ELECTRICAL MACHINE LABORATORY

DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER (4330901)

LAB MANUAL

Department of Electrical Engineering

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC VALSAD

Kosamba road

Valsad -396001

I
PREPARED BY

HARSHAL BABULAL SHARMA

LECTURER IN ELECTRICAL ENGG

GES - CLASS IIGOVERNMENT

POLYTECHNIC VALSAD

II
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms.

having Enrollment No

of Semester third of Diploma in Electrical Engineering has successfully completed the

Term work in the course of DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMER (4330901) during the

academic year _____.

Date:

Lecturer Head of Department

Government Polytechnic Government Polytechnic Valsad
Valsad

III
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC VALSAD
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VISION

“To emerge as a recognized leader in developing technically proficient diploma

engineers to serve nation ethically”

MISSION

To enrich intellectual potential of students with value-based technical knowledge in

pace with modern technology.

To cultivate learning skills and enable students to be dedicated professionals and

leaders in exploring new era through industrial interactions

To inculcate ethical and professional values among students for a vibrant environment
and society.

IV
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES

PO1 Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering
specialization to solve the engineering problems.

PO2 Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems using codified standard methods.

PO3 Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems
components or processes to meet specified needs.

PO4 Apply modern engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and
measurements.

Apply appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical

PO5 practices.

Use engineering management principles individually, as a team member or a leader to manage

PO6 projects and effectively communicate about well-defined engineering activities.

PO7 Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the context of technological changes.

PROGRAM EDUCATION OBJECTIVES

PEO1 Develops strong academic foundation for successful professional career in the diversified sectors of industry,
government organizations, public sectors and multinational corporations and pursue higher education in
electrical engineering and allied fields.

PEO2 Acquires skill to excel in solving technical issues by deploying modern tools, ethically and responsibly, in
benefit of society and environment.

Foster a confident and competent professional attitude as individuals and as team members in
PEO3
multidisciplinary projects through leadership capability in diverse fields.

PEO4 Possess positive attitude towards lifelong learning, career enhancement and adopt new technologies
required for established and startup companies

PROGRAM SPECIFIEC OUTCOMES

PSO1 Maintain various types of electrical equipment and drives

PSO2 Maintain the operation of power system

PSO3 Undertake the electrification of commercial and multi storied buildings

V
 DC MACINES AND SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER (3330902)

RATIONALE

This course deals with single phase transformer and DC Machines which are widely used in power systems,
industries and commercial applications. This course will enable the students to develop skills to select, install,
operate, and maintain various types of DC machines and transformers. Practical aspects of the course will
make the students capable of performing various tests on these machines. It is therefore very important for
every electrical engineer to learn this course if he/she wants to excel in his/her professional life.

LIST OF COMPETENCY
The course content should be taught and with the aim to develop different types of skills so that students are
able to acquire following competency:

 Maintain various types of DC machines and single phase transformers safely.

COURSE OUTCOMES

The theory should be taught and practical should be undertaken in such a manner that students are able to
acquire different learning outcomes in cognitive, psycho motor and affective domains to demonstrate the
following course outcomes:

4330901.1 Distinguish types of DC generators.

4330901.2 Distinguish types of DC motors.

4330901.3 Interpret construction and operational features of different types of single phase
transformers.
4330901.4 Undertake performance test of single phase transformer

VI
 INDEX
NAME: EN.NO:

CLASS/BATCH:

Documentation/Presentation

Performance of Experiment
Coordination,Help Others
Regularity,Discipline,

Results & Conclusion

Team work,Initiative

Term Work,Records
Punctuality,Ethics

Diagrams/Graphs

Understanding of
Page

Total
Sr.no Date Experiment/Practical CO Signature
no.

5 5 5 5 5 25
a) To study different parts of DC
Machine
1 4330901.1
b) To measure the armature and
shunt field resistance of dc machine
a) To study different parts of the
single phase transformer
2 4330901.3
b) To measure the transformation
ratio of the single phase transformer
To determine the magnetization
3 characteristics of DC shunt 4330901.1
generator

To maintain the terminal voltage of

4 dc generator at different load 4330901.1
condition

To conduct load test on DC shunt

5 generator and to draw its external 4330901.1
and internal characteristics

To conduct load test on DC series

6 generator and to draw its external 4330901.1
and internal characteristics

To connect two point , three point

7 4330901.2
and 4 point starter of DC motor

To vary the speed of the DC Motor

8 4330901.2
by field control and armature control

To reverse the direction of DC

9 4330901.2
Shunt motor

VII
 INDEX
NAME: EN.NO:

CLASS/BATCH:

Documentation/Presentation

Performance of Experiment
Coordination,Help Others
Regularity,Discipline,

Results & Conclusion

Team work,Initiative

Term Work,Records
Punctuality,Ethics

Diagrams/Graphs

Understanding of
Page

Total
Sr.no Date Experiment/Practical CO Signature
no.

5 5 5 5 5 25

To perform Swinburne’s Test on DC

10 4330901.2
Machine

To study construction of BLDC

11 4330901.2
Motor and its parts

To perform Direct load test on

12 4330901.4
single phase Transformer

To perform polarity test on single

13 4330901.4
phase transformer

To perform open circuit test and

14 short circuit test on single phase 4330901.4
transformer

To perform parallel operation of two

15 single phase transformer having 4330901.4
different impedence

VIII
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR CONNECTING THE CIRCUIT

When an experiment is to be conducted in an electrical laboratory, circuit diagram concerning to

the experiment must be drawn with full understanding. The rating of various instruments needed must be
ascertained from the aim of the experiment and the rating of the equipment under test. The circuit diagram
should be drawn based on the aim of the experiment.

The circuit diagram for any experiment may be split up in to two sub circuits i.e. a series circuit
and a parallel circuit. Current in the series circuit is as per the loading condition of the machine or equipment
where as current in parallel circuit is negligible. Thus thick wire must be used for connecting a series circuit,
which may consist of an ammeter, current coil of wattmeter, a rheostat and the load, all connected in series.
Flexible wires should be used for connecting a parallel circuit which may consist of voltmeter and pressure coil
of wattmeter.

To start the connections of any given circuit diagram, first complete the connections of the series
circuit, including all necessary instruments and connect it to the proper supply system through a
switch(DPST/TPST)and the fuses of proper rating. Check the connection again before proceeding further. Next
start the connections of the parallel circuit using flexible wires. Recheck the complete circuit again and satisfy
yourself about the correctness of the connections. Then only approach your guide and after his approval,
proceed with the experiment

IX
 EXPERIMENT - 1

STUDY OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF DC MACHINE

1.1 AIM:

A) To study different parts of the DC Machine

B) To measure the armature and shunt field resistance of the dc machine.

1.2 Theory:

PART OF DC MACHINE

MOTORING PRINCIPLE :

An Electric motor is a machine which converts electric energy into mechanical energy. Its action is based on the
principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force whose
direction is given by Fleming's Left-hand Rule and whose magnitude is given by F = BIl Newton.

GENERATING PRINCIPLE:

An electrical generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy (or power) into electrical energy (or power).

Fig - 1.1 dynamically induced emf

The energy conversion is based on the principle of the production of dynamically (or emotionally) inducede.m.f.
As seen in fig. whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in it according to
Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.

Hence, two basic essential parts of an electrical generator are (i) a magnetic field and (ii) a conductor or conductors
which can so move as to cut the flux.

Page | 1
 CONSTRUCTION:-

Following essential parts:

1. Magnetic Frame or Yoke

2. Pole-Cores and Pole-Shoes
3. Pole Coils or Field Coils
4. Armature Core
5.Armature Winding or conductors
6. Commutator
7. Brushes and Bearings

Fig - 1.2 Construction of dc machine

Page | 2
 1) YOKE :

Fig - 1.3 Yoke of dc machine

The outer frame or yoke serve as double purpose:

(1)It’s provide mechanical support for the poles and acts as a protecting cover for the whole machine and
(2)It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.

In small generator where cheapness rather than weight, is the main consideration, yokes are made of the cast iron.
But for large machine usually cast steel or rolled steel is employed. The modern process of framing the yoke is
consisting of rolling a steel slab round a cylindrical and then welding it at the bottom. The feet and the terminal box etc.
are welded to the frame after works. Such yokes possess mechanical strength and have high permeability.

2) POLE CORES& POLE SHOES:

In the construction of poles the pole core itself may be a solid piece made up of either cast iron or cast steel but the pole
shoes is laminated and fastened to the pole face by the means of counter sunk screws. in modern design the complete pole
core and the pole shoes are built of thin laminations of steel which are riveted together under hydraulic pressure. The
thickness of the laminations varies from 1 mm to 0.25 mm.The pole shoes serve two purposes,
(1) They spread out the flux in the air gap and also being the larger cross section; reduce the reluctance of the magnetic path.
(2) They support exciting coils as shown in the fig.

Fig - 1.4 Pole core and pole shoe with field coils

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 3) POLE COILS OR FIELD COIL:

The field coils or pole coils which consist of copper wire or strip are former wound for the correct dimension. Then
the former is removed and wound coil is put in to place over the core. When current is passed through these coils they
magnetize the pole which produces the necessary flux that is cut by revolving armature conductor.

4) ARMATURE CORE:

It houses the armature conductor coil and causes them to rotate and hence cut magnetic flux of the field magnets. In
addition to, this it’s most important function is to provide path of very low reluctance to the flux through armature from an
N- pole to an S- pole. It is cylindrical or drum shaped and is built up of usually circular sheet steel discs or lamination
approximately 0.5 mm thick. It is keyed to the shaft.

The slots are either die-cut or punched on the outer periphery of the disc and the key way is located on the inner
diameter as shown. In small machines, the armature stamping are keyed directly to the shaft. Usually, there laminations are
perforated for air ducts which permits axial flow of air through the armature for cooling purpose. Such ventilating channels
are clearly visible in the lamination show fig.

Fig - 1.5 armature core of dc machine

The purpose of using laminations is to reduce the loss due to eddy currents. Thinner the laminations greater is the
resistance offered to the induced e.m.f. smaller the current and hence lesser the I2R loss in the core.

5) ARMATURE WINDING:

The armature winding are usually former wound which are made up from copper. These are first wound in the form
of rectangular coils and are then pulled into their proper shape in a coil puller. Various conductor of the coil are insulated
from each other. The slot insulation is folded over above the armature conductors placed in the slot secured in place by
special hard wooden or fiber wedges.

6) COMMUTATOR:

The function of the commutator is to facilitate collection of current from armature conductors converts the
alternating current induced in the armature conductors into unidirectional current in the external load.It should be noted
that the function of a commutator in the motor is the same as in a generator. By reversing current in each conductor as it
passes from one pole to another, it helps to develop a continuous and unidirectional torque.
Page | 4
 It is cylindrical structure and is built up to wedge – shaped segments conductivity hard draw or forged copper. These
segments are insulated from each other by thin layers of mica. The number of segments in equal to the number of
armature coils. A section view commutator is shown in fig.

Fig - 1.6 Commutator

7) BRUSHES AND BEARINGS:

The brushes whose function is to collect current from commutator are usually made of carbon or graphite and are in
the shape rectangular block. These brushes are housed in brush- holder usually of the box type variety. As shown in fig. the
brush- holder is mounted on a spindle and brushes can slide in the rectangular box open at both ends. The number of
brushes per spindle depends on the magnitude of the current to be collected from thecommutator.

Fig - 1.7 Brushes , bearings and brush holder

Because of their reliability ball bearing are frequently employed, through for heavy duties, roller bearing are
preferable. The ball and rollers are generally packed in hard oil for quieter operation and for reduced bearing wear, sleeve
bearings are used which are lubricated by ring oilers fed from oil reservoir in the bearing bracket.

Page | 5
1.3 Measurement of armature and shunt field resistance

1.4 NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC GENERATOR
Rating 3 KW
Voltage 230 V
Current 12 A
Speed 1450 rpm

1.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig - 1.8 armature and shunt field resistance measurement

1.6 APPARATUS

Sr.No Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter Moving coil 0-5-10 A 2
2 Voltmeter Moving coil 0- 50 - 300 V 2
3 Rheostat ------ 300Ω /1.2 A 1
4 Load Lamp 2.2.KW/230 V --
5 Connecting wires ------ 1/20 , 3/18 As per req.

Page | 6
1.7 PROCEDURE :

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

2. Switch ON the supply to the circuit

3. For measuring armature resistance, vary the resistance in steps and note down the readings of
ammeter and voltmeter.

4. For measuring shunt field resistance, vary the potential divider in steps and note down the readings
of ammeter and voltmeter.

5. Tabulate the readings

6. From the readings, resistance is calculated by using the formula. R=V\I

1.8 PRECAUTIONS:

1. For measuring armature resistance, initially all the load must be in OFF position.

2. For measuring shunt field resistance, initially potential divider should be in minimum position.

Armature Voltage across Resistance Shunt Field Voltage across Resistance

current (Ia) armature (Va) (Va/Ia) current (If) field (Vf) (Vf/If)

1.9 OBSERVATION TABLE :For armature resistance For field resistance

1.10 RESULT AND CONCLUSION :

1.11 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

1) Why the core of the armature and field poles is laminated ?

2) What material would you suggest for the yoke of a dc machine?

Page | 7
3) How commutator segments are insulated?

4) What is the material used for brush?

Signature of Staff

Page | 8
 EXPERIMENT - 2
STUDY DIFFERENT PARTS OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
2.1 AIM:

A) To study different parts of the Single phase transformer

B) To measure the transformation ratio of the single phase transformer

2.2 Theory

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER:

A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which electric power in one circuit is transformed in to
electric power of the same frequency in another circuit.

Fig - 2.1 Single phase transformer

It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but a corresponding decrease or increase in current.The physical basis
of a transformer is mutual induction between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux.

TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION:
 A transformer consists of two windings coupled through a magnetic medium.
 The two windings work at different voltage level.
 The two windings of the transformer are called High voltage winding and Low voltage winding. ·
 Both the windings are wound on a common core.
 One of the winding is connected to ac supply and it is called primary.
 The other winding is connected to load and it is called secondary.
 The transformer is used to transfer electrical energy from high voltage winding to low voltage winding or vice-
versa through magnetic field.
 The construction of transformers varies greatly, depending on their applications, winding voltage and current
Page | 9
 ratings and operating frequencies.
 The two major types of construction of transformers (used in transmission and distribution of electrical energy) are
core type and shell type.
 Depending on the application, these transformers can be classified as distribution transformers and power
transformers. ·
 The transformer is extremely important as a component in many different types of electric circuits, from small-
signal electronic circuits to high voltage power transmission systems.
 The most important function performed by transformers are, Changing voltage and current level in an electric
system.
 Matching source and load impedance for maximum power transfer in electronic and control circuitry, Electrical
isolation.

CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER

 The windings surround a considerable part of the core.
 In core type transformer, the magnetic core is built of lamination to form a rectangular frame and the windings are
arranged concentrically with each other around the legs or limbs.
 The top and bottom horizontal portion of the core are called yoke.
 Each limb carries one half of primary and secondary.
 The two windings are closely coupled together to reduce the leakage reactance.

 The low voltage winding is wound near the core and high voltage winding is wound over low voltage winding away
from core in order to reduce the amount of insulating materials required.

Fig - 2.2 Core type transformerSHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER

 The core surrounds a considerable portion of the windings.

 In shell type transformers the windings are put around the central limb and the flux path is completed through two
side limbs. ·
 The central limb carries total mutual flux while the side limbs forming a part of a parallel magnetic circuit carry half
the total flux.
 The cross sectional area of the central limb is twice than that of each side

limbs Fig - 2.3

Shell type transformer

Page | 10
 Fig - 2.4 Flux distribution in Core and Shell type transformer

 In both core and shell-type transformers, the individual laminations are cut in the form of long strips of
L's,E's and I’s.

Fig - 2.5 Lamination in Core and Shell type transformer

 The main problem with transformer core is, its hysteresis loss and eddy current loss in transformer. Hysteresis
loss in transformer mainly depends upon its core materials.
 It is found that, a small quantity of silicon alloyed with low carbon content steel produces material for transformer
core, which has low hysteresis loss and high permeability.
 Because of increasing demand of power, it is required to further reduce the core losses and for that, another
technique is employed on steel, which is known as cold rolling.
 The core steel which has under gone through both the silicon alloying and cold rolling treatments is commonly
known as CRGOS or Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Silicon Steel. This material is now universally used for
manufacturing transformer core.

 Small core-type transformers are made of rectangular-section core limbs. But in large core-type transformers,
economical use of core material requires that the cross-section of the core should be circular. A circular cross-
section gives minimum peripheral length for a particular area; this reduces the length of the mean turn of winding
and thereby reduces the cost of copper wire required for the winding. To make the limb cross-section area circular,
the width of each lamination should be made variable which will be very uneconomical. As a compromise the core
section is arranged in steps as shown in figure.

Page | 11
 Fig - 2.6 Cross section in transformer

 The choice of core or shell-type construction is usually determined by cost, because similar characteristics. For very
high-voltage transformers or for multi winding design, shell typeconstruction is preferred by many manufacturers. In
this type, usually the mean length of coil turn is longer than in a comparable core-type design.
 Both core and shell forms are used and the selection is decided by many factors such as voltage rating, kVA rating,
weight, insulation stress, heat distribution etc.

Page | 12
2.3 Measurement of voltage transformation ratio (K) of a single phase transformer

2.4 NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Single phase transformer

Voltage 230 /115 (100 ,86 ,5% tapping)

Current 11 / 22

Output 2.5 KVA

2.5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig - 2.7 Voltage transformation ratio measurement of transformer

2.6 APPARATUS:

Sr.No Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter Moving coil 0-15A 1
2 Voltmeter Moving coil 1- 50 - 300 V 2
3 1 phase auto ------ 0-250 V/15A 1
transformer( variac)
5 Connecting wires ------ 1/20 , 3/18 As per req.

Page | 13
 2.7 PROCEDURE:1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram 2.Switch ON the supply to the circuit3.For
measuring the voltage transformation ratio ,note down the voltmeter reading which is connected with the
primary and secondary winding

4.Tabulate the reading

5.From the reading , voltage transformation ratio (K) can be measured as k= V2/V1
Where V2 = Secondary voltageV1 = Primary voltage

2.8 PRECAUTIONS:

1 Check the connections before turning on the supply

2 Before turning on the supply , the variac should be at minimum position

2.9 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr No V1 V2 Voltage
(V) (V) Transformation Remarks
Ratio (K)
1 100 %tapp
ing
2 86 %tappi
ng

3 5 %tap
ping

2.10 RESULT AND CONCLUSION:

Page | 14
2.11 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

a) The core of a transformer is made of which material ?

b) Why the core of a transformer are laminated ?

c) Transformer works on the principle of

d) If the secondary turns are more than the primary turn , then the transformer is

Signature of Staff

Page | 15
 EXPERIMENT - 3
MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTIC OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR

3.1 AIM:To determine the magnetization (open circuit) characteristics of DC shunt generator, the critical
field resistance and critical speed.

3.2 NAME PLATE DETAILS

DC Shunt Motor DC Shunt Generator

Rating 5 HP Rating 3 KW
Voltage 230 V Voltage 230 V
Current 20.5 A Current 12 A
Speed 1500 rpm Speed 1450 rpm

3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig - 3.1 DC Shunt Motor - Shunt Generator Set

3.4 APPARATUS:

Sr.No Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter Moving coil 0-3 A 1
2 Voltmeter Moving coil 0-300 V 1
3 Rheostat ------ 300Ω /1.2 A 2
4 Tachometer Digital/Analog 0-3000 RPM 1
5 Connecting wires ------ 1/20 , 3/18 As per req.

Page | 16
3.5 PROCEDURE:

1 Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the given machine
and make the connections as per the circuit diagram

2 Keep the motor field rheostat (Rf) in the minimum resistanceposition.

3 Keep the generator field rheostat (Rf) in the maximum resistanceposition
4 Observe the speed of the generator using a tachometer and adjust to the rated value by varying
the motor field rheostat. Keep the same speed throughout the experiment.
5 Note down the terminal voltage of the generator. This is the e.m.f. due to residual magnetism.
6 Increase the generator field current If (ammeter) by gradually moving the rheostat for every
value and note down the corresponding voltmeter reading. Increase the field current till induced
e.m.f is about 120% of rated value.
7 Draw the characteristics of generated emf (E.g.) versus field current (If)
8 Draw a tangent to the initial portion of O.C.C from the origin. The slope of this straight
line gives the critical field resistance and also calculates critical speed.

3.6 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Field Current Generated Voltage

S No
(Amp) (Volts)

10

Page | 17
3.7 MODEL GRAPH:Fig - 3.2 Magnetization Characteristics Curve

3.8 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Field rheostat of motor should be at minimumposition

2. Avoid parallax errors and loose connections

3.9 RESULT and CONCLUSION:

3.10 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

a) On what principle does DC Generator works?

b) Initial voltage was generated without given field current to the dc generator.This voltage is due to?

c) Under what conditions the dc shunt generator does fails to self-excite?

d) The E.M.F. induced in armature conductors of a D.C shut generator is A.C or D.C?
Page | 18
e) In the magnetizing characteristics of DC shunt generator, the flat portion of the graphindicates?

Signature of Staff

Page | 19
 EXPERIMENT - 4
MAINTAIN THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE OF DC GENERATOR

4.1 AIM: To maintain the terminal voltage of the dc generator at different load condition

4.2 NAME PLATE DETAILS

DC Shunt Motor DC Shunt Generator

Rating 5 HP Rating 3 KW
Voltage 230 V Voltage 230 V
Current 20.5 A Current 12 A
Speed 1500 rpm Speed 1450 rpm

4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig - 4.1 DC Shunt Motor - Shunt Generator Set

4.4 APPARATUS:

S.No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter Moving coil 0-3 A 1
2 Ammeter Moving coil 0-20 A 1
3 Voltmeter Moving coil 0-300 V 1
4 Rheostat ------ 300Ω /1.2 A 2
5 Tachometer Digital/Analog 0-3000 RPM 1
6 Connecting wires ------ 1/20 , 3/18 As per req.

Page | 20
4.5 PROCEDURE
1) Varying speed of dc motor

1 Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Keep the motor field rheostat in the
minimum position and the generator field rheostat in the maximum position at starting.
2 Start the MG set and bring it to the rated speed of the generator by adjusting the motor field rheostat.
3 Adjust the terminal voltage to rated value by means of the generator field rheostat. Keep the rheostat
in this position throughout the experiment as its variation changes the field circuit resistance and
hence the generated emf.
4 Put on the load and note the speed at which the terminal voltage is maintained constant by varying
the motor field rheostat .
5 Repeat the procedure 4 at 25 % , 50 % , 75% and 100 % loading
2) Varying the generator field current

1 Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Keep the motor field rheostat in the
minimum position and the generator field rheostat in the maximum position at starting.
2 Start the MG set and bring it to the rated speed of the generator by adjusting the motor field rheostat.
3 Adjust the terminal voltage to rated value by means of the generator field rheostat. Keep the motor
field rheostat in this position throughout the experiment as its variation changes the field circuit
resistance and hence the generated emf.
4 Put on the load and note down the field current at which the terminal voltage is maintained constant
by varying the generator field rheostat .
5 Repeat the procedure 4 at 25 % , 50 % , 75% and 100 % loading

4.6 OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No IL(Amp) Terminal Speed (rpm) If (A)With speed =

Voltage( If = A rpm
Vt)

Page | 21
4.7 PRECAUTIONS:

1 Avoid parallax errors and looseconnections

2 Take care while using the starter.
3 The speed should be adjusted to rated speed
4 There should be no loose connections.

4.8 RESULT and CONCLUSION:

4.9 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

a ) Write down the emf equation of a dc generator

b) How to make the terminal voltage of a dc generator constant ?

c) Why does the terminal voltage of a dc generator falls during loaded condition?

Signature of Staff

Page | 22
 EXPERIMENT - 5
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR

5.1 AIM:To conduct load test on DC shunt generator and to draw its external and internal characteristics

5.2 NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Shunt Motor DC Shunt Generator

Rating 5 HP Rating 3 KW
Voltage 230 V Voltage 230 V
Current 20.5 A Current 12 A
Speed 1500 rpm Speed 1450 rpm

5.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig - 5.1 DC Shunt Motor - Shunt Generator Set

5.4 APPARATUS:

S.No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter Moving coil 0-3 A 1
2 Ammeter Moving coil 0-20 A 1
3 Voltmeter Moving coil 0-300 V 1
4 Rheostat ------ 300Ω /1.2 A 2
5 Tachometer Digital/Analog 0-3000 RPM 1
6 Connecting wires ------ 1/20 , 3/18 As per req.

Page | 23
5.5 PROCEDURE:

6 Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Keep the motor field rheostat in the
minimum position and the generator field rheostat in the maximum position at starting.
7 Start the MG set and bring it to the rated speed of the generator by adjusting the motor field rheostat.
8 Adjust the terminal voltage to rated value by means of the generator field rheostat. Keep the rheostat
in this position throughout the experiment as its variation changes the field circuit resistance and
hence the generated emf.
9 Put on the load and note the values of the load current, IL; terminal voltage, V and field current, If at
different values of the load until full load current is obtained.
10 Calculate the armature current in each case: Ia = IL + If.
11 Measure the armature resistance by volt ampere method. Note down the voltage drop Va across
the armature for different values of current I passing through it. Armature resistance in each case is
calculated. Ra = Va / I., Ra (Hot) = 1.25 Ra. Take the mean of the values which are close together
as the resistance of the armature, Ra.
12 Calculate the generated e.m.f. E at each value of the load current. E= V+ Ia Ra.
13 Draw external characteristic, VT versus IL and internal characteristic, E versus IL.

5.6 OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No IL(Amp) IF(Amp) Ia(Amp) VT(Volt) E(Volt)

10

Page | 24
5.7 MODEL GRAPH:

Fig - 5.2 Internal and External Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator

5.8 PRECAUTIONS:

1 Avoid parallax errors and looseconnections

2 Take care while using the starter.
3 The speed should be adjusted to rated speed
4 There should be no loose connections.

5.9 RESULT and CONCLUSION:

5.10 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

a) Find out the voltage drop due to full load armature reaction

b) Why the terminal voltage decreases when load is increased on the generator?

c) Does DC shunt generator have drooping or rising characteristics?

d) How do you compensate for the armature reaction?

Signature of Staff

Page | 25
 EXPERIMENT - 6
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES GENERATOR

6.1 AIM:To obtain the external and internal characteristics of DC series generator by conducting load test.

6.2 NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Shunt Motor DC Series Generator

Rating 6 HP Rating 3 KW
Voltage 230 V Voltage 230 V
Current 25.6 A Current 13 A
Speed 1500 rpm Speed 1500 rpm

6.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig - 6.1 DC Shunt Motor - Series Generator Set

6.4 APPARATUS:

S.No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter Moving coil 0-3 A 1
2 Ammeter Moving coil 0-20 A 1
3 Voltmeter Moving coil 0-300 V 1
4 Rheostat ------ 300Ω /1.2 A 1
5 Tachometer Digital/Analog 0-3000 RPM 1
6 Connecting wires ------ 1/20 , 3/18 As per req.

Page | 26
6.5 PROCEDURE:

1 Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the given machine and
make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2 Keeping the motor field resistance minimum and the generator output terminals are open circuited,
give supply and start the motor - generator set.
3 Adjust the speed of the MG Set to the rated speed of the generator using the motor field rheostat (Rf)
4 Note down the voltage due to residual magnetism on no load.
5 Run the DC series generator under rated load conditions and note down the terminal voltage and
load current by removing the loads slowly. ( but not no-load condition)
6 Measure the generator armature resistance Ra by dropmethod.
7 Calculate the generated emf E at each load from the relation, Eg = V+ I(Ra + RSe).
8 Draw the external characteristic, VT vs. IL and the internal characteristic, Eg Vs Ia on the same graph
sheet.

6.6 OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. NO. IL(Amp) VT(Volt) Eg= (VT +IL(Ra + RS))

1
2
3
4
5

6.7 MODEL GRAPH:

Fig - 6.2 Internal and External Characteristics of DC series generator

Page | 27
6.8 PRECAUTIONS:

1 Don’t switch on the supply without any load.

2 Avoid parallax errors and looseconnections.

6.9 RESULT AND CONCLUSION:

6.10 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

a) DC series generator is cannot be operated without load . Justify

b) Explain the effect of load current on the terminal voltage of dc series generator?

c) List down the applications of dc series generator.

Signature of Staff

Page | 28
 EXPERIMENT - 7

CONNECT THREE POINT AND FOUR POINT STARTER OF DC MOTOR

7.1 AIM:To connect three point and four point starter of DC Motor

7.2 Theory:

NECESSITY OF A STARTER:

It has been shown in Art 29.3 that the current drawn by a motor armature is given by the relation

Ia = (V - Eb)/Rawhere V is the supply voltage, Eb the back e.m.f. and Ra the armature resistance.

When the motor is at rest, there is, as yet, obviously 110 back e.m.f. developed in the armature. If, now,
full supply voltage is applied across the stationary armature, It will draw a very large current because armature
resistance is relatively small. Consider the case of a 440U H.P. (3.73 kW) motor having a cold armature
resistance of 0.25 Q and a full-load current of 50 A.

Fig – 7.1 Necessity of starter

If the motor is started from the line directly, it will draw a starting current of 440/0.25 = 1760 A which is
1760/50 = 35.2 times its full-load current. This excessive current will blowout the fuses and, prior to that, it
will damage the commutator and brushes etc. To avoid this happening, a resistance is introduced in series with
the armature (for the duration of starting period only, say 5 to 10 seconds) which limits the starting current to a
safe value. The starting resistance is gradually cut out as the motor gains speed and develops the back e.m.f
which then regulates its speed.

Page | 29
 Very small motors may, however, be started from rest by connecting them directly to the supply lines. It
does not result in any harm to the motor for the following reasons:
1. Such motors have a relatively higher armature resistance than large motors, hence their starting current is
not so high.
2. Being small, they have low moment of inertia, hence they speed up quickly.
3. The momentary large starting current taken by them is not sufficient to produce a large disturbance in
the voltage regulation of the supply lines.

In Fig. the resistance R used for starting a shunt motor is shown. It will be seen that the starting
resistance R is in series with the armature and not with the motor as a whole. The field winding is connected
directly across the lines, hence shunt field current is independent of the resistance R. If R wes introduced in
the motor circuit, then ISh will be small at the start, hence starting torque Tst would be small (.: Ta α Ф Ia) and
there would be experienced some difficulty in starting the motor. Such a simple starter is shown
diagrammatically in Fig.

SHUNT MOTOR STARTER:

The face-plate box type starters used for starting, shunt and compound motors of ordinary industrial capacity
are of two kinds known as three point and four-point starters respectively.

THREE POINT STARTER:

Fig – 7.2 Three point starter

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 The internal wiring for such a starter is showing Fig. and it is seen that basically the connections are the
same as in Fig. except for the additional protective devices used here. The three terminals of the starting box
are marked A,B and C. One line is directly connected to one armature terminal and one field terminal which
are tied together. The other line is connected to point A which is further connected to the starting arm L,
through the over current (or overload) release.
To start the motor, the main switch is first closed and then the starting arm is slowly moved to the right. As
soon as the arm makes contact with stud No.1, the field circuit is directly connected across the line and at the
same time full starting resistance R, is placed in series with the armature. The starting current drawn by the
armature = V/(Ra + Rs) where Rs is the starting resistance. As the arm is further moved, the starting resistance
is gradually cut out till, when the arm reaches the running position, the resistance is all cut out. The arm moves
over the various studs against a strong spring which tends to restore it to OFF position. There is a soft iron
piece S attached to the arm which in the full 'ON' or running position is attracted and held by an electromagnet
E energized by the shunt current. It is variously known as 'HOLD-ON' coil, LOW VOLTAGE (or
NOVOLTAGE) release.

It will be seen that as the arm is moved from stud NO. I to the last stud, the field current has to travel
back through that portion of the starting reresistance that has been cut out of the armature circuit. This results
is slight decrease of shunt current. But as the value of starting resistance is very small as compared to shunt
field resistance, this slight decreases in ISh is negligible. This defect can, however, be remedied by using a
brass arc The field circuit is completed through the starting resistance as it did in fig.

Now, we will discuss the action of the two protective devices shown in Fig. The normal function of the
HOLD-ON coil is to hold on the arm in the full running position when the motor is normal operation. But, in
the case of failure or disconnection of the supply or a break in the field circuit, it is de - Energized, thereby
releasing the arm which is pulled back by the spring to the OFF 'position. This prevents the stationary armature
from being put across the lines again when the supply is restored after temporary shunt down. This would have
happened if the arm were left in the full ON position. One great advantage of connecting the HOLD-ON coil
in series with the shunt field is that, should the field circuit become open, the starting arm immediately springs
back to the OFF position there by preventing the motor from running away.

The over current release consists of an electromagnet connected in the supply line. If the motor becomes
overloaded beyond a certain predetermined value, then D is lifted and short circuits the electromagnet. Hence,
the arm is released and returns to OFF position.

The form of overload protection described above is becoming obsolete, because it cannot be made either as
accurate or as reliable as a separate well-designed circuit breaker with a suitable time element attachment.
Many a times a separated magnetic contactor with an overload relay is also used.

Often the motors are protected by thermal overload relays in which a bimetallic strip is heated by me motor
current at approximately the same rate at which the motor is itself heating up. Above main temperature, this
relay trips and opens the line contactor, thereby isolating the motor from the supply.

Page | 31
 FOUR POINT STARTER

If it is desired to control the speed of the motor in addition, then a field rheostat is connected in me
filed circuit as indicated in Fig.The motor speed can be increased by weakening the flux . Obviously, there is a
limit to the speed increase obtained in this way, although speed ranges of three to four are possible. The
connections of a starter and speed regulator with the motor Me shown diagrammatically in Fig. But there is
one difficulty with such an arrangement for speed control. If too much resistance is 'cut in' by the field rheostat,
then field current is reduced very much so that it is unable to create enough electromagnetic pull to overcome
the spring tension. Hence, the arm is pulled back to OFF position. It is this undesirable feature of a three-point
starter which makes it unsuitable for use with variable-speed motors. This has resulted in widespread
application of four-point starter discussed below.

Fig – 7.3 Four point starter

Such a starter with its internal wiring is shown, connected to a long-shunt compound motor in. When
compared to the three-point starter, it will be noticed that one important change has been made i.e., the HOLD-
ON coil has been taken out of the shunt field circuit and has been connected directly across the line through a
protecting resistance as shown. When the arm touches stud No.1, then the line current divides into three parts(i)
one part passes through starting resistance Rs’ series lid and motor armature (ii) the second part passes through
the shunt field and its field rheostat Rh and '(iii) the third part passes through the HOLD-ON coil and current-
protecting resistance R. It should be particularly noted that with this arrangement any change of current in the
shunt field circuit does not at affect the current passing through the HOLD-ON coil because the two circuits
are independent of ,each other. It means that the electromagnetic pull exerted by the HOLD-ON coil will
always be sufficient and will prevent the spring from restoring the starting arm to OFF position no matter how
the field rheostat or regulator is adjusted.

Page | 32
 DC SERIES MOTOR STARTER:

TWO POINT STARTER

Fig – 7.4 Two point starter

A two-point starter is used for starting dc motor which has the problem of over-speeding due to loss of
load from its shaft.

Here for starting the motor, the control arm is moved clockwise from its OFF position to the ON
position against the spring tension. The control arm is held in the ON position by an electromagnet. The hold-
on electromagnet is connected in series with the armature circuit. If the motor losses its load, current decreases
and hence the strength of the electromagnet also decreases. The control arm returns to the OFF position due to
spring tension, this preventing the motor from overspending. The starter arm also returns to the OFF-position
when the supply voltage decreases appreciably. L and F are two points of the starter which are connected with
the supply and motor terminals.7.3 CONCLUSION:

Page | 33
7.4 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

a) Starting current of DC Motor is very high . Justify the statement

b) What is the function of NVC Coil in four point starter?

c) Which starter is used for dc series motor?

Signature of Staff

Page | 34
 EXPERIMENT – 8
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

8.1 AIM:To vary the speed of the given DC shunt motor by armature control and field control methods

8.2 NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor

Voltage 230 V D.C

Current 25.6 A

Output 6 H.P

Speed 1500 r.p.m

8.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig – 8.1 Speed control of DC motor

8.4 APPARATUS:
Sr.No. Item Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MC type 0 - 2 A0 -20 11
A
2 Voltmeter MC type 0-300 V 2

3 Rheostat --- 300 Ω / 1.2 11

A100Ω / 3 A
4 Tachometer Digital / Analog 0-3000 rpm 1

5 Connecting --- 1/20 , 3/18 As pe req.

wires

Page | 35
8.5 PROCEDURE:

Part - A Armature Control Method: (below rated speed)

1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the given machine and
make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat (Rf) in the minimum position and the armature rheostat (Ras) in the
maximum position, start the MG set.
3. Give supply and accelerate the motor using 3-point starter.
4. Decrease the armature rheostat value and note down speed and induced emf in motor winding.
5. Tabulate these readings and plot the graph Eb VS N.

Part - B Field Control Method: (above rated speed)

1. Maintain the armature rheostat in maximum position and vary the field current (If) by varying the
field rheostat. Note down the speeds (N) at different values of field current. Take care that the speed
doesn’t exceed 2000 rpm. Note down the armature voltage also.

2. Tabulate these readings and plot the N Vs If describes the field control of motor speed on no load.

8.6 OBSERVATION TABLE:ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

S. No. Eb(Volt) Speed (rmp)

1
2
3
4
5
6

FIELD CONTROL METHOD

S. No. If (Amp) Speed (rpm)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Page | 36
8.7 Model Graph:

Fig – 8.2 Armature Control Fig 8.3 Field Control

8.8 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid parallax errors and loose connection.

2. Take care while using the starter.
3. Keep the armature and field rheostats at properpositions.
4. The speed should be adjusted to ratedspeed.
5. There should be no loose connections.

8.9 RESULT and CONCLUSION :

8.10 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

a) Which rule is applied to determine the direction of rotation of dc motor?

b) A motor has base speed of 1500 rpm . What is to be done to achieve a 1600 rpm speed?

c)A motor has base speed of 1500 rpm . What is to be done to achieve a 1200 rpm speed?

Signature of Staff

Page | 37
 EXPERIMENT – 9
REVERSE THE DIRECTION OF DC SHUNTMOTOR
9.1 AIM: To reverse the direction of a DC shunt machine

9.2 NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor

Voltage 230 V D.C

Current 25.6 A
Output 6 H.P
Speed 1500 r.p.m

9.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig – 9.1 (a) Normal operation on DC Shunt Machine

Fig – 9.1 (b) reversing field on DC Shunt Machine

Page | 38
 Fig – 9.1 (c) reversing armature on DC Shunt Machine

Fig – 9.1 (d) reversing field and armature on DC Shunt Machine

9.4 APPARATUS:

S. No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC 0-2A 1
2 Ammeter MC 0 -20 A 1

3 Voltmeter MC 0 - 300 V 1

4 Rheostats Resistive 300 Ω /1.2 A 1

5 Connecting wires --------- 1/20 , 3/18 As pe req.

Page | 39
9.5 PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per fig (a).

2. Switch on the DC supply and move the arm of 3 point starter to observe the direction of motor.
3. Switch off the DC Supply and reverse the field connections as shown in fig (b)
4. Switch on the DC supply and move the arm of 3 point starter to observe the direction of motor
5. Switch off the DC Supply and reverse the armature connections as shown in fig(c)
6. Switch on the DC supply and move the arm of 3 point starter to observe the direction of motor
7. Switch off the DC Supply and reverse the field and armature connections as shown in fig(d)
8. Switch on the DC supply and move the arm of 3 point starter to observe the direction of motor

9.6 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr No Mode of operation Observer view (front Direction of rotation

view /Rear view of w.r.t Observer
motor)
1 Normal Operation
2 Reversed Field
3 Reversed Armature
4 Reversed Field and Armature

9.7 CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

9.8 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

a) Which law is used to find the direction of rotor?
________________________________________________________________________________
b) How will you change the direction of rotor?
_______________________________________________________________________________

Sign of Staff

Page | 40
 EXPERIMENT – 10
SWINBURNE’S TEST OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

10.1 AIM:Pre - determine the efficiency and constant losses of a DC shunt machine by Swinburne’s method.

10.2 NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Motor

Voltage 230 V D.C

Current 25.6 A
Output 6 H.P
Speed 1500 r.p.m

10.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig – 10.1 Swinburne’s Test on DC Shunt Machine

10.4 APPARATUS:

S. No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC 0-2A 1
2 Ammeter MC 0 -20 A 1
3 Voltmeter MC 0 - 300 V 1
4 Rheostats Resistive 300 Ω /1.2 A 1
5 Connecting wires --------- 1/20 , 3/18 As pe req.

Page | 41
10.5 PROCEDURE:

1. Choose the proper ranges of meters after noting the name plate details of the given machine and
make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat (Rfm) in the minimum position, start the motor by closing the switch
and operating the starter slowly.

3. Note down the voltage, no load current and fieldcurrent.

10.6 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr No Motor Input Voltage V1 Motor Input current Io Field current If

10.7 CALCULATIONS FOR SWINBURNS TEST

From the no load test results,
Supply voltage = VL Volts.
No load line current = Io Amperes.
Field current= If Amperes.
Therefore No load Armature Current = Iao = Io-If Amperes.
Resistance cold = Rm
Effective resistance Re = 1.25 x Rm ohms.
No load copper losses are =Iao 2 Re
No load power input=VLIo
Constant losses = (No load power input - No load copper losses)-------------- (1)
Efficiency as motor:
Efficiency=output/input = (input – total losses)/ input.
Where total losses = constant losses + variable losses.
Constant losses are known value from the equation
Variable loss = Ia2Re , Ia = IL - If

Input = VL IL.. VL is rated voltage of the machine

Assume line currents (IL) as 2, 4,6,----20A and find corresponding efficiency
Efficiency as generator:
Efficiency=output/input = output / (output + total losses).
Where losses = constant losses + variable losses
Constant losses are same for both motor and Generator
Armature Current = Ia = IL + IF
Variable loss = Ia2Re
Output power = VL IL . VL is rated voltage of machine

Assume load currents (IL) as 2, 4, 6,-----20A and find corresponding efficiencies

Page | 42
CALCULATION TABLE:
As a Motor: Rated voltage VL = Rated speed N =
Output power =
Input Power Constant losses Copper losses Total losses =
S.No IL (input power – 
(VLIL) Wconst. Wcu = I 2Rea (Wcons.+Wcu)
losses)
1
2
3
4
5

As a Generator: Rated voltage VL = Rated speed N =

Input power =
Out power Constant losses Copper losses Total loss =
S.No IL (output power+ 
(VLIL) Wconst. Wcu = Ia2Rea (Wcons. + Wcu)
losses)
1
2
3
4
5

10.8 MODEL GRAPH:

Fig – 10.2 Load Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor and Generator

Page | 43
10.9 PRECAUTIONS:
1.Run the motor at rated speed and ratedvoltage.
2. void loose connections and parallax errors

10.10 RESULT AND CONCLUSION:

10.11 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

a) Why swinburne’s test is not conducted on dc series motor ?

b) List down advantages and disadvantages of the above test.

Signature of Staff

Page | 44
 EXPERIMENT – 11
CONSTRUCTION OF BLDC MOTOR
11.1 Aim:
To study the construction of BLDC Motor and its parts

11.2 Theory:
Introduction:
Brushless DC Motors or BLDC Motors have become a significant contributor of the modern drive technology. Their
rapid gain in popularity has seen an increasing range of applications in the fields of Consumer Appliances, Automotive
Industry, Industrial Automation, Chemical and Medical, Aerospace and Instrumentation.

Even though they have been used for drives and power generation for a long time, the sub kilowatt range, which has been
dominated by Brushed DC Motors, has always been a grey area. But the modern power electronics and microprocessor
technology has allowed the small Brushless DC Motors to thrive, both in terms price and performance.

What is BLDC Motor:

A Brushless DC Motor is similar to a Brushed DC Motor but as the name suggests, a BLDC doesn’t use brushes for
commutation but rather they are electronically commutated. In conventional Brushed DC Motors, the brushes are used to
transmit the power to the rotor as they turn in a fixed magnetic field.

As mentioned earlier, a BLDC motor used electronic commutation and thus eliminates the mechanically torn brushes.

Fig 11.1 Control circuit of BLDC Motor

Page | 45
 Construction of BLDC Motor:

The main design difference between a brushed and brushless motors is the replacement of mechanical commutator
with an electric switch circuit. Keeping that in mind, a BLDC Motor is a type of synchronous motor in the sense that the
magnetic field generated by the stator and the rotor revolve at the same frequency.

Brushless Motors are available in three configurations: single phase, two phase and three phase. Out of these, the three
phase BLDC is the most common one.

The following image shows the cross-section of a BLDC Motor.

Fig 11.2 Cross section of BLDC Motor

As you can see in the image, a BLDC Motor consists of two main parts: a stator and a rotor.

Page | 46
 Stator

The structure of the stator of a BLDC Motor is similar to that of an induction motor. It is made up of stacked steel
laminations with axially cut slots for winding. The winding in BLDC are slightly different than that of the traditional
induction motor.

Fig 11.3 Cross section of BLDC Motor Stator

Generally, most BLDC motors consists of three stator windings that are connected in star or ‘Y’ fashion (without a
neutral point). Additionally, based on the coil interconnections, the stator windings are further divided into Trapezoidal and
Sinusoidal Motors.

Page | 47
 In a trapezoidal motor, both the drive current and the back EMF are in the shape of a trapezoid (sinusoidal shape in case of
sinusoidal motors). Usually, 48 V (or less) rated motors are used in automotive and robotics (hybrid cars and robotic arms).

Rotor

Fig 11.4 Rotor

The rotor part of the BLDC Motor is made up of permanent magnets (usually, rare earth alloy magnets like Neodymium (Nd),
Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) and alloy of Neodymium, Ferrite and Boron (NdFeB)).Based on the application, the number of
poles can vary between two and eight with North (N) and South (S) poles placed alternately. The following image shows
three different arrangements of the poles. In the first case, the magnets are placed on the outer periphery of the rotor.The
second configuration is called magnetic-embedded rotor, where rectangular permanent magnets are embedded into the core
of the rotor. In the third case, the magnets are inserted into the iron core of the rotor.

Position Sensors (Hall Sensors)

Fig 11.5 A brushless DC motor with three Hall effect sensors to detect rotor position.

Page | 48
Since there are no brushes in a BLDC Motor, the commutation is controlled electronically. In order to rotate the motor,
the windings of the stator must be energized in a sequence and the position of the rotor (i.e. the North and South poles of
the rotor) must be known to precisely energize a particular set of stator windings.

A Position Sensor, which is usually a Hall Sensor (that works on the principle of Hall Effect) is generally used to detect the
position of the rotor and transform it into an electrical signal. Most BLDC Motors use three Hall Sensors that are embedded
into the stator to sense the rotor’s position.

The output of the Hall Sensor will be either HIGH or LOW depending on whether the North or South pole of the rotor passes
near it. By combining the results from the three sensors, the exact sequence of energizing can be determined.

11.3 RESULT AND CONCLUSION:

11.4 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

a ) Write the Advantages of BLDC Motor

b) Write the application of BLDC Motor

Signature of Staff

Page | 49
 EXPERIMENT - 12
LOAD TEST OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
12.1 AIM:
To determine the efficiency and regulation of a single phase transformer by direct loading

12.2 NAME PLATE DETAILS

Single phase transformer

Voltage 230 /115

(100 ,86 ,5 %tapping)
Current 11 / 22
Output 2.5 KVA

12.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig – 11.1 Direct loading of single phase transformer

12.4 APPARATUS

Sr.No Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter Moving coil 0-15A 1
2 Voltmeter Moving coil 2- 50 - 300 V 2
3 1 phase auto ------ 0-250 V/15A 1
transformer( variac)
5 Connecting wires ------ 1/20 , 3/18 As per req.
6 Lamp load ------ 230 V / 12A 1

Page | 50
 12.5 PROCEDURE
1.Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram .
2.After getting it checked, Switch 'ON' the supply.
3.First of all adjust input voltage at rated value and note down the secondary V02 at no load (at I2 = 0).
4.Now gradually increase the load by means of lamp bank keeping primary input voltage at rated value.
5.Note down the readings of all meters at different values of load i.e. 0, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and full load.
6.Tabulate the 'readings in the observation table.
7.Plot the graph.8. Find out the load at which the efficiency is maximum.

12.6 PRECAUTIONS

The load current should not exceed the rated value of the transformer.

12.7 OBSERVATION TABLE

Sr Primary Primary Primary Secondary Secondary Secondary %Efficiency=W Regulation =
No Current Voltage Power Current Voltage at PowerWs s/Wp *100 ((Vos-Vs)*100)/Vs
Ip Amp Vp volts Wp watts Is Amp Load Vs watts
1
2
3
4
5
6

12.8 MODEL GRAPH

(a) (b)

Fig (a) efficiency vs load of single phase transformer

(b)regulation vs load of single phase transformer

Page | 51
 Plot the graphs of load Current versus
(i) % Regulation
(ii) % Efficiency

12.9 RESULT and CONCLUSION:

12.10 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

(a) State advantages and disadvantages of direct loading of a transformer.

(b) State the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer

(c) At what load current do we get maximum efficiency of a transformer

Signature of Staff

Page | 52
 EXPERIMENT - 13
OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
13.1 AIM:

To determine the efficiency and regulation of a single phase transformer by Open circuit
and Short circuit Test

13.2 NAME PLATE DETAILS

Single phase transformer

Voltage 230 /115

(100 ,86 ,5 %tapping)
Current 11 / 22

Output 2.5 KVA

13.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig – 14.1 O.C Test ofsingle phase transformer

Fig – 14.2 S.C Test of single phase transformer

Page | 53
 13.4 APPARATUS

Sr.No Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter Moving coil 0-5A 1
2 Voltmeter Moving coil 3- 50 - 300 V 2
3 1 phase auto ------ 0-250 V/15A 1
transformer( variac)
5 wattmeter
6 Connecting wires ------ 1/20 , 3/18 As per req.

13.5 PROCEDURE:

(A) OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

1. Connect the circuit as per the given diagram first for open circuit test.

2. After getting it cheeked, Switch ON the supply.

3. Adjust the rated Voltage input to the H.V. side (say 230 volt) by means of variac.

4. Take the readings of voltmeter, ammeter watt meter and tabulate them in table No. 1.

5. Switch off the supply.

(B) SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1 Connect the circuit as per diagram in fig.

2 First of all, adjust the auto transformer setting output voltage and then switch ON the supply after getting it

checked. Instead of Shorting secondary side,connect an ammeter across it.

3 Increase the input voltage very slowly by means of variac. Till rated full load current circulates in both the

winding i.e. as indicated by ammeter readings.

4.Take down the readings of all the meters for full load current value.

5.Tabulate the readings in the observation table no. 2.

13.6 PRECAUTION

 While performing S.C. test, care should be taken to see that auto transformer tapping Position is for zero output

voltage and then the input voltage should be increased very Slowly, up to the full load current isobtained.

Page | 54
13.7 OBSERVATION TABLE:

Test Voltage in Current in Power in

volts Amp watts

Open Circuit Voc Ioc Woc

Short Circuit Vsc Isc Wsc

13.8 MODEL CALCULATION

Find the equivalent circuit parameters R0, X0, R01, R02, X01 and X02 from the O. C. and S.C. test results and
draw the equivalent circuit referred to L. V. side as well as H. V. side.

Let the transformer be the step-down transformer

Primary is H. V. side.
Secondary is L. V. side

1) where Iw = I0 cos 0

2) X0 = where Im = I0 sin 0

3) R01 =

4) Z01 =

5) Xo1 = X02 = K2 X01 where K = = Voltage transformation ratio

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Calculations to find efficiency and regulation

For example at ½ full load

Copper losses = Wsc x ( )2 watts, where WSC = full – load copper losses

Constant losses = W0 watts

Output = ½ KVA x cos  [cos  may be assumed]

Input = output + Cu. Loss + constant loss

% efficiency = * 100

Efficiency at different load and power factor

cos   

Regulation : From short circuit and open circuit test

% Regulation  *100

“+” - lagging power factor “-” - leading power factor

Sr No Power factor Lagging pf % regulation Leading pf % regulation

1 0

2 0.5

3 0.866

4 1

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cos   

Load W0 (W) Wcu (W) O/P (W) I/P (W)  (%)

cos   

Load W0 (W) Wcu (W) O/P (W) I/P (W)  (%)

13.9 GRAPHS:

Plots drawn between(i) % efficiency Vs output

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 (ii) % Regulation Vs Power factor

13.10 PRECAUTIONS:

(i) Connections must be made tight

(ii) Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off

13.11 RESULT AND CONCLUSION

13.12 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

(a) How will you determine iron loss and copper loss of a transformer?

(b) State the parameters that can be determined by the open circuit and short circuit test of a
transformer.

(c) State the advantages of open circuit and short circuit test compared to other tests.

Signature of Staff
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 EXPERIMENT – 14
POLARITY TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

14.1 AIM:To perform polarity test on single phase transformer

14.2 NAME PLATE DETAILS

Single phase transformer

Voltage 230 /115 (100 ,86 ,5 %tapping)

Current 11 / 22

Output 2.5 KVA

14.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

Fig – 13.1Polariy test of single phase transformer

14.4 APPARATUS

S.No. Item Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter
2 Connecting wires

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14.5 PROCEDURE OF POLARITYTEST:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply suitable voltage with the help of 1- phase variac.
3. Read voltage V1 from supply side, voltage V2 on the secondary side and voltage V between the other two
open terminals of the transformer winding.
4. By interchanging secondary winding terminal repeat the above steps.
5. Tabulate the readings.
6. Switch off the supply.

14.6 OBSERVATION TABLE:

S. No. Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage Resultant Voltage Type of polarity.

(Va) V (Vb) V (Vc) V
1
2

14.7 PRECAUTIONS:

7.For safety & to avoid the possibility of damaging the secondary insulation the test voltage applied to the
primary should be at a reduced voltage & should not exceed the rated secondaryvoltage.

14.8 RESULT AND CONCLUSION

14.9 REVIEWED QUESTIONS:

1) What is meant by polarity of a transformer?

2) What are the types of polarity? Which one is normally used & why

3) Where is this information about polarity of transformer necessary?

Signature of Staff
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 EXPERIMENT – 15
OPERATE TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER IN PARALLEL HAVING DIFFERENT
IMPEDENCE

15.1 AIM:To perform the parallel operation of two single phase transformer having different impedence

15.2 NAME PLATE DETAILS

Single phase transformer - 1 Single phase transformer - 2

Voltage 230 /115 (100 ,86 ,5 %tapping) Voltage 230 /115 (100 ,86 ,5 %tapping)

Current 11 / 22 Current 11 / 22

Output 2.5 KVA Output 2.5 KVA

15.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig – 15.1 Parallel operation of single phase transformer

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 15.4 APPARATUS

Sr.No Item Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter Moving coil 0-5A 1
2 Voltmeter Moving coil 5- 50 - 300 V 2
3 1 phase auto ------ 0-250 V/15A 1
transformer( variac)
5 Rheostat Resistive 100Ω / 5 A 1
6 Connecting wires ------ 1/20 , 3/18 As per req.
7 Lamp bank ------ 100 W Bulb 1
8 DPST knife switch ------ 16 A 1
9 SPST knife switch ------ 10 A 1

15.4 PROCEDURE

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply & keep the switch S1 & S2 open
3. Check the polarity properly by reading if voltmeter reads zero. It means that polarity is correct otherwise
change one of the transformer’s.
4. Keep the switch S1 closed. Also S2 Closed (By pass resistor) Apply the load tabulate thereadings
observation table.
5. Current of transformer secondary connection. The load current of transformer up to
full load note down the reading of current. Now open S\W S2

15.5 PRECAUTIONS

1 Polarity test must be performed before switching ON two transformer in parallel.

2 If the voltmeter connected for polarity test shows double reading the connection of the one of the secondary winding
must be interchanged and the voltmeter will give zero reading.

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15.6 OBSERVATION TABLE

Primary Secondary Load current shared Load current shared Total currentIL = Ia
Sr No Voltage VoltageV By Ta (Ia in A) By Tb (Ib in A) + Ib ( in A)
V1 (V) 2 (V)

15.7 RESULT AND CONCLUSION

15.8 POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS:

1) List down the necessary condition for the parallel operation of a transformer

2) What will happen if transformers working in parallel are not connected with regard topolarity?

3) Transformer operating in parallel mode will share load depending on their

Signature of Staff

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