TRANSFORMER

Name : G GAYATHRI

Class : 12, School : Sri Chaitanya Techno School, Hosur Date : 1st Dec 2024

Transformer Experiment

Experiment Title : Functioning of step down transformer

INDEX

S.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1 AIM 2
2 APPARATUS 2
3 THEORY & CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2&6
4 PROCEDURE 6
5 OBSERVATION 7
6 RESULT 7
7 PRECAUTIONS 8
8 SOURCES OF ERROR 8

Page 1
 TRANSFORMER
Name : G GAYATHRI

Class : 12, School : Sri Chaitanya Techno School, Hosur Date : 1st Dec 2024

AIM :-

To study the function of transformer by connecting to an AC supply and check the secondary
power transfer by way of step down AC voltage which can be further converted to DC for
home application.

APPARATUS :-

S.No. Description Specification Quantity Unit

1 Core type step down 230/12V, 2A 1 PC
transformer, T1
2 Bridge rectifier, D5 12V 1 PC
3 DC-DC converter, IC2 12V/5V 1 PC
& acc
4 LED 30mA 1 PC
5 Resistor, R 220 Ω 1 PC
6 Power cable 230V 1 PC
7 Cables & accessories 12V 1 set

THEORY:-
Consider an ideal transformer as shown in Fig.2 whose secondary is open and whose primary is
connected to sinusoidal alternating voltage v1. The potential difference causes an alternating
current to flow in the primary.

The alternating current Ip produces alternating flux ɸ which is, at all times, proportional to the
current and hence in phase with it. This changing flux is linked with both primary and secondary
windings. Therefore, it produces both self induced e.m.f E1 and mutually induced e.m.f E2.

Page 2
 TRANSFORMER
Name : G GAYATHRI

Class : 12, School : Sri Chaitanya Techno School, Hosur Date : 1st Dec 2024

Fig. 2

E.M.F equation of a transformer :

Let,

N1 – No. of turns in primary

N2 – No. of turns in secondary

ɸm - Maximum flux in core in webers

f – Frequency of a.c input in Hz

E2 =4.44 f N2 ɸm ---------(1)

E1 =4.44 f N2 ɸm----------(2)

Note : Since, these equations use frequency, the transformer will not work in DC. It works only
on AC.

Voltage transformation ratio :

From equation (1) and (2), we get,

Page 3
 TRANSFORMER
Name : G GAYATHRI

Class : 12, School : Sri Chaitanya Techno School, Hosur Date : 1st Dec 2024

E2 N2 I1
--- = ---- = --- = K
E1 N1 I2

This constant K is called Voltage transformation ratio.

Fig. 3

Page 4
 TRANSFORMER
Name : G GAYATHRI

Class : 12, School : Sri Chaitanya Techno School, Hosur Date : 1st Dec 2024

Equivalent circuit :

An ideal transformer is one which has no losses i.e its windings have no ohmic resitance, there is
no magnetic leakage and hence which has no I2R and core losses. In otherwords, the ideal
transformer consists of two purely inductive coils wound on a loss free core. It is impossible to
realize such a transformer in practice.

The transformer shown in Fig 4 (a) can be resolved into an equivalent circuit in which the
resistance and leakage reactance of the transformer are imagine to be external to winding whose
only function then is to transform the voltage (Fig 4 (b)).

Fig. 4

Page 5
 TRANSFORMER
Name : G GAYATHRI

Class : 12, School : Sri Chaitanya Techno School, Hosur Date : 1st Dec 2024

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

Fig. A

PROCEDURE :-

1. Make all connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the mains 230V AC supply.
3. Measure the voltage at the primary of the Transformer using AC Voltmeter (0-300V),
V1.
4. Measure the voltage at the secondary of the Transformer using AC voltmeter (0-30V),
V2.
5. Measure the Output voltage at the output of bridge rectifier using DC voltmeter (0-30V),
V3.
6. Measure the voltage at the output of DC-DC regulator using DC voltmeter (0-10V), V4.
7. Tabulate the readings.
8. The LED would be lighting.
9. Turn off the mains AC supply
10. The LED would turn off.

Page 6
 TRANSFORMER
Name : G GAYATHRI

Class : 12, School : Sri Chaitanya Techno School, Hosur Date : 1st Dec 2024

OBSERVATIONS :-
S.NO. DESCRIPTION V1 V2 V3 V4
1 Least count 3V AC 0.3 V AC 0.3 V DC 0.1 V DC
2 Zero Error 0V 0V 0V 0V
3 Range 0-300 V AC 0-30 V AC 0-30 V DC 0-10 V DC

Table :

S.NO. TRANSFORME TRANSFORME BRIDGE DC LED

R PRIMARY R SECONDARY RECTIFIE REGULATO STATU
SUPPLY IN OUTPUT IN R OUTPUT R OUTPUT S
VAC VAC VOLTAGE VOLTAGE ON /
IN VDC IN VDC OFF
1 230 12 12 5 On
2 0 0 0 0 Off

RESULT :-
When the step down transformer is supplied with a mains supply in VAC, it transfers the
power to secondary in a principle called mutual induction. Also the secondary voltage is
reduced proportionally with Voltage Transformation ratio or Turns ratio. Since the secondary
voltage is reduced, the current it can provide would be more than the primary which is
inversely proportional to Voltage. Also, for a step down transformer, the no. of turns in
Primary would be higher than the no. of turns in the secondary.

The LED lights up with the following events.

1. After power on, the transformer transfers power by reducing the voltage from 230V to
12V AC.
2. The bridge rectifier converts AC to DC

Page 7
 TRANSFORMER
Name : G GAYATHRI

Class : 12, School : Sri Chaitanya Techno School, Hosur Date : 1st Dec 2024

3. The capacitor filter and smoothens the DC

4. The regulator IC (DC-DC converter circuit) reduces the DC voltage to 5 V
5. The LED is powered on by the 5V supply through current limiting resistor R.

When the supply is disconnected, there is no longer emf available and there is no secondary
voltage in the absence of self and mutual induction.

The usage of step down transformer has been experimented and the LED light

function has been visualized.

PRECAUTIONS :-

1. Do not touch the bare wire as the source voltage of 230V may cause electrical shock.
2. Wear shoes while doing experiment.
3. Make the connections as shown in Fig. A in power off condition.
4. Check the connections before power on.
5. Keep the set up on wooden board.
6. The voltmeter shall be connected across the measuring points.

SOURCES OF ERRORS :-

1. The resistance of the circuit may change slightly based on temperature.

2. The zero value of the voltmeter may change slightly.

Page 8