 Income inequality 66 63.07
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 14 88.88 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 94 62.27
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 81 0.40 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 99 53.83
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 47 45.46 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 99 49.89
2.3.1 Government online services 51 73.96 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 69 19.51 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 36 42.65 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 110 58.41
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 25 60.36 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 41 77.02
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 81 4.88 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 70 64.30

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

139
 Iran, Islamic Rep.
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 87 42.83 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 73 38.86 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 103 47.66 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 52 27.39
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 42 41.52
0
B. People pillar 78 39.99
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 49 51.41
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 80 40.70
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 96 27.87
C. Governance pillar 78 51.58
1st sub-pillar: Trust 49 57.26
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 123 37.54
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 72 59.93
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 108 40.91
1st sub-pillar: Economy 79 23.96
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 104 52.66
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 118 46.10 Iran, Islamic Rep. Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 73 38.86 C. Governance pillar 78 51.58

1st sub-pillar: Access 103 47.66 1st sub-pillar: Trust 49 57.26
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 79 54.10 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 55 61.87
1.1.2 Handset prices 118 21.62 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 62 80.74
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 80 24.28 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 33 50.73 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 114 94.47 3.1.4 Internet shopping 55 35.68
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 20 80.92 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 123 37.54
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 71 10.55 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 133 12.95 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Content 52 27.39 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 58 84.71
1.2.1 GitHub commits 104 1.80 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 101 23.38
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 61 4.87 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 90 58.57 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 134 0.00 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 5 44.33 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 72 59.93
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 42 41.52 3.3.1 E-Participation 127 16.28 ○
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 82 39.26 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 39 88.98 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 104 27.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 91 47.84
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 60 67.81
1.3.4 Computer software spending 16 57.55 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 9 78.75 ●
B. People pillar 78 39.99 D. Impact pillar 108 40.91
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 49 51.41 1st sub-pillar: Economy 79 23.96
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 14 44.46 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 43 34.91
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 78 40.37 4.1.2 High-tech exports 119 1.07
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 86 50.15 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 41 8.84
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 54 37.46 4.1.4 Domestic market size 20 71.52 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 68 84.63 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 101 26.16
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 124 1.28
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 80 40.70 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 104 52.66
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 90 48.81
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 123 32.56
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 73 27.99 4.2.3 Income inequality 84 55.53
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 15 88.78 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 61 73.75
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 52 5.32 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 118 46.10
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 96 27.87 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 43 79.11 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 111 35.85 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 133 2.65 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 76 33.74 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 129 34.39 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 46 14.03 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 61 68.25

140 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Ireland
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 19 67.51 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 23 56.58 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 27 75.36 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 27 42.93
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 22 51.46
0
B. People pillar 30 55.58
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 58 49.10
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 18 67.45
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 33 50.20
C. Governance pillar 25 78.29
1st sub-pillar: Trust 19 78.03
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 29 79.21
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 27 77.64
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 3 79.58
1st sub-pillar: Economy 5 63.15
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 12 86.36
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 1 89.21 Ireland High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 23 56.58 C. Governance pillar 25 78.29

1st sub-pillar: Access 27 75.36 1st sub-pillar: Trust 19 78.03
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 1 100.00 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 6 93.04 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 2 97.58 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 54 85.61
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 99 14.18 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 32 50.93
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 93 98.31 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 12 82.53 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 91 66.74 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 29 79.21
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 14 84.89
2nd sub-pillar: Content 27 42.93 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 3 97.65 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 21 53.14 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 35 63.38
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 21 40.90 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 29 74.37 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 97 50.16 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 76 3.29 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 27 77.64
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 22 51.46 3.3.1 E-Participation 47 67.44
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 26 71.34 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 25 93.94
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 18 70.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 38 77.16
1.3.3 Robot density 31 8.68 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 12 75.18
1.3.4 Computer software spending 17 55.34 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 31 74.48
B. People pillar 30 55.58 D. Impact pillar 3 79.58
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 58 49.10 1st sub-pillar: Economy 5 63.15
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 78 6.67 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 6 73.90 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 7 84.01 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 14 46.06
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 33 75.37 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 22 34.33
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 27 48.57 4.1.4 Domestic market size 39 63.00
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 31 61.63
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 12 30.90 4.1.6 ICT services exports 1 100.00 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 18 67.45 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 12 86.36
2.2.1 Firms with website 16 84.18 4.2.1 Happiness 17 84.02
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 10 77.66 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 28 86.62
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 16 72.41 4.2.3 Income inequality 18 84.92
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 46 81.46 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 17 89.89
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 29 21.56 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 1 89.21
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 33 50.20 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 24 89.29
2.3.1 Government online services 45 75.64 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 10 69.61
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 30 48.53 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 27 57.76 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 5 89.81 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 38 18.86 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 4 97.34 ●

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

141
 Israel
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 12 71.82 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 19 59.03 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 39 72.14 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 18 48.80
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 18 56.15
0
B. People pillar 2 74.78
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 4 70.83
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 11 74.40
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 2 79.11
C. Governance pillar 27 77.37
1st sub-pillar: Trust 29 70.68
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 20 83.76
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 26 77.67
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 7 76.12
1st sub-pillar: Economy 2 69.36
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 26 80.24
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 28 78.75 Israel High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 19 59.03 C. Governance pillar 27 77.37

1st sub-pillar: Access 39 72.14 1st sub-pillar: Trust 29 70.68
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 16 86.26 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 41 75.18
1.1.2 Handset prices 29 70.84 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 44 90.77
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 83 23.26 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 25 58.49
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 57 99.67 3.1.4 Internet shopping 37 58.28
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 89 67.80 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 20 83.76
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 39 85.00 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 26 76.91
2nd sub-pillar: Content 18 48.80 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 92 70.00 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 8 76.70 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 4 91.69 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 35 18.76 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 2 86.90 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 32 80.21
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 40 12.83 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 26 77.67
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 18 56.15 3.3.1 E-Participation 37 70.93
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 4 96.84 ● 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 37 89.70
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 2 96.25 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 5 95.91 ●
1.3.3 Robot density 26 11.30 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 48 69.19
1.3.4 Computer software spending 68 20.20 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 68 62.61
B. People pillar 2 74.78 D. Impact pillar 7 76.12
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 4 70.83 1st sub-pillar: Economy 2 69.36
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 29 47.13
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 11 53.44
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 40 73.12 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 6 71.17
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 51 39.38 4.1.4 Domestic market size 48 60.13
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 8 84.30
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 1 100.00 ● 4.1.6 ICT services exports 1 100.00 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 11 74.40 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 26 80.24
2.2.1 Firms with website 48 60.94 4.2.1 Happiness 2 98.76 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 42 49.52 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 83 66.64 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 7 80.05 4.2.3 Income inequality 71 61.31
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 45 81.48 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 6 94.25 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 1 100.00 ● 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 28 78.75
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 2 79.11 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 19 91.69
2.3.1 Government online services 21 86.13 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 38 53.53
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 31 47.06 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 80 72.57
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 6 83.27 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 22 80.78
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 1 100.00 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 10 95.18

142 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Italy
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 31 62.20 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 29 53.08 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 42 71.79 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 35 36.96
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 23 50.48
0
B. People pillar 28 56.17
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 32 54.44
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 28 61.78
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 29 52.30
C. Governance pillar 32 74.28
1st sub-pillar: Trust 40 66.56
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 30 79.03
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 28 77.26
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 30 65.27
1st sub-pillar: Economy 28 40.80
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 53 72.78
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 21 82.22 Italy High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 29 53.08 C. Governance pillar 32 74.28

1st sub-pillar: Access 42 71.79 1st sub-pillar: Trust 40 66.56
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 19 84.58 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 34 79.29
1.1.2 Handset prices 44 61.96 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 27 96.06
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 33 39.94 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 69 26.71 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 29 64.19
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 50 74.25 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 30 79.03
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 47 70.00 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 44 61.92
2nd sub-pillar: Content 35 36.96 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 1 100.00 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 45 19.16 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 38 62.34
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 28 26.51 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 59 68.17 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 54 70.88
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 13 34.01 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 28 77.26
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 23 50.48 3.3.1 E-Participation 32 72.10
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 32 65.18 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 29 92.67
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 62 41.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 41 75.00
1.3.3 Robot density 13 29.88 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 66 66.76 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 3 65.85 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 6 79.77 ●
B. People pillar 28 56.17 D. Impact pillar 30 65.27
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 32 54.44 1st sub-pillar: Economy 28 40.80
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 13 44.55 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 27 47.52
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 49 55.71 4.1.2 High-tech exports 59 14.63
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 44 70.19 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 26 32.13
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 38 45.05 4.1.4 Domestic market size 12 77.71 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 18 99.11 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 32 61.34
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 32 12.02 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 72 11.51
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 28 61.78 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 53 72.78
2.2.1 Firms with website 27 75.40 4.2.1 Happiness 41 72.65
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 23 65.37 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 106 55.92 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 39 53.65 4.2.3 Income inequality 53 69.85
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 8 91.16 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 10 92.72 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 25 23.33 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 21 82.22
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 29 52.30 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 21 90.22
2.3.1 Government online services 23 85.18 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 34 58.33
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 20 61.76 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 15 96.46
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 69 35.69 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 16 82.15 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 27 26.56 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 30 83.93

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

143
 Jamaica
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 72 46.11 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 85 35.38 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 90 54.89 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 106 13.63
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 51 37.61
0
B. People pillar 85 38.28
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 117 24.94
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 46 52.36
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 69 37.53
C. Governance pillar 71 54.49
1st sub-pillar: Trust 99 30.05
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 27 79.98
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 87 53.45
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 50 56.28
1st sub-pillar: Economy 77 24.39
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 46 74.44
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 51 70.02 Jamaica Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 85 35.38 C. Governance pillar 71 54.49

1st sub-pillar: Access 90 54.89 1st sub-pillar: Trust 99 30.05
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 119 24.33 ○ 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 95 40.89
1.1.2 Handset prices 95 35.15 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 106 31.34
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 77 24.91 3.1.3 Online access to financial account NA NA
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 57 99.67 3.1.4 Internet shopping 74 17.93
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 95 66.45 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 27 79.98
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 43 78.83 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 58 54.02 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 106 13.63 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 87 73.53
1.2.1 GitHub commits 86 3.33 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 90 1.45 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 103 49.11 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 6 92.35 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 110 0.64 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 87 53.45
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 51 37.61 3.3.1 E-Participation 106 26.75
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 76 43.00 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 92 56.09
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 72 38.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 65 60.34
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 4 83.18 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 29 31.83 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 101 40.88
B. People pillar 85 38.28 D. Impact pillar 50 56.28
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 117 24.94 1st sub-pillar: Economy 77 24.39
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 110 1.22 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 83 36.31 4.1.2 High-tech exports 91 4.02
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 89 45.75 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 70 2.47
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 89 16.47 4.1.4 Domestic market size 122 32.66 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 56 44.77 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 20 38.01 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 46 52.36 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 46 74.44
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 66 65.43
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 38 83.17 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 68 30.78 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 94 73.94 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 58 74.73 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 51 70.02
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 69 37.53 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 67 68.54
2.3.1 Government online services 99 43.79 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 47 35.29 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 103 63.72
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 78 33.50 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 72 70.16
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 41 77.67 ●

144 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Japan
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 13 71.06 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 15 60.62 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 5 81.46 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 33 38.34
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 12 62.07
0
B. People pillar 3 72.59
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 5 69.15
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 14 71.36
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 4 77.28
C. Governance pillar 24 78.73
1st sub-pillar: Trust 35 69.26
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 23 82.02
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 8 84.92
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 14 72.30
1st sub-pillar: Economy 12 57.55
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 31 78.93
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 25 80.41 Japan High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 15 60.62 C. Governance pillar 24 78.73

1st sub-pillar: Access 5 81.46 1st sub-pillar: Trust 35 69.26
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 23 82.44 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 29 80.09
1.1.2 Handset prices 13 80.46 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 12 97.78
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 8 65.96 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 48 38.84
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 28 99.97 3.1.4 Internet shopping 32 60.33
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 29 78.49 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 23 82.02
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 19 80.68
2nd sub-pillar: Content 33 38.34 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 92 70.00 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 40 24.59 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 26 72.99
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 41 12.18 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 40 72.48 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 17 86.44
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 6 44.11 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 8 84.92
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 12 62.07 3.3.1 E-Participation 1 100.00 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 10 85.26 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 21 96.17
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 9 80.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 2 97.60 ●
1.3.3 Robot density 4 54.29 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 86 59.11 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 42 28.74 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 41 71.73
B. People pillar 3 72.59 D. Impact pillar 14 72.30
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 5 69.15 1st sub-pillar: Economy 12 57.55
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 7 58.24 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 8 68.78
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 19 75.17 4.1.2 High-tech exports 27 32.36
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 45 70.09 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 1 100.00 ●
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 47 42.23 4.1.4 Domestic market size 4 84.54 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 50 50.29
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 1 100.00 ● 4.1.6 ICT services exports 82 9.30 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 14 71.36 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 31 78.93
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 44 71.15
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 2 96.58 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 78 68.95
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 70 29.47 4.2.3 Income inequality 38 75.63
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 4 93.02 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 1 100.00 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 4 66.37 ● 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 25 80.41
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 4 77.28 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 16 92.78
2.3.1 Government online services 10 89.99 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 5 75.89
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 7 88.24 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 88 69.91 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 16 71.65 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 51 75.22
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 5 59.24 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 22 88.26

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

145
 Jordan
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 68 47.29 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 68 40.05 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 91 54.39 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 65 23.19
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 39 42.56
0
B. People pillar 44 49.19
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 44 52.10
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 27 62.28
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 85 33.19
C. Governance pillar 67 55.16
1st sub-pillar: Trust 92 33.54
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 71 63.44
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 50 68.49
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 99 44.75
1st sub-pillar: Economy 84 22.66
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 93 59.85
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 105 51.73 Jordan Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 68 40.05 C. Governance pillar 67 55.16

1st sub-pillar: Access 91 54.39 1st sub-pillar: Trust 92 33.54
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 101 41.04 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 98 38.62
1.1.2 Handset prices 63 47.38 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 78 70.45
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 58 30.36 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 112 9.24 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 40 99.93 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 78 15.85
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 51 74.07 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 71 63.44
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 60 33.56 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 62 53.00
2nd sub-pillar: Content 65 23.19 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 64 84.12
1.2.1 GitHub commits 75 4.33 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 45 56.36
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 78 2.31 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 26 75.38 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 84 57.07
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 44 10.75 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 50 68.49
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 39 42.56 3.3.1 E-Participation 67 53.49
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 59 49.03 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 97 54.42
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 44 49.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 42 74.52 ●
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 84 60.03
1.3.4 Computer software spending 41 29.40 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 1 100.00 ●
B. People pillar 44 49.19 D. Impact pillar 99 44.75
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 44 52.10 1st sub-pillar: Economy 84 22.66
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 75 7.25 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 66 20.69
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 14 79.79 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 104 2.55
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 80 54.45 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 45 8.06
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 84 21.18 4.1.4 Domestic market size 84 46.39
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 27 97.84 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 39 57.27 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 127 1.02 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 27 62.28 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 93 59.85
2.2.1 Firms with website 24 78.10 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 106 37.26
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 88 64.05
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 61 32.93 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 80 75.83 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 45 78.25
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 105 51.73
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 85 33.19 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 98 51.25
2.3.1 Government online services 73 62.36 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 55 33.44
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 86 11.76 ○ 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 129 24.78 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 48 46.28 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 68 71.89
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 50 12.36 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 43 77.30 ●

146 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Kazakhstan
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 58 50.97 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 79 37.92 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 52 69.11 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 82 19.10
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 98 25.55
0
B. People pillar 49 47.86
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 54 50.16
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 56 48.15
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 48 45.27
C. Governance pillar 54 62.72
1st sub-pillar: Trust 48 59.13
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 104 54.01
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 35 75.02
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 55 55.38
1st sub-pillar: Economy 63 29.77
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 35 77.63
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 88 58.75 Kazakhstan Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 79 37.92 C. Governance pillar 54 62.72

1st sub-pillar: Access 52 69.11 1st sub-pillar: Trust 48 59.13
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 10 91.02 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 51 64.66
1.1.2 Handset prices 81 40.38 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 38 93.03
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 40 38.43 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 52 35.30
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 76 99.34 3.1.4 Internet shopping 48 43.53
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 37 76.36 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 104 54.01
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 65 51.63
2nd sub-pillar: Content 82 19.10 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 129 45.88 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 70 5.70 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 72 42.08
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 76 2.46 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 64 65.62 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 121 30.44 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 80 2.60 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 35 75.02
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 98 25.55 3.3.1 E-Participation 15 80.23 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 85 38.60 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 9 98.66 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 75 37.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 70 59.86
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 39 70.12
1.3.4 Computer software spending 122 1.06 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 59 66.23
B. People pillar 49 47.86 D. Impact pillar 55 55.38
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 54 50.16 1st sub-pillar: Economy 63 29.77
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 23 34.87 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 74 17.56
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 103 13.53 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 9 59.19 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 78 56.79 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 76 1.71
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 34 45.87 4.1.4 Domestic market size 42 61.92
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 6 99.73 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 78 35.76
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 111 2.47
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 56 48.15 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 35 77.63
2.2.1 Firms with website 64 47.25 4.2.1 Happiness 54 67.96
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 34 58.66 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 32 84.61 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 36 55.66 4.2.3 Income inequality 13 88.44 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 66 77.92 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 75 69.50
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 71 1.26 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 88 58.75
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 48 45.27 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 45 78.00
2.3.1 Government online services 8 92.75 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 61 27.87
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 61 26.47 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 99 65.49
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 26 59.71 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 114 50.94
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 101 2.16 ○ 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 54 71.43

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

147
 Kenya
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 70 46.86 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 65 40.56 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 76 61.50 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 83 19.05
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 43 41.12
0
B. People pillar 69 42.93
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 105 33.79
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 60 47.04
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 40 47.95
C. Governance pillar 61 58.59
1st sub-pillar: Trust 56 52.48
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 64 66.19
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 77 57.10
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 96 45.35
1st sub-pillar: Economy 66 28.09
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 113 48.73
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 85 59.24 Kenya Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 65 40.56 C. Governance pillar 61 58.59

1st sub-pillar: Access 76 61.50 1st sub-pillar: Trust 56 52.48
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 92 46.35 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 86 43.98
1.1.2 Handset prices 109 28.28 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 59 81.38
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 28 43.90 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 18 66.35 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 76 99.34 3.1.4 Internet shopping 73 18.23
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 8 89.61 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 64 66.19
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 94 39.54
2nd sub-pillar: Content 83 19.05 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 34 89.41 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 62 7.94 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 75 40.52
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 98 1.00 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 87 59.37 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 75 61.49
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 58 7.89 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 77 57.10
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 43 41.12 3.3.1 E-Participation 64 56.97
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 55 50.77 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 70 72.59
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 32 60.00 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 83 51.44
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 97 38.79 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 84 12.61 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 61 65.69
B. People pillar 69 42.93 D. Impact pillar 96 45.35
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 105 33.79 1st sub-pillar: Economy 66 28.09
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 49 14.10 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 80 15.15
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 42 57.43 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 86 5.42
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 109 16.23 ○ 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 90 0.66
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 113 4.94 ○ 4.1.4 Domestic market size 59 55.57
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 76 76.27 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 41 56.10 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 23 35.60 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 60 47.04 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 113 48.73
2.2.1 Firms with website 71 43.67 4.2.1 Happiness 103 38.98
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 108 55.16 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 90 18.00 4.2.3 Income inequality 82 55.78
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 53 79.45 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 110 45.01 ○
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 85 59.24
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 40 47.95 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 102 45.39
2.3.1 Government online services 68 64.87 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 41 38.24 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 80 72.57
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 57 40.75 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 100 61.27
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 79 57.73

148 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Korea, Rep.
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 7 74.48 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 17 60.10 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 23 75.76 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 30 40.42
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 8 64.12
0
B. People pillar 1 84.11
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 1 79.88
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 1 82.85
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 1 89.59
C. Governance pillar 18 80.44
1st sub-pillar: Trust 10 85.10
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 41 75.26
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 17 80.96
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 11 73.27
1st sub-pillar: Economy 3 65.35
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 40 75.23
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 26 79.22 Korea, Rep. High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 17 60.10 C. Governance pillar 18 80.44

1st sub-pillar: Access 23 75.76 1st sub-pillar: Trust 10 85.10
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 71 59.86 ○ 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 47 69.34
1.1.2 Handset prices 54 55.03 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 5 98.49
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 12 59.11 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 9 82.64
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 28 99.97 3.1.4 Internet shopping 5 89.91 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 22 80.61 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 41 75.26
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 28 74.44
2nd sub-pillar: Content 30 40.42 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 105 66.12 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 25 46.41 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 32 64.68
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 47 8.85 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 21 75.94 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 52 71.07
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 16 30.49 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 17 80.96
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 8 64.12 3.3.1 E-Participation 9 94.19
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 20 75.40 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 26 93.43
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 34 59.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 32 81.01
1.3.3 Robot density 1 100.00 ● 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 43 69.52
1.3.4 Computer software spending 65 21.58 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 57 66.67
B. People pillar 1 84.11 D. Impact pillar 11 73.27
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 1 79.88 1st sub-pillar: Economy 3 65.35
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 15 44.36 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 7 70.83
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 12 81.92 4.1.2 High-tech exports 6 64.53
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 4 87.29 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 2 98.56 ●
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 4 67.32 ● 4.1.4 Domestic market size 14 76.85
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 23 98.36 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 20 68.31
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 1 100.00 ● 4.1.6 ICT services exports 67 13.03
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 1 82.85 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 40 75.23
2.2.1 Firms with website 33 69.79 4.2.1 Happiness 58 66.91
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 4 94.16 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 100 58.07 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 30 60.01 4.2.3 Income inequality 27 79.40
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 10 90.28 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 3 96.53 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 1 100.00 ● 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 26 79.22
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 1 89.59 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 6 96.29
2.3.1 Government online services 3 98.08 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 6 75.76
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 4 94.12 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 60 78.76
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 10 77.46 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 101 60.48 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 2 88.70 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 29 84.81

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

149
 Kuwait
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 64 48.36 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 56 43.14 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 54 68.59 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 90 18.08
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 38 42.76
0
B. People pillar 71 42.27
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 33 54.27
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 89 36.46
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 74 36.08
C. Governance pillar 72 54.17
1st sub-pillar: Trust 67 44.83
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 80 62.07
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 81 55.61
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 65 53.86
1st sub-pillar: Economy 56 31.68
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 30 79.47
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 110 50.43 Kuwait High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 56 43.14 C. Governance pillar 72 54.17

1st sub-pillar: Access 54 68.59 1st sub-pillar: Trust 67 44.83
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 54 67.95 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 77 47.92
1.1.2 Handset prices 39 65.55 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 73 74.63
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 117 5.16 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 55 34.02
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 64 22.76
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 59 72.86 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 80 62.07
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 61 53.55
2nd sub-pillar: Content 90 18.08 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 95 69.41
1.2.1 GitHub commits 101 1.95 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 76 39.22
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 65 4.07 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 67 65.32 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 101 48.18
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 104 0.99 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 81 55.61
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 38 42.76 3.3.1 E-Participation 67 53.49
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 77 42.95 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 64 76.49
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 57 42.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 48 68.51
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 25 72.04 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 24 42.84 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 124 7.53 ○
B. People pillar 71 42.27 D. Impact pillar 65 53.86
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 33 54.27 1st sub-pillar: Economy 56 31.68
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 27 30.26 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 61 24.80
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 89 28.91 4.1.2 High-tech exports 107 2.20
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 19 79.18 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 89 0.67
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 53 37.85 4.1.4 Domestic market size 63 53.32
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 41 95.16 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 46 53.20
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 10 55.91 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 89 36.46 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 30 79.47
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 48 69.82
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 92 1.18 ○ 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 41 82.00 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 63 32.42 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 81 75.79 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 29 86.58 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 110 50.43
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 74 36.08 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 73 67.63
2.3.1 Government online services 66 66.55 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 132 7.96 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 62 38.52 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 115 50.72 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 91 3.18 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 49 75.41

150 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Kyrgyzstan
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 94 39.80 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 111 27.07 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 100 49.37 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 89 18.16
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 129 13.69
0
B. People pillar 101 31.90
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 88 41.23
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 102 32.10
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 107 22.36
C. Governance pillar 95 47.22
1st sub-pillar: Trust 101 29.61
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 115 48.47
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 58 63.59
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 69 53.00
1st sub-pillar: Economy 112 15.64
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 33 78.68
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 64 64.67 Kyrgyzstan Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 111 27.07 C. Governance pillar 95 47.22

1st sub-pillar: Access 100 49.37 1st sub-pillar: Trust 101 29.61
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 100 42.77 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 76 48.21
1.1.2 Handset prices 113 26.94 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 96 48.75
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 81 23.89 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 105 10.62
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 105 96.86 3.1.4 Internet shopping 87 10.86
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 101 64.40 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 115 48.47
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 56 41.37 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 101 36.55
2nd sub-pillar: Content 89 18.16 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 106 65.88
1.2.1 GitHub commits 67 6.86 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 92 27.53
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 106 0.59 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 74 63.85 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 106 45.70
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 98 1.33 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 58 63.59
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 129 13.69 3.3.1 E-Participation 78 48.84
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 122 15.66 ○ 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 30 92.28 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 120 19.25 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 98 41.35
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 95 6.16 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 40 71.88 ●
B. People pillar 101 31.90 D. Impact pillar 69 53.00
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 88 41.23 1st sub-pillar: Economy 112 15.64
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 71 8.06 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 108 0.00 ○
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 93 26.85 4.1.2 High-tech exports 32 28.29 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 98 37.54 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 64 34.25 ● 4.1.4 Domestic market size 119 34.59
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 12 99.45 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 95 28.49
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 112 2.47
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 102 32.10 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 33 78.68
2.2.1 Firms with website 56 55.11 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 75 61.66
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 79 8.58 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 4 95.50 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 78 24.94 4.2.3 Income inequality 17 85.43 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 111 71.20 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 69 72.13
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 77 0.69 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 64 64.67
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 107 22.36 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 66 68.88 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 80 57.74 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 82 13.24 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 96 67.26
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 111 17.05 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 106 57.51
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 107 1.42 ○ 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 69 65.02

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

151
 Lao PDR
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 109 34.72 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 99 30.12 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 98 50.12 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 126 0.99
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 46 39.25
0
B. People pillar 98 33.17
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 98 37.34
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 116 26.93
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 77 35.23
C. Governance pillar 130 27.68
1st sub-pillar: Trust 123 16.53
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 125 36.47
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 126 30.05
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 87 47.91
1st sub-pillar: Economy 78 24.30
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 82 63.78
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 91 55.64 Lao PDR Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 99 30.12 C. Governance pillar 130 27.68

1st sub-pillar: Access 98 50.12 1st sub-pillar: Trust 123 16.53
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 97 43.59 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 113 31.56
1.1.2 Handset prices 94 36.52 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 117 18.94
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 98 14.38 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 122 5.12 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 114 94.47 3.1.4 Internet shopping 89 10.49
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 114 61.64 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 125 36.47
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 120 29.55
2nd sub-pillar: Content 126 0.99 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 130 26.71 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 120 0.61 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 69 43.12
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 79 2.28 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 129 16.30 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 129 0.09 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 126 30.05
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 46 39.25 3.3.1 E-Participation 114 24.42
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 70 44.69 ● 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 129 14.18 ○
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 51 46.25 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 73 56.49 ●
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 46 26.80 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 114 25.09
B. People pillar 98 33.17 D. Impact pillar 87 47.91
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 98 37.34 1st sub-pillar: Economy 78 24.30
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 93 2.93 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 101 3.69
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 57 53.96 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 16 41.76 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 94 40.57 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 92 0.60
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 106 6.92 4.1.4 Domestic market size 100 40.45
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 71 82.35 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 43 54.36 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 96 4.93
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 116 26.93 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 82 63.78
2.2.1 Firms with website 93 24.72 4.2.1 Happiness 92 47.88
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 13 91.95 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 93 17.65 4.2.3 Income inequality 73 60.80
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 123 38.41 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 100 54.50
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 91 55.64
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 77 35.23 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 111 36.00
2.3.1 Government online services 127 22.69 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 48 83.19 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 43 47.77 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 105 58.38
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 103 45.00

152 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Latvia
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 37 57.77 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 51 44.53 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 53 68.81 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 38 35.67
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 80 29.11
0
B. People pillar 54 46.34
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 53 50.19
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 51 49.60
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 67 39.23
C. Governance pillar 20 80.22
1st sub-pillar: Trust 20 78.02
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 18 84.33
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 25 78.30
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 39 59.99
1st sub-pillar: Economy 46 34.44
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 56 71.21
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 37 74.32 Latvia High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 51 44.53 C. Governance pillar 20 80.22

1st sub-pillar: Access 53 68.81 1st sub-pillar: Trust 20 78.02
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 59 64.04 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 36 79.16
1.1.2 Handset prices 45 60.83 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 21 97.23 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 82 23.75 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 16 69.36 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 57 99.67 3.1.4 Internet shopping 27 66.34
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 100 64.58 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 18 84.33
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 25 77.24
2nd sub-pillar: Content 38 35.67 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 45 87.06
1.2.1 GitHub commits 28 40.42 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 39 61.04
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 31 24.31 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 20 75.97 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 2 96.32 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 88 1.99 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 25 78.30
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 80 29.11 3.3.1 E-Participation 29 73.25
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 38 61.35 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 31 91.94
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 54 44.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 31 81.25
1.3.3 Robot density 47 1.54 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 17 73.74 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 91 8.79 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 45 71.31
B. People pillar 54 46.34 D. Impact pillar 39 59.99
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 53 50.19 1st sub-pillar: Economy 46 34.44
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 48 14.21 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 65 21.09
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 71 45.11 4.1.2 High-tech exports 28 30.51
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 32 75.95 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 29 20.75
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 8 61.95 4.1.4 Domestic market size 97 40.95 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 3 99.85 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 40 56.40
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 43 4.08 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 21 36.92 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 51 49.60 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 56 71.21
2.2.1 Firms with website 39 67.40 4.2.1 Happiness 49 68.86
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 61 33.39 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 68 73.65
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 23 68.40 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 54 68.59
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 97 73.00 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 62 73.72
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 50 5.79 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 37 74.32
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 67 39.23 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 61 71.24
2.3.1 Government online services 35 79.39 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 28 62.57
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 58 27.94 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 67 37.31 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 47 75.72
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 51 12.28 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 73 62.07

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

153
 Lebanon
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 96 39.70 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 82 37.43 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 78 60.78 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 64 23.48
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 87 28.03
0
B. People pillar 46 48.08
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 14 60.10
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 32 60.47
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 105 23.68
C. Governance pillar 116 37.11
1st sub-pillar: Trust 110 24.00
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 129 33.73
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 86 53.60
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 120 36.16
1st sub-pillar: Economy 76 25.10
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 132 28.42
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 94 54.96 Lebanon Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 82 37.43 C. Governance pillar 116 37.11

1st sub-pillar: Access 78 60.78 1st sub-pillar: Trust 110 24.00
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 124 13.31 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 82 46.14
1.1.2 Handset prices 103 31.05 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 108 29.22
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions NA NA 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 101 12.96
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 49 99.87 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 101 7.69
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 90 66.82 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 129 33.73
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 37 92.86 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 119 29.66
2nd sub-pillar: Content 64 23.48 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 132 12.94 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 55 9.03 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 96 24.94
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 64 4.08 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 25 75.41 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 119 34.46
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 69 5.37 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 86 53.60
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 87 28.03 3.3.1 E-Participation 88 38.37
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 80 40.87 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 102 52.99
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 63 40.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 81 51.68
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 112 2.47 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 44 71.37 ●
B. People pillar 46 48.08 D. Impact pillar 120 36.16
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 14 60.10 1st sub-pillar: Economy 76 25.10
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 112 0.90 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 95 3.66
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 5 85.83 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment NA NA 4.1.4 Domestic market size 93 41.72
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 48 93.58 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 68 38.37
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 58 16.63 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 32 60.47 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 132 28.42
2.2.1 Firms with website 44 62.38 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 130 0.00 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 128 12.49 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 49 40.33 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 59 78.70 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 66 72.76
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 94 54.96
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 105 23.68 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 60 71.60
2.3.1 Government online services 110 36.53 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 70 17.44
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 97 5.88 ○ 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 122 41.59
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 94 28.62 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 47 75.72 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 59 68.47

154 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Lesotho
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 128 26.74 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 126 19.38 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 121 39.86 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 131 0.41
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 119 17.88
0
B. People pillar 129 17.63
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 118 21.24
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 124 22.17
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 132 9.49
C. Governance pillar 103 42.57
1st sub-pillar: Trust 111 23.11
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 119 42.90
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 67 61.72
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 132 27.38
1st sub-pillar: Economy 133 8.86
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 131 30.98
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 124 42.31 Lesotho Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 126 19.38 C. Governance pillar 103 42.57

1st sub-pillar: Access 121 39.86 1st sub-pillar: Trust 111 23.11
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 121 19.86 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 110 33.47
1.1.2 Handset prices 114 26.85 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 129 7.48 ○
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 110 7.62 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 60 30.94 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 93 98.31 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 68 20.57 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 132 46.67 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 119 42.90
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 112 32.95
2nd sub-pillar: Content 131 0.41 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 102 66.82
1.2.1 GitHub commits 121 0.53 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 109 10.39
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 113 0.34 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 121 33.33

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 53 70.98 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 119 0.37 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 67 61.72
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 119 17.88 3.3.1 E-Participation 104 29.07
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 127 0.00 ○ 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 58 80.15 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 79 35.75 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 118 26.44
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 1 100.00 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending NA NA 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 38 72.92 ●
B. People pillar 129 17.63 D. Impact pillar 132 27.38
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 118 21.24 1st sub-pillar: Economy 133 8.86
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 120 0.15 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 105 8.92 4.1.2 High-tech exports 131 0.00 ○
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 107 17.99 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 112 5.04 4.1.4 Domestic market size 133 9.16 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 80 74.09 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 88 33.43 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 119 1.71
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 124 22.17 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 131 30.98
2.2.1 Firms with website 111 6.24 4.2.1 Happiness 122 21.56
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 94 0.97 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 102 56.88
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 99 15.32 4.2.3 Income inequality 96 45.48
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 118 66.15 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 133 0.00 ○
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 124 42.31
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 132 9.49 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 114 32.54
2.3.1 Government online services 123 27.67 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 93 69.03 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 125 0.05 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 124 41.91
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 112 0.74 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 127 25.76

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

155
 Lithuania
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 33 60.41 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 35 49.55 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 16 76.77 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 34 37.35
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 61 34.53
0
B. People pillar 36 53.42
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 41 52.59
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 37 56.97
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 32 50.71
C. Governance pillar 19 80.35
1st sub-pillar: Trust 24 76.18
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 11 87.70
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 29 77.15
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 44 58.34
1st sub-pillar: Economy 60 30.96
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 55 71.49
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 42 72.57 Lithuania High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 35 49.55 C. Governance pillar 19 80.35

1st sub-pillar: Access 16 76.77 1st sub-pillar: Trust 24 76.18
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 21 83.16 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 15 85.86 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 21 76.76 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 11 97.89 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 69 26.97 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 20 60.65
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 22 100.00 3.1.4 Internet shopping 33 60.32
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 39 76.10 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 11 87.70
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 34 97.60 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 23 78.45
2nd sub-pillar: Content 34 37.35 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 2 99.41 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 29 36.74 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 27 71.95
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 27 27.08 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 8 82.70 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 13 88.72 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 78 2.86 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 29 77.15
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 61 34.53 3.3.1 E-Participation 67 53.49
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 31 65.18 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 33 91.15
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 29 61.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 16 87.74 ●
1.3.3 Robot density 36 5.46 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 14 74.20 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 98 5.74 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 8 79.18 ●
B. People pillar 36 53.42 D. Impact pillar 44 58.34
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 41 52.59 1st sub-pillar: Economy 60 30.96
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 50 13.36 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 51 29.59
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 25 71.21 4.1.2 High-tech exports 42 20.63
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 39 73.22 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 37 11.04
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 32 45.94 4.1.4 Domestic market size 81 46.97
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 5 99.77 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 44 53.78
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 32 12.02 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 45 23.75
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 37 56.97 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 55 71.49
2.2.1 Firms with website 23 78.99 4.2.1 Happiness 11 87.14 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 50 46.16 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 107 55.77 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 19 71.42 4.2.3 Income inequality 56 67.84
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 91 74.39 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 57 75.19
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 37 13.91 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 42 72.57
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 32 50.71 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 75 67.57
2.3.1 Government online services 28 81.73 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 32 59.45
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 29 91.15
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 38 50.60 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 42 76.81
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 36 19.79 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 63 67.89

156 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Luxembourg
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 18 67.84 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 13 62.47 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 38 72.33 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 14 52.27
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 9 62.80
0
B. People pillar 33 53.87
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 109 30.30
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 22 66.44
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 18 64.87
C. Governance pillar 12 84.23
1st sub-pillar: Trust 23 77.03
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 1 95.03
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 18 80.65
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 17 70.79
1st sub-pillar: Economy 31 39.40
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 11 86.63
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 7 86.34 Luxembourg High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 13 62.47 C. Governance pillar 12 84.23

1st sub-pillar: Access 38 72.33 1st sub-pillar: Trust 23 77.03
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 3 98.99 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 16 85.48
1.1.2 Handset prices 23 74.83 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 18 97.36
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 113 6.67 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 17 66.56
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 35 58.71
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 19 81.15 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 1 95.03
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 2 92.87 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 14 52.27 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 38 88.82
1.2.1 GitHub commits 24 50.42 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 1 100.00 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 5 83.98 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 30 74.11 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 4 93.44 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 111 0.57 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 18 80.65
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 9 62.80 3.3.1 E-Participation 25 74.42
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 7 92.18 ● 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 15 96.82
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 10 79.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 17 86.54
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 47 69.21
1.3.4 Computer software spending 78 16.73 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 17 76.25
B. People pillar 33 53.87 D. Impact pillar 17 70.79
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 109 30.30 1st sub-pillar: Economy 31 39.40
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 108 1.31 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 40 59.34 4.1.2 High-tech exports 70 10.77
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 76 58.06 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 8 65.38
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 100 11.12 4.1.4 Domestic market size 90 43.34
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 50 50.29
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 23 21.67 4.1.6 ICT services exports 36 27.24
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 22 66.44 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 11 86.63
2.2.1 Firms with website 17 82.33 4.2.1 Happiness 8 90.68 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 25 63.43 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 17 89.97
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 1 100.00 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 40 74.37
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 92 74.30 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 12 91.48
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 40 12.14 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 7 86.34
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 18 64.87 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 8 95.29 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 29 81.42 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 35 58.23
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 3 94.93 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 13 83.02
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 39 18.26 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 11 95.15

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

157
 Madagascar
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 124 27.64 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 128 17.62 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 128 32.81 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 130 0.59
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 113 19.46
0
B. People pillar 124 22.00
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 122 19.98
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 106 30.90
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 122 15.11
C. Governance pillar 113 38.19
1st sub-pillar: Trust 125 16.01
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 61 66.97
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 124 31.59
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 126 32.75
1st sub-pillar: Economy 86 22.44
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 125 37.71
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 132 38.10 Madagascar Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 128 17.62 C. Governance pillar 113 38.19

1st sub-pillar: Access 128 32.81 1st sub-pillar: Trust 125 16.01
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 129 8.03 ○ 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 128 18.27 ○
1.1.2 Handset prices 124 18.18 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 115 21.98
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 75 25.50 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 82 18.78 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 127 85.34 3.1.4 Internet shopping 108 5.02
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 117 59.70 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 61 66.97
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 83 0.12 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 115 31.08
2nd sub-pillar: Content 130 0.59 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 115 61.76
1.2.1 GitHub commits 118 0.69 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 127 0.11 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 122 0.00 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 40 75.05 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 95 1.56 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 124 31.59
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 113 19.46 3.3.1 E-Participation 106 26.75
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 116 22.75 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 128 26.77 ○
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 88 33.75 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 109 34.13
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 115 1.87 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 104 38.73
B. People pillar 124 22.00 D. Impact pillar 126 32.75
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 122 19.98 1st sub-pillar: Economy 86 22.44
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 100 2.13 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 117 1.17
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 121 6.94 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 87 0.80 ●
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 125 1.89 4.1.4 Domestic market size 106 37.55
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 85 68.94 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 59 44.19 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 35 28.52 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 106 30.90 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 125 37.71
2.2.1 Firms with website 100 18.25 4.2.1 Happiness 116 31.00
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 126 24.79 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 124 1.49 4.2.3 Income inequality 91 51.26 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 98 72.96 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 111 43.78
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 132 38.10
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 122 15.11 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 132 10.58 ○
2.3.1 Government online services 122 28.33 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 112 56.64
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 112 16.96 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 122 43.50
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 114 0.05 ○ 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 109 41.67

158 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Malawi
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 121 29.39 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 131 16.42 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 126 36.20 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 125 1.15
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 130 11.93
0
B. People pillar 121 24.86
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 119 21.11
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 87 37.26
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 120 16.21
C. Governance pillar 112 38.35
1st sub-pillar: Trust 112 22.59
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 112 49.91
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 111 42.53
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 114 37.92
1st sub-pillar: Economy 122 13.42
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 116 46.14
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 97 54.18 Malawi Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 131 16.42 C. Governance pillar 112 38.35

1st sub-pillar: Access 126 36.20 1st sub-pillar: Trust 112 22.59
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 128 9.48 ○ 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 125 22.35
1.1.2 Handset prices 129 13.05 ○ 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 101 35.72
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 120 4.47 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 59 31.01 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 113 94.86 3.1.4 Internet shopping 124 1.29
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 120 59.11 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 112 49.91
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 114 31.85
2nd sub-pillar: Content 125 1.15 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 58 84.71 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 124 0.38 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 114 5.19
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 126 0.11 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 77 61.16 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 77 2.95 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 111 42.53
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 130 11.93 3.3.1 E-Participation 90 36.05
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 124 13.46 ○ 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 91 56.69
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 118 19.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 129 16.59 ○
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 111 2.58 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 72 60.81 ●
B. People pillar 121 24.86 D. Impact pillar 114 37.92
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 119 21.11 1st sub-pillar: Economy 122 13.42
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 97 2.21 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 69 46.84 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 87 4.93
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 133 1.08 ○ 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 130 0.05 4.1.4 Domestic market size 121 33.38
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 94 55.37 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 125 3.49 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 40 25.32 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 87 37.26 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 116 46.14
2.2.1 Firms with website 74 40.90 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 125 18.66
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 92 61.42
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 123 1.57 4.2.3 Income inequality 69 61.56 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 116 69.31 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 112 42.93
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 97 54.18
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 120 16.21 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 113 32.83
2.3.1 Government online services 120 29.34 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 91 8.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 83 71.68 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 116 10.46 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 90 66.26
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 100 45.96

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

159
 Malaysia
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 40 56.72 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 38 49.31 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 25 75.61 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 59 24.88
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 30 47.45
0
B. People pillar 48 47.97
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 56 49.37
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 62 45.76
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 37 48.78
C. Governance pillar 39 69.80
1st sub-pillar: Trust 38 67.57
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 52 70.55
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 46 71.28
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 41 59.81
1st sub-pillar: Economy 15 53.67
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 60 69.60
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 89 56.18 Malaysia Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 38 49.31 C. Governance pillar 39 69.80

1st sub-pillar: Access 25 75.61 1st sub-pillar: Trust 38 67.57
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 72 59.83 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 45 70.99
1.1.2 Handset prices 42 63.03 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 8 98.03 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 22 46.74 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 41 43.40
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 84 98.97 3.1.4 Internet shopping 39 57.86
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 12 85.50 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 52 70.55
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 29 99.60 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 42 65.92
2nd sub-pillar: Content 59 24.88 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 70 83.53
1.2.1 GitHub commits 61 8.12 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 40 60.00
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 56 5.58 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 78 62.86 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 112 43.30 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 23 22.97 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 46 71.28
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 30 47.45 3.3.1 E-Participation 47 67.44
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 25 71.90 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 59 79.29
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 12 78.75 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 39 76.68
1.3.3 Robot density 30 9.20 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 68 66.70
1.3.4 Computer software spending 38 29.94 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 58 66.29
B. People pillar 48 47.97 D. Impact pillar 41 59.81
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 56 49.37 1st sub-pillar: Economy 15 53.67
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 9 46.08 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 17 57.79 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 61 51.21 4.1.2 High-tech exports 4 93.51 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 37 74.10 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 50 5.69
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 76 26.10 4.1.4 Domestic market size 30 67.85
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 6 85.76 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 73 11.40
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 62 45.76 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 60 69.60
2.2.1 Firms with website 69 44.71 4.2.1 Happiness 52 68.11
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 45 47.27 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 36 83.77
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 48 41.52 4.2.3 Income inequality 86 54.77 ○
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 35 83.57 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 71 71.74
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 41 11.70 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 89 56.18
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 37 48.78 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 46 77.85
2.3.1 Government online services 53 73.81 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 47 39.53
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 58 27.94 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 126 29.20 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 11 76.39 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 83 67.41
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 43 16.96 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 65 66.91

160 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Mali
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 123 28.27 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 125 19.83 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 118 40.72 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 124 1.55
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 123 17.20
0
B. People pillar 126 17.93
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 131 12.21
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 112 28.88
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 125 12.70
C. Governance pillar 118 36.15
1st sub-pillar: Trust 130 13.58
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 105 53.71
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 113 41.15
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 112 39.19
1st sub-pillar: Economy 94 20.86
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 103 52.67
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 123 44.05 Mali Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 125 19.83 C. Governance pillar 118 36.15

1st sub-pillar: Access 118 40.72 1st sub-pillar: Trust 130 13.58
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 123 14.96 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 127 18.34
1.1.2 Handset prices 123 18.29 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 128 8.56 ○
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 88 20.26 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 71 24.23 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 125 87.04 3.1.4 Internet shopping 118 3.21
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 107 63.04 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 105 53.71
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 106 35.56
2nd sub-pillar: Content 124 1.55 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 79 76.47 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 130 0.13 ○ 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 95 25.45
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 70 3.49 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 66 64.39 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 102 1.04 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 113 41.15
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 123 17.20 3.3.1 E-Participation 111 25.58
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 120 16.80 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 84 63.47 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 90 33.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 113 29.57
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 118 1.55 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 95 45.97
B. People pillar 126 17.93 D. Impact pillar 112 39.19
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 131 12.21 1st sub-pillar: Economy 94 20.86
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 119 0.28 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 65 49.24 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 73 9.69 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 126 4.59 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 127 1.47 4.1.4 Domestic market size 104 38.36
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 105 5.46 ○ 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 90 31.10
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 42 25.13 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 112 28.88 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 103 52.67
2.2.1 Firms with website 79 37.78 4.2.1 Happiness 112 34.56
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 93 1.02 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 67 73.74 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 125 1.32 ○ 4.2.3 Income inequality 58 67.59 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 84 75.39 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 122 34.79
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 123 44.05
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 125 12.70 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 125 21.85
2.3.1 Government online services 119 29.84 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 103 1.47 ○ 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 119 48.67
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 113 16.50 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 91 65.61
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 92 2.98 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 112 40.08

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

161
 Malta
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 32 61.94 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 33 49.71 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 79 60.65 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 31 39.60
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 27 48.89
0
B. People pillar 26 57.05
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 34 53.97
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 33 59.92
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 22 57.26
C. Governance pillar 33 73.95
1st sub-pillar: Trust 37 67.76
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 28 79.80
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 38 74.31
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 28 67.04
1st sub-pillar: Economy 30 40.30
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 25 80.26
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 24 80.57 Malta High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 33 49.71 C. Governance pillar 33 73.95

1st sub-pillar: Access 79 60.65 1st sub-pillar: Trust 37 67.76
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 43 72.85 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 38 76.43
1.1.2 Handset prices 43 62.20 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 57 83.36
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 116 6.37 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 31 51.17
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 34 60.06
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 113 61.84 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 28 79.80
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 38 67.98
2nd sub-pillar: Content 31 39.60 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 9 95.29 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 31 34.37 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 14 80.26 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 18 47.27 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 17 76.24 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 86 55.44
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 113 0.51 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 38 74.31
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 27 48.89 3.3.1 E-Participation 22 75.59
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 37 61.51 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 47 84.38
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 38 53.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 54 66.35
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 37 70.29
1.3.4 Computer software spending 30 31.65 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 29 74.97
B. People pillar 26 57.05 D. Impact pillar 28 67.04
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 34 53.97 1st sub-pillar: Economy 30 40.30
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 107 1.40 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 32 44.79
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 55 54.45 4.1.2 High-tech exports 8 59.89 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 36 74.49 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 19 42.22
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 30 46.42 4.1.4 Domestic market size 126 31.43 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 52 93.09 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 33 59.59
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 102 3.85
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 33 59.92 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 25 80.26
2.2.1 Firms with website 11 85.26 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 38 73.41
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 14 74.47 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 57 77.06
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 21 69.70 4.2.3 Income inequality 27 79.40
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services NA NA 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 13 91.17 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 44 10.23 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 24 80.57
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 22 57.26 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 28 86.75
2.3.1 Government online services 18 87.28 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 41 50.93
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 36 87.61
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 15 73.14 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 3 90.17 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 56 11.35 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 25 87.38

162 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Mauritania
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 131 23.73 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 117 24.72 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 124 37.94 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 133 0.15
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 56 36.08
0
B. People pillar 134 10.13
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 124 18.42
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 132 11.98
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 134 0.00
C. Governance pillar 131 25.39
1st sub-pillar: Trust 131 12.69
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 128 33.92
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 128 29.55
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 123 34.70
1st sub-pillar: Economy 131 9.50
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 101 53.50
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 127 41.10 Mauritania Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 117 24.72 C. Governance pillar 131 25.39

1st sub-pillar: Access 124 37.94 1st sub-pillar: Trust 131 12.69
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 116 25.44 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 126 21.16
1.1.2 Handset prices 122 18.54 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 119 17.51
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions NA NA 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 115 8.20
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 132 60.18 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 115 3.88
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 130 47.60 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 128 33.92
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 126 25.76
2nd sub-pillar: Content 133 0.15 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 116 61.18
1.2.1 GitHub commits 128 0.25 ○ 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 119 1.04
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 124 0.14 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 130 14.95 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 130 0.04 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 128 29.55
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 56 36.08 3.3.1 E-Participation 133 0.00 ○
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies NA NA 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 52 82.96
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 60 41.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 121 25.00
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 33 30.91 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 123 10.24
B. People pillar 134 10.13 D. Impact pillar 123 34.70
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 124 18.42 1st sub-pillar: Economy 131 9.50
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 95 2.58 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 98 3.47
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 112 14.08 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 124 2.13 4.1.4 Domestic market size 124 31.67
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 95 54.89 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy NA NA
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 107 2.85
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 132 11.98 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 101 53.50
2.2.1 Firms with website 83 35.93 4.2.1 Happiness 96 44.11
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 100 0.00 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 120 41.52
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment NA NA 4.2.3 Income inequality 34 76.38
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 124 0.00 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 105 51.99
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 127 41.10
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 134 0.00 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 126 18.63
2.3.1 Government online services 133 0.00 ○ 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 128 26.55 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech NA NA 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 46 75.79
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 115 0.00 ○ 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 107 43.43

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

163
 Mauritius
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 76 45.56 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 80 37.88 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 67 64.84 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 78 20.05
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 83 28.75
0
B. People pillar 106 30.00
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 78 44.34
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 131 12.97
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 88 32.70
C. Governance pillar 56 60.51
1st sub-pillar: Trust 63 47.75
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 53 70.43
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 59 63.34
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 66 53.85
1st sub-pillar: Economy 96 19.16
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 76 66.33
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 33 76.05 Mauritius Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 80 37.88 C. Governance pillar 56 60.51

1st sub-pillar: Access 67 64.84 1st sub-pillar: Trust 63 47.75
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 73 59.15 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 65 54.41
1.1.2 Handset prices 84 39.77 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 23 96.84 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 76 25.28 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 84 18.11
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 57 99.67 3.1.4 Internet shopping 66 21.64
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 98 65.19 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 53 70.43
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 27 75.97 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 78 20.05 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 77 77.06
1.2.1 GitHub commits 69 6.02 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 65 43.90
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 48 8.28 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 66 65.47 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 88 55.25
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 116 0.44 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 59 63.34
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 83 28.75 3.3.1 E-Participation 86 40.70
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 87 38.18 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 49 83.94 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 82 35.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 77 54.09
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 71 66.54
1.3.4 Computer software spending 83 13.05 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 43 71.42 ●
B. People pillar 106 30.00 D. Impact pillar 66 53.85
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 78 44.34 1st sub-pillar: Economy 96 19.16
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 103 1.75 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 105 2.10 ○
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 80 38.81 4.1.2 High-tech exports 123 0.45 ○
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 66 63.15 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 69 28.72 4.1.4 Domestic market size 123 32.38 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 62 89.28 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 84 34.01
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 37 26.85 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 131 12.97 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 76 66.33
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 72 63.02
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 82 5.07 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 74 70.50
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 60 33.31 4.2.3 Income inequality 59 65.83
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services NA NA 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 88 65.98
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 78 0.54 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 33 76.05
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 88 32.70 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 90 59.47
2.3.1 Government online services 77 58.91 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 61 26.47 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 42 84.96 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 60 38.99 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 10 84.32 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 70 6.42 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 48 75.46 ●

164 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Mexico
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 62 49.59 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 70 39.64 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 63 65.26 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 62 23.83
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 75 29.83
0
B. People pillar 63 44.44
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 76 44.87
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 95 35.39
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 28 53.07
C. Governance pillar 68 55.15
1st sub-pillar: Trust 71 42.14
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 46 72.21
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 91 51.10
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 43 59.11
1st sub-pillar: Economy 42 36.09
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 57 71.10
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 50 70.15 Mexico Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 70 39.64 C. Governance pillar 68 55.15

1st sub-pillar: Access 63 65.26 1st sub-pillar: Trust 71 42.14
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 93 45.92 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 81 46.27
1.1.2 Handset prices 30 70.63 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 60 81.36
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 13 58.82 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 91 16.28
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 86 98.68 3.1.4 Internet shopping 63 24.64
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 28 78.66 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 46 72.21
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 57 38.88 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 83 44.39
2nd sub-pillar: Content 62 23.83 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 14 94.12 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 82 3.93 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 73 41.30
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 66 3.89 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 72 64.45 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 29 81.25
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 22 23.04 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 91 51.10
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 75 29.83 3.3.1 E-Participation 32 72.10
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 47 55.16 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 126 31.18 ○
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 66 39.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 65 60.34
1.3.3 Robot density 34 7.45 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 58 67.88
1.3.4 Computer software spending 76 16.96 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 115 24.03 ○
B. People pillar 63 44.44 D. Impact pillar 43 59.11
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 76 44.87 1st sub-pillar: Economy 42 36.09
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 24 34.20 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 16 57.97 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 81 37.11 4.1.2 High-tech exports 25 35.68 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 50 69.11 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 65 2.76
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 70 28.41 4.1.4 Domestic market size 13 77.37 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 49 93.51 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 61 42.73
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 40 6.87 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 133 0.01 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 95 35.39 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 57 71.10
2.2.1 Firms with website 81 36.91 4.2.1 Happiness 10 87.15 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 69 22.01 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 44 80.94
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 72 28.14 4.2.3 Income inequality 98 44.22 ○
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 16 88.29 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 70 72.07
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 65 1.61 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 50 70.15
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 28 53.07 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 53 74.70
2.3.1 Government online services 31 80.60 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 54 33.50
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 6 89.71 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 44 84.07
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 68 36.80 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 35 78.32
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 77 5.16 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 36 80.15

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

165
 Moldova
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 67 47.69 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 75 38.65 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 46 70.87 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 63 23.71
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 108 21.37
0
B. People pillar 80 39.82
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 71 46.54
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 101 32.15
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 60 40.77
C. Governance pillar 63 57.92
1st sub-pillar: Trust 59 49.57
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 76 62.78
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 68 61.41
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 61 54.37
1st sub-pillar: Economy 69 27.02
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 42 74.82
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 73 61.26 Moldova Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 75 38.65 C. Governance pillar 63 57.92

1st sub-pillar: Access 46 70.87 1st sub-pillar: Trust 59 49.57
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 68 60.66 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 48 68.84 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 47 60.28 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 71 75.35
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 44 36.58 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 70 25.65
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 28 99.97 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 60 28.44
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 55 73.24 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 76 62.78
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 36 94.47 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 71 49.92
2nd sub-pillar: Content 63 23.71 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 34 89.41 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 52 11.55 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 68 3.57 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 11 78.87 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 109 45.12 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 107 0.85 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 68 61.41
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 108 21.37 3.3.1 E-Participation 47 67.44
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 90 37.40 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 79 66.08
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 119 19.50 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 61 62.74
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 93 7.23 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 93 49.37
B. People pillar 80 39.82 D. Impact pillar 61 54.37
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 71 46.54 1st sub-pillar: Economy 69 27.02
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 90 4.18 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 63 22.34
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 94 3.81
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 93 42.03 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 62 3.82
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 50 40.48 4.1.4 Domestic market size 116 35.29 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 12 99.45 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 62 42.15
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 12 54.71 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 101 32.15 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 42 74.82
2.2.1 Firms with website 70 44.59 4.2.1 Happiness 74 62.01
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 72 19.17 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 64 75.55
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 81 24.37 4.2.3 Income inequality 4 93.72 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 108 71.49 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 81 67.99
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 73 1.10 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 73 61.26
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 60 40.77 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 81 64.14
2.3.1 Government online services 60 71.04 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 50 36.85
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 34 45.59 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 53 82.30
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 54 42.47 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 96 63.22
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 86 3.99 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 77 59.81

166 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Mongolia
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 83 43.52 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 86 34.56 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 74 62.29 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 96 17.31
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 101 24.07
0
B. People pillar 92 35.51
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 60 48.66
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 105 30.98
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 97 26.90
C. Governance pillar 65 56.46
1st sub-pillar: Trust 66 44.89
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 101 56.11
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 51 68.39
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 89 47.53
1st sub-pillar: Economy 98 18.93
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 85 62.69
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 74 60.97 Mongolia Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 86 34.56 C. Governance pillar 65 56.46

1st sub-pillar: Access 74 62.29 1st sub-pillar: Trust 66 44.89
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 60 63.74 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 59 59.48
1.1.2 Handset prices 87 38.40 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 113 24.90
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 51 33.12 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 36 46.58 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 44 48.61 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 88 67.83 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 101 56.11
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 46 70.66 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 82 44.89
2nd sub-pillar: Content 96 17.31 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 76 79.41
1.2.1 GitHub commits 68 6.14 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 88 30.65
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 82 1.98 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 86 59.47 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 82 58.95
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 94 1.65 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 51 68.39
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 101 24.07 3.3.1 E-Participation 57 59.31
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 112 25.94 ○ 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 6 99.34 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 92 33.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 97 42.55
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 69 66.57
1.3.4 Computer software spending 82 13.28 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 32 74.19 ●
B. People pillar 92 35.51 D. Impact pillar 89 47.53
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 60 48.66 1st sub-pillar: Economy 98 18.93
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 77 7.11 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 104 2.59 ○
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 97 23.57 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 18 39.70 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 55 68.72 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 67 2.58
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 39 45.01 4.1.4 Domestic market size 112 36.54
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 19 98.88 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 92 29.65
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 110 2.53
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 105 30.98 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 85 62.69
2.2.1 Firms with website 89 32.35 4.2.1 Happiness 70 63.90
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 77 10.01 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 101 57.00
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 50 39.12 4.2.3 Income inequality 36 76.13 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 96 73.20 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 102 53.74
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 83 0.20 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 74 60.97
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 97 26.90 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 91 57.38
2.3.1 Government online services 78 58.70 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 39 86.73 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 105 19.80 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 110 53.97
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 99 2.21 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 101 45.81

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

167
 Montenegro
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 66 48.14 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 47 45.88 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 92 54.27 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 20 48.55
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 59 34.83
0
B. People pillar 76 41.00
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 45 51.79
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 74 42.93
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 94 28.26
C. Governance pillar 69 55.08
1st sub-pillar: Trust 88 34.21
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 70 64.68
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 55 66.36
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 81 50.58
1st sub-pillar: Economy 83 22.70
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 64 68.94
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 82 60.11 Montenegro Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 47 45.88 C. Governance pillar 69 55.08

1st sub-pillar: Access 92 54.27 1st sub-pillar: Trust 88 34.21
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 104 36.22 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 67 53.17
1.1.2 Handset prices 56 54.44 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 92 52.41
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 97 14.79 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 90 16.36
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 80 99.33 3.1.4 Internet shopping 81 14.90
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 93 66.57 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 70 64.68
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 50 59.33 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 20 48.55 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 26 92.94 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 38 25.12 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 79 35.32
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 1 100.00 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 57 68.50 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 57 69.12
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 112 0.57 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 55 66.36
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 59 34.83 3.3.1 E-Participation 80 45.35
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 71 44.68 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 72 71.40
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 89 33.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 57 65.62
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 55 68.39
1.3.4 Computer software spending 48 26.30 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 4 81.06 ●
B. People pillar 76 41.00 D. Impact pillar 81 50.58
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 45 51.79 1st sub-pillar: Economy 83 22.70
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 102 1.78 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 88 11.02
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 51 16.89
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 43 71.07 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 38 9.31 ●
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 58 35.72 4.1.4 Domestic market size 129 24.40 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 21 98.61 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 63 41.57
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 26 33.00 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 74 42.93 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 64 68.94
2.2.1 Firms with website 82 36.39 4.2.1 Happiness 73 62.67
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 48 46.76 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 70 71.12
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 37 55.33 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 59 65.83
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 109 71.32 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 53 76.15
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 54 4.85 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 82 60.11
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 94 28.26 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 82 63.72
2.3.1 Government online services 89 50.57 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 52 35.86
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 79 14.71 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 60 78.76
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 55 41.40 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 52 75.14
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 71 6.37 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 98 47.07

168 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Morocco
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 77 45.43 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 72 39.20 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 69 63.79 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 71 22.15
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 69 31.66
0
B. People pillar 75 41.59
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 69 46.80
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 57 47.60
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 91 30.37
C. Governance pillar 81 50.46
1st sub-pillar: Trust 80 36.19
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 37 76.17
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 117 39.00
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 83 50.47
1st sub-pillar: Economy 55 32.19
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 96 58.96
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 79 60.26 Morocco Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 72 39.20 C. Governance pillar 81 50.46

1st sub-pillar: Access 69 63.79 1st sub-pillar: Trust 80 36.19
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 95 45.02 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 75 48.60
1.1.2 Handset prices 80 41.05 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 58 82.10
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 43 36.93 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 124 3.56 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 50 99.84 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 88 10.50
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 21 80.87 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 37 76.17
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 41 79.02 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 78 46.85
2nd sub-pillar: Content 71 22.15 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 57 85.29
1.2.1 GitHub commits 85 3.37 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 88 1.51 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 76 63.47 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 46 72.54 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 27 20.25 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 117 39.00
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 69 31.66 3.3.1 E-Participation 111 25.58 ○
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 91 37.16 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 111 44.22
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 82 35.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 68 60.10
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 73 65.12
1.3.4 Computer software spending 61 22.82 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 126 0.00 ○
B. People pillar 75 41.59 D. Impact pillar 83 50.47
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 69 46.80 1st sub-pillar: Economy 55 32.19
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 26 30.37 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 23 53.43 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 47 56.31 4.1.2 High-tech exports 83 7.71
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 83 52.69 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 58 4.53
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 73 27.49 4.1.4 Domestic market size 54 56.97
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 86 67.14 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 66 39.83
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 29 30.66 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 57 47.60 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 96 58.96
2.2.1 Firms with website 59 53.03 4.2.1 Happiness 100 41.73
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 75 69.93
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 111 8.79 ○ 4.2.3 Income inequality 76 59.05
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 48 80.97 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 89 65.13
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 79 60.26
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 91 30.37 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 58 72.84
2.3.1 Government online services 102 41.66 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 72 13.80 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 77 16.18 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 99 65.49
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 80 33.27 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 40 77.10 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 53 72.07

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

169
 Mozambique
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 130 25.07 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 127 18.83 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 122 39.17 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 122 2.32
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 127 15.01
0
B. People pillar 132 15.44
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 129 14.78
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 128 19.00
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 128 12.53
C. Governance pillar 124 34.54
1st sub-pillar: Trust 113 22.27
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 108 51.12
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 125 30.24
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 129 31.48
1st sub-pillar: Economy 132 9.07
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 120 43.08
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 125 42.30 Mozambique Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 127 18.83 C. Governance pillar 124 34.54

1st sub-pillar: Access 122 39.17 1st sub-pillar: Trust 113 22.27
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 126 11.26 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 119 26.92
1.1.2 Handset prices 125 17.33 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 114 22.85
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 100 13.52 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 54 34.30 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 114 94.47 3.1.4 Internet shopping 109 5.00
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 119 59.28 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 108 51.12
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 113 32.02
2nd sub-pillar: Content 122 2.32 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 106 65.88
1.2.1 GitHub commits 127 0.29 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 123 0.15 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 121 33.33

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 121 4.61 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 44 73.25 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 74 4.24 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 125 30.24
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 127 15.01 3.3.1 E-Participation 125 17.45
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 119 17.19 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 121 38.26
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 108 26.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 128 18.27 ○
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 103 11.62
1.3.4 Computer software spending 116 1.84 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 62 65.60 ●
B. People pillar 132 15.44 D. Impact pillar 129 31.48
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 129 14.78 1st sub-pillar: Economy 132 9.07
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 109 1.28 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 113 1.61
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 125 4.69 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 118 3.10 4.1.4 Domestic market size 109 36.75
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 96 50.05 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 121 5.52
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 121 1.45
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 128 19.00 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 120 43.08
2.2.1 Firms with website 84 35.58 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 95 44.40 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 96 0.58 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 31 84.80 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 122 1.80 4.2.3 Income inequality 112 22.61
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 121 57.03 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 131 20.48 ○
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 90 0.01 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 125 42.30
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 128 12.53 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 116 30.43
2.3.1 Government online services 121 28.86 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 100 2.94 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 71 75.22 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 114 12.87 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 132 17.05 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 75 5.46 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 99 46.50 ●

170 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Namibia
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 112 33.87 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 90 33.04 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 112 43.46 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 55 26.44
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 79 29.22
0
B. People pillar 115 27.83
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 106 32.82
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 110 29.20
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 111 21.45
C. Governance pillar 115 37.16
1st sub-pillar: Trust 104 28.53
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 120 40.18
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 110 42.78
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 115 37.44
1st sub-pillar: Economy 120 13.58
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 127 37.23
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 71 61.51 Namibia Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 90 33.04 C. Governance pillar 115 37.16

1st sub-pillar: Access 112 43.46 1st sub-pillar: Trust 104 28.53
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 109 32.20 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 89 42.98
1.1.2 Handset prices 97 33.11 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 127 9.91 ○
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 118 4.97 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 35 48.77 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 107 96.09 3.1.4 Internet shopping 85 12.48
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 129 50.93 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 120 40.18
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 72 49.50 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 55 26.44 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 88 72.59
1.2.1 GitHub commits 93 2.68 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 84 32.47
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 60 4.97 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 129 0.00 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 46 71.66 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 105 46.33
1.2.4 AI scientific publications NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 110 42.78
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 79 29.22 3.3.1 E-Participation 115 23.26
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 72 44.52 ● 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 101 53.45
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 84 34.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 102 37.74
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 92 8.39 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 77 56.68
B. People pillar 115 27.83 D. Impact pillar 115 37.44
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 106 32.82 1st sub-pillar: Economy 120 13.58
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 117 0.39 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 100 3.72
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 122 0.62
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 104 24.93 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 52 5.60 ●
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 88 16.56 4.1.4 Domestic market size 127 30.90
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 61 89.42 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 71 37.50 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 105 3.11
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 110 29.20 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 127 37.23
2.2.1 Firms with website 86 34.54 4.2.1 Happiness 91 48.29
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 73 13.73 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 111 51.26
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 77 24.97 4.2.3 Income inequality 115 9.80 ○
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 105 71.75 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 116 39.57
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 74 1.01 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 71 61.51
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 111 21.45 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 94 54.58
2.3.1 Government online services 109 37.18 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 91 8.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 56 80.53 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 77 33.69 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 55 74.49 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 72 6.12 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 116 36.42

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

171
 Nepal
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 114 33.73 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 112 27.04 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 116 41.04 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 74 21.67
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 116 18.41
0
B. People pillar 122 24.37
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 111 28.72
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 130 18.13
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 100 26.26
C. Governance pillar 110 38.79
1st sub-pillar: Trust 107 24.33
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 113 49.14
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 109 42.89
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 100 44.71
1st sub-pillar: Economy 101 18.33
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 81 64.50
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 107 51.30 Nepal Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 112 27.04 C. Governance pillar 110 38.79

1st sub-pillar: Access 116 41.04 1st sub-pillar: Trust 107 24.33
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 80 54.00 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 90 42.57
1.1.2 Handset prices 126 15.01 ○ 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 98 44.02
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 55 31.48 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 118 6.34
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 129 74.75 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 111 4.38
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 94 66.48 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 113 49.14
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 80 4.53 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 104 35.67
2nd sub-pillar: Content 74 21.67 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 127 54.12 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 79 4.19 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 113 5.71 ○
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 96 1.05 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 45 71.84 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 96 50.19
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 48 9.59 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 109 42.89
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 116 18.41 3.3.1 E-Participation 120 22.09
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 108 27.45 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 103 52.44
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 107 26.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 107 34.38
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 119 1.53 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 67 62.65 ●
B. People pillar 122 24.37 D. Impact pillar 100 44.71
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 111 28.72 1st sub-pillar: Economy 101 18.33
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 115 0.55 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 92 9.58
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 84 35.12 4.1.2 High-tech exports 110 1.70
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 99 37.44 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 102 9.88 4.1.4 Domestic market size 79 47.74 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 92 60.61 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 107 22.09
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 74 10.53 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 130 18.13 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 81 64.50
2.2.1 Firms with website 97 19.18 4.2.1 Happiness 80 58.06
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 55 78.17 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 95 17.08 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services NA NA 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 99 57.28
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 107 51.30
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 100 26.26 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 108 40.67
2.3.1 Government online services 106 40.23 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 79 14.71 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 80 72.57 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 101 23.84 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 111 53.54
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 113 38.42

172 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Netherlands
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 4 76.04 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 4 71.59 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 19 76.52 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 4 67.29
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 6 70.96
0
B. People pillar 15 64.09
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 57 49.28
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 10 74.77
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 14 68.21
C. Governance pillar 2 89.74
1st sub-pillar: Trust 3 91.89
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 5 90.62
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 2 86.72
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 5 78.74
1st sub-pillar: Economy 8 59.63
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 7 89.97
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 5 86.62 Netherlands High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 4 71.59 C. Governance pillar 2 89.74

1st sub-pillar: Access 19 76.52 1st sub-pillar: Trust 3 91.89
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 25 81.85 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 3 94.37 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 35 67.46 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 22 97.00
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 50 33.92 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 5 89.01 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 57 99.67 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 8 87.19
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 38 76.25 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 5 90.62
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 7 89.19
2nd sub-pillar: Content 4 67.29 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 21 93.53
1.2.1 GitHub commits 9 76.40 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 11 81.56
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 1 100.00 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 33 73.74 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 12 88.81
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 29 19.02 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 2 86.72
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 6 70.96 3.3.1 E-Participation 5 96.51 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 1 100.00 ● 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 18 96.46
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 5 87.75 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 3 97.12 ●
1.3.3 Robot density 12 33.87 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 61 67.67 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 11 62.21 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 21 75.85
B. People pillar 15 64.09 D. Impact pillar 5 78.74
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 57 49.28 1st sub-pillar: Economy 8 59.63
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 44 17.58 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 15 59.34
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 22 73.06 4.1.2 High-tech exports 19 39.57
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 9 83.48 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 9 64.91
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 11 60.27 4.1.4 Domestic market size 27 68.94
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 3 90.12 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 32 12.02 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 24 34.91
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 10 74.77 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 7 89.97
2.2.1 Firms with website 3 95.67 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 6 93.69
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 18 70.37 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 40 82.14
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 4 82.91 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 5 92.96
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 22 85.91 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 14 91.09
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 16 39.00 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 5 86.62
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 14 68.21 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 9 94.99
2.3.1 Government online services 11 89.24 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 15 68.74
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 10 76.47 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 21 66.64 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 38 77.31
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 15 40.48 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 17 92.05

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

173
 New Zealand
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 23 65.96 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 27 53.79 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 45 71.38 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 22 45.65
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 37 44.33
0
B. People pillar 23 57.45
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 77 44.35
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 24 62.92
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 17 65.09
C. Governance pillar 11 84.47
1st sub-pillar: Trust 11 84.58
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 19 84.02
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 9 84.81
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 24 68.14
1st sub-pillar: Economy 36 37.34
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 17 82.99
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 18 84.11 New Zealand High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 27 53.79 C. Governance pillar 11 84.47

1st sub-pillar: Access 45 71.38 1st sub-pillar: Trust 11 84.58
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 37 75.86 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 35 79.23
1.1.2 Handset prices 17 78.59 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 56 83.76
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 53 31.89 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 6 86.73 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 71 99.52 3.1.4 Internet shopping 7 88.60 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 64 71.05 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 19 84.02
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 6 90.45 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 22 45.65 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 38 88.82
1.2.1 GitHub commits 22 53.04 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 19 76.36
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 15 50.59 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 50 70.86 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 65 64.46
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 54 8.09 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 9 84.81
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 37 44.33 3.3.1 E-Participation 6 95.34 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 18 77.97 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 24 94.64
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 19 68.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 17 86.54
1.3.3 Robot density 33 7.46 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 19 73.57
1.3.4 Computer software spending 55 23.40 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 33 73.94
B. People pillar 23 57.45 D. Impact pillar 24 68.14
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 77 44.35 1st sub-pillar: Economy 36 37.34
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 85 4.76 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 73 18.56 ○
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 9 82.59 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 30 29.24
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 27 76.93 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 21 36.02
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 24 52.10 4.1.4 Domestic market size 61 53.82
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 15 70.35
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 41 5.36 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 61 16.03
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 24 62.92 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 17 82.99
2.2.1 Firms with website 14 84.64 4.2.1 Happiness 14 85.98 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 30 61.78 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 61 75.91
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment NA NA 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 36 82.99 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 27 87.07
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 27 22.25 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 18 84.11
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 17 65.09 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 14 93.74 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 6 95.35 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 13 68.92
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 7 88.24 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 15 96.46
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 36 51.63 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 73 69.94
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 31 25.13 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 20 91.47

174 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Nicaragua
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 115 33.32 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 129 17.13 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 125 36.30 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 120 6.27
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 132 8.82
0
B. People pillar 103 31.05
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 79 44.28
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 117 26.68
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 109 22.19
C. Governance pillar 125 32.60
1st sub-pillar: Trust 127 14.06
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 117 44.90
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 118 38.83
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 74 52.49
1st sub-pillar: Economy 111 16.04
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 61 69.55
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 46 71.87 Nicaragua Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 129 17.13 C. Governance pillar 125 32.60

1st sub-pillar: Access 125 36.30 1st sub-pillar: Trust 127 14.06
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 118 24.51 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 105 35.91
1.1.2 Handset prices 117 22.69 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 130 7.40 ○
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 95 16.46 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 120 5.71
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 124 88.27 3.1.4 Internet shopping 102 7.23
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 122 56.80 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 117 44.90
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 73 9.04 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 116 30.72
2nd sub-pillar: Content 120 6.27 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 99 68.82
1.2.1 GitHub commits 105 1.78 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 116 3.12 ○
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 89 1.49 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 119 21.49 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 128 21.82 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 121 0.31 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 118 38.83
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 132 8.82 3.3.1 E-Participation 115 23.26
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies NA NA 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 73 71.20 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 126 13.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 107 34.38
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 102 4.39 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 113 26.49
B. People pillar 103 31.05 D. Impact pillar 74 52.49
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 79 44.28 1st sub-pillar: Economy 111 16.04
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 77 16.35
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 108 1.96
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 90 45.55 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 101 11.03 4.1.4 Domestic market size 110 36.58
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 77 76.26 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy NA NA
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 41 25.30 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 117 26.68 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 61 69.55
2.2.1 Firms with website 85 35.35 4.2.1 Happiness 33 75.14 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 19 89.78 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 91 18.00 4.2.3 Income inequality 100 42.21
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services NA NA 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 72 71.08 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 46 71.87
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 109 22.19 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 68 68.44 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 101 42.63 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 56 80.53 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech NA NA 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 84 67.27 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 104 1.75 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 55 71.25 ●

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

175
 Nigeria
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 106 35.73 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 88 34.42 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 89 55.57 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 69 22.29
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 99 25.40
0
B. People pillar 96 33.89
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 120 20.71
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 44 52.97
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 95 28.00
C. Governance pillar 114 37.40
1st sub-pillar: Trust 82 35.41
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 109 50.62
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 131 26.17
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 116 37.20
1st sub-pillar: Economy 85 22.51
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 109 50.53
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 131 38.56 Nigeria Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 88 34.42 C. Governance pillar 114 37.40

1st sub-pillar: Access 89 55.57 1st sub-pillar: Trust 82 35.41
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 96 44.76 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 107 34.23
1.1.2 Handset prices 69 45.92 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 55 84.49 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 89 20.16 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 80 19.70
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 111 95.22 3.1.4 Internet shopping 117 3.23
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 63 71.81 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 109 50.62
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 123 28.53
2nd sub-pillar: Content 69 22.29 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 45 87.06 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 83 3.90 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 105 18.70
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 108 0.49 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 82 60.84 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 90 52.16
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 18 23.91 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 131 26.17
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 99 25.40 3.3.1 E-Participation 104 29.07
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 75 43.17 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 124 33.24 ○
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 115 22.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 117 27.40
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 88 10.29 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 122 14.97 ○
B. People pillar 96 33.89 D. Impact pillar 116 37.20
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 120 20.71 1st sub-pillar: Economy 85 22.51
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 72 7.52 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 87 30.21 4.1.2 High-tech exports 67 11.52 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 114 11.34 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 96 0.13
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 108 6.33 4.1.4 Domestic market size 26 69.32 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 97 48.14 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 92 29.65
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 116 1.92
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 44 52.97 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 109 50.53
2.2.1 Firms with website 105 14.79 ○ 4.2.1 Happiness 102 39.56
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 99 58.45
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 34 57.66 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 51 70.10 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 19 86.47 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 125 34.00 ○
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 131 38.56
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 95 28.00 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 121 26.65
2.3.1 Government online services 93 47.50 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 73 19.12 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 115 52.21
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 110 17.38 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 113 52.10
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 131 23.29 ○

176 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

North Macedonia
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 71 46.26 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 89 33.72 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 81 58.98 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 73 21.87
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 109 20.30
0
B. People pillar 84 38.59
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 94 39.45
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 75 42.67
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 83 33.66
C. Governance pillar 62 57.98
1st sub-pillar: Trust 61 49.16
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 81 62.07
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 62 62.70
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 58 54.77
1st sub-pillar: Economy 62 29.80
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 48 73.74
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 75 60.76 North Macedonia Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 89 33.72 C. Governance pillar 62 57.98

1st sub-pillar: Access 81 58.98 1st sub-pillar: Trust 61 49.16
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 99 42.78 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 63 55.30
1.1.2 Handset prices 22 76.52 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 46 89.74 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 90 19.45 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 88 16.85
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 38 99.95 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 57 34.75
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 123 56.22 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 81 62.07
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 51 59.01
2nd sub-pillar: Content 73 21.87 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 45 87.06
1.2.1 GitHub commits 57 8.77 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 88 30.65
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 51 6.70 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 56 69.62 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 62 66.96
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 83 2.40 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 62 62.70
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 109 20.30 3.3.1 E-Participation 43 68.61 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 97 32.55 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 74 69.91
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 123 17.50 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 80 52.40
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 77 63.04
1.3.4 Computer software spending 87 10.85 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 74 59.52
B. People pillar 84 38.59 D. Impact pillar 58 54.77
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 94 39.45 1st sub-pillar: Economy 62 29.80
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 96 2.25 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 11 62.57 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 101 17.52 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 84 7.34
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 82 53.57 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 60 3.91
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 74 27.20 4.1.4 Domestic market size 117 35.05
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 33 96.72 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 68 38.37
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 28 31.56 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 75 42.67 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 48 73.74
2.2.1 Firms with website 44 62.38 4.2.1 Happiness NA NA
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 64 27.59 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices NA NA
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 42 49.54 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 41 74.12 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 110 71.28 ○ 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 63 73.37
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 61 2.54 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 75 60.76
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 83 33.66 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 79 65.76
2.3.1 Government online services 65 67.06 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 64 26.92
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 49 33.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 60 78.76
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 96 27.14 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 43 76.52 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 68 6.62 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 81 55.82

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

177
 Norway
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 16 69.70 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 14 61.29 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 14 78.25 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 8 58.13
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 29 47.50
0
B. People pillar 24 57.23
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 82 43.16
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 21 66.45
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 19 62.09
C. Governance pillar 4 89.44
1st sub-pillar: Trust 2 95.30
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 3 93.35
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 21 79.67
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 16 70.83
1st sub-pillar: Economy 43 35.22
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 5 91.35
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 10 85.92 Norway High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 14 61.29 C. Governance pillar 4 89.44

1st sub-pillar: Access 14 78.25 1st sub-pillar: Trust 2 95.30
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 9 91.25 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 19 84.36
1.1.2 Handset prices 14 80.01 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 23 96.84
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 63 29.20 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 1 100.00 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 28 99.97 3.1.4 Internet shopping 1 100.00 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 79 69.06 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 3 93.35
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 10 86.54 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 8 58.13 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 11 94.71
1.2.1 GitHub commits 6 87.47 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 12 63.54 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 35 73.56 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 7 92.16 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 56 7.95 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 21 79.67
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 29 47.50 3.3.1 E-Participation 43 68.61
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies NA NA 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 12 97.56
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 16 73.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 27 84.13
1.3.3 Robot density 23 14.06 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 26 71.55
1.3.4 Computer software spending 18 54.95 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 16 76.50
B. People pillar 24 57.23 D. Impact pillar 16 70.83
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 82 43.16 1st sub-pillar: Economy 43 35.22
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 61 10.28 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 68 20.65 ○
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 21 37.20
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 14 80.16 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 16 46.27
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 18 55.16 4.1.4 Domestic market size 50 58.62
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy NA NA
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 16 27.04 4.1.6 ICT services exports 66 13.34
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 21 66.45 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 5 91.35
2.2.1 Firms with website 9 85.44 4.2.1 Happiness 7 91.92 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 35 55.03 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 8 93.94 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 5 80.67 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 12 88.69
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 34 84.35 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 15 90.85
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 21 26.74 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 10 85.92
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 19 62.09 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 12 93.86
2.3.1 Government online services 39 77.97 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 22 66.48
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 11 73.53 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 20 95.58
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech NA NA 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 55 74.49
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 20 34.76 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 2 99.19 ●

178 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Oman
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 54 52.10 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 63 41.31 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 56 67.80 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 84 18.93
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 53 37.21
0
B. People pillar 53 46.48
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 20 57.80
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 94 35.44
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 45 46.18
C. Governance pillar 44 67.48
1st sub-pillar: Trust 33 70.20
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 89 60.23
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 43 72.03
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 67 53.11
1st sub-pillar: Economy 72 25.94
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 24 80.77
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 102 52.62 Oman High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 63 41.31 C. Governance pillar 44 67.48

1st sub-pillar: Access 56 67.80 1st sub-pillar: Trust 33 70.20
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 62 62.97 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 85 44.42
1.1.2 Handset prices 55 54.72 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 28 95.97 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 93 17.37 3.1.3 Online access to financial account NA NA
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping NA NA
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 56 73.23 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 89 60.23
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 33 98.49 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 53 57.05
2nd sub-pillar: Content 84 18.93 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 34 89.41
1.2.1 GitHub commits 108 1.43 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 46 56.10
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 94 1.24 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 44 71.86 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 120 31.89 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 99 1.21 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 43 72.03
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 53 37.21 3.3.1 E-Participation 50 65.12
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 44 57.47 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments NA NA
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 42 50.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 42 74.52
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 7 76.44 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 104 4.16 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments NA NA
B. People pillar 53 46.48 D. Impact pillar 67 53.11
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 20 57.80 1st sub-pillar: Economy 72 25.94
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 81 6.32 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 71 19.79
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 23 72.63 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 65 11.74
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 5 85.83 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 75 1.72
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 68 30.16 4.1.4 Domestic market size 71 50.71
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 46 94.06 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 30 61.92 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 79 9.77
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 94 35.44 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 24 80.77
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 19 83.71 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 55 39.33 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 16 90.16 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 84 21.42 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 55 79.29 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 80 68.45
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 64 1.73 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 102 52.62
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 45 46.18 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 78 66.17
2.3.1 Government online services 58 71.52 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 131 13.27 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 24 61.99 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 121 44.00 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 79 5.04 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 27 87.04 ●

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

179
 Pakistan
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 90 41.26 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 49 45.20 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 68 64.77 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 47 29.12
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 40 41.70
0
B. People pillar 89 36.25
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 103 35.25
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 54 48.35
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 104 25.14
C. Governance pillar 117 36.86
1st sub-pillar: Trust 105 27.46
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 110 50.31
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 122 32.82
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 93 46.74
1st sub-pillar: Economy 41 36.11
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 98 57.68
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 117 46.43 Pakistan Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 49 45.20 C. Governance pillar 117 36.86

1st sub-pillar: Access 68 64.77 1st sub-pillar: Trust 105 27.46
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 56 67.25 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 108 34.06
1.1.2 Handset prices 91 36.97 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 86 64.26
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 25 45.07 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 103 11.51
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 123 92.22 3.1.4 Internet shopping 129 0.00 ○
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 17 82.31 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 110 50.31
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 111 33.07
2nd sub-pillar: Content 47 29.12 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 42 87.65
1.2.1 GitHub commits 103 1.80 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 50 52.21
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 111 0.40 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 121 33.33 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 13 78.01 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 107 45.26
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 10 36.29 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 122 32.82
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 40 41.70 3.3.1 E-Participation 94 34.88
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 69 45.59 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 71 72.53
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 48 48.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 83 51.44
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 105 0.00 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 31 31.25 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 125 5.25 ○
B. People pillar 89 36.25 D. Impact pillar 93 46.74
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 103 35.25 1st sub-pillar: Economy 41 36.11
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 16 43.65 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 59 25.11
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 44 56.74 4.1.2 High-tech exports 105 2.45
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 103 26.78 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 107 6.41 4.1.4 Domestic market size 22 70.98 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 99 42.65 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 53 45.35
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 22 36.69 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 54 48.35 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 98 57.68
2.2.1 Firms with website 67 45.40 4.2.1 Happiness 101 39.70
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 87 64.82
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 100 14.16 4.2.3 Income inequality 21 83.92 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 25 85.50 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 114 42.29
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 117 46.43
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 104 25.14 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 120 27.44
2.3.1 Government online services 87 52.01 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 100 2.94 ○ 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 122 41.59
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 53 42.84 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 88 66.55
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 96 2.78 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 91 50.12

180 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Panama
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 86 43.03 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 77 38.25 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 83 57.85 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 70 22.22
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 60 34.68
0
B. People pillar 94 35.34
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 51 51.04
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 123 22.98
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 89 32.00
C. Governance pillar 89 48.36
1st sub-pillar: Trust 100 29.91
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 83 61.97
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 88 53.19
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 85 50.17
1st sub-pillar: Economy 109 16.80
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 74 66.77
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 58 66.95 Panama High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 77 38.25 C. Governance pillar 89 48.36

1st sub-pillar: Access 83 57.85 1st sub-pillar: Trust 100 29.91
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 74 58.47 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 61 58.27
1.1.2 Handset prices 24 72.51 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 104 32.95
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 112 6.83 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 99 13.18
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 93 98.31 3.1.4 Internet shopping 80 15.26
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 102 64.40 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 83 61.97
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 54 46.58 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 60 53.95
2nd sub-pillar: Content 70 22.22 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 77 77.06
1.2.1 GitHub commits 78 4.21 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 64 44.16
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 37 17.46 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 62 66.94 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 59 68.04
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 122 0.26 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 88 53.19
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 60 34.68 3.3.1 E-Participation 75 50.01
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 66 47.02 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 110 44.45
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 65 40.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 74 56.01
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 23 72.59 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 77 16.76 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 99 42.90
B. People pillar 94 35.34 D. Impact pillar 85 50.17
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 51 51.04 1st sub-pillar: Economy 109 16.80
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 94 7.52
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 98 21.76 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 129 0.22 ○
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 74 60.12 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 72 2.04
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 71 28.12 4.1.4 Domestic market size 76 48.98
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 45 94.18 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 89 31.98
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 78 10.04
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 123 22.98 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 74 66.77
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 55 67.46 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 91 1.41 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 26 87.34 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 101 13.28 4.2.3 Income inequality 107 30.40
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 72 77.22 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 37 81.88 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 92 0.00 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 58 66.95
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 89 32.00 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 42 80.25 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 71 63.98 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 73 12.53 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 55 32.35 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 85 70.80
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 93 28.86 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 4 89.96 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 94 2.80 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 33 81.21 ●

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

181
 Paraguay
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 89 41.91 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 114 26.23 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 106 47.02 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 103 14.62
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 124 17.05
0
B. People pillar 82 39.17
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 66 47.16
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 69 44.35
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 101 26.02
C. Governance pillar 84 49.36
1st sub-pillar: Trust 98 30.83
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 90 59.88
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 75 57.37
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 70 52.89
1st sub-pillar: Economy 110 16.25
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 58 71.05
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 47 71.37 Paraguay Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 114 26.23 C. Governance pillar 84 49.36

1st sub-pillar: Access 106 47.02 1st sub-pillar: Trust 98 30.83
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 90 47.87 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 69 49.78
1.1.2 Handset prices 88 38.28 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 90 56.33
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 54 31.66 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 107 10.29
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 73 99.49 3.1.4 Internet shopping 103 6.91
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 118 59.38 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 90 59.88
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 78 5.41 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 81 44.91
2nd sub-pillar: Content 103 14.62 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 119 59.06
1.2.1 GitHub commits 91 2.91 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 107 17.14
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 84 1.86 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 100 53.19 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 36 78.30 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 114 0.50 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 75 57.37
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 124 17.05 3.3.1 E-Participation 75 50.01
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 105 28.79 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 65 76.27
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 121 19.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 105 37.26
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 6 77.50 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 109 3.37 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 96 45.81
B. People pillar 82 39.17 D. Impact pillar 70 52.89
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 66 47.16 1st sub-pillar: Economy 110 16.25
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 75 17.18
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 104 13.05 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 60 13.21 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 71 61.49 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 83 21.54 4.1.4 Domestic market size 87 45.09
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 53 92.55 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 123 4.94 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 129 0.83 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 69 44.35 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 58 71.05
2.2.1 Firms with website 29 71.74 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 47 70.40 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 97 0.30 ○ 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 15 91.08 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 71 29.07 4.2.3 Income inequality 93 50.50
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 78 76.29 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 68 72.22
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 47 71.37
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 101 26.02 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 95 54.31
2.3.1 Government online services 84 56.44 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 41 38.24 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 27 92.04 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 121 6.74 ○ 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 50 75.43 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 97 2.65 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 71 63.70

182 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Peru
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 73 45.89 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 92 32.55 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 84 57.63 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 86 18.53
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 107 21.49
0
B. People pillar 45 48.33
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 42 52.56
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 38 56.82
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 75 35.62
C. Governance pillar 80 50.57
1st sub-pillar: Trust 93 33.04
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 82 62.03
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 79 56.62
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 77 52.10
1st sub-pillar: Economy 104 17.47
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 67 68.15
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 49 70.67 Peru Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 92 32.55 C. Governance pillar 80 50.57

1st sub-pillar: Access 84 57.63 1st sub-pillar: Trust 93 33.04
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 84 51.62 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 74 48.76
1.1.2 Handset prices 71 44.25 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 91 54.89
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 42 37.24 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 108 10.13 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 112 95.12 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 72 18.38
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 75 69.60 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 82 62.03
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 53 47.92 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 67 51.47
2nd sub-pillar: Content 86 18.53 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 58 84.71
1.2.1 GitHub commits 71 5.20 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 98 24.42
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 67 3.57 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 83 60.83 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 99 49.58
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 72 4.50 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 79 56.62
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 107 21.49 3.3.1 E-Participation 22 75.59 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 84 38.64 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 88 58.83
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 109 25.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 99 40.38
1.3.3 Robot density 56 0.00 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 81 62.30
1.3.4 Computer software spending 63 22.08 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 94 46.01
B. People pillar 45 48.33 D. Impact pillar 77 52.10
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 42 52.56 1st sub-pillar: Economy 104 17.47
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 54 11.55 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 82 13.74
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 74 43.84 4.1.2 High-tech exports 78 8.45
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 51 69.01 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 68 2.56
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 33 45.91 ● 4.1.4 Domestic market size 45 60.61 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 54 92.49 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 113 18.02 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 122 1.43 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 38 56.82 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 67 68.15
2.2.1 Firms with website 36 68.97 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 63 65.83
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 86 64.86
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 87 19.85 4.2.3 Income inequality 78 57.29
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 43 81.65 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 32 84.60 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 49 70.67
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 75 35.62 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 36 81.99 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 37 78.99 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 63 27.52
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 47 35.29 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 25 92.92 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 100 25.28 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 20 81.21 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 93 2.92 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 56 69.72

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

183
 Philippines
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 69 47.24 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 84 36.81 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 93 54.17 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 72 22.09
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 62 34.17
0
B. People pillar 59 45.64
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 23 57.12
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 79 41.31
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 68 38.50
C. Governance pillar 85 49.09
1st sub-pillar: Trust 70 42.18
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 88 60.91
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 105 44.18
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 48 57.41
1st sub-pillar: Economy 14 54.33
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 69 67.76
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 113 50.15 Philippines Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 84 36.81 C. Governance pillar 85 49.09

1st sub-pillar: Access 93 54.17 1st sub-pillar: Trust 70 42.18
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 61 63.63 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 100 37.56
1.1.2 Handset prices 131 3.71 ○ 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 69 76.60
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions NA NA 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 98 13.55
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 87 98.66 3.1.4 Internet shopping 50 41.03
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 53 73.78 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 88 60.91
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 62 31.08 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 68 51.33
2nd sub-pillar: Content 72 22.09 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 109 64.94
1.2.1 GitHub commits 84 3.46 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 94 26.49
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 102 0.79 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 42 72.07 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 72 61.81
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 41 12.03 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 105 44.18
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 62 34.17 3.3.1 E-Participation 79 47.67
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 52 51.83 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 117 39.89 ○
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 31 61.00 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 50 67.55
1.3.3 Robot density 50 0.79 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 57 23.08 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 117 21.61 ○
B. People pillar 59 45.64 D. Impact pillar 48 57.41
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 23 57.12 1st sub-pillar: Economy 14 54.33
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 19 37.91 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 26 50.10 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 37 62.43 4.1.2 High-tech exports 1 100.00 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 57 68.23 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 80 1.11
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 81 22.14 4.1.4 Domestic market size 29 68.36 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 42 94.92 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 36 57.85
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 17 48.55 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 79 41.31 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 69 67.76
2.2.1 Firms with website 60 49.56 4.2.1 Happiness 56 67.19
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 47 46.96 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 21 88.33 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 82 24.05 4.2.3 Income inequality 81 56.03
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 33 84.52 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 97 59.48
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 67 1.46 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 113 50.15
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 68 38.50 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 103 44.44
2.3.1 Government online services 76 59.14 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 75 6.37 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 27 50.00 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 88 69.91
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 59 39.22 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 25 79.99 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 74 5.63 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 92 50.03

184 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Poland
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 34 60.20 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 39 48.95 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 11 79.18 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 37 36.33
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 71 31.35
0
B. People pillar 37 53.19
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 35 53.95
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 29 61.26
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 51 44.37
C. Governance pillar 31 75.16
1st sub-pillar: Trust 16 80.76
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 49 71.96
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 41 72.76
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 33 63.50
1st sub-pillar: Economy 45 34.62
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 27 79.70
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 32 76.17 Poland High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 39 48.95 C. Governance pillar 31 75.16

1st sub-pillar: Access 11 79.18 1st sub-pillar: Trust 16 80.76
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 31 78.42 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 26 80.86
1.1.2 Handset prices 10 82.53 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 37 93.75
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 29 43.45 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 15 70.34 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 18 78.11 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 68 70.66 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 49 71.96
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 36 68.58
2nd sub-pillar: Content 37 36.33 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 42 87.65
1.2.1 GitHub commits 34 30.85 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 74 41.04 ○
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 36 18.28 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 36 73.14 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 70 62.56
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 21 23.08 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 41 72.76
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 71 31.35 3.3.1 E-Participation 51 63.95
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 61 48.92 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 35 90.29
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 74 37.25 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 52 67.07
1.3.3 Robot density 28 9.61 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 52 68.72
1.3.4 Computer software spending 40 29.62 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 35 73.79
B. People pillar 37 53.19 D. Impact pillar 33 63.50
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 35 53.95 1st sub-pillar: Economy 45 34.62
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 17 38.20 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 45 33.49
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 54 54.71 4.1.2 High-tech exports 52 16.89
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 69 62.17 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 39 9.03
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 35 45.73 4.1.4 Domestic market size 21 71.52 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 6 99.73 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 47 52.62
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 18 23.18 4.1.6 ICT services exports 44 24.16
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 29 61.26 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 27 79.70
2.2.1 Firms with website 31 71.52 4.2.1 Happiness 25 80.23
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 26 62.64 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 71 70.81 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 27 63.15 4.2.3 Income inequality 15 85.93 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 23 85.77 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 38 81.81
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 26 23.20 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 32 76.17
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 51 44.37 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 52 74.86
2.3.1 Government online services 43 77.11 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 9 72.98 ●
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 45 36.76 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 29 91.15
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 65 37.92 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 61 73.48
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 29 25.70 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 60 68.39

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

185
 Portugal
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 28 63.08 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 26 56.00 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 33 74.04 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 25 44.04
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 24 49.91
0
B. People pillar 32 54.26
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 43 52.21
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 34 59.42
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 31 51.15
C. Governance pillar 29 75.69
1st sub-pillar: Trust 43 64.67
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 14 86.87
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 32 75.54
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 29 66.37
1st sub-pillar: Economy 44 35.21
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 32 78.89
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 13 85.02 Portugal High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 26 56.00 C. Governance pillar 29 75.69

1st sub-pillar: Access 33 74.04 1st sub-pillar: Trust 43 64.67
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 65 61.35 ○ 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 31 79.85
1.1.2 Handset prices 38 65.66 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 20 97.27 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 32 41.90 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 53 34.56
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 46 47.00
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 43 75.32 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 14 86.87
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 40 66.23
2nd sub-pillar: Content 25 44.04 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 14 94.12 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 27 41.51 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 23 74.03
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 16 48.60 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 51 70.85 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 1 100.00 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 34 15.19 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 32 75.54
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 24 49.91 3.3.1 E-Participation 32 72.10
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 27 70.91 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 48 84.24
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 39 52.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 37 77.64
1.3.3 Robot density 25 12.08 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 58 67.88 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 6 63.90 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 22 75.82
B. People pillar 32 54.26 D. Impact pillar 29 66.37
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 43 52.21 1st sub-pillar: Economy 44 35.21
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 55 11.16 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 40 35.94
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 21 74.10 4.1.2 High-tech exports 68 11.09 ○
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 37 74.10 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 32 17.93
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 36 45.67 4.1.4 Domestic market size 49 58.77
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 39 95.60 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 36 57.85
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 31 12.66 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 31 29.66
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 34 59.42 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 32 78.89
2.2.1 Firms with website 49 60.69 4.2.1 Happiness 57 66.96
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 24 64.51 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 24 87.99
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 26 63.82 4.2.3 Income inequality 47 71.11
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 38 82.48 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 20 89.50 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 22 25.62 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 13 85.02
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 31 51.15 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 18 91.85 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 40 77.39 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 26 64.46
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 36 42.65 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 30 54.46 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 21 81.00 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 23 30.11 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 24 87.79

186 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Qatar
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 46 54.15 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 34 49.59 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 20 76.32 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 91 17.83
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 20 54.63
0
B. People pillar 68 43.51
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 12 60.44
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 107 30.56
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 65 39.52
C. Governance pillar 40 69.18
1st sub-pillar: Trust 28 71.59
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 43 73.14
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 61 62.80
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 63 54.31
1st sub-pillar: Economy 58 31.47
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 23 80.92
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 108 50.55 Qatar High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 34 49.59 C. Governance pillar 40 69.18

1st sub-pillar: Access 20 76.32 1st sub-pillar: Trust 28 71.59
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 27 80.73 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 72 48.78
1.1.2 Handset prices 4 93.39 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 34 94.40
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 102 12.94 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account NA NA
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping NA NA
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 66 70.88 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 43 73.14
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 33 69.11
2nd sub-pillar: Content 91 17.83 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 96 69.06
1.2.1 GitHub commits 81 3.97 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 25 73.51
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 69 3.51 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 77 62.91 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 89 54.05
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 106 0.91 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 61 62.80
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 20 54.63 3.3.1 E-Participation 90 36.05
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 35 62.68 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments NA NA
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 17 71.00 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 30 81.97
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 36 70.39
1.3.4 Computer software spending 37 30.20 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments NA NA
B. People pillar 68 43.51 D. Impact pillar 63 54.31
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 12 60.44 1st sub-pillar: Economy 58 31.47
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 68 9.06 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 30 46.74
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 4 89.16 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 101 2.86 ○
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 3 91.98 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 61 3.82
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 92 15.06 4.1.4 Domestic market size 60 55.31
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 32 96.92 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 14 71.22 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 83 8.84
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 107 30.56 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 23 80.92
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 35 74.81
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 75 11.45 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 14 91.50 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 66 31.17 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 65 78.07 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 51 76.44
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 66 1.56 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 108 50.55
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 65 39.52 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 51 75.55
2.3.1 Government online services 83 56.83 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 57 32.41
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 73 19.12 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 134 0.00 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 19 70.03 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 117 50.07 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 53 12.09 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 12 94.70 ●

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

187
 Romania
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 52 52.41 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 57 42.76 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 48 70.12 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 50 28.72
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 78 29.45
0
B. People pillar 66 43.57
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 70 46.54
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 52 48.95
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 78 35.22
C. Governance pillar 52 63.55
1st sub-pillar: Trust 51 55.41
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 45 72.56
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 63 62.67
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 42 59.75
1st sub-pillar: Economy 33 38.83
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 41 74.98
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 63 65.43 Romania High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 57 42.76 C. Governance pillar 52 63.55

1st sub-pillar: Access 48 70.12 1st sub-pillar: Trust 51 55.41
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 20 83.85 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 33 79.56
1.1.2 Handset prices 62 48.27 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 70 75.87
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 21 48.13 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 74 23.59
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 25 99.99 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 49 42.63
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 73 70.37 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 45 72.56
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 54 56.58
2nd sub-pillar: Content 50 28.72 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 28 90.59 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 43 20.54 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 54 48.83
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 43 10.46 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 54 70.24 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 63 66.81
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 38 13.65 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 63 62.67
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 78 29.45 3.3.1 E-Participation 54 61.63
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 50 52.70 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 86 61.43
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 93 31.25 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 45 71.88
1.3.3 Robot density 38 5.14 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 53 68.68
1.3.4 Computer software spending 43 28.69 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 91 49.73 ○
B. People pillar 66 43.57 D. Impact pillar 42 59.75
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 70 46.54 1st sub-pillar: Economy 33 38.83
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 40 18.99 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 21 54.64 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 46 56.38 4.1.2 High-tech exports 43 20.59
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 66 63.15 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 71 2.28
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 65 34.09 4.1.4 Domestic market size 35 63.91
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 22 98.50 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 76 36.34
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 39 8.15 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 11 55.23 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 52 48.95 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 41 74.98
2.2.1 Firms with website 62 48.20 4.2.1 Happiness 30 75.97 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 21 68.80 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 58 76.86
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 47 41.53 4.2.3 Income inequality 46 71.36
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 58 78.89 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 56 75.73
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 47 7.34 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 63 65.43
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 78 35.22 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 62 70.74
2.3.1 Government online services 69 64.79 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 48 38.25
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 39 86.73
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 81 32.48 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 18 81.72 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 62 8.38 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 93 49.71 ○

188 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Russian Federation
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 38 57.27 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 40 48.76 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 8 80.76 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 41 33.63
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 67 31.88
0
B. People pillar 19 59.23
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 3 72.59
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 42 53.57
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 30 51.53
C. Governance pillar 49 66.33
1st sub-pillar: Trust 34 69.33
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 102 56.10
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 40 73.55
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 57 54.77
1st sub-pillar: Economy 39 36.35
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 70 67.56
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 77 60.40 Russian Federation Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 40 48.76 C. Governance pillar 49 66.33

1st sub-pillar: Access 8 80.76 1st sub-pillar: Trust 34 69.33
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 14 86.73 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 39 75.80
1.1.2 Handset prices 36 67.17 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 8 98.03 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 6 67.47 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 34 50.60
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 85 98.87 3.1.4 Internet shopping 42 52.91
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 16 83.55 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 102 56.10
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 99 37.63
2nd sub-pillar: Content 41 33.63 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 124 55.88 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 48 16.09 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 52 50.13
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 45 9.70 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 31 73.80 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 117 36.86 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 12 34.94 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 40 73.55
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 67 31.88 3.3.1 E-Participation 57 59.31
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 42 58.81 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 38 89.13
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 47 48.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 39 76.68
1.3.3 Robot density 48 1.06 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 40 69.91
1.3.4 Computer software spending 73 18.92 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 39 72.70
B. People pillar 19 59.23 D. Impact pillar 57 54.77
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 3 72.59 1st sub-pillar: Economy 39 36.35
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 3 65.29 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 42 35.44
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 49 17.33
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 51 69.01 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 48 6.98
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 16 56.48 ● 4.1.4 Domestic market size 6 81.89 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 10 99.59 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 25 63.66
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 68 12.82
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 42 53.57 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 70 67.56
2.2.1 Firms with website 53 56.61 4.2.1 Happiness 50 68.66
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 59 36.15 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 81 66.82
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 22 69.60 4.2.3 Income inequality 56 67.84
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 13 89.58 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 85 66.90
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 35 15.91 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 77 60.40
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 30 51.53 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 48 77.13
2.3.1 Government online services 61 70.91 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 31 60.11
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 19 63.24 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 107 61.95 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 34 52.37 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 125 41.33 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 37 19.61 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 74 61.48

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

189
 Rwanda
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 99 38.26 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 101 29.14 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 113 42.83 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 109 12.61
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 66 31.98
0
B. People pillar 107 29.97
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 116 25.62
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 122 23.33
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 57 40.97
C. Governance pillar 79 51.47
1st sub-pillar: Trust 96 32.34
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 60 67.07
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 84 55.00
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 104 42.46
1st sub-pillar: Economy 107 17.18
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 110 50.32
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 83 59.89 Rwanda Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 101 29.14 C. Governance pillar 79 51.47

1st sub-pillar: Access 113 42.83 1st sub-pillar: Trust 96 32.34
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 115 26.02 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 106 35.01
1.1.2 Handset prices 127 14.77 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 65 79.60
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 78 24.52 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 96 14.35
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 70 99.59 3.1.4 Internet shopping 128 0.40 ○
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 116 60.29 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 60 67.07
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 61 31.78 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 69 51.20
2nd sub-pillar: Content 109 12.61 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 45 87.06 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 92 2.88 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 57 46.75 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 121 0.18 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 109 45.63 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 95 50.33
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 92 1.75 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 84 55.00
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 66 31.98 3.3.1 E-Participation 53 62.80 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 78 41.88 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 123 36.12
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 42 50.00 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 83 51.44
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 105 4.06 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 52 69.65 ●
B. People pillar 107 29.97 D. Impact pillar 104 42.46
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 116 25.62 1st sub-pillar: Economy 107 17.18
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 98 2.18 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 95 7.17
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 58 52.82 4.1.2 High-tech exports 76 8.99
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 128 2.93 ○ 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 119 3.07 4.1.4 Domestic market size 120 34.13
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 87 67.09 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 56 44.77 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 88 8.02
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 122 23.33 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 110 50.32
2.2.1 Firms with website 76 38.24 4.2.1 Happiness 127 17.03 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 95 0.78 ○ 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 39 82.29 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 116 6.15 4.2.3 Income inequality 95 48.49
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 114 70.37 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 103 53.47
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 72 1.11 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 83 59.89
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 57 40.97 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 106 41.78
2.3.1 Government online services 41 77.18 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 73 19.12 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 69 76.99
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 32 54.09 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 69 71.60
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 48 13.48 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 94 49.19

190 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Saudi Arabia
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 41 56.14 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 36 49.52 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 30 74.45 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 80 19.26
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 19 54.85
0
B. People pillar 31 55.02
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 10 60.97
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 40 54.69
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 35 49.39
C. Governance pillar 50 65.69
1st sub-pillar: Trust 44 63.80
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 98 57.05
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 30 76.21
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 62 54.34
1st sub-pillar: Economy 47 34.38
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 38 76.35
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 104 52.29 Saudi Arabia High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 36 49.52 C. Governance pillar 50 65.69

1st sub-pillar: Access 30 74.45 1st sub-pillar: Trust 44 63.80
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 48 71.74 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 88 43.09
1.1.2 Handset prices 90 37.70 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 2 99.53 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 17 49.29 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 44 40.98
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 21 71.59
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 9 87.99 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 98 57.05
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 52 57.18
2nd sub-pillar: Content 80 19.26 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 14 94.12
1.2.1 GitHub commits 100 1.97 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 18 77.14
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 83 1.92 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 121 33.33 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 68 65.03 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 127 23.47 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 52 8.13 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 30 76.21
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 19 54.85 3.3.1 E-Participation 43 68.61
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 23 72.31 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 61 78.24
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 30 61.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 11 91.11 ●
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 26 71.55
1.3.4 Computer software spending 35 30.74 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 42 71.56
B. People pillar 31 55.02 D. Impact pillar 62 54.34
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 10 60.97 1st sub-pillar: Economy 47 34.38
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 8 54.68 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 46 31.89
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 8 83.33 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 120 0.85 ○
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 35 74.88 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 42 8.83
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 31 46.36 4.1.4 Domestic market size 17 73.78 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 34 96.70 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 5 86.05 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 35 9.87 4.1.6 ICT services exports 97 4.87
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 40 54.69 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 38 76.35
2.2.1 Firms with website 94 22.64 ○ 4.2.1 Happiness 34 74.94
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 25 87.86
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment NA NA 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 18 86.74 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 86 66.24
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 104 52.29
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 35 49.39 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 57 73.04
2.3.1 Government online services 32 80.33 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 68 21.27 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 65 25.00 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 109 59.29
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 5 84.06 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 103 59.68
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 63 8.19 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 96 48.16

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

191
 Senegal
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 102 37.66 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 91 32.57 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 97 50.68 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 116 10.40
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 55 36.62
0
B. People pillar 116 26.55
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 115 26.02
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 115 27.68
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 103 25.96
C. Governance pillar 93 47.39
1st sub-pillar: Trust 106 26.13
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 54 69.19
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 99 46.85
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 102 44.12
1st sub-pillar: Economy 91 21.23
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 100 56.16
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 95 54.96 Senegal Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 91 32.57 C. Governance pillar 93 47.39

1st sub-pillar: Access 97 50.68 1st sub-pillar: Trust 106 26.13
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 98 42.90 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 121 26.17
1.1.2 Handset prices 110 28.20 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 103 34.72
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions NA NA 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 61 30.80 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 54 99.80 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 84 12.85
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 126 54.13 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 54 69.19
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 64 28.39 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 86 42.55
2nd sub-pillar: Content 116 10.40 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 55 85.88 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 112 0.97 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 44 56.62 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 105 0.62 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 116 37.52 ○ 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 78 60.88
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 81 2.50 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 99 46.85
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 55 36.62 3.3.1 E-Participation 98 32.56
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 74 43.93 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 76 67.58
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 60 41.25 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 90 49.52
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 54 24.69 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 105 37.75
B. People pillar 116 26.55 D. Impact pillar 102 44.12
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 115 26.02 1st sub-pillar: Economy 91 21.23
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 70 8.63 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 58 26.40
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 41 58.04 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 100 3.16
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 111 14.37 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 103 8.71 4.1.4 Domestic market size 96 41.05
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 100 40.33 ○ 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 55 45.06 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 71 11.69
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 115 27.68 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 100 56.16
2.2.1 Firms with website 91 29.00 4.2.1 Happiness 93 47.51
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 87 2.58 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 91 63.90
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 119 3.06 ○ 4.2.3 Income inequality 67 62.56
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 79 76.10 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 106 50.66
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 95 54.96
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 103 25.96 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 112 34.01
2.3.1 Government online services 98 44.01 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 91 8.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 108 61.06
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 56 40.80 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 60 73.70 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 57 10.22 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 87 51.07

192 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Serbia
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 55 51.68 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 83 36.94 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 66 64.98 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 54 26.72
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 115 19.11
0
B. People pillar 58 45.92
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 36 53.56
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 72 43.35
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 59 40.85
C. Governance pillar 48 66.33
1st sub-pillar: Trust 53 54.87
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 48 72.18
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 44 71.93
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 46 57.55
1st sub-pillar: Economy 52 34.08
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 45 74.44
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 67 64.13 Serbia Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 83 36.94 C. Governance pillar 48 66.33

1st sub-pillar: Access 66 64.98 1st sub-pillar: Trust 53 54.87
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 51 69.53 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 42 72.97
1.1.2 Handset prices 59 52.40 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 47 89.62
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 68 27.95 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 83 18.74
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 53 99.83 3.1.4 Internet shopping 52 38.17
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 45 75.18 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 48 72.18
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 70 50.78
2nd sub-pillar: Content 54 26.72 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 11 94.71 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 46 19.00 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 80 34.55
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 59 5.19 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 28 74.61 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 31 80.86 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 53 8.09 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 44 71.93
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 115 19.11 3.3.1 E-Participation 15 80.23 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 81 40.36 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 40 88.33 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 93 31.25 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 53 66.59
1.3.3 Robot density 45 1.92 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 79 62.51
1.3.4 Computer software spending 110 2.90 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 70 62.00
B. People pillar 58 45.92 D. Impact pillar 46 57.55
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 36 53.56 1st sub-pillar: Economy 52 34.08
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 56 11.12 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 53 29.22
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 67 46.93 4.1.2 High-tech exports NA NA
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 65 65.59 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 49 6.82
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 41 44.86 4.1.4 Domestic market size 75 49.28
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 14 99.29 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 81 35.17
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 16 49.92 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 72 43.35 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 45 74.44
2.2.1 Firms with website 21 80.41 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 43 72.40
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 86 2.60 ○ 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 53 79.19
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 46 41.58 4.2.3 Income inequality 49 70.35
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 50 80.65 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 55 75.83
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 42 11.51 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 67 64.13
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 59 40.85 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 65 69.51
2.3.1 Government online services 26 83.58 ● 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 43 44.27
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 68 23.53 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 29 91.15 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 61 38.62 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 98 61.71 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 40 17.67 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 84 54.01

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

193
 Singapore
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 2 76.81 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 5 70.57 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 2 86.01 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 13 53.20
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 2 72.51
0
B. People pillar 6 69.89
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 8 67.81
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 15 70.56
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 11 71.30
C. Governance pillar 10 85.58
1st sub-pillar: Trust 17 79.12
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 10 87.76
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 1 89.86
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 1 81.20
1st sub-pillar: Economy 1 70.45
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 10 86.95
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 8 86.22 Singapore High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 5 70.57 C. Governance pillar 10 85.58

1st sub-pillar: Access 2 86.01 1st sub-pillar: Trust 17 79.12
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 4 97.76 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 4 93.86
1.1.2 Handset prices 1 100.00 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 5 98.49
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 73 25.95 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 26 56.92
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 25 67.20
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 4 92.37 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 10 87.76
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 1 100.00 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Content 13 53.20 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 21 93.53
1.2.1 GitHub commits 1 100.00 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 3 93.77 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 33 20.33 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 4 85.46 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 93 51.49 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 60 7.01 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 1 89.86
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 2 72.51 3.3.1 E-Participation 3 97.68 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 8 88.54 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 28 92.85
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 13 78.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 10 91.59
1.3.3 Robot density 1 100.00 ● 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 56 68.31 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 59 22.99 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 2 98.86 ●
B. People pillar 6 69.89 D. Impact pillar 1 81.20
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 8 67.81 1st sub-pillar: Economy 1 70.45
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 53 11.92 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 1 100.00 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 3 89.85 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 1 100.00 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 14 80.16 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 11 54.87
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 9 61.03 4.1.4 Domestic market size 37 63.49
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 37 96.08 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 10 81.40
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 46 22.92
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 15 70.56 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 10 86.95
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 28 78.75
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 16 72.11 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 34 83.91
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 2 93.05 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 47 81.04 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 2 98.18 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 18 36.03 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 8 86.22
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 11 71.30 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 10 94.30
2.3.1 Government online services 5 95.80 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 2 90.79 ●
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 27 50.00 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 71 75.22 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 2 99.63 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 30 79.26
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 16 39.78 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 18 91.51

194 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Slovakia
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 39 57.08 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 42 48.42 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 21 76.09 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 44 30.03
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 47 39.13
0
B. People pillar 74 41.84
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 112 28.41
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 39 56.25
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 58 40.85
C. Governance pillar 28 76.06
1st sub-pillar: Trust 22 77.60
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 32 78.75
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 45 71.82
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 35 62.01
1st sub-pillar: Economy 51 34.09
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 28 79.52
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 44 72.41 Slovakia High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 42 48.42 C. Governance pillar 28 76.06

1st sub-pillar: Access 21 76.09 1st sub-pillar: Trust 22 77.60
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 12 89.35 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 25 81.09 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 33 69.12 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 42 92.23
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 61 29.80 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 24 58.94 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 57 99.67 3.1.4 Internet shopping 17 78.15 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 81 68.88 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 32 78.75
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 28 99.70 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 32 69.35
2nd sub-pillar: Content 44 30.03 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 42 87.65
1.2.1 GitHub commits 42 22.00 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 48 54.29
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 32 20.43 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 43 72.06 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 27 82.47 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 67 5.65 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 45 71.82
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 47 39.13 3.3.1 E-Participation 80 45.35
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 40 59.51 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 45 85.89
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 44 49.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 29 82.93 ●
1.3.3 Robot density 21 21.49 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 44 69.52
1.3.4 Computer software spending 49 26.26 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 24 75.42 ●
B. People pillar 74 41.84 D. Impact pillar 35 62.01
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 112 28.41 1st sub-pillar: Economy 51 34.09
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 73 7.45 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 3 77.71 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 54 16.08
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 62 66.86 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 46 7.97
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 67 30.31 4.1.4 Domestic market size 67 51.73
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 77 36.05 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 36 9.01 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 62 15.02
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 39 56.25 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 28 79.52
2.2.1 Firms with website 26 76.53 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 31 75.63
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 37 54.04 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 93 61.08 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 33 57.93 4.2.3 Income inequality 1 100.00 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 54 79.35 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 40 81.38
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 38 13.37 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 44 72.41
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 58 40.85 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 44 79.06
2.3.1 Government online services 62 69.72 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 37 55.24
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 31 47.06 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 60 78.76
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 89 30.02 ○ 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 73 69.94
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 44 16.62 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 39 79.04

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

195
 Slovenia
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 29 62.57 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 32 51.25 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 24 75.62 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 36 36.50
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 41 41.63
0
B. People pillar 29 55.60
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 83 43.11
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 19 67.19
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 23 56.50
C. Governance pillar 30 75.69
1st sub-pillar: Trust 36 69.07
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 22 82.75
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 34 75.25
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 26 67.73
1st sub-pillar: Economy 54 32.33
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 6 90.14
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 22 80.73 Slovenia High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 32 51.25 C. Governance pillar 30 75.69

1st sub-pillar: Access 24 75.62 1st sub-pillar: Trust 36 69.07
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 5 96.90 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 13 86.19 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 40 64.04 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 75 74.49
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 86 20.86 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 30 52.32
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 44 99.92 3.1.4 Internet shopping 30 63.26
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 62 72.00 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 22 82.75
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 37 68.45
2nd sub-pillar: Content 36 36.50 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 3 97.65 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 30 36.24 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 32 64.68
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 26 27.56 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 12 78.04 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 25 83.00
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 75 4.15 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 34 75.25
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 41 41.63 3.3.1 E-Participation 25 74.42
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 28 69.85 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 34 90.40
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 41 51.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 49 68.27
1.3.3 Robot density 10 38.88 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 54 68.60
1.3.4 Computer software spending 94 6.27 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 30 74.54
B. People pillar 29 55.60 D. Impact pillar 26 67.73
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 83 43.11 1st sub-pillar: Economy 54 32.33
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 86 4.75 ○ 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 25 52.39
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 31 67.86 4.1.2 High-tech exports 66 11.65
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 41 73.02 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 25 33.06
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 23 52.11 4.1.4 Domestic market size 88 44.82 ○
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 71 37.50
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 24 17.81 4.1.6 ICT services exports 63 14.56
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 19 67.19 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 6 90.14
2.2.1 Firms with website 12 85.26 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 21 81.30
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 31 61.23 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 11 92.51 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 18 71.53 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 2 97.99 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 68 77.69 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 25 88.76
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 15 40.24 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 22 80.73
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 23 56.50 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 31 84.21
2.3.1 Government online services 22 85.26 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 11 69.26 ●
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 20 95.58
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 49 45.86 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 62 73.41
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 18 38.39 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 34 81.18

196 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

South Africa
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 74 45.85 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 59 41.74 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 71 62.87 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 61 24.01
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 49 38.34
0
B. People pillar 77 40.31
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 104 34.18
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 58 47.48
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 66 39.28
C. Governance pillar 60 59.14
1st sub-pillar: Trust 60 49.52
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 67 65.80
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 65 62.10
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 105 42.20
1st sub-pillar: Economy 75 25.47
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 124 38.76
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 70 62.36 South Africa Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 59 41.74 C. Governance pillar 60 59.14

1st sub-pillar: Access 71 62.87 1st sub-pillar: Trust 60 49.52
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 83 52.35 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 37 76.48 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 74 42.96 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 67 78.08
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 31 42.18 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 66 28.13
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 36 99.96 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 79 15.39
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 33 76.88 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 67 65.80
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 74 47.95
2nd sub-pillar: Content 61 24.01 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 69 83.88
1.2.1 GitHub commits 72 4.95 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 60 45.45
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 49 7.26 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 81 61.55 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 92 51.70
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 25 22.30 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 65 62.10
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 49 38.34 3.3.1 E-Participation 61 58.14
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 33 64.29 ● 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 69 72.97
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 40 51.75 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 89 49.76
1.3.3 Robot density 39 5.07 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 28 32.26 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 54 67.52
B. People pillar 77 40.31 D. Impact pillar 105 42.20
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 104 34.18 1st sub-pillar: Economy 75 25.47
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 34 23.26 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 55 28.12
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 85 34.79 4.1.2 High-tech exports 72 9.95
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 95 39.30 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 40 8.86
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 94 14.52 4.1.4 Domestic market size 32 66.45 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 51 93.20 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 86 33.72
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 47 0.00 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 94 5.73
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 58 47.48 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 124 38.76
2.2.1 Firms with website 20 80.98 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 76 60.38
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 60 33.57 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 109 54.76 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 64 31.84 4.2.3 Income inequality 116 0.00 ○
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 24 85.61 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 115 39.90 ○
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 51 5.38 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 70 62.36
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 66 39.28 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 80 64.22
2.3.1 Government online services 55 72.23 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 38 41.18 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 48 83.19
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 84 31.64 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 119 44.36 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 54 12.06 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 80 57.67

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

197
 Spain
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 26 64.77 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 25 56.34 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 12 79.04 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 28 40.76
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 25 49.23
0
B. People pillar 21 58.31
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 18 59.00
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 31 60.60
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 27 55.32
C. Governance pillar 26 77.39
1st sub-pillar: Trust 32 70.23
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 25 80.27
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 16 81.68
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 27 67.05
1st sub-pillar: Economy 32 39.11
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 37 76.43
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 12 85.61 Spain High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 25 56.34 C. Governance pillar 26 77.39

1st sub-pillar: Access 12 79.04 1st sub-pillar: Trust 32 70.23
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 42 73.18 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 32 79.63
1.1.2 Handset prices 26 71.34 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 5 98.49 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 15 56.58 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 49 36.31
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 40 99.93 3.1.4 Internet shopping 26 66.48
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 57 73.17 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 25 80.27
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 39 67.92
2nd sub-pillar: Content 28 40.76 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 70 83.53 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 32 33.74 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 30 65.45
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 30 24.38 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 32 73.78 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 21 84.42
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 15 31.15 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 16 81.68
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 25 49.23 3.3.1 E-Participation 25 74.42
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 29 68.80 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 3 99.47 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 56 43.00 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 22 85.58
1.3.3 Robot density 19 23.04 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 26 71.55
1.3.4 Computer software spending 12 62.09 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 11 77.36 ●
B. People pillar 21 58.31 D. Impact pillar 27 67.05
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 18 59.00 1st sub-pillar: Economy 32 39.11
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 22 35.58 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 31 45.91
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 53 54.77 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 53 16.79
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 12 80.55 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 28 21.66
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 6 62.94 ● 4.1.4 Domestic market size 16 74.69
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 25 98.08 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 48 51.16
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 22 22.10 4.1.6 ICT services exports 43 24.48
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 31 60.60 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 37 76.43
2.2.1 Firms with website 25 77.72 4.2.1 Happiness 37 74.11
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 33 60.84 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 80 67.71 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 38 53.70 4.2.3 Income inequality 48 70.60
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 11 90.17 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 7 93.28 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 30 20.58 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 12 85.61
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 27 55.32 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 13 93.79 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 25 84.07 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 29 60.51
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 11 73.53 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 63 38.10 ○ 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 25 79.99
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 30 25.59 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 13 93.74 ●

198 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Sri Lanka
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 80 44.14 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 61 41.41 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 86 56.34 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 81 19.23
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 28 48.65
0
B. People pillar 86 37.79
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 95 38.82
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 81 40.26
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 82 34.28
C. Governance pillar 97 46.71
1st sub-pillar: Trust 97 31.83
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 106 53.59
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 85 54.72
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 79 50.66
1st sub-pillar: Economy 64 29.33
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 94 59.65
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 68 63.01 Sri Lanka Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 61 41.41 C. Governance pillar 97 46.71

1st sub-pillar: Access 86 56.34 1st sub-pillar: Trust 97 31.83
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 34 77.25 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 79 47.48
1.1.2 Handset prices 78 41.33 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 89 57.92
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 56 31.33 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 111 9.76 ○
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 82 99.00 3.1.4 Internet shopping 86 12.17
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 69 70.58 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 106 53.59
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 69 18.57 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 90 41.24
2nd sub-pillar: Content 81 19.23 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 125 55.65 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 50 12.21 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 71 42.60
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 99 0.96 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 93 57.27 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 73 61.79
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 63 6.48 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 85 54.72
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 28 48.65 3.3.1 E-Participation 95 33.73
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 45 56.01 ● 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 62 77.51
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 71 38.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 93 47.12
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 93 49.14
1.3.4 Computer software spending 20 51.68 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 60 66.10
B. People pillar 86 37.79 D. Impact pillar 79 50.66
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 95 38.82 1st sub-pillar: Economy 64 29.33
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 42 17.67 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 93 7.95
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 73 44.13 4.1.2 High-tech exports 112 1.65
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 101 29.52 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 69 2.55
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 96 13.13 4.1.4 Domestic market size 58 55.79
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 59 89.66 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 45 53.49 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 13 54.58 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 81 40.26 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 94 59.65
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 114 32.57 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 41 49.81 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 84 66.05
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 67 30.93 4.2.3 Income inequality 64 63.57
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 57 79.01 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 52 76.39 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 70 1.29 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 68 63.01
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 82 34.28 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 83 63.12
2.3.1 Government online services 88 51.86 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 117 51.33
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 41 49.02 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 7 87.28 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 102 1.97 ○ 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 90 50.30

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

199
 Sweden
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 5 75.68 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 9 67.21 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 35 73.75 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 11 55.42
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 3 72.45
0
B. People pillar 9 68.23
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 52 50.68
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 2 81.23
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 9 72.80
C. Governance pillar 5 87.74
1st sub-pillar: Trust 5 90.26
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 6 89.29
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 11 83.68
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 4 79.52
1st sub-pillar: Economy 7 59.79
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 4 91.71
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 4 87.07 Sweden High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 9 67.21 C. Governance pillar 5 87.74

1st sub-pillar: Access 35 73.75 1st sub-pillar: Trust 5 90.26
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 13 88.33 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 24 82.96
1.1.2 Handset prices 31 70.26 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 33 94.45
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 34 39.67 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 4 93.08 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 4 90.56 ●
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 70 70.50 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 6 89.29
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 8 89.19
2nd sub-pillar: Content 11 55.42 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 45 87.06 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 12 70.22 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 15 79.48
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 14 56.82 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 10 80.43 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 9 90.74
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 36 14.23 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 11 83.68
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 3 72.45 3.3.1 E-Participation 32 72.10
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 5 96.31 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 16 96.66
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 3 92.00 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 1 100.00 ●
1.3.3 Robot density 6 46.92 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 18 73.65
1.3.4 Computer software spending 19 54.56 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 20 75.98
B. People pillar 9 68.23 D. Impact pillar 4 79.52
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 52 50.68 1st sub-pillar: Economy 7 59.79
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 35 21.93 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 14 59.44
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 17 75.57 4.1.2 High-tech exports 37 25.02
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 23 77.71 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 4 90.47 ●
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 17 55.21 4.1.4 Domestic market size 38 63.26
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 18 68.90
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 21 22.96 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 15 51.62
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 2 81.23 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 4 91.71
2.2.1 Firms with website 5 93.91 4.2.1 Happiness 5 94.46 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 13 77.21 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 7 94.02
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 3 88.61 ● 4.2.3 Income inequality 16 85.68
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 31 84.68 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 11 92.69
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 6 61.73 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 4 87.07
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 9 72.80 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 3 96.42 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 13 88.97 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 14 68.77
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 14 70.59 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 1 100.00 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 17 71.42 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 66 72.18 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 4 60.21 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 3 97.98 ●

200 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Switzerland
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 6 74.76 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 2 74.90 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 6 81.24 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 3 71.90
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 5 71.55
0
B. People pillar 14 64.26
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 26 56.05
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 7 75.16
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 20 61.59
C. Governance pillar 13 83.75
1st sub-pillar: Trust 25 76.10
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 4 93.16
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 14 81.97
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 6 76.12
1st sub-pillar: Economy 9 58.94
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 16 83.25
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 9 86.16 Switzerland High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 2 74.90 C. Governance pillar 13 83.75

1st sub-pillar: Access 6 81.24 1st sub-pillar: Trust 25 76.10
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 1 100.00 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 5 93.32
1.1.2 Handset prices 7 90.46 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 50 86.74
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 70 26.46 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 19 66.23
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 38 58.12
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 70 70.50 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 4 93.16
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 9 88.75
2nd sub-pillar: Content 3 71.90 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 21 93.53
1.2.1 GitHub commits 1 100.00 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 5 89.61
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 4 99.77 ● 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 18 76.18 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 3 93.93 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 42 11.65 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 14 81.97
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 5 71.55 3.3.1 E-Participation 41 69.76
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 6 93.09 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 1 100.00 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 4 89.25 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 6 95.43
1.3.3 Robot density 8 40.53 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 50 69.15 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 9 63.34 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 23 75.53
B. People pillar 14 64.26 D. Impact pillar 6 76.12
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 26 56.05 1st sub-pillar: Economy 9 58.94
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 41 18.41 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 2 85.30 ●
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 2 96.97 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 36 25.58
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 21 78.59 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 3 94.85 ●
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 46 42.26 4.1.4 Domestic market size 34 63.99
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 28 62.79
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 6 43.99 4.1.6 ICT services exports 49 21.15
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 7 75.16 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 16 83.25
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 16 84.28
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 7 80.00 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 54 78.86 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 10 78.49 4.2.3 Income inequality 39 75.13
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 17 86.88 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 4 94.74 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 8 55.26 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 9 86.16
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 20 61.59 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 5 96.38
2.3.1 Government online services 49 74.33 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 21 66.99
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 23 57.35 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 48 83.19
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 28 57.30 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 6 87.64
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 7 57.37 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 6 96.62

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

201
 Tajikistan
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 113 33.75 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 107 27.45 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 123 38.96 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 97 17.19
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 95 26.20
0
B. People pillar 119 25.89
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 72 46.48
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 133 11.82
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 115 19.38
C. Governance pillar 123 34.64
1st sub-pillar: Trust 119 17.96
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 133 29.14
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 78 56.83
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 90 47.00
1st sub-pillar: Economy 130 10.59
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 77 65.77
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 65 64.63 Tajikistan Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 107 27.45 C. Governance pillar 123 34.64

1st sub-pillar: Access 123 38.96 1st sub-pillar: Trust 119 17.96
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 122 19.54 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 104 36.08
1.1.2 Handset prices 132 0.00 ○ 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 122 15.64
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions NA NA 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 81 19.40
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 106 96.48 3.1.4 Internet shopping 126 0.73
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 133 39.83 ○ 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 133 29.14
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 127 24.17
2nd sub-pillar: Content 97 17.19 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 134 0.00 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 125 0.37 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 88 30.65
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 117 0.25 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 75 63.69 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 126 24.19
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 73 4.47 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 78 56.83
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 95 26.20 3.3.1 E-Participation 115 23.26
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 101 31.62 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 27 92.97 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 58 41.75 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 79 53.61 ●
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 100 5.22 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 75 57.47
B. People pillar 119 25.89 D. Impact pillar 90 47.00
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 72 46.48 1st sub-pillar: Economy 130 10.59
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 5 59.04 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 107 0.96 ○
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 111 1.65
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 119 8.02 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 86 19.26 4.1.4 Domestic market size 111 36.57
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 10 99.59 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 105 23.26
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 125 1.11
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 133 11.82 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 77 65.77
2.2.1 Firms with website 95 21.60 4.2.1 Happiness 86 54.58
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 89 2.04 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 60 76.13 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment NA NA 4.2.3 Income inequality 43 72.86 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services NA NA 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 96 59.51
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 65 64.63
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 115 19.38 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 85 62.25
2.3.1 Government online services 113 33.33 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 91 8.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 88 69.91
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 75 33.92 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 94 63.87
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 106 1.43 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 72 62.49 ●

202 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Tanzania
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 104 36.31 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 93 32.02 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 87 56.19 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 108 13.38
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 94 26.48
0
B. People pillar 112 27.91
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 114 26.55
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 108 30.36
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 98 26.81
C. Governance pillar 101 45.77
1st sub-pillar: Trust 74 40.25
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 85 61.76
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 120 35.28
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 110 39.55
1st sub-pillar: Economy 108 16.81
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 106 51.95
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 114 49.90 Tanzania Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 93 32.02 C. Governance pillar 101 45.77

1st sub-pillar: Access 87 56.19 1st sub-pillar: Trust 74 40.25
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 108 32.44 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 117 28.75
1.1.2 Handset prices 101 32.17 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 45 90.41 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 16 53.07 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 51 35.69 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 114 94.47 3.1.4 Internet shopping 105 6.16
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 82 68.78 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 85 61.76
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 107 35.44
2nd sub-pillar: Content 108 13.38 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 74 80.00
1.2.1 GitHub commits 122 0.43 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 77 35.58
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 120 0.19 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 106 46.62 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 8 91.12 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 64 6.30 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 120 35.28
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 94 26.48 3.3.1 E-Participation 111 25.58
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 88 37.57 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 104 52.28
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 59 41.50 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 95 44.71
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 105 0.00 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 127 0.38 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 85 53.84
B. People pillar 112 27.91 D. Impact pillar 110 39.55
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 114 26.55 1st sub-pillar: Economy 108 16.81
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 63 10.17 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 96 6.62
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 79 39.39 4.1.2 High-tech exports 102 2.80
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 126 4.59 ○ 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 117 3.45 4.1.4 Domestic market size 68 51.56 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 78 75.15 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 70 38.08
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 117 1.77
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 108 30.36 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 106 51.95
2.2.1 Firms with website 102 15.13 4.2.1 Happiness 121 23.50
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 47 80.15 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 126 0.78 ○ 4.2.3 Income inequality 79 56.53
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 86 75.16 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 107 47.63
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 114 49.90
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 98 26.81 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 117 29.80
2.3.1 Government online services 104 41.42 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 69 22.06 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 76 73.45
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 73 34.67 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 108 55.27
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 61 9.09 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 110 41.06

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

203
 Thailand
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 42 55.73 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 50 44.73 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 32 74.07 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 68 22.73
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 52 37.39
0
B. People pillar 34 53.79
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 11 60.49
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 43 53.04
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 41 47.84
C. Governance pillar 46 66.67
1st sub-pillar: Trust 50 56.85
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 56 68.21
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 37 74.95
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 45 57.72
1st sub-pillar: Economy 34 38.68
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 39 75.69
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 87 58.78 Thailand Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 50 44.73 C. Governance pillar 46 66.67

1st sub-pillar: Access 32 74.07 1st sub-pillar: Trust 50 56.85
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 75 58.09 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 58 60.09
1.1.2 Handset prices 86 38.90 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 52 86.26
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 9 62.28 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 77 22.52
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 69 99.61 3.1.4 Internet shopping 36 58.54
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 11 85.63 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 56 68.21
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 26 99.94 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 64 51.73
2nd sub-pillar: Content 68 22.73 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 64 84.12
1.2.1 GitHub commits 76 4.28 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 66 43.64
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 73 2.97 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 63 66.73 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 74 61.54
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 32 16.94 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 37 74.95
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 52 37.39 3.3.1 E-Participation 18 77.91 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 39 60.58 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 8 98.84 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 37 54.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 60 63.94
1.3.3 Robot density 32 8.53 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 67 66.74
1.3.4 Computer software spending 52 25.97 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 55 67.30
B. People pillar 34 53.79 D. Impact pillar 45 57.72
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 11 60.49 1st sub-pillar: Economy 34 38.68
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 6 58.54 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 20 54.99
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 50 55.61 4.1.2 High-tech exports 12 49.95 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 56 68.52 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 57 4.69
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 72 27.85 4.1.4 Domestic market size 23 70.77 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 57 91.94 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 49 50.87
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 130 0.82 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 43 53.04 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 39 75.69
2.2.1 Firms with website 73 41.59 4.2.1 Happiness 53 67.97
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 1 100.00 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 33 84.22
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 92 17.78 ○ 4.2.3 Income inequality 51 70.10
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 26 85.32 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 44 80.45
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 31 20.53 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 87 58.78
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 41 47.84 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 23 89.56 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 47 75.28 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 58 31.97 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 58 27.94 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 93 69.03 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 23 64.36 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 84 67.27
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 32 23.80 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 117 36.09 ○

204
NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.
Tunisia
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 88 42.25 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 76 38.29 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 73 62.40 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 77 20.61
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 68 31.86
0
B. People pillar 79 39.89
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 67 47.08
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 93 35.58
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 71 37.01
C. Governance pillar 87 48.72
1st sub-pillar: Trust 73 40.31
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 97 57.06
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 94 48.79
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 106 42.11
1st sub-pillar: Economy 92 21.07
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 107 50.96
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 96 54.29 Tunisia Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 76 38.29 C. Governance pillar 87 48.72

1st sub-pillar: Access 73 62.40 1st sub-pillar: Trust 73 40.31
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 70 59.94 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 83 46.00
1.1.2 Handset prices 83 39.80 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 53 85.99 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 85 22.15 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 106 10.37
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 57 99.67 3.1.4 Internet shopping 71 18.86
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 52 73.83 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 97 57.06
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 42 79.02 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 91 40.82
2nd sub-pillar: Content 77 20.61 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 91 70.35
1.2.1 GitHub commits 66 6.92 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 63 44.42
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 75 2.49 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 98 55.05 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 69 63.04
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 30 17.98 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 94 48.79
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 68 31.86 3.3.1 E-Participation 67 53.49
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 104 29.39 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 81 65.35
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 81 35.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 83 51.44
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 95 45.59
1.3.4 Computer software spending 36 30.70 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 112 28.07 ○
B. People pillar 79 39.89 D. Impact pillar 106 42.11
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 67 47.08 1st sub-pillar: Economy 92 21.07
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 58 10.75 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 52 29.28
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 27 70.39 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 63 12.76
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 80 54.45 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 74 1.89
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 79 23.45 4.1.4 Domestic market size 77 48.44
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 75 76.38 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 107 22.09
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 70 11.98
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 93 35.58 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 107 50.96
2.2.1 Firms with website 57 54.30 4.2.1 Happiness 108 35.50
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 68 23.44 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 127 16.58 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 85 21.34 4.2.3 Income inequality 37 75.88 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 83 75.76 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 54 75.87 ●
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 59 3.08 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 96 54.29
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 71 37.01 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 70 68.12
2.3.1 Government online services 85 56.13 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 71 15.23 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 49 33.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 118 49.56 ○
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 51 44.80 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 66 72.18
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 49 13.28 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 67 66.34

205
NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.
 Türkiye
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 47 53.22 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 48 45.29 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 29 74.78 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 48 28.99
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 65 32.10
0
B. People pillar 38 52.66
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 19 57.93
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 45 52.86
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 44 47.18
C. Governance pillar 51 64.31
1st sub-pillar: Trust 45 61.44
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 63 66.42
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 56 65.07
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 80 50.63
1st sub-pillar: Economy 59 31.12
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 117 45.86
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 36 74.91 Türkiye Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 48 45.29 C. Governance pillar 51 64.31

1st sub-pillar: Access 29 74.78 1st sub-pillar: Trust 45 61.44
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 6 95.77 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 46 70.39
1.1.2 Handset prices 70 44.42 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 16 97.45 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 19 48.55 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 42 43.39
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 44 99.92 3.1.4 Internet shopping 58 34.54
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 13 85.27 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 63 66.42
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 76 47.75
2nd sub-pillar: Content 48 28.99 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 21 93.53
1.2.1 GitHub commits 54 9.75 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 66 43.64
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 50 6.82 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 22 75.84 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 104 47.18
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 20 23.53 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 56 65.07
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 65 32.10 3.3.1 E-Participation 18 77.91 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 58 49.37 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 85 61.83
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 105 27.50 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 47 69.95
1.3.3 Robot density 35 6.07 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 90 55.90 ○
1.3.4 Computer software spending 23 45.46 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 73 59.78
B. People pillar 38 52.66 D. Impact pillar 80 50.63
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 19 57.93 1st sub-pillar: Economy 59 31.12
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 11 45.12 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 36 36.76
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 90 28.26 ○ 4.1.2 High-tech exports 85 5.71
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 53 68.82 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 31 18.38
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 2 77.21 4.1.4 Domestic market size 11 78.62 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 40 95.55 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 66 39.83
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 10 32.62 4.1.6 ICT services exports 89 7.43
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 45 52.86 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 117 45.86
2.2.1 Firms with website 66 46.07 4.2.1 Happiness 105 37.46 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 12 77.22 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 129 11.98 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 56 34.54 4.2.3 Income inequality 87 53.02
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 20 86.03 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 43 80.97
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 32 20.45 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 36 74.91
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 44 47.18 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 34 82.57
2.3.1 Government online services 24 84.53 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 40 52.41
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 49 33.82 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 71 75.22
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 39 50.19 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 19 81.29 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 35 20.19 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 32 83.07

206 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Uganda
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 117 31.33 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 110 27.11 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 104 47.41 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 113 11.71
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 104 22.20
0
B. People pillar 131 15.56
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 121 20.12
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 134 4.61
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 110 21.96
C. Governance pillar 99 46.10
1st sub-pillar: Trust 85 34.46
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 92 59.73
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 106 44.11
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 119 36.55
1st sub-pillar: Economy 106 17.39
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 115 47.13
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 120 45.14 Uganda Low-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 110 27.11 C. Governance pillar 99 46.10

1st sub-pillar: Access 104 47.41 1st sub-pillar: Trust 85 34.46
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 112 29.42 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 118 28.41
1.1.2 Handset prices 107 29.98 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 79 69.45 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 115 6.44 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 63 30.31 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 114 94.47 3.1.4 Internet shopping 91 9.67
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 34 76.76 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 92 59.73
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 96 38.83
2nd sub-pillar: Content 113 11.71 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 58 84.71 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 110 1.24 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 100 23.64
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 122 0.15 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 113 38.77 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 93 51.49
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 62 6.67 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 106 44.11
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 104 22.20 3.3.1 E-Participation 87 39.54
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 102 29.80 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 105 51.47
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 78 36.00 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 123 23.56
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use NA NA
1.3.4 Computer software spending 124 0.81 ○ 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 71 61.87 ●
B. People pillar 131 15.56 D. Impact pillar 119 36.55
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 121 20.12 1st sub-pillar: Economy 106 17.39
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 82 6.00 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 96 3.57
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 132 1.56 ○ 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 91 0.63
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 126 1.58 ○ 4.1.4 Domestic market size 80 47.07 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 83 71.33 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 102 25.29
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 76 10.38 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 134 4.61 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 115 47.13
2.2.1 Firms with website 107 11.21 ○ 4.2.1 Happiness 110 34.82
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 84 4.21 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 105 55.93
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 120 2.87 4.2.3 Income inequality 92 51.01
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services NA NA 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 108 46.78
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 85 0.14 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 120 45.14
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 110 21.96 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 110 36.40
2.3.1 Government online services 96 46.61 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 86 11.76 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 76 73.45 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 97 27.09 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 130 27.02 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 98 2.39 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 106 43.67

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

207
 Ukraine
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 43 55.16 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 43 47.84 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 43 71.67 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 42 32.02
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 44 39.82
0
B. People pillar 25 57.07
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 2 74.99
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 53 48.79
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 43 47.43
C. Governance pillar 58 60.00
1st sub-pillar: Trust 54 54.61
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 78 62.25
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 60 63.15
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 54 55.72
1st sub-pillar: Economy 35 38.30
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 59 69.83
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 86 59.03 Ukraine Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 43 47.84 C. Governance pillar 58 60.00

1st sub-pillar: Access 43 71.67 1st sub-pillar: Trust 54 54.61
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 69 60.25 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 43 72.61
1.1.2 Handset prices 92 36.65 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 85 65.33
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 11 59.96 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 57 32.53
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 104 97.08 ○ 3.1.4 Internet shopping 45 47.97
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 40 76.08 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 78 62.25
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 85 43.32
2nd sub-pillar: Content 42 32.02 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 85 75.29
1.2.1 GitHub commits 41 22.45 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 80 34.55
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 54 6.05 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 14 77.64 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 83 58.09
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 26 21.94 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 60 63.15
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 44 39.82 3.3.1 E-Participation 57 59.31
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 49 53.00 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 42 87.08
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 64 40.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 75 54.33
1.3.3 Robot density 55 0.11 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 82 61.08
1.3.4 Computer software spending 4 65.69 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 83 53.97
B. People pillar 25 57.07 D. Impact pillar 54 55.72
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 2 74.99 1st sub-pillar: Economy 35 38.30
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 64 22.13
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 16 76.30 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 80 7.93
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 46 69.70 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 44 8.53
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 21 53.96 4.1.4 Domestic market size 43 61.79
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 1 100.00 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 36 57.85
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 6 71.57 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 53 48.79 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 59 69.83
2.2.1 Firms with website 43 62.85 4.2.1 Happiness 98 42.50 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 57 37.74 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 63 75.64
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 35 57.24 4.2.3 Income inequality 3 93.97 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 56 79.10 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 83 67.21
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 48 7.04 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 86 59.03
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 43 47.43 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 55 73.18
2.3.1 Government online services 34 79.53 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 39 52.50
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 23 57.35 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 60 78.76
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 45 47.72 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 118 45.74 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 78 5.12 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 104 44.97 ○

208 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

United Arab Emirates
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 30 62.43 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 22 56.61 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 3 84.41 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 57 25.29
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 14 60.14
0
B. People pillar 18 62.20
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 7 67.82
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 26 62.49
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 25 56.30
C. Governance pillar 47 66.63
1st sub-pillar: Trust 46 61.08
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 74 62.99
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 31 75.82
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 31 64.26
1st sub-pillar: Economy 37 36.39
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 13 85.05
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 48 71.34 United Arab Emirates High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 22 56.61 C. Governance pillar 47 66.63

1st sub-pillar: Access 3 84.41 1st sub-pillar: Trust 46 61.08
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 7 91.70 ● 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 60 58.34
1.1.2 Handset prices 5 91.79 ● 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 8 98.03 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 39 38.60 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 23 59.16
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 1 100.00 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 59 28.78
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 15 84.34 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 74 62.99
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 1 100.00 ● 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 30 72.50
2nd sub-pillar: Content 57 25.29 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 74 80.00
1.2.1 GitHub commits 53 11.02 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 9 82.08 ●
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 42 10.55 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 15 76.85 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 131 13.70 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 79 2.76 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 31 75.82
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 14 60.14 3.3.1 E-Participation 18 77.91
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 17 78.00 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 32 91.47
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 10 79.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 21 85.82
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 26 71.55
1.3.4 Computer software spending 60 22.93 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 89 52.36 ○
B. People pillar 18 62.20 D. Impact pillar 31 64.26
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 7 67.82 1st sub-pillar: Economy 37 36.39
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 36 21.21 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 41 35.76
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 6 84.93 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 56 16.00
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 1 100.00 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 54 5.27
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 60 35.49 4.1.4 Domestic market size 33 64.96
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 29 97.44 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 11 79.94
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 59 16.43
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 26 62.49 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 13 85.05
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 20 81.56
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 5 91.89 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 10 92.83 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 41 52.74 4.2.3 Income inequality 5 92.96 ●
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 28 85.04 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 65 72.86
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 33 20.28 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 48 71.34
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 25 56.30 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 39 81.16
2.3.1 Government online services 12 89.10 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 46 40.56 ○
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 65 25.00 ○ 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 71 75.22
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 4 84.34 ● 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 80 68.28
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 26 26.77 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 19 91.50

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

209
 United Kingdom
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 10 72.75 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 8 67.25 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 15 78.11 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 6 61.41
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 11 62.24
0
B. People pillar 10 66.63
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 48 51.45
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 13 71.84
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 5 76.61
C. Governance pillar 16 81.63
1st sub-pillar: Trust 18 78.34
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 26 80.19
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 4 86.37
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 9 75.50
1st sub-pillar: Economy 11 57.62
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 21 81.17
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 2 87.70 United Kingdom High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 8 67.25 C. Governance pillar 16 81.63

1st sub-pillar: Access 15 78.11 1st sub-pillar: Trust 18 78.34
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 22 82.60 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 20 83.82
1.1.2 Handset prices 11 81.60 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 2 99.53 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 45 36.22 ○ 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 27 55.84
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 28 99.97 3.1.4 Internet shopping 19 74.18
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 7 90.14 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 26 80.19
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 17 82.71
2nd sub-pillar: Content 6 61.41 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 7 95.88 ●
1.2.1 GitHub commits 20 54.39 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 29 66.75
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 9 72.26 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 24 75.51 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 85 55.60 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 7 43.46 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 4 86.37
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 11 62.24 3.3.1 E-Participation 6 95.34 ●
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 12 84.23 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 5 99.42 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 8 82.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 12 90.87
1.3.3 Robot density 24 13.33 ○ 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 38 70.16
1.3.4 Computer software spending 2 69.12 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 19 76.06
B. People pillar 10 66.63 D. Impact pillar 9 75.50
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 48 51.45 1st sub-pillar: Economy 11 57.62
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 22 53.52
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 36 64.56 4.1.2 High-tech exports 15 43.03
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 16 79.86 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 20 40.22
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 37 45.06 4.1.4 Domestic market size 9 79.87
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 4 89.24 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 26 16.31 ○ 4.1.6 ICT services exports 19 39.84
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 13 71.84 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 21 81.17
2.2.1 Firms with website 10 85.36 4.2.1 Happiness 22 81.27
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 17 71.11 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 45 80.30
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 11 77.88 4.2.3 Income inequality 34 76.38
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services NA NA 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 28 86.74
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 10 52.98 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 2 87.70
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 5 76.61 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 2 97.31 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 17 87.39 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 12 69.14
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 1 100.00 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 15 96.46
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 22 66.45 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 14 82.80
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 11 52.61 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 16 92.78

210 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

United States
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 1 76.91 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 1 79.64 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 7 80.95 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 2 73.30
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 1 84.67
0
B. People pillar 4 72.53
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 21 57.68
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 3 81.06
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 3 78.85
C. Governance pillar 7 87.02
1st sub-pillar: Trust 4 91.30
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 16 85.54
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 10 84.21
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 23 68.44
1st sub-pillar: Economy 10 58.69
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 66 68.16
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 29 78.47 United States High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 1 79.64 C. Governance pillar 7 87.02

1st sub-pillar: Access 7 80.95 1st sub-pillar: Trust 4 91.30
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 35 76.87 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 2 94.60 ●
1.1.2 Handset prices 18 78.50 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 1 100.00 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 14 58.47 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 7 84.40
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 28 99.97 3.1.4 Internet shopping 9 86.19
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 6 90.92 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 16 85.54
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 18 82.40
2nd sub-pillar: Content 2 73.30 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 31 90.00
1.2.1 GitHub commits 7 78.60 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 6 88.31
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 8 73.48 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 23 75.52 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 61 66.98
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 3 65.61 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 10 84.21
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 1 84.67 3.3.1 E-Participation 10 90.70
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 2 99.75 ● 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 36 89.92
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 1 100.00 ● 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 7 93.51
1.3.3 Robot density 9 38.92 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 21 73.04
1.3.4 Computer software spending 1 100.00 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 34 73.90
B. People pillar 4 72.53 D. Impact pillar 23 68.44
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 21 57.68 1st sub-pillar: Economy 10 58.69
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 24 52.82
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 13 81.85 4.1.2 High-tech exports 24 35.84
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 57 68.23 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 13 53.23
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 14 57.27 4.1.4 Domestic market size 2 98.22 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate NA NA 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 2 95.35 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration 17 23.39 4.1.6 ICT services exports 57 16.68
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 3 81.06 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 66 68.16
2.2.1 Firms with website 28 73.19 4.2.1 Happiness 23 80.73
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 6 84.00 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 96 60.10 ○
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 9 79.35 4.2.3 Income inequality 77 58.54 ○
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 1 100.00 ● 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 64 73.28 ○
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 3 68.77 ● 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 29 78.47
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 3 78.85 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 25 88.96
2.3.1 Government online services 9 92.31 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 24 65.82
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 9 82.35 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 36 87.61
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 8 78.58 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 89 66.33 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 3 62.14 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 31 83.60

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

211
 Uruguay
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 45 54.50 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 44 47.80 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 40 72.06 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 32 38.83
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 64 32.51
0
B. People pillar 50 47.80
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 25 56.51
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 86 37.89
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 36 48.99
C. Governance pillar 55 62.12
1st sub-pillar: Trust 58 49.78
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 36 76.57
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 71 60.03
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 38 60.29
1st sub-pillar: Economy 49 34.28
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 44 74.46
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 45 72.12 Uruguay High-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 44 47.80 C. Governance pillar 55 62.12

1st sub-pillar: Access 40 72.06 1st sub-pillar: Trust 58 49.78
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 41 74.22 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 56 60.44
1.1.2 Handset prices 49 58.42 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 72 74.71
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 48 35.71 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 67 27.88
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 92 98.45 3.1.4 Internet shopping 54 36.09
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 97 65.69 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 36 76.57
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 27 99.88 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 41 65.92
2nd sub-pillar: Content 32 38.83 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 92 70.00
1.2.1 GitHub commits 11 72.35 ● 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 30 65.45
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 44 10.44 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 47 71.39 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 28 81.46 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 100 1.16 ○ 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 71 60.03
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 64 32.51 3.3.1 E-Participation 61 58.14
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 54 51.47 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 75 69.00
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 106 27.00 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 62 61.78
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 10 75.45 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 71 19.07 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 106 35.76 ○
B. People pillar 50 47.80 D. Impact pillar 38 60.29
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 25 56.51 1st sub-pillar: Economy 49 34.28
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 74 7.35 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 76 17.10
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 51 55.57 4.1.2 High-tech exports 48 17.45
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 25 77.32 ● 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 45 43.98 4.1.4 Domestic market size 89 43.96
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 24 98.32 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 97 27.62 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 7 65.28 ●
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 86 37.89 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 44 74.46
2.2.1 Firms with website 37 68.85 4.2.1 Happiness 24 80.32 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 81 5.20 ○ 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 35 83.78
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 53 35.82 4.2.3 Income inequality 82 55.78
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 77 76.34 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 46 77.94
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 58 3.24 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 45 72.12
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 36 48.99 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 32 83.62 ●
2.3.1 Government online services 52 73.93 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 51 36.51
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 14 70.59 ● 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 44 84.07
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 52 43.54 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 33 78.54 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 64 7.88 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 40 77.85

212 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Uzbekistan
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 82 43.94 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 67 40.16 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 44 71.57 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 88 18.26
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 73 30.65
0
B. People pillar 88 36.95
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 102 36.00
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 85 37.90
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 72 36.95
C. Governance pillar 98 46.56
1st sub-pillar: Trust 77 36.48
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 127 35.37
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 54 67.85
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 76 52.10
1st sub-pillar: Economy 99 18.62
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 34 77.96
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 84 59.71 Uzbekistan Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 67 40.16 C. Governance pillar 98 46.56

1st sub-pillar: Access 44 71.57 1st sub-pillar: Trust 77 36.48
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 63 62.27 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 71 49.07
1.1.2 Handset prices 96 33.89 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 77 70.60
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 10 61.17 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 78 20.16
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 87 98.66 3.1.4 Internet shopping 106 6.09
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 32 77.28 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 127 35.37
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 35 96.15 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 102 36.47
2nd sub-pillar: Content 88 18.26 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 133 3.29 ○
1.2.1 GitHub commits 95 2.65 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 101 0.82 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67 ○

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 70 64.51 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 118 35.04 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 70 5.09 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 54 67.85
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 73 30.65 3.3.1 E-Participation 55 60.46
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 68 46.04 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 46 84.97 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies NA NA 3.3.3 Availability of local online content NA NA
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 92 55.16
1.3.4 Computer software spending 80 15.27 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 46 70.79 ●
B. People pillar 88 36.95 D. Impact pillar 76 52.10
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 102 36.00 1st sub-pillar: Economy 99 18.62
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 39 19.19 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 50 29.88
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 126 0.31 ○
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 113 12.32 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 97 0.12
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 98 12.50 4.1.4 Domestic market size 56 56.26
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 2 100.00 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy NA NA
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 92 6.52
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 85 37.90 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 34 77.96
2.2.1 Firms with website 96 19.29 4.2.1 Happiness 51 68.14 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 39 52.48 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 2 97.27 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment NA NA 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 60 78.48 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 78 68.46
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 68 1.32 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 84 59.71
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 72 36.95 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 64 69.75
2.3.1 Government online services 57 71.71 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data NA NA 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 110 58.41
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech NA NA 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 128 36.99 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 100 2.20 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 51 73.71 ●

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

213
 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 93 39.98 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 96 31.51 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 85 56.51 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 99 16.24
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 106 21.79
0
B. People pillar 100 32.14
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 59 48.80
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 90 35.81
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 129 11.81
C. Governance pillar 104 42.11
1st sub-pillar: Trust 89 34.03
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 124 37.01
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 82 55.28
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 64 54.17
1st sub-pillar: Economy 87 22.05
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 73 66.81
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 39 73.65 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of ) Upper-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 96 31.51 C. Governance pillar 104 42.11

1st sub-pillar: Access 85 56.51 1st sub-pillar: Trust 89 34.03
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 89 49.08 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 92 42.03
1.1.2 Handset prices 82 40.01 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 111 25.78
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 79 24.42 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 37 46.32 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 121 93.18 3.1.4 Internet shopping 65 21.98
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 42 75.85 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 124 37.01
1.1.6 Internet access in schools NA NA 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 134 0.00 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Content 99 16.24 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 83 76.24
1.2.1 GitHub commits 89 3.18 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 120 0.00 ○
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 92 1.39 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 87 66.67

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 99 54.61 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 113 42.14
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 66 5.77 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 82 55.28
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 106 21.79 3.3.1 E-Participation 131 10.47 ○
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 98 32.25 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 56 81.21 ●
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 131 10.75 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 111 31.73
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 5 82.48 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 62 22.38 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 47 70.54 ●
B. People pillar 100 32.14 D. Impact pillar 64 54.17
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 59 48.80 1st sub-pillar: Economy 87 22.05
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 83 5.70 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing NA NA
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 70 45.59 4.1.2 High-tech exports NA NA
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 88 47.31 4.1.3 PCT patent applications NA NA
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment NA NA 4.1.4 Domestic market size 70 50.76
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 35 96.59 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 116 13.66
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 118 1.71
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 90 35.81 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 73 66.81
2.2.1 Firms with website NA NA 4.2.1 Happiness 59 66.89 ●
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 85 65.88
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 74 27.69 4.2.3 Income inequality NA NA
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 122 43.93 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 82 67.65
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 39 73.65
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 129 11.81 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 72 67.75
2.3.1 Government online services 126 23.25 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 86 11.76 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 60 78.76
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 126 0.00 ○ 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 1 100.00 ●
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 52 12.22 ● 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 97 48.09

214 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Viet Nam
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 56 51.19 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 55 43.47 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 31 74.19 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 51 27.93
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 85 28.28
0
B. People pillar 56 46.18
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 16 59.27
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 67 44.95
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 81 34.33
C. Governance pillar 74 53.42
1st sub-pillar: Trust 57 52.01
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 94 57.52
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 92 50.74
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 36 61.67
1st sub-pillar: Economy 27 41.75
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 36 77.29
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 60 65.98 Viet Nam Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 55 43.47 C. Governance pillar 74 53.42

1st sub-pillar: Access 31 74.19 1st sub-pillar: Trust 57 52.01
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 52 69.30 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 53 64.22
1.1.2 Handset prices 99 32.85 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 32 94.49
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 4 72.53 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 65 28.29
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 38 99.95 3.1.4 Internet shopping 67 21.05
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 10 86.70 ● 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 94 57.52
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 40 83.80 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 92 40.61
2nd sub-pillar: Content 51 27.93 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 102 66.82
1.2.1 GitHub commits 58 8.53 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 49 53.25
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 74 2.56 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 7 82.88 ● 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 122 26.91 ○
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 31 17.77 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 92 50.74
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 85 28.28 3.3.1 E-Participation 71 52.33
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 56 50.09 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 120 38.65 ○
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 69 38.50 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 64 61.06
1.3.3 Robot density 42 2.56 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 85 59.41
1.3.4 Computer software spending 64 21.97 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 100 42.27 ○
B. People pillar 56 46.18 D. Impact pillar 36 61.67
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 16 59.27 1st sub-pillar: Economy 27 41.75
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 12 44.81 ● 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 38 36.54
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 29 68.53 4.1.2 High-tech exports 5 75.48 ●
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 63 66.76 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 86 0.86
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 82 22.06 4.1.4 Domestic market size 25 69.51 ●
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 44 94.20 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 22 65.99 ●
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 115 2.11 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 67 44.95 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 36 77.29
2.2.1 Firms with website 68 45.17 4.2.1 Happiness 39 72.80
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise 9 79.32 ● 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 1 100.00 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 112 8.23 ○ 4.2.3 Income inequality 59 65.83
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 39 82.19 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 74 70.53
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise 46 9.84 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 60 65.98
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 81 34.33 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 74 67.61
2.3.1 Government online services 75 61.14 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education 16 68.54 ●
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 79 14.71 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 48 83.19
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 31 54.14 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 92 65.17
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education 66 7.33 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 102 45.39

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

215
 Zambia
Country Profiles

Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 116 32.11 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 124 20.20 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 119 40.23 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 127 0.86
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 112 19.51
0
B. People pillar 99 33.12
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 108 31.41
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 55 48.29
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 114 19.67
C. Governance pillar 105 41.54
1st sub-pillar: Trust 83 35.00
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 99 56.68
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 121 32.94
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Governance People
D. Impact pillar 125 33.56
1st sub-pillar: Economy 124 12.62
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 128 34.67
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 100 53.40 Zambia Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 124 20.20 C. Governance pillar 105 41.54

1st sub-pillar: Access 119 40.23 1st sub-pillar: Trust 83 35.00
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 110 32.15 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 116 29.25
1.1.2 Handset prices 98 33.02 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 80 68.33 ●
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 107 10.00 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 45 40.46 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 91 98.48 ● 3.1.4 Internet shopping 122 1.97
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 112 61.92 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 99 56.68
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 77 5.81 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 100 37.11
2nd sub-pillar: Content 127 0.86 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 96 69.06
1.2.1 GitHub commits 119 0.65 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 112 7.79
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 125 0.12 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 1 100.00 ●

1.2.3 Mobile apps development NA NA 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 56 69.44 ●
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 90 1.80 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 121 32.94
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 112 19.51 3.3.1 E-Participation 90 36.05
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 114 25.44 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 122 36.39
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 93 31.25 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 126 21.39
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 94 47.05
1.3.4 Computer software spending 117 1.83 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 116 23.83
B. People pillar 99 33.12 D. Impact pillar 125 33.56
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 108 31.41 1st sub-pillar: Economy 124 12.62
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country NA NA 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 89 10.77
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system NA NA 4.1.2 High-tech exports 106 2.22
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 117 10.36 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 99 0.00 ○
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 128 0.94 ○ 4.1.4 Domestic market size 94 41.54
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 70 82.93 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 112 18.90
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 113 2.32
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 55 48.29 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 128 34.67
2.2.1 Firms with website 52 57.19 ● 4.2.1 Happiness 129 13.57 ○
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 59 76.23 ●
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 104 12.83 4.2.3 Income inequality 114 14.82 ○
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 89 74.86 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 124 34.04
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 100 53.40
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 114 19.67 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 105 43.17
2.3.1 Government online services 108 38.26 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 100 2.94 ○ 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 76 73.45 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 108 17.80 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 127 38.01
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 78 58.98 ●

216 NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

Zimbabwe
Rank Score
(Out of 134)
NRI
Network Readiness Index 119 30.05 100

Pillar/sub-pillar Rank Score 80

A. Technology pillar 118 24.34 60

1st sub-pillar: Access 120 40.21 40

2nd sub-pillar: Content 107 13.60
20
Impact Technology
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 114 19.20
0
B. People pillar 110 28.27
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 110 30.12
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 82 39.92
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 124 14.77
C. Governance pillar 109 38.88
1st sub-pillar: Trust 102 28.93
2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 121 39.45
3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 96 48.26
Governance People
D. Impact pillar 131 28.71
1st sub-pillar: Economy 129 10.71
2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 130 31.30
3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 122 44.12 Zimbabwe Lower-middle-income countries

The Network Readiness Index in detail

Indicator Rank Score Indicator Rank Score

A. Technology pillar 118 24.34 C. Governance pillar 109 38.88

1st sub-pillar: Access 120 40.21 1st sub-pillar: Trust 102 28.93
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 133 4.93 ○ 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers 109 33.94
1.1.2 Handset prices 119 21.17 3.1.2 Cybersecurity 102 35.37
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions 52 32.45 ● 3.1.3 Online access to financial account 38 44.27 ●
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 119 94.19 3.1.4 Internet shopping 121 2.11
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 96 65.96 2nd sub-pillar: Regulation 121 39.45
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 67 22.55 3.2.1 Regulatory quality 131 18.60 ○
2nd sub-pillar: Content 107 13.60 3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 106 65.88
1.2.1 GitHub commits 114 0.89 3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies NA NA
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 97 1.02 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 121 33.33

1.2.3 Mobile apps development 107 46.47 3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 116 39.98
1.2.4 AI scientific publications 65 6.01 ● 3rd sub-pillar: Inclusion 96 48.26
3rd sub-pillar: Future Technologies 114 19.20 3.3.1 E-Participation 122 20.94
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 111 26.03 3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 87 60.15
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 128 12.25 ○ 3.3.3 Availability of local online content 116 27.64
1.3.3 Robot density NA NA 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 9 76.12 ●
1.3.4 Computer software spending 70 19.32 ● 3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 78 56.47 ●
B. People pillar 110 28.27 D. Impact pillar 131 28.71
1st sub-pillar: Individuals 110 30.12 1st sub-pillar: Economy 129 10.71
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country 101 1.95 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing 69 20.35
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system 59 52.32 ● 4.1.2 High-tech exports 90 4.08
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 123 6.26 4.1.3 PCT patent applications 73 2.02 ●
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment 116 4.15 4.1.4 Domestic market size 118 34.91
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate 66 85.94 ● 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy 126 0.00 ○
2.1.6 AI talent concentration NA NA 4.1.6 ICT services exports 106 2.89
2nd sub-pillar: Businesses 82 39.92 2nd sub-pillar: Quality of Life 130 31.30
2.2.1 Firms with website 87 33.73 4.2.1 Happiness 126 17.55
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise NA NA 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices 117 46.17
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment 108 10.87 4.2.3 Income inequality 106 31.91
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services 85 75.17 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth 129 29.56 ○
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise NA NA 3rd sub-pillar: SDG Contribution 122 44.12
3rd sub-pillar: Governments 124 14.77 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being 104 43.46
2.3.1 Government online services 115 31.97 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education NA NA
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data 103 1.47 ○ 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women's economic opportunity 55 81.42 ●
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging tech 115 10.87 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy 131 20.38 ○
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education NA NA 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities 122 31.24

NOTE: ● Indicates a strength and ○ a weakness.

217
 The Network Readiness Index 2023 Appendix I: Technical
Appendix
NotesI

218
Appendix I:
Technical Notes
Structure of the The third level consists of individual indicators distributed
across the different sub-pillars and pillars of the primary and
secondary levels. All indicators used within the NRI belong to

Network Readiness a pillar and a sub-pillar.

For record-keeping, a three-digit code identifies each

Index indicator. The first digit refers to the primary pillar, the second
digit concerns the secondary sub-pillar, and the third denotes
the indicator itself. For instance, the digital code 1.2.3 refers
to an individual indicator (Mobile apps development) located
Since network readiness is a multi-dimensional concept, within the first primary pillar (Technology) and the secondary
the Network Readiness Index (NRI) is a composite index sub-pillar (Content).
constructed with three levels. The primary level consists of
four pillars that make up the fundamental dimensions of The third level of the NR1 2023 consists of 58 indicators. 35
network readiness. Each of the fundamental pillars divides indicators are hard/quantitative data, 12 are index/composite
into additional sub-pillars that constitute the second level. indicator data, and 11 are survey/qualitative data.
Table A-I.1 shows both levels.
Table A-I.2 outlines the complete structure of the NRI with its
respective pillars, sub-pillars, and indicators.

Table A-I.1 Network Readiness Index 2023 two top levels and composition

Primary Level Technology People Governance Impact

Secondary Level Access Individuals Trust Economy
Content Businesses Regulation Quality of life
Future technologies Governments Inclusion Sustainable development goal
(SDG) contributions

Table A-I.2 Network Readiness Index 2023 pillars, sub-pillars, and indicators

A. Technology pillar B. People pillar

1.1 Access 2.1 Individuals
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs 2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within the country
1.1.2 Handset prices 2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system
1.1.3 FTTh/Building internet subscriptions 2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks
1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network 2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth 2.1.5 Adult literacy rate
1.1.6 Internet access in schools 2.1.6 AI talent concentration
1.2 Content 2.2 Businesses
1.2.1 GitHub commits 2.2.1 Firms with a website
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations 2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise
1.2.3 Mobile applications development 2.2.3 Professionals
1.2.4 AI in scientific publications 2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services
1.3 Future Technologies 2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise
1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies 2.3 Governments
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies 2.3.1 Government online services
1.3.3 Robot density 2.3.2 Publication and use of open data
1.3.4 Computer software spending 2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging technologies
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education

219
Appendix I

C. Governance pillar D. Impact pillar

3.1 Trust 4.1 Economy
3.1.1 Secure internet servers 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing
3.1.2 Cybersecurity 4.1.2 High-tech exports
3.1.3 Online access to a financial account 4.1.3 PCT patent applications
3.1.4 Internet shopping 4.1.4 Domestic market size
3.2 Regulation 4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy
3.2.1 Regulatory quality 4.1.6 ICT services exports
3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment 4.2 Quality of Life
3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies 4.2.1 Happiness
3.2.4 E-commerce legislation 4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices
3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content 4.2.3 Income inequality
3.3 Inclusion 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth
3.3.1 E-participation 4.3 SDG Contribution
3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being
The Network Readiness Index 2023

3.3.3 Availability of local online content 4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education

3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use 4.3.3 SDG 5: Women’s economic opportunity
3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments 4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities

220
Adjustments to the

Photo by: luke-jones-RrvEjANGRIM-unsplash

Network Readiness
Index model in
2023
Table A-I.3 provides a summary of adjustments to the NRI
2023 framework. A total of 6 indicators shows adjustments
this year. The methodology of four indicators was revised,
indicator names changed in the source for two indicators,
and the definition was amended for one indicator, adding a
more accurate description to the scaling factor.

Computation
of the NRI
The computation of the NRI utilizes successive aggregations
of scores from both the indicator level (i.e., the most
disaggregated level) and the overall NRI score. The
unweighted arithmetic mean aggregates (i) the individual
indicators within each sub-pillar, (ii) the sub-pillars within
each pillar, and (iii) the pillars comprising the overall index.

Computation is based on data for all indicators, including

confidential data related to indicator 1.2.2 (Internet domain
registrations) that ZookNIC kindly provided on the condition
of confidentiality. Keeping with this request only scores are
provided for this indicator this year.

Table A-I.3 Adjustments to the Network Readiness Index 2023

Variable code NRI 2022 Adjustment New code NRI 2023

1.1.1 Mobile tariffs Name change at source 1.1.1 Mobile data affordability
1.1.2 Handset prices Name change at source 1.1.2 Handset affordability
1.1.3 FTTh/Building internet subscriptions Changed methodology 1.1.3
1.2.3 Mobile apps development Changed methodology 1.2.3
1.2.4 AI scientific publications Changed methodology 1.2.4
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system Changed methodology 2.1.2
4.1.2 High-tech exports Changed methodology 4.1.2

221
 Country and data Treatment of series
Appendix I

coverage with outliers

The inclusion of countries and indicators relies on the double Outliers in an indicator can affect ranking results with bias.
threshold approach. Only countries that could provide data It is prudent to detect and remove all outliers before the
for at least 70% of all indicators earned inclusion to the NRI. normalization of scores. An applied rule-of-thumb where
In addition, countries needed to pass a sub-pillar level data an absolute value of skewness greater than 2 or a kurtosis
availability of at least 40% for coverage. With the exception greater than 3.5 indicates the presence of outliers.[i]
of 1.3.3 Robot density and the new indicator 2.1.6 AI talent
concentration introduced this year, indicators with data The treatment of outliers occurs mainly in two ways. First,
available for at least 50% of all countries gained inclusion to indicators with no more than four outliers are winsorized,
the NRI whereby the value affecting the distribution assigns to the
next highest/lowest value method. The winsorization process
This year, initiatives were undertaken to augment the continues until the reported skewness and/or kurtosis fall
The Network Readiness Index 2023

coverage percentage to 64.9% for 1.1.6 and to 35.1% within the ranges specified above.
for 2.1.6, acting as a forward-leaning response to the
recommendations posited by the JRC in preceding audits of Second, indicators with at least five outliers are transformed
the NRI. The drive behind these enhancements is twofold: by natural logarithms according to the following formula:
to integrate both indicators more comprehensively, and
to preserve them due to their contextual and theoretical
significance within the NRI framework. The latter is pivotal as
it aligns perfectly with the inherent objectives and principles
of the NRI framework, adding layers of depth and relevance
to the evolving model. This augmentation is not merely For the NRI 2023, outliers were detected in eighteen
numerical but is instrumental in refining the essence and indicators. Nine indicators[ii] had fewer than five outliers and
effectiveness of the framework in capturing the nuanced nine indicators[iii] had five outliers or more.
dimensions of networked readiness. The incorporation of
these indicators substantiates the framework’s adaptability
and resilience, fortifying its position as a robust tool for
nuanced analysis in an ever-evolving landscape. Missing
values received a “N/A” label and did not count within the
Normalisation
computation of scores.
To make the indicators comparable for data aggregation, they
must go through a process of normalization. The NRI applies
the Min-max normalization method to ensure all values fall
into the [0, 100] range/. For indicators where higher values
indicate higher outcomes the following normalization
formula is applied:

For indicators where higher values imply worse outcomes the

following reverse normalization formula is applied:[iv]

222
Caveats on the Consistent data collection: Measuring the change in
year-on-year performance relies on the consistent collection
of data over time. Changes in the definition of variables or in

year-to-year the data collection process could create movements in the

rankings that are unrelated to performance.

comparison of A detailed economy study based on the NRI database and the
economy profile over time, along with analytical ground work
that includes that of actors and decision-makers in the realm

rankings of digital transformation, yields the best results in terms of

monitoring a country/economy’s network readiness as well as
for identifying possible improvement channels.

The NRI compares the performance of national digital

readiness across countries/economies and presents the
changes in country/economy rankings over time.

It is important to note that scores and rankings are not References

directly comparable between one year and another. Each
ranking reflects the relative position of a particular economy Groeneveld, R. A. & Meeden, G. (1984). Measuring skewness
based on the conceptual framework, the data coverage and kurtosis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D
and the sample of countries/economies of that specific NRI (The Statistician), 33, 391–399.
edition, and also reflects changes in the underlying indicators
at source and in data availability. OECD & EC JRC (2008). Handbook on constructing composite
indicators: Methodology and user guide. Paris: OECD, available
A number of factors influence the year-on-year rankings of an at http://www.oecd.org/std/42495745.pdf
economy:
[i] Adopted from Groeneveld & Meeden (1984)
• the actual performance of the economy in question;
• adjustments made to the NRI framework (changes in [ii] 1.2.1 GitHub commits, 1.2.2 Internet domain registrations,
indicator composition and measurement revisions); 1.3.3 Robot density, 2.1.6 AI talent concentration, 2.2.5
• data updates, the treatment of outliers and missing values; GERD performed by business enterprise, 3.2.4 E-commerce
and legislation, 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use, 4.1.2 High-tech
• the inclusion or exclusion of economies in the sample. exports, 4.1.6 ICT services exports.

Additionally, the following characteristics complicate the [iii] 1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions, 1.1.4
time-series analysis based on simple NRI rankings or scores: Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network,
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth, 1.2.4 AI scientific
Missing values: The NRI produces relative index scores, publications, 2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic within
which means that a missing value for one economy affects the country, 2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication
the index score of other economies. Because the number of services, 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers, 4.1.3 PCT patent
missing values decreases every year, this problem reduces applications, 4.1.4 Domestic market size.
over time.
[iv] For the NRI 2023 reverse normalisation was needed
Reference year: The data underlying the NRI do not refer for three indicators: 4.2.3 Income inequality, 4.3.4 SDG 7:
to a single year but to several years, depending on the Affordable and clean energy and 4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable
latest available year for any given variable. In addition, the Cities and Communities.
reference years for different variables are not the same for
each economy, due to measures to limit the number of
missing data points.

Normalization factor: Most NRI variables are normalized

using GDP, population, or other factor with the intention
of enabling cross-economy comparability. However, this
implies that year-on-year changes in individual indicators
may be driven either by the variable (numerator) or by its
normalization factor (denominator).

223
 The Network Readiness Index 2023 Appendix II

224
Appendix II:
Sources and Definitions
1st pillar: Technology 1.1.4 Population covered by at least
a 3G mobile network

1.1 Access Percentage of the population covered by at least a

3G mobile network | 2022

The following indicator refers to the percentage of

inhabitants within range of at least a 3G mobile-cellular
1.1.1 Mobile tariffs signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers.
Values are calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants
Mobile tariffs sub-index | 2022 covered by at least a 3G mobile-cellular signal by the total
population and multiplied by 100.
The Mobile Tariffs indicator refers to the Mobile tariffs
sub-index included in the Affordability pillar of the Mobile Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ITU
Connectivity Index published by the GSM Association. The World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2023
sub-index relates to the cost of three separate basket profiles (http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/
that are distinguished in part by usage allowance (100 MB, wtid.aspx). Data years: 2016-2022.
500 MB, and 1 GB per month, respectively). Tariffs are given as
a percentage of monthly GDP per capita. The primary source 1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth
for the data is Tarifica (https://tarifica.com/).
International Internet bandwidth (Mbit/s) | 2022
Source: GSM Association, The GSMA Mobile Connectivity Index
2023 (http://www.mobileconnectivityindex.com). Data year: 2022. International Internet bandwidth refers to the total used
capacity of international Internet bandwidth in megabits per
1.1.2 Handset prices second (Mbit/s). Calculations only include the total usage
capacity of all Internet exchanges (locations that exchange
Cost of cheapest Internet-enabled device Internet traffic) that offer international bandwidth. If capacity
(% of monthly GDP per capita) | 2022 is asymmetric and there is more incoming (downlink) than
outgoing (uplink) capacity, then the incoming (downlink)
As one of the indicators included in the Affordability pillar capacity is provided.
of the Mobile Connectivity Index published by the GSM
Association, the Handset prices indicator relates to the Note: Significant revisions to data from African economies
cheapest smartphone or feature phone that allows user observed this year in ITU’s database.
access to the Internet. The primary source for the data is
Tarifica (https://tarifica.com/). Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ITU
World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2023
Source: GSM Association, The GSMA Mobile Connectivity (http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/
Index 2023 (http://www.mobileconnectivityindex.com). wtid.aspx). Data years: 2013-2022.
Data year: 2022.
1.1.6 Internet access in schools
1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions
Proportion of primary schools with access to Internet for
Fibre-to-the-home/building Internet subscriptions pedagogical purposes (%) | 2022
(per GDP PPP per capita) | 2021
The Internet access in schools indicator refers to the
Fibre-to-the-home/building Internet subscriptions refers to share of primary schools with access to the Internet via
the number of Internet subscriptions using fibre-to-the-home fixed narrowband, fixed broadband, or mobile networks.
or fibre-to-the-building; at downstream speeds equal to; or Internet for pedagogical purposes refers to web access
greater than; 256 kbit/s. This should include subscriptions and communications services through various devices that
where fibre goes directly to the subscriber’s premises or enhance the teaching and learning of pupils.
fibre-to-the-building subscriptions that terminate no more
than 2 metres from an external wall of the building. Fibre-to- Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, UIS.Stat (http://data.
the-cabinet and fibre-to-the-node are excluded. uis.unesco.org/). Data years: 2012-2022.

Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ITU

World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2023 (http://
www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.
aspx). International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database, October 2022 (https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/
WEO/weo-database/2021/October). Data year: 2021.

225
 1.2 Content
Appendix II

Source: data.ia (formerly App Annie) (www.data.ai/en/);

and International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database, October 2022 (www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/
weo-database/2022/October). Data years: 2020–2022.

1.2.1 GitHub commits 1.2.4 AI Publications

GitHub commits (per million population, Total number of AI scientific publications,

15–69 years old) | 2022 fractional counts (as % of GDP) | 2022

GitHub is the world’s largest host of source code, and a The AI scientific publications indicator measures the
commit is the term used for a saved change on this platform. total number of AI publications in Elsevier per economy.
One or more commits can be saved (or pushed) to projects Any paper with a field of study categorized as “artificial
(or repositories). Thus, “GitHub commit pushes received and intelligence” and “machine learning” according to the
sent” refers to the sum of the number of batched changes Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG) taxonomy is measured.
received and sent by projects on GitHub that are publicly Results from other fields of study, such as “natural language
available within a specific economy. Automated activity processing”, “speech recognition”, and “computer vision” are
resulting in non-productive commits is excluded. included if they also belong to the “artificial intelligence” or
The Network Readiness Index 2023

the “machine learning” fields of study. As such, the results are

Source: GitHub (https://github.com/); and United Nations, likely to be conservative. Tagging occurs through a concept
Department of Economic and detection operation. The Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG)
is a heterogeneous graph containing scientific publication
Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects records and citation relationships between each publication
2022 (https://population.un.org/wpp/). Data year: 2022. from authors, institutions, journals, conferences, and fields of
study (Sinha et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2019). Reporting occurs
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations as a percentage of an economy’s GDP.

Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs) and Country Code Source: OECD.AI Policy Observatory (https://oecd.ai). Data
Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs) per person | 2022 year: 2010-2022.

The Internet domain registrations indicator measures the

production of Internet content. It refers to two types of
top-level domains: generic top-level domains and country-
code top-level domains. The gTLDs cover domain names that
use .com, .net, .org, .biz, .info, and .mobi. Similar to Ojanperä,
Graham and Zook (2019), a small number of countries are

Photo by Greg Rosenke on Unsplash

excluded because the high volume reported from their
ccTLDs is due to the specific meaning of the domain rather
than any content produced in the country itself (e.g. the use
of Tuvalu.tv domain by the entertainment industry).

Source: Data on Internet domain registrations kindly

provided by ZookNIC. World Development Indicators provide
data on population. World Bank, World Development
Indicators (http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-
development-indicators). Data year: 2022.

1.2.3 Mobile apps development

Global downloads of mobile apps (per billion PPP$ GDP,

two-year average) | 2022

Global downloads of mobile apps, by origin of the

headquarters of the developer/firm, scaled by PPP$ GDP
(billions). Global downloads are compiled by data.ia, public
data sources and the company’s proprietary forecast model
based on data from Google Play Store and iOS App Store
in each country. Since data for China are not available for
Google Play Store and only for iOS App Store, data from China
are treated as missing and classified as “n/a.”.

226
1.3 Future Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey
2017–2018 (http://reports.weforum.org). Data years: 2017-2018.

technologies 1.3.3 Robot density

Number of robots in operation per 10,000 employees in the

manufacturing industry | 2022

1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies Robot density refers to the estimated number of
multipurpose industrial robots per 10,000 persons employed
Average answer to survey questions concerning the in the manufacturing industry (ISIC rev.4: C). The International
extent to which companies adopt five types of emerging Federation of Robotics (IFR) collects country-level data on
technology | 2023 the operational stock of industrial robots and for certain
countries computes robot densities. The annual World
The annual World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Robotics report publishes computed robot densities.
Survey (EOS) gathers information from business leaders on
topics with scarce or non-existent data. It is part of the effort Source: Data on robot density and operational stock
to supplement The Global Competitiveness Report in assessing of industrial robots for 2022 kindly provided by the
issues that drive national competitiveness. International Federation of Robotics, IFR (https://ifr.org). Data
on employment in manufacturing in the countries for which
The Adoption of emerging technologies indicator refers to IFR has not computed robot densities are sourced from the
the average answer of a similarly-worded question posited International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT (https://ilostat.ilo.
by the EOS regarding five different emerging technologies org/). Data year: 2022.
(Artificial intelligence, Robotics, App- and web-enabled
markets, Big data analytics, and Cloud computing): 1.3.4 Computer software spending

“In your country, to what extent are companies adopting Total computer software spending (% of GDP) | 2022
Artificial intelligence?” (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent - on
par with the most technologically advanced economies). Computer software spending refers to the total value of
purchased or leased packaged software, including operating
Note: Special calculation has been used for Uzbekistan, systems, database systems, programming tools, utilities, and
utilizing preliminary data from the WEF’s EOS. It is important applications. The indicator excludes expenditures for internal
to highlight that the WEF has exclusively provided 2023 data software development and outsourced custom software
for Uzbekistan. development. The data combines actual figures and estimates.
Reporting occurs as a percentage of an economy’s GDP.
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey
2023 (http://reports.weforum.org). Data year: 2019-2023. Source: S&P Global, Market Intelligence (www.marketplace.
spglobal.com/en/datasets). Data year: 2022.
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies

Average answer to a survey question concerning

the extent that companies invest in emerging
technologies | 2017–2018

The annual World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion

Survey (EOS) gathers information from business leaders on
topics with scarce or non-existent data. It is part of the effort
to supplement The Global Competitiveness Report in assessing
issues that drive national competitiveness.

The Investment in emerging technologies indicator refers to

the average answer of a similarly-worded question posited
by the EOS regarding five different emerging technologies
(Artificial intelligence, Robotics, App- and web-enabled
markets, Big data analytics, and Cloud computing):

“In your country, to what extent do companies invest in

emerging technologies (e.g., Internet of Things, advanced
analytics and artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality
and wearables, advanced robotics, 3D printing)?” [1 = not at
all; 7 = to a great extent].

227
 2nd pillar: People
Appendix II

Photo by Good Faces on Unsplash

2.1 Individuals
2.1.1 Mobile broadband internet traffic
within the country

Mobile-broadband internet traffic (within the country); in

exabytes | 2022

Mobile-broadband Internet traffic (within the country) refers

to broadband traffic volumes originated within the country
from 3G networks or other more advanced mobile-networks;
including 3G upgrades; evolutions or equivalent standards in
terms of data transmission speeds. Traffic should be collected
The Network Readiness Index 2023

and aggregated at the country level for all 3G or more

advanced mobile networks within the country. Download
and upload traffic should be added up and reported together.
Traffic should be measured at the end-user access point.
Wholesale and walled-garden traffic should be excluded. The
traffic should be reported in exabytes.

To improve data coverage, the NRI 2023 values for Mali and
Tajikistan were sourced from 2020, owing to their absence in
this year’s ITU database.

Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ITU

World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2023
(http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/
wtid.aspx). Data years: 2015-2022.

2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what

extent is the workforce proficient in the following skills?
Technology skills [1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2023

The annual World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion

Survey (EOS) gathers information from business leaders
on topics with scarce or non-existent data. It is part of the
effort to supplement The Global Competitiveness Report in
assessing issues that drive national competitiveness.

The ICT skills indicator refers to the average answer of a

similarly-worded question posited by the EOS regarding the
digital skills of a country:

“In your country, to what extent is the workforce proficient in

the following skills?” “Technology skills” [1 = not at all; 7 = to a
great extent].

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

2023 (http://reports.weforum.org). Data years: 2023.

228
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks 2.1.6 AI talent concentration

Number of active social media users AI talent concentration | 2022

(% of population) | 2023
A LinkedIn member is considered AI talent if they have
The Use of virtual social networks indicator refers to the explicitly added AI skills to their profile and/or they are
penetration of active social media users expressed as a occupied in an AI job. The counts of AI talent are used to
percentage of the total population. Original data comes calculate talent concentration metrics. For example, AI talent
from a variety of sources, including company statements and concentration at the country level is calculated using the
reports in reputable media. counts of AI talent vis-a-vis the counts of LinkedIn members
in that country. As such, AI talent concentration metrics may
Source: We Are Social and Hootsuite (2023) Global Digital be influenced by a country’s LinkedIn coverage and should
Report 2023 (https://wearesocial.com/digital-2023). be used with caution. For example, as of 2021 1 in every 10
Data year: 2023. LinkedIn members in India is classified as AI talent, which is a
result of LinkedIn’s biased coverage in that country.
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment
Since it also encompasses LinkedIn members with AI job titles
Gross enrollment ratio, tertiary education (%) | 2022 – as opposed to only LinkedIn members with AI skills on their
profiles – AI talent is considered to be a more comprehensive
Tertiary enrollment refers to the ratio of total education measure than AI skills.
enrollment, regardless of age, by the population of the age
group that officially corresponds to the expected level of To enhance data coverage, the NRI 2023 values for China
tertiary education. Tertiary education often requires the (2021) and Colombia (2021) were reintroduced due to the
successful completion of education at the secondary level absence of these values in this year’s OECD.AI platform.
as a minimum condition of admission. The International
Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) defines the Source: OECD.AI Policy Observatory (https://oecd.ai). Data
standards of the tertiary level. year: 2022.

To enhance data coverage, the NRI 2023 values for Gambia

(2012), Paraguay (2010) and Zambia (2012) were included, by
extending the cutoff year back to 2010.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, UIS.Stat (http://data.

uis.unesco.org/). Data years: 2010-2022. Paraguay uses data
from 2010.

2.1.5 Adult literacy rate

Adult literacy rate (%) | 2021

The Adult literacy rate indicator defines the percentage of the

population aged 15 years and over who can read, write, and
understand short, simple statements about their everyday life.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, UIS.Stat (http://data.

uis.unesco.org/). Data years: 2010-2021. Bahrain and India
use data from 2011. Tajikistan uses data from 2010.

229
 2.2 Businesses 2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication
Appendix II

services

Annual investment in telecommunication

2.2.1 Firms with website services (US$) | 2021

Firms with website (% of total) | 2022 The Annual investment in telecommunication services
indicator refers to the investments made within the financial
The data for the Firms with website indicator consists of year by entities that provide telecommunication networks
enterprise surveys conducted by the Organisation for and/or services (including fixed mobile and Internet
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and services and the transmission of TV signals). Investments are
the World Bank. Data supplied by the OECD informs OECD considered any spent funds on the acquisition and upgrading
countries, accession countries, or key partners, while all other of assets (usually referred to as CAPEX) less disinvestment
country data sources the World Bank. owing to disposals. Fixed assets include tangible assets such
as buildings and networks and intangible assets such as
Source: OECD, ICT Access and Use by Businesses, OECD computer software and intellectual property.
Telecommunications and Internet Statistics database (https://
doi.org/10.1787/9d2cb97b-en); World Bank, Enterprise The indicator corresponds to the gross fixed capital formation
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Surveys (www.enterprisesurveys.org). Data years: 2012-2022. concept defined in the System of National Accounts 2008. The
Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, and Mauritius use data from 2009. indicator also includes expenditures on initial installations
and additions to existing installations where the usage
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise is expected over an extended period of time. It excludes
expenditures on fees for operating licenses and the use of
GERD: Financed by business enterprise radio spectrum. All values are notated in US$.
(% of total GERD) | 2022
Due to the volatility of historical data for India in the ITU
The following indicator refers to the Gross expenditure on database, the value presented for this economy is from 2020.
R&D (GERD) financed by a business enterprise as a percentage
of total gross R&D expenditure. GERD or Intramural R&D Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ITU
expenditure consists of all spent funds on R&D performed World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2023
within a statistical unit or sector of the economy during a (http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/
specific period, regardless of the funding source. wtid.aspx). Data years: 2013-2021.

Source: “UNESCO Institute for Statistics, UIS online database; 2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise
Eurostat, Eurostat database, 2022; OECD, Main Science and
Technology Indicators MSTI database, and Ibero-American and GERD performed by business enterprise (% of GDP) | 2022
Inter-American Network of Science and Technology Indicators
(RICYT), 2022 (2011-22). (http://data.uis.unesco.org; https:// The indicator measures the gross expenditure on R&D
ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database; https://stats.oecd.org/ performed by a business enterprise as a percentage of GDP.
Index.aspx?DataSet-Code=MSTI_PUB; www.ricyt.org/en/). Data For the definition of GERD, see indicator 2.2.2.
years: 2011-2022. Tajikistan uses data for 2011.
Source: “UNESCO Institute for Statistics, UIS online database;
2.2.3 Knowledge intensive employment Eurostat, Eurostat database, 2022; OECD, Main Science and
Technology Indicators MSTI database, 2022 (2013–22).
Employment in knowledge-intensive services (http://data.uis.unesco.org; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/
(% of workforce, 15+ years old) | 2022 data/database; https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSet-
Code=MSTI_PUB). Data years: 2013-2022.
Sum of people in categories 1 to 3 as a percentage of total
people employed, according to the International Standard
Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Categories included
in ISCO-08 are: 1 Managers; 2 Professionals; 3 Technicians
and Associate Professionals. Where ISCO-08 data were not
available, ISCO-88 data were used. Categories included in
r ISCO-88 are: 1 Legislators, senior officials and managers; 2
in Professionals; 3 Technicians and associate professionals.

ovide
Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT
Database of Labour Statistics (https://ilostat.ilo.org). Data
years: 2013–2022.
on of

230
2.3 Governments “In your country, to what extent does the government foster
investment (public and private) in artificial intelligence and
machine learning?” (1: not at all; 7: to a great extent)

2.3.1 Government online services Source: World Economic Forum, “Executive Opinion Survey
2018–2019.” (http://reports.weforum.org). Data years: 2016-
Government Online Service Index | 2022 2019.

The Government Online Service Index (OIS) is a primary 2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and
component of the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) higher education
that the United Nations Department of Economic and
Social Affairs publishes. The OIS assesses the quality of a Gross domestic expenditure on R&D performed by
government’s delivery of online services on a 0-to-1 (best) government and higher education institutions
scale. Researchers create the assessment to evaluate “each (% of GDP) | 2022
country’s national website in the native language, including
the national portal, e-services portal, and e-participation The following indicator refers to the combined expenditure
portal, as well as the websites of the related ministries by governments and higher education institutions on
of education, labor, social services, health, finance, and research and development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP.
environment, as applicable.” The government sector comprises all central, regional,
and municipal government units. It excludes all public
Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social enterprises (public enterprises fall under the business
Affairs (UNDESA), UN E-Government Knowledgebase (https:// enterprise category). Higher education institutions include
publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/). Data year: 2022. an organization whose primary focus is on providing formal
tertiary education (i.e. levels 5–8 of the International Standard
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data Classification of Education, ISCED). The definition of R&D
expenditure involves all current expenditure plus gross fixed
Open Data Barometer | 2018 capital expenditure for R&D performed by government and
higher education institutions, no matter the source of funds.
The Open Data Barometer indicator refers to the fourth
edition of the Open Data Barometer index that provides a Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistic, UIS.Stat (http://data.uis.
measure of how governments publish and use open data unesco.org/). Data years: 2013-2022.
based on readiness (35%), implementation (35%), and impact
(30%).[iii]

[iii] Parenthesis note the weight of each dimension.

Source: World Wide Web Foundation (2018), Open

Data Barometer 4th Edition – Global Report (https://
opendatabarometer.org/4thedition/). Data years: 2016-2018

2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in

emerging technologies

Average answer to survey questions concerning the extent

to which government foster investment in five types of
emerging technology | 2019

The annual World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion

Survey (EOS) gathers information from business leaders on
topics with scarce or non-existent data. It is part of the effort
to supplement The Global Competitiveness Report in assessing
issues that drive national competitiveness.

The following indicator refers to the simple mean of the

average answer of a similarly-worded question posited by the
EOS regarding a government’s ability to foster investment
in five emerging technology sectors (Artificial intelligence,
Robotics, App- and web-enabled markets, Big data analytics,
and Cloud computing):

231
 3rd pillar: Governance
Appendix II

Photo by Standsome Worklifestyle on Unsplash

3.1 Trust
3.1.1 Secure Internet servers

Secure Internet servers (per million population) | 2020

Secure Internet servers are servers that use encryption

technology in Internet transactions.

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (http://

data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-
indicators). Data years: 2019-2020.
The Network Readiness Index 2023

3.1.2 Cybersecurity

Global Cybersecurity Index | 2020

The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) measures the level of

cybersecurity commitments made by individual countries. It
is a composite index consisting of 25 indicators distributed
across five main pillars: (1) Legal Measures, (2) Technical
Measures, (3) Organizational Measures, (4) Capacity Building
Measures, and (5) Cooperation Measures. Scores are
standardized to a scale of 0–1.

Source: ITU (2021), Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2020

(https://www.itu.int/epublications/publication/global-
cybersecurity-index-2020/en/). Data year: 2020.

3.1.3 Online access to financial account

People who used a mobile phone or the internet to access

a financial institution account in the past year (% with a
financial institution account, age 15+) | 2017

The Online access to financial account indicator refers to

the percentage of people who have a financial institution
account that report using a mobile phone or the Internet to
access their financial institution account within the past 12
months.

Source: World Bank, Global Findex Database (https://

globalfindex.worldbank.org/). Data year: 2017.

3.1.4 Internet shopping

People who used the Internet to buy something online in

the past year (%) | 2022

The Internet shipping indicator refers to the percentage of

respondents aged 15 years and older who have used the
Internet in the past year to purchase goods and services
online. The data sources a triennial survey carried out in more
than 140 economies.

Source: World Bank, Global Findex Database (https://

globalfindex.worldbank.org/). Data years: 2017-2022.
232
3.2 Regulation 3.2.4 E-commerce legislation

Global Cyberlaw Tracker | 2021

3.2.1 Regulatory quality The E-commerce legislation indicator refers to a country’s

adoption of e-commerce legislation. The Global Cyberlaw
Regulatory quality indicator | 2021 Tracker provides information on whether a country has
adopted legislation or has a draft law pending adoption
The regulatory quality indicator captures the perception of within four areas: electronic transactions, consumer
a government’s ability to formulate and implement sound protection, privacy and data protection, and cybercrime.
policies and regulations that permit and promote private Scores range from 0 (no legislation) to 4 (adopted legislation
sector development. Scores are standardized to a scale from in all four areas).
-2.5 (worst) to 2.5 (best).
Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and
Source: World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators 2022 Development (UNCTAD), Global Cyberlaw Tracker (https://
Update (www.govindicators.org). Data years: 2013-2021. unctad.org/en/Pages/DTL/STI_and_ICTs/ICT4D-Legislation/
eCom-Global-Legislation.aspx). Data year: 2021.
3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment
3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content
ICT Regulatory Tracker | 2022
Average answer to the question: What does the legal
The ICT regulatory environment indicator is based on the ICT framework to protect Internet users’ privacy and their data
Regulatory Tracker composite index that provides a measure stipulate? | 2021
of the existence and features of ICT legal and regulatory
frameworks. The index covers 50 indicators distributed across The Privacy protection by law content indicator refers to
four pillars: (1) Regulatory Authority, (2) Regulatory Mandate, responses on privacy protection given by multiple country
(3) Regulatory Regime, and (4) Competition Framework. experts on a 0-4 scale. With disagreement and measurement
Scores are standardized to a scale of 0–2. error taken into account, aggregated responses compute
a probability distribution over country-year scores on a
Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ICT standardized interval scale. Point estimates are the median
Regulatory Tracker 2023 (https://www.itu.int/net4/itu-d/irt/). values of each distribution for every country-year. The scale
Data year: 2022. of a measurement model variable is similar to a normal (“Z”)
score (e.g. typically between -5 and 5, with 0 approximately
3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies representing the mean for all country-years in the sample),
though it does not necessarily follow a normal distribution.
Average answer to survey questions concerning the extent Data only includes estimates based on at least four ratings.
to which the legal framework is adapting to five types of
emerging technology | 2020 Source: Mechkova, Valeriya, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim,
and Steven Wilson, (2020) Digital Society Project Dataset v2
The annual World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion (http://digitalsocietyproject.org). Data years: 2018-2021.
Survey (EOS) gathers information from business leaders on
topics with scarce or non-existent data. It is part of the effort
to supplement The Global Competitiveness Report in assessing
issues that drive national competitiveness.

The Legal framework’s adaptability to emerging technologies

indicator refers to the simple mean of the average answer of
a similarly-worded question posited by the EOS regarding
five different emerging technologies (Artificial intelligence,
Robotics, App- and web-enabled markets, Big data analytics,
and Cloud computing):

“In your country, how adequately is the legal framework

adapting to artificial intelligence, robotics, app- and web-
enabled markets, big data analytics, and cloud computing?
(1: not at all; 7: to a great extent - the legal framework is
up-to-date)

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

2018-2019 and special calculation (http://reports.weforum.
org). Data years: 2017-2018, 2020.

233
 3.3 Inclusion 3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use
Appendix II

Difference between female and male population in using

the Internet | 2022
3.3.1 E-Participation
The Gender gap in Internet use indicator refers to the share
E-Participation Index | 2022 of women and men in a country that use the Internet. Scores
are calculated as the ratio of the share related to the female
The E-Participation Index assesses on a 0-to-1 (best) scale population over the share related to the male population.
the quality, relevance, and usefulness of government
websites. Usefulness refers to a website’s ability to provide To bolster data coverage, the NRI 2023 values for several
online information and participatory tools and services to countries—including Angola (2014), Australia (2017),
citizens. Countries are benchmarked in three areas within Burundi (2017), Botswana (2014), Chile (2017), Cameroon
the E-Participation Index: e-information, e-consultation, and (2017), Egypt (2020), Mozambique (2017), New Zealand
e-decision-making. As such, the index indicates both the (2012), Tanzania (2016), and the United States (2015)—were
capacity and the willingness of the state to promote citizen reintroduced, given their omission from this year’s ITU
participation in deliberative decision-making in public policy. database.
It also indicates the reach of the state’s own socially inclusive
The Network Readiness Index 2023

governance program. Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ITU

World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 2023
Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social (http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/
Affairs (UNDESA), UN E-Government Knowledgebase (https:// wtid.aspx). Data years: 2011-2022.
publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/). Data year: 2022.
3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments
3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital
payments Difference between the rural population and the total
population that made or received digital payments in the
Difference between rich and poor income groups that past year (% age 15+) | 2021
made or received digital payments in the past year (% age
15+) | 2022 The following indicator refers to the share of the rural
population against a country’s total population that made or
The following indicator refers to the share of the poorest received digital payments within the past 12 months. Made
40% and the richest 60% income groups in a country that digital payments include the use of “mobile money, a debit
made or received digital payment within the past 12 months. or credit card, or a mobile phone to make a payment from
Made digital payments include the use of “mobile money, a an account, or report using the internet to pay bills or to
debit or credit card, or a mobile phone to make a payment buy something online.” Received digital payments include
from an account, or report using the internet to pay bills or receiving money “directly from or into a financial institution
to buy something online.” Received digital payments include account or through a mobile money account.” Final scores
receiving money “directly from or into a financial institution express as a ratio the share related to the rural population
account or through a mobile money account.” Final scores over the share related to the total population.
express the ratio of the share related to the poorest 40% over
the share related to the richest 60%. Source: World Bank, Global Findex Database (https://
globalfindex.worldbank.org/). Data year: 2017-2021.
Source: World Bank, Global Findex Database (https://
globalfindex.worldbank.org/). Data years: 2014-2022.

3.3.3 Availability of local online content

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what

extent are Internet content and services tailored to the
local population (e.g. in the local language, meeting local
demand)? (1 = Not at all; 7 = To a great extent] | 2018–19

The annual World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion

Survey (EOS) gathers information from business leaders on
topics with scarce or non-existent data. It is part of the effort
to supplement The Global Competitiveness Report in assessing
issues that drive national competitiveness.

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion

Survey 2017–2020 (http://reports.weforum.org). Data years:
2017-2020.
234
 4th pillar: Impact

Photo by Possessed Photography on Unsplash

4.1 Economy
4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech
manufacturing

High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing

(% of total manufacturing output) | 2021

High-technology and medium-high-technology output as

a percentage of total manufacturing output, on the basis of
the OECD classification of Technology Intensity Definition
(https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/48350231.pdf ), itself based
on International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)
Revision 4 and Revision 3, and using data from the INDSTAT
2 and INDSTAT 4 databases of the United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO).

Source: United Nations Industrial Development Organization

(UNIDO), Industrial Statistics Database INDSTAT 2 2023
and INDSTAT 4 2023 (https://stat.unido.org). Data years:
2013–2021.

4.1.2 High-tech exports

High technology exports (% of total trade) | 2021

High-technology exports as a percentage of total trade. Data

for Hong Kong, China are corrected for re-exports using data
from the Trade Data Monitor.

Source: United Nations Comtrade Database (http://comtrade.

un.org); World Trade Organization and United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development (www.wto.org/
english/thewto_e/coher_e/wto_unctad_e.htm); and Trade
Data Monitor (www.tradedatamonitor.com). Data years:
2015–2021.

4.1.3 PCT patent applications

Number of Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) applications

(per billion PPP$ GDP) | 2022

A PCT application refers to an international patent application

filed through the WIPO-administered Patent Cooperation
Treaty. The PCT system makes it possible to seek patent
protection for an invention simultaneously in a number of
countries by filing a single international patent application.
The origin of PCT applications is defined by the residence of
the first-named applicant. Data are available only for those
economies which are PCT Contracting States (157 to date).
Data are scaled by PPP$ GDP (billions).

235
Appendix II

Source: World Intellectual Property Organization, economy refers to a labor market specific to digital platforms
Intellectual Property Statistics (https://www.wipo.int/ and work arrangements focused on short-term contracts and
ipstats); and International Monetary Fund, World Economic task-based work.
Outlook Database, October 2022 (https://www.imf.org/en/
Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October). Data year: Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey
2021-2022. 2017–2020 (http://reports.weforum.org). Data years: 2017-
2020.
4.1.4 Domestic market size
4.1.6 ICT services exports
Domestic Market Size | 2022
Telecommunications, computers, and information services
The domestic market size is measured by GDP based on the exports (% of total trade) | 2021
PPP valuation of country GDP, in current international dollars
(billions). Telecommunications, computer and information services
exports as a percentage of total trade according to the
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Extended Balance of Payments Services Classification
Outlook Database, October 2022 (https://www.imf.org/en/ EBOPS 2010, coded SI: Telecommunications, computer, and
Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October). Data year: information services. Values are based on the classification of
The Network Readiness Index 2023

2020-2022. the sixth (2009) edition of the International Monetary Fund’s

Balance of Payments and International Investment Position
4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy Manual and Balance of Payments database.

Average answer to the question: In your country, to what Source: World Trade Organization and United Nations
extent is the online gig economy prevalent? [1 = Not at all; Conference on Trade and Development, Trade in Commercial
7 = To a great extent] | 2020 Services database (https://stats.wto.org). Data years:
2014–2021.
The annual World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion
Survey (EOS) gathers information from business leaders
on topics with scarce or non-existent data. It is part of the
effort to supplement The Global Competitiveness Report in
assessing issues that drive national competitiveness. The gig

Photo by Lukas Zischke on Unsplash

236
4.2 Quality of Life 4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth

Healthy life expectancy at birth (years) | 2019

4.2.1 Happiness The Healthy life expectancy at birth indicator expresses the
“average number of years that a person can expect to live in
Happiness score (life ladder) | 2022 ‘full health’ by taking into account years lived in less than full
health due to disease and/or injury.” The number of years lost
Happiness refers to the national average response to the due to ill health in a country is estimated by the disability rate
following survey question included in the Gallup World Poll: per capita (adjusted for independent comorbidity) broken
“Please imagine a ladder, with steps numbered from 0 at the down by age and sex.
bottom to 10 at the top. The top of the ladder represents
the best possible life for you and the bottom of the ladder Source: World Health Organization, Global Health
represents the worst possible life for you. On which step of Observatory (GHO) Database (https://www.who.int/gho).
the ladder would you say you personally feel you stand at this Data year: 2019.
time?” The indicator is also known as the Cantril life ladder,
life ladder, or subjective well-being.

Source: The Gallup World Poll (https://www.gallup.com/

analytics/232838/world-poll.aspx), sourced from Helliwell,
John F., Richard Layard, Jeffrey Sachs, and Jan-Emmanuel
De Neve, eds. 2020. World Happiness Report 2020, New
York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network (https://
worldhappiness.report/). Data years: 2011-2022.

4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices

Freedom to make life choices score | 2022

Freedom to make life choices refers to the national average

response to the following survey question included in the
Gallup World Poll: “Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your
freedom to choose what you do with your life?”

Source: The Gallup World Poll (2005–2019) (https://www.

Photo by Nathana Rebouças on Unsplash

gallup.com/analytics/232838/world-poll.aspx), sourced
from Helliwell, John F., Richard Layard, Jeffrey Sachs, and
Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, eds. 2020. World Happiness Report
2020, New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network
(https://worldhappiness.report/). Data years: 2011-2022.

4.2.3 Income inequality

Gini index | 2022

The Gini index is a measure of income inequality within

an individual economy. At a technical level, it is based on
a Lorenz curve that “plots the cumulative percentages of
total income received against the cumulative number of
recipients.” The Gini index also refers to the area between the
Lorenz curve and the (hypothetical) line of perfect equality.
The scale of the Gini index ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to
100 (perfect inequality).

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators (http://

data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-
indicators). Data years: 2012-2022.

237
 4.3 SDG

Photo by Prado on Unsplash

Appendix II

Contribution
4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being

Universal health coverage | 2021

The following indicator refers to the Universal health

coverage (UHC) service coverage index and is one of the
official indicators related to SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and
promote well-being for all at all ages (indicator 3.8.1). The
UHC service coverage index encompasses essential health
services that include reproductive, maternal, newborn and
child health, infectious diseases, service capacity and access,
The Network Readiness Index 2023

and non-communicable diseases among the general and

the most disadvantaged population. Scores report on a scale
of 0–100 and compute the geometric mean of 14 tracer
indicators related to health service coverage. The tracer
indicators on service coverage compile into four components:
(1)Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health, (2)
Infectious diseases, (3) Noncommunicable diseases (4)
Service capacity and access.

Source: World Health Organization. Tracking universal health

coverage: 2021 Global Monitoring Report, Geneva, WHO
2021. Sourced from United Nations, Open SDG Data Hub
(http://www.sdg.org). Data year: 2021.

4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education

PISA average scores in reading, mathematics,

and science | 2018

PISA is the OECD’s (Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development) Programme for International Student
Assessment. PISA measures 15-year-olds’ ability to use
their reading, mathematics and science knowledge skills.
Results from PISA indicate the quality and equity of learning
outcomes attained around the world. The 2018 PISA survey is
the seventh round of the triennial assessment. The indicator
is built using the average of the reading, mathematics and
science scores for each country. PISA scores are set in relation
to the variation in results observed across all test participants
in a country. There is, theoretically, no minimum or maximum
score in

PISA; rather, the results are scaled to fit approximately

normal distributions, with means around 500 score points
and standard deviations around 100 score points. The 2018
scores for China correspond to the provinces/municipalities
of Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang only. The 2018
scores for Azerbaijan correspond only to the capital Baku. The
2018 average scores for Spain are based only on the scores
for mathematics and science, as the reading scores were not
published by the OECD due to implausible student response
behavior.

238
Source: OECD Programme for International Student ambient air pollution is indicator 3.9.1 in the SDG and it
Assessment (PISA) (https://www.oecd.org/pisa/). Data years: further measures mortality attributable to the joint effects
2015–2018. of household and ambient air pollution can be expressed
as : Number of deaths Death rate Death rates are calculated
4.3.3 SDG 5: Women’s economic opportunity by dividing the number of deaths by the total population
(or indicated if a different population group is used, e.g.
Women Business and the Law Index Score (scale 1-100) | children under 5 years). Evidence from epidemiological
2023 studies have shown that exposure to air pollution is linked,
among others, to the important diseases taken into account
Women, Business and the Law tracks progress toward legal in this estimate: Acute respiratory infections (estimated for all
equality between men and women in 190 economies. ages ); Cerebrovascular diseases in adults (estimated above
Data are collected with standardized questionnaires to 25 years); Ischaemic heart diseases in adults (estimated
ensure comparability across economies. Questionnaires are above 25 years); Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in
administered to over 2,000 respondents with expertise in adults (estimated above 25 years); and Lung cancer in adults
family, labor, and criminal law, including lawyers, judges, (estimated above 25 years).
academics, and members of civil society organizations
working on gender issues. Respondents provide responses Source: World Health Organization, Global Health
to the questionnaires and references to relevant laws Observatory (GHO) Database (https://www.who.int/data/gho/
and regulations. The Women, Business and the Law team data/indicators/). Data year: 2021.
collects the texts of these codified sources of national
law - constitutions, codes, laws, statutes, rules, regulations,
and procedures - and checks questionnaire responses for
accuracy. Thirty-five data points are scored across eight
indicators of four or five binary questions, with each indicator
representing a different phase of a woman’s career. Indicator-
level scores are obtained by calculating the unweighted
average of the questions within that indicator and scaling the
result to 100. Overall scores are then calculated by taking the
average of each indicator, with 100 representing the highest
possible score.

Source: World Bank: Women, Business and the Law (https://

wbl.worldbank.org/). Data year: 2023.

Photo by Gonz DDL on Unsplash

4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy

Energy intensity | 2021

The Affordable and Clean Energy indicator refers to the

energy intensity level of primary energy (defined in
megajoules per constant 2011 purchasing power parity GDP)
and is an official indicator related to SDG 7: Ensure access to
affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all
(indicator 7.3.1).

Source: Energy Balances, UN Statistics Division (2021) and IEA

(2021), World Energy Balances. Sourced from United Nations,
Open SDG Data Hub (http://www.sdg.org). Data year: 2021.

4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

Urban safety and sustainability | 2021

Two indicators capture the safety and sustainability of cities:

urban pollution and household. Urban pollution officially
relates to SDG 11: Make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable (indicator 11.6.2)
and is measured by the annual mean concentration of fine
particulate matter in urban areas less than 2.5 microns
in diameter. Mortality rate attributed to household and

239
 Appendix III:
Appendix III

JRC Statistical Audit

of the 2023 Network
Readiness Index
Ravanos, P.
Kovacic, M.
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Caperna, G.

240
 1. Introduction

Photo by Quang Tri NGUYEN on Unsplash

The Network Readiness Index (NRI) was first published in
2002 by the World Economic Forum as part of the Global
Information Technology Report. Over the last two decades,
the NRI has provided a holistic view of how economies can
deploy technology to enhance development and global
competitiveness.

The NRI 2023’s overall structure is the same as that of the NRI
2022. The index consists of four pillars (Technology, People,
Governance, and Impact) that make up the fundamental
dimensions of network readiness. Each of the fundamental
pillars is divided into additional sub-pillars, which are further
subdivided into a total of 58 indicators. The current version
of the index has been subject to a few adjustments. In
particular, the methodology of four indicators was revised,
while two indicators changed name at source. Each pillar has
the same weight in the computation of the index. All pillars
are composed of three sub-pillars that are weighted equally.
The number of indicators making up each sub-pillar vary
from four to six. Although they are equally weighted in their
respective sub-pillars, the different number of indicators
within sub-pillars results into a different contribution of
each individual indicator in the overall index. The inclusion
of countries and indicators relied on a double threshold
approach (70% coverage at the pillar level, and 40% coverage
at the sub-pillar level), resulting in a total of 134 countries.
Compared to the 2022 edition of the Index, three new
countries were included while no country was excluded.

The European Commission’s Competence Centre on

Composite Indicators and Scoreboards (COIN) at the Joint
Research Centre (JRC) has been invited for the third time
to audit the index. As in the previous two editions, the
present JRC-COIN audit focuses on the statistical soundness
of the multi-level structure of the index as well as on the
impact of key modelling assumptions on the results. The
independent statistical assessment of the NRI 2022 provided
by the JRC-COIN guarantees the transparency and reliability
of the index for both policymakers and other stakeholders,
thus facilitating more accurate priority setting and policy
formulation in the respective field.

The JRC assessment of the NRI 2023 presented here focuses

on two main issues: the statistical coherence of the structure,
and the impact of key modelling assumptions. The statistical
analysis is based on the adequacy of aggregating indicators
into pillars, and pillars into the overall index.

As in the past NRI reports, the JRC-COIN analysis

complements the reported country rankings for the NRI index
2022 with simulated intervals, in order to better reflect the
robustness of these ranks to the modelling choices made by
the NRI developers. Finally, the JRC-COIN analysis includes an
assessment of the added value of the NRI 2022 and a measure
of distance to the best-practice frontier of network readiness
by using data envelopment analysis.

241
 2. Conceptual
Appendix III

The structure of the NRI 2023 is summarized in Table 1.

The selection of indicators was based on their conceptual
relevance, literature reviews, expert opinions, and country

framework coverage. Compared to NRI 2022, the methodology of four

indicators was revised and two indicators changed name. The
last column of Table 1 provides a summary of adjustments to
the NRI 2023 framework.
The definition of a clear and transparent conceptual
framework is one of the most important steps in the Even though the aim of this statistical audit is not to address
construction of a composite indicator. The NRI 2023 is a the conceptual relevance of the indicators underpinning the
multidimensional index comprising four pillars: Technology; framework, it is worth noting that the developers have used
People; Government; and Impact. Each pillar is further a parsimonious approach by selecting a rather balanced
partitioned into three sub-pillars, each containing a different number of indicators across pillars and sub-pillars.
number of indicators (for a total of 58).

Table 1. Conceptual Framework of the NRI 2023

The Network Readiness Index 2023

Pillar Sub-pillar Indicator Note

1. Technology 1.1 Access 1.1.1 Mobile tariffs name change
1.1.2 Handset prices name change

1.1.3 FTTH/building Internet subscriptions methodology revision

1.1.4 Population covered by at least a 3G mobile network
1.1.5 International Internet bandwidth
1.1.6 Internet access in schools
1.2 Content 1.2.1 GitHub commits
1.2.2 Internet domain registrations
1.2.3 Mobile apps development
1.2.4 AI scientific publications methodology revision
1.3 Future Technologies 1.3.1 Adoption of emerging technologies
1.3.2 Investment in emerging technologies
1.3.3 Robot density
1.3.4 Computer software spending
2. People 2.1 Individuals 2.1.1 Active mobile broadband subscriptions
2.1.2 ICT skills in the education system methodology revision
2.1.3 Use of virtual social networks
2.1.4 Tertiary enrollment
2.1.5 Adult literacy rate
2.1.6 AI talent concentration
2.2 Businesses 2.2.1 Firms with website
2.2.2 GERD financed by business enterprise
2.2.3 Professionals
2.2.4 Annual investment in telecommunication services
2.2.5 GERD performed by business enterprise
2.3 Governments 2.3.1 Government online services
2.3.2 Publication and use of open data
2.3.3 Government promotion of investment in emerging technologies
2.3.4 R&D expenditure by governments and higher education

242
Pillar Sub-pillar Indicator Note
3. Governance 3.1 Trust 3.1.1 Secure Internet servers
3.1.2 Cybersecurity
3.1.3 Online access to financial account
3.1.4 Internet shopping
3.2 Regulation 3.2.1 Regulatory quality
3.2.2 ICT regulatory environment
3.2.3 Regulation of emerging technologies
3.2.4 E-commerce legislation
3.2.5 Privacy protection by law content
3.3 Inclusion 3.3.1 E-Participation
3.3.2 Socioeconomic gap in use of digital payments
3.3.3 Availability of local online content
3.3.4 Gender gap in Internet use
3.3.5 Rural gap in use of digital payments
4. Impact 4.1 Economy 4.1.1 High-tech and medium-high-tech manufacturing
4.1.2 High-tech exports methodology revision
4.1.3 PCT patent applications
4.1.4 Domestic market size
4.1.5 Prevalence of gig economy
4.1.6 ICT services exports
4.2 Quality of Life 4.2.1 Happiness
4.2.2 Freedom to make life choices
4.2.3 Income inequality
4.2.4 Healthy life expectancy at birth
4.3 SDG Contribution 4.3.1 SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being
4.3.2 SDG 4: Quality Education
4.3.3 SDG 5: Women’s economic opportunity
4.3.4 SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
4.3.5 SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

Source: Developers of the index and the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

243
 3. Data quality and
Appendix III

The developers, following the approach suggested by

JRC-COIN, detected outliers in 18 indicators, nine of which
had fewer than five outliers and nine had five or more

availability outliers. Prior to normalisation, these were treated according

to the following rule: indicators with no more than four
outliers were winsorised; those with five or more outliers
were transformed by natural logarithms using the following
mathematical formula:

a. Treatment of missing data

Regarding data coverage, the general practice is to establish

a threshold above which an indicator is excluded from the
framework. For the NRI 2023 development, the inclusion of where refers to the raw value of indicator x for country I and
countries and indicators is based on the “double threshold” to the treated value of that indicator for the same country.
approach. In terms of country coverage, this means that only
countries with data available for at least 70% of all indicators The approach followed by developers to treat the outliers is
are included in the NRI 2023. In addition, countries need in line with the best practices suggested by JRC-COIN. The
The Network Readiness Index 2023

to pass a sub-pillar level data availability of at least 40%. In examination of the outlier treatment process by the JRC-COIN
terms of indicator coverage, only indicators with availability gives rise to two suggestions to the NRI developers: First,
of at least 50% of countries are included in the NRI 2023, with there are three indicators (i1.1.4 “Population covered by at
two exceptions, namely the indicator “Robot density” (i.1.3.3) least a 3G mobile network”, i1.2.4 “AI scientific publications”,
with available data for 42% of the countries, and “AI talent and i2.2.4 “Annual investment in telecommunication
concentration” (i2.1.6) characterized by a very high incidence services”) for which the normalized data still have an absolute
of missing values (69%). skewness higher than 2.0 and a kurtosis higher than 3.5
(Table 2). Two of these indicators (i1.2.4 and i2.2.4) show
Despite the absence of an absolute golden standard, in the negative skewness, which suggests that the minimum
statistical assessment conducted for the previous version value of the indicators is far away from the rest of the
of the NRI in 2022, the JRC-COIN suggested including only distribution, while indicator i1.2.4 shows a positive skewness.
indicators with a maximum of one-third of missing values The emergence of normalized indicators still containing
(33%). However, when an indicator represents a very specific possible outliers –as evident from the aforementioned rule
and central concept, a looser threshold of 40% missing of thumb- was highlighted in the two previous audits of the
countries could also be integrated into the structure. In this NRI by the JRC-COIN in 2021 and 2022 (Caperna and Kovacic,
respect, indicators i2.1.6 and i1.3.3 generate some concerns 2022), in which it was suggested to consider such indicators
since the incidence of missing values is very high and well as good candidates for further refinement of the index. This
above the suggested exceptional lower limit of 40%. In light suggestion was based on a sensitivity analysis conducted by
of this evidence (and some additional concerns that will the JRC-COIN, which showed that the impact of excluding
be raised in the rest of this statistical audit), the JRC – COIN these indicators in the ranking of the NRI is rather small.
suggests considering the replacement or the exclusion Following this suggestion, we still believe it is reasonable
of these indicators from future editions of the index -if to take this advice into account for next Network Readiness
data coverage cannot be improved- since their role in the Index updates.
composite may be unpredictable.
Second, the indicator i3.2.4 “E-commerce legislation” was
Moreover, the following indicators should be taken under correctly identified as one of those having outliers and was
observation as well, with the aim of improving their coverage treated with winsorisation. However, this indicator is ordinal
or excluding/modifying them in future editions of the index and takes integer values from zero to four. In particular, there
(% of missing values in parenthesis): are two countries with values equal to zero for this indicator,
which were considered as outliers. In ordinal variables
• i1.1.6 International Internet bandwidth (35.1%); however, the risk of actual outliers is rather low, since there
• i2.1.6. Internet access in schools (64.9%) are predetermined values assigned to each country within
• i4.3.2. SDG4 Quality education (43.3%). a certain range. As such, a suggestion would be to consider
not treating this indicator in future versions of the Network
The audit also examined the presence of outliers that could Readiness Index.
potentially bias the effect of the indicators on the aggregates.
JRC-COIN recommends an approach for outlier identification
based on the values of skewness and kurtosis,27 i.e., when the
variables simultaneously have an absolute skewness higher
than 2.0 and a kurtosis higher than 3.5.

244
b. Normalisation global situation for each indicator. The reverse normalization
formula is applied to indicators where higher values imply
The indicators are rescaled to a 0-100 scale using the worse outcomes. As in the previous edition of the index,
well-established formula of MIN-MAX, with higher values reverse normalisation was needed for three indicators:
denoting better performances. This is a common and usually i4.2.3 (“Income inequality”), i4.3.4 (“SDG 7: Affordable and
desired practice in the construction of composite indicators. clean energy”) and i4.3.5 (“SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and
The normalisation is done using all of the countries for Communities”).
which data are available in order to reflect more closely the

Table 2 Summary statistics of indicators comprised in the NRI 2023

Indicator N Missing Mean Min Max Std Skew Kurt

i1.1.1 134 0 57.4 0 100 25.2 -0.431 -0.683
i1.1.2 134 0 49.3 0 100 23.3 0.104 -0.676
i1.1.3 125 6.7 31 0 100 18.9 0.72 0.633
i1.1.4 134 0 96.2 0 100 11.1 -6.08 45.6
i1.1.5 134 0 70.7 0 100 12.2 -1.41 7.91
i1.1.6 87 35.1 62 0 100 38.8 -0.393 -1.52
i1.2.1 134 0 20.4 0 100 27.1 1.52 1.29
i1.2.2 134 0 16.1 0 100 25.3 1.93 2.92
i1.2.3 122 9 63.6 0 100 16.4 -1.52 3.36
i1.2.4 132 1.5 11.6 0 100 16.2 2.63 9.13
i1.3.1 127 5.2 49.9 0 100 22.6 0.271 -0.411
i1.3.2 132 1.5 44.2 0 100 21 0.597 -0.233
i1.3.3 56 58.2 19.1 0 100 22.6 1.9 4.19
i1.3.4 128 4.5 24.2 0 100 20.6 1.01 0.597
i2.1.1 121 9.7 17.7 0 100 19.4 1.72 3.45
i2.1.2 106 20.9 53.5 0 100 21.5 -0.156 -0.545
i2.1.3 134 0 53 0 100 27.6 -0.644 -0.94
i2.1.4 131 2.2 31 0 100 21.1 0.302 -0.481
i2.1.5 106 20.9 82.5 0 100 21.8 -1.76 2.91
i2.1.6 47 64.9 25.9 0 100 26 1.98 3.53
i2.2.1 112 16.4 53.1 0 100 25.2 -0.134 -0.992
i2.2.2 100 25.4 41.1 0 100 28.9 0.0585 -1.13
i2.2.3 128 4.5 37 0 100 25.6 0.464 -0.9
i2.2.4 124 7.5 78 0 100 11.3 -3.15 19.1
i2.2.5 92 31.3 17.9 0 100 22.5 1.67 2.65
i2.3.1 133 0.7 61.7 0 100 23 -0.444 -0.705
i2.3.2 105 21.6 37.2 0 100 26.1 0.728 -0.281
i2.3.3 126 6 41.6 0 100 22.2 0.466 -0.175
i2.3.4 115 14.2 17.8 0 100 19.6 1.73 3.15
i3.1.1 134 0 55.7 0 100 23.6 -0.0307 -1.04
i3.1.2 133 0.7 66.8 0 100 31.1 -0.712 -0.937
i3.1.3 126 6 35 0 100 24.9 0.809 -0.23
i3.1.4 129 3.7 34.9 0 100 29.9 0.574 -1.07
i3.2.1 134 0 53.5 0 100 21 0.216 -0.727
i3.2.2 134 0 77.4 0 100 18.1 -1.82 4.69
i3.2.3 120 10.4 47.4 0 100 24.8 0.00589 -0.803
i3.2.4 133 0.7 83.7 0 100 25.8 -1.68 2.38

245
Appendix III

Indicator N Missing Mean Min Max Std Skew Kurt

i3.2.5 134 0 61.9 0 100 21.4 -0.577 -0.168
i3.3.1 133 0.7 53.2 0 100 24.2 0.000764 -0.968
i3.3.2 131 2.2 70.9 0 100 22.7 -0.627 -0.315
i3.3.3 133 0.7 58.8 0 100 23.9 -0.241 -0.856
i3.3.4 109 18.7 61.9 0 100 19.7 -1.98 3.62
i3.3.5 126 6 58.4 0 100 20.4 -0.849 0.157
i4.1.1 108 19.4 31.9 0 100 22.2 0.654 -0.239
i4.1.2 131 2.2 19.1 0 100 21.8 1.88 3.85
i4.1.3 119 11.2 15.9 0 100 24.6 1.86 2.72
i4.1.4 134 0 52.8 0 100 17.7 0.0263 0.195
i4.1.5 126 6 44.5 0 100 22.2 0.273 -0.461
i4.1.6 134 0 20.6 0 100 22.7 1.88 3.74
i4.2.1 130 3 60 0 100 21.8 -0.47 -0.507
The Network Readiness Index 2023

i4.2.2 130 3 70.2 0 100 19.5 -1.11 1.37

i4.2.3 116 13.4 64.2 0 100 20.4 -0.709 0.32
i4.2.4 133 0.7 68.2 0 100 20.4 -0.787 0.0443
i4.3.1 133 0.7 64.7 0 100 24 -0.641 -0.514
i4.3.2 76 43.3 49.2 0 100 21.8 -0.183 -0.768
i4.3.3 134 0 73.7 0 100 21.7 -1.24 1.62
i4.3.4 134 0 67.4 0 100 16.7 -1.46 2.83
i4.3.5 133 0.7 63.5 0 100 22.6 -0.281 -0.725

Note: The cells with the percentage of missing values exceeding 33%, as well as those with the values of skewness and kurtosis simultaneously exceeding the threshold are written
in light red.

246
4. Statistical i.1.1.3 and its corresponding pillar and NRI 2023 is relatively
low (0.38 and 0.34 respectively).

coherence As for the “People pillar” (i2), the correlation structure for two
indicators within the “Individuals” sub-pillar (i2.1) is weak
and often not significantly different from zero (empty cells).
Moreover, the indicator i2.1.6 (“AI talent concentration”)
The assessment of statistical coherence consists of a negatively correlates with i2.1.5 (“Adult literacy rate”)
multi-level analysis of the correlations of indicators, and and does not significantly differ from zero for the other
a comparison of NRI 2023 rankings with their constituent indicators, with the exception of i.2.1.1 (“Mobile broadband
goals.28 internet traffic within the country”), where it is positive and
statistically significant.
a. Correlation analysis
A strong negative correlation between the two
The statistical coherence of an index should be considered aforementioned indicators suggests that they are related
a necessary but not sufficient condition for a sound to each other but in in a conflicting way. Similar situation
index. Given that the statistical analysis is mostly based has been observed in the previous edition of the index.
on correlations, the correspondence of every index to a Nevertheless, the negative association between the two
real-world phenomenon needs to be critically addressed indicators is somewhat weaker in this edition. Furthermore,
by developers and experts, because “correlations do not statistically insignificant correlations suggest that i2.1.6
necessarily represent the real influence of the individual does not entirely cooperate with the other indicators in
indicators on the phenomenon being measured” (OECD and the respective sub-pillar. However, when looking at the
JRC, 2008).29 This influence relies on the interplay between correlations between the indicators and their aggregates
both conceptual and statistical soundness. The degree of (Figure 2), the performance of i2.1.6 is generally good at the
coherence between the conceptual framework and the sub-pillar and pillar level, while its association with the overall
statistical structure of the data is an important factor for the index is somewhat weaker (correlation 0.33). This represents
reliability of an index. an improvement with respect to the previous edition of the
index, where the correlation between i2.1.6 and NRI 2022 was
Correlation analysis is used to assess the extent to which not statistically different from zero. As in the previous edition
the observed data supports the conceptual framework. of the index, it is worth noting that the interpretation of this
Within each level of the index, there should ideally be result should be taken with caution since the share of missing
positive significant correlations. The JRC-COIN recommends values associated to this indicator is extremely high (64.9%).
a correlation threshold of 0.3 above which the correlation
is considered high enough to say that two elements share The relationship between indicators within the remaining
a significant amount of their variability. The framework two pillars is generally satisfactory. Most of the correlations
should avoid redundancy, which can be identified by very are above 0.30 and below 0.92, and no indicator is negatively
high correlations (>=0.92). This is due to the fact that if two correlated with the other elements of the respective sub-
indicators are collinear, and it may result in double counting pillar, which suggests that most of the sub-pillars in the
(and thus over-weighting) of the same phenomenon. “Governance” (i3) and “Impact” (i4) pillars are statistically
consistent. The only exception is the sub-pillar “SDG
In what follows, we report the correlations between Contribution” (i4.3), where the indicator i4.3.4 (“SDG 7:
indicators in the same pillar, between indicators and their Affordable and Clean Energy”) weakly correlates with the
aggregates (sub-pillar, pillars, and NRI 2023), and finally other indicators, but not in a critical way. Similarly, the
between sub-pillars, pillars and the NRI 2023 index. association between the indicator i4.1.6 (“ICT services
exports”) and other indicators within the “Economy sub-pillar”
Correlation analysis between indicators and is generally weak or not statistically different from zero
aggregates (“High-tech exports” and “Domestic market size”).

Figure 1 shows the correlation coefficients between A general suggestion would be to continue monitoring
indicators within the same pillar. Boxes within each pillar the indicators with very low and statistically insignificant
identify indicators grouped into respective sub-pillars. The correlations and their position in the framework for future
correlations within the “Technology pillar” (i1), as well as in index editions in order to check their behaviour and, if
the respective sub-pillars, are mostly positive and above the necessary, modify or substitute them. Particular attention is
threshold level (0.30), with the exception of the “Content” suggested to the “People pillar” (i2) and the indicator i2.1.6
(i1.1) sub-pillar, where the correlation of i.1.1.3 (“FTTH/ showing a negative and non-significant correlation. We would
building Internet subscriptions”) is above the suggested particularly suggest its substitution with another indicator
threshold only with the indicators i1.1.1 (“Mobile tariffs”) and that would fit conceptually into the pillar, unless a better
1.1.5 (“International Internet bandwidth”). This evidence may data coverage is available and it determines an improved
suggest that the i1.1.3 indicator does not fully cooperate with association with the other indicators.
the others, which could reduce the impact of the aggregate
to which it belongs in the following aggregation steps.
Indeed, as emerges from Figure 2, the correlation between
247
Appendix III

Figure 1 Correlation between indicators in the same pillar

Technology pillar (i1) People pillar (i2)

i1.1.1 0.78 0.36 0.4 0.55 0.69 0 63 0.52 0.65 0.33 0.78 0.62 0.36 0.52 i2.1.1 0.23 0.25 0.46 0.4 0.56 0.27 0.37 0.34 0.41 0.27

i1.1.2 0.78 0.37 0.41 0.69 0.69 0.64 0.56 0.27 0.77 0.62 0.4 0.52 i2.1.2 0.46 0.39 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.27 0.52 0.47 0.38 0.72 0.55

i1.1.3 0.36 0.66 0.22 0.3 0.68 0.3 0.23 0.26 i2.1.3 0.23 0.46 0.81 0.71 0.73 0.55 0 7 0.41 0.44 0.7 0.61 0.56 0.47

i1.1.4 0.4 0.37 0.27 0.53 0.23 0.2 0.27 0.29 0.21 0.32 0.18
i2.1.4 0.25 0.39 0.81 0.66 0.7 0.53 0.74 0.45 0.5 0.78 0.67 0.46 0.55

i2.1.5 0.71 0.66 -0.54 0.56 0.42 0.59 0.24 029 058 0.42 0.36 0.26
i1.1.5 0 55 0.41 0.66 0.27 0.34 0.24 0.17 0.27 0.57 0.49 0.43 0.36
i2.1.6 0.46 -054 0.39 0.57 0.37 0.58
i1.1.6 0.69 0.69 0.22 0.53 0.34 0.57 0.48 0.67 0.68 0.58 0.41 0.43
i2.2.1 046 0.73 0.7 0.56 0.57 0.78 0.34 0.56 0.71 0.62 0.44 0.6
i1.2.1 0.63 0.69 0.23 0.24 0 57 0.79 0.5 0.74 0.65 0.5 0.54
i2.2.2 0.4 0.48 0.55 0.53 0.42 0.39 057 0.66 0.52 0.66 0.65 0.55 0.62 0.66
i1.2.2 0.52 0.64 0.2 0.17 0.48 0. 79 0.39 0.68 0.62 0.31 0.57
i2.2.3 0.5 0.7 0.74 0.59 0.78 0.66 0.41 0.65 0.72 0.65 0.62 0.7
i1.2.3 0.65 0.56 0.3 0.27 0.27 0.67 0.5 0.39 0.28 0.57 0.44 0.36 0.38
i2.2.5 0.56 0.27 0.41 0.45 0.24 0.34 0.52 0.41 0.48 0.61 0.62 0.46 0.41
i1.2.4 0.33 0.27 0.68 0.57 0.28 0.39 0.37 0.46
i2.2.4 0.27 0.52 0.4 0.5 0.29 0.57 0.56 0.66 0.65 0.48 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.99
The Network Readiness Index 2023

i1.3.1 0.78 0.77 0.3 0.29 0.49 0.68 0.74 0.68 0.57 0.39 0.87 0.6 0.63
i2.3.1 0.37 0.47 0.7 0.78 0.58 0.71 0.65 0.72 0.61 0.56 0.74 0.66 0.58
i1.3.2 0.62 0.62 0.23 0.21 0.43 0.58 0.65 0.62 0.44 0.37 0.87 0.5 0.54
i2.3.2 0.34 0.38 0.61 0.67 0.42 0.62 0.55 0.65 0.62 0.56 0.74 0.5 0.59
i1.3.3 0.36 0.4 0.32 0.41 0.5 0.31 0.36 0.6 0.5 i2.3.3 0.41 0.72 0.56 0.46 0.34 0.37 0.44 0.62 0.62 0.46 0.56 0.66 0.5 0.58
i1.3.4 0.52 0.52 0.26 0.18 0.36 0.43 0.54 0.57 0.38 0.46 0.63 0.54 i2.3.4 0.27 0.55 0.47 0.55 0.26 0.58 0.6 0.66 0.7 0.41 0.99 0.58 0.59 0.58
i1.1.1 i1.1.2 i1.1.3 i1.1.4 i1.1.5 i1.1.6 i1.2.1 i1.2.2 i1.2.3 i1.2.4 i1.3.1 i1.3.2 i1.3.3 i1.3.4 i2.1.1 i2.1.2 i2.1.3 i2.1.4 i2.1.5 i2.1.6 i2.2.1 i2.2.2 i2.2.3 i2.2.4 i2.2.5 i2.3.1 i2.3.2 i2.3.3 i2.3.4

Correlation OK Weak Correlation High OK Weak Negative

Governance pillar (i3) Impact pillar (i4)

i3.1.1 0.68 0.67 0.86 0.82 0.52 0.74 0.49 0.31 0.78 0.73 0.81 0.54 0.52 i4.1.1 0.45 0.61 0.55 0.45 0.2 0.49 0.35 0.51 0.57 0.48 0.19 0.22 0.45

i3.1.2 0.68 0.51 0.64 0.67 0.48 0.71 0.49 0.21 0.72 0.55 0.7 0.23 0.32 i4.1.2 0.45 0.43 0.36 0.46 0.41 0.2 0.27 0.4 0.41 0.4 0.28 0.31

i3.1.3 0.67 0.51 0.82 0.69 0.41 0.66 0.26 0.31 0.55 0.65 0.59 0.29 0.49 i4.1.3 0.61 0.43 0.4 0.49 0.3 0.57 0.21 0.4 0.6 0.63 0.68 0.41 0.2 0.59

i3.1.4 0.86 0.64 0.82 0.8 0.49 0.74 0.41 0.31 0.76 0.74 0.8 0.45 0.53
i4.1.4 0.55 0.36 0.4 0.49 0.33 0.43 0.46 0.3 0.36

i4.1.5 0.45 0.46 0.49 0.49 0.26 0.47 0.31 0.41 0.47 0.5 0.48 0.46
i3.2.1 0.82 0.67 0.69 0.8 0.55 0.83 0.45 0.42 0.74 0.61 0.8 0.41 0.42
i4.1.6 0.2 0.3 0.26 0.3 0.22 0.33 0.36 0.3 0.22 0.29
i3.2.2 0.52 0.48 0.41 0.49 0.55 0.43 0.33 0.42 0.46 0.3 0.43 0.32 0.23
i4.2.1 0.49 0.41 0.57 0.33 0.47 0.3 0.54 0.37 0.74 0.76 0.49 0.45 0.26 0.68
i3.2.3 0.74 0.71 0.66 0.74 0.83 0.43 0.36 0.22 0.73 0.57 0.87 0.24 0.41
i4.2.2 0.2 0.21 0.31 0.22 0.54 0.24 0.33 0.37 0.21 0.34
i3.2.4 0.49 0.49 0.26 0.41 0.45 0.33 0.36 0.33 0.45 0.32 0.5 0.39 0.18
i4.2.3 0.35 0.27 0.4 0.41 0.33 0.37 0.24 0.52 0.34 0.49 0.28 0.32
i3.2.5 0.31 0.21 0.31 0.31 0.42 0.42 0.22 0.33 0.27 0.19 0.17
i4.2.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.43 0.47 0.36 0.74 0.33 0.52 0.88 0.66 0.37 0.4 0.78
i3.3.1 0.78 0.72 0.55 0.76 0.74 0.46 0.73 0.45 0.27 0.59 0.74 0.38 0.41
i4.3.1 0.57 0.41 0.63 0.46 0.5 0.3 0.76 0.37 0.35 0.88 0.68 0.41 0.3 0.8
i3.3.2 0.73 0.55 0.65 0.74 0.61 0.3 0.57 0.32 0.19 0.59 0.63 0.44 0.58
i4.3.2 0.48 0.4 0.68 0.3 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.66 0.68 0.51 0.48
i3.3.3 0.81 0.74 0.59 0.8 0.8 0.43 0.87 0.5 0.17 0.74 0.63 0.49 0.45
i4.3.3 0.19 0.28 0.41 0.22 0.45 0.21 0.28 0.37 0.41 0.51 0.24 0.27
i3.3.4 0.45 0.23 0.29 0.45 0.41 0.32 0.24 0.39 0.38 0.44 0.49 0.28 i4.3.4 0.22 0.2 0.26 0.4 0.3 0.24 0.24
i3.3.5 0.52 0.32 0.49 0.53 0.42 0.23 0.41 0.18 0.41 0.58 0.45 0.28 i4.3.5 0.45 0.31 0.59 0.36 0.46 0.29 0.68 0.34 0.32 0.78 0.8 0.48 0.27 0.24
i1.1.1 i1.1.2 i1.1.3 i1.1.4 i1.1.5 i1.1.6 i1.2.1 i1.2.2 i1.2.3 i1.2.4 i1.3.1 i1.3.2 i1.3.3 i1.3.4 i2.1.1 i2.1.2 i2.1.3 i2.1.4 i2.1.5 i2.1.6 i2.2.1 i2.2.2 i2.2.3 i2.2.4 i2.2.5 i2.3.1 i2.3.2 i2.3.3 i2.3.4

Correlation OK Weak Correlation OK Weak

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

Note: Numbers represent the Pearson correlations coefficients. Good correlations (i.e., Pearson correlation coefficients between 0.30 and 0.92) are highlighted in green. Weak
correlations (lower or equal than 0.30) are written in grey. Statistically insignificant correlations are those with the Pearson correlation coefficients lower than 0.17 and are
displayed as empty cells.

248
Figure 2 Correlations between indicators and their aggregates (sub-pillars, pillars and index)

Technology pillar (i1) People pillar (i2)

i1.1.1 0.89 0,84 0.85 i2.1.1 0.51 0.44 0.36

i1.1.2 0.82 0.83 0.86 i2.1.2 0.5 0.64 0.67

i1.1.3 0.55 0.38 0.34 i2.1.3 0.84 0.79 0.8

i1.1.4 0.53 0.39 0.41

i2.1.4 0.74 0.79 0.8
i2.1.5 0.79 0.65 0.65
i1.1.5 0.65 0.56 0.53
i2.1.6 0.65 0.55 0.33
i1.1.6 0.88 0.8 0.79
i2.2.1 0.8 0.76 0.8
i1.2.1 0.88 0.81 0.8
i2.2.2 0.86 0.81 0.78
i1.2.2 0.83 0.73 0.71
i2.2.3 0.82 0.82 0.88
i1.2.3 0.68 0.69 0.67
i2.2.4 0.57 0.61 0.56
i1.2.4 0.44 0.47 0.39
i2.2.5 0.83 0.81 0.77
i1.3.1 0.92 0.94 0.92 i2.3.1 0.88 0.87 0.88
i1.3.2 0.9 0.82 0.78 i2.3.2 0.86 0.77 0.79
i1.3.3 0.73 0.68 0.69 i2.3.3 0.81 0.75 0.77
i1.3.4 0.75 0.72 0.66 i2.3.4 0.81 0.79 0.78
Sub pillar Pillar Index Sub pillar Pillar Index

Correlation High OK Correlation OK

Governance pillar (i3) Impact pillar (i4)

i1.1.1 0.9 0.91 0.91 i4.1.1 0.79 0.71 0.72

i1.1.2 0.82 0.8 0.77 i4.1.2 0.69 0.57 0.54

i1.1.3 0.85 0.78 0.73 i4.1.3 0.79 0.76 0.79

i1.1.4 0.94 0.92 0.9

i4.1.4 0.67 0.51 0.58
i4.1.5 0.76 0.64 0.7
i1.1.5 0.86 0.89 0.87
i4.1.6 0.51 0.46 0.4
i1.1.6 0.78 0.59 0.5
i4.2.1 0.88 0.84 0.76
i1.2.1 0.79 0.84 0.88
i4.2.2 0.7 0.52 0.39
i1.2.2 0.7 0.58 0.53
i4.2.3 0.7 0.58 0.53
i1.2.3 0.65 .41 0.31
i4.2.4 0.84 0.87 0.83
i1.2.4 0.83 0.83 0.84
i4.3.1 0.86 0.86 0.87
i1.3.1 0.83 0.76 0.72 i4.3.2 0.81 0.82 0.85
i1.3.2 0.87 0.88 0.92 i4.3.3 0.66 0.52 0.46
i1.3.3 0.66 0.53 0.49 i4.3.4 0.5 0.36 0.3
i1.3.4 0.7 0.57 0.49 i4.3.5 0.8 0.78 0.77
Sub pillar Pillar Index Sub pillar Pillar Index

Correlation High OK Correlation OK Weak

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

Note: Numbers represent the Pearson correlations coefficients. Good correlations (i.e., Pearson correlation coefficients between 0.30 and 0.92) are highlighted in green. Weak
correlations (lower or equal than 0.30) are written in grey.

249
 Correlations between sub-pillars, pillars and NRI
Appendix III

Finally, Figure 5 shows the correlation between the pillars

2023 and between the pillars and NRI 2023. This is the most
important level of aggregation because it represents the
The correlation between the aggregates represents the most consistency of the overall concept. All correlations are
important element of the analysis of statistical coherence as significant and positive (> 0.30). The correlation between
it reflects the relations between the defined concepts. The “Technology” (i1) and “People” (i2) pillars is very close to
evidence from Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5 suggests the threshold, suggesting that there may be some risk of
that all pillars appear consistent, with the sub-pillars being redundancy at the pillar level. This issue does not appear to
well correlated with each other. The NRI 2023, therefore, has be alleviated at the index level, where correlations are even
a generally satisfactory correlation structure, as evidenced higher (0.96), well exceeding the redundancy threshold
by strong correlations between the sub-pillars, pillars, and (set at 0.92). Also, the remaining pillars show very high
the index. correlations with the index. This is not surprising evidence
given the high correlations between sub-pillars, pillars, and
Nevertheless, a note of caution is necessary. Some sub-pillars index reported in Figure 4. Although not a critical issue for
tend to be extremely correlated with their respective pillars. the reliability of the NRI, this should be taken into account
More precisely, the sub-pillars “Content” (i1.2), “Governments” in the Index’s upcoming revisions.Figure 5. Correlations
(i2.3), “Trust” (i3.1) and “Inclusion” (i3.3) are highly correlated between pillars, and between pillars and NRI 2023
with their pillars (correlations exceeding 0.92), suggesting
The Network Readiness Index 2023

that there may be a risk of redundancy at the pillar level. This

is partly mitigated at the index level (Figure 4), where two
pillars, namely i1.2 and i3.3 show positive correlations that do
not exceed the 0.92 set threshold.

The highest aggregation steps, between pillars and from

pillars to NRI, also display very high correlations (around
0.9). High statistical reliability among the main components
can be the result of redundancy of information. Overall, NRI
2023 indicator, pillars, and sub-pillars seem to be measuring
similar phenomena. The exclusion of some elements from
the framework will probably have a small effect on the
final result. Keeping in mind the importance of parsimony,
the reduction in the number of indicators could be an
interesting option that the JRC-COIN suggests to consider for
future editions.

250
Figure 3 Correlations between sub-pillars in the same pillar

Technology pillar (i1) People pillar (i2)

i1.1 0.76 0.69 i2.1 0.54 0.64

i1.2 0.76 0.76 i2.2 0.54 0.82

i1.3 0.69 0.76 i2.3 0.69 0.82

i1.1 - i1.2 i1.3 i1.1 - i1.2 i1.3

Correlation OK Correlation OK

Governance pillar (i3) Impact pillar (i4)

i3.1 0.79 0.88 i4.1 0.54 0.64

i3.2 0.79 0.71 i4.2 0.64 0.72

i3.3 0.88 0.71 i4.3 0.64 0.72

i1.1 - i1.2 i1.3 i1.1 - i1.2 i1.3

Correlation OK Correlation OK

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

Note: Numbers represent the Pearson correlations coefficients. Good correlations (i.e., Pearson correlation coefficients between 0.30 and 0.92) are highlighted in green.

251
 Figure 4 Correlations between sub-pillars, pillars and NRI 2023
Appendix III

Technology pillar (i1) People pillar (i2)

i1.1 0.89 0.89 i1.1 0.8 0.73

i1.2 0.93 0.89 i1.2 0.9 0.86

The Network Readiness Index 2023

i1.3 0.9 0.84 i1.3 0.94 0.94

Pillar Index Pillar Index

Correlation High Ok Correlation High Ok

Governance pillar (i3) Impact pillar (i4)

i1.1 0.97 0.94 i1.1 0.86 0.88

i1.2 0.88 0.82 i1.2 0.9 0.8

i1.3 0.93 0.91 i1.3 0.89 0.84

Pillar Index Pillar Index

Correlation High Ok Correlation High Ok

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

Note: Numbers represent the Pearson correlations coefficients. Good correlations (i.e., Pearson correlation coefficients between 0.30 and 0.92) are highlighted in green.

252
Figure 5 Correlations between pillars, and between pillars and NRI 2023

i1.1 0.9 0.89 0.89 0.96

i1.2 0.9 0.88 0.88 i1.1 0.96

i1.3 0.89 0.88 0.88 i1.2 0.96

0.89 0.88 0.88 i1.3 0.95

Pillar Index Pillar Index

Correlation High Ok Correlation High

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

Note: Numbers represent the Pearson correlations coefficients. Good correlations (i.e., Pearson correlation coefficients between 0.30 and 0.92) are highlighted in green.

253
 b. Principal components analysis of the NRI 2023
Appendix III

Figure 6 illustrates the projections of the pillars onto the

plane spanned by the first two principal components in a
As a further step in the analysis of statistical coherence, “factor map”. The correlation between each pillar and the
we perform a principal component analysis (PCA). The principal component is given by the projection of the NRI
aim of principal component analysis is to assess to what 2023 vector onto the component axis. The pillars trajectories
extent the conceptual framework is confirmed by statistical are very close to each other, suggesting that there may be
approaches. The objective is to observe only one principal some risk of redundancy at the index level, which offers a
component with an eigenvalue greater than 1, or able to significant room for simplification. This is not a surprising
explain more than 70% of the total variance. The achievement evidence and is in line with the results obtained in the
of these thresholds suggests the presence of a common, correlation analysis.
unidimensional phenomenon underlying the pillars.
Moreover, PCA results also confirm the presence of a
The four pillars share a single statistical dimension that single latent dimension in each of the four pillars (one
summarizes 91.49% of the total variance (Table 3). Moreover, component with an eigenvalue greater than 1) that captures
the four loadings (correlation coefficients) of these pillars between close to 77.7% (“Impact pillar”) up to 86.2%
are almost equal (0.96). This similarity suggests that the four (“Governance pillar”) of the total variance in the three
pillars make roughly equal contributions to the variation underlying sub-pillars.
of the NRI 2023. The second principal component is much
The Network Readiness Index 2023

less influential since it accounts for only 3.15% of the total

variance.

Table 3 Eigenvalues and explained variance for the first ten principal components

PC Eigenvalue % of variance Cumulative % of variance

PC1 3.66 91.49 91.49

PC2 0.13 3.15 94.64
PC3 0.12 2.96 97.60
PC4 0.10 2.40 100.00

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

Figure 6 Factor map of the four pillars and comparison with the overall NRI 2023

PCA graph of variables

1.0

0.5

i3
Dim 2 (3.15%)

0.0 NRI
i1

i2

-0.5

-1.0

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Dim 1 (91.49%)

254
 Photo by Billetto Editorial on Unsplash
c. Added value of the NRI 2023

High statistical reliability among the main components of an

index can be the result of redundancy of information. The
main objective of this exercise is to test whether the NRI 2023
rankings highlight aspects of countries’ network readiness
that do not emerge by looking into the four pillars separately.
In other words, NRI 2023 should tell us more about the
underlying concept than each of the four pillars alone.

The results in Table 4 suggest that the percentage of

countries where the NRI 2023 rankings differ by 15 or more
positions with respect to the pillars ranges from 8.2% in the
case of i2 (“People”) to 18.70% in the case of i4 (“Impact”). In
other words, NRI 2023 rankings depict aspects of countries’
network readiness that do not emerge from each of the four
single pillars for less than 20% of the countries considered.
Figure 7 represents graphically the relationship between
the NRI 2023 and its constituent elements. In line with the
evidence in Table 3 and the correlation coefficients reported
in Figure 5, the four pillars appear linearly associated with
the index.

Even though the presence of a strong concordance among

the aggregates does not represent a problem “per se”, it offers
a room for simplification. Therefore, in order to improve
readability, the developers may consider excluding some
elements of the index without jeopardising the integrity of
the pillars or the overall index.

Table 4 Distribution of differences between pillars and NRI 2023 rankings

Shift respect to NRI Technology People Governance Impact

More than 30 positions 0.70% 2.20% 0.00% 3.70%
Between 15 and 30 positions 12.70% 8.20% 16.40% 18.70%
6 to 15 positions 35.10% 47.00% 43.30% 32.80%
Up to 5 positions 43.30% 36.60% 34.30% 40.30%
0 positions 8.20% 6.00% 6.00% 4.50%

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

255
 Figure 7 Relationship between the pillars and the NRI 2023
Appendix III

100 100

75 75
Technology (i1)

People (i2)
50 50

25 25

0 0
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
NRI 2023 NRI 2023
The Network Readiness Index 2023

100 100

75 75
Governance (i3)

Impact (i4)

50 50

25 25

0 0
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
NRI 2023 NRI 2023

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

256
 The Network Readiness Index analysed in this document,

rodion-kutsaev-unsplash
like most composite indicators, is the outcome of several
modelling choices. Among other things, these choices usually
include: (i) the underlying theoretical framework; (ii) the
indicators selected; (iii) the imputation of missing values; (iv)
the weights assigned; and (v) the aggregation method. Some
of these choices may be based on expert opinion or other
consideration driven by statistical analysis or the need to ease
communication or draw attention to specific issues.

This section aims to test the impact of varying some of

these assumptions within a range of plausible alternatives
in an uncertainty analysis. The objective is therefore to try
to quantify the uncertainty in the ranks of NRI 2023, which
can demonstrate the extent to which countries can be
differentiated by their scores and ranks. The modelling issues
considered in the robustness assessment of the NRI 2023 are:

• the aggregation formula; and

• the pillars’ weights.

The following paragraphs deal with each of these in turn.

Aggregation formula.

The developers of the NRI 2023 opted for the arithmetic

aggregation formula with an equal weight given to each of the
four pillars, which implies a strong compensability allowing for
an outstanding performance in some aspects to balance the
weaknesses in others and vice-versa. In other words, arithmetic
averaging treats countries with outstanding high and low results
in the same way as it treats a more “balanced” countries showing

5. Impact of average results.

To assess the impact of this compensability issue, the JRC-

modelling COIN relaxed the strong perfect substitutability assumption

inherent in the arithmetic average and considered instead
the geometric average, which is a partially compensatory

assumptions on the approach that rewards economies with balanced profiles

and motivates economies to improve in the NRI pillars in
which they perform poorly, and not just in any NRI pillar.

NRI 2022 results The comparison of the two aggregation approaches, hence,
should be able to highlight countries with unbalanced
profiles.

a. Uncertainty analysis Weights.

A fundamental step in the statistical analysis of a composite Weights. The Monte Carlo simulation conducted by the JRC-
indicator is to assess the effect of different modelling COIN comprised 1,000 runs of different sets of weights for the
assumptions on the country rankings. Despite the efforts in the four pillars. The weights are the result of a random extraction
development process, there is an unavoidable subjectivity (or based on uniform continuous distributions centred in the
uncertainty) in the resulting choices. This subjectivity can be reference values (0.25) plus or minus 20% of these values.
explored by comparing the results obtained under alternative
modelling assumptions. The literature on this topic30 suggests As summarised in Table 5, four models were tested
assessing the robustness of the index by means of a Monte comparing the different aggregation formulas, the different
Carlo simulation and by applying a multi-modelling approach. imputation methods and applying the 1,000 runs of
This also assumes “error-free” data as possible errors have different sets of weights resulting in a total of 2,000 runs of
already been corrected in the preliminary stage of the index simulations.
construction before the audit.

257
Appendix III

The main results obtained from the robustness analysis are the majority of the countries’ ranks (122 out of 134) do not
shown in Figure 8, with median ranks and 95% intervals vary much across simulations (10 positions or less). Only
computed across the 2,000 Monte Carlo simulations. 12 countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, Kenya,
Countries are ordered from best to worst according to their Kuwait, Luxemburg, Mauritius, Nigeria, Nepal, Oman, Qatar,
NRI 2023 rank, where the blue dots represent the median and Tunisia) are showing a simulated interval larger than
rank among the simulations. For each country, the error bars 10 positions. These intervals are however smaller than 20
represent the 95% interval across all simulations, that is, from positions. The stability of the NRI rankings under different
the 5th to the 95th percentile of the country’s rank among all modelling assumptions is a direct effect of the correlation
the simulations. structure among pillars and the index.

The NRI 2023 ranks are shown to be representative of a Finally, Table 6 reports the NRI 2023 country ranks along with
plurality of scenarios and considerably robust to changes the simulated intervals (the central 95 percentiles observed
in the assumptions. Considering the median rank across among the 2,000 scenarios) for full transparency and
the simulated scenarios as being representative of these information, in order to better appreciate the robustness of
scenarios, the fact that the NRI 2023 rank is close to the these ranks to the computation methodology and to facilitate
median rank (less than four positions away) for almost all analysis of the behaviour of specific countries in response to
the considered countries (133 out of 134) suggests that NRI perturbations.
2023 is a suitable and stable summary measure. Furthermore,
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Table 5 Alternative assumptions considered in the analysis

Reference Alternative
I. Aggregation formula Arithmetic average Geometric average

II. Weighting system Equal weights Varying

Technology 0,25 U [ 0.2; 0.3 ]
People 0,25 U [ 0.2; 0.3 ]
Governance 0,25 U [ 0.2; 0.3 ]
Impact 0,25 U [ 0.2; 0.3 ]

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

Figure 8 Robustness analysis: NRI 2023 rank vs median rank and 95% intervals.

21

LUX

41

COL
KEN
61 BHR
QAT
OMN TUN

KWT
81
MUS

UZB NGA

101 NPL

121

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131

Country rank

258
Table 6. NRI 2023 ranks and 95 percent confidence intervals

ISO Index interval ISO Index interval ISO Index interval

USA 1 [1-2] QAT 46 [46-63] BGD 91 [85-91]
SGP 2 [1-8] TUR 47 [43-48] BIH 92 [92-96]
FIN 3 [3-5] CHL 48 [47-51] VEN 93 [92-99]
NLD 4 [3-5] GRC 49 [46-49] KGZ 94 [94-100]
SWE 5 [2-5] HRV 50 [50-50] CPV 95 [94-98]
CHE 6 [6-7] BHR 51 [51-60] LBN 96 [92-99]
KOR 7 [6-9] ROU 52 [47-52] BOL 97 [88-97]
DNK 8 [7-10] BGR 53 [45-53] GHA 98 [91-98]
DEU 9 [2-9] OMN 54 [54-68] RWA 99 [99-106]
GBR 10 [9-10] SRB 55 [52-55] SLV 100 [99-102]
CAN 11 [11-12] VNM 56 [54-57] CIV 101 [100-104]
ISR 12 [11-14] CRI 57 [56-58] SEN 102 [94-103]
JPN 13 [13-14] KAZ 58 [56-65] DZA 103 [102-105]
AUS 14 [14-16] IDN 59 [59-67] TZA 104 [104-113]
FRA 15 [12-15] IND 60 [59-63] GTM 105 [105-108]
NOR 16 [16-18] ARG 61 [52-61] NGA 106 [96-108]
AUT 17 [15-17] MEX 62 [61-64] HND 107 [106-114]
LUX 18 [18-29] ARM 63 [56-63] KHM 108 [106-111]
IRL 19 [19-20] KWT 64 [64-76] LAO 109 [102-110]
CHN 20 [18-24] COL 65 [54-66] BWA 110 [109-111]
BEL 21 [17-21] MNE 66 [58-66] BEN 111 [111-114]
EST 22 [22-27] MDA 67 [67-69] NAM 112 [107-114]
NZL 23 [23-27] JOR 68 [62-69] TJK 113 [112-119]
ISL 24 [24-31] PHL 69 [68-74] NPL 114 [104-114]
HKG 25 [21-26] KEN 70 [60-70] NIC 115 [114-115]
ESP 26 [19-26] MKD 71 [67-72] ZMB 116 [116-118]
CZE 27 [21-28] JAM 72 [70-73] UGA 117 [117-119]
PRT 28 [24-28] PER 73 [72-79] CMR 118 [108-118]
SVN 29 [29-31] ZAF 74 [71-75] ZWE 119 [116-120]
ARE 30 [29-33] AZE 75 [74-83] GMB 120 [119-125]
ITA 31 [24-31] MUS 76 [74-83] MWI 121 [121-122]
MLT 32 [32-34] MAR 77 [70-77] GIN 122 [120-122]
LTU 33 [33-35] GEO 78 [76-79] MLI 123 [122-123]
POL 34 [28-34] ALB 79 [75-79] MDG 124 [124-126]
CYP 35 [35-38] LKA 80 [76-81] SWZ 125 [124-127]
HUN 36 [32-36] EGY 81 [80-86] ETH 126 [120-127]
LVA 37 [37-40] UZB 82 [82-93] AGO 127 [126-129]
RUS 38 [36-39] MNG 83 [81-84] LSO 128 [127-130]
SVK 39 [38-39] DOM 84 [83-89] BFA 129 [127-129]
MYS 40 [37-40] ECU 85 [83-87] MOZ 130 [128-130]
SAU 41 [41-49] PAN 86 [85-90] MRT 131 [131-133]
THA 42 [41-42] IRN 87 [80-87] COD 132 [131-132]
UKR 43 [41-43] TUN 88 [72-89] TCD 133 [133-134]
BRA 44 [44-45] PRY 89 [88-97] BDI 134 [132-134]
URY 45 [44-47] PAK 90 [87-91]

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

259
Appendix III

b. Sensitivity analysis mean because of their unbalanced profiles. One such

example is North Macedonia, which is ranked 71st when the
Complementary to the uncertainty analysis, sensitivity arithmetic aggregation is used, and 76th when the geometric
analysis has been used to identify which of the modelling aggregation is employed.
assumptions have the highest impact on certain
country ranks. In any case, the aggregation formula does not significantly
affect the NRI 2023 ranks. In particular, the average change
Figure 9 compares the ranks derived from NRI 2023 with in ranks31 between the two scenarios is less than one rank
those that would have been obtained by changing the position (0.97), suggesting that, on average, a country’s
aggregation procedure from arithmetic to geometric mean gains or losses on average about one rank position when the
for the final aggregation of the four Pillars to the NRI. This geometric aggregation is applied instead of the arithmetic
comparison allows us to inquire whether the variability one. This result is a direct consequence of the very strong
in the rank intervals is originating from the modelling correlation structure described in Section 4. In essence, when
assumptions underlying the aggregation procedure or the Pillars are so strongly correlated, it is unlikely to have
by the weights’ perturbation. When countries are placed countries with very unbalanced values across the Pillars.
under the main diagonal their values are worse in rank
The Network Readiness Index 2023

positions when computed with the geometric mean. This is

probably the case of countries penalised by the geometric

Figure 9 Sensitivity Analysis: Comparison of ranks according to arithmetic and geometric mean.

11

21

31
Rank with geometric mean

41

51

61

71

81

91

101

111

121

131

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131

Rank with Arithmetic mean

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

260
 6. Best-practice

Photo by Steve Johnson on Unsplash

frontier in the
NRI by data
envelopment
analysis

Is there a way to benchmark economies’ multidimensional

performance on network readiness without imposing a fixed
and common set of weights to the four pillars of the NRI -
Technology, People, Governance, Impact – which may not be
fair to a particular country/economy?

Several network readiness-related policy issues at the

national level entail an intricate balance between global
priorities and economy-specific strategies. In addition,
some countries may be facing harsher “environmental”
conditions than others at a given year, which may prevent
their network readiness strategies from being as effective
as designed. Comparing the multidimensional performance
on network readiness by subjecting all the 134 economies
included in the NRI to a fixed and common set of weights of
the four NRI pillars may prevent acceptance of the index on
the grounds that the particular weighting scheme selected
to compute the Index might not be fair to a particular
economy, for reasons such as those highlighted above.
An appealing alternative to the fixed and common weight
scheme is to give to each country the ”benefit-of-the-doubt”
to select the aggregation weights that better reflect its own
policy priorities and the underlying conditions that may be
affecting policy implementation. This is conducted through
data envelopment analysis (DEA), a performance evaluation
method widely applied in real decision-making settings,
in which each country is assigned a set of endogenously
determined weights that maximize its overall score within a
given dataset of countries.

In this type of analysis, the assumption of fixed pillar

weights common to all 134 economies is relaxed, whereby
country-specific weights that maximize a country’s network
readiness score are determined endogenously by a special
form of DEA which is known as the Benefit-of-the-Doubt”
(BoD) model.32 In theory, each country/economy is free
to decide on the relative contribution of each network
readiness pillar to its score, so as to achieve the best possible
score in a computation that reflects its own strategy for
network readiness. In practice, the DEA method assigns a
higher (or lower) contribution to those pillars in which a
country/economy is relatively strong (or weak). Reasonable
constraints are applied to the weights to preclude the

261
 Table 7 Pillar shares and efficiency scores for the top 25 economies in the NRI 2023
Appendix III

Pillar

Best-practice Best-practice
NRI Difference
Technology People Governance Impact frontier score frontier rank
rank NRI rank
(DEA) (DEA)
United States of America 0.40 0.10 0.40 0.10 1.00 1 1 0
Singapore 0.15 0.10 0.35 0.40 1.00 1 2 1
Finland 0.10 0.10 0.40 0.40 1.00 1 3 2
Netherlands 0.17 0.10 0.40 0.33 1.00 1 4 3
Republic of Korea 0.10 0.40 0.38 0.12 1.00 1 7 6
Sweden 0.16 0.10 0.37 0.37 0.99 6 5 -1
Switzerland 0.40 0.10 0.17 0.33 0.99 6 6 0
Denmark 0.17 0.13 0.40 0.29 0.98 8 8 0
Genmany 0.15 0.31 0.32 0.22 0.96 9 9 0
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Israel 0.10 0.36 0.14 0.40 0.96 9 12 3

United Kingdom 0.15 0.31 0.32 0.22 0.95 11 10 -1
Canada 0.21 0.16 0.40 0.23 0.95 11 11 0
Japan 0.13 0.34 0.31 0.22 0.94 13 13 0
Australia 0.11 0.31 0.40 0.18 0.93 14 14 0
Norway 0.15 0.10 0.40 0.35 0.93 14 16 2
France 0.14 0.31 0.32 0.22 0.92 16 15 -1
Austria 0.11 0.32 0.40 0.17 0.91 17 17 0
Ireland 0.10 0.10 0.40 0.40 0.91 17 19 2
Luxembourg 0.17 0.10 0.40 0.33 0.90 19 18 -1
China 0.12 0.38 0.10 0.40 0.90 19 20 1
Belgium 0.10 0.10 0.40 0.40 0.89 21 21 0
Estonia 0.10 0.10 0.40 0.40 0.89 21 22 1
New Zealand 0.10 0.10 0.40 0.40 0.88 23 23 0
Iceland 0.10 0.10 0.40 0.40 0.87 24 24 0
Hong Kong China 0.40 0.10 0.21 0.29 0.87 24 25 1

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

Note: The results are based on the “Benefit-of-the Doubt” model, a special form of Data Envelopment Analysis. Pillar shares are expressed in percentages, bounded by 0.10 and
0.40 for all four pillars of network readiness - Technology, People, Governance, Impact. Instead, in the NRI 2023, the four pillars each have a fixed weight of 0.25. Darker colors
represent a higher contribution of those pillars to the overall DEA score as a result of an economy’s stronger performance in those pillars, which may help to provide evidence for
economy-specific strategies. Economies are ordered by their Best-practice Frontier score.

262
possibility of an economy achieving a perfect score by countries – the United States of America, Singapore, Finland,
assigning a zero weight to weak pillars: for each economy, the Netherlands, and the Republic of Korea - obtain a perfect
the share of each pillar score (i.e., the pillar score multiplied DEA score of 1.00 and hence they are all on the baste-
by the DEA weight over the total score) has upper and lower practice frontier when it comes to network readiness. In the
bounds of 10 percent and 40 percent, respectively. The case of the United States, this is achieved by assigning the
DEA score is then measured as the weighted average of all maximum possible share (40 percent) of its DEA score to the
four network readiness pillar scores, where the weights are Technology and Governance pillars, while 10 percent of the
the economy-specific DEA weights, compared to the best USA’s DEA score comes from the People and Impact pillars.
performance among all other economies with those same Having different strengths, Republic of Korea has assigned
weights. The DEA scores, ranging between 0 (lowest) and 1 40 percent and 38 percent and 40 percent of its DEA score
(highest) can be interpreted as a measure of the “distance to to the People and Governance pillars, while the remaining
the best-practice frontier.” 10 percent and 12 percent and 16 percent of its DEA score
comes from respectively the Technology and Impact pillars.
Table 7 presents the pillar shares and DEA scores for the top This most favourable allocation of weights across the four
25 economies in the NRI 2023, next to the NRI 2023 ranks. Pillars enables the Republic of Korea to reach the maximum
All pillar shares are in accordance with the starting point of possible DEA score of one and be designated as one of the
granting leeway to each economy when assigning shares, best-practice countries by DEA, while it was ranked 7th by
while not violating the upper and lower bounds (10 percent the NRI index. The top five countries are closely followed by
and 40 percent). The pillar shares are quite diverse, reflecting Sweden (0.99), Switzerland (0.99) and Denmark (0.98) in terms
the different national strategies for network readiness. of efficiency. Figure 10 shows how close the DEA scores
These pillar shares can also be seen to reflect different and the NRI 2022 scores are for all 134 economies (Pearson
economies’ comparative advantage in certain NRI pillars correlation of 0.999).
vis-à-vis all other economies and all pillars. For example, five

Figure 10 NRI 2023 scores and DEA “distance to the best-practice frontier” scores

1.0

DEA score
NRI (rescaled

0.8
NRI 2023 (rescaled) and DEA score

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
Countries/Economies

Source: European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 2023.

Note: For comparison purposes, the NRI scores were rescaled by dividing them by the result of the best performer in the overall NRI 2023 (the United States).

263
 7. Conclusions
Appendix III

rodion-kutsaev-unsplash
The JRC statistical audit delves into the extensive work
carried out by the developers of the NRI 2023 to suggest
improvements in terms of data characteristics, structure and
methods used. The analysis aims to ensure the transparency
of the index methodology and the reliability of the results.

The NRI 2023 represents a sound index in terms of conceptual

and statistical consistency. It shows that ICT deployment is
a multifaceted phenomenon where technology, users, and
several aspects of ICT regulation go hand in hand. The data
coverage of the framework is generally satisfactory. Most
indicators contain an acceptable level of missing values.
Nevertheless, four indicators are characterized by the
remarkable presence of missing values, two of which are well
The Network Readiness Index 2023

above the suggested exceptional limit of 40%. The statistical

audit of the previous edition of the NRI contains additional
analysis on the role of missing data in the framework. The
developers decided not to impute them. This is common
practice in relevant contexts and justified on grounds of
transparency and replicability. However, JRC-COIN suggests
to pay particular attention to the aforementioned indicators
in future editions of the index.

The index is statistically well balanced with respect to its

indicators, sub-pillars, and pillars. Correlations between each
pillar and the respective sub-pillar are mostly significant
and positive. Most of the indicators are meaningfully
correlated with the index and relative pillars. The very
strong correlations between some NRI 2023 components
and between the four pillars and the index may be a sign of
redundancy of information in the NRI 2023. This possibility
is further confirmed by the analysis of added value of the
NRI 2023 rankings. The suggestion is to use the index’s very
stable and correlated structure to explore and open up to the
simplification of the framework or to some even more specific
aspects of the network economy.

Finally, JRC-COIN analysed the robustness of the index

respect to the selected weights and aggregation formula at
pillars level. The results of the uncertainty analysis show that
NRI 2023 is a robust summary measure.

All things considered, the present JRC-COIN audit findings

confirm that the NRI 2023 is a reliable tool with a statistically
coherent framework and acknowledge the important efforts
made by the developers’ team.

264
The JRC statistical audit delves into the extensive
work carried out by the developers of the NRI 2023 to
suggest improvements in terms of data characteristics,
structure and methods used. The analysis aims to
ensure the transparency of the index methodology and
the reliability of the results.

265
 About Portulans
Appendix III

Co-founded in 2019 by Soumitra Dutta and Bruno Lanvin,

the Portulans Institute (PI) is an independent nonprofit,
nonpartisan research and educational institute based in

Institute Washington DC.

Our Mission

Portulans Institute’s areas of expertise include technology

rodion-kutsaev-unsplash
competitiveness, innovation readiness, and people and
global talent. Our mission includes:

• To develop cross-community knowledge and dialogue

on how people, technology, and innovation contribute to
sustainable and inclusive growth.
• To inform policymakers by producing independent, data-
based research.
• To collaborate with private sector leaders in driving a
business agenda that invests in people, technology and
The Network Readiness Index 2023

innovation.
• To host and co-organize events and conferences on
the above issues affecting human-centric sustainable
economic prosperity.

Where Our Name and Logo Come From

Portulans (or portolans) are ancient nautical maps, first made

in the 13th century in the Mediterranean basin and later
expanded to include other regions. The word portolan comes
from the Italian portulano, meaning “related to ports or
harbors,” and which since at least the 17th century designates
“a collection of sailing directions,” In these maps, only a
few harbors were visible, and much of the coastlines were
hypothetical.

This is how we see our mission: In an uncertain world, much

is yet to be explored, and many opportunities have yet to be
identified. Like the navigators of the 16th century, modern
leaders have to make decisions on the basis of imperfect
information and incomplete maps.

The Portulans Institute aims to provide them with the best

available data and analysis, and the directions that they need.
This is why our logo combines a compass and pi, which is
not only a powerful number found in geometry, algebra,
physics, and arts, but also an infinite series of digits, with no
pre-written rule telling us what the next one might be.

Learn more at: www.portulansinstitute.org and

www.networkreadinessindex.org

266
About Saïd

rodion-kutsaev-unsplash
Business School,
University of Oxford
The talents and efforts of our faculty, students, alumni and
staff have translated into accomplishments that demonstrate
that we are achieving our aim. The people at Oxford Saïd
are exceptional, not only as measured conventionally but in
the depth of their character. Our ideas, produced through
rigorous research, are measurably changing the way leaders
think and act, and in so doing, helping make businesses more
effective and principled. By bringing young and experienced
leaders to Oxford Saïd, whether as undergraduates or MBAs,
or as CEOs or Nobel laureates, we are at the centre of the
most important issues of the day.

Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford blends the best of

new and old.

We are a young, vibrant, and entrepreneurial business school

deeply embedded in the world’s most prestigious university.
We deliver cutting-edge education and ground-breaking
research that transform individuals, organisations, business
practice, and society.

We educate people for successful business careers and, as We are a young, vibrant, and
a community, we seek to harness our collective expertise entrepreneurial business school deeply
and knowledge to help solve pressing global issues such embedded in the world’s most prestigious
as demographic change, natural resource scarcity and
university. We deliver cutting-edge
technological challenges.
education and ground-breaking research
that transform individuals, organisations,
business practice, and society.

267
 About Brazilian
Appendix III

rodion-kutsaev-unsplash
National
Confederation of
Industry (CNI)

The Brazilian National Confederation of Industry (CNI) is

the main representative institution of Brazilian industry. It
serves as the apex body within the industrial trade union
The Network Readiness Index 2023

system and, since its foundation in 1938, it has defended

the interests of the national industry. It also acts as the main
interlocutor with the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary,
besides several entities and organizations in Brazil and
abroad.

It represents 27 state federations of industry and 1.306

trade unions, to which around 900 thousand industries
are affiliated. It is directly in charge of the Social Service of
Industry (SESI), the National Service of Industrial Training
(SENAI) and Euvaldo Lodi Institute (IEL). Together, these three
organizations form the Industry System, which yet assembles
the state-level industry federations and trade unions. CNI, headquartered in Brasília with
a representative office in São Paulo,
Since its establishment, CNI has played a leading role in is recognized as a key voice at the
society, promoting debate, and building consensus on key
national level, examining and presenting
national issues. Especially concerning those matters that have
strong influence on the development of Brazilian industry suggestions for the development and
and economy, such as the digital transformation. refinement of policies and laws that
strengthen the productive sector and
CNI, headquartered in Brasília with a representative office in modernizes the country.
São Paulo, is recognized as a key voice at the national level,
examining and presenting suggestions for the development
and refinement of policies and laws that strengthen the
productive sector and modernizes the country.

In addition, CNI promotes national industry research,

innovation, and technological development. Moreover, it
supports initiatives that promote the self-recognition, social
development, and professional training of the worker.

These actions are based on studies, technical researches,

consultations and constant dialogues with industry
federations and trade unions, national sectoral associations,
forums, and business councils.

268
About malomatia

rodion-kutsaev-unsplash
malomatia was established in June 2008, as a 100% Qatari
Shareholding Company with a vision to enable government
and businesses to excel by being a leading provider of
professional information technology services and solutions.

Motivated by Qatar’s National Vision 2030 of economic

transformation, malomatia recognizes the importance of
Qatar’s need to become a knowledge-based society. To meet
the IT requirements of Qatar, malomatia was incorporated
to support national objectives in delivering integrated IT
services and solutions in several sectors, including: Public,
Healthcare, Energy, Education, Transportation and BFSI.

Based in Doha, Qatar, malomatia is committed to creating,

deploying, managing, and sustaining local IT skills and
expertise. malomatia is also dedicated to boosting the
adoption of IT in critical economic sectors and increasing the
contribution of IT to the country’s GDP.

malomatia enjoys trust of 50+ entities including leaders

in sectors such as the Public Sector, Energy, Healthcare,
Education, Transportation, Utilities, Commerce & Trade,
Banking and Technology.

malomatia has grown to be an organization with a wide

spectrum of services ranging from Cybersecurity, Contact
Center services, Digitization, Data & AI, IoT, Cloud, Business
Apps to Business Process Outsourcing.

malomatia bets on its Human Capital as the genuine assets of

malomatia, for that it devoted its strategic vision to develop
and provide them the necessary support. From less than 10
employees malomatia now has reached more than 1100,
when it is looking forward to being the natural home of the
digital talent.

Also, malomatia expanded its operations by establishing

regional offices in India, working around the clock to support
the company’s operations in Qatar and meet the Qatari
market’s needs.

269
 About AWS
Appendix III

rodion-kutsaev-unsplash
Since 2006, Amazon Web Services (AWS) has been the world’s
most comprehensive and broadly adopted cloud. AWS has
been continually expanding its services to support virtually
any workload, and it now has more than 240 fully featured
services for compute, storage, databases, networking,
analytics, machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI),
Internet of Things (IoT), mobile, security, hybrid, virtual and
augmented reality (VR and AR), media, and application
development, deployment, and management. These services
are offered in 102 Availability Zones within 32 geographic
regions, with announced plans for 15 more Availability Zones
and five more AWS Regions in Canada, Germany, Malaysia,
New Zealand, and Thailand. Millions of customers—including
the fastest-growing startups, largest enterprises, and
The Network Readiness Index 2023

leading government agencies—trust AWS to power their

infrastructure, become more agile, and lower costs.

270
271
 The Network Readiness Index 2023 The NRI 2023 Team

272
Team
The NRI 2023
The NRI 2023
Core Team
Bruno Lanvin
Co-editor and Co-author

Bruno Lanvin is a co-founder and Senior Advisor of Portulans

Institute. He is also co-editor of the Global Innovation Index
(GII) published in partnership with the World Intellectual
Property Organization - WIPO.

Bruno is a Distinguished Fellow at INSEAD and the President

of IMD’s Smart City Observatory. Initially a mathematician
Soumitra Dutta and a specialist of international trade, his research and
Co-editor and Co-author publications have focused on information technology,
innovation and talent strategies. He has over forty years of
experience in advising governments and large corporations,
Soumitra Dutta is co-founder and President of Portulans including twenty years at the United Nations and ten at the
Institute. He is also the founder and co-editor of the Global World Bank.
Innovation Index (GII) published in partnership with the
World Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO. Since 1 Since 2001, Bruno Lanvin has been co-authoring The Global
June, 2022 Soumitra is the dean of Saïd Business School at Information Technology Report (NRI), the Global Innovation
the University of Oxford. Index Report (GII), and the Global Talent Competitiveness
Index (GTCI), the Smart City Index Report, and of the award-
Previously, he was a Professor of Management and the former winning book ‘Sixteen Shades of Smart’. His latest book ‘The
founding dean of the Cornell SC Johnson College of Business. Future is Young’ was published in July 2022.
Prior to joining Cornell in 2012, he was on the faculty and
leadership team of INSEAD. Prof. Dutta is an authority on A frequent speaker at high-level meetings, he has been
technology and innovation policy, and has engaged in a a member of numerous boards for many years, including
number of multi-stakeholder initiatives to shape global, those of ICANN, IDA-Infocomm, GovTech, IP-Watch, AAID,
regional, and industry agendas. Kazakhstan’s Presidential Board on ICT Strategy, and the Bin
Rashid Foundation for Government Innovation.
He is the co-editor and author of The Global Information
Technology Report, published by the World Economic Forum.
Mr. Dutta is on the global boards of Sodexo and Dassault
Systèmes, and is a member of the Shareholder Council of
Chicago-based ZS Associates. He serves on the advisory
boards of several business schools, including HEC, Montreal;
ESADE, Barcelona; and ESCP, Paris. He has co-founded two
firms, including Fisheye Analytics, which WPP group acquired.
He is currently Chair of the Board of Directors of the Global
Business School Network.

William Dutton
Director, Portulans Institute

Bill Dutton is an Oxford Martin Fellow, supporting the Global

Cyber Security Capacity Centre of the Department of
Computer Science, and a Senior Fellow at the Oxford Internet
Institute, at the University of Oxford. He is also a Visiting
Professor in Media and Communication at the University of
Leeds.

273
The NRI 2023 Team

Until 2018, Bill was the Quello Professor of Media and biotechnology and the biosafety of genetically modified
Information Policy at Michigan State University, where he organisms (GMOs), and on the reach and scope of intellectual
was Director of the Quello Center. Prior to that, he was the property rights (IPRs) in the information technologies era.
OII’s Founding Director (2002-11), a Fellow of Balliol College He holds a PhD in Regional Planning with concentrations
and the first Professor of Internet Studies at Oxford University on Science and Technology Studies and Risk Analysis,
(2002-2014). Before his appointment to Oxford in 2002, he Communication, and Policy and a Master of Public
was a Professor in the Annenberg School for Communication Administration with a concentration in Science, Technology,
at the University of Southern California, where he continues and Infrastructure Policy from Cornell University. He also
as an Emeritus Professor. While at USC, Bill was a Fulbright holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Universidad
Scholar 1986-87 at Brunel, UK, and was National Director of Panamericana in Mexico.
the UK’s Programme on Information and Communication
Technologies (PICT) from 1993 to 1996, also at Brunel.

His recent publications on the social aspects of information

and communication technologies include Society on the
Line (Oxford University Press, 1999), Transforming Enterprise,
co-edited (MIT Press, 2005), World Wide Research: Reshaping
the Sciences and Humanities, co-edited with P. Jeffreys (MIT
The Network Readiness Index 2023

Press, 2011), the Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies (OUP,

2013), Society and the Internet, 2nd Edition, co-edited with
Mark Graham (OUP 2019), and editor of A Research Agenda
for Digital Politics (Elgar 2020 forthcoming). He is currently
writing a book on the Fifth Estate. His service includes two Mariam Chaduneli
terms as chair of the Advisory Committee for England of the
UK’s Office of Communications (Ofcom), and participating on
Lead Project Manager
the NHS Direct Innovation Committee.
Mariam Chaduneli is a Policy Research and Management
Associate who has worked extensively on research and policy
analysis in the area of technology policy, emerging threats
and digital rights.

Mariam is in charge of monitoring relevant national and

international policy developments and producing research
relating to digital policy, innovation readiness, and digital
transformation. She is also responsible for coordinating long-
term research projects, communications, and administrative
work across key focus areas for PI. She is the lead project
manager for the Network Readiness Index (NRI) published in
Rafael Escalona Reynoso partnership with Saïd Business School, University of Oxford.

CEO, Portulans Institute Mariam has a master’s degree in Innovation, Technology,

and the Law from the University of Edinburgh focusing on
Rafael Escalona Reynoso has been Senior Research Associate the interplay of law, technology, and human rights. Prior
and Data Scientist for Portulans Institute since 2020. Before to obtaining the UK Government’s Chevening Scholarship
joining the Portulans Team he was the Lead Researcher at The for her master’s studies, she was a Chief Project Manager in
Global Innovation Index (GII) from 2013 to 2020. the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia where she gained
hands-on experience initiating and managing international
His previous professional experience was as a member of projects with public and private sector organizations
the Trade and Foreign Investment Advisory Board at the operating on a national, regional and international level.
office of the President of Mexico and as Economic, Science She is also the co-founder of Lawformer, a legal technology
and Technology Policy Advisor to the Senate of Mexico (LVIII platform that simplifies routine legal tasks for lawyers and law
Legislature). As part of the congressional advisory group students.
he led research on the economic effects of international
biosafety regulations on Mexico’s basic research, industry,
and trade and directed comparative analyses on international
food and drug safety policies and regulations.

His research experience at Cornell University includes

comparative studies between Mexico and Spain’s National
Systems of Innovation and regulatory aspects of modern

274
Sylvie Antal Shailja Bang
Digital Strategy Manager Research Analyst

Sylvie is a Policy Research and Communications Associate Shailja Bang Shah is a Thematic Research Analyst and has
with prior experience in digital privacy issues relating to experience in leading and managing Composite Index
minors and vulnerable populations, as well as in consumer projects. At Portulans Institute, she is responsible for project
education and technology for international development. management, research, policy analysis, and communications
She is an advocate for ethical, inclusive, and innovative support for an upcoming composite index in association with
solutions and policies that make digital experiences safer and VinUniversity. She is also the Co-Author and Lead Researcher
more effective for all populations. for the Emerging Markets Economic Growth and ESG (EMI
D-ESG) Country Ranking, a composite index published and
At PI, she is responsible for monitoring relevant policy created by the Emerging Markets Institute (EMI) at Cornell SC
developments, assisting with research, developing Johnson College of Business.
communication strategy and content, and coordinating the
Fellowship program. Previously, she has worked with J.P. Morgan in geopolitical
and macroeconomic research, where she covered market-
Sylvie holds a bachelor’s degree in Information Science from moving events like the implications of the COVID-19
the University of Michigan’s School of Information, where she pandemic, the consequences of unconventional monetary
was a member of Tech for Social Good, and a masters degree policy, outlook for the 2020 US elections, and the evolving
in Human-Computer Interaction. Prior to joining Portulans, U.S.-China trade tensions.
she interned at the US Federal Communications Commission,
and the Family Online Safety Institute in Washington DC. She is a qualified Chartered Accountant (India) with a
Bachelors in Commerce from the Narsee Monjee College
of Commerce and Economics (University of Mumbai). She
is a partner at Imperium Partners, a research firm which
specializes in Thematic Research.

Abdellah Bouhamidi
Data Scientist

Analytics consultant, founder of Science Data Value Ltd., a

consulting practice focused on providing expertise in data
management, aggregation and analytics, and on developing,
delivering and integrating solutions to capture data and
produce actionable insights in relation to growth and
markets; organizational excellence and engagement; risk
analysis and management; and sustainable impact.

With a background in Operations Research, an MBA from

Cornell University, and more than eight years of hands-on
experience in digital transformation, analytics and big data,
Abdellah has helped 25 organizations across 12 industries
find and activate levers for growth and sustainable ROI.

275
 Our Technical
The NRI 2023 Team

Advisory Board
(2023)
John Garrity
Technical Advisor

John Garrity is Chief of Party for USAID/Philippines’ Better

Access and Connectivity (BEACON) activity, a USD 33m USAID
program to improve digital connectivity infrastructure,
the ICT enabling environment, and cybersecurity capacity
in the Philippines. His background is as an economist,
The Network Readiness Index 2023

policy advisor and project manager with twenty years of

Chris Ferguson experience working on economic development issues in the
public sector at the state, federal and international levels,
Technical Advisor and in the private sector. His focus is on digital inclusion
programs, universal access policy and last-mile connectivity
Since 2021, Chris Ferguson has been the Managing Director deployments to foster effective universal Internet adoption
of Scott Logic, a consultancy that tackles some of the hardest for inclusive growth and poverty alleviation.
problems in the world’s largest organisations across a range Previously, he was an independent consultant to public sector
of industries including Energy, the Public Sector and Finance. and private sector organizations on digital infrastructure
development, including the Asian Development Bank, UNDP
Prior to this, Chris was a Senior Civil Servant in the original Philippines, the UN Broadband Commission, the UN ITU,
senior management team that built the UK’s Government UNICEF, UNESCAP, among others. He was Senior Connectivity
Digital Service in the UK’s Cabinet Office. From 2015, Chris Advisor in the US Global Development Lab at USAID and
was the GDS Director responsible for the UK Government before that spent ten years at Cisco, in emerging market
domain GOV.UK and all cross-government platform strategy and global technology policy/government affairs
development. In 2017, after the UK was named the #1 digital based in Washington, D.C. He began his career at the World
government by the UN’s Digital Government Index, Chris Bank and also worked at the US Federal Trade Commission.
established the National, International & Research Group He serves as a technical advisor to the Network Readiness
within GDS to focus GDS engagement and collaboration Index, on the advisory council of the Connect Humanity
on the UK’s wider public sector, devolved administrations, Fund, has co-authored several reports on technology and
and partner organizations worldwide like the UN and OECD. development and presented around the world on efforts to
While in government, Chris was also the chair of the cross- close the digital divide.
government Digital Leaders Network, Head of the Digital
Profession within HM Government and led the Digital, Data
and Technology elements of the Cabinet Office’s response to
the global pandemic.

Prior to 2011, Chris’s career mainly focused on national

security and diplomacy roles in the UK and overseas working
with the UK’s Home Office, Foreign Office and Ministry of
Defence.

Elena Kvochko
Technical Advisor

Elena Kvochko is Chief Trust Officer working in the field of

cybersecurity and started with SAP in 2020. She is a former
COO of cybersecurity technologies at Bank of America,
CISSP, CEH. She also served as a technology, cybersecurity,
and business operations executive. Kvochko is a Certified
Information Security Professional (CISSP) and Certified Ethical

276
Hacker (CEH). She was named one of the Top 100 CIOs and auditing performance indices, with over 150 international
is a member of the Wall Street Journal CIO Council. Kvochko organizations and world-class universities, including the
was named one of Fortune magazine’s Most Powerful Women United Nations, Transparency International, Oxfam, the World
International, one of the “Leading CIOs Who Happen to Be Economic Forum, INSEAD and WIPO. She is the author of
Female” by CIO Magazine, and Business Role Model of the about 30 articles in academic journals, 100 working papers,
Year by Women in IT. She is also a published author and an and a co-author of two books: 2008 OECD/JRC Handbook on
inventor with patents pending in security, privacy, and digital Composite Indicators and 2008 Global Sensitivity Analysis-
payments technology. The Primer (Wiley).

Advisory Board
(2023)
Irene Mia
Technical Advisor

Dr Mia is an experienced professional (economist by training)

with a successful 20 year track-record in economic and policy
research and on engaging with policy-makers and senior
corporate leaders. Dr Mia has expertise in managing large
teams with proven strategic, financial, planning and team
building skills. Dr Mia holds a PHD in International Economic Hessa Al-Jaber
and Trade Law from L. Bocconi University and MA in Latin
American studies from the Institute for Latin American
Advisor
Studies, London University. Before her recent appointment
as Senior Fellow for Latin America at the International Dr. Hessa Al-Jaber is the chairperson of Trio Investment, a
Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Dr Mia was the Global technology investment company that invests in innovative
Editorial Director for Thought Leadership at Economist Group, technology that addresses some of the most pressing health
Economist Intelligence Unit. problems in the MENA region. As an expert in technology,
media, and telecom practice, her focus is the impact of
a digital economy in productivity and competitiveness.
Dr. Hessa was the former and the first-ever Minister of
Information and Communication Technology in Qatar.
Prior to becoming a minister, Dr. Hessa held the position of
Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Information
and Communication Technology since its inception in
2005. Dr. Al Jaber was a member of United Nations ITU
Broadband Commission for Sustainable development and
a member at the Network of Global Agenda Councils of the
World Economic Forum (WEF). Dr. Al Jaber is currently the
Michaela Saisana Chairperson of Qatar Satellite Company, and Malomatia,
Technical Advisor in addition to being a member of several boards including
Volkswagen (AG) Supervisory Board in Germany, Qatar
University’s Board of Regents, Qatar Museums Authority’s
Michaela Saisana is the head of the Monitoring, Indicators Board. Dr. Hessa holds a Bachelor of Science in Engineering
and Impact Evaluation Unit, and she also leads the European from Kuwait University, and a Master’s Degree and Ph.D
Commission’s Competence Centre on Composite Indicators in Computer Science from George Washington University,
and Scoreboards (COIN) at the Joint Research Centre in Washington, DC.
Italy. She has been working in the JRC since 1998, where
she was awarded “best young scientist of the year” in 2004
and, along with her team, the “JRC policy impact award” for
the Social Scoreboard of the European Pillar of Social Rights
in 2018. As a scientist and engineer specializing in process
optimization and spatial statistics, she collaborates, by

277
The NRI 2023 Team

Molano has a long career in the technology industry and

has had responsibilities in more than 20 countries. He has
been a board member of international organizations and
corporations in the telecommunications, TV, radio, and postal
services sectors. He is currently senior advisor to the Inter-
American Development Bank, senior advisor to McKinsey &
Co. in Washington DC. Mr. Molano is an electronics engineer
and economist from Xavier University in Colombia and holds
an MBA from IMD in Switzerland.
Tawfik Jelassi
Advisor

Dr. Tawfik Jelassi was appointed UNESCO Assistant Director-

General for Communication and Information on 1st July
2021. In this position, he is responsible for the Organization’s
programmes on building inclusive knowledge societies,
leading digital transformation, strategizing the role of ICT in
The Network Readiness Index 2023

education, and fostering freedom of expression.

Dr. Jelassi holds a Ph.D. doctorate in information systems Osman Sultan

from New York University (USA) and postgraduate diplomas
from the University of Paris Dauphine (France). Dr. Jelassi has
Advisor
extensive experience in higher education, scientific research,
and information & communication technologies. He held Osman Sultan brings 35 years of leadership, rich with
academic, corporate and government leadership positions in achievements in the telecom sector. His vast knowledge
Europe, the USA, and Tunisia. and expertise in the field as early as the pre-Internet period
placed him as one of the pioneers in Europe, the US, Japan,
Among others, he was Programme Director and Professor and the entire MENA region. His distinguished achievements
of Strategy and Technology Management at IMD Business ranked him as one of the most powerful executives in the
School in Lausanne (Switzerland, 2015 – June 2021). Prior worldwide telecom industry twice on the “GTBPower100 List”
to that, he served as Minister of Higher education, Scientific in both 2010 and 2011.
Research and Information & Communication Technologies
in the democratic transition government of Tunisia (2014 – Sultan has developed several strategies that helped produce
2015). Prior appointments included being Chairman of the the profound transformations that the telecom and information
Board of Directors of Ooredoo Telecom in Tunisia, Dean at sectors have been creating in our lives. Sultan has been a
Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (Paris), and Professor board member for various institutions in the telecom industry,
& Chairman of the Technology Management Department at technology space, and academic world. incl. the advisory board
INSEAD (Fontainebleau). of the Mohammed bin Rashid School of Communications
(MBRSC), the Global Blockchain Advisory Council of the WEF, the
Board of Endeavor UAE, and many others. His latest book ‘The
Future is Young’ was published in July 2022.

Diego Molano
Advisor

Diego Molano is an international consultant on digital

transformation of companies and governments. He was the
minister of information and communication technologies
(ICT) of Colombia from 2010 to 2015. He transformed his
country with his policy plan “Vive Digital,” which aims to
reduce poverty and create jobs using technology. Mr.

278
 Jacques has led numerous research efforts on global
economic trends such as globalization, productivity, and
inclusive growth, as well as on the impact, opportunities,
and challenges of technology including big data, the future
of work and skills, and AI. He has authored 50+ articles
published in titles including Harvard Business Review, and
Sloan Management Review, as well as in academic journals
and is quoted regularly in leading international media.

Mona Abou Hana

Advisor

Mona is PwC Middle East Chief People Officer and a member

of the leadership team, responsible for formulating and
delivering the firm’s people strategy. She is also a partner
in PWC’s consulting practice working with governments
and the public sector. She specialises in strategy and policy
formulation and focuses on national planning, innovation &
entrepreneurship ecosystems as well as upskilling strategies
to ready the workforce for the digital world. Mona also leads Karim Michel Sabbagh
PwC Middle East Digital Upskilling Program. Mona holds a
BA in Economics from the American University of Beirut and
Advisor
MBA from INSEAD. She is fluent in English, Arabic and French.
Some of her publications include: Karim Michel Sabbagh led global technology-centric
businesses as CEO, investor and advisor covering space-
Building the Data Economies of the Future: Tomorrow’s Data based multi-orbit communication networks, terrestrial
Economies Shaped by the Youth of Today communication networks, ultra-secure communications,
Inspire and Orchestrate: Innovation-Driven Government; Innovation cyber security, digital transformation, AI and applied
in the UAE: From First Foundations to “Beyond Oil”; analytics. He is presently the Managing Director of E-Space &
Middle East & North Africa Talent Competitiveness Index Lead for Europe and the Middle East.

Prior, he was the CEO of the DarkMatter Group where he led

the restructuring of the company and oversaw its holistic
transformation from a fluid start-up to a leading and highly
influential firm with a focus on digital transformation
and applied analytics, cyber security and ultra-secure
communications.

This successful trajectory lead to multiple private equity

buyouts in 2019.

Karim was also the President and CEO of SES (Société

Jacques Bughin Européenne des Satellites), the world-leading satellite
operator. He led the strategy-based transformation of SES,
Advisor overseeing the evolution of the company’s strategy and
execution and its elevation to become the leading provider
Jacques is currently teaching business strategy and an of satellite-enabled communications solutions in the video,
investor and board member in a variety of ventures. Dr. fixed data, mobility, and government markets. Over the
Jacques Bughin was a director in McKinsey’s Brussels office course of the transformation, SES rose to the no.1 position
and supported clients in their Media & Entertainment, globally.
Corporate Finance, and Strategy Practices, in addition to
co-leading the Digital Economy Initiative. He also acted as He also served as a Senior Partner and global practice
director of the McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), the firm’s leader for communications, media & technology at Booz&Co
business and economics research arm. He worked for (previously Booz Allen Hamilton). At Board and CEO levels,
McKinsey for 28 years. Prior to joining McKinsey, Jacques was he has shaped and served the strategic agenda of global
a consultant with Arthur Andersen Consulting and received players in the communications, media and satellite sectors.
a PhD in economics, operations research, and strategy from He led end-to-end multinational teams in long-term,
Université Catholique de Louvain in Belgium. large-scale privatizations, international expansion, mergers
and acquisitions, growth acceleration and strategy-based
transformation programs.

279
The NRI 2023 Team

He is a visiting professor in Technology and Innovation

Management and member of the Academic Council for
Écoles des Ponts Business School in France. He holds an MS
in Technology Management from Columbia University (New
York), a DBA in International Business Management from the
International School of Management (Paris), and an MBA and
BBA from the American University of Beirut.

Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås

Advisor

Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås is a Senior Associate with the

Council on Economic Policies. She also holds a position
as visiting professor at Örebro University in Sweden and
research professor at the Norwegian Institute of International
Affairs (NUPI) in Norway. Prior to that she was leading the
The Network Readiness Index 2023

OECD’s work on services trade policy analysis, developing

the Services Trade Restrictiveness Indices and database and
Lynn St. Amour related analytical activities (2005-2019). She also spent two
years at the research department at the WTO (2002-2004).
Advisor
Before joining international organizations, Hildegunn
Lynn St. Amour is President and CEO of Internet Matters, conducted research, teaching, policy analysis, and policy
an Internet consulting company, and is active in matters of advice at Norwegian and South African universities and
Internet development and governance. She served as the research institutes. She spent one year as a visiting scholar
UN Internet Governance Forum – Multistakeholder Advisory at Stanford University, USA. She also led a long-term project
Group (IGF-MAG) Chair (2016 – 2019). From 2001 to 2014, she providing technical assistance on macroeconomic modelling
was President and CEO of the Internet Society (ISOC), a global and policy analysis to the Tanzanian government.
non-profit organization dedicated to the open development,
evolution, and use of the Internet. She joined the Internet Hildegunn holds a PhD in economics from the University of
Society in 1998 as Executive Director of its Europe, Middle East, Bergen, Norway. Her research interest lies at the interface
and Africa operations, after previously holding senior positions between digital technology, services trade, and jobs in the
in Europe and the United States with AT&T and Digital services sectors; areas where she has published extensively.
Equipment Corporation. She is Co-Chair, World Economic
Forum, Digital Economy and Society Systems Initiative.

She is a graduate of the University of Vermont and has

extensive experience in the global IT sector, international
business, and corporate restructuring, with a background
in strategic planning, international sales and marketing,
and finance. Ms. St. Amour has served on a number of
international boards.

280
281
 Endnotes
The NRI 2023 Team

1 “Unlocking Europe’s Digital Potential,” Public First, 2022 20 AWS Impact in Ireland,” Indecon International Economic Consul-
2 “Notes from the AI frontier: Modeling the impact of AI on the tants, 2023.
world economy,” Mckinsey Global Institute, 2018. 21 AWS Impact Study Germany. The importance of AWS for the Ger-
3 This paragraph builds on a more detailed overview of these man Economy,” iWConsult, 2022
changing conceptions in Dutton, W. H. (2023). The Fifth Estate: The 22 The Contribution of Cloud to Economic Growth in the Middle East
Power Shift of the Digital Age. Oxford University Press. and North Africa,” Telecom Advisory Services LLC, 2023
4 Dutton, W. H., Law, G., Bolsover, G., & Dutta, S. (2013). The Internet 23 Dutton, W. H., Reisdorf, B. C., Dubois, E., and Blank, G. (2017),
Trust Bubble: Global Values, Beliefs and Practices. World Economic ‘Search and Politics: The Uses and Impacts of Search in Britain,
Forum. France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United States’,
5 Statista. (2023, July). Number of internet and social media users Quello Center Working Paper, East Lansing, MI: Quello Center,
worldwide as of July 2023 (in billions). https://www.statista.com/ Michigan State University, May 1. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/
statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/ papers.cfm?abstract_id=2960697; Dutton, W. H. (2017), ‘Fake
news, echo chambers and filter bubbles: Underresearched and
6 These dimensions are based on Dutton, W. H. (1999), Society on
overhyped’, The Conversation, 5 May: https://theconversation.
the Line: Information Politics in the Digital Age, Oxford and New
com/fake-news-echo-chambers-and-filter-bubbles-underres-
York: Oxford University Press, Table 1.1, p. 5.
earched-and-overhyped-76688
7 These dimensions are based on Dutton, W. H. (1999), Society on
24 Dutton, W. H. (2023), The Fifth Estate: The Power Shift of the Digital
The Network Readiness Index 2023

the Line: Information Politics in the Digital Age, Oxford and New
Age. New York: Oxford University Press.
York: Oxford University Press, Table 1.1, p. 5.
25 Dutton, W. H., Law, G., Bolsover, G., & Dutta, S. (2003). The Internet
8 Bland, G., & Dutton, W. (2019). (rep.). Perceived Threats to Privacy
Trust Bubble: Global Values, Beliefs and Practices. World Economic
Online: The Internet in Britain. Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute.
Forum.
9 Dutton, W. H., and Shepherd, A. (2006), ‘Trust in the Internet as
26 An economy is identified as displaying outstanding performance
an Experience Technology’, Information, Communication and
when its pillar score is at least 10% above the trendline that is gen-
Society, 9(4): 433-51; and Blank, G., and Dutton, W. H. (2011),
erated across all economies for that particular pillar. Trendlines are
‘Age and Trust in the Internet: The Centrality of Experience and
produced for each pillar by estimating a linear model to describe
Attitudes Toward Technology in Britain’, Social Science Computer
the relationship between pillar scores and GDP per capita. These
Review, 30(2): 135-151. http://ssc.sagepub.com/content/ear-
trendlines are independent of, and display different results than,
ly/2011/02/21/0894439310396186
those presented in Figure which shows the outcome of modeling
10 Mesthene, E. G. (1981). The role of technology in society. In A. H.
the relationship between the overall NRI scores and GDP per
Teich (Ed.), Technology and Man’s Future (pp. 99-129). St. Martin’s
capita.
Press.
27 Groeneveld, R. A. and Meeden, G., ‘Measuring Skewness and Kur-
11 Douglas Engelbart , inventor of the mouse, famously noted that AI
tosis’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,
should represent “augmented human intelligence”, not artificial.
Series D, vol. 33, pp. 391–399, 1984.
12 Tyson, A., & Kikuchi, E. (2023). Growing public concern about the
28 The statistical analysis in this audit has been performed with the
role of artificial intelligence in daily life. Pew Research Center.
COINr tool. For more details, see: Becker et al., (2022). COINr: An
13 Zuboff, S. (2018). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. Profile Books.
R package for developing composite indicators. Journal of Open
14 Ibid Source Software, 7(78), 4567.
15 Dutton, W. H., Reisdorf, B. C., Dubois, E., and Blank, G. (2017), 29 OECD/EC JRC (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and De-
‘Search and Politics: The Uses and Impacts of Search in Britain, velopment/European Commission, Joint Research Centre). 2008.
France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain, and the United States’, Quel- Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology
lo Center Working Paper, East Lansing, MI: Quello Center, Michigan and User Guide. Paris: OECD.
State University, May 1. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.
30 Saisana, M., B. D’Hombres, and A. Saltelli. 2011. ‘Rickety Numbers:
cfm?abstract_id=2960697
Volatility of University Rankings and Policy Implications’. Research
16 MacKenzie, D. (1990). Inventing Accuracy. MIT Press. Policy, 40: pp. 165–177; Saisana, M., A. Saltelli, and S. Tarantola.
17 Dutton, W. (2017). Fostering a cyber security mindset. Internet 2005. ‘Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis Techniques as Tools for
Policy Review, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.14763/2017.1.443 the Analysis and Validation of Composite Indicators’, Journal of the
18 Esteve-González, P., Dutton, W. H., Creese, S., & Agrafiotis, I. (2023). Royal Statistical Society A 168 (2): pp. 307–323.
Cybersecurity risks of changing workplaces: A global survey of 31 Saisana, M., A. Saltelli, and S. Tarantola. 2005. ‘Uncertainty and Sen-
shifts in working from home through the COVID-19 pandemic. sitivity Analysis Techniques as Tools for the Analysis and Validation
Paper presented at the 2023 TPRC Conference, Washington, DC. of Composite Indicators’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A
19 Amazon Web Services (AWS) is one of the Knowledge Partners of 168 (2): pp. 307–323.
the NRI 2023. 32 Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes, 1978; Cherchye et al., 2008; Van
Puyenbroeck et al., 2021.

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Country Profiles
The Network Readiness Index 2023

About the Network Readiness Index

Published by Portulans Institute and Origins: The Network Readiness Index In a major redesign of the NRI
Saïd Business School, University of (NRI) was first published in 2002 and framework in 2019, current topical
Oxford, the 2023 NRI is the fifth edition provided a holistic framework for concerns of trust, governance,
of a renewed NRI model, reflecting assessing the multi-faceted impact of inclusivity and impact on SDG goals
how technology and people need ICT on society and the development were included into the model.
to be integrated within an effective of nations. Until 2016, the NRI was The NRI framework provides a
governance structure in order to have part of the Global Information simple yet holistic view of how
the right impact on our economy, Technology Report (GITR) published economies can leverage the power
society and the environment. Multiple by the World Economic Forum (WEF), of digital technologies while building
countries use the NRI to design Cornell University, and INSEAD. The sustainable and inclusive futures.
their digital strategies, connecting NRI anticipated various aspects
Technology with People and that would become critical in the All editions of the NRI are available at
Governance for Impact. following years. Early on, it identified www.networkreadinessindex.org
three essential stakeholders for ICT:
The 2023 edition of the NRI will be individuals/society, businesses, and © 2023 by Portulans Institute.
dedicated to the theme of trust in governments, and it included elements
technology and network society. It of ICT application that were novel for ISBN: 979-8-89238-367-7
draws attention to the potential for the time.
a serious crisis in public trust in the
internet and related technologies in At a time when the primary concerns
our increasingly interconnected world. in ICT revolved around infrastructure
issues, the NRI provided a forward-
Recognizing the pervasiveness looking and holistic perspective on
of digital technologies in today’s the application of ICT within national
networked world, the index is economies. The NRI rapidly developed
grounded in four fundamental into a global benchmark for the
dimensions: Technology, People, application and utilization of ICT. Many
Governance, and Impact. This holistic economies utilized the NRI to design
approach means that the NRI covers their ICT strategies, and the NRI was
issues ranging from future technologies used and frequently quoted by leaders
such as AI and the Internet of Things from the public and private sectors.
to the role of the digital economy in
reaching the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs).

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