MODULE

04 Matrix Algebra

Names of Sub-Topics

Matrix, Types of Matrices, Operation on Matrices, Equality of matrices, Properties of Matrices

Overview

In this module, you will learn the matrix, its order and the types of matrices. This module covers
the operation of matrices like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc. Towards the end, you will be
introduced to equal matrices and some properties of matrices.

Learning Objectives

In this module, you will learn to:

 Analyse matrices and their order
 Explain different types of matrices
 Evaluate addition and subtraction on matrices
 Explain multiplication of matrices
 Define equality of matrices
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Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, you would:

 Learn about matrices and problems related to their order
 Identify different types of matrices
 Resolve the problem based on operations of matrices
 Assess the problem based on equal matrices
 Learn the properties of matrices

Pre-Module Preparatory Material

 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-algebra/chapter/introduction-to-matrices/
product/
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/matrices-and-its-types-class-12-maths/

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Matrices are useful in various branches of mathematics. Matrices simplify the work as compared to
other straightforward methods, and this is the reason, matrices are the most powerful tools in the field
of Mathematics. To find the solution to the system of linear equations easily and compactly, the concept
of matrices came into existence.
Matrices are essential in 3D mathematics, where they are used to define the relationship between two
coordinate spaces. They accomplish this by defining a procedure for transforming vectors from one
coordinate space to another.
This mathematical tool is not only used in the field of mathematics and science but is also used in
different fields like economics, genetics, modern psychology, sociology, industrial management. Also,
matrices are used in business for cost estimation, budgeting, analysing the results of an experiment,
sales projection and cryptography, etc.

4.2 MATRIX
In linear algebra, a matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers that are arranged into rows and
columns. As vector is a one-dimensional array of numbers, similarly a matrix is two-dimensional array
of numbers.
A matrix is a rectangular array in which numbers, functions or symbols are arranged in a row and
column. The horizontal lines in the matrix are known as rows and vertical lines are known as columns.
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n. Elements of matrices are
written inside the square bracket [ ]. m and n should be a natural number. For example,
−1 1
(1) 0 1 is the matrix of order 2 × 2 as it has 2 rows and 2 columns.
 
(2) [3 1 5] is the matrix of order 1 × 3 as it has 1 row and 3 columns.

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Generally, a matrix of order m × n is written as follows;

a11 a ⋯ a1n 
a21 12
⋯ a2n
a22
A =  ⁝ ⁝ ⋰ ⁝

a a ⋯ a
 m1 m2 mn 
 mn

The element in the ith row and jth column in the m × n matrix A is denoted by aij. m × n matrix can be
represented as A = [aij]m×n where i = 1, 2,...,m and j = 1, 2,...,n.

4.2.1 Order or Dimension of Matrix

To find the order of a matrix, check the number of rows and the number of columns of a given matrix.
Thus, if there is a matrix having m rows and n columns, then its order is m × n.
One can find the total number of elements in a matrix by multiplying the number of rows by the number
of columns in that matrix. That is if a matrix has m rows and n columns then it has total m×n elements.
For example, [3 1 5] is the given matrix. Since it has 1 row and 3 columns, its order is 1 × 3. And, the total
number of elements in this matrix is equal to 1 × 3 = 3.

1 −1 0
 
Example 1: Consider the matrix B = 2 0 5 . Find the number of elements in matrix B.
 1 5 3
 
Solution: Matrix B has 3 rows and 3 columns. Thus,
Total number of elements in matrix B = 3 × 3 = 9

2 5 3
 
0 −1 3
 
Example 2: Consider the matrix A = 2 0 0 . Find the total number of elements in matrix A.
2 5 2
 

Solution: Matrix A has 4 rows and 3 columns. Thus,

Total number of elements in matrix A = 4 × 3 = 12
Example 3: A matrix has 5 columns and a total of 15 elements. How many rows does it have?
Solution: One can find the total number of elements of a given matrix by multiplying the number of
rows with several columns of the given matrix. Suppose the matrix has m rows. Thus,
15 = m × 5
m=3

Therefore, the total number of rows is 3 in the matrix.

Example 4: A matrix has 9 elements then what are the possibilities for the order of this matrix?

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Solution: The total number of elements can be obtained by multiplying the number of rows, say m, with
the number of columns, say n. And, m × n will be the order of the matrix.
Since m×n = 9, thus, possible order is 1 × 9, 9 × 1 and 3 × 3.
Example 5: A matrix has 16 elements then what are the possibilities for the order of this matrix?
Solution: The total number of elements can be obtained by multiplying the number of rows, say m, with
the number of columns, say n. And, m × n will be the order of the matrix.
Since m×n = 16, thus, possible order is 1 × 16, 16 × 1, 2 × 8, 8 × 2 and 4 × 4.

4.3 TYPES OF MATRICES

The different types of matrices are as follows:
⚫ Row matrix
⚫ Column matrix
⚫ Zero matrix
⚫ Square matrix
⚫ Diagonal matrix
⚫ Scalar matrix
⚫ Identity matrix or unit matrix
⚫ Rectangular matrix
⚫ Upper triangular matrix
⚫ Lower triangular matrix
⚫ Anti-diagonal matrix

Now, let’s discuss about each in detail.

4.3.1 Row Matrix

A matrix having only one row is said to be a row matrix. In general, A = [aij]1×n is represented as a row
matrix, where j = 1, 2,..., n.
For example,  −1 is a row matrix of order 1 × 2.
3
 

4.3.2 Column Matrix

A matrix having only one column is said to be a column matrix. In general, A = [aij]m×1 is represented as
a row matrix, where i = 1, 2,...,m.
3
 
For example,  1 is a column matrix of order 3 × 1.
0

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4.3.3 Zero Matrix

A matrix is said to be a zero matrix if all the elements in the matrix are zero.
0 0 0 0 0
For Example, is a zero matrix of order 2 × 3. Similarly, 0 0 , 0 , are zero matrix
       
0 0 0 0 0 
of order 1 × 2, 1 × 1 and 2 × 2 respectively.

4.3.4 Square Matrix

If the number of rows and number of columns are equal in a matrix, that matrix is called a square
matrix. In general, the square matrix is represented as A = aij  nn , where i, j = 1,2,…,n .
1 −3
For example, is a square matrix having 2 rows and 2 columns.
 
5 4 
A square matrix having n rows and n columns is called a square matrix of order n.

4.3.5 Diagonal Matrix

A square matrix D = aij  of order n is called diagonal if it has all its non-diagonal elements zero.
nn

That is, square matrix D = aij  nn is a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for i  j .
1 0  0 0
For example,   is a diagonal matrix of order 2. Similarly, is a diagonal matrix.
0 −3  
0 0
   
NOTE: Elements that lie on the main diagonal or leading diagonal of any square matrix are called
diagonal elements. For example, in the preceding example, 1 and -3 are diagonal elements. All elements
except diagonal elements are called off-diagonal elements.

4.3.6 Scalar Matrix

A diagonal matrix A = aij  nn of order n is called scalar if it has all its diagonal elements equal. That is,

square matrix A = aij  nn is the scalar matrix if aij = 0 for i  j and aij = c for i = j .

1 0 3 0 0

For example,   is a scalar matrix of order 2. Similarly, 0 3 0 is a scalar matrix of order 3.
 
0 1 0 0 3

4.3.7 Identity Matrix or Unit Matrix

A diagonal matrix I = aij  is an identity matrix if all its diagonal elements are 1’s. That is, I = aij 
nn nn

is the identity matrix of order n if aij = 0 for i ≠ j and aij = 1 for i = j. The identity matrix is also known as
the unit matrix.

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1 0 1 0 0
For example,   
 and 0 1 0 are identity matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.
 
0 1  0 0 1 

Note: The identity matrix is a scalar matrix, but a scalar matrix may not be the identity matrix. For example,
6 0
  is a scalar matrix but not an identity matrix.
0 6

4.3.8 Rectangular Matrix

A matrix is said to be a rectangular matrix if the number of rows is not equal to the number of columns.
That is, A = aij  mn is said to be rectangular if m  n .

2
 5 3
0 −1 3
For example,   is a rectangular matrix as its number of rows, which is 4, is not equal to the
 2 0 0
2 5 2
 
number of columns, which is 3.

4.3.9 Upper Triangular Matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements below main diagonal entries are zero is called an upper
triangular matrix. If square matrix B = [bij]n×n of order n is an upper triangular matrix then bij = 0 for all
i > j.
1 −1 1
 3 −1
For example,   and 0 0 0 are upper triangular matrices of order 2×2 and 3×3 respectively.
−3  
0  0 0 2 
0 2
In the upper triangular matrix, the main diagonal entries could be zero.   is also an upper
0 0
triangular matrix.

4.3.10 Lower Triangular Matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements above main diagonal entries are zero is called a lower
triangular matrix. If square matrix B = [b ij]n×n of order n is a lower triangular matrix then bij = 0 for all
i < j.

1 0  1 0 0

For example,   and 2 −2 0 are lower triangular matrices of order 2×2 and 3×3 respectively.
−3  
0 
0 −3 2 
 0 0
In a lower triangular matrix, the main diagonal entries could be zero. −1 0 is also a lower triangular

 
matrix.

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4.3.11 Anti-Diagonal Matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements are zero except the diagonal elements from the lower left
corner to the upper right corner is called an anti-diagonal matrix.

0 −1 0 0 3

For example,   and 0 −2 0 are an anti-diagonal matrix of order 2 and 3 respectively.
 
1 0   1 0 0

Example 6: “Identity matrix is a scalar matrix.” Is it true? Give an example of a scalar matrix of order 3.

1 0 0
Solution: If an identity matrix of order 3 is written, then it will be 0 1 0 . According to the definition

 
0 0 1 
of the scalar matrix, a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal entries are the same then it is a scalar
matrix. Since all the diagonal entries are 1’s, the identity matrix is a scalar matrix. But the converse
2 0 0
 
is not true, that is, all scalar matrices cannot be identified. For example, 0 2 0 is scalar but not
0 0 2 
identity matrix.

2 0 0
 
An example of the scalar matrix is 0 2 0  .
0 0 2 

Example 7: Write a matrix that is upper triangular as well as a lower triangular matrix.
Solution: According to the definition of upper triangular, all the entries below the main diagonal should
be zero. Similarly, for the lower triangular matrix, all the entries above the main diagonal should be
zero. If both these statements are combined, a matrix in which all entries are zero below and above of
main diagonal is required, and such a matrix is a diagonal matrix.

2 0 0
 
Thus,  0 0 0 is an example of a diagonal matrix of order 3 which is an upper triangular as well as
0 0 5 
 
a lower triangular matrix.

4.4 OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

Basic operations on matrices are addition, subtraction and multiplication. There is one more operation
other than these basic operations, which is scalar multiplication. For addition and subtraction of
matrices, matrices should be of the same order otherwise these operations are not possible for matrices
of a different order.

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4.4.1 Addition of Matrices

Consider the two matrices A = aij  mn and B = bij  mn of the same order m × n. The addition of these

two matrices A and B is defined as; A + B = aij + bij  .

mn

1 −1 0 2 3 0
For example, let A = 0 2 3
 and B =  
1 −1 3 , thus, the addition of matrices A and B will be;
   
1
A + B =  −1 0 2  3 0
0 2 3 + 1 −1 3
   
1 + 2 −1 + 3 0 + 0
=
0 + 1 2 + (−1) 3 + 3 
3 2 0
= 
1 1 6

−2 1 5 3 4 −5

 
Example 8: Determine the matrix P + Q, where P = 10 7 2 and Q = 9 2 −2 .
   
 9 4 1  8 0 −5 
   

Solution: Matrices A and B are given. Thus, addition of matrices P + Q is;

−2 1 5  3 4 −5
P + Q = 10 7 2 + 9 2 −2
   
 9 4 1  8 0 −5 

−2 + 3 1 + 4 5 + (−5)
 
 10 + 9 7 + 2 2 + (−2) 
= 
9 + 8 4 + 0 1 + (−5)
 

1 5 0 
 
= 19 9 0 
 17 4 −4 

3
Example 9: Find the addition of two matrices A = −2 −1 −2

  and B = −3 −4 .
7 2
   

Solution: The addition of two matrices A and B can be found by adding corresponding elements on both
matrices. That is,
3 −2 −1  −2
A+B=   −3 −4
7 2
  +  

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3 + (−1) −2 + (−2)
 ( ) 2 + (−4) 
= 7 + −3

2
 −4
= 4 −2
 

4.4.2 Subtraction of Matrices

Consider the two matrices A = aij  mn and B = bij  mn of the same order m × n. Subtraction of matrix

B from matrix A is defined as; A - B = aij − bij  .

mn

−1 2 3 0 
For example, let A =   and B =   , thus, subtraction of matrices A and B will be;
−3 0 4 −1
   
−1 2 3 0 
A - B = −3 0 – 4 −1
   
−1 − 3 2−0 
= −3 − 4 0 − (−1)
 
−4 2
= 
− 7
1
56 14 45 13 4 −51
Example 10: Determine the matrix P - Q, where P = 17 21 42 and Q = 9 22 −2 .
   
 14 46 11   8 0 −15 

Solution: Matrices A and B are given. Thus, subtraction of matrices P - Q is;

56 14 45   13 4 −51


P–Q= 17 21 42 – 9 22 −2
   
 14 46 11   8 0 −15 

56 − 13 14 − 4 45 − (−51)
 
 17 − 9 21 − 22
=  42 − (−2) 
14 − 8 46 − 0 11 − (−15)
 

43 10 96
= 8 −1 44
 
 6 46 26 

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−1 2  11 6 −5 2
Example 11: Determine matrix P + Q – R where P = ,Q= and R = .
     
1 4  10 3  7 5

Solution: Since matrix P, Q and R are given, P + Q – R will be;

−1 2  11 6 −5 2
P+Q–R=   +   –  
 1 4   10 3   7 5 
−1 + 11 − (−5) 2 + 6 − 2
=
 1 + 10 − 7 4 + 3 − 5 

15 4
=  
 4 2

4.4.3 Scalar Multiplication of Matrices

Consider the matrix A = aij  of order m × n. Scalar multiplication of matrix A is defined as;
mn

kA = k aij  = kaij  , where k is a scalar.

mn mn

−1 2
For example, let A =  . If matrix A is multiplied by 2, then the result will be
− 
2 −1 2  = 2(−1) 2(2) = −2
( )  −6 0
4
−3 0 2( − )
   3 2 0  30 

NOTE: For the addition or subtraction of matrices, the order of matrices should be the same. It is not possible to
add or subtract matrices of a different order.

5 4 5
 
Example 12: Let matrix A = −1 2 4  . Find matrix -3A.
 14 −6 11 

Solution: To find the matrix -3A, one has to multiply scalar -3 to matrix A. Thus,
 5 4 5
 
-3A = –3  −1 2 4 
 14 −6 11 

 −3(5) −3(4) −3(5) 

 
= −3(−1) −3(2) −3(4) 

 −3(14)
 −3(−6) −3 ( 11 )

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 −15 −12 −15

= 3 −6 −12
 
 −42 18 −33

1 2 −2 7
Example 13: If matrix A = and B = , then find 2A + B.
   
 4 0 2 1

Solution: To find the matrix 2A + B, multiply matrix A by scalar 2 and then add with matrix B. That is,
 1 2 −2 7
2A + B = 2   +  2 1
4 0
   
2 4 −2 7
=  8 0 +  2 1 
   
2 − 2 4 + 7
= 8 + 2 0+ 1


0 11
= 10 1



4.4.4 Multiplication of Matrices

Matrix multiplication CD of two matrices C and D is possible if several columns in C is equal to several
rows in matrix D. Consider the matrix C = c ij  mn of order m × n and matrix D = dij  np of order n × p.
n
Multiplication of matrix C and D is defined as; CD = E = eij  of order m × p, where (CD)ij = eij =  c ik dkj .
mp
k=1

For example,
−1 2 3 0 
(1) Consider A =   and B =   . Multiplication of matrix A and B is;
−3 0 4 −1
   
−1 2
  3 0  = −1 ( 3 ) + 2(4) −1(0)+ 2(−1)
−3 0 4 −1 −3(3)+ 0(4) −3(0)+ 0(−1) 
     
−3 + 8 0 − 2
=
−+ 
 5 −2 
= +
0
 −9
9 0 0 
 5 −2
The resultant matrix is of order 2×2.
 
 −9 0 

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−1

(2) Consider A =  1 −2 and B = 2 . Multiplication of matrix A and B is;

2
  
 1 

−1

 1 −2 2 =  2 ( −1 ) + 1 ( 2 ) − 2(1)
2
    
 1
 
= − 2 + 2 − 2
 
= − 2 
 
The resultant matrix is − 2  of order 1×1.
 
2 0  −1
 
(3) Consider P =   and Q = 3 . If matrix P is multiplied with Q then it is not possible because P
 
0 −2
 1 
and Q are of order 2×2 and 3×1 (the number of columns in P is not equal to the number of rows in Q).
Therefore, PQ cannot be defined. Similarly, one can check that QP is also not defined.

Note: Suppose A is a square matrix of order n and I is an identity matrix of order n, then the multiplication of
matrix A and I is equal to matrix A, that is, AI = A = IA.

1 −5 3   −2 6 1  
Example 14: If matrix U = 0 −2 6 and V = 7 0 −3 , then find matrix UV.
   
 7 2 −4   2 4 5 

Solution: Multiplication of matrix U and V will be;

1 −5 3 
  −2
 6 1 
UV = 0 −2 6 7 0 −3
  
 7 2 −4   2 4 5 

 1 ( −2 ) − 5 ( 7 ) + 3(2) 1 ( 6 ) − 5 ( 0 ) + 3(4) 1 ( 1 ) − 5(−3)+ 3(5)


=  0(−2)− 2 ( 7 ) + 6(2) 0 ( 1 ) − 2(−3)+ 6(5)

0(6)− 2 ( 0 ) + 6( 4)

 7 ( −2 ) + 2 ( 7 ) − 4(2)
 7 ( 6 ) + 2 ( 0 ) − 4( 4) 7 ( 1 ) + 2 ( −3) − 4 ( 5 )

−31 18 31 
 
=  −4 24 36 
 −8 26 −19

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1 0
Example 15: Find A2 + 2A + 3I , where A =   and I is an identity matrix.
0 6 

Solution: First, one needs to find A2 = A  A. That is,

1 0 1 0
A2 =   
0 6  0 6 

1 0 
=  
 0 36 

Thus,
1 0  1 0 1 0
A2 + 2A + 3I =   + 2   + 3  
 0 36  0 6  0 1 
1 0  2 0  3 0
=   +   +  
 0 36   0 12  0 3

6 0 
=  
 0 51 
−1 0 5 1
Example 16: Find ( A + B) , where A =
2
and B = .
   
0 3 0 3

Solution: Firstly, one needs to find the addition of two matrices A + B. That is,
−1 0 5 1
A+B=  +  
0 3 0 3

−1 + 5 0 + 1
=  0+0 3+ 3



4 1
= 
0 6 

Since ( A + B) = (A + B) (A + B), thus,

2

4 1 4 1
(A + B)2 =   
 0 6  0 6 

16 10
=  
 0 36 

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4.5 EQUALITY OF MATRICES

Two matrices are said to be equal if both matrices have the same dimension or order and their
corresponding elements are the same. Consider two matrices A = aij  and B = bij  of order
mn mn

m × n. Matrix A and B will be equal if aij = bij for all i = 1,2, 3,…,m and j = 1,2, 3,…,n .

a a  b b 
 11 a12 a2313 and B =  11 b12 b2313 are two matrices of order 3, matrix A will be equal to
Let A = a21 b21
a22 b22
   
a31 a32 a33   b31 b32 b33 
 

matrix B if aij = bij for all i, j = 1, 2, 3.

NOTE: If matrices A and B are not of the same order then the equality of both matrices will not be checked.
2a + b c 6 −1
Example 17: Find the value of a, b and c such that  =  
 2 b  2 2 
.
Solution: Two matrices will be equal if both are of the same order and their corresponding elements are
the same. Thus, the result is 2a+b = 6; b = 2 and c = -1 by equating the corresponding elements of both
matrices.
Therefore, the value of a, b and c are 2, 2 and -1 respectively.

 10 55 20 
Example 18: Consider a square matrix A such that 5A = 25 10 −35 . Determine the matrix A.
 
 −5 −40 0 

Solution: Given that

 10 55 20 
5A = 25 10 −35
 
 −5 −40 0 

Divide both sides by 5 to get the matrix A.

 10 55 20 

A = 1 25 10 −35
5  
 −5 −40 0 
 
 10 /5 55 /5 20 /5 
A= 25 /5 10 /5 −35 / 5
 
 −5 / 5 −40 / 5 0 / 5 

 2 11 4 
A = 5 2 −7
 
 −1 −8 0 

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1 −1
Example 19: Find (A +I )( A −I ) , where A = and I is an identity matrix.
 
0 2

Solution: Since (A +I )( A −I ) = A − A + A −I = A −I , first determine A2 and then A2 - I.

2 2

A2 = AA
1 −1 1 −1
=  
0 2  0 2 
1 −3
= 
0
1
4
A −I =
2
−3 1 0
 −  
0 4  0 1
0 −3
= 
0 3
0
Thus, (A +I )( A −I ) = −3
 .
 0 3 

One can also find (A +I )( A −I ) by determining (A + I) and (A - I), and then by multiplying both obtained
matrices.

4.6 PROPERTIES OF MATRICES

There are some properties related to matrix addition and scalar multiplication, which are as follows;

1. If A = aij  and B = bij  are matrices of order m × n, then matrices satisfy the commutative law
under matrix addition operation. That is, A + B = B + A.
2. Matrices satisfy the associative law under matrix addition operation. That is, if A, B and C are three
matrices of same order then (A+ B) + C = A + (B + C).

3. If A = aij  is a matrix of order m × n, then there exists a zero matrix O of the same order m × n such
that A + O = O + A = A, where O is the additive identity for matrix addition. This property is known as
the existence of additive identity.

4. If A = aij  is a matrix of order m × n, then there is a matrix −A = − aij  =  −aij  such that A + (-A) =
O = (-A) + A, where -A is the additive inverse or negative of matrix A. This property is known as the
existence of additive inverse.
5. Matrices do not hold commutative law under matrix multiplication. That is, If A and B are two
matrices of some order such that AB and BA are defined then AB ≠ BA.

6. If A = aij  is a square matrix of order n, and I is an identity matrix of order n, then AI = A = IA.

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7. If A = aij  and B =  bij  are matrices of order m × n, then k ( A + B) = kA + kB for any scalar k.

8. If A = aij  of order m × n, then ( k + l ) A = kA + lA for any scalar k and l .

9. If A and B are matrices of order m × n and n × p respectively, then both AB and BA are defined if p =
m.
10. If the multiplication of two matrices A and B is zero, that is, AB = 0, then it is not necessary that
either A = 0 or B = 0.

Example 20: Give an example of two matrices A and B such that AB = 0 but A ≠ 0 and B ≠ 0.
2 0 0 0 
Solution: Consider the matrix A = and B =  .
  1 −1
1 0
   
Multiplication of matrix A and B is;
2 0 0 0 
AB = 1 0 1 −1
   

0 0
=  
0 0

Here, A ≠ 0 and B ≠ 0 but AB = 0. Thus, it is clear that it is not necessary if AB = 0 then either A = 0 or B = 0.

 1 −2  −2 − 2I , where I is an identity matrix.

3
Example 21: Determine the value of k such that
 4 −4 = k 4 −2
   
Solution: To find the value of k, first solve the given expression of the matrix and then compare the
corresponding values of both side matrices.
1 −2
 3
 −2
4 −4 = k 4 −2 − 2I
   
1 −2
 3
 −2  1 0
4 −4 = k 4 −2 − 2 0 1
     
1 −2 3k
 − 2 −2k 

4 −4 = 4k −2k − 2
   

After comparing the corresponding values, one gets k = 1. Therefore, the value of k is 1.
Example 22: Give an example of matrix that is row matrix as well as a column matrix.
Solution: A matrix that has only one row is row matrix, and a matrix that has only one column is called
column matrix. From the definition of row and column matric, it is concluded that a matrix that has
only one column and one row will be row and column matrix. That is, all those matrices of order 1 × 1 will
be row matrix and column matrix both.
For example, [3] is a matrix of order 1 × 1 such that it is row matrix as well as column matrix.

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Conclusion 4.7 CONCLUSION

⚫ A matrix is a rectangular array in which numbers, functions or symbols are arranged in a row and
column.
⚫ If a matrix has m rows and n columns then it has total m*n elements.
⚫ A matrix having only one row is said to be row matrix.

⚫ A matrix having only one row is said to be row matrix. In general, A = aij  1n is represented as row
matrix, where j = 1,2,…,n .

⚫ A matrix having only one column is said to be column matrix. In general, A = aij  m1 is represented
as a row matrix, where i = 1,2,…,m .
⚫ A matrix is said to be a zero matrix if all the elements in the matrix are zero.
⚫ If the number of rows and number of columns are equal in a matrix, that matrix is called square
matrix.

⚫ A square matrix D = aij  nn of order n is called diagonal if it has all its non-diagonal elements zero.

That is, square matrix D = aij  nn is diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for i  j .

⚫ A diagonal matrix A = aij  nn of order n is called scalar if it has all its diagonal elements equal. That

is, square matrix A = aij  is scalar matrix if aij = 0 for i  j and aij = c for i = j .
nn

⚫ A diagonal matrix I = aij  is an identity matrix if all its diagonal elements are 1’s. That is,
nn

I = aij  nn is identity matrix of order n if aij = 0 for i  j and aij = 1 for i = j .

⚫ A square matrix in which all the elements below main diagonal entries are zero is called an upper
triangular matrix. If square matrix B = bij  nn of order n is an upper triangular matrix then bij = 0
for all i  j .
⚫ A square matrix in which all the elements above main diagonal entries are zero is called lower
triangular matrix. If square matrix B = bij  nn of order n is a lower triangular matrix then bij = 0
for all i  j .
⚫ A square matrix in which all the elements are zero except the diagonal elements from lower-left
corner to the upper right corner, is called an anti-diagonal matrix.
⚫ Addition and subtraction of two matrices is possible if matrices are of the same order.

⚫ Addition of two matrices A = aij  mn and B = bij  mn is defined as; A + B = aij + bij  .
mn

⚫ Subtraction of two matrices A = aij  and B = bij  is defined as; A - B = aij − bij  .
mn mn mn

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⚫ Matrix multiplication CD of two matrices C and D is possible if number of columns in C is equal to

number of rows in matrix D.
⚫ Two matrices are said to be equal if both matrices have the same dimension or order and their
corresponding elements are the same.
⚫ Matrices hold the commutative law under matrix addition but not commutative under matrix
multiplication.
⚫ If the multiplication of two matrices A and B is zero, that is, AB = 0, then it is not necessary that
either A = 0 or B = 0.

4.8 GLOSSARY

⚫ Matrix: A matrix is a rectangular array in which numbers, functions or symbols are arranged in a
row and column
⚫ Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix D = aij  of order n is called diagonal if it has all its non-
nn

diagonal elements zero

⚫ Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix I = aij  is an identity matrix if all its diagonal elements are
nn

1’s. That is, I = aij  nn is identity matrix of order n if aij = 0 for i  j and aij = 1 for i = j

⚫ Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix A = aij  of order n is called scalar if it has all its diagonal
nn
elements equal
⚫ Equal Matrices: Two matrices will be equal if both matrices have the same dimension and
corresponding elements are the same

4.9 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

A. Essay Type Questions

1. Define a matrix and explain how to find the order of a matrix.
2. Differentiate between diagonal matrices and scalar matrices.

−1 8 0   4 −1 0

3. If P = 3 6 0 and Q = 2 6 2 then find 2P – Q.
   
 0 0 −3  1 0 0
 2 0 −1 4 0
4. If matrix A =   and B =   then find AB and BA.
−1 3 7 −2 2
   
a + b c 6
5. Find the value of a, b and c such that = −2
   .
5 b 5 4
   
6. Describe when will two matrices be equal. Give an example of two matrices that satisfy the
commutative property under matrix multiplication.
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4.10 ANSWERS AND HINTS FOR SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

A. Hints for Essay Type Questions

1. A matrix is a rectangular array in which numbers, functions or symbols are arranged in a row and
column. Refer to Section Matrix
2. Diagonal matrix can have different diagonal entries but a scalar matrix has all diagonal entries
same. Refer to Section Types of Matrices
−6 17 0 
 
3. 4 6 −2
 
 −1 0 −6
 
−2 8 0
4. AB =   ; BA is not defined.
22 −10 6
 
5. a = 2, b = 4, c = -2
6. Two matrices will be equal if both matrices are of same order and their corresponding elements
are same. Diagonal matrices satisfy commutative property under matrix multiplication. Refer to
Section Equality of Matrices.

@ 4.11 POST-MODULE READING MATERIAL

⚫ https://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/m640_03c/lectures/chapter2.pdf
⚫ https://www.britannica.com/science/matrix-mathematics

4.12 TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION FORUMS

Along with your students, discuss the different types of matrices and how each matrix is differentfrom
other matrices. Also, try to solve as many questions as you can.

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