SESSION:- 2019-20

Topic :-
Transformer
SUBMITTED TO :- KARUNA RAHUL KUMAR
PGT (Physics)
SUBMITTED BY :- ANSHU GANGWAR
XII (SCIENCE)
ROLL NO. :-
 CERTIFICATE
This is here to by certify that the original and
genuine investigation work has been carried
out to investigated about the subject matter
and the related data collection and
investigation has been completed solely
sincerely and satisfactorily by
Anshu Gangwar of class 12th of Bedi
International School regarding “transformer.

PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE :-……………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

……………………. …………………….
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my Physics teacher “Mrs.
Karuna Ma’am” as well as our principal
“Mrs. J.K. Sawhney” who gave this golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic “Transformer” which also helped
me in doing a lot of research and I came to
know about so many new things I am really
thankful to them.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited time frame.
By Anshu Gangwar
 Electric
Transformer
 CONTENT
 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 Aim
 Principle
 Introduction
 Construction
 Theory
 Observation
 Energy Losses
 Conclusion
 Application
 Precaution and Errors
 Bibliography
 AIM OF THE PROJECT
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-made transformer.

PRINCIPLE
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil.
 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a electrical device which is used for charging the
A.C. voltages. A transformer is a widely used for in both low and
high current circuit. As search Transformer are built in an
amazing strength of sizes. In electric, measurement and control
circuits transformer size may be so small that is weight only a
few tens of grams where as in High Voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundred of tones. In a transformer, the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltage is called Step-Up transformer. A Transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltage is called the step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of Apparatus both
high and low current circuits.
 CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one
another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the
same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note
that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s1 s2,
the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there
can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the
switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of
the primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further,
the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also
negligible.
Theory and working of transformer
When an altering e.m.f is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current startsfalling in it . The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which includes
altering voltage in the primary as well as the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, then the induced e.m.f
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f's induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt = _______________ (1)
Es = -Ns dф/dt = _______________(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing
2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primarycoil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, RpIp can be
neglected so therefore
E – Ep=0 or Ep=E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1
hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer
Es < E so K < 1
hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power
Ep Ip = Es Is
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a
step down transformer steps up the current.
 OBSERVATIONS
1. We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across the two coils
is equal to the ratio of number of turns in the coil P to that
in the coil S .i.e.,

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns ---------------(1)

2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is Called the
primary and coil S (in which AC is induced) is called the
secondary.
3.Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P,the power in
the primary is transferred into the secondary through
mutual induction.
4. It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate choice of
the turn ratio i.e., Np/Ns, we can obtain a higher voltage or
lower voltage in S compared to that in P.
 ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in
iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it. 5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a
transformer.
 CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with
respect to the input voltage.
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the (Ns/Np) with respect to
the input voltage.
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil
of a transformer.
 APPLICATIONS
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner etc.

A step down transformer is used for welding

purposes.

A step down transformer is used for obtaining

large current.

A step up transformer is used for the production

of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.

Transformers are used in voltage regulators and

stabilized power supplies.

Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.

over long distances.

Small transformers are used in Radio sets,

telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
 PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.co.in/
 www.slideshare.com/
 www.en.wikipedia.com/
 NCERT Textbook of Physics
 Physics Laboratory Manual
 Pradeep’s Fundaments of physics