Tuition Classes X (CBSE) Module-I

CHAPTER - 02
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

ACID
 These are sour in taste
 They turn blue litmus to red
 Phenolphthalein is colourless with acid
 Methyl orange shows red colour acids
BASE
 These are bitter in taste
 They turn red litmus to blue
 Soapy in touch
 They give yellow colour with methyl orange
 They give pink colour with phenolphthalein
INDICATORS
These are the substances used to indentity the given substance is acidic or basic. Indicators are
classified into visual indicators and olfactory indicators.
 Visual indicators give colour change
 Olfactory indicators givs odour difference with acid and base.
VISUAL INDICATORS
1. LITMUS
 Blue litmus turn red with acid
 Red litmus turn blue with base
2. PHENOLPHTHALEIN
 Phenolphthalein give no colour change with acid
 Phenolphthalein give pink colour with base
3. METHYL ORANGE
 Methyl orange give red colour with acid
 Methyl orange give yellow colour with base

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4. OLFACTORY INDICATORS

The most common olfactory indicators are onion, vanilla, clove oil. There typical smell vanishes in
basic solution

ACIDS AND BASES REACT WITH METALS

Acids and bases react with metals to give salt and Hydrogen gas.

Eg: Zn  s   H 2SO 4aq  

 ZnSO 4 aq  H 2( g )

Zn  s   NaOH 4aq  
 Na 2 Zn O2 aq   H 2( g )

ACID REACT WITH METAL CARBONATE AND METAL HYDROGEN CARBONATE

Acids diberate CO2 from carbonate and metal hydrogen carbonate.

Eg: Na 2 CO3  2HCL 

 2NaCl  H 2 O  CO2

NaHCO3  HCL 
 NaCl  H 2 O  CO 2
The gas evolved is indentified to be by using lime water

Lime water is calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2. On passing CO2 through lime water, it is turns milky. The
milkiness is due to formation of CaCO3 in solution

CaCO3  H 2 O  CO 2 
 Ca(HCO 3 ) 2
ACID AND BASE REACT WITH EACH OTHER

Acids and base react with each other to give salt and water

acid  base 
 H 2 O  Salt

Eg: HCl  NaOH 

 H 2 O  NaCl

Those reactions are called neutralisation reaction

REACTION OF METALLIC OXIDE WITH ACID

Metallic oxide + acid 

 Salt + H2O

Eg: MgO  H 2SO 4 

 MgSO 4  H 2O

Mettallic oxides have some basic character

REACTION OF A NON METALLIC OXIDE WITH BASE

Non Metallic oxide + base 

 Salt + H2O
Eg: CO 2  2NaOH 
 Na 2 CO3  H 2 O
Non metallic oxides have some acidic character.

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ACID OR BASE IN WATER SOLUTION

 If HCL is added to water it separated into H+ ion and Cl- ion in water.

 The H+ ion cannot exist alone, but they exist after combining with water molecule. Thus hydrogen ions
must always be shown as hydronium ion (H3O+).

HCl  H 2 O 
 H 3O   Cl
Acid give H 3 O  or H  aq  ion in water



 Bases generate hydroxide (OH-) ions in water .

H 2O
KOH   K   OH 
 Water soluble bases are called alkalis.

All acids generate H  aq  and all bases generate (OH ) aq  in water

 


 The process of dissolving and acid or a base in water is a exothermic reaction.

 Mixing an acid or base with water results in decreases the concentration of ions (H 3O  / OH  ) per
unit volume. Such process is called dilution and the acid or the base is said to be diluted.

HOW STRONG ARE ACID OR BASE SOLUTION

 A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution called PH scale.

 Higher the hydronium ion concentration, lower is the pH value .

 pH of a neutral solution is 7.

 pH value less than 7 indicate acidic solution.

 pH value grater than 7 indicate basic solution.

IMPORTANCE OF pH IN EVERYDAY LIFE

 Our body works within the pH range 7.0 to 7.8.

 pH of rain water is less than 5.6 is called acid rain

 Our stomach produce HCl, it helps to digestion. The over production of HCl in stomach cause pain
and irritation. To get rid of this pain people use base called antacids.

 Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5

 The sting of Bees and ants leaves an acid which cause pain and irritation.

SALT

A salt is a compound formed by the neutralisation of an acid with base. H+ ion from acid and OH- ion
from base combine to form water. The anion from acid and the cation from base combine to form
salt.

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SOME IMPORTANT SALTS

1. COMMON SALT OR SODIUM CHORIDE (NACL)
 Sea water is the major source of NaCl
 NaCl is essential for the biological functions such as muscle contraction, conduction of nervous
impulses etc.
 Uses of NaCl
1. It is the raw material for the preparation of NaOH, HCl, washing soda, baking soda etc.
2. In winter , salt is spread on icy roads to melt ice
3. It is a fertilizer for sugar beet.
2. SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NaOH)
It is prepared by electrolysing a concentrated solution of sodium choride in castner-Kellner cell.
USES
1. It is used in soaps, detergents
2. It is used in refining of petroleum
3. It is used as a laboratory reagent
4. It is used in dye industry
3. WASHING SODA (Na2 CO3 10H2O)
 It is prepared by solvay ammonia- soda process.
USES
1. It is used as a domestic cleaving agent
2. It is used in softening of hard water
3. It is used in the manufacture of glass
4. It is used in Photography
4. BAKING SODA (NaHCO3)
It is an intermediate product in the preparation of sodium carbonate by solvay process.
USES
1. It is used in the manufacture of baking powder
2. It is used in the textile & paper industries
3. It is used in a particular type of fire extinguisher
5. BLEACHING POWDER
It is prepared by passing chlorine over slaked lime at 313K.
USES
1. It is used as a bleaching agent in paper and textile industries
2. It is used for disinfecting water
3. It is used to prepare chloroform.

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QUESTIONS
1. Name the acid present in the following
1) Tomato
2) Vinegar
2. Explain how antacid works
3. Define olfactory indicators
4. Choose strong acid from the following
CH3COOH, H2SO4, H2CO3, HNO3
5. What is the chemical name and formula of the white coloured powder is used by factors for supporting
fractured bones.
6. Explain the action of dil HCl on magnesium ribbon
7. Explain why the tap water conduct electricity
8. What is the reason for dilution of acid, acid is added into water and not water into acid
9. Why during summer season a milk man usually added a very small amount of baking soda to fresh
milk.
10. What is the reason for the dry hydrogen chloride gas does not turn blue litmus red whereas dilute
hydrochloric acid does
11. Natural source of citric acid & lactic acid
12. A student detected the pH of four unknown solution A,B,C and D as follows 11, 5, 7 and 2 predict the
nature of the solution
13. What are the constituents present in baking powder
14. Why cake or bread swells on adding baking powder
15. How will you test for the gas which is liberated when HCl reacts with an active metal ?
16. How is tooth decay related to pH ? How can it be prevented
17. Why does bee sting cause pain and irritation
18. What are the product formed when CaCO3 is treated with HCl

19. Identify the acid and base whose combination forms the common salt that you use in your food

20. What is rock salt ? Mention its colour

21. What happens when electricity is passed through brine ?

22. Explain why is hydrochloric acid a strong acid and acetic acid a weak acid

23. Explain why aqueous solution of an acid conduct electricity

24. State the change in colour of pH paper on dipping in solution having pH = 12

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25. Identify the compound of calcium which is yellowish white powder and is used for disinfecting drinking
water
26. Mention the pH range within which our body works
27. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How does the pH will change as it turns to curd ? Explain
28. Explain the following
1) When an acid reacts with metal carbonate
2) When an acid react with metal oxide
29. A student dropped few pieces at marble in dil HCl contained in a test tube. The evolved gas was
passed through lime water, what change would be observed in lime water
30. Name the compound which is obtained from baking soda and is used to remove permanent hardness
of water.

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