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Lecture 14-2-9

The document provides an overview of Gamma Functions, including their definition, properties, and examples demonstrating their calculations. It explains the relationship between Gamma and Beta functions, showing that Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n) and that Γ(1) = 1, as well as proving that Γ(n + 1) = n! for positive integers. Additionally, it discusses the value of Γ(0) being infinite and includes a proof related to the integral of e^(-x).

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6 views8 pages

Lecture 14-2-9

The document provides an overview of Gamma Functions, including their definition, properties, and examples demonstrating their calculations. It explains the relationship between Gamma and Beta functions, showing that Γ(n + 1) = nΓ(n) and that Γ(1) = 1, as well as proving that Γ(n + 1) = n! for positive integers. Additionally, it discusses the value of Γ(0) being infinite and includes a proof related to the integral of e^(-x).

Uploaded by

omarhosen420
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Gamma Functions

Lecture
Outcomes
Beta Functions
Gamma Functions
∞
Gamma Function: The integral ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 is known as Gamma
Function.
It is denoted by Γ(𝑛) i.e.
∞
Γ(𝑛) = න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
0

Ex. Show that 𝚪 𝒏 + 𝟏 = 𝒏𝚪(𝒏).


Solution: We know that
∞
Γ(𝑛) = න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 … … … 1
0

Now put 𝑛 = 𝑛 + 1 in equation (1) we get,


∞
Γ(𝑛 + 1) = න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
0
∞
∞
= −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 0 + 𝑛 න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
0
= 0 + 𝑛Γ𝑛
∴ 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒏𝜞(𝒏)
Gamma Functions
Ex. Show that 𝜞 𝟏 = 𝟏.
Solution: We know that,
∞
Γ(𝑛) = න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 … … … 1
0

When 𝑛 = 1 then by (1) we get,


∞
Γ(1) = න 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= −𝑒 −𝑥 ∞
0
−∞
= −𝑒 + 𝑒0
=0+1
=1
i.e.
𝜞 𝟏 = 𝟏 (𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒅)
Gamma Functions
Ex. Show that 𝚪 𝒏 + 𝟏 = 𝒏! Where 𝒏 is positive integer.
Solution: We know that,
Γ 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛Γ𝑛 … … … 1
Now put 𝑛 − 1, 𝑛 − 2, … … … 4, 3, 2, 1 in place 𝑛 in equation (1) we get,
Γ𝑛 = 𝑛 − 1 Γ n − 1
Γ 𝑛−1 = 𝑛−2 Γ 𝑛−2
………………………
Γ4 = 3Γ3
Γ3 = 2Γ2
Γ2 = 1Γ1
Γ1 = 1
Put this values in equation (1) we get,
Γ 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛Γ𝑛
Γ 𝑛+1 =𝑛 𝑛−1 Γ n−1
Γ 𝑛+1 =𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 Γ 𝑛−2
………………………..
Gamma Functions
Γ 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 … … … 3. 2. 1Γ1
Γ 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 … … … 3. 2. 1
∴ Γ 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛!
Ex. Show that 𝚪 𝟎 = ∞.
Solution: We know that,
Γ 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛Γ𝑛
Γ 𝑛+1
Γ𝑛 = ……… 1
𝑛
Put 𝑛 = 0 in equation (1)
Γ 1
Γ 0 =
0
1
=
0
Γ 0 =∞
Gamma Functions
∞ 2 𝜋
Show that ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2

Proof: Given that


∞ 2 𝜋
I = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
1
1 −2
Now let that 𝑥 = 𝑡 then 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑥 =
2
𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2

Limit: 𝒙=𝟎 𝒙=∞


𝑡=0 𝑡= ∞

∞ −𝑥 2
I = ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
∞ −𝑡 1 −1
= ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
2
1 ∞ −𝑡 −1
= ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
2
Gamma Functions
1 ∞ −𝑡 1 −1
= ‫ 𝑡 𝑒 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑡
2 0
1 1
= Γ
2 2
1
= 𝜋
2
1
Since Γ = 𝜋
2
Thank You

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