TEST 1 - V4

READING PASSAGE 1
When Maps were Made for the Public
Since the art of map-making began, maps have largely been made for explorers, academics and
rulers. It wasn't until the 19th century that the general public began to demand maps for
themselves. More than anything else, it was the appeal of travel to ordinary people that
encouraged publishing companies to begin creating and printing more maps than ever before, in
order to meet the demand of their new market.
In the years after the American Civil War (1861-65), the rapidly growing US railroad system had
so many independent rail companies, schedules and destinations that maps were critical for
planning a person's journey. One publisher, Rand McNally, made a fortune from producing
railways maps for different parts of the USA, combined with a timetable and many descriptions
of scenery and towns in the same booklet.
When safety improvements in the 1880s helped to make the bicycle popular, cycling maps
quickly followed. Trying to provide something special, publisher George Philip produced
attractive-looking maps that would remain in good condition even if they were exposed to water.
In 1896, one of the finest cycling maps was produced, in seven parts: George Blum's Cyclers'
Guide and Road Book of California. Each cycle road was highlighted in red and labelled with
not only the type of surface riders could expect to find, but also an indication of how steep it
was.
The advent of the car brought a need for road maps and travel information. In 1900, André
Michelin published a guide about France, with maps that showed the location of different kinds
of reasonably priced accommodation and also car assistance for any mechanical problems.
However, it was due primarily to its recommendations regarding which was the best restaurant to
go to that the guide quickly became something that a huge number of tourists and travellers
bought and relied on.
Nowhere was the need for road maps greater than in the United States. In 1902, the American
Automobile Association was founded in Chicago, and three years later it published its first road
maps for long-distance drivers. In 1917, Rand McNally began to publish Auto Trails Maps, a
series of maps that each focussed in detail on a different region that people might hope to visit
within North America. The same publisher also helped to establish the US's system of
identifying its roads. Previously roads had names, following the European tradition, but now,
thanks in part to Rand McNally, they were allocated numbers instead. Also in the early twentieth
century, publisher H. M. Gousha Company developed the Touraide, a set of spiral-bound maps
with places to stay and eat and points of interest, ordered in advance and assembled individually
for the traveller.
The oil companies did not take long to realize the profit to be made from Americans exploring
the open road, so service stations soon began to distribute free maps to encourage this. Free road
maps became part of the fabric of American life, and it has been estimated that more than ten
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billion were distributed before the 1970s. It was then that the rising costs of oil and subsequent
falling consumption led to the oil companies investigating where savings could be made. The
maps were one of the first things to go.
Another map product was the aeronautical chart for pilots. The first examples were produced in
France and England around 1911. Techniques progressed greatly during World War 1, and
during the 1920s there was continual development of maps for air navigation.
New maps also became available for those who only wanted to cross town by train. Some of the
early maps of the London Underground were based on the city above ground; therefore, although
they were accurate in terms of distance and direction, the maps were confusing because the
stations in central London were so crowded together. In 1931, Harry Beck produced a map that
looked rather like an electrical circuit, with straight lines and symbols. It included only one
feature above ground: the river Thames. The stations were also spaced relatively equally, making
the map much easier to read. Although Beck's map was initially rejected as too radical, it was
approved in 1933. He continued to refine it for the next 25 years.
Shortly after Beck's contribution to the mapping of subterranean London, an equally significant
achievement was performed above ground. Phyllis Pearsall was a painter who, in 1935, became
lost on the way to a party in London, due to the lack of a good map. This inspired her to plot all
of London, and the next year she traced and catalogued its 23,000 streets. With map-maker
James Duncan, Pearsall then produced an atlas and a comprehensive street index. Unable to
interest any of the major publishers, the two founded their own company, the Geographer's Map
Company Ltd, and produced what was then called the A-ZAtlas and Guide to London. The
company still exists and now publishes more than 300 different A-Z maps and atlases.
 TEST 1 - V4

Questions 1-6
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

The development of maps from the 19th century onwards

● a growing interest in travel led to the increased production of maps in the 19th century
After 1865:
● Rand McNally made a lot of money by putting a map and a 1........................... in one
publication
After 1880:
● George Philip produced maps that could not be damaged by water
● George Blum's cycling map showed
- the kind of 2..................................... the paths had
- how steep the paths might be
1900 onwards:
● André Michelin's guide provided information about
- finding economical 3................................
- what to do if your car broke down
- The Michelin guide became popular mainly because it helped people select a
4...........................
1917 onwards:
● Rand McNally
- the company's Auto Trails Maps helped people explore roads through a particular
5...................... of the USA
- the company was also responsible for giving 6 ...................................to American
roads
 TEST 1 - V4

Questions 7-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

7 The Touraide was organised according to the particular needs of each traveller.
8 It was the high price of oil that stopped free maps being given out to the public.
9 In the 1920s, maps for pilots helped improve safety records for flights.
10 People found the early maps of the London Underground easy to read.
11 Harry Beck had previous experience of map-making when he produced a map of the
underground.
12 Beck's first version of the underground map met with a positive reaction.
13 Phyllis Pearsall was the first woman to produce a published map.
 TEST 1 - V4

READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
on pages 6 and 7.
Preserving Antarctic History
Protecting early buildings in Antarctica
A Few people conjuring up the 'most comfortable dwelling place imaginable' are likely to picture a
wooden shelter on an island off the coldest continent on Earth. But that's how Antarctic explorer
Robert Falcon Scott described the hut at Cape Evans on Ross Island that was the base for his
1910-13 expedition. The hut is nestled below a small hill on a long stretch of black sand. In
2011, it looked like a building site, but now, seals lie on the ice in front of the newly restored
structure and sun reflects off the cliffs of the nearby glacier.

B The New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust (NZAHT) and its team of conservation workers
recently announced the completion of 10 years of intensive work to save three historic buildings
on Ross Island. As well as the hut at Cape Evans, it has worked on the Discovery Hut from
Scott's 1901-04 expedition at Hut Point, and the hut at Cape Royds, built for Ernest Shackleton's
1907-09 expedition. When work began, many of the artefacts were temporarily removed while
carpenters from the team of conservation workers repaired the walls, floors and roof. In Scott's
'zone of command' was the table where team member Edward Wilson made his enduring
biological and botanical illustrations. In a dark corner nearby, Edward Atkinson had once
incubated his moulds and parasites. Of particular interest is the small workbench and array of
test tubes, sample jars and Bunsen burner stands of biologist Edward Nelson, lit by sunshine
through a dusty window. This was where the young scientist preserved marine specimens as part
of his search for new species and an understanding of the Antarctic food chain.

C The NZAHT executive director Nigel Watson describes the three restored huts as fantastic
remnants of humans' first contact with the continent'. The idea for the birth of the conservation
project, he says, 'was the fact that we were in great danger of losing them'. When the on-site
work began in 2004, snow and ice were building up around, under and sometimes inside the
huts, damaging the structures and threatening their contents. 'We now have three buildings that
are structurally sound and watertight with a very different feel - they are drier and lighter and the
humidity is reduced. It's a much better environment for the collection.'

D As well as heritage carpenters, the NZAHT team on Ross Island has included experts in textile,
paper and metal conservation: in total, 62 experts from 11 countries have visited Antarctica to
work on the project, often spending a whole summer on-site, sleeping in tents and popping 25km
back to Scott Base for the occasional shower. It became known as the most exciting conservation
project in the world,' says Watson, 'so it attracted top heritage conservation talent."

E Some of the most exciting discoveries were three intact crates of Mackinlay's Rare Old Highland
Malt Whisky' found encased in ice beneath Shackleton's hut, a paper notebook that belonged to
surgeon, zoologist and photographer George Murray Levick found buried in dirt at Cape Evans
 TEST 1 - V4

and a small box of 22 cellulose nitrate negatives waiting to be developed into photographs found
in Herbert Ponting's darkroom. But most of the 18,202 items catalogued and conserved are more
mundane: food, tools, clothing and other personal items that were not precious enough to be
taken home on the return voyages.

F The NZAHT team's conservation treatments involved thorough cleaning, followed by chemical
treatment to help slow, or even reverse, the deterioration. Metal items would go through
corrosion removal, followed by a chemical stabilisation treatment, then application of an oxygen
and moisture barrier to prevent further corrosion. Treatment of paper items often involved
washing to remove harmful acids and salts and to help reinforce the fibres so that in some cases
the paper was even stronger than before.

G As a result of the project, the NZAHT has become the world leader in cold- climate heritage
conservation and its members have been interviewed for numerous television documentaries and
radio reports. The Ross Island huts are the jewels in the crown', says Watson, but there are other
historic buildings needing attention. With logistics support from Antarctica New Zealand,
programme managers Al Fastier and Lizzie Meek will be part of a small team heading to Cape
Adare, an exposed site more than 700 km north of Scott Base. The two Cape Adare huts,
remnants of an 1898-1900 British expedition, 'are not only the first buildings on the continent',
says Watson, but also 'the only example of humanity's first buildings on any continent on Earth'.

H The three-year restoration effort will involve construction repairs and the removal, conservation
and return of about 1100 objects. Compared with the hut sites on Ross Island, which are
relatively sheltered, Cape Adare is 'a very the remote and challenging place to work in', says
Watson. It's set among world's biggest colony of Adélie penguins on an exposed spit of land, and
it is important that they don't interrupt the functioning of the colony in any way while they are
there. Lizzie Meek looks forward to the challenge. But I'm also looking forward to going back to
the Ross Island huts and seeing them with fresh eyes. After so many years of working on them,
to be able to step inside and look around to see what we have accomplished will be amazing.'

I If you can find your way to Antarctica, you'll need a permit to visit any of these huts, which are
each in an Antarctic Specially Protected Area. But there's an easier way to see them without
making the long journey: the trust has partnered with Google to offer Street View walkthroughs
of each of the dwellings, available via Google Earth or through the NZAHT's website.
 TEST 1 - V4

Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-I.
Write the correct letter, A-1, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
Which paragraph contains the following information?

14 a reason the early explorers left some objects behind

15 an explanation of how to see the huts without travelling to Antarctica
16 reference to the fact that Robert Falcon Scott enjoyed the time he spent living in the hut
17 reference to how the Ross Island project has received attention from the media
18 the reason the trust decided to begin conservation work at Ross Island
19 a description of the process for preserving paper

Questions 20 and 21
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO research activities were carried out by Scott's expedition team?

A collecting samples of sea life

B monitoring penguin behaviour
C studying the effects of cold on the human body
D keeping a record of Antarctic weather patterns
E drawing pictures of plants and animals

Questions 22 and 23
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Write the correct letters in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO statements are true about the conservation workers on Ross Island?

A They lived in Scott's huts while carrying out the work.

B They were in Antarctica for months at a time.
C They had previously worked together in New Zealand.
D They restored the contents as well as the buildings themselves.
E They had no access to showers at all.

Questions 24-26
 TEST 1 - V4

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

Cape Adare
Cape Adare is located several hundred kilometres north of Scott's hut. The huts on Cape Adare
are not as 24................................... as those on Ross Island and the workers have to be careful not
to disturb the group of 25................................... living nearby. Visitors to Antarctica must have a
26.............................. to see the restored huts.
 TEST 1 - V4

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3
on pages 11 and 12.
Flower Power

A Why do we give people flowers? To offer condolence to those who are grieving. To celebrate.
To woo. To ask for forgiveness. We all know intuitively that there is something psychologically
powerful about giving flowers, in fact, few objects provoke such a universal emotional response.
In the US alone, the flower industry is now worth about $5bn a year which suggests that, at the
very least, they service a compelling human need.

B Recent studies at the Department of Psychology at Rutgers State University of New Jersey
investigated claims that flowers are unique among living organisms in their ability to induce
profound changes in our emotional state. As the first part of their research, the Rutgers team
visited 150 women in their homes. Each was presented with a variety of gifts such as flowers,
fruit or sweets. The women were unaware that the study was about the effect of the flowers on
their emotions. They were told that it was a study about their daily moods, and that they would
receive a gift in return for taking part. Following the presentation of the gift, those receiving
flowers were assessed as displaying a much more positive mood than those who got other gifts,
and this effect lasted for several days. After receiving flowers, they were also more willing to
answer questions concerning their social circle and intimate conversations with friends and
family. The results suggest that flowers influence our secondary socio-emotional behaviours, as
well as having a strong effect on our immediate emotional expression.

C In the second study, the psychologists observed participants being handed single flowers, or
alternative gifts, in a constrained and stressful situation - inside an elevator. Contrary to
predictions regarding gender differences, both men and women presented with flowers were
more likely to smile, to stand closer and to initiate conversation. Several subjects who were
given the alternative gift then learnt that flowers were also being handed out, and returned to the
elevator and demanded a flower. The scientists used elevators for this study precisely because
the most typical behaviour in sparsely occupied elevators is for people to retreat to opposite
corners. The subjects who received flowers, however, closed up that space to a considerable
extent - indicating that the flowers not only induced a strong positive mood, but brought a
significant affiliation among people who had never previously met.

D The third study involved regularly sending flowers to a selected sample of men and women. The
researchers found not only a profound elevation of mood, but also reliable improvements in other
measures of cognitive function, like memory. In this series of experiments, some participants
produced such extraordinary emotional displays that the psychologists were totally unprepared
for them. Subjects gave spontaneous hugs and kisses to the people who delivered the flowers,
 TEST 1 - V4

and sent invitations to the psychologists to come to their homes for refreshments.

E Various evolutionary hypotheses attempt to explain the remarkably powerful psychological

effect of flowers. One is that our aesthetic preferences for fertile locations and growing things
stem from prehistory, when these clues in our environment could mean the difference between
starvation and survival. We may have become hardwired to respond positively to flowers
because for early man, finding them in a particular location predicted future food supplies and
possibly a better place to rear children. Yet the flaw in this argument is that the showy flowers
which humans seem to find most visually attractive are generally found on those plants which
yield no edible products.

F The Rutgers psychologists' findings show that the various physical attributes of flowers combine
to directly affect our emotions through multi-channel interactions. We have evolved preferences
for the particular colours, textures, patterned symmetries and specific floral odours which
influence our moods. Indeed, previous research has established that popular perfumes, which
often have a floral 'top-note', will actually reduce depression. The origins of these inclinations
may well be as the evolutionary theories suggest: the patterned symmetries of flowers can be
detected easily as a recognisable signal within a wide variety of visual arrays, and a response to
certain colour tones is important in finding ripe fruit against a leafy background. But, claim the
Rutgers team, these preferences have long been separated from their primary evolutionary use,
and become rewarding to us more generally. Thus plants with preferred colours, shapes and
odours - despite having no other products - would therefore be protected and dispersed.

G The Rutgers study suggests that flowers may have actually evolved to exploit their peculiar
impact on humans. The team's theory proposes a plant-human co-evolution, or even
domestication, based on the intense emotional rewards that flowers provide. The idea that
flowering plants, with no known food or other basic survival value to man, have co-evolved with
us by exploiting an emotional niche instead, is very much like the scenario presented for the
evolution of dogs. Flowers may be the plant equivalent of 'companion animals'. If this is true,
then there is a very real sense in which, when you next give flowers, they are using you just as
much as you are using them.
 TEST 1 - V4

Questions 27 - 33
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings
i A negative reaction to receiving flowers
ii Some surprisingly strong responses to flowers
iii A mutually beneficial relationship?
iv Becoming more open about personal matters
v Some common social functions of flowers
vi Sensory appeal versus practical purpose of flowers
vii Bridging the gap between strangers in an enclosed space
viii An imperfect theory

27 Paragraph A
28 Paragraph B
29 Paragraph C
30 Paragraph D
31 Paragraph E
32 Paragraph F
33 Paragraph G
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Questions 34-37
Classify the following statements as referring to
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 34-37 on your answer sheet.

A the first study

B the second study
C the third study

34 The study focused on participants' short-term reaction to receiving flowers.

35 Participants were deliberately misled as to the aim of the study.
36 Receiving flowers had a notable effect on
37 Male and female responses were more uniform than expected.

Questions 38-40
Complete the summary of paragraph E below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from paragraph E for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

A possible explanation for the appeal of flowers

It has been suggested that our intense response to flowers originates in prehistoric times. The
presence of flowers might indicate a potential source of 38................................ in a particular
location, and primitive humans would search for such signs when looking for a suitable site to
raise their 39................................. The interpretation of these signs was essential for the survival
of our ancestors. However, the problem with this idea is that the plants producing the most
attractive flowers do not usually have fruit which is 40...........................