Prep.

2 Grammer
First: A.L.

1- The Present Simple Tense

Form:
Subject + base verb (add -s/-es for he/she/it)
Example: She plays football.
Negative Form:
Subject + do/does not + base verb
Example: He doesn’t play football.
Questions:
Do/Does + subject + base verb?
Example: Do they work here?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + do/does + subject + base verb?
Example: What does he do every day?
Examples:
I read books daily.
She doesn’t watch TV often.
Keywords:
Always, often, sometimes, never, every day, usually.
Usage:
Facts and general truths: The sun rises in the east.
Habits and routines: I brush my teeth every morning.
Timetabled future: The train leaves at 6 PM.
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2- Present Continuous
Form:
Subject + am/is/are + verb(-ing)
Example: I am reading now.
Negative Form:
Subject + am/is/are not + verb(-ing)
Example: She isn’t studying.
Questions:
Am/Is/Are + subject + verb(-ing)?
Example: Are they coming?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + am/is/are + subject + verb(-ing)?
Example: What are you doing?
Examples:
We are playing soccer.
He isn’t eating lunch.
Keywords:
Now, at the moment, currently, today.
Usage:
Actions happening now: She is talking on the phone.
Temporary situations: I am living in Cairo for now.
Planned future actions: We are visiting grandma
tomorrow.
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3- Past Simple
Form:
Subject + verb (past form)
Example: He visited Paris last year.
Negative Form:
Subject + did not + base verb
Example: They didn’t watch the movie.
Questions:
Did + subject + base verb?
Example: Did you go to school yesterday?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + did + subject + base verb?
Example: When did he arrive?
Examples:
I saw a bird.
She didn’t dance.
Keywords:
Yesterday, last week, in 2005, ago.
Usage:
Completed actions in the past: She cooked dinner.
A series of past actions: He woke up, got dressed, and
left.
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4- Used to
Form:
Subject + used to + base verb
Example: He used to play football.
Negative Form:
Subject + didn’t use to + base verb
Example: They didn’t use to eat sushi.
Questions:
Did + subject + use to + base verb?
Example: Did you use to watch cartoons?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + did + subject + use to + base verb?
Example: Where did you use to live?
Examples:
She used to walk to school.
He didn’t use to drink coffee.
Keywords:
Used to, didn’t use to, always, often.
Usage:
Past habits or states that no longer occur: I used to live
in Paris.
Compare past and present: He used to be shy, but now
he’s confident.
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5- Past Continuous
Form:
Subject + was/were + verb(-ing)
Example: I was reading.
Negative Form:
Subject + was/were not + verb(-ing)
Example: She wasn’t studying.
Questions:
Was/Were + subject + verb(-ing)?
Example: Were they working?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + was/were + subject + verb(-ing)?
Example: What were you doing?
Examples:
They were sleeping at 10 PM.
She wasn’t watching TV.
Keywords:
While, when, at that moment, yesterday at 5.
Usage:
Ongoing actions in the past: He was playing football.
Two simultaneous actions: I was cooking while she
was reading.
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6- Future Simple (with Will)

Form:
Subject + will + base verb
Example: She will call later.
Negative Form:
Subject + will not (won’t) + base verb
Example: He won’t come.
Questions:
Will + subject + base verb?
Example: Will you join us?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + will + subject + base verb?
Example: When will they arrive?
Examples:
We will visit the park tomorrow.
He won’t forget your birthday.
Keywords:
Tomorrow, next week, in the future, soon.
Usage:
Decisions made at the moment of speaking: I’ll help
you.
Predictions: It will rain tomorrow.
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7- Future Simple with Be Going To

Form:
Subject + am/is/are + going to + base verb
Example: She is going to travel.
Negative Form:
Subject + am/is/are not + going to + base verb
Example: They aren’t going to attend.
Questions:
Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + base verb?
Example: Are you going to join?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + am/is/are + subject + going to + base
verb?
Example: What are you going to do?
Examples:
We are going to paint the house.
He isn’t going to study.
Keywords:
Soon, tomorrow, next week.
Usage:
Planned future actions: I’m going to visit my friend.
Predictions based on evidence: Look at the clouds; it’s
going to rain.
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8- Present Perfect Simple

Form:
Subject + have/has + past participle
Example: I have finished.
Negative Form:
Subject + have/has not (haven’t/hasn’t) + past
participle
Example: She hasn’t completed it.
Questions:
Have/Has + subject + past participle?
Example: Have you seen this movie?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + have/has + subject + past participle?
Example: Where have they gone?
Examples:
We have eaten already.
He hasn’t been to Paris.
Keywords:
Already, just, yet, ever, never, so far, since, for.

Usage:
Actions with present relevance: I have lost my keys.
Experiences: She has visited Rome.
Duration: We have lived here for five years.
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9- Present Perfect Continuous

Form:
Subject + have/has + been + verb(-ing)
Example: I have been reading.
Negative Form:
Subject + have/has not + been + verb(-ing)
Example: She hasn’t been studying.
Questions:
Have/Has + subject + been + verb(-ing)?
Example: Have you been working?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + have/has + subject + been + verb(-
ing)?
Example: How long have they been running?
Examples:
They have been playing football for two hours.
He hasn’t been eating well.
Keywords:
For, since, all day, lately, recently.
Usage:
Actions that started in the past and continue to the
present: She has been writing for an hour.
Emphasizes the duration of actions: We have been
working hard.
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10- Order of Adjectives

Form:
Opinion + Size + Age + Shape + Color + Origin +
Material + Purpose + Noun
OSASCOMP
Negative Form:
Adjectives still follow the same order.
Example: It isn’t a boring small new book.
Questions:
Use questions about the object with adjectives.
Example: Is this your lovely big green jacket?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + verb + adjectives + noun?
Example: What beautiful tall trees are these?
Examples:
She bought a lovely small pink silk scarf.
He has a terrible big old red car.
Keywords:
Adjective types: opinion, size, age, shape, color,
origin, material, purpose.
Usage:
To describe objects or people clearly: It’s a charming
little antique French clock.
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11- Past Perfect

Form:
Subject + had + past participle
Example: She had eaten before he arrived.
Negative Form:
Subject + had not (hadn’t) + past participle
Example: They hadn’t called before noon.
Questions:
Had + subject + past participle?
Example: Had he left by then?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + had + subject + past participle?
Example: Where had you gone before the storm?
Examples:
By the time we arrived, the movie had started.
He hadn’t finished his homework.
Keywords:
Before, after, by the time, already.
Usage:
Actions completed before another past action: I had
studied before the exam.
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12- Past Perfect Continuous

Form:
Subject + had + been + verb(-ing)
Example: They had been waiting for hours.
Negative Form:
Subject + had not (hadn’t) + been + verb(-ing)
Example: She hadn’t been working hard.
Questions:
Had + subject + been + verb(-ing)?
Example: Had they been living there long?
Questions with Question Words:
Question word + had + subject + been + verb(-ing)?
Example: Why had he been crying?
Examples:
I had been studying for hours before the test.
They hadn’t been traveling far.
Keywords:
For, since, before, by the time.
Usage:
Actions ongoing in the past up to another past
moment: He had been reading before dinner.
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13- Expressing Purpose or Intention

Form:
To + verb / In order to + verb / So that + subject +
verb
Example: She studies to improve her skills.
Negative Form:
Not typically negated but can describe a lack of
purpose.
Example: They left without telling us.
Questions:
Why + auxiliary + subject + verb?
Example: Why do you want to learn English?
Examples:
I left early to catch the train.
He is working hard so that he can buy a car.
Keywords:
To, in order to, so that, for.
Usage:
Explains the reason for an action: She runs to stay
healthy.
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14- Reported Speech/Reported
Statements
Form:
Reporting verb + that + reported clause
Example: He said that he was tired.
Negative Form:
Reporting verb + that + not + reported clause
Example: She said that she didn’t like the movie.
Questions:
Reporting verb + if/whether + subject + verb
Example: He asked if I was coming.
Examples:
They said that they had finished their homework.
He asked if she would join.
Keywords:
Said, told, asked, wondered.
Usage:
To report what someone said: She told me she was
leaving.
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15- Present Simple for Future
Meaning
Form:
Subject + base verb (timetabled events)
Example: The train leaves at 6 PM.
Negative Form:
Subject + do/does not + base verb
Example: The meeting doesn’t start until 10 AM.
Questions:
Do/Does + subject + base verb?
Example: Does the train depart at 8 PM?
Examples:
The class begins at 9 AM tomorrow.
The plane doesn’t arrive until midnight.
Keywords:
Tomorrow, next week, on Monday.
Usage:
Timetables or fixed events: The movie starts at 7 PM.
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16- Countable and Uncountable

Nouns
Countable Nouns (C):
Form: Nouns that can be counted, singular and plural.
Example: apple / apples, book / books.
Uncountable Nouns (UC):
Form: Nouns that cannot be counted and are always
singular.
Example: water, sugar, information, air.
Negative Form:
Countable: There aren’t any apples.
Uncountable: There isn’t any water.
Questions:
Countable: How many apples do you have?
Uncountable: How much water do you need?
Examples:
I have three books. (countable)
She needs some milk. (uncountable)
Keywords:
Countable: Many, few, a few, some, a lot of.
Uncountable: Much, little, a little, some, a lot of.
Usage:
Countable nouns are used with numbers and can have
a plural form: I have two dogs.
Uncountable nouns are used with quantities like
"some" and are not pluralized: She needs a little
advice.
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17- Time Clauses

Form:
When + Subject + Verb: When I arrive, I’ll call you.
Before + Subject + Verb: Before he left, he called
me.
After + Subject + Verb: After I eat, I’ll go to bed.
Negative Form:
When + Subject + don’t/doesn’t + Verb: When she
doesn’t arrive, we’ll start the meeting.
Before + Subject + don’t/doesn’t + Verb: Before he
doesn’t finish, don’t leave.
After + Subject + don’t/doesn’t + Verb: After I don’t
finish, wait for me.
Questions:
When + will + subject + verb? When will you leave?
Before + will + subject + verb? Before will you
leave?
Examples:
When I finish my work, I’ll call you.
Before I go to the store, I’ll eat lunch.
Keywords:
When, before, after, as soon as, until, while.
Usage:
Time clauses are used to express when or before
something happens. After I eat, I’ll study.
The main clause can indicate future, present, or past,
but the time clause is usually in the present or past
tense: When I was young, I played outside.
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18- Using Auxiliary Verbs to Show
Agreement
• Form:
• Positive Agreement: Yes, I do. / Yes, she is.
• Negative Agreement: No, I don’t. / No, they
aren’t.
• Negative Form:
• Use auxiliary verbs like do, does, did, will,
am, is, are, etc.
Example: No, I don’t like coffee.
• Questions:
• Use auxiliary verbs for short answers or
agreement:
Do you like music? Yes, I do.
• Examples:
• Positive: I am going to the store. Yes, I am.
• Negative: They don’t like pizza. No, they
don’t.
• Keywords:
Do, does, did, will, am, is, are, have.
• Usage:
• Used to show agreement or disagreement with
a statement:
Do you like reading? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
• Verbs like "do" or "have" are used to support
the verb in the main clause for emphasis or to
avoid repetition.