Department of Electrical Engineering, MSIT

MEGHNAD SAHA
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Uchhepota, Nazirabad, Kolkata 700150.

Department of Electrical Engineering

ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)

Revised on: ___/___/20_

______________________
(Lab-in-Charge)

INSTITUTION VISION

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Department of Electrical Engineering, MSIT

To emerge as a globally competent academic institute, excelling in research and

innovation by inculcating knowledge of science, engineering, technology and management,
striving for the growth of socially responsible individuals.
INSTITUTION MISSION
 To inculcate a sense of innovation, design and entrepreneurship amongst the students
through outcome based learning.
 To encourage and facilitate faculty, researchers and students to work synergistically
across the boundaries of various disciplines.
 To be the center of excellence by developing resources and infrastructure beyond
statutory requirements and becoming the preferred destination for learners.
 To promote research and development, technical consultancy and symbiotic partnership
between industry and the Institute.
 To inculcate high regard for ethical principles and human values and to pursue
knowledge as a process of lifelong learning.

VISION OF DEPARTMENT
To become a department of global standard producing high quality graduates in electrical
engineering for the betterment of society through pedagogical excellence, research and industry
interaction.
MISSION OF DEPARTMENT
 To provide learner centric teaching through appropriate pedagogy and proper training on
new edge technologies.
 To encourage and facilitate students, researchers and faculty members to work
synergistically across all disciplinary boundaries for research, development and
innovation.
 To develop the department into a knowledge center of international repute by upgrading
resources and infrastructure beyond statutory requirement.
 To promote entrepreneurship and technical consultancy by developing industry academia
liaisons in the department.
 To provide an environment in the department which promotes high regard for ethical
principles and human values in pursuit of knowledge as a process of lifelong learning.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

The graduates of Electrical Engineering will:

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 Graduates shall have good understanding of the electrical engineering fundamentals for
identifying and analyzing real life engineering problems in power sector and
manufacturing industries.
 Graduates shall provide innovative and state-of-the-art approaches for successful career
growth in power sector, automation industries and blossom into entrepreneurs, scientists
and technocrats.
 Graduates shall have the expertise in modern IT tools like data science, AI, IOT, machine
learning, image processing for measurable and impactful contributions that strongly
support the organization’s high-level goals.

 Graduates shall have ethical responsibility and create positive organisational impact
through individual contribution and teamwork with a commitment to work with others of
diverse culture and interdisciplinary backgrounds.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PSO1: Apply the principles of science & engineering to cater the need of power sector and
manufacturing industries which include operation, testing and maintenance of bulk power
electrical systems by maintaining integrity.

PSO2: Develop competency in using modern software tools to meet the requirement of
industry for achievement of organizational goal by obeying ethical principles.

PSO3: Develop expertise and acumen in core areas for research & innovation in power sector
and automation to benefit human welfare

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)
By studying this course, the students acquire the knowledge,

 on the basic control strategies of AC and DC motor drive specially for starting, braking
and speed control using power electronics devices
 on the industrial automation technics using PLC
 on the software implementation of the drives technologies.

COURSE OUTCOME

ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)

Bloom’s
The students will be able to: Taxonomical
Level

Model AC/DC
3 drive forElectric
speed control
Drivesoperation
Laboratoryusing voltage regulator,
(PC-EE791)
PC-EE791.1 BT3
chopper or phase-controlled rectifier against variation of load.
Department of Electrical Engineering, MSIT

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY(PC-EE791)
Contacts: 3P Credits: 2

No. Experiment COs

1 Study of thysistor controlled DC Drive. PC-EE791.1
2 Study of Chopper fed DC Drive PC-EE791.1
3 Study of AC Single phase motor-speed control using TRIAC. PC-EE791.1
4 PWM Inverter fed 3-phase Induction Motor control using PSPICE / PC-EE791.1
MATLAB / PSIM Software. PC-EE791.2
5 VSI / CSI fed Induction motor Drive analysis using PC-EE791.1
MATLAB/PSPICE/PSIM Software. PC-EE791.3
6 Study of V/f control operation of 3induction motor drive. PC-EE791.1
7 Study of permanent magnet synchronous motor drive fed by PWM PC-EE791.1
Inverter using Software. PC-EE791.2
8 Regenerative / Dynamic braking operation for DC Motor - Study using PC- EE791.4
software.
9 Regenerative / Dynamic braking operation of AC motor - study using PC- EE791.4
software.
10 PC/PLC based AC/DC motor control operation. PC-EE791.5

Do’s:
1. Come to the lab in time. Delay by more than 10 minutes shall debar a student from attending the
class.
2. Submit reports, complete in all respect, on the experiment performed in the previous class, if any.
3. Carry a scientific calculator, blank A4 sheets, and tracing paper/graph sheets.
4. Come prepared with theory of the experiment to be performed in the class.
5. Follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment from the laboratory-in-charge.
6. Get the programs verified by faculties after completion of the experiment.
7. Ensure that all switches are turned “OFF” and all the connections are removed before leaving
laboratory.

Don’ts:

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1. Do not enter the laboratory with golden rings, bracelets, bangles and loose garments.
2. Don’t move around in the laboratory unnecessarily.
3. Don’t forget to get the program checked by the lab instructor before you start the experiment.
4. Don’t leave the laboratory without the permission of the faculties.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Fundamentals of Electrical Drives by G.K. Dubey, 2e, Narosa Publishing House

2. A first course on Electric Drives by S. K. Pillai, 3e, New Age International Publishers

3. Electric Drives by M. Chilikin, MIR Publication

4. Power Electronics, Circuits , Devises and Applications by Md. H. Rashid, 3e, Pearson

5. Power Electronics by Dr. P .S. Bimbhra, Khanna Publishers

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RUBRICS FOR LAB PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT

Students will be assessed on their participation as well as performance in laboratory according to each week. The points will be evaluated and combined with
their assessments / report submission.

Quality/ Score Criteria Excellent Good Average Poor Weightage

Lab Performance Student demonstrates precise Student arrives to lab on Students’ unpreparedness Students are absent 40%
(Following Procedure + understanding of the lab objectives time, but is underprepared. makes it impossible to fully from lab or does not
Lab Techniques + and concepts. The student can Answers to questions are participate. Student has participate at all if
Subject Knowledge + correctly answer questions and can basic and superficial difficulty explaining key lab present.
Contribution) also explain concepts to fellow suggesting that concepts are concepts. Student cannot explain
classmates. Student is eager to not fully grasped. key concepts when
participate and assists when asked by the teacher.
necessary.
Lab Report Students demonstrate precise Student has a basic Student appears to have not Student frequently 20%
understanding of the lab objectives knowledge of content, but fully grasped the lab content submits lab report late
and concepts. Questions are lacks some specific and thus report is not well and/or the report is
answered completely and correctly. understanding of concepts. documented. Sometimes incomplete, with
Graphs are scientific and include Questions are answered fairly submits report late and the missing data and is
complete titles with correct scales well and /or graphs are not graph(s) possess multiple unacceptable.
and units. well documented. errors.
Interaction Thorough participation with. Good participation; appears Shows minimal interest in No participations at all; 20%
Answers well, interested to know interested; somewhat participation, cannot answer Lacks time
key concepts, conscious of time. conscious of time. properly management skill.
Safety Proper safety precautions are Proper safety precautions are Proper safety precautions are Misses proper safety 10%
consistently followed. generally followed by the often missed and needs precautions even after
student, warned rarely. reminding often. reminded of repeatedly.
Cleaning / Rearranging Placed all the components in their Suitable clean up procedures Requires group members help Does not use clean up 10%
after experiment proper place after experiment. generally followed. May to complete clean up. Gets procedures; does not
Keeps experiment station clean. need reminding occasionally. warned for not following submit auxiliary
Reminds others of their proper cleanup procedures. equipments on time.
responsibility.
Note: This document is a general guide line for a Particular Laboratory course. It will be kept with the Laboratory manual. Teacher will complete the
Annexure*(on next page) after evaluation of each and every laboratory report and to be kept with student Laboratory file.
*to be attached with each report on experiment.

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MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Nazirabad, Utchepota, Kolkata – 700150.

Department : ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Laboratory Name:

Student’s Name: Subject Code:

Roll No:

Experiment No: Serial No:

Title of the Experiment:

Objective of the Experiment:

Date of Experiment: Date of Submission:

Evaluation Excellent Good Average Poor Marks

Participation

Lab Performance (16)

Lab Report (8)

Interaction (8)

Safety (4)

Cleaning / Rearranging
(4)

TOTAL MARKS OBTAINED:

FULL MARKS: 40

Remarks (if any):

Teacher(s) signature:

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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Department of Electrical Engineering, MSIT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)
Experiment No: 1(a)
Title: Study of a single-phase full wave rectifier fed separately excited dc motor.
CO: PC EE791.1: Model AC/DC drive for speed control operation using voltage regulator, chopper or phase
controlled rectifier against variation of load. [BT3].

Objective: To observe the nature of armature voltage, armature current, electromagnetic torque, speed and
torque vs. speed characteristics of a 1  full wave rectifier fed separately excited dc motor for different values
of firing angle of the full wave rectifier.

Theory: When field control is required, field is fed from a controlled rectifier, otherwise from an
uncontrolled rectifier. The ac input voltage is defined by Vs=Vm sin(ωt).

In a cycle of source voltage, thyristor T1 and T3 are given gate signals for (π + α) to 2π. Where armature
current flows continuously, the conduction is said to be continuous. The drive under consideration,
predominantly operates in discontinuous condition. Discontinuous conduction has several modes of operation.
The approximate, but a simple method of analysis is obtained when only the dominant mode of discontinuous
conduction is taken in to account. The motor terminal voltage and current wave form for the dominant
discontinuous conduction and continuous conduction modes are shown in fig.

In discontinuous conduction mode, current start flowing with the turn on thyristor T1 and T3 at t ωt=α. Motor
gets connected to the source and its terminal voltage equals vs. The current which flows against both, E and the
source voltage after t= ωπ, falls to 0 at β. Due to the absence of current, T1 and T3 turn off. Motor terminal
voltage is now equal to its induced voltage E, when thyristors T2 and T4 are fired at (π+α), next cycle of the
motor terminal Va starts.

In continuous conduction mode, a positive current flows through the motor and T2 and T4 are in conduction
just before α. Application of gate pulse turns on forward biased thyristors T1 and T3 at α. Conduction of T1 and
T3 reverse biases T2 and T4 and turns them off. A cycle of Va is completed when T2 and T4 are turned on at
(π+α) causing turn off of T1 and T3.

Since armature current is not perfect dc, the motor torque fluctuates. Since torque fluctuates at a frequency of
100 Hz, motor inertia is able to filter ant the fluctuation, giving nearly a constant speed and ripple less E.

Circuit Diagram in PSIM:

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Observation table:
1  fully controlled rectifier fed separately excited dc motor –

For load torque-1Nm

Firing angle Armature Armature Speed Motor–torque Load torque

current (A) voltage (V) (rpm) (N-m) (N-m)

For load torque-2Nm

Firing angle Armature Armature Speed Motor–torque Load torque

current (A) voltage (V) (rpm) (N-m) (N-m)

For load torque -3Nm

Firing angle Armature Armature Speed Motor–torque Load torque

current (A) voltage (V) (rpm) (N-m) (N-m)

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Derived table for plotting the graph for different firing angles: -

For angle-30° For angle -60°

Speed(rpm) Motor- Load(N) Speed(rpm) Motor- Load(N)

torque(N-m) torque(Nm)

For firing angle-150°

Speed(rpm) Motor- Load(N)

torque(N-m)

Output:

Fig. 1: Output voltage from converter, armature current and motor speed.

Conclusion: Through graphical analysis, it is observed that as the load increases, the torque increases and
speed decreases simultaneously. All these take place due to a fixed firing angle.

As, speed ∞1/torque (for a separately excited dc motor) hence the graph is a curve line.

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So by increasing the firing angle, less output is obtained.

The curve is up to the end of discontinuous conduction mode. In the continuous conduction mode, the curve
has become more or less linear.

Discussion:
1. How can you set the firing angle to a desired value?

2. What is the purpose of freewheeling diode in the circuit?

3. What are the applications of this drive system?

Experiment No: 1(b)

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Title: Study of a single-phase semi controlled converter fed separately excited dc motor.
CO: PC EE791.1: Model AC/DC drive for speed control operation using voltage regulator, chopper or phase
controlled rectifier against variation of load.[BT3]

Objective: To observe nature of armature voltage, armature current, electromagnetic torque, speed and
torque vs. speed characteristics of a 1-  semi controlled rectifier fed separately excited dc motor for different
values of firing angles of semi controlled rectifier.

Theory: The drive is shown in fig(a). In of a cycle of source voltage defined by Vs=Vm sin(ωt). T1 receives
gate pulse from α to π from (π+α) to 2π. Motor terminal voltage and current waveforms for the dominant
discontinuous and continuous conduction mode are shown.

In discontinuous conduction mode when T1 is fixed at α, motor get connected to the source through T1 and
D1 and Va=Vs. The armature current flows and D2 gets forward biased at π. Consequently, armature current
free wheels through the path formed by diodes, and the motor terminal voltage are zero. Conduction of one
diode reverse biases the opposite SCR and turns it off. Armature current drops to 0 at β and stays zero until T2
is fired (π+α). Similarly, the continuous conduction mode can be explained.

Circuit diagram in PSIM:

Observation Table:
1-  semi controlled rectifier-

Load-1 N-m

Firing angle Motor Speed(rpm) Armature Armature Load torque(N-

Torque(N-m) current(A) voltage(V) m)

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Load-2 N-m

Firing angle Motor Speed(rpm) Armature Armature Load torque(N-

Torque(N-m) current(A) voltage(V) m)

Load-3N-m

Firing angle Motor Speed(rpm) Armature Armature Load torque(N-

Torque(N-m) current(A) voltage(V) m)

Output:

Fig.1a: Output voltage from converter, load current and motor speed.

Discussion:

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1. What is the difference between asymmetrical and symmetrical semi converter as regards the
circuit operation?
2. What is the limit of discontinuous conduction?

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)
Experiment No: 2
Title: Study of a chopper fed separately excited dc motor drive.

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CO: PC EE791.1: Model AC/DC drive for speed control operation using voltage regulator, chopper or phase
controlled rectifier against variation of load. [BT3]

Objective: To perform steady state analysis of speed and torque of a chopper fed separately excited dc drive
for different values of duty cycle and load torque and comment on value of duty cycle for continuous mode of
conduction.

Theory: The chopper controls the fixed dc voltage to variable dc voltage, self-commutated devices like
MOSFET, IGBT, power transistors, GTO and IGCT are used for making choppers because they can be
commutated by low power control signal and do not commutation circuit.

The chopper is operated at high frequency due to which it upgrades the motor performance by decreasing the
ripple and removing the discontinuous conduction. The most important feather of chopper control is that the
regenerative braking is carried out at very low generating speed when the drive is fed from a fixed voltage to
low dc voltage.

Motoring control: - The transistor chopper controlled separately excited dc motor is shown in fig. below. But in
the experiment, we have used IGBT. Both devices work more or less some in this case. The transistor Tr is
operated periodically with period Tr and remains open for duration Ton. The waveform of motor terminal
voltage and armature current are also shown in the figure bellow. During on the motor terminal voltage is V and
operation of motor is described as: -

di a  t  ton
La
Ra Ia + dt +E=V; 0

In this interval, the armature current raises from ia1 to ia2.This interval is called duty interval because the motor
is directly connected to the source. At t=Ton, Tr is turned off. Motor current free wheels through diode Df and
motor terminal voltage is zero during interval ton  t  T .Motor operation during this interval is known as
freewheeling interval and is described by

di a t T
La
Ra Ia + dt +E=0; ton

Motor current decreases from ia2 to ia1.During this interval it happens. The ratio of duty interval ton to chopper
period T is called duty cycle.

δ = duty interval/T = ton/T

ton

 Vdt 
From figure (b):-Va = 1/T 0 δV

Now we know, V = E +Ia Ra [during steady state operation]

T = k Ia [flux is constant]

So, Ia = δv-E/Ra

And from T = kIa and E = kwn and the previous equation:

ωm = δv/k-Ra/kT

Circuit diagram in PSIM:

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Observation Table
Load-1N

Duty cycle Average electromagnetic torque Average speed

(N-m)T (rpm)(N)

Load-2N

Duty cycle Average electromagnetic Average speed(rpm)(N)

torque(N-m)T

Load-3N

Duty cycle Average electromagnetic Average speed(rpm)(N)

torque(N-m)T

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Fig. 2a: Filtered currents and speed

Fig. 2b: Variation of voltage and current with time

Conclusion: From the graph of speed vs. torque we have observed that speed decreases when torque
increases for a particular duty cycle. It’s also observed that δ increases, the speed torque curve of duty cycle
30% is placed just below the speed torque curve of duty cycle 40%. Moreover, the speed torque curves are also
straight lines.

Discussion:
1. What are the applications of chopper circuit?
2. Could it be used for braking operation of DC machine? What are the required modifications?

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MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)
Experiment No: 3
Title: - Study of AC Single phase motor-speed control using TRIAC
CO: PC EE791.1: Model AC/DC drive for speed control operation using voltage regulator, chopper or phase
controlled rectifier against variation of load. [BT3]

Objective: To perform steady state analysis of speed and torque of a single phase AC motor drive for
different values of firing angle and load torque and hence to plot the speed, torque, current etc.

Theory:

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Circuit Diagram:

Observation Table:
For load torque- 1 N-m
Firing angle Armature Armature Speed Motor–torque Load torque
current (A) voltage (V) (rpm) (N-m) (N-m)

For load torque- 2 N-m

Firing angle Armature Armature Speed Motor–torque Load torque
current (A) voltage (V) (rpm) (N-m) (N-m)

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For load torque- 3 N-m

Firing angle Armature Armature Speed Motor–torque Load torque
current (A) voltage (V) (rpm) (N-m) (N-m)

Derived table for plotting the graph for different firing angles: -

For angle-30° For angle -60°

Speed(rpm) Motor- Load(N) Speed(rpm) Motor- Load(N)

torque(N-m) torque(Nm)

For angle-90° For angle -120°

Speed(rpm) Motor- Load(N) Speed(rpm) Motor- Load(N)

torque(N-m) torque(Nm)

For angle-150°

Speed(rpm) Motor- Load(N)

torque(N-m)

MODEL OUTPUTS:

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Discussion:

1. What are the applications of AC voltage controller?

2. Define the control strategies for regulation of output voltage in AC voltage controller?

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MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)
Experiment No: 4
Title: - PWM Inverter fed 3-phase Induction Motor control using PSPICE / MATLAB / PSIM Software.
CO: PC EE791.1: Model AC/DC drive for speed control operation using voltage regulator, chopper or phase
controlled rectifier against variation of load. [BT3]

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PC EE791.2: Select appropriate value of Modulation Index for speed control operation of PWM inverter fed AC
motor.[BT3]

Objective: - To observe change in speed by using PWM technique in a VSI fed induction motor drive
system.

Theory: - Variable frequency and variable supply for induction motor control can be obtained either from a
voltage source inverter (VSI) or a cycloconverter.

Voltage source inverter allows a variable frequency supply to be obtained from a dc supply. Figure shows a
VSI employing transistors. Any other self-commutating device can be used instead of transistors. Generally,
MOSFET is used in low voltage and low power inverters IGBT and power transistors are used up to medium
power level and GTO and IGCT are used for high power levels.

VSI can be operated as a stepped wave inverter or a (PWM) inverter. When operated as a steeped wave
inverter, transistors are switched in the sequence of their numbers with a time difference of T/6, and each
transistor is kept on for the duration T/2, where T is the time period for one cycle. Resultant line voltage
waveform is shown in figure 2. Frequency of the inverter option is varied by varying T and the output voltage
of the inverter is varied by varying dc input voltage. When supply is dc, variable dc input voltage is obtained by
connected to it a controlled rectifier between ac supply and inverter. When supply is dc, variable dc input
voltage is obtained by connecting a chopper between Dc supply and inverter. A large electrolytic filter capacitor
C is connected Dc link to make inverter operation independent of rectifier or chopper and to filter out
harmonics in dc link voltage.

The main drawback of stepped wave inverter is the large harmonics of low frequency in the large
harmonics of low frequency in the output voltage. Consequently, an induction motor drive fed from a stepped
wave inverter suffers from the following drawbacks: -

A) Because of low frequency harmonics, the motor losses are increased at all speeds causing derating of the
motor.
B) Motor develops pulsating torques due to fifth, seventh, eleventh and thirteenth harmonics which cause jerky
motion of the rotor at low speeds.
C) Harmonic content in motor current increases at low speeds. The machine saturates at light loads at low
speeds due to high ratio. These two effects overheat the machine at low speeds, thus limiting lowest speed
to around 40% of base speed.

The fundamental component in the output phase voltage of a PWM inverter operating with sinusoidal PWM is
given by-V=m Vd/2 2 m = modulation index

The harmonics in the motor current produce torque pulsation the motor. For given harmonic content in motor
terminal voltage, the current harmonics are reduced then the motor has higher leakage inductance, this reduces
torque pulsations. Therefore, when fed from VSI, induction motors with large leakage inductance are used.

Circuit diagram in PSIM:

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Observation table: -
For frequency=1000Hz

Duty cycle Speed(rpm)

Model Graphs:

Conclusion:- From the experiment, it is observed that for a PWM inverter (VSI) fed 3  induction motor
drive ,when duty cycle is varied keeping the frequency (carrier wave ) constant , speed of the remains more or
less some .on the over hand ,when carrier waves frequency and speed of the motor re directly proportional.

Discussion:
1. What are the advantages of PWM inverter compared to a square wave inverter?

2. What are the applications of VSI fed IM drives?

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MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)
Experiment no: 5
Title: - VSI / CSI fed Induction motor Drive analysis using MATLAB/PSPICE/PSIM Software.
CO: PC EE791.1: Model AC/DC drive for speed control operation using voltage regulator, chopper or phase
controlled rectifier against variation of load. [BT3]

PC EE791.3: Apply the concept of complimentary commutation in PWM inverter fed AC drive [BT6]

Objective: -To observe speed and current response of an induction motor drive when excite by a CSI.

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Theory: -An equivalent circuit for motor fed from a current source is obtained when voltage source V is
replaced by a current source is. Motor speed torque curve, which corresponds to the operation at rated constant
flux are shown in fig. a. From a given Is, operation of motor above natural characteristics takes place for a flux
higher than rated and bellow it at lower than rated. Since rated flux operation is performed due to reasons
explained in case VSI, the natural characteristic is locus of preferred operation points. From the previous
equation, one can obtain a relationship between Is and rotor frequency (sf) for rated Im.

When operating at a constant flux, the operating points are located mostly on the part of speed torque curve,
which gives unstable operation with most loads. Hence, closed loop control is mandatory. since motor is
constraint to operate at constant flux, its steady state behavior is identical speed, the motor draws a constant
current can develop a constant torque at all frequency. This behavior is explained specifically for a motor fed
from VFCS. The motor therefore operates in constant torque mode from zero to base speed. At base speed
either rated machine voltage is reached or VFCS voltage saturated. In either case machine operates at a constant
terminal voltage above base speed, providing constant power mode. Variable frequency current supply is
provided by a CSI.

For a given speed, torque is controlled by varying dc linked current Id by changing the value of Vd. Therefore,
when supply is AC, a controlled rectifier is connected between the supply and inverter. When supply is DC, a
chopper is interposed between the supply and inverter. The maximum value of Dc output voltage fully
controlled rectifier and chopper are chosen so that the motor terminal voltage saturates at rated value.

The major advantage of CSI is its reliability. In case of VSI, a commutation failure will cause two devices in the
same leg to conduct. This connects conducting devices directly across the source. Consequently, current
through devices suddenly rises to dangerous values. Expensive high speed semiconductor fuses are required to
the protect the devices. in case of CSI, conduction of two devices in the same leg does not lead to sudden rise of
current through them due to the presence of a large inductance Ld. This allows time for commutation to take
place and normal operation to get restored in subsequent cycles. Further, less expensive HRC fuses are good
enough for protection of thyristors.

From fig (d), it is observed that the rise and fall of motor current are very fast. Such a fast rise and fall of
current through the leakage inductance of the motor produces large voltage spikes. Therefore, motor with low
leakage inductance is used. Even then voltage spikes have large value. The commutation capacitors C1 – C6
reduce the voltage spikes by reducing the rate of rise and fall of current. Large value of capacitors is required to
sufficiently reduce the voltage spikes. Large commutation capacitors have the advantages that cheap converter
grade thyristors can be used but then they reduce the frequency range of inverter, and so speed range of the
drive. Future due to large values of inductor Ld and capacitors the CSI drive is expensive and has move weight
and volume.

ia

wt

Fig: Characteristics of ia vs wt for CSI fed IM drive.

Circuit diagram in PSIM:

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Observation: -
No of observation Source current(amp) Speed(rpm)

Conclusion: - It is observed in the experiment that as the source current is increased, speed is increased. In
the experiment, a dc current source is used. Instead of it, a dc voltage source having a large inductance in series
will also serve the purpose. The thyristor are commutated by complementary commutation at the phase interval
of 60. Here in case of CSI fed induction motor drive, conduction of two SCRs in the same does not led to
sudden rise of current as inductance of the circuit is much higher than that of VSI.

Discussion: -
1. What are the differences between a VSI and CSI?

2. What are the applications of CSI fed drives?

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MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)

Experiment No: 7
Title: - Study of permanent magnet synchronous motor drive fed by PWM Inverter using Software.
CO: PC EE791.1 : Model AC/DC drive for speed control operation using voltage regulator, chopper or phase
controlled rectifier against variation of load. [BT3]

PC EE791.2: Select appropriate value of Modulation Index for speed control operation of PWM inverter fed AC motor
[BT3] .

Objective: - To observe charge in speed by using PWM in inverter fed PMSM drive system.
Theory: - Voltage source inverters allow a variable frequency to be obtained from a DC supply. Any other
self-commutated device can be used instead of a transistor. Generally, MOSFET is used in low voltage and low
power inverters; IGBT and power transistors are used up to medium power level and GTO, IGCT are used for
high power levels.

Three combinations are possible to provide a variable frequency supply to synchronous motor fed from VSI.

1) Square wave inverter

2) PWM inverter

3) Chopper with square wave inverter

Now in case of PWM inverter technique, diode rectifier is used on the line side. It does not have difficulties in
commutation at low speeds. It has wide range of speed applications. PWM inverter has better dynamic response
too. When supply is Ac, variable Dc input voltage is obtained by connecting a controlled rectifier between Ac

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supply and inverter. A large electrolytic filter capacitor C is connected in DC link to make inverter operation
independent of rectifier or chopper or to filter out harmonics in dc link voltage.

Inverter output line and phase voltages are given by the following Fourier series -

VAB ]

VAN +

The RMS value of fundamental phase voltage-V= 2 /(π Vd)

The torque for a given speed can be calculated by considering only fundamental component.. Harmonics are
reduced and low frequency harmonics are eliminated. The fundamental component in the output phase voltage
of a PWM inverter operating with sinusoidal PWM is given by; V= (mVd)/(2 2 )

Where, m = modulation index

Circuit diagram in PSIM:

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Conclusion: - It is observed that when duty cycle of firing pulses are varied, i.e. pulse width are modulated,
speed of the PMSM drive charges. This happens because with modulation in pulse width, rms output of IGBT
fed inverter charges. In this case, as the synchronous motor is VSI fed, so speed control can be achieved by
varying width of firing pulses. To be noted that, pulse width can be modulated by charging frequency or duty
cycle of carrier waveforms.

Discussion:
1. What are the differences between a PMSM and IM as regards the construction?

2. What are the application of PWM fed PMSM drive?

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Department of Electrical Engineering, MSIT

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)
Experiment No: 8

Title:- Regenerative / Dynamic braking operation for DC Motor - Study using software

CO: PC EE791.4: Examine the braking operation of AC and DC motor using simulation [BT4]

Objective: - To observe the implementation of dynamic braking in a separately excited dc motor drive
system and the resulting fall in motor speed.

Theory: - Electric braking is usually employed in applications to stop a unit driven by motor in an exact
position or to have the speed of the driven unit suitable controlled during its declaration. It is used in
applications where frequent, quick, accurate or emergency stops are required electrical braking allows smooth
stops without any inconvenience to passengers.

Dynamic Braking: - Dynamic braking is a type of electrical braking. In this case, a braking resistor Rb is
connected across the armature as soon as the dc motor has been disconnected from the supply mains. The motor
will now work as generator producing the braking torque, for the braking operation in dynamic braking, the
motor is connected in two ways.

Firstly, the separately excited motor can be connected as a separately excited generator, where the flux is kept
constant. The second way is that it can be connected to self-excited shunt generator, with the field winding in
parallel with the armature. This method is also known as rheostatic braking circuit and its waveforms are shown
in figure bellow-

In the actual experiment an IGBT was used as a switching device. It worked more or less similarly like a
transistor used here.

Regenerative Braking:-In regenerative braking, the power or energy of the driven machinery which is kinetic
form returned back to the power supply mains. The type of braking is possible when the driven load or
machinery focus the motor to run at a speed higher than no load speed with a constant excitation. Under this
condition, the back emf Eb of the motor is greater than the supply voltage V, which reverses the direction of
motor armature current. The machine now begins to operate as a generator and the generated energy is fed back
to the source. The braking can also be performed at very low speeds if the motor is connected as a separately
excited generator. The excitation of the motor is increased as the speed is increased as the speed is reduced so
that the two equations shown below are satisfied-

Eb = NФZP/A

V = Eb – Ia Ra

Chopper for regenerative braking operation is shown in figure below.

Circuit diagram in PSIM:

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Fig8: Dynamic Braking of Separately Excited DC Motor

Regenerative Braking
Observation table: -
External resistance= Rb

Dynamic Braking:

Rb=0.001Ω

Sl. No. Load Torque (N-m) Maximum Speed Time (sec)

(rpm) when Braking when speed
applied becomes zero
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Rb=0.01Ω

Sl. No. Load Torque (N-m) Maximum Speed Time (sec)

(rpm) when Braking when speed
applied becomes zero

Rb=0.1Ω

Sl. No. Load Torque (N-m) Maximum Speed Time (sec)

(rpm) when Braking when speed
applied becomes zero

Rb=1Ω

Sl. No. Load Torque (N-m) Maximum Speed Time (sec) Rb=10Ω
(rpm) when Braking when speed
applied becomes zero

Rb=1Ω

Sl. No. Load Torque (N-m) Maximum Speed Time (sec)

(rpm) when Braking when speed
applied becomes zero

Outputs:

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Discussion:
1. From the results obtained, comment on the effect of braking resistance on the dynamic braking
operation.

2. Justify the characteristics obtained.

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)
Experiment No: 9

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Department of Electrical Engineering, MSIT

Title: - Regenerative / Dynamic braking operation of AC motor - study using software.

CO: PC EE791.4: Examine the braking operation of AC and DC motor using simulation [BT 4]

Objective: -To observe how the speed varies in case of dynamic breaking for induction motor drive.
Theory:-Ac dynamic breaking is obtained when the motor is run on a 1-  supply by disconnecting 1- 
from the source or either leaving it open or connecting it with another machine phase. When connected to a 1-
 supply. The motor can be considered to be fed by positive and negative sequence three phase set of
voltage.Net torque produced by the machine is sum of torques due to positive and negative sequence voltage.
When motor has a high resistance, the net torque is negative and breaking operation is obtained. The motor
analysis for two and three load connection is done as follows-

Two load connection: - Assume that phase A of Y connected motor is open circuited. Then IA, it follows that
with an applied phase voltage V, the current would be IB/ 3 .Equivalent circuit may therefore be drawn as
shown in figure Below. Although the values of positive and negative sequence component of current are equal,
the corresponding torques are not. The nature of speed –torque curves for positive and negative sequence
current and net torque are shown in another fig below. By suitable choice of rotor resistance braking torque can
be obtained in the entire speed range. As the rotor resistance required is large. Ac dynamic braking can only be
used in wound rotor motors.

In This connection at high speeds (or at low values of slip) the impedance of positive sequence components part
become very high. As positive and negative sequence component of currents have to be equal, net braking
torque is small, and so braking is not effective.

Three load connection: -Hence two phase of Y-connected motor winding are connected in parallel in series with
the third phase. Let phases A and B be connected together, then, Vp =Vn(phase)=V/ 3

In contrast to two load connections, here magnitude of positive and negative sequence components of voltage
are equal and not the positive and negative sequence components of current. Positive and negative sequence
part of circuit are independent, and therefore there is no restriction imposed on negative sequence component of
current by positive sequence part of equivalent circuit. Thus higher braking torques are obtained at high speed.
The nature of speed –torque characteristics are same as two load connection.

Any in equality between the contact resistances in connection of two parallel phase reduce the braking torque
and can even load to motoring torque, as the connections tend more towards two load connection with
increasing resistance in one of the two phase, so two load connection is generally preferred in spite of its low
torque, main application of single phase ac braking is in crane hoist.

Circuit diagram in PSIM:

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Observation table:
External resistance= Rb

Rb =0.001Ω

Sl. No. Load Torque (N-m) Maximum Speed Time (sec)

(rpm) when Braking when speed
applied becomes zero

Rb =0.01Ω

Sl. No. Load Torque (N-m) Maximum Speed Time (sec)

(rpm) when Braking when speed
applied becomes zero

Rb =0.1Ω

Sl. No. Load Torque (N-m) Maximum Speed Time (sec)

(rpm) when Braking when speed
applied becomes zero

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Rb =1Ω

Sl. No. Load Torque (N-m) Maximum Speed Time (sec) Rb=10Ω
(rpm) when Braking when speed
applied becomes zero

Rb =1Ω

Sl. No. Load Torque (N-m) Maximum Speed Time (sec)

(rpm) when Braking when speed
applied becomes zero

Outputs:

Discussion:
1. From the results obtained, comment on the effect of braking resistance on the dynamic braking
operation.

2. Justify the characteristics obtained.

37 Electric Drives Laboratory (PC-EE791)

Department of Electrical Engineering, MSIT

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)
Experiment No: 10
Title: - PC/PLC based AC/DC motor control operation.
CO: PC EE791.5: Develop PLC based motor operation. [BT6]

Objective: To implement the logic of DOL starter using PLC

Theory: The simplest method of starting of electric motors is direct on line (DOL) start. In this method full
line voltage is applied to the motor terminals. Due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness this method is used

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widely for 1phase and 3 phase electrical motors. An electrical wiring diagram for single phase DOL starter is
shown below.

A DOL starter contains fuse and over load relay (OLR) for protection purpose. The starter can
have momentary contact or maintained contact push buttons. The example considered here is
momentary contact push buttons. For starting purpose normally open (NO) push button is preferred
whereas normally closed (NC) push button is used to stop the motor.

The excessive supply voltage drop causing high inrush current is the criteria to limit the use of DOL starter.
Conveyor motors, water pumps are the applications where DOL starters are used.

Sequence of Events:
(i) When Start push button (Start_PB) is pressed, Motor (M1) has to start.
(ii) If Start push button (Start_PB) is released and Stop push button (Stop_PB) is not pressed, Motor (M1)
should remain on.
(iii) When Stop push button (Stop_PB) is pressed, Motor (M1) has to stop.
(iv) If stop push button is released and start is not pressed (released) motor should remain off.

Circuit Diagram in Ladder Logic:

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Discussion:
1. Discuss all the sequences with respective ladder diagrams.

2. Develop ladder logic for 3-phase DOL starter.

MEGHNAD SAHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRIC DRIVES LABORATORY (PC-EE-791)

Experiment No: 11 (Extra Mural)

Title: - Simulate CSI fed permanent magnet synchronous motor drive.
CO: PC EE791.3: Apply the concept of complimentary commutation in PWM inverter fed AC drive [BT6]

Objective: - To observe speed and current response of PMSM drive when excited by a CSI.
Theory: - When a synchronous motor is fed from CSI, the motor current is quasi –square wave if the
commutation is instantaneous. Forced commutation is provided in the inverter circuit to extend the speed range
from zero to the base speed.

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The motor may be operated at UPF large inductance present in the dc link which makes the source current fed
to the inverter a constant and hence it’s a CSI.

Diodes D1-D6 and capacitances C1-C6 provide commutation of thyristors T1-T6, which are fired with a
phase difference of 60° in sequence of their numbers. It also shows the nature of output current waveform;
inverter behaves as a current source due to the presence of large inductance Ld in dc link. The fundamental

component of motor phase current Is= 6 / Id

For a given speed, torque is controlled by varying dc link current Id by changing the value of Vd. Therefore,
when supply is ac, controlled rectifier is connected between the supply and inverter and when is dc; a chopper is
interposed between the supply and inverter. The maximum value of dc output voltage of fully controlled
rectifier and chopper are chosen so that the motor terminal voltage saturates at rated value.

The major advantage of CSI is its reliability in case of VSI; a commutation failure will cause two devices in
the same leg to conduct. This connects conducting devices directly across the source. Consequently, current
through devices suddenly rises to dangerous values, expensive high speed semiconductor fuse is required to
protect the devices. In case of CSI, conduction of two devices in the same leg does not led to sudden rise of
current through them due to presence of large inductance Ld. This allows time for commutation to take place
and normal operation to get restored in subsequent cycles. Further, less expensive HRC fuse are good enough
for protection of thyristors.

Circuit diagram in PSIM:

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Observation Table: -
Sl. No. Source current(A) Speed(rpm)

Conclusion: - It is observed from the simulation result that if source current increased, speed will increase.
In the present study a dc current source is used to serves as the input to the inverter. Alternatively, in other way
a d voltage source with a large series inductance will do the same. The thyristor are commutated by
complementary commutation at the phase inverter of 60°.Here when T3 turn on, voltage across C1 reverse
biases T1 and turns it off. Similarly, when T5 turn on, voltage across C3 reverse biases T3 and turns it off.
Similarly, for other circuits this scenario will happen. Now in case of CSI fed PMSM drive conduction of two
SCRs in the same leg do not led to sudden rise of current as inductance of the circuit is much higher than that of
VSI.

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Reports:
1. Plot the speed and current response with time for a particular load.
2. Mention the applications where this technique is used?

3. Define zero voltage and zero current switching control of CSI.

******************END*************

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