ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS - I
UE20MA101
Dr. Sivasankari V
Department of Science & Humanities
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Unit 5 : Lesson Plan

47 Gamma functions - definition, Graph and properties

48 Definition of Beta function and its properties

TEXTBOOK:
Relation between Beta and Gamma functions and Duplication
49 formula(statement only)
Higher Engineering
50 Problems on Beta and Gamma functions
Mathematics, B.S. Grewal,
UNIT – 5 Khanna Publishers, New
51 Series solution of Bessel’s differential equation, Bessel functions Delhi, 44th Edition, 2020.
SPECIAL (SECTION 7.14 -7.16, 16.5-
FUNCTIONS 52 Recurrence relations 16.11)
53 Problems on Recurrence Relations
54 Generating Functions, Jacobi series
55 Problems on generating functions and Jacobi Series
56 Bessel's Integral formula and Orthogonality of Bessel functions
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I

Unit 5 : Special Functions

Session : 1

Sub Topic : Gamma Function

Department of Science & Humanities

 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Functions-Gamma Functions

❑Special Functions are functions other than the elementary

functions( trigonometric , exponential, logarithmic) expressed as
Integrals. These help us to evaluate certain definite integral
which are either difficult or impossible to evaluate.

❑It can be proved that the integral has a finite value.

❑The Gamma function and Beta functions belong to the category of

the special transcendental functions and are defined in terms of
improper definite integrals.
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

Definition : Gamma function is an improper integral which is dependent on the

parameter n and defined by,
∞
𝜞 𝒏 = ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬−𝒙 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (n > 0)……..(1)

The Gamma function was first introduced by Swiss Mathematician Leonhard

Euler (1707-1783).
Gamma function is also known as Euler’s integral of the second kind.
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

Examples :
∞
1. ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 =
𝜞(4)
∞
2. ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 7 𝑑𝑡 =
𝜞(8)
∞ 2Τ
3. ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 =
𝜞(5/3)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

Another form of Gamma function :

∞
Consider, 𝜞 𝒏 = ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬−𝒙 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 (n > 0)……..(1)

Putting x= 𝑡 2 in (1), we obtain,

∞ 𝟐
𝜞 𝒏 = 𝟐 ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬−𝒕 𝒕𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒕
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

Properties of Gamma Function:

1) Recurrence Formula for Gamma Function: 𝜞(n+1) = n 𝜞(n)

Proof :
By definition we have,
∞
𝜞(n) = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
∞
Then, 𝜞(n+1) = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
Integrating by parts, we have
∞
𝜞(n+1) = 𝑥 𝑛 (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) ∞ −𝑥 𝑛−1
0 − ‫׬‬0 𝑛 (−𝑒 )𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞
= n ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
= n 𝜞(n)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

2) 𝜞(n+1) = n! where n is an positive integer

Proof :

We know that 𝜞(n+1) = n 𝜞(n)

By repeated application of above formula, we get

𝜞(n) = (n-1) 𝜞(n-1)
𝜞(n-1) = (n-2) 𝜞(n-2)
𝜞(n-2) = (n-3) 𝜞(n-3) ……..
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

Thus we have
𝜞(n+1) = n 𝜞(n)
= n (n-1) 𝜞(n-1)
= n (n-1) (n-2) 𝜞(n-2)
= n(n-1) (n-2) (n-3) 𝜞(n-3)
= n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)…..3.2.1 𝜞(1)
∞
But 𝜞(1) = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 = 1
Hence 𝜞(n+1) = n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)…..3.2.1 = n!

𝜞(n+1) = n!
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

Standard Results:
𝟏
𝟏) 𝜞 𝟐
= 𝝅
Proof :
∞ 2
By definition we have, Γ 𝑛 = 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
1 ∞ 2
Putting n=1/2, 𝜞 = 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 2 ∞ 2 ∞ 2
Squaring both sides , 𝜞 = 4 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
∞ ∞ 2 +𝑦 2 )
=‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −(𝑥 dx dy
Transforming the repeated integral to polar coordinates by putting x=r cos 𝛉, y=r sin 𝛉, we get
1 2 𝜋Τ ∞ 2)
𝜞 = 4 ‫׬‬0 2
‫׬‬0 𝑒 −(𝑟 r dr d 𝛉
2
1 2
Put 𝑡 = 𝑟 2 , we have 𝜞 =𝞹
2
1
Hence, 𝜞 = 𝜋
2
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

𝒑+𝟏
∞ 𝒒 𝜞
𝒒
2. ‫𝒆 𝒑𝒙 𝟎׬‬−𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒑+𝟏
𝒒𝒂 𝒒
Proof :
Let 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑞 .
Then, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎𝑞𝑥 𝑞−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑝 𝑝+1−𝑞
∞ −𝑦
∞ 𝑞 ∞ 𝑦 𝑞 𝑑𝑦 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑦 𝑞 𝑑𝑦
‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑝 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑎
𝑒 −𝑦 𝑎𝑞𝑥𝑞−1 = 𝑝+1
𝑞𝑎 𝑞
𝑝+1
𝜞
= 𝑞
𝑝+1
𝑞𝑎 𝑞
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

∞ 𝟐
Evaluate ‫𝒆 𝒙 𝟎׬‬−𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Solution :
Let, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
Then, dy= 2xdx
∞ 2 ∞ 1 𝑑𝑦
‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥= ‫׬‬0 (𝑦) Τ4 𝑒 −𝑦2 𝑦
1 ∞ −1Τ −𝑦 1 3
= ‫ )𝑦( ׬‬4 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜞
2 0 2 4
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝜞(𝒏+𝟏)
3.‫ 𝒏)𝒙𝒏𝒍( 𝒎𝒙 𝟎׬‬dx = (𝒎+𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
where n is positive integer
and m> -1

Proof :
Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦
1 ∞
‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑚 (𝑙𝑛𝑥)𝑛 dx = (−1)𝑛 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 − 𝑚+1 𝑦 (𝑦)𝑛 dy
∞ −𝑢 𝑢 𝑛 𝑑𝑢
= (−1) ‫׬‬0 𝑒
𝑛
(put (m+1)y=u )
𝑚+1 𝑚+1
(−1)𝑛 ∞ −𝑢 𝑛 (−1)𝑛
=(𝑚+1)𝑛+1 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢= (𝑚+1)𝑛+1 𝜞(𝑛 + 1)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

1
Evaluate ‫׬‬0 (𝑙𝑛𝑥)4 dx

Put 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦
1
‫׬‬0 (𝑙𝑛𝑥)4 dx= 𝜞(5) = 4!
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

Things to remember!!!
1) If n is a positive fraction,
𝜞(n) = (n−1) 𝜞(n−1)…go on decreasing by 1. The
series of factor being continued as long as the
factor remains positive, the last factor being
𝜞(last factor).
9
Example: 𝜞
2
9 7 7 7 5 5 7 5 3 1 1 105
𝜞 = 𝜞 = . 𝜞 = . . . 𝜞 = 𝜋
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 16
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

2) If n is a positive integer,
𝜞(n) = (n-1)!
Example : 𝜞(4)
𝜞(4) = 3!
3) If n is zero or a negative integer, 𝜞(n) is not defined
Further, 𝜞(n)>0 for n>0.
4) For a negative non-integer n, 𝜞(n) is computed through
𝜞(n+1)
the formula 𝜞(n+1) = (n) 𝜞(n) in the form, 𝜞(n)= 𝑛

−1
Example: 𝜞 2
−1
𝜞 2
= -2 𝜋
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions

Evaluate
5 −5 9
1. 𝜞 2. 𝜞 3. 𝜞 4. 𝜞 7
2 2 2

5 3
Ans: 1. 𝜞 = 𝜋
2 4
−5 −8
2. 𝜞 = 𝜋
2 15
9 105
3. 𝜞 = 𝜋
2 16
4. 𝜞 7 = 6!
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions
Problems to practice
1) Evaluate
a) 𝜞 3.5 Ans: 1.875 𝜋
𝜋
b) 𝜞 −3.5 Ans:
6.5625
∞ −3 𝑥 315
2) Evaluate ‫׬‬0 𝑥𝑒 dx Ans: 𝜋
16
∞ 3
3) Evaluate ‫׬‬0 4 𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑥 dx Ans: 𝜋
2
1 1 3 6
4) Evaluate‫׬‬0 𝑥 4 𝑙𝑛 𝑑𝑥 Ans:
𝑥 625
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions – Classwork problems

1
1. Evaluate ‫׬‬0 (𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions-classwork problems

1 1 𝑛−1 г 𝑛
2) Show that for 𝑚, 𝑛 > 0 ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑚−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚𝑛
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions-classwork problems

∞ 2
3) Evaluate ‫׬‬0 (𝑥 2 + 4)𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions-classwork problems

∞ 2
4) Evaluate ‫׬‬0 2−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions-classwork problem

∞ 2𝑎𝑏
5) Prove that ‫׬‬0 𝑥𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 2
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions-classwork problems
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions- Extra problems
∞ 𝟐 ∞ 𝟐 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
Evaluate the following a)‫𝟎׬‬ 𝒚𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒃) ‫𝟑 𝟎׬‬−𝟒𝒛 𝒅𝒛𝒄) ‫𝟎׬‬
−𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙
∞ 2 1 3
a) ‫׬‬0 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝛤
2 4
2 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑑𝑡
b) 3−4𝑧 = 𝑒 −4𝑧 ,𝑡 = 4𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔3, 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑡
8𝑙𝑜𝑔3
2 𝑙𝑜𝑔3
∞ ∞
2 1 𝜋
න 3−4𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = න 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 −1/2 𝑑𝑡 =
0 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 0 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔3
1
𝑑𝑥
𝑐) න
0 −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
1 1
𝑝𝑢𝑡 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑡, = 𝑒𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ,
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡: ∞ → 0
0
1
න 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 −1/2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝛤 = 𝜋
∞ 2
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Gamma Functions- Homework problem

∞ 𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
Prove that ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟒 𝛤 𝟒
Use Substitution method to solve the problem and use the standard
result to check the answer.
𝑝+1
𝑝+1 ∞ 𝑞
We know that Г 𝑞
= 𝑞𝑎 𝑞 ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑝 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
∞ 4
𝐼𝑛 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑝 = 0, 𝑎 = 1, 𝑞 = 4
∞ 1
𝛤(4)
−𝑥 4
න𝑒 𝑑𝑥 =
4
0
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

Definition :
Beta function 𝛽 𝑚, 𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦

𝟏
𝜷 𝒎, 𝒏 = ‫𝒎𝒙 𝟎׬‬−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 dx, (m>0, n>0)

This function is also known as Euler’s integral of the FIRST kind.

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

❖ Examples:
𝟏
1. ‫ 𝟏( 𝟑𝒙 𝟎׬‬− 𝒙)𝟓 dx =
𝜷 𝟒, 𝟔
𝟏
2. ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟑 dx =
𝜷 𝟑/𝟐, 𝟒
𝟏
3. ‫𝒙 𝟎׬‬−𝟑 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟓 dx =
𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑚 = −2 < 0.
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

Standard Results:
1.S𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒚: 𝜷 𝒎, 𝒏 = 𝜷(𝒏, 𝒎)
Proof :
𝟏
𝜷 𝒎, 𝒏 = ‫𝒎𝒙 𝟎׬‬−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 dx
Put x = 1-y
𝟎 𝒎−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
= ‫ 𝟏 𝟏׬‬− 𝒚 𝒚 (−𝒅𝒚)
𝟏
= ‫𝒏𝒚 𝟎׬‬−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒚)𝒎−𝟏 dy
= 𝜷 𝒏, 𝒎
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

2. Beta function in terms of trigonometric

𝝅Τ
functions: 𝜷 𝒎, 𝒏 = 𝟐 ‫𝒎𝟐𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝟐 𝟎׬‬−𝟏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽

Put 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
dx=2 sin 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 d𝜽
𝟏
𝜷 𝒎, 𝒏 = ‫𝒎𝒙 𝟎׬‬−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 dx becomes
𝝅Τ
= ‫𝒎𝟐𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝟐 𝟎׬‬−𝟐 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒏−𝟐 𝜽 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝝅Τ
= 𝟐 ‫𝒎𝟐𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝟐 𝟎׬‬−𝟏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

Corollary:
𝝅ൗ
𝟐
𝜷 𝒎, 𝒏 = 𝟐 න 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒎−𝟏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟎
Put 2m-1=p and 2n-1 = q
𝝅ൗ
𝒑+𝟏 𝒒+𝟏 𝟐
𝜷 , = 𝟐 න 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒑 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒒 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝟎
Therefore, 𝝅Τ 𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒒+𝟏
‫𝜷 = 𝜽𝒅 𝜽 𝒒𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝜽 𝒑𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝟐 𝟎׬‬ ,
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Note: The above result is valid only for p > -1 and q > -1(since
m>0 and n>0)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

3. Beta function expressed as an improper integral:

∞ 𝒚𝒎−𝟏 𝒅𝒚 ∞ 𝒚𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒚
𝜷 𝒎, 𝒏 = ‫𝟏( 𝟎׬‬+𝒚)𝒎+𝒏 = ‫𝟏( 𝟎׬‬+𝒚)𝒎+𝒏
𝟏
B𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒆 𝒉𝒂𝒗𝒆, 𝜷 𝒎, 𝒏 = ‫𝒎𝒙 𝟎׬‬−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 dx
𝒚 𝑑𝑦
Put 𝒙 = 𝟏+𝒚 IMPLIES 𝑑𝑥 = (1+𝑦)2

𝟏
𝜷 𝒎, 𝒏 = ‫𝒎𝒙 𝟎׬‬−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 dx becomes
∞ 𝑦 𝑚−1 1 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
=‫׬‬0 1+𝑦 1+𝑦 (1+𝑦)2
∞ 𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑑𝑦 ∞ 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
= ‫׬‬0 (1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 (1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛
(The last integral follows from symmetry)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

4. Relation between beta and gamma functions:

𝜞(𝑚)𝜞(𝑛)
𝛽 𝑚, 𝑛 =
𝜞(𝑚+𝑛)
𝝅Τ
By definition we have, 𝜷 𝒎, 𝒏 = 𝟐 ‫𝒎𝟐𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝟐 𝟎׬‬−𝟏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
∞
𝟐
𝜞 𝒎 = 𝟐 න 𝒆−𝒙 𝒙𝟐𝒎−𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝟎
∞
𝟐
𝜞 𝒏 = 𝟐 න 𝒆−𝒚 𝒚𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒚
𝟎
∞
𝟐
𝜞 𝒎 + 𝒏 = 𝟐 න 𝒆−𝒓 𝒓𝟐(𝒎+𝒏)−𝟏 𝒅𝒓
𝟎
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

Now,
∞ ∞ 2 2
𝜞(m)𝜞 𝑛 = 4 ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −(𝑥 +𝑦 ) 𝑥 2𝑚−1 𝑦 2𝑛−1 dxdy
Evaluate RHS by changing into polar, x= r cos𝛉 , y= rsin𝛉
𝜋Τ ∞ 2
𝜞(m)𝜞 𝑛 = 4 ‫׬‬0 2
‫׬‬0 𝑒 −(𝑟 ) (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛉)2𝑚−1 (𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛉)2𝑛−1 r dr d 𝛉
𝜋Τ ∞ 2
= 4 ‫׬‬0 2
‫׬‬0 𝑒 −(𝑟 ) (𝑟)2𝑚+2𝑛−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛−1 𝛉 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑚−1 𝛉 dr d 𝛉
∞ 𝟐 𝝅Τ
= 𝟐 ‫𝒆 𝟎׬‬−𝒓 𝒓𝟐(𝒑+𝒒)−𝟏 𝒅𝒓 𝟐 ‫𝒏𝟐𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝟐 𝟎׬‬−𝟏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒎−𝟏 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
= 𝜞 𝒎 + 𝒏 . 𝜷 𝒎, 𝒏
Thus,
𝜞(𝑚)𝜞(𝑛)
𝛽 𝑚, 𝑛 =
𝜞(𝑚 + 𝑛)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

𝟏
Corollary: 𝜞 = 𝝅
𝟐

𝜞(𝑝)𝜞(𝑞)
We know that 𝛽 𝑝, 𝑞 =
𝜞(𝑝+𝑞)
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝜞( )𝜞( )
𝟐 𝟐
Put p=q= , 𝛽 , = 𝟏 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝜞( + )
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅Τ 𝟏 2
𝟐 ‫) (𝜞 =𝜽𝒅 𝜽 𝟎𝒔𝒐𝒄 𝜽 𝟎𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝟐 𝟎׬‬
𝟐
𝜋 𝟏 2 𝟏
2. = 𝜞( ) and hence 𝜞 = 𝝅
2 𝟐 𝟐
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

𝜋 ∞ 𝑦 𝑚−1 𝜋
5.𝜞 𝑚 𝜞 1 − 𝑚 = , 0 < m < 1 if ‫׬‬0 1+𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = .
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋
We know that
𝜞(𝑚)𝜞(𝑛)
𝛽 𝑚, 𝑛 =
𝜞(𝑚 + 𝑛)
𝜞(𝑚)𝜞(1−𝑚)
Put n= 1-m , 𝛽 𝑚, 1 − 𝑚 = 𝜞(1)
We also know that
∞
𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑑𝑦
𝛽 𝑚, 𝑛 = න 𝑚+𝑛
0 (1 + 𝑦)

∞ 𝑦 𝑚−1 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Therefore, 𝛽 𝑚, 1 − 𝑚 = ‫׬‬0 (1+𝑦)𝑚+1−𝑚
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋
𝜋
Hence, 𝜞 m 𝜞 1 − 𝑚 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝜋
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

❖ Example:
1 3
1) 𝜞 𝜞 =
4 4
𝜋
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝜋 = 𝜋 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛
4

1 5
2)𝜞 𝜞 =
6 6
𝜋
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝜋 = 2𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 6
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

Legendre’s Duplication formula

1
𝜋𝜞 2𝑝 = 22𝑝−1 𝜞(p)𝜞 p+
2
1
(or) 𝛽(𝑝, ) = 22𝑝−1 𝛽(𝑝, 𝑝)
2
1
𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜋𝜞 2𝑝 = 22𝑝−1 𝜞(p)𝜞 p+ 2
Put p=1/4,
𝜋𝜞 1/2 = 2−1/2 𝜞(1/4)𝜞 3/4
1 3
𝜞 𝜞 = 𝜋 2
4 4
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions- classwork problems

∞ 𝑥4 𝜋
1. Show that ‫׬‬0 1+𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 =
3
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions- classwork problems
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

𝜋Τ 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝑥
2
2) Evaluate a) ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions- classwork problems

2 −1Τ
b) ‫׬‬0 (8 − 𝑥 3 ) 3 𝑑𝑥
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions- classwork problems
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

𝑎
3) Evaluate ‫׬‬0 𝑥 4 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions
3
3 𝑥 ൗ2 1 𝑑𝑥
4) Evaluate ‫׬‬0 3−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 × ‫׬‬0
1
1−𝑥 4
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions- classwork problems
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

𝜋Τ 1Τ
5) Evaluate ‫׬‬−𝜋Τ4 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 3 𝑑𝜃
4
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions- classwork problems
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

2𝜋
6) Evaluate ‫׬‬0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 4 𝑑𝜃
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions- classwork problems
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions

∞ 𝑥2 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 5𝜋2 2
7) Show that ‫׬‬0
1+𝑥 4 3 𝑑𝑥 ∙ ‫׬‬0 𝑥 1+𝑥
=
128
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Special Function-beta functions- classwork problems
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Beta Functions- Extra problems

Evaluate the following :

𝟏
a)‫ 𝟏( 𝟒𝒙 𝟎׬‬− 𝒙)𝟑 𝒅𝒙
1 𝛤(5)𝛤(4) 1
Soln: ‫׬‬0 𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛽 5,4 = =
𝛤(9) 280

2 3
b)‫׬‬0 𝑥 8 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
−2
2
Soln:𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 3 = 8𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2𝑦1/3 , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦
3
2 2 4
3
1
8 −1 1 8 2 4 8 𝛤(3)𝛤(3) 8 1 2 8 𝜋 16𝜋
න𝑥 8− 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑦 (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝛽 ,
3 3 = = 𝛤 𝛤 = 𝜋= 9
0 3 3 3 3 3 𝛤(2) 9 3 3 9 𝑠𝑖𝑛
0 3
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Beta Functions- extra problems

Evaluate the following

2𝜋
a)‫׬‬0 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝜃𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋/2 9 1
1 9 1 𝛤( )𝛤( ) 35𝜋
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 4න 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 𝜃𝑑𝜃 =4 𝛽 , =2 2 2 =
2 2 2 𝛤(4) 64
0 0 0
𝜋
b)‫׬‬0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2 5
1 5 1 𝛤(2)𝛤(3) 8
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝛽 ,3 = =
2 2 2 𝛤(11) 315
0 2
𝜋
c)‫׬‬0 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
1 1 3 1 1 3 1 𝜋 𝜋
‫׬‬0
2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ‫׬‬02 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1/2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 1/2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝛽 , = 𝛤 𝛤 = 𝜋 =
2 4 4 2 4 4 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
4
 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Beta &Gamma Functions-extra problems

𝜋
1 1 3 𝜋
Show that ‫׬‬0 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = г г + 3
2 4 4 г( )
4
𝜋 𝜋
Soln: ‫׬‬0
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ‫׬‬0 𝑠𝑖𝑛1/2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1/2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1/2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2

3 1 1 1
1 3 1 1 1 1 1 𝛤(4)𝛤(4) 1 𝛤(2)𝛤(4)
= 𝛽 , + 𝛽 , = +
2 4 4 2 2 4 2 𝛤(1) 2 𝛤(3)
4
1 1 3 𝜋
= 𝛤 𝛤 +
2 4 4 3
𝛤(4)
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS - I
Beta &Gamma Functions- extra problems

𝝅 𝝅
𝟏
5. Prove that ‫𝜽𝒅𝜽𝒏𝒊𝒔 𝟎׬‬. ‫𝟎׬‬
𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝜽 =𝝅
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝜋
1 3 1
Soln: Let 𝐼1 = ‫׬‬02 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝛽 , …. 1
2 4 2
𝜋/2 1 1 1 1
Let 𝐼2 = ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝜃 = 𝛽 , … . (2)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 4 2
𝜋
2 𝜋 3 1 1 1
2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 𝛤(4)𝛤(2)𝛤(4)𝛤(2)
න 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃. න 𝑑𝜃 = 𝛽 , . 𝛽 , = =𝜋
0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 5 3
0 𝛤( )𝛤( )
4 4
THANK YOU

SIVASANKARI. V
Department of Science & Humanities
sivasankariv@pes.edu
+91 9663399961