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Gokul Project

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12 views14 pages

Gokul Project

Uploaded by

shatrudhan2007lk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 14

E.S.

LORDS INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL


VILLUPURAM

PHYSICS PROJECT

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2022 – 2023


NAME :
CLASS : XII
ROLL NO :
TOPIC :

SUBMITTED BY :

1
CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE

This is to certify that this Physics Investigatory Project on the


topic ‘ ‘has been
successfully completed by

of Class XII under the guidance of

in particular fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of


Secondary Education leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2022-23.

Sign of External Examiner Sign of Internal Examiner

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many


people have best owned upon me their blessings and heart
pledge support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people
who have been concerned with this project.

Primarily I would like to thank god for being able to


complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank
my principal Mr. Gunasekaran, my co-ordinator Mr.R. Mark
and our subject teacher Mr. A.Arunagiri whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped us to patch this project
and make it full proof success, his suggestions and instruction
has served as the major contribution towards the completion of
this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and my classmates


who helped me with valuable suggestions for finalizing and
completion of project.

3
INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE

1 Aim of the project

2 Introduction

3 Characteristics of LDR

4 Principle and formulae

5 Apparatus required

6 Procedure

7 Observation

8 Result

9 Closure

4
AIM OF THE PROJECT

To study the variation in the current


flowing in a circuit containing LDR
because of a variation in

(a) The power of the incident lamp


used to illuminate the LDR (Keeping
all the lamp at fixed distance).

(b) The distance of the incandescent


lamp (of fixed power) used to
illuminate the LDR.

5
INTRODUCTION

LDR is made up of semiconductor materials having high


resistance because there are very few electrons that are free and
able to move. The vast merit of the electron are locked into the
crystal lattice and unable to move. Therefore in this stage there
is a high LDR resistance.

When light falls i.e. when protons fall on the device, the
light photons are absorbed by the semiconductor device and
sum of their energy is transferred to the electrons.

The electrons in the balanced band of the semiconductor


material are excited to the conduction band. The photons in the
incident light must have energy greater than band gap of the
semiconductor material to make the electrons jump from
valence band to the conduction band. Hence when light having
enough energy strikes on the device, more electrons are excited
to the conduction band which results in large number of the
charge carries.

6
The results of this process is more and more current starts
flowing through the device when the circuit closed and hence it
is said that the resistance of the device has been decreased. This
is the most common working principle of LDR.

TYPES OF PHOTORESISTOR:

Intrinsic photo resistors: Intrinsic photo resistors use


undoped semiconductor materials including silicon or
germanium. Photons fall on the LDR excite electrons moving
them from the valence band to the conduction ban. As a result,
these electrons are free to conduct electricity. The more light
that falls on the device, more electrons are liberated and the
greater the level of conductivity, and this results in a lower level
of resistance.
Extrinsic photo resistors: Extrinsic photo resistors are
manufactured from semiconductor of material doped with
impurities. These impurities of dopants create a new energy
band above the existing valence band. As a result, electrons
need less energy to transfer to the conduction band because of
the smaller energy gap.
7
CHARACTERISTICS OF LDR

When alight dependent resistor is kept in dark, its


resistance is very high. The resistance is called as dark
resistance. It can be high as1012 Ω and if the device is allowed
to absorb light its resistance will be decreased drastically. If a
constant voltage is applied to it and intensity of light increased
the current starts increasing. Figure shows resistance vs
illumination curve for a particular LDR.

Photocells or LDR’s are nonlinear devices. There


sensitivity varies with the wavelength of light incident on them.
Some photocells might not all the response to a certain range of
wave length. Aside on the material used different cells have
different spectral response curves.

When light is incident on photocell it usually takes about 8


to 12 ms for the change in resistance to take place, while it takes
one or more seconds for the resistance to else back again to its
initial value after removal of light. This phenomenon is called
as resistance recovery rate.

8
PRINCIPLE

The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR ) are generally used

in circuits where it is necessary to detect the presence or level

of light . They have variety of names on LDR, photo resistor or

even photocell or photoconductor.

Principle. A LDR works on the principle of photoconductivity

(i.e. photoconductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the

materials conductivity is increased when light is absorbed by

the material.

9
APPARATUS REQUIRED

 LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

 Connecting wires

 Bulb hold

 Bulbs of different power rating

 Meter scale

 Multimeter

 Battery.

10
DIAGRAM

11
PROCEDURE

1. Draw a diagram showing the scheme of connections as

shown.

2. Mae the connections as given in the diagram. Arrange

the incandescent lamp and LDR so that they are in same

straight line, and make sure that both are stable.

3. To find the resistance, set the multimeter to ohm section

and select suitable range and measure the resistance of

LDR with a bulb on.

4. In multimeter select the switch to microampere to get

current.

5. Switch on the bulb and take different readings with

different power sources placed at same distance.

6. Now repeat these steps again with different power

sources at different distances and repeat the

observations.
12
OBSERVATIONS
(a) Variation of LDR current of different power sources
placed at fixed distance.

S.No Power of Distance Resistane Current


bulb ( inW) between (in kΩ) (in
LDR and microA)
bulb in
(cm)
1 50 142 40
2 15 40 69 80
3 30 41 150
1 50 51 120
2 25 40 35 170
3 30 22 270
1 50 20 300
2 40 40 13 460
3 30 8 700

RESULT

We find that the resistance of LDR decreases with increase


in intensity of light and hence the current also increases.

13
14

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