Vertex Spoken English

"Can (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Can" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi ¶gZv ev mvg_¨© †evSv‡Z|

Sentence Structure: Sub + Can + verb-Gi base form

Examples:
➢ Avwg Bs‡iwR ej‡Z cvwi| - I can speak English.
➢ ‡m `ªæZ †`Šov‡Z cv‡i| - He can run fast.
➢ Avgiv mvuZvi KvU‡Z cvwi| - We can swim.
➢ Zviv Mvb MvB‡Z cv‡i| - They can sing.
➢ Zzwg Mvwo Pvjv‡Z cv‡iv| - You can drive.
➢ ‡m fv‡jv ivbœv Ki‡Z cv‡i| - She can cook well.
➢ Avwg Kw¤cDUvi e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi| - I can use a computer.
➢ Avgiv iv‡Zi Lvevi cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvwi| - We can prepare dinner.
➢ Zzwg fv‡jv Qwe AvuK‡Z cv‡iv| - You can draw well.
➢ Zviv wewfbœ fvlv wkL‡Z cv‡i| - They can learn different languages.

"Could (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Could" e¨envi Kiv nq m¤¢vebv, AbygwZ ev AZx‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi ¶gZv †evSv‡Z|

Sentence Structure: Sub + Could + verb-Gi base form

Examples:
➢ Avwg hw` PvBZvg Zvn‡j Avwg †mLv‡b †h‡Z cviZvg| - I could go there if I wanted.
➢ ‡m fv‡jv Mvb MvB‡Z cviZ| - She could sing well.
➢ Zzwg hw` †Póv K‡iv Zvn‡j Zzwg GUv Ki‡Z cvi‡Z| - You could do it if you try.
➢ Avgiv Av‡M fv‡jv mvuZvi KvU‡Z cviZvg| - We could swim well before.
➢ Zviv Av‡iv fv‡jv KvR Ki‡Z cviZ| - They could do better work.
➢ Avwg hw` mgq †cZvg, Avwg eB co‡Z cviZvg| - I could read books if I had time.
➢ Zzwg hw` mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z PvB‡Z, Zzwg cvi‡Z| - You could help if you wanted.
➢ ‡m hw` B”Qv KiZ, †m Avgv‡`i mv‡_ †hZ| - He could come with us if he wanted.
➢ Zviv hw` Av‡iv K‡Vvi cwikªg KiZ, Zviv mdj n‡Z cviZ| - They could succeed if they
worked harder.

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 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Avgiv hw` Av‡iv Av‡M ïiæ KiZvg, Avgiv †kl Ki‡Z cviZvg| - We could finish if we started
earlier.

"Will (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Will" e¨envi Kiv nq fwel¨‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi cwiKíbv ev cÖwZÁv †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Sub + Will + verb-Gi base form

Examples:
➢ Avwg AvMvgxKvj Awd‡m hve| - I will go to the office tomorrow.
➢ ‡m c‡ii mßv‡n cix¶v †`‡e| - He will take the exam next week.
➢ Zzwg kxNªB mdj n‡e| - You will succeed soon.
➢ Avgiv cvwU©‡Z †hvM †`e| - We will join the party.
➢ Zviv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z hv‡e| - They will go to watch a movie.
➢ Avwg †Zvgv‡K †dvb Kie| - I will call you.
➢ ‡m Zvi evwoi KvR †kl Ki‡e| - He will finish his homework.
➢ Avgiv QzwU‡Z hve| - We will go on vacation.
➢ Zzwg bZzb eB wKb‡e| - You will buy a new book.
➢ Zviv bZzb Mvwo wKb‡e| - They will buy a new car.

"Would (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Would" e¨envi Kiv nq m¤¢vebv ev kZ©vaxb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi B”Qv †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Sub + Would + verb-Gi base form

Examples
➢ Avwg hw` mgq †cZvg, Avwg eB coZvg| - I would read a book if I had time.
➢ ‡m hw` PvBj, †m AvmZ| - He would come if he wanted.
➢ Zzwg hw` †Póv K‡iv, Zzwg mdj n‡Z cvi‡Z| - You would succeed if you tried.
➢ Avgiv †mLv‡b †hZvg hw` Avgš¿Y †cZvg| - We would go there if we were invited.
➢ Zviv hw` RvbZ, Zviv mvnvh¨ KiZ| - They would help if they knew.
➢ Avwg hw` RvbZvg, Avwg Zv‡K RvbvZvg| - I would tell him if I knew.

➢ Zzwg hw` Avgv‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡Z, Avwg mvnvh¨ KiZvg| - You would help if you asked me.
➢ ‡m hw` Avgš¿Y †cZ, †m AvmZ| - He would come if he was invited.
➢ Zviv hw` my‡hvM †cZ, Zviv †hZ| - They would go if they had the chance.
➢ Avgiv hw` mgq †cZvg, Avgiv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z †hZvg| - We would go to watch a movie if
we had time.

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 Vertex Spoken English
"May (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "May" e¨envi Kiv nq m¤¢vebv ev AbygwZ †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Sub + May + verb-Gi base form

Examples:
➢ ‡m AvR Avm‡Z cv‡i| - He may come today.
➢ Zzwg †h‡Z cv‡iv| - You may go.
➢ Avgiv GB KvRwU Ki‡Z cvwi| - We may do this work.
➢ Zviv GLv‡b _vK‡Z cv‡i| - They may stay here.
➢ ‡m mgqg‡Zv †cŠuQv‡Z cv‡i| - He may arrive on time.
➢ Zzwg evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡iv| - You may go outside.
➢ Avgiv cv‡K© †h‡Z cvwi| - We may go to the park.
➢ Zviv †`wi‡Z Avm‡Z cv‡i| - They may come late.
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi mv‡_ †h‡Z cvwi| - I may go with you.

"Might (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Might" e¨envi Kiv nq m¤¢vebvi gvÎv Kg †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Sub + Might + verb-Gi base form

Examples:
➢ ‡m e„wó‡Z wfR‡Z cv‡i| - He might get wet in the rain.
➢ Zviv †`wi‡Z Avm‡Z cv‡i| - They might arrive late.
➢ Avwg †mLv‡b †h‡Z cvwi| - I might go there.
➢ Zzwg GUv cQ›` Ki‡Z cv‡iv| - You might like this.
➢ Avgiv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z †h‡Z cvwi| - We might go to watch a movie.
➢ ‡m AvMvgxKvj Avm‡Z cv‡i| - He might come tomorrow.
➢ Zzwg cv‡K© †h‡Z cv‡iv| - You might go to the park.
➢ Zviv Avgv‡`i mv‡_ _vK‡Z cv‡i| - They might stay with us.
➢ Avgiv iv‡Zi Lvevi c‡i †h‡Z cvwi| - We might go after dinner.
➢ ‡m Avgvi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z cv‡i| - He might meet me.

"Should (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Should" e¨envi Kiv nq †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi civgk© ev `vwqZ¡ †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Sub + Should + verb-Gi base form

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 Vertex Spoken English

Examples:
➢ ‡Zvgvi cov‡kvbv Kiv DwPZ| - You should study.
➢ Avgvi †ewk cvwb cvb Kiv DwPZ| - I should drink more water.
➢ Avgv‡`i mgqg‡Zv †cŠuQv‡bv DwPZ| - We should arrive on time.
➢ ‡Zvgvi cÖwZw`b e¨vqvg Kiv DwPZ| - You should exercise every day.
➢ Zvi Av‡iv K‡Vvi cwikªg Kiv DwPZ| - He should work harder.
➢ ‡Zvgvi wbqwgZ wekªvg †bIqv DwPZ| - You should take regular breaks.
➢ Avgvi GLbB ïiæ Kiv DwPZ| - I should start now.
➢ Zv‡`i mZK© nIqv DwPZ| - They should be careful.
➢ ‡Zvgvi GKRb Wv³v‡ii mv‡_ civgk© Kiv DwPZ| - You should consult a doctor.
➢ Avgv‡`i evB‡i bv hvIqv DwPZ| - We should not go outside.
➢ Zvi †ewk cov DwPZ| - He should read more.
➢ ‡Zvgvi ¯^v¯’¨Ki Lvevi LvIqv DwPZ| - You should eat healthy food.
➢ Avgvi †ewk Nygv‡bv DwPZ| - I should sleep more.
➢ Zv‡`i mvnvh¨ Kiv DwPZ| - They should help.
➢ ‡Zvgvi Mvwo ax‡i Pvjv‡bv DwPZ| - You should drive slowly.

"Am to / Is to / Are to (+verb)" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "Am to / Is to / Are to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡Z nq †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Sub + Am to / Is to / Are to + verb-Gi base form

Examples:
➢ Avgvi ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z nq| - I am to go to school.
➢ Zv‡K cÖwZw`b cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z nq| - He is to study every day.
➢ ‡Zvgv‡`i mgqg‡Zv Avm‡Z nq| - You are to come on time.
➢ Avgv‡`i mKv‡ji bv¯Ív Ki‡Z nq| - We are to have breakfast.
➢ Zv‡K Zvi Ilya †L‡Z nq| - She is to take her medicine.
➢ Zv‡`i K¬v‡m Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z nq| - They are to attend the class.
➢ Avgv‡K evwoi KvR Ki‡Z nq| - I am to do the homework.
➢ ‡Zvgv‡K cwi¯‹vi-cwi”Qbœ _vK‡Z nq| - You are to stay clean.
➢ Zv‡K mßv‡n GKw`b evRvi Ki‡Z nq| - He is to go shopping once a week.
➢ Avgv‡`i wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| - We are to follow the rules.
➢ Zv‡K mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K DV‡Z nq| - She is to wake up early in the morning.
➢ ‡Zvgv‡`i cÖwZw`b e¨vqvg Ki‡Z nq| - You are to exercise daily.
➢ Avgv‡K Kv‡R †h‡Z nq| - I am to go to work.
➢ Zv‡K Zvi cwiev‡ii hZœ wb‡Z nq| - He is to take care of his family.
➢ Zv‡`i cÖwZw`b Lei co‡Z nq| - They are to read the news every day.

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 Vertex Spoken English

"Used to" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "used to" e¨envi Kiv nq AZx‡Z †Kv‡bv Kv‡R Af¨¯Í †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Subject + used to + verb-Gi base form

Examples:
➢ Avwg Bs‡iwR wkLZvg| - I used to learn English.
➢ †m wm‡bgv †`LZ| - He used to watch movies.
➢ Avgiv ILv‡b †hZvg| - We used to go there.
➢ Zzwg †Ljbv w`‡q †Lj‡Z| - You used to play with toys.
➢ Zviv mwZ¨ ejZ| - They used to tell the truth.
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi mvnvh¨ wbZvg| - I used to take your help.
➢ †m bZzb †gvevBj wKbZ| - He used to buy new phones.
➢ Avgiv IB cvwU©‡Z †hZvg| - We used to go to that party.
➢ Zzwg Zv‡K †`L‡Z| - You used to see him.
➢ Zviv eB coZ| - They used to read books.
➢ Avwg Nygv‡Z †hZvg| - I used to go to sleep.
➢ †m Mvb ïbZ| - He used to listen to songs.
➢ Avgiv †mB RvqMvq †hZvg| - We used to go to that place.
➢ Zzwg Dcnvi MÖnY Ki‡Z| - You used to accept gifts.

"Have to / Has to (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Have to / Has to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK ev Acwinvh© †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Sub + Have to / Has to + verb-Gi base form

Examples:
➢ Avgv‡K ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z n‡e| - I have to go to school.
➢ Zv‡K cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z n‡e| - He has to study.
➢ ‡Zvgv‡K mgqg‡Zv Avm‡Z n‡e| - You have to come on time.
➢ Avgv‡`i KvR †kl Ki‡Z n‡e| - We have to finish the work.
➢ Zv‡`i cix¶v w`‡Z n‡e| - They have to take the exam.
➢ Zv‡K Zvi Ilya †L‡Z n‡e| - She has to take her medicine.
➢ Avgv‡K mKv‡j DV‡Z n‡e| - I have to wake up early.
➢ ‡Zvgv‡K wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e| - You have to follow the rules.
➢ Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| - We have to help.
➢ Zv‡`i cov †kl Ki‡Z n‡e| - They have to complete their reading.
➢ Zv‡K Awd‡m †h‡Z n‡e| - He has to go to the office.

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 Vertex Spoken English
➢ ‡Zvgv‡K wb‡Ri hZœ wb‡Z n‡e| - You have to take care of yourself.

"Had to (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Had to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR AZx‡Z eva¨Zvg~jK ev Acwinvh© wQj †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Sub + Had to + verb-Gi base form

Examples:
➢ Avgv‡K ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z n‡qwQj| - I had to go to school.
➢ Zv‡K cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| - He had to study.
➢ ‡Zvgv‡K mgqg‡Zv Avm‡Z n‡qwQj| - You had to come on time.
➢ Avgv‡`i KvR †kl Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| - We had to finish the work.
➢ Zv‡`i cix¶v w`‡Z n‡qwQj| - They had to take the exam.
➢ Zv‡K Zvi Ilya †L‡Z n‡qwQj| - She had to take her medicine.
➢ Avgv‡K mKv‡j DV‡Z n‡qwQj| - I had to wake up early.
➢ ‡Zvgv‡K wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡qwQj| - You had to follow the rules.
➢ Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| - We had to help.
➢ Zv‡`i cov †kl Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| - They had to complete their reading.
➢ Zv‡K Awd‡m †h‡Z n‡qwQj| - He had to go to the office.
➢ ‡Zvgv‡K wb‡Ri hZœ wb‡Z n‡qwQj| - You had to take care of yourself.

"Could have (+past participle)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Could have" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb AZx‡Z †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi m¤¢vebv ev ¶gZv wQj wKš‘ Kiv nqwb|

Structure: Sub + Could have + past participle

Examples:
➢ Avwg AviI fv‡jvfv‡e cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z cviZvg| - I could have studied better.
➢ ‡m †mLv‡b †h‡Z cviZ| - He could have gone there.
➢ Zzwg cix¶vq fv‡jv Ki‡Z cvi‡Z| - You could have done well in the exam.
➢ Avgiv Av‡MB †cŠuQv‡Z cviZvg| - We could have arrived earlier.
➢ Zviv Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cviZ| - They could have helped us.
➢ ‡m †ewk cwikªg Ki‡Z cviZ| - She could have worked harder.
➢ Zzwg fv‡jv Wv³vi n‡Z cvi‡Z| - You could have been a good doctor.
➢ Avgiv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z †h‡Z cviZvg| - We could have gone to the movies.
➢ Zviv mwVK DËi w`‡Z cviZ| - They could have given the correct answer.
➢ Avwg Zv‡K †dvb Ki‡Z cviZvg| - I could have called him.

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 Vertex Spoken English

"Should have (+past participle)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Should have" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv DwPZ wQj wKš‘ Kiv nqwb|

Structure: Sub + Should have + past participle

Examples:
➢ Avgvi AviI †ewk cov‡kvbv Kiv DwPZ wQj| - I should have studied more.
➢ ‡Zvgvi Zv‡K †dvb Kiv DwPZ wQj| - You should have called him.
➢ Avgv‡`i mgqg‡Zv Avmv DwPZ wQj| - We should have arrived on time.
➢ Zv‡`i mvnvh¨ Kiv DwPZ wQj| - They should have helped.
➢ Zv‡K Zvi Ilya LvIqv DwPZ wQj| - He should have taken his medicine.
➢ Avgvi wbqwgZ e¨vqvg Kiv DwPZ wQj| - I should have exercised regularly.
➢ ‡Zvgvi mZK© nIqv DwPZ wQj| - You should have been careful.
➢ Avgv‡`i †ewk wekªvg †bIqv DwPZ wQj| - We should have taken more rest.
➢ ‡Zvgvi †ewk cvwb cvb Kiv DwPZ wQj| - You should have drunk more water.
➢ Avgvi Zvi mv‡_ †`Lv Kiv DwPZ wQj| - I should have met him.

"Would have (+past participle)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Would have" e¨envi Kiv nq m¤¢vebv ev kZ©vaxb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z hLb †Kv‡bv KvR AZx‡Z n‡Z cviZ
wKš‘ nqwb|

Structure: Would have + past participle

Examples:
➢ Avwg †mLv‡b †hZvg hw` Avwg RvbZvg| - I would have gone there if I had known.
➢ ‡m AviI fv‡jv KiZ hw` †m †Póv KiZ| - He would have done better if he had tried.
➢ Zzwg Avm‡Z cvi‡Z hw` Zzwg B”Qv Ki‡Z| - You would have come if you had wanted.
➢ Avgiv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z †hZvg hw` Avgv‡`i mgq _vKZ| - We would have watched the movie
if we had time.
➢ Zviv Avgv‡`i mv‡_ _vK‡Z cviZ hw` Zviv B”Qv KiZ| - They would have stayed with us if
they had wanted.
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi mvnvh¨ KiZvg hw` Avwg †mLv‡b _vKZvg| - I would have helped you if I had
been there.
➢ Zzwg cix¶v w`‡Z cvi‡Z hw` Zzwg cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡Z| - You would have taken the test if you had
been prepared.
➢ Avgiv fvj K‡i cÖ¯‘Z nZvg hw` Avgv‡`i my‡hvM _vKZ| - We would have prepared better if
we had the chance.
➢ Zviv Avgv‡`i mv‡_ †h‡Z cviZ hw` Zviv RvbZ| - They would have come with us if they
had known.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 467
 Vertex Spoken English
➢ ‡m Avgv‡K †dvb KiZ hw` Zvi mgq _vKZ| - She would have called me if she had time.

"Else" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Else" e¨envi Kiv nq "Ab¨ wKQz/‡KD" †evSv‡Z ev weKí wKQz wb‡`©k Ki‡Z|

Structure: Subject + verb + something/someone/anything/anyone + else

Examples:
➢ Avgvi Avi wKQz PvB bv| - I don't want anything else.
➢ ‡Zvgvi AviI wKQz cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wK? - Do you need anything else?
➢ Avgvi Kv‡iv mvnv‡h¨i cÖ‡qvRb †bB| - I don't need anyone else’s help.
➢ ‡Zvgvi hw` mgq bv _v‡K, Avwg Ab¨ KvD‡K wRÁvmv Ki‡ev| - If you don't have time, I will
ask someone else.
➢ Zzwg Ab¨ wKQz Lyu‡R †c‡q‡Qv? - Did you find something else?
➢ Avgiv Ab¨ †Kv_vI †h‡Z cvwi| - We can go somewhere else.
➢ Avwg Ab¨ wKQzi K_v fvewQ| - I am thinking about something else.
➢ Zzwg wK Ab¨ Kv‡iv mv‡_ K_v e‡jwQ‡j? - Did you talk to anyone else?
➢ Avgv‡`i hw` GB KvRwU cQ›` bv nq, Avgiv Ab¨ wKQz †e‡Q †be| - If we don't like this job, we
will choose something else.
➢ Zviv hw` GB mgvavb cQ›` bv K‡i, Zv‡`i Ab¨ wKQz cÖ¯Íve Ki‡Z n‡e| - If they don't like this
solution, they need to propose something else.
➢ Zzwg wK Ab¨ †Kv_vI Lyu‡R †`‡LQ? - Did you look somewhere else?
➢ Zzwg Ab¨ wKQz †L‡Z PvI? - Do you want to eat something else?
➢ ‡m Ab¨ wKQz fvewQj| - He was thinking about something else.
➢ Zzwg wK Ab¨ wKQz wb‡q wPšÍv KiQ? - Are you thinking about anything else?
➢ Avgiv hw` GB cwiKíbv bv gvwb, Avgv‡`i Ab¨ wKQz Ki‡Z n‡e| - If we don’t follow this plan,
we need to do something else.
➢ Zzwg wK Ab¨ †Kv‡bv RvqMvq wM‡qwQ‡j? - Did you go anywhere else?
➢ ‡m Ab¨ wKQzi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Q| - She is waiting for something else.

"Cannot resist" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "cannot resist" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR bv K‡i Avi _vKv hvq bv Zv wb‡`©k Ki‡Z|

Structure: Subject + cannot resist + verb1-ing + object

Examples:
➢ Avwg Bs‡iwR bv wk‡L Avi cviwQ bv| - I cannot resist learning English.
➢ †m PK‡jU bv †L‡q Avi cvi‡Q bv| - He cannot resist eating chocolate.

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➢ Avgiv ågY bv K‡i Avi cviwQ bv| - We cannot resist traveling.
➢ Zviv wm‡bgv bv †`‡L Avi cvi‡Q bv| - They cannot resist watching movies.
➢ Avwg Mvb bv ï‡b Avi cviwQ bv| - I cannot resist listening to music.
➢ †m Zvi wcÖq eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv bv K‡i Avi cvi‡Q bv| - She cannot resist meeting her best
friends.
➢ Avwg bZzb eB bv c‡o Avi cviwQ bv| - I cannot resist reading new books.
➢ Avgiv bZzb RvqMvq bv wM‡q Avi cviwQ bv| - We cannot resist exploring new places.
➢ †m nvwm bv _vwg‡q Avi cvi‡Q bv| - He cannot resist laughing.
➢ Avwg my›`i dzj bv †`‡L Avi cviwQ bv| - I cannot resist admiring beautiful flowers.
➢ Zviv cv‡K© bv wM‡q Avi cvi‡Q bv| - They cannot resist going to the park.
➢ Avwg fv‡jv Lvevi bv †L‡q Avi cviwQ bv| - I cannot resist eating good food.
➢ †m bZzb †Mg bv †L‡j Avi cvi‡Q bv| - He cannot resist playing new games.
➢ Avwg †cvlv cÖvYx‡`i mv‡_ bv †L‡j Avi cviwQ bv| - I cannot resist playing with pets.
➢ Avgiv Kwd bv †L‡q Avi cviwQ bv| - We cannot resist drinking coffee.

"Need to"-Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "Need to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ev cÖ‡qvRbxq †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Subject + need to + verb (base form) + object

Examples:
➢ Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z n‡e - I need to learn English.
➢ Zv‡K PK‡jU †L‡Z n‡e| - He needs to eat chocolate.
➢ Avgv‡`i ågY Ki‡Z n‡e| - We need to travel.
➢ Zv‡`i wm‡bgv †`L‡Z n‡e| - They need to watch movies.
➢ Avgv‡K Mvb ïb‡Z n‡e| - I need to listen to music.
➢ Zv‡K Zvi wcÖq eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z n‡e| - She needs to meet her best friends.
➢ Avgv‡K bZzb eB co‡Z n‡e| - I need to read new books.
➢ Avgv‡`i bZzb RvqMv Nyi‡Z †h‡Z n‡e| - We need to explore new places.
➢ Zv‡K nvm‡Z n‡e| - He needs to laugh.
➢ Avgv‡K my›`i dzj †`L‡Z n‡e| - I need to admire beautiful flowers.
➢ Zv‡`i cv‡K© †h‡Z n‡e| - They need to go to the park.
➢ Avgv‡K fv‡jv Lvevi †L‡Z n‡e| - I need to eat good food.
➢ Zv‡K bZzb †Mg †Lj‡Z n‡e| - He needs to play new games.
➢ Avgv‡K †cvlv cÖvYx‡`i mv‡_ †Lj‡Z n‡e| - I need to play with pets.
➢ Avgv‡`i Kwd †L‡Z n‡e| - We need to drink coffee.

"Learn to" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "Learn to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR †kLvi K_v †evSv‡bv nq|
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 469
 Vertex Spoken English

Structure: Subject + learn to + verb (base form) + object

Examples:
➢ Avwg Bs‡iwR‡Z K_v ejv wk‡LwQjvg - I learned to speak English.
➢ †m PK‡jU evbv‡Z wk‡LwQj - He learned to make chocolate.
➢ Avgiv ågY cwiKíbv Ki‡Z wk‡LwQjvg - We learned to plan trips.
➢ Zviv wm‡bgv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wk‡LwQj - They learned to direct movies.
➢ Avwg Mvb MvB‡Z wk‡LwQjvg - I learned to sing songs.
➢ †m Zvi wcÖq eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z wk‡LwQj- She learned to meet her best friends.
➢ Avwg bZzb eB co‡Z wk‡LwQjvg - I learned to read new books.
➢ Avgiv bZzb RvqMv Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z wk‡LwQjvg - We learned to discover new places.
➢ †m nvm‡Z wk‡LwQj - He learned to laugh.
➢ Avwg my›`i dz‡ji hZœ wb‡Z wk‡LwQjvg - I learned to take care of beautiful flowers.
➢ Zviv cv‡K© mgq KvUv‡Z wk‡LwQj - They learned to spend time in the park.
➢ Avwg fv‡jv Lvevi ivbœv Ki‡Z wk‡LwQjvg - I learned to cook good food.
➢ †m bZzb †Mg †Lj‡Z wk‡LwQj - He learned to play new games.
➢ Avwg †cvlv cÖvYx‡`i cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z wk‡LwQjvg - I learned to train pets.
➢ Avgiv Kwd ˆZwi Ki‡Z wk‡LwQjvg - We learned to make coffee.

"Going to" -Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "going to" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv KvR Lye kxNªB NU‡Z hv‡”Q †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Subject + is/am/are + going to + verb (base form) + object

Examples:
➢ Avwg Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z hvw”Q| - I am going to learn English.
➢ †m PK‡jU evbv‡Z hv‡”Q| - He is going to make chocolate.
➢ Avgiv ågY Ki‡Z hvw”Q| - We are going to travel.
➢ Zviv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z hv‡”Q| - They are going to watch movies.
➢ Avwg Mvb ïb‡Z hvw”Q| - I am going to listen to music.
➢ †m Zvi wcÖq eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z hv‡”Q| - She is going to meet her best friends.
➢ Avwg bZzb eB co‡Z hvw”Q| - I am going to read new books.
➢ Avgiv bZzb RvqMv Nyi‡Z hvw”Q| - We are going to explore new places.
➢ Avwg my›`i dzj †`L‡Z hvw”Q| - I am going to admire beautiful flowers.
➢ Zviv cv‡K© †h‡Z hv‡”Q| - They are going to go to the park.
➢ Avwg fv‡jv Lvevi †L‡Z hvw”Q| - I am going to eat good food.
➢ †m bZzb †Mg †Lj‡Z hv‡”Q| - He is going to play new games.
➢ Avwg †cvlv cÖvYx‡`i mv‡_ †Lj‡Z hvw”Q| - I am going to play with pets.
➢ Avgiv Kwd †L‡Z hvw”Q| - We are going to drink coffee.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 470

 Vertex Spoken English

"Think of" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "Think of" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kvb wel‡q wPšÍv ev gZvgZ e¨³ Kiv nq|

Structure: Subject + think of + noun/gerund

Examples:
➢ Avwg Bs‡iwR †kLvi K_v fvewQ - I think of learning English.
➢ †m PK‡jU evbv‡bvi K_v fve‡Q - He thinks of making chocolate.
➢ Avgiv åg‡Yi K_v fvewQ - We think of traveling.
➢ Zviv wm‡bgv †`Lvi K_v fve‡Q - They think of watching movies.
➢ Avwg Mvb †kvbvi K_v fvewQ - I think of listening to music.
➢ †m Zvi wcÖq eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi K_v fve‡Q - She thinks of meeting her best friends.
➢ Avwg bZzb eB covi K_v fvewQ - I think of reading new books.
➢ Avgiv bZzb RvqMv Lyu‡R †ei Kivi K_v fvewQ - We think of discovering new places.
➢ †m nvwmi K_v fve‡Q - He thinks of laughing.
➢ Avwg my›`i dz‡ji hZœ †bIqvi K_v fvewQ - I think of taking care of beautiful flowers.
➢ Zviv cv‡K© mgq KvUv‡bvi K_v fve‡Q - They think of spending time in the park.
➢ Avwg fv‡jv Lvevi LvIqvi K_v fvewQ - I think of eating good food.
➢ †m bZzb †Mg †Ljvi K_v fve‡Q - He thinks of playing new games.
➢ Avwg †cvlv cÖvYx‡`i cÖwk¶Y †`Iqvi K_v fvewQ - I think of training pets.
➢ Avgiv Kwd ˆZwii K_v fvewQ - We think of making coffee.

"What if" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "What if" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZi m¤¢ve¨ djvdj ev m¤¢vebv wb‡q cÖkœ Kiv nq|

Structure: What if + subject + verb (base form)

Examples:
➢ Avwg hw` Bs‡iwR wkwL Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if I learn English?
➢ †m hw` PK‡jU evbvq Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if he makes chocolate?
➢ Avgiv hw` åg‡Y hvB Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if we travel?
➢ Zviv hw` wm‡bgv †`‡L Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if they watch movies?
➢ Avwg hw` Mvb ïwb Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if I listen to music?
➢ †m hw` Zvi wcÖq eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv K‡i Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if she meets her best friends?
➢ Avwg hw` bZzb eB cwo Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if I read new books?
➢ Avgiv hw` bZzb RvqMv Nywi Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if we explore new places?
➢ †m hw` nv‡m Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if he laughs?

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 471

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Avwg hw` my›`i dzj †`wL Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if I admire beautiful flowers?
➢ Zviv hw` cv‡K© hvq Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if they go to the park?
➢ Avwg hw` fv‡jv Lvevi LvB Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if I eat good food?
➢ †m hw` bZzb †Mg †L‡j Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if he plays new games?
➢ Avwg hw` †cvlv cÖvYx‡`i mv‡_ †Lwj Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if I play with pets?
➢ Avgiv hw` Kwd LvB Zvn‡j Kx n‡e? - What if we drink coffee?

"Have/Has the right to" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "Have/Has the right to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi ˆea AwaKvi ev my‡hvM †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Subject + have/has the right to + verb (base form)

Examples:
➢ Avgvi Bs‡iwR wkLvi AwaKvi Av‡Q - I have the right to learn English.
➢ Zvi PK‡jU evbv‡bvi AwaKvi Av‡Q - He has the right to make chocolate.
➢ Avgv‡`i ågY Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q - We have the right to travel.
➢ Zv‡`i wm‡bgv †`Lvi AwaKvi Av‡Q - They have the right to watch movies.
➢ Avgvi Mvb †kvbvi AwaKvi Av‡Q - I have the right to listen to music.
➢ Zvi wcÖq eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q - She has the right to meet her best friends.
➢ Avgvi bZzb eB covi AwaKvi Av‡Q - I have the right to read new books.
➢ Avgv‡`i bZzb RvqMv †Nvivi AwaKvi Av‡Q - We have the right to explore new places.
➢ Zvi nvmvi AwaKvi Av‡Q - He has the right to laugh.
➢ Avgvi my›`i dzj †`Lvi AwaKvi Av‡Q - I have the right to admire beautiful flowers.
➢ Zv‡`i cv‡K© hvIqvi AwaKvi Av‡Q - They have the right to go to the park.
➢ Avgvi fv‡jv Lvevi LvIqvi AwaKvi Av‡Q - I have the right to eat good food.
➢ Zvi bZzb †Mg †Ljvi AwaKvi Av‡Q - He has the right to play new games.
➢ Avgvi †cvlv cÖvYx‡`i mv‡_ †Ljvi AwaKvi Av‡Q - I have the right to play with pets.

"What does.... look like?" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "What does.... look like?" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wKQzi †Pnviv ev AvK…wZ m¤c‡K© Rvb‡Z
PvIqv nq|

Structure: What does + noun + look like?

Examples:
➢ MvQwU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does the tree look like?
➢ †Zvgvi bZzb eBwU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does your new book look like?
➢ Zvi †cvkvKwU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does her dress look like?
➢ kniwU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does the city look like?

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 472

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ bZzb †iwmwcwU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does the new recipe look like?
➢ GB Ry‡ZvwU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does this shoe look like?
➢ †Zvgvi cÖ‡R±wU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does your project look like?
➢ evmvwU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does the house look like?
➢ Zvi Pzj KvUv †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does his haircut look like?
➢ GB wPÎKg©wU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does this painting look like?
➢ bZzb †dvbwU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does the new phone look like?
➢ †Zvgvi evMvbwU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does your garden look like?
➢ G MvwowU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does this car look like?
➢ †gjvq m¾vwU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does the fair decoration look like?
➢ †Zvgvi eÜyi bZzb KzKziwU †`L‡Z †Kgb? - What does your friend's new dog look like?

"Decided to (+verb)" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "Decided to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi wm×všÍ †bIqv nq|

Structure: Subject + decided to + verb + (optional: rest of the sentence)

Examples:
➢ Avwg Bs‡iwR wkLvi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ| - I decided to learn English.
➢ †m åg‡Y hvIqvi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q| - He decided to go on a trip.
➢ Avgiv wm‡bgv †`Lvi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ| - We decided to watch a movie.
➢ Avwg Kv‡R hvIqvi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ| - I decided to go to work.
➢ †m AvR evB‡i LvIqvi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q| - She decided to eat out today.
➢ Avgiv eB covi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ| - We decided to read books.
➢ Zviv mvuZvi KvUvi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q| - They decided to go swimming.
➢ Avwg ivbœv Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ| - I decided to cook.
➢ †m Mvb ïbvi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q| - He decided to listen to music.
➢ Avgiv mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z hvIqvi wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ - We decided to go to the beach.
➢ Zviv bZzb †Ljv †Póv Kivi wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q - They decided to try a new game.
➢ Avwg wPwV wjL‡Z wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ - I decided to write a letter.
➢ †m Qwe AvuK‡Z wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q - She decided to paint a picture.
➢ Avgiv nvuU‡Z †h‡Z wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ - We decided to go for a walk.

"No matter what (+subject) + say...." e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "No matter what" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡ZB wKQz bv gvbvi ev bv e`jv‡bvi msKí
†evSv‡Z|

Structure: No matter what + subject + say(s) + (optional: rest of the sentence)

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 473

 Vertex Spoken English
Examples
➢ Zzwg hv-B e‡jv bv †Kb, Avwg Bs‡iwR wkL‡ev| - No matter what you say, I will learn
English.
➢ ‡m hv-B ejyK, Avwg åg‡Y hv‡ev| - No matter what he says, I will go on a trip.
➢ Zzwg hv-B e‡jv bv †Kb, Avgiv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z hv‡ev| - No matter what you say, we will
watch a movie.
➢ Zviv hv-B ejyK, Avgiv bZzb †iwmwc †Póv Ki‡ev| - No matter what they say, we will try a
new recipe.
➢ Zzwg hv-B e‡jv bv †Kb, Avwg Kv‡R hv‡ev| - No matter what you say, I will go to work.
➢ Zviv hv-B ejyK, †m evB‡i †L‡Z hv‡e| - No matter what they say, she will eat out.
➢ Zzwg hv-B e‡jv bv †Kb, Avgiv eB co‡ev| - No matter what you say, we will read books.
➢ Zviv hv-B ejyK, Avgiv mvuZvi KvU‡Z hv‡ev| - No matter what they say, we will go
swimming.
➢ Zzwg hv-B e‡jv bv †Kb, Avwg ivbœv Ki‡ev| - No matter what you say, I will cook.
➢ Zviv hv-B ejyK, †m Mvb ïb‡e| - No matter what they say, he will listen to music.
➢ Zzwg hv-B e‡jv bv †Kb, Avgiv mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z hv‡ev| - No matter what you say, we will go to
the beach.
➢ Zviv hv-B ejyK, Avgiv bZzb †Ljv †Póv Ki‡ev| - No matter what they say, we will try a
new game.
➢ Zzwg hv-B e‡jv bv †Kb, Avwg wPwV wjL‡ev| - No matter what you say, I will write a letter.
➢ Zviv hv-B ejyK, †m Qwe AvuK‡e| - No matter what they say, she will paint a picture.
➢ Zzwg hv-B e‡jv bv †Kb, Avgiv nvuU‡Z hv‡ev| - No matter what you say, we will go for a
walk.

"Would you mind (+verb+ing)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Would you mind" e¨envi Kiv nq web‡qi mv‡_ Aby‡iva ev cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨|

Structure: Would you mind + verb-ing/noun + (optional: rest of the sentence)

Examples:
➢ Zzwg Avgvi mv‡_ Bs‡iwR †kLvq AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind helping me learn English?
➢ Zzwg Avgvi åg‡Yi cwiKíbv †`L‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind looking at my travel
plan?
➢ Zzwg Avgv‡`i mv‡_ wm‡bgv †`L‡Z †h‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind going to watch a
movie with us?
➢ Zzwg bZzb †iwmwc †Póv Ki‡Z Avgv‡`i mv‡_ †hvM w`‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind joining
us to try a new recipe?
➢ Zzwg AvR Kv‡R †h‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind going to work today?
➢ Zzwg evB‡i †L‡Z †h‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind going out to eat?
➢ Zzwg Avgv‡`i eB co‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind helping us read
books?
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 474
 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Zzwg mvuZvi KvU‡Z †h‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind going swimming?
➢ Zzwg Avgvi mv‡_ ivbœv Ki‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind cooking with me?
➢ Zzwg Mvb †kvbv‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind listening to music?
➢ Zzwg Avgv‡`i mv‡_ mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z †h‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind going to the beach
with us?
➢ Zzwg bZzb †Ljv †Póv Ki‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind trying a new game?
➢ Zzwg Avgvi Rb¨ GKwU wPwV wjL‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind writing a letter for me?
➢ Zzwg Avgvi Rb¨ GKwU Qwe AvuK‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind painting a picture for
me?
➢ Zzwg Avgv‡`i mv‡_ nvuU‡Z †h‡Z AvcwË Ki‡e? - Would you mind going for a walk with us?

"Would rather (+verb) + ------ + than (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Would rather" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi †P‡q Ab¨ wKQz Ki‡Z †ewk cQ›` †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Subject + eis + verb + fv‡jv + than + verb

Examples

➢ Avgvi eis evsjvq K_v ejvi †_‡K Bs‡iwR wkLvB fv‡jv - I would rather learn English than
speak Bengali.
➢ Zvi eis evmvq _vKvi †_‡K åg‡Y hvIqv fv‡jv - He would rather go on a trip than stay at
home.
➢ Avgv‡`i eis †Ljv †`Lvi †_‡K wm‡bgv †`LvB fv‡jv - We would rather watch a movie than
watch a game.
➢ Zv‡`i eis cyiv‡bv †iwmwc e¨env‡ii †_‡K bZzb †iwmwc †Póv KivB fv‡jv - They would rather
try a new recipe than use an old one.
➢ Avgvi eis evmvq _vKvi †_‡K Kv‡R hvIqv fv‡jv - I would rather go to work than stay at
home.
➢ Zvi eis N‡i LvIqvi †_‡K evB‡i LvIqvB fv‡jv - She would rather eat out than eat at home.
➢ Avgv‡`i eis wUwf †`Lvi †_‡K eB covB fv‡jv - We would rather read books than watch
TV.
➢ Zv‡`i eis e¨vqvg Kivi †_‡K mvuZvi KvUvB fv‡jv - They would rather go swimming than
do exercise.
➢ Avgvi eis evB‡i LvIqvi †_‡K ivbœv KivB fv‡jv - I would rather cook than eat out.
➢ Zvi eis Lei †kvbvi †_‡K Mvb †kvbvB fv‡jv - He would rather listen to music than listen
to the news.
➢ Avgv‡`i eis cvnv‡o hvIqvi †_‡K mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z hvIqv fv‡jv - We would rather go to the
beach than to the mountains.
➢ Zv‡`i eis cyiv‡bv †Ljvi †_‡K bZzb †Ljv †Póv KivB fv‡jv - They would rather try a new
game than play an old one.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 475

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Avgvi eis B‡gBj Kivi †_‡K wPwV †jLvB fv‡jv - I would rather write a letter than send an
email.
➢ Zvi eis †jLv‡jwL Kivi †_‡K Qwe AvuKvB fv‡jv - She would rather paint a picture than
write.
➢ Avgv‡`i eis Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi †_‡K nvuU‡Z hvIqv fv‡jv - We would rather go for a walk than
drive.

"Let alone (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Let alone" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv GKwU Kv‡Ri D‡jøL K‡i †evSv‡bv nq †h Ab¨ †Kv‡bv KvR
Kiv AviI Am¤¢e ev A‡hŠw³K|

Structure: Clause 1 (more general or lesser statement) +, let alone + Clause 2 (more
specific or extreme statement).

Examples:
➢ Avwg evsjv ej‡Z cvwi bv, Avi Bs‡iwR K_v †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - I can't speak Bangla, let alone
English.
➢ †m GKwU eB co‡Z cv‡i bv, QqwU eB †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - He can’t read one book, let alone
six.
➢ Avwg wb‡Ri KvR Ki‡Z cvwi bv, Ab¨‡`i mvnvh¨ Kiv †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - I can't do my own
work, let alone help others.
➢ Avgiv †ivR GK‡ejv Lvevi †RvUv‡Z cvwi bv, gvsm LvIqv †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - We can’t afford a
meal a day, let alone meat.
➢ Zzwg AsK Ki‡Z cv‡iv bv, A¨vj‡Reªvi K_v †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - You can’t do math, let alone
algebra. 6. †m mvB‡Kj Pvjv‡Z cv‡i bv, †gvUimvB‡K‡ji K_v ev`B w`jvg| - He can’t ride a
bicycle, let alone a motorcycle.
➢ Avgvi wb‡Ri Rb¨ mgq †bB, QzwUi K_v †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - I have no time for myself, let
alone a vacation.
➢ †m Bs‡iwR ej‡Z cv‡i bv, divwm †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - He can’t speak English, let alone
French.
➢ Avwg GKwU wRwbm wKb‡Z cvwi bv, `ywU †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - I can’t afford one item, let alone
two.
➢ †m dzUej †Lj‡Z cv‡i bv, wµ‡KU †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - He can’t play football, let alone
cricket.
➢ Avwg GKwU cvnvo DV‡Z cvwi bv, gvD›U Gfv‡i÷ †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - I can’t climb a hill, let
alone Mount Everest.
➢ †m Zvi cov †kl Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, M‡elYv †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - He can’t finish his homework,
let alone research.
➢ †m GKwU B‡gBj wjL‡Z cv‡i bv, iPbv †jLv †Zv ev`B w`jvg| - He can’t write an email, let
alone an essay.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 476

 Vertex Spoken English

"As soon as"-Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "As soon as" e¨envi K‡i `ywU NUbv‡K mshy³ Kiv nq, †hLv‡b GKwU NUbv NUvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Ab¨
NUbvI N‡U| GwU `yBwU NUbvi g‡a¨ ZvZ¶wYK ms‡hvM wb‡`©k K‡i|

Structure: As soon as + Clause 1 (Event 1) +, + Clause 2 (Event 2).

Examples:
➢ Avwg evwo †cŠuQvjvg, ZLbB e„wó ïiæ n‡jv| - As soon as I reached home, it started raining.
➢ †m Nywg‡q coj, ZLbB †dvb †e‡R DVj| - As soon as he fell asleep, the phone rang.
➢ Avgiv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z emjvg, ZLbB we`¨yr P‡j †Mj| - As soon as we started watching the
movie, the power went out.
➢ †m KvR †kl Kij, ZLbB em G‡m co‡jb| - As soon as she finished her work, the boss
arrived.
➢ Avgiv Mvwo cvK© Kijvg, ZLbB Avgiv †_‡g †Mjvg| - As soon as we parked the car, we
stopped.
➢ Avwg `iRv Lyjjvg, ZLbB weovjwU †ewi‡q †Mj| - As soon as I opened the door, the cat ran
out.
➢ †m eBwU cov ïiæ Kij, ZLbB Zvi eÜyiv G‡m †Mj| - As soon as he started reading the
book, his friends arrived.
➢ Avgiv †L‡Z emjvg, ZLbB AwZw_iv P‡j Avm‡jv| - As soon as we started eating, the guests
arrived.
➢ †Uªb c­¨vUd‡g© G‡jv, ZLbB †jv‡Kiv û‡ovûwo ïiæ Kij| - As soon as the train arrived at
the platform, people started rushing.
➢ †m ev‡m DVj, ZLbB evm †Q‡o w`j| - As soon as he boarded the bus, it started moving.
➢ Avwg cov ïiæ Kijvg, ZLbB Av‡jv P‡j †Mj| - As soon as I started studying, the light
went out.
➢ Avgiv nvuU‡Z ïiæ Kijvg, ZLbB e„wó bvg‡jv| - As soon as we started walking, it began to
rain.
➢ †m ivbœv ïiæ Kij, ZLbB M¨vm dzwi‡q †Mj| - As soon as she started cooking, the gas ran
out.
➢ Avwg evMv‡b KvR ïiæ Kijvg, ZLbB GKwU mvc †`L‡Z †cjvg| - As soon as I started working
in the garden, I saw a snake.
➢ †m wjL‡Z ïiæ Kij, ZLbB KjgwU ïwK‡q †Mj| - As soon as he started writing, the pen
ran out of ink.

" It is time / It is high time"-Gi e¨envi

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 477

 Vertex Spoken English
e¨envi: "It is time / It is high time" e¨eüZ nq Ggb wKQz Kivi Dchy³ mgq n‡q‡Q ev †`wi n‡q †M‡Q
†mUv †evSv‡Z| mvaviYZ Gi c‡i Past Simple tense e¨eüZ nq, hw`I eZ©gvbKv‡jI wKQz †¶‡Î e¨eüZ
n‡Z cv‡i|

Structure: It is time / It is high time + Subject + Past Simple Verb.

Examples:
➢ GLbB mgq Bs‡iwR †kLvi| - It is high time you learned English.
➢ GLbB mgq †Zvgvi cix¶vi cÖ¯‘wZ †bIqvi| - It is high time you started preparing for your
exams.
➢ GLbB mgq Avgiv †ewi‡q cwo| - It is high time we left.
➢ GLbB mgq †m PvKwi †LvuRv ïiæ KiæK| - It is high time he started looking for a job.
➢ GLbB mgq †Zvgvi Rxe‡bi `vwqZ¡ †bIqvi| - It is high time you took responsibility for
your life.
➢ GLbB mgq miKvi GB mgm¨vi mgvavb KiæK| - It is high time the government addressed
this issue.
➢ GLbB mgq Avgiv Avgv‡`i Af¨vm cwieZ©b Kwi| - It is high time we changed our habits.
➢ GLbB mgq Zzwg mwZ¨ e‡jv| - It is high time you told the truth.
➢ GLbB mgq †m Zvi fwel¨r wb‡q wPšÍv Kiv ïiæ KiæK| - It is high time he started thinking
about his future.
➢ GLbB mgq Avgiv cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ hZœevb nB| - It is high time we took care of the
environment.
➢ GLbB mgq †m Zvi fzj¸wj ¯^xKvi KiæK| - It is high time he admitted his mistakes.
➢ GLbB mgq Zzwg bZzb wKQz †Póv K‡iv| - It is high time you tried something new.

"Feel the need to" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "Feel the need to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb KvD‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi Rb¨ †fZi †_‡K GKUv
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyf‚Z nq| GwU cÖvqB †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi ev †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Avbvi B”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|

Structure: Subject + feel(s) the need to + Base form of Verb.

Examples:
➢ Avwg Bs‡iwR †kLvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Kwi| - I feel the need to learn English.
➢ †m bZzb PvKwi †LvuRvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i| - He feels the need to look for a new job.
➢ Zviv e¨vqvg Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i| - They feel the need to exercise.
➢ Avwg bZzb wKQz †Póv Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Kwi| - I feel the need to try something new.
➢ Avgiv wb‡R‡`i `¶Zv DbœZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Kwi| - We feel the need to improve
our skills.
➢ †m Zvi RxebhvÎvi cwieZ©b Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i| - She feels the need to change
her lifestyle.
➢ Avwg Kv‡iv m‡½ K_v ejvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Kwi| - I feel the need to talk to someone.
➢ †m bZzb eÜy ˆZwi Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i| - He feels the need to make new friends.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 478
 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Zviv Zv‡`i ev‡RU ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i| - They feel the need to review
their budget.
➢ Avwg evB‡i hvIqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Kwi| - I feel the need to go outside.
➢ †m AviI mgq wb‡q KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i| - She feels the need to take more
time with her work.
➢ Avwg Avgvi cov‡kvbvq g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Kwi| - I feel the need to focus
on my studies.

"It takes time to"Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "It takes time to" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv KvR ev cÖwµqv m¤cbœ n‡Z KZUv mgq jv‡M †mUv †evSv‡Z|
GwU mvaviYZ ˆah© I cÖ‡Póvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †evSvq|

Structure: It takes time to + Base form of Verb.

Examples:
➢ Bs‡iwR †kLv mgqmv‡c¶| - It takes time to learn English.
➢ fv‡jv Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjv mgq jv‡M| - It takes time to build good habits.
➢ †Kv‡bv `¶Zv AvqË Kiv mgqmv‡c¶| - It takes time to master a skill.
➢ bZzb fvlv wkL‡Z mgq jv‡M| - It takes time to learn a new language.
➢ m¤cK© M‡o Zzj‡Z mgq jv‡M| - It takes time to build relationships.
➢ mwVKfv‡e e¨vqvg Kiv wkL‡Z mgq jv‡M| - It takes time to learn how to exercise properly.
➢ GKwU e¨emv cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M| - It takes time to establish a business.
➢ fv‡jv eB †jLv mgqmv‡c¶| - It takes time to write a good book.
➢ †Kv‡bv mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M| - It takes time to solve a problem.
➢ GKwU bZzb cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ gvwb‡q wb‡Z mgq jv‡M| - It takes time to adapt to a new
environment.
➢ cÖhyw³ m¤c‡K© AviI Rvb‡Z mgq jv‡M| - It takes time to learn about technology.
➢ †Kv‡bv Lvevi fv‡jvfv‡e ivbœv Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M| - It takes time to cook a meal properly.
➢ wek¦vm AR©b Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M| - It takes time to earn trust.

"Supposed to (+verb)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Supposed to" e¨eüZ nq cÖZ¨vwkZ `vwqZ¡, KvR, ev f‚wgKv †evSv‡Z hv †KD Kivi K_v ev `vwq‡Z¡i
g‡a¨ c‡o|
Structure: Subject + be + supposed to + Base form of Verb.

Examples:
➢ ‡Zvgvi AvR cix¶v †`Iqvi K_v wQj| - You were supposed to take the exam today.
➢ Zvi mgqg‡Zv GLv‡b Avmvi K_v wQj| - He was supposed to be here on time.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 479

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Zv‡`i Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨ Kivi K_v wQj| - They were supposed to help us.
➢ Avgv‡`i mܨvi g‡a¨ †cŠuQv‡bvi K_v wQj| - We were supposed to arrive by evening.
➢ ‡Zvgvi KvR †kl Kivi K_v wQj| - You were supposed to finish the work.
➢ Zvi GB KvRwU Kivi K_v wQj bv| - She wasn’t supposed to do this task.
➢ ‡Zvgvi Av‡Mi w`b Zv‡K Kj Kivi K_v wQj| - I was supposed to call him yesterday.
➢ Avgv‡`i Abyôvb ïiæ Kivi K_v wQj| - We were supposed to start the event.
➢ Zvi GB mßv‡n wi‡cvU© Rgv †`Iqvi K_v wQj| - He was supposed to submit the report this
week.
➢ ‡Zvgvi Rvbvjv¸‡jv eÜ Kivi K_v wQj| - You were supposed to close the windows.
➢ Zvi †nvgIqvK© †kl Kivi K_v wQj| - She was supposed to finish her homework.
➢ Zv‡`i GB KvRwU m¤cbœ Kivi K_v wQj| - They were supposed to complete this task.
➢ Avgv‡`i mKv‡ji wgwUs‡q †hvM †`Iqvi K_v wQj| - We were supposed to attend the morning
meeting.

"Getting (+verb+ing/noun)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Getting" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz n‡Z hv‡”Q/n‡q hv‡”Q †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Subject + be verb + getting + adjective

Examples:
➢ Pv VvÛv n‡q hv‡”Q - The tea is getting cold.
➢ Avwg K¬všÍ n‡q hvw”Q - I am getting tired.
➢ †m †i‡M hv‡”Q - He is getting angry.
➢ w`b †QvU n‡q hv‡”Q - The days are getting shorter.
➢ AvenvIqv Mig n‡q hv‡”Q - The weather is getting hot.
➢ Lvevi VvÛv n‡q hv‡”Q - The food is getting cold.
➢ Avwg ¶zavZ© n‡q hvw”Q - I am getting hungry.
➢ †m fv‡jv n‡q hv‡”Q - He is getting better.
➢ AvKvk †gNv”Qbœ n‡q hv‡”Q - The sky is getting cloudy.
➢ Avwg Lywk n‡q hvw”Q - I am getting happy.
➢ kni eo n‡q hv‡”Q - The city is getting bigger.
➢ †Zvgvi nvZ cwi®‹vi n‡q hv‡”Q - Your hands are getting clean.
➢ dzj¸‡jv ïwK‡q hv‡”Q - The flowers are getting dry.
➢ Avwg kw³kvjx n‡q hvw”Q - I am getting stronger.
➢ †m ¯§vU© n‡q hv‡”Q - He is getting smarter.
➢ w`b¸wj Dò n‡q hv‡”Q - The days are getting warmer.
➢ MvQ¸‡jv j¤^v n‡q hv‡”Q - The trees are getting taller.

"Have you ever been/seen (+noun/verb+ing)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 480
 Vertex Spoken English

e¨envi: "Have you ever been/seen" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb AZx‡Z †Kv‡bv AwfÁZv ev NUbv m¤c‡K©
wRÁvmv Kiv nq|

Structure: Have you ever been/seen + object?

Examples
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv wm‡jU wM‡qwQ‡j? - Have you ever been to Sylhet?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv XvKvq wM‡qwQ‡j? - Have you ever been to Dhaka?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv mgy‡`ª wM‡qwQ‡j? - Have you ever been to the sea?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv we‡`‡k wM‡qwQ‡j? - Have you ever been abroad?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv cvnv‡o wM‡qwQ‡j? - Have you ever been to the mountains?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv my›`ieb wM‡qwQ‡j? - Have you ever been to the Sundarbans?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv ivOvgvwU wM‡qwQ‡j? - Have you ever been to Rangamati?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv Rv`yN‡i wM‡qwQ‡j? - Have you ever been to the museum?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv evN †`‡LwQ‡j? - Have you ever seen a tiger?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv wPwoqvLvbv †`‡LwQ‡j? - Have you ever seen a zoo?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv ZvRgnj †`‡LwQ‡j? - Have you ever seen the Taj Mahal?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv isaby †`‡LwQ‡j? - Have you ever seen a rainbow?
➢ Zzwg wK KL‡bv cvnv‡oi P‚ov †`‡LwQ‡j? - Have you ever seen the top of a mountain?

"Do you feel like (+verb+ing)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Do you feel like" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi B”Qv ev g‡bvfve m¤c‡K© wRÁvmv Kiv
nq|

Structure: Do you feel like + verb + ing + object?

Examples:
➢ †Zvgvi wK AvBw¯Œg †L‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like having some ice-cream?
➢ †Zvgvi wK nvuU‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like going for a walk?
➢ †Zvgvi wK wm‡bgv †`L‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like watching a movie?
➢ †Zvgvi wK eB co‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like reading a book?
➢ †Zvgvi wK Mvwo Pvjv‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like driving a car?
➢ †Zvgvi wK Nygv‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like sleeping?
➢ †Zvgvi wK Mvb ïb‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like listening to music?
➢ †Zvgvi wK bvP‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like dancing?
➢ †Zvgvi wK †L‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like eating?
➢ †Zvgvi wK AvÇv w`‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like chatting?
➢ †Zvgvi wK evRv‡i †h‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like going to the market?
➢ †Zvgvi wK åg‡Y †h‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like going on a trip?

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 481

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ †Zvgvi wK ivbœv Ki‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like cooking?
➢ †Zvgvi wK †`Šov‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like running?
➢ †Zvgvi wK mvuZvi KvU‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q? - Do you feel like swimming?

"Feel like (+verb+ing)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Feel like" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi B”Qv ev AvKv•¶v †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Subject + feel like + verb + ing + object

Examples:
➢ Avgvi AvBw¯Œg †L‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - I feel like having some ice-cream.
➢ †Zvgvi nvuU‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - You feel like going for a walk.
➢ Zvi wm‡bgv †`L‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - He feels like watching a movie.
➢ Avgv‡`i eB co‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - We feel like reading a book.
➢ Zv‡`i Mvwo Pvjv‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - They feel like driving a car.
➢ Avgvi Nygv‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - I feel like sleeping.
➢ †Zvgvi Mvb ïb‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - You feel like listening to music.
➢ Zvi bvP‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - She feels like dancing.
➢ Avgv‡`i †L‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - We feel like eating.
➢ Zv‡`i AvÇv w`‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - They feel like chatting.
➢ Avgvi evRv‡i †h‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - I feel like going to the market.
➢ †Zvgvi åg‡Y †h‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - You feel like going on a trip.
➢ Zvi ivbœv Ki‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - He feels like cooking.
➢ Avgv‡`i †`Šov‡Z B‡”Q Ki‡Q - We feel like running.

"Prefer (+verb+ing/noun) to (+verb+ing/noun)" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Prefer ----- to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb GKwU KvR ev wRwbm‡K Ab¨ wKQzi †P‡q †ewk cQ›` Kiv
†evSv‡Z|

Structure: Subject + prefer + noun/verb + ing + to + noun/verb + ing

Examples:
➢ Avwg AvBw¯Œ‡gi †P‡q PK‡jU cQ›` Kwi - I prefer chocolate to ice-cream.
➢ Zzwg eB covi †P‡q wm‡bgv †`Lv cQ›` K‡iv - You prefer watching movies to reading
books.
➢ †m dzUe‡ji †P‡q wµ‡KU cQ›` K‡i - He prefers cricket to football.
➢ Avgiv nvuUvi †P‡q †`Šov‡bv cQ›` Kwi - We prefer running to walking.
➢ Zviv Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi †P‡q mvB‡Kj Pvjv‡bv cQ›` K‡i - They prefer cycling to driving.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 482

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Avwg evwo‡Z _vKvi †P‡q evB‡i hvIqv cQ›` Kwi - I prefer going out to staying at home.
➢ Zzwg Mi‡gi †P‡q kxZKvj cQ›` K‡iv - You prefer winter to summer.
➢ †m åg‡Yi †P‡q eB cov cQ›` K‡i - He prefers reading books to traveling.
➢ Avgiv gvs‡mi †P‡q gvQ cQ›` Kwi - We prefer fish to meat.
➢ Zviv Mvb †kvbvi †P‡q wm‡bgv †`Lv cQ›` K‡i - They prefer watching movies to listening
to music.
➢ Avwg Pv Gi †P‡q Kwd cQ›` Kwi - I prefer coffee to tea.
➢ Zzwg mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z hvIqvi †P‡q cvnv‡o hvIqv cQ›` K‡iv - You prefer going to the mountains
to going to the beach.
➢ †m mvuZv‡ii †P‡q †`Šov‡bv cQ›` K‡i - He prefers running to swimming.
➢ Avgiv evwo‡Z e‡m _vKvi †P‡q evB‡i †Ljv cQ›` Kwi - We prefer playing outside to staying
at home.

"How long does/did/will it take to (+verb)?" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "How long does/did/will it take to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR m¤cbœ Ki‡Z KZ mgq
jvM‡e ev †j‡M‡Q Zv wRÁvmv Ki‡Z|

Structure: How long does/did/will it take to + verb?

Examples:
➢ Gqvi‡cv‡U© †h‡Z KZ mgq jv‡M? - How long does it take to get to the airport?
➢ eBUv co‡Z KZ mgq jv‡M? - How long does it take to read the book?
➢ XvKv †_‡K PÆMÖv‡g †h‡Z KZ mgq jv‡M? - How long does it take to get from Dhaka to
Chittagong?
➢ wWbvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z KZ mgq jv‡M? - How long does it take to prepare dinner?
➢ KvMRcÎ c~iY Ki‡Z KZ mgq jv‡M? - How long does it take to fill out the paperwork?
➢ gywf †`L‡Z KZ mgq †j‡MwQj? - How long did it take to watch the movie?
➢ cÖ‡R± †kl Ki‡Z KZ mgq †j‡MwQj? - How long did it take to finish the project?
➢ Zzwg nvmcvZvj †_‡K wd‡i Avm‡Z KZ mgq †j‡MwQj? - How long did it take for you to
return from the hospital?
➢ †Zvgvi KvR Ki‡Z KZ mgq †j‡MwQj? - How long did it take you to do your work?
➢ GB eBUv co‡Z KZ mgq †j‡MwQj? - How long did it take to read this book?
➢ bZzb fvlv wkL‡Z KZ mgq jvM‡e? - How long will it take to learn a new language?

"There is something wrong"-Gi e¨envi

"There is something wrong" e¨eüZ nq hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz mwVK bq ev †Kv‡bv mgm¨v Av‡Q †evSv‡Z| GwU
e¨envi K‡i †evSv‡bv nq †h †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ ev wRwbm ¯^vfvweK ev wVK bq|

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 483

 Vertex Spoken English
Structure: There is + something wrong + with + noun.

Examples:
➢ †Zvgvi Kw¤cDUv‡ii wKQz GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| - There is something wrong with your
computer.
➢ Zvi AvPi‡Yi wKQz GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| - There is something wrong with his behavior.
➢ GB h‡š¿i wKQz GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| - There is something wrong with this machine.
➢ †Zvgvi cwiKíbvi wKQz GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| - There is something wrong with your plan.
➢ Avgvi Mvwoi Bwćbi wKQz GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| - There is something wrong with my car's
engine.
➢ Zvi ¯^v‡¯’¨i wKQz GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| - There is something wrong with her health.
➢ Zv‡`i wnmv‡ei wKQz GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| - There is something wrong with their
calculations.
➢ Avgv‡`i Lvev‡ii wKQz GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| - There is something wrong with our food.
➢ GB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Z‡_¨i wKQz GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| - There is something wrong with the
information in this report.
➢ Zvi †dv‡bi ms‡hv‡Mi wKQz GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| - There is something wrong with his phone
connection.
➢ Avgvi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui wKQz GKUv mgm¨v Av‡Q| - There is something wrong with my internet.

"There is no difficulty in" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "There is no difficulty in" e¨eüZ nq hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v ev Amyweav †bB
†evSv‡Z| GwU e¨envi K‡i †evSv‡bv nq †h †Kv‡bv KvR mnR ev mgm¨v gy³|

Structure: There is no difficulty in + verb+ing.

Examples:
➢ GwU †evSv‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in understanding it.
➢ †Zvgvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in talking to you.
➢ KvRwU †kl Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in finishing the task.
➢ bZzb wKQz wkL‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in learning something new.
➢ Zvi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in meeting with him.
➢ iv¯ÍvwU Lyu‡R †c‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in finding the road.
➢ cÖKíwU ïiæ Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in starting the project.
➢ GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in using it.
➢ mgvavbwU eyS‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in understanding the solution.
➢ cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in answering the question.
➢ Avgv‡`i m‡½ KvR Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in working with us.
➢ GwU co‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - There is no difficulty in reading it.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 484

 Vertex Spoken English

"How else" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "How else" e¨eüZ nq Av‡iv Kxfv‡e ev Ab¨ †Kvb Dcv‡q wKQz Kiv hvq Zv Rvb‡Z| GwU wewfbœ weKí
ev c×wZ †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ nq|

Structure: How else + can/should + Subject + Base form of Verb?

Examples:
➢ Avgiv Avi wKfv‡e GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvwi? - How else can we solve this problem?
➢ Zzwg Avi wKfv‡e GB KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi? - How else can you do this task?
➢ Avgiv Avi wKfv‡e Zvi mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvwi? - How else can we help him?
➢ †m Avi wKfv‡e fv‡jv djvdj †c‡Z cv‡i? - How else can he get better results?
➢ Zzwg Avi wKfv‡e Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z cv‡iv? - How else can you learn English?
➢ Zviv Avi wKfv‡e Zv‡`i cY¨ cÖPvi Ki‡Z cv‡i? - How else can they promote their
products?
➢ Avgiv Avi wKfv‡e mgq evuPv‡Z cvwi? - How else can we save time?
➢ Zzwg Avi wKfv‡e wb‡Ri `¶Zv evov‡Z cv‡iv? - How else can you improve your skills?
➢ Avgiv Avi wKfv‡e LiP Kgv‡Z cvwi? - How else can we reduce costs?
➢ †m Avi wKfv‡e wb‡Ri ¯^v‡¯’¨i hZœ wb‡Z cv‡i? - How else can she take care of her health?
➢ Avgiv Avi wKfv‡e MÖvnK‡`i mš‘ó Ki‡Z cvwi? - How else can we satisfy customers?
➢ Zzwg Avi wKfv‡e welqwU eyS‡Z cv‡iv? - How else can you understand the topic?

"I don't know how to" -Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "I don't know how to" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi Dcvq ev c×wZ Rvwb bv †evSv‡Z| GwU e¨envi
K‡i †evSv‡bv nq †h †KD wKQz Ki‡Z A¶g ev AÁ|

Structure: I don't know how to + V1.

Examples:
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e ivbœv Ki‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to cook.
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e Mvwo Pvjv‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to drive.
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e Bs‡iwR ej‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to speak English.
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e Mvb MvB‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to sing.
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e mvuZvi KvU‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to swim.
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to solve this
problem.
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e GB hš¿wU e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to use this machine.
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e Kw¤cDUv‡i KvR Ki‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to work on a computer.
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e wPwV wjL‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to write a letter.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 485

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e mgq e¨e¯’vcbv Ki‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to manage time.
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e fv‡jv djvdj †c‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to get good results.
➢ Avwg Kxfv‡e GB †MgwU †Lj‡Z nq Rvwb bv| - I don't know how to play this game.

"At the Expense of sb/sth" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "At the expense of" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb KviI ¶wZ ev †Kvb wKQzi g~j¨ w`‡q wKQz AR©b Kiv
†evSv‡bv nq| GwU mvaviYZ †Kvb wKQzi gy‡j¨ ev cÖwZ`vb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|

English Translation: Subject + verb + at the expense of + noun/pronoun

Examples
1. ‡m Zvi K¨vwiqvi‡K cwiev‡ii ¶wZ K‡i GwM‡q wb‡qwQj|
- He advanced his career at the expense of his family.
2. ‡Kv¤cvwb jvf K‡iwQj Kg©x‡`i †eZb Kgv‡bvi gy‡j¨|
- The company made a profit at the expense of lowering employees' salaries.
3. ‡m Zvi eÜyi Av¯’v ¶wZi gy‡j¨ wR‡ZwQj|
- She won at the expense of losing her friend's trust.
4. Zzwg †Zvgvi ¯^v‡¯’¨i ¶wZ K‡i AwZwi³ KvR KiQ|
- You are working too much at the expense of your health.
5. Zviv cÖK…wZi ¶wZ K‡i Dbœqb K‡i‡Q|
- They developed at the expense of harming nature.
6. ‡m wb‡Ri kvwšÍi gy‡j¨ mdj n‡q‡Q|
- He succeeded at the expense of his own peace.
7. Avgiv ev‡R‡Ui gy‡j¨ bZzb cÖ‡R‡± wewb‡qvM K‡iwQ|
- We invested in the new project at the expense of our budget.
8. ‡m wb‡Ri my‡Li ¶wZ K‡i Ab¨‡`i mvnvh¨ KiwQj|
- She was helping others at the expense of her own happiness.
9. Zzwg gvbm¤cbœ cY¨ †Kbvi gy‡j¨ A_© mÂq K‡iQ|
- You saved money at the expense of buying quality products.
10. ‡Kv¤cvwb Zvi cwi‡levi ¸Ygv‡bi ¶wZ K‡i e¨q Kwg‡q‡Q|
- The company reduced costs at the expense of its service quality.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 486

 Vertex Spoken English
"At the Hands of sb" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "At the hands of" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb KviI Øviv wKQz N‡U ev KviI Kvi‡Y wKQz †fvM Ki‡Z nq|

English Translation: Subject + verb + at the hands of + noun/pronoun

Examples
1. ‡m wkKvi n‡qwQj †Pv‡ii nv‡Z|
- He was victimized at the hands of the thief.
2. Zviv nvi gvb‡jv kw³kvjx `‡ji Kv‡Q|
- They were defeated at the hands of the stronger team.
3. wZwb mwnsmZvi wkKvi n‡qwQ‡jb `ye©…ˇ`i nv‡Z|
- She suffered violence at the hands of the thugs.
4. Zzwg Am¤§vwbZ n‡qwQ‡j Zvi nv‡Z|
- You were humiliated at the hands of him.
5. Avgiv `ye¨©env‡ii wkKvi n‡qwQ cÖkvm‡bi nv‡Z|
- We suffered mistreatment at the hands of the administration.
6. ‡m Kó †c‡qwQj cÖZvi‡Ki nv‡Z|
- He suffered at the hands of the fraudster.
7. Zviv AwePvi †c‡qwQj kvm‡Ki nv‡Z|
- They faced injustice at the hands of the ruler.
8. ‡m wbh©vwZZ n‡qwQj Zvi AwaKvixi nv‡Z|
- She was mistreated at the hands of her supervisor.
9. Zzwg civwRZ n‡qwQ‡j Zvi AwfÁZvi Kv‡Q|
- You were defeated at the hands of his experience.
10. Avgiv e¨_© n‡qwQ cÖwZ‡hvMx‡`i Kv‡Q|
- We failed at the hands of the competitors.
11. ‡m wbM„nxZ n‡qwQj eywji nv‡Z|
- He was bullied at the hands of the bully.
12. Zviv wbôziZv †fvM K‡iwQj Rjøv‡`i nv‡Z|
- They suffered cruelty at the hands of the executioner.
13. ‡m wec‡` c‡owQj `y®‹…ZKvixi nv‡Z|
- She fell into trouble at the hands of the miscreant.
14. Avgiv b¨vq wePv‡ii Rb¨ jovB K‡iwQ `yb©xwZMÖ¯Í Kg©KZ©vi weiæ‡×|
- We fought for justice at the hands of the corrupt official.
15. ‡m Am`vPi‡Yi wkKvi n‡qwQj|
- He was mistreated at the hands of the wrongdoer.

"How about...?" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "How about" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kvb cÖ¯vÍ e †`Iqv nq, weKí PvIqv nq ev civgk© Kiv nq|

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 487

 Vertex Spoken English
English Translation: How about + verb/noun/phrase

Examples
1. Pv ‡L‡j †Kgb nq?
- How about having some tea?
2. Avgiv wm‡bgvq †M‡j †Kgb nq?
- How about we go to the movies?
3. AvMvgxKvj cv‡K© nvuU‡j †Kgb nq?
- How about a walk in the park tomorrow?
4. evRvi †_‡K dj wKb‡j †Kgb nq?
- How about buying some fruits from the market?
5. mßv‡ni †k‡l GKwU wcKwbK Ki‡j †Kgb nq?
- How about a picnic at the end of the week?
6. e„wói mgq evwo‡Z _vK‡j †Kgb nq?
- How about staying at home when it rains?
7. Avgiv GLbB cÖ‡R±wU ïiæ Ki‡j †Kgb nq?
- How about we start the project right now?
8. Zzwg AvR iv‡Z Avgvi mv‡_ wWbvi Ki‡j †Kgb nq?
- How about you have dinner with me tonight?
9. ‡m bZzb KvRUv †Póv Ki‡j †Kgb nq?
- How about she tries the new task?
10. Avgiv GKmv‡_ Mvb MvB‡j †Kgb nq?
How about we sing together?

"How long...?" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "How long" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kvb Kv‡Ri ev NUbvi mgqKvj m¤c‡K© cÖkœ Kiv nq|

English Translation: How long + auxiliary verb + subject + verb

1. Zzwg GLv‡b KZ¶Y _vK‡e?

- How long will you stay here?
2. ‡m cov‡kvbv KiwQj KZ¶Y?
- How long was he studying?
3. Zzwg A‡c¶v KiQ KZ¶Y a‡i?
- How long have you been waiting?
4. GUv †kl n‡Z KZ¶Y jvM‡e?
- How long will it take to finish?
5. Zzwg KvR KiQ KZ¶Y a‡i?
- How long have you been working?
6. wdj¥wU KZ¶Y P‡j?
- How long does the film run?
7. Zviv åg‡Y KZ¶Y mgq KvwU‡q‡Q?

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 488

 Vertex Spoken English
- How long did they spend on the trip?
8. Avgiv GLv‡b _vKvi cwiKíbv KiwQ KZ¶Y?
- How long are we planning to stay here?
9. Zzwg GB KvRUv KZ¶Y a‡i KiQ?
- How long have you been doing this job?
10. ‡m †mLv‡b wQj KZ¶Y?
- How long was she there?

"How many...?" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "How many" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kvb MYbv‡hvM¨ msL¨v m¤c‡K© Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq|
English Translation: How many + plural noun + auxiliary verb + subject + verb

Examples
1. Zzwg KZ¸‡jv eB wK‡bQ?
- How many books did you buy?
2. Zv‡`i KZ¸‡jv Mvwo Av‡Q?
- How many cars do they have?
3. Zzwg KZ¸‡jv Av‡cj †L‡qQ?
- How many apples did you eat?
4. GB K¬v‡m KZ¸‡jv QvÎ Av‡Q?
- How many students are there in this class?
5. ‡m KZ¸‡jv mgm¨v mgvavb K‡i‡Q?
- How many problems did he solve?
6. Zzwg KZ¸‡jv cÖkœ wR‡Ám K‡iQ?
- How many questions have you asked?
7. Avgv‡`i Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv †Pqvi cÖ‡qvRb?
- How many chairs do we need?
8. Zzwg MZ eQi KZ¸‡jv †`‡k wM‡qQ?
- How many countries did you visit last year?
9. Zzwg KZ¸‡jv cvwL †`‡LQ?
- How many birds have you seen?
10. Zviv KZ¸‡jv g¨vP wR‡Z‡Q?
- How many matches have they won?

"How much...?" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "How much" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kvb cwigvY ev gyj¨ m¤c‡K© Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq|
English Translation: How much + uncountable noun/auxiliary verb + subject + verb

Examples
1. GB KjgwU KZ `v‡gi?
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 489
 Vertex Spoken English
- How much does this pen cost?
2. Zzwg KZ UvKv LiP K‡iQ?
- How much money did you spend?
3. GB Ry‡m KZUv wPwb Av‡Q?
- How much sugar is in this juice?
4. Zzwg GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ KZ mgq wb‡qQ?
- How much time did you take for this work?
5. ‡m Lywk _vK‡Z KZUv †Póv K‡i‡Q?
- How much effort did he put to stay happy?
6. GB c¨v‡K‡Ui IRb KZ?
- How much does this packet weigh?
7. Zzwg KZUv cvwb †L‡qQ?
- How much water have you drunk?
8. ‡Zvgvi Kv‡Q KZUv KvR evwK Av‡Q?
- How much work do you have left?
9. Avgiv GLv‡b KZUv mgq KvwU‡qwQ?
- How much time have we spent here?
10. ‡m GB c‡Y¨i Rb¨ KZ UvKv Pvq?
- How much does she want for this product?

"How often...?" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "How often" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kvb NUbvi NbZ¡ ev Nb NbZv m¤c‡K© Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq|
English Translation: How often + auxiliary verb + subject + verb

Examples
1. Zzwg KZ Nb Nb wR‡g hvI?
- How often do you go to the gym?
2. ‡m KZevi GLv‡b Av‡m?
- How often does he come here?
3. Zzwg KZ Nb Nb eB c‡ov?
- How often do you read books?
4. Zzwg KZevi wm‡bgv †`L‡Z hvI?
- How often do you go to the movies?
5. Zviv KZ Nb Nb ågY K‡i?
- How often do they travel?
6. Zzwg KZ Nb Nb eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv K‡iv?
- How often do you meet with friends?
7. Zzwg KZevi Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q hvI?
- How often do you visit the doctor?
8. Zzwg KZ Nb Nb Bs‡iwR Abykxjb K‡iv?
- How often do you practice English?
9. ‡m KZevi ivbœv K‡i?

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 490

 Vertex Spoken English
- How often does she cook?
10. Zviv KZevi †Ljvi gv‡V hvq?
- How often do they go to the playground?

"I Have to Say..." e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "I have to say" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wel‡q wb‡Ri gZvgZ cÖKvk Kiv nq ev †Rvi w`‡q wKQz
ejv nq|

English Translation: I have to say + clause

Examples
1. Avgv‡K ej‡Z n‡e, GB LveviwU Lye my¯^v`y|
- I have to say, this food is very delicious.
2. Avgv‡K ej‡Z n‡e, †Zvgvi bZzb evwowU Lye my›`i|
- I have to say, your new house is very beautiful.
3. Avgv‡K ej‡Z n‡e, Zvi KvRwU mwZ¨B cÖksmbxq|
- I have to say, his work is truly commendable.
4. Avgv‡K ej‡Z n‡e, Zzwg `y`©všÍ GKUv KvR K‡iQ|
- I have to say, you've done a great job.
5. Avgv‡K ej‡Z n‡e, GB wm‡bgvwU Avðh©RbK|
- I have to say, this movie is amazing.
6. Avgv‡K ej‡Z n‡e, GB RvqMvwU Lye kvšÍ|
- I have to say, this place is very peaceful.
7. Avgv‡K ej‡Z n‡e, Zzwg A‡bK DbœwZ K‡iQ|
- I have to say, you've improved a lot.
8. Avgv‡K ej‡Z n‡e, Zvi †cvlvKwU Lye ÷vBwjk|
- I have to say, her dress is very stylish.
9. Avgv‡K ej‡Z n‡e, Zvi e³…ZvwU †cÖiYv`vqK wQj|
- I have to say, his speech was inspiring.
10. Avgv‡K ej‡Z n‡e, †Zvgvi cÖ¯vÍ ewU Lye Kvh©Ki|
- I have to say, your suggestion is very effective.

"I Mean" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "I mean" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb K‡_vcK_‡b †Kv‡bv wel‡q AviI ¯cóZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq ev ejv K_vi
cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z wKQz e¨vL¨v Kiv nq|

English Translation: I mean + clause

Examples
1. Avwg eySvw”Q, Avgv‡`i GB gyn~‡Z© KvRwU Kiv DwPZ|
- I mean, we should do the work right now.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 491
 Vertex Spoken English
2. Avwg eySvw”Q, GwU AviI fv‡jv n‡Z cvi‡Zv|
- I mean, it could have been better.
3. Avwg eySvw”Q, †m mwZ¨B Lye `¶|
- I mean, he is really very skilled.
4. Avwg eySvw”Q, Avgv‡`i G wel‡q AviI wPšÍv Kiv DwPZ|
- I mean, we should think more about this.
5. Avwg eySvw”Q, GB KvRwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
- I mean, this task is important.
6. Avwg eySvw”Q, Zzwg GUv mn‡RB Ki‡Z cv‡iv|
- I mean, you can do it easily.
7. Avwg eySvw”Q, Avgiv Av‡iv mgq cÖ‡qvRb|
- I mean, we need more time.
8. Avwg eySvw”Q, GwU mwZ¨B GKwU fvj my‡hvM|
- I mean, it’s really a good opportunity.
9. Avwg eySvw”Q, Zvi mvnvh¨ Avgv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb|
- I mean, we need his help.
10. Avwg eySvw”Q, GwU AZ¨šÍ Riæwi|
- I mean, it is extremely urgent.

"I Think So" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "I think so" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wel‡q BwZevPK DËi †`Iqv nq, Z‡e m‡›`nI _vK‡Z cv‡i|

English Translation: I think so + clause (optional)

Examples
1. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, Avgiv GwU Ki‡ev?
- Do you think we will do it? → I think so.
2. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, †m Avm‡e?
- Do you think he will come? → I think so.
3. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, Avgiv mgqgZ †cŠuQv‡ev?
- Do you think we will arrive on time? → I think so.
4. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, GwU GKwU fvj cwiKíbv?
- Do you think it’s a good plan? → I think so.
5. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, †m KvRwU m¤cbœ K‡i‡Q?
- Do you think he completed the task? → I think so.
6. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, GwU mdj n‡e?
- Do you think it will succeed? → I think so.
7. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, Avgv‡`i AviI cÖ¯‘wZ cÖ‡qvRb?
- Do you think we need more preparation? → I think so.
8. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, Avgiv GwU mvgjv‡Z cvi‡ev?
- Do you think we can handle it? → I think so.
9. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, †m GB cÖ‡kœi DËi Rv‡b?

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 492

 Vertex Spoken English
- Do you think he knows the answer to this question? → I think so.
10. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, †m Avgv‡`i mv‡_ †hvM †`‡e?
Do you think she will join us? → I think so.

"I Wonder If..." e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "I wonder if" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv welq m¤c‡K© †KŠZ‚nj cÖKvk Kiv nq ev wKQz NU‡e wKbv
Zv wb‡q m‡›`n cÖKvk Kiv nq|

English Translation: I wonder if + clause

Examples
1. Avwg Rvb‡Z PvB, †m GL‡bv G‡m‡Q wKbv|
- I wonder if he has arrived yet.
2. Avwg Rvb‡Z PvB, †m GUv Ki‡Z cv‡i wKbv|
- I wonder if she can do it.
3. Avwg Rvb‡Z PvB, Avgiv mgqgZ †cŠuQv‡Z cvi‡ev wKbv|
- I wonder if we will arrive on time.
4. Avwg Rvb‡Z PvB, †m Avgv‡`i mv‡_ †hvM †`‡e wKbv|
- I wonder if she will join us.
5. Avwg Rvb‡Z PvB, GwU mdj n‡e wKbv|
- I wonder if it will succeed.
6. Avwg Rvb‡Z PvB, Zviv Avgv‡`i cÖ¯vÍ e †g‡b †b‡e wKbv|
- I wonder if they will accept our proposal.
7. Avwg Rvb‡Z PvB, AvR e„wó n‡e wKbv|
- I wonder if it will rain today.
8. Avwg Rvb‡Z PvB, †m mZ¨ ej‡Q wKbv|
- I wonder if he is telling the truth.
9. Avwg Rvb‡Z PvB, Zviv BwZg‡a¨ KvRwU ïiæ K‡i‡Q wKbv|
- I wonder if they have started the work already.
10. Avwg Rvb‡Z PvB, Avgv‡`i cwiKíbv Kvh©Ki n‡e wKbv|
- I wonder if our plan will work.

"I Would Say..." e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "I would say" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wb‡Ri gZvgZ ev Abygvb cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

English Translation: I would say + clause

Examples
1. Avwg eje, GwU GKwU fvj aviYv|
- I would say, it's a good idea.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 493
 Vertex Spoken English
2. Avwg eje, †m GwU m¤cbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
- I would say, he can accomplish it.
3. Avwg eje, Avgiv AviI cwikªg Ki‡Z n‡e|
- I would say, we need to work harder.
4. Avwg eje, †Zvgvi GB wm×všÍ mwVK|
- I would say, your decision is right.
5. Avwg eje, †m Lye cwikªgx|
- I would say, she is very hardworking.
6. Avwg eje, GwU GKwU AmvaviY my‡hvM|
- I would say, it’s an excellent opportunity.
7. Avwg eje, Avgiv mwVK c‡_ AvwQ|
- I would say, we are on the right track.
8. Avwg eje, Zvi aviYv LyeB m„Rbkxj|
- I would say, his idea is very creative.
9. Avwg eje, Avgv‡`i GLbB ïiæ Kiv DwPZ|
- I would say, we should start right now.
10. Avwg eje, GwU Avgv‡`i Rb¨ DcKvix n‡e|
- I would say, this will be beneficial for us.

"I'm Afraid..." e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "I'm afraid" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †KD `ytLRbK ev †bwZevPK wKQz Rvbvq ev Abygvb K‡i|

English Translation: I'm afraid + clause

Examples
1. `ytwLZ, Avgiv AvR mgqg‡Zv †cŠuQv‡Z cvie bv|
- I'm afraid, we won't be able to arrive on time today.
2. `ytwLZ, Avgvi Kv‡Q GB gyn~‡Z© UvKv †bB|
- I'm afraid, I don't have any money right now.
3. `ytwLZ, Avwg AvMvgxKvj Avm‡Z cvie bv|
- I'm afraid, I can't come tomorrow.
4. `ytwLZ, Avwg GB cÖ‡kœi DËi Rvwb bv|
- I'm afraid, I don't know the answer to this question.
5. `ytwLZ, GwU m¤¢e bq|
- I'm afraid, it’s not possible.
6. `ytwLZ, Avcbvi Av‡e`b cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
- I'm afraid, your application has been rejected.
7. `ytwLZ, Avgiv mwVK mg‡q †cŠuQv‡Z cvie bv|
- I'm afraid, we won't be able to arrive on time.
8. `ytwLZ, Avgvi Mvwo †f‡O †M‡Q|
- I'm afraid, my car has broken down.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 494

 Vertex Spoken English
9. `ytwLZ, Avgv‡`i †mB iKg myweav †bB|
- I'm afraid, we don't have that facility.
10. `ytwLZ, Avwg †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvie bv|
- I'm afraid, I can't help you.

"If I Were You..." e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "If I were you" e¨envi Kiv nq civgk© ev mycvwik †`Iqvi mgq|

English Translation: If I were you + clause

Examples
1. ‡Zvgvi RvqMvq n‡j Avwg A‡c¶v KiZvg|
- If I were you, I would wait.
2. ‡Zvgvi RvqMvq n‡j Avwg GiKg KiZvg bv|
- If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
3. ‡Zvgvi RvqMvq n‡j Avwg Zvi mv‡_ K_v ejZvg|
- If I were you, I would talk to him.
4. ‡Zvgvi RvqMvq n‡j Avwg †ewk cwikªg KiZvg|
- If I were you, I would work harder.
5. ‡Zvgvi RvqMvq n‡j Avwg Zvi civgk© wbZvg|
- If I were you, I would take his advice.
6. ‡Zvgvi RvqMvq n‡j Avwg Av‡iv cov‡kvbv KiZvg|
- If I were you, I would study more.
7. ‡Zvgvi RvqMvq n‡j Avwg GB my‡hvMwU wbZvg|
- If I were you, I would take this opportunity.
8. ‡Zvgvi RvqMvq n‡j Avwg Zv‡K mvnvh¨ KiZvg|
- If I were you, I would help him.
9. ‡Zvgvi RvqMvq n‡j Avwg ˆah© aiZvg|
- If I were you, I would be patient.
10. ‡Zvgvi RvqMvq n‡j Avwg Zvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM KiZvg|
- If I were you, I would contact him.

"If Necessary..." e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "If necessary" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR ev c`‡¶‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq †evSv‡Z|
English Translation: If necessary + clause

Examples
1. cÖ‡qvR‡b Avwg mvnvh¨ Kie|
- If necessary, I will help.
2. cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgiv Avevi †Póv Kie|
- If necessary, we will try again.
3. cÖ‡qvR‡b Zzwg GwU cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡iv|
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 495
 Vertex Spoken English
- If necessary, you can change it.
4. cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgiv AviI †jvK wb‡qvM Kie|
- If necessary, we will hire more people.
5. cÖ‡qvR‡b Zviv mfv ¯’wMZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
- If necessary, they can postpone the meeting.
6. cÖ‡qvR‡b Avwg †Zvgvi mv‡_ hve|
- If necessary, I will go with you.
7. cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgiv GwU cybwe©‡ePbv Kie|
- If necessary, we will reconsider it.
8. cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgiv AviI Z_¨ msMÖn Kie|
- If necessary, we will gather more information.
9. cÖ‡qvR‡b Zzwg GKRb we‡kl‡Ái civgk© wb‡Z cv‡iv|
- If necessary, you can consult a specialist.
10. cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgiv cwiKíbv cwieZ©b Kie|
- If necessary, we will change the plan.

"If You Want To..." e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "If you want to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Kv‡iv B”Qv ev cÖ¯Íve cÖKvk Kiv nq|

Bengali Sentence: B”Qv ev cÖ¯Íve cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨

English Translation: If you want to + Base form of Verb

Examples
1. hw` Zzwg PvI Zvn‡j Zzwg †h‡Z cv‡iv|
- If you want to, you can go.
2. hw` Zzwg PvI Zvn‡j Zzwg GwU co‡Z cv‡iv|
- If you want to, you can read it.
3. hw` Zzwg PvI Zvn‡j Zzwg Avgv‡K Kj Ki‡Z cv‡iv|
- If you want to, you can call me.
4. hw` Zzwg PvI Zvn‡j Avgiv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z cvwi|
- If you want to, we can watch a movie.
5. hw` Zzwg PvI Zvn‡j Zzwg Avgvi mv‡_ Avm‡Z cv‡iv|
- If you want to, you can come with me.
6. hw` Zzwg PvI Zvn‡j Zzwg GLv‡b A‡c¶v Ki‡Z cv‡iv|
- If you want to, you can wait here.
7. hw` Zzwg PvI Zvn‡j Avgiv evB‡i †L‡Z cvwi|
- If you want to, we can eat out.
8. hw` Zzwg PvI Zvn‡j Zzwg GwU cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡iv|
- If you want to, you can change it.
9. hw` Zzwg PvI Zvn‡j Avgiv GKmv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z cvwi|
- If you want to, we can work together.
10. hw` Zzwg PvI Zvn‡j Zzwg GB eBwU co‡Z cv‡iv|
- If you want to, you can read this book.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 496

 Vertex Spoken English

"Important for sb/sth..." e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Important for sb/sth" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wKQz ev Kv‡iv Rb¨ wKQz ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y© †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: Important for + somebody/something

Examples
1. ‡Zvgvi Rb¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
- It is important for you.
2. Avgv‡`i ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
- It is important for our health.
3. ‡Zvgvi cov‡kvbvi Rb¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
- It is important for your studies.
4. Kg©Pvix‡`i Rb¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
- It is important for the employees.
5. cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
- It is important for the environment.
6. Avgv‡`i †Kv¤cvwbi Rb¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
- It is important for our company.
7. ‡Zvgvi cwiev‡ii Rb¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
- It is important for your family.
8. GB cÖK‡íi Rb¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
- It is important for this project.
9. ‡Zvgvi fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
- It is important for your future.
10. Avgv‡`i mdjZvi Rb¨ GwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
- It is important for our success.

"In a Position to Do Something" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "In a position to do something" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Kv‡iv ¶gZv ev my‡hvM _v‡K wKQz Kivi|

English Translation: In a position to do something + clause

Examples
1. Avwg mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z m¶g|
- I am in a position to help.
2. ‡m wm×všÍ wb‡Z m¶g|
- He is in a position to make a decision.
3. Zviv Avgv‡`i mg_©b Ki‡Z m¶g|
- They are in a position to support us.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 497
 Vertex Spoken English
4. Avgiv cwieZ©b Avb‡Z m¶g|
- We are in a position to make a change.
5. Zzwg cÖgvY w`‡Z m¶g|
- You are in a position to provide evidence.
6. Avgiv GwU m¤cbœ Ki‡Z m¶g|
- We are in a position to accomplish this.
7. ‡m bZzb cÖKí ïiæ Ki‡Z m¶g|
- She is in a position to start a new project.
8. Zviv mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z m¶g|
- They are in a position to assist.
9. Avwg †Zvgv‡K civgk© w`‡Z m¶g|
- I am in a position to advise you.
10. ‡m my‡hvMwU wb‡Z m¶g|
- He is in a position to take the opportunity.

"In a Way That…" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "In a way that" e¨envi Kiv nq wKQz Kivi c×wZ ev †KŠkj †evSv‡Z|

English Translation: In a way that + clause

Examples
1. ‡m Ggbfv‡e KvR Kij hv mevB‡K Lywk Kij|
- He worked in a way that pleased everyone.
2. Zzwg Ggbfv‡e K_v e‡jv hv‡Z †KD AvNvZ bv cvq|
- Speak in a way that doesn't hurt anyone.
3. Avgiv Ggbfv‡e cwiKíbv Kie hv‡Z mgm¨v bv nq|
- We will plan in a way that avoids problems.
4. ‡m Ggbfv‡e wkLj hv Zvi Rb¨ mnR wQj|
- She learned in a way that was easy for her.
5. Zviv Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Kij hv‡Z GwU †UKmB nq|
- They built it in a way that makes it durable.
6. wZwb Ggbfv‡e wj‡L‡Qb hv cvVK‡`i AvK…ó K‡i|
- He wrote in a way that engages readers.
7. Avgiv Ggbfv‡e wm×všÍ †be hv‡Z me c¶ mš‘ó nq|
- We will decide in a way that satisfies all parties.
8. Zzwg Ggbfv‡e KvR Ki hv‡Z GwU mgqg‡Zv m¤cbœ nq|
- Work in a way that completes it on time.
9. ‡m Ggbfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kij hv‡Z mevB eyS‡Z cv‡i|
- She explained in a way that everyone could understand.
10. Avgiv Ggbfv‡e Pvjve hv‡Z GwU wbivc` nq|
- We will operate in a way that ensures safety.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 498

 Vertex Spoken English
"In Accordance with Something" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "In accordance with something" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wKQz wbw`©ó wbqg, bxwZ, ev kZ© †g‡b Pjv
nq|

English Translation: In accordance with + something

Examples
1. Avgiv wbqg Abyhvqx KvR Kie|
- We will act in accordance with the rules.
2. Zv‡`i AvPiY bxwZgvjvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©|
- Their behavior is in accordance with the policy.
3. cwiKíbvwU AvBb Abyhvqx ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
- The plan is made in accordance with the law.
4. wZwb Zvi Pzw³i kZ© †g‡b P‡jb|
- He abides in accordance with his contract terms.
5. Zviv msweavb Abyhvqx cwiPvjbv K‡i|
- They operate in accordance with the constitution.
6. Avgiv wb‡`©wkKv Abyhvqx GwU Kie|
- We will do it in accordance with the guidelines.
7. mewKQz bxwZgvjvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
- Everything is in accordance with the policy.
8. Zv‡`i wm×všÍ AvBb Abyhvqx †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
- Their decision is made in accordance with the law.
9. wZwb ms¯’vi bxwZ Abyhvqx KvR K‡ib|
- She works in accordance with the company's policies.
10. GB cÖKíwU cwiKíbv Abyhvqx ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e|
- This project will be implemented in accordance with the plan.

"In Action" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "In action" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wKQz Kvh©Ki ev cÖwµqvaxb †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: In action + clause

Examples
1. Zv‡`i cwiKíbv Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q|
- Their plan is in action.
2. bZzb wbqg¸‡jv cÖwµqvaxb|
- The new rules are in action.
3. Avgiv D‡`¨vMwU ev¯Íevq‡b †`‡LwQ|
- We saw the initiative in action.
4. cÖKíwU Kvh©Ki n‡”Q|
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 499
 Vertex Spoken English
- The project is in action.
5. Zviv Zv‡`i cwiKíbv Kvh©Ki Ki‡Q|
- They are putting their plan in action.
6. bZzb bxwZgvjv Kvh©Ki Kiv n‡q‡Q|
- The new policies are in action.
7. Avgiv cwieZ©b¸‡jv cÖwµqvaxb †`LwQ|
- We are seeing the changes in action.
8. Zv‡`i Kg©m~wP Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q|
- Their program is in action.
9. cÖKíwU cÖwµqvaxb|
- The project is in action.
10. Avgiv D™¢veb Kvh©Kifv‡e ev¯Íevqb K‡iwQ|
- We have put the innovation in action.

"In an Attempt to Do Something" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "In an attempt to do something" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wKQz Kivi †Póv Kiv nq|

English Translation: In an attempt to do something + clause

Examples
1. ‡m Zvi `¶Zv evov‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Q|
- He is in an attempt to improve his skills.
2. Zviv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Póv Ki‡Q|
- They are in an attempt to solve the problem.
3. Avwg GKwU fvj KvR Lyu‡R cvIqvi †Póv KiwQ|
- I am in an attempt to find a good job.
4. Zviv Zvi gb cwieZ©b Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q|
- They are in an attempt to change her mind.
5. Avgiv Avgv‡`i MÖvnK cwi‡lev DbœZ Kivi †Póv KiwQ|
- We are in an attempt to improve our customer service.
6. ‡m Zvi cov‡kvbv †kl Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q|
- She is in an attempt to finish her studies.
7. Zviv `j‡K †RZv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Q|
- They are in an attempt to win the game.
8. Avwg Avgvi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Póv KiwQ|
- I am in an attempt to resolve my issues.
9. Zviv cÖKíwU m¤cbœ Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q|
- They are in an attempt to complete the project.
10. ‡m bZzb cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q|
- He is in an attempt to use new technology.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 500

 Vertex Spoken English
"In Any Case" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "In any case" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wel‡q †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wKQz †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: In any case + clause

Examples
1. hvB †nvK, Avwg Avme|
- In any case, I will come.
2. hvB †nvK, Avgv‡`i †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|
- In any case, we have to try.
3. hvB †nvK, GwU mZ¨|
- In any case, it is true.
4. hvB †nvK, Zzwg mwVK|
- In any case, you are right.
5. hvB †nvK, Avgiv mgqg‡Zv †cŠuQve|
- In any case, we will arrive on time.
6. hvB †nvK, KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e|
- In any case, the work must be done.
7. hvB †nvK, Avwg †Zvgvi mv‡_ AvwQ|
- In any case, I am with you.
8. hvB †nvK, Avgv‡`i cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡Z n‡e|
- In any case, we have to be prepared.
9. hvB †nvK, Avwg GwU Kie|
- In any case, I will do it.
10. hvB †nvK, Avgv‡`i A‡c¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|
- In any case, we have to wait.

"In Connection with Somebody/Something" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "In connection with somebody/something" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wKQz ev Kv‡iv mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z
wKQz †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: In connection with + somebody/something

Examples
1. GB mfv †Zvgvi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- This meeting is in connection with your work.
2. Zvi e³e¨ cÖK‡íi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- His statement is in connection with the project.
3. Zv‡`i cÖkœ mgm¨vi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- Their question is in connection with the issue.
4. GB Z`šÍ Aciv‡ai mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- This investigation is in connection with the crime.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 501
 Vertex Spoken English
5. ‡Zvgvi wPwV Zvi cÖ¯vÍ ‡ei mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- Your letter is in connection with his proposal.
6. GB Av‡jvPbv †Kv¤cvwbi fwel¨‡Zi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- This discussion is in connection with the company's future.
7. Zvi e³e¨ NUbvi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- His statement is in connection with the event.
8. GB mfv cÖK‡íi AMÖMwZ wb‡q|
- This meeting is in connection with the project's progress.
9. Zv‡`i cÖkœ M‡elYvi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- Their question is in connection with the research.
10. GB Av‡jvPbv cwiKíbvi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- This discussion is in connection with the plan.

"In Front of" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "In front of" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wKQz ev Kv‡iv mvg‡b wKQz †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: In front of + somebody/something

Examples
1. MvwowU evwoi mvg‡b cvK© Kiv|
- The car is parked in front of the house.
2. ‡m Zvi eÜy‡`i mvg‡b `vuwo‡q|
- He is standing in front of his friends.
3. Zviv Awd‡mi mvg‡b A‡c¶v Ki‡Q|
- They are waiting in front of the office.
4. MvQwU evwoi mvg‡b i‡q‡Q|
- The tree is in front of the house.
5. ‡m g‡Âi mvg‡b e‡m|
- She is sitting in front of the stage.
6. Avgiv ¯‹z‡ji mvg‡b wgwjZ ne|
- We will meet in front of the school.
7. ‡m †`vKv‡bi mvg‡b `vuwo‡q|
- He is standing in front of the shop.
8. Zviv n‡ji mvg‡b A‡c¶v Ki‡Q|
- They are waiting in front of the hall.
9. g~wZ©wU gw›`‡ii mvg‡b i‡q‡Q|
- The statue is in front of the temple.
10. ‡m Zvi Mvwoi mvg‡b `vuwo‡q Av‡Q|
- He is standing in front of his car.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 502

 Vertex Spoken English
"Rather Than" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Rather than" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb `ywU wel‡q GKwU‡K Ab¨wUi †P‡q †ewk cQ›` Kiv nq|

English Translation: Rather than + clause

Examples
1. Zzwg Pv bq, eis Kwd cQ›` K‡iv|
- You prefer coffee rather than tea.
2. ‡m ev‡m bq, eis †Uª‡b †h‡Z Pvq|
- He wants to travel by train rather than by bus.
3. Zviv evB‡i †L‡Z bq, eis evwo‡Z †L‡Z Pvq|
- They want to eat at home rather than outside.
4. Avwg wUwf †`L‡Z bq, eis eB co‡Z cQ›` Kwi|
- I prefer reading books rather than watching TV.
5. Zzwg gvsm bq, eis kvKmewR cQ›` K‡iv|
- You prefer vegetables rather than meat.
6. ‡m KvR Ki‡Z bq, eis wekªvg wb‡Z Pvq|
- He wants to rest rather than work.
7. Zviv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z bq, eis †Ljv †Lj‡Z Pvq|
- They want to play games rather than watch movies.
8. Avwg nvuU‡Z bq, eis †`Šov‡Z cQ›` Kwi|
- I prefer running rather than walking.
9. ‡m evB‡i †h‡Z bq, eis N‡i _vK‡Z cQ›` K‡i|
- She prefers staying at home rather than going out.
10. Zviv †Uª‡b bq, eis Mvwo‡Z †h‡Z Pvq|
- They want to travel by car rather than by train.

"Reasons Why" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Reasons why" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wel‡q KviY e¨vL¨v Kiv nq|

English Translation: Reasons why + clause

Examples
1. †m KviYUv RvbZ bv †Kb †m cix¶vq fv‡jv Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
He didn't know the reason why he couldn't do well in the exam.
2. Avgiv GLbI eyS‡Z cvwiwb †Kb †m P‡j †Mj|
We still don't understand the reason why he left.
3. Zvi †`wi Kivi KviYUv wK?
What is the reason why he is late?
4. Avwg Rvwb bv †Kb †m Avgv‡K †dvb K‡iwb|
I don't know the reason why he didn't call me.
5. Zzwg wK ej‡Z cv‡iv †Kb †m GZ `ytLx?
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 503
 Vertex Spoken English
Can you tell me the reason why she is so sad?
6. †m ejj bv †Kb †m GB KvRwU Ki‡Z Pvqwb|
He didn't say the reason why he didn't want to do this.
7. Zv‡`i Avm‡Z †`wi n‡”Q †Kb?
What is the reason why they are getting late?
8. GUv Rvbvi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB †Kb †m Ggb AvPiY Kij|
There is no reason why he behaved like that.
9. Avwg Zvi K_v ï‡b AevK nBwb KviY Avwg RvbZvg †m Ggb ej‡e|
I wasn't surprised by his words because I knew the reason why he would say that.
10. Zzwg wK Rv‡bv †Kb †m GZ †i‡M Av‡Q?
Do you know the reason why he is so angry?

"Refer to Somebody/Something" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Refer to somebody/something" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb KvD‡K ev wKQz D‡jøL Kiv nq|

English Translation: Refer to + somebody/something

Examples
1. Avwg †Zvgvi wi‡cv‡U©i K_v D‡jøL KiwQ|
- I am referring to your report.
2. ‡m Zvi wk¶K‡K D‡jøL K‡iwQj|
- She referred to her teacher.
3. Zviv cyi‡bv bxwZgvjv D‡jøL Ki‡Q|
- They are referring to the old policy.
4. Avgiv Zvi e³e¨ D‡jøL K‡iwQ|
- We referred to his statement.
5. Zzwg wK †Kv‡bv eB D‡jøL KiQ?
- Are you referring to any book?
6. ‡m bZzb wbqgvejx D‡jøL K‡iwQj|
- He referred to the new regulations.
7. Zviv Avgv‡`i c~‡e©i Av‡jvPbv D‡jøL Ki‡Q|
- They are referring to our previous discussion.
8. Avwg GB cÖe‡Üi K_v D‡jøL KiwQ|
- I am referring to this article.
9. ‡m Zvi Kv‡R cÖvmw½K m~Î D‡jøL K‡iwQj|
- She referred to relevant sources in her work.
10. Zzwg wK †Kv‡bv we‡kl NUbv D‡jøL KiQ?
Are you referring to any specific incident?

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 504

 Vertex Spoken English
"Regarded as Something" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Regarded as something" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb KvD‡K ev wKQz wbw`©ófv‡e fvev nq ev MY¨ Kiv
nq|

English Translation: Regarded as + something

Examples
1. ‡m GKRb cÖwZfvevb wkíx wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
- He is regarded as a talented artist.
2. Zviv GwU GKwU wec­ex c`‡¶c wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i|
- They regard it as a revolutionary step.
3. ‡m `‡ji †bZv wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
- She is regarded as the leader of the team.
4. GB RvqMv GKwU ch©Ub‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
- This place is regarded as a tourist destination.
5. Zv‡K GKRb fv‡jv wk¶K wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
- He is regarded as a good teacher.
6. GB eBwU GKwU K¬vwmK wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
- This book is regarded as a classic.
7. Zviv Zv‡K GKwU D`vniY wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i|
- They regard him as an example.
8. GB c×wZ me‡P‡q Kvh©Kix wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
- This method is regarded as the most effective.
9. ‡m GKRb we‡klÁ wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
- She is regarded as an expert.
10. Zviv GwU GKwU ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y© cwieZ©b wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i|
- They regard it as an important change.

"Relate to Something/Somebody" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Relate to something/somebody" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wKQz ev Kv‡iv mv‡_ m¤cK© †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: Relate to + something/somebody

Examples
1. Avwg GB wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- I relate to this topic.
2. ‡m Zvi Abyf‚wZi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- She relates to his feelings.
3. Zviv GB mgm¨vi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- They relate to this issue.
4. Avwg †Zvgvi Ae¯’vi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 505
 Vertex Spoken English
- I relate to your situation.
5. ‡m MíwUi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- He relates to the story.
6. Zviv GB wel‡q m¤cwK©Z|
- They relate to this matter.
7. Avgiv Zvi AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- We relate to his experience.
8. ‡m Zvi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- She relates to her work.
9. Zzwg wK GB NUbvi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z?
- Do you relate to this event?
10. Zviv Avgv‡`i mgm¨vi mv‡_ m¤cwK©Z|
- They relate to our problem.

"Relevant to Somebody/Something" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Relevant to somebody/something" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wKQz ev Kv‡iv mv‡_ cÖvmw½K wKQz
†evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: Relevant to + somebody/something

Examples
1. GB Z_¨ Avgv‡`i M‡elYvi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K|
- This information is relevant to our research.
2. ‡m wel‡q Zvi cÖkœ cÖvmw½K|
- His question is relevant to the topic.
3. GB Z_¨ Avgv‡`i cwiKíbvi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K|
- This data is relevant to our plan.
4. ‡Zvgvi AwfÁZv GB Kv‡Ri mv‡_ cÖvmw½K|
- Your experience is relevant to this job.
5. GB Z_¨ eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K|
- This information is relevant to the current situation.
6. Zvi gšÍe¨ wel‡qi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K|
- His comment is relevant to the subject.
7. GB M‡elYv Avgv‡`i cÖK‡íi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K|
- This research is relevant to our project.
8. ‡Zvgvi `¶Zv GB Kv‡Ri mv‡_ cÖvmw½K|
- Your skills are relevant to this task.
9. GB wbqg Avgv‡`i Kv‡R cÖvmw½K|
- These rules are relevant to our work.
10. Zvi cÖ¯Íve eZ©gvb mgm¨vi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K|
- Her suggestion is relevant to the current issue.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 506

 Vertex Spoken English
"Something Like…" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Something like" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wKQz m¤c‡K© AvbygvwbK ev D`vniY¯^iƒc wKQz †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: Something like + example

Examples
1. Zzwg wK wKQz PvI, †hgb Pv ev Kwd?
- Do you want something like tea or coffee?
2. ‡m wKQz LyuR‡Q, †hgb GKwU eB ev g¨vMvwRb|
- He is looking for something like a book or magazine.
3. Avgiv wKQz Ki‡Z PvB, †hgb ågY ev K¨vw¤cs|
- We want to do something like traveling or camping.
4. Zviv wKQz wKb‡Z Pvq, †hgb bZzb †cvkvK ev RyZv|
- They want to buy something like new clothes or shoes.
5. Avwg wKQz LyuRwQ, †hgb GKwU j¨vcUc ev U¨ve‡jU|
- I am looking for something like a laptop or tablet.
6. Zzwg wK wKQz †L‡Z PvI, †hgb dj ev m¨vjvW?
- Do you want something like fruits or salad?
7. ‡m wKQz co‡Z Pvq, †hgb Dcb¨vm ev †QvUMí|
- She wants to read something like a novel or short story.
8. Zviv wKQz wkL‡Z Pvq, †hgb bZzb fvlv ev msMxZ|
- They want to learn something like a new language or music.
9. Avwg wKQz †`L‡Z PvB, †hgb wm‡bgv ev bvUK|
- I want to watch something like a movie or play.
10. Zzwg wK wKQz wKb‡Z PvI, †hgb eB ev †Ljbv?
- Do you want to buy something like books or toys?

"Succeed in Doing Something" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Succeed in doing something" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wKQz Kivi g‡a¨ mdjZv jvf Kiv nq|

English Translation: Succeed in + doing something

Examples
1. ‡m cix¶vq mdj n‡q‡Q|
- He succeeded in passing the exam.
2. Zviv cÖKíwU m¤cbœ Ki‡Z mdj n‡q‡Q|
- They succeeded in completing the project.
3. Avwg Zv‡K ivwR Kiv‡Z mdj n‡qwQ|
- I succeeded in convincing him.
4. ‡m cÖwZ‡hvwMZv wR‡Z mdj n‡q‡Q|
- She succeeded in winning the competition.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 507
 Vertex Spoken English
5. Zviv mgm¨vwU mgvavb Ki‡Z mdj n‡q‡Q|
- They succeeded in solving the problem.
6. Avgiv mgqg‡Zv KvRwU †kl Ki‡Z mdj n‡qwQ|
- We succeeded in finishing the work on time.
7. ‡m e¨emv ïiæ Ki‡Z mdj n‡q‡Q|
- He succeeded in starting the business.
8. Zviv bZzb cY¨ evRviRvZ Ki‡Z mdj n‡q‡Q|
- They succeeded in launching the new product.
9. Avwg bZzb fvlv wkL‡Z mdj n‡qwQ|
- I succeeded in learning a new language.
10. ‡m `j‡K †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z mdj n‡q‡Q|
- She succeeded in leading the team.

"Such a/An..." e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Such a/an..." e¨envi Kiv nq hLb we‡kl¨ ev we‡kl¨ †Mvôx‡K we‡klfv‡e eY©bv Kiv nq|

English Translation: Such a/an + adjective + noun

Examples
1. G‡Zv PgrKvi GKwU w`b|
- Such a wonderful day.
2. G‡Zv fv‡jv GKRb eÜy|
- Such a good friend.
3. G‡Zv AmvaviY GKwU my‡hvM|
- Such an excellent opportunity.
4. G‡Zv my›`i GKwU ¯’vb|
- Such a beautiful place.
5. G‡Zv cÖwZfvevb GKRb wkíx|
- Such a talented artist.
6. G‡Zv KwVb GKwU mgm¨v|
- Such a difficult problem.
7. G‡Zv ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y© GKwU wm×všÍ|
- Such an important decision.
8. G‡Zv D`vi GKRb gvbyl|
- Such a generous person.
9. G‡Zv eo GKwU Abyôvb|
- Such a big event.
10. G‡Zv PgrKvi GKwU cwiKíbv|
Such a great plan.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 508

 Vertex Spoken English
"The Extent to Which…" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "The extent to which…" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR ev cwiw¯’wZi cwigvc †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: The extent to which + clause

Examples
1. ‡m mvnvh¨ Ki‡e wK cwigv‡Y Zv Rvbv hvqwb|
- The extent to which he will help is unknown.
2. Zviv mdj n‡e wK cwigv‡Y Zv †`L‡Z n‡e|
- The extent to which they will succeed remains to be seen.
3. Avgv‡`i Kó n‡e wK cwigv‡Y Zv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
- We need to consider the extent to which it will be difficult for us.
4. ‡m Zvi cÖfve †dj‡e wK cwigv‡Y Zv †evSv hv‡”Q|
- The extent to which she will influence is becoming clear.
5. Zviv cwieZ©b Avb‡e wK cwigv‡Y Zv wbf©i K‡i|
- The extent to which they will bring change depends.
6. Avgiv DbœwZ K‡iwQ wK cwigv‡Y Zv we‡kølY Kiv n‡e|
- The extent to which we have improved will be analyzed.
7. ‡m mZ¨ e‡j‡Q wK cwigv‡Y Zv m‡›`nRbK|
- The extent to which he told the truth is doubtful.
8. Zviv wbqg gvb‡e wK cwigv‡Y Zv wba©viY Kiv hv‡e|
- The extent to which they will follow the rules can be determined.
9. Avgiv cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kie wK cwigv‡Y Zv wbf©i K‡i|
- The extent to which we will use technology depends.
10. ‡m wb‡R‡K cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡e wK cwigv‡Y Zv mgqB ej‡e|
- The extent to which she can prove herself will be revealed over time.

"The following…" Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "The following…" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb wKQz ZvwjKv ev cieZ©x c`‡¶c †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: The following + noun

Examples
1. bx‡Pi welq¸‡jv cix¶v K‡iv|
- Check the following items.
2. cieZ©x wb‡`©kvejx †`Lyb|
- See the following instructions.
3. GLv‡b cieZ©x cÖk¸œ ‡jv i‡q‡Q|
- Here are the following questions.
4. AbyMÖn K‡i cieZ©x c`‡¶c¸wj cvjb Kiæb|
- Please follow the following steps.
5. Zzwg cieZ©x bw_¸‡jv cv‡eb|
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 509
 Vertex Spoken English
- You will find the following documents.
6. Zviv cieZ©x wbqg¸wj gvb‡e|
- They will follow the following rules.
7. cieZ©x welq¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
- The following topics will be discussed.
8. GLv‡b cieZ©x wb‡`©kvejx i‡q‡Q|
- Here are the following guidelines.
9. Avgiv cieZ©x w`Kwb‡`©kbv †`e|
- We will provide the following directions.
10. GB ZvwjKvq cieZ©x bvg¸‡jv †`Lyb|
- Check the following names in this list.

"The Other Side of Something" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "The other side of something" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Ab¨ c„ô ev w`K †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: The other side of + something

Examples
1. N‡ii Ab¨ cv‡k GKwU Rvbvjv Av‡Q|
- There's a window on the other side of the room.
2. b`xi Ab¨ cv‡k GKwU MÖvg Av‡Q|
- There's a village on the other side of the river.
3. c„w_exi Ab¨ cv‡k wK Av‡Q Zzwg Rv‡bv?
- Do you know what's on the other side of the world?
4. ‡cv÷v‡ii Ab¨ cv‡k wKQz †jLv Av‡Q|
- There's some writing on the other side of the poster.
5. eBwUi Ab¨ cv‡k GKwU gvbwPÎ Av‡Q|
- There's a map on the other side of the book.
6. cvnv‡oi Ab¨ cv‡k GKwU nª` Av‡Q|
- There's a lake on the other side of the mountain.
7. dU‡Ki Ab¨ cv‡k GKwU evMvb Av‡Q|
- There's a garden on the other side of the gate.
8. MvwowUi Ab¨ cv‡k GKwU `iRv †Lvjv Av‡Q|
- There's an open door on the other side of the car.
9. ‡Uwe‡ji Ab¨ cv‡k GKwU †Pqvi Av‡Q|
- There's a chair on the other side of the table.
10. mo‡Ki Ab¨ cv‡k GKwU †`vKvb Av‡Q|
- There's a shop on the other side of the road.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 510

 Vertex Spoken English
"The Rest of Something" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "The rest of something" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv e¯‘i Aewkó Ask †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: The rest of + something

Examples

1. eB‡qi evwK Ask c‡o †d‡jwQ|

- I've read the rest of the book.
2. `jwU evwK KvR †kl K‡i‡Q|
- The team finished the rest of the work.
3. Zzwg wK evwK cqmv †c‡q‡Qv?
- Did you get the rest of the money?
4. Avgiv evwK w`bwU wekªv‡g KvwU‡qwQ|
- We spent the rest of the day resting.
5. evwK Lvevi wd«‡R †i‡LwQ|
- I've put the rest of the food in the fridge.
6. ‡m evwK cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡q‡Q|
- She answered the rest of the questions.
7. Zviv evwK cwiKíbv¸wj P‚ovšÍ K‡i‡Q|
- They finalized the rest of the plans.
8. evwK mgqUv Avgiv wm‡bgv †`‡LwQ|
- We watched a movie for the rest of the time.
9. evwK Kvco¸wj ay‡q †i‡LwQ|
- I've washed the rest of the clothes.
10. Zzwg wK evwK KvMRcÎ wb‡q Avm‡e?
- Will you bring the rest of the documents?

"This Kind of…" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "This kind of…" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ai‡Yi wKQz †evSv‡bv nq|

English Translation: This kind of + noun

Examples
1. Avwg GB ai‡Yi Lvevi cQ›` Kwi|
- I like this kind of food.
2. GB ai‡Yi m½xZ Avgvi wcÖq|
- This kind of music is my favorite.
3. Zzwg wK GB ai‡Yi †cvkvK c‡ov?
- Do you wear this kind of clothes?
4. Avwg GB ai‡Yi eB co‡Z fv‡jvevwm|
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 511
 Vertex Spoken English
- I love reading this kind of book.
5. Zviv GB ai‡Yi KvR Ki‡Z Pvq|
- They want to do this kind of work.
6. GB ai‡Yi wRwbm LyeB `vgx|
- This kind of thing is very expensive.
7. Avwg GB ai‡Yi Qwe AvuK‡Z cvwi|
- I can draw this kind of picture.
8. GB ai‡Yi cÖhyw³ AvaywbK|
- This kind of technology is modern.
9. Zzwg wK GB ai‡Yi Mvb ïb‡Z fv‡jvev‡mv?
- Do you love listening to this kind of song?
10. GB ai‡Yi mgm¨v mvaviYZ N‡U|
- This kind of problem usually happens.

"Throw Something Away" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Throw something away" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz †d‡j †`Iqv nq|

English Translation: Throw + something + away

Examples
1. Avwg cyiv‡bv Le‡ii KvMR¸‡jv †d‡j w`‡qwQ|
- I threw the old newspapers away.
2. Zzwg wK GB †evZjwU †d‡j w`‡e?
- Will you throw this bottle away?
3. ‡m bó †Ljbv¸wj †d‡j w`‡q‡Q|
- She threw the broken toys away.
4. Zviv cyiv‡bv RvgvKvco¸‡jv †d‡j w`‡q‡Q|
- They threw the old clothes away.
5. Avgiv AveR©bv¸‡jv †d‡j w`‡qwQ|
- We threw the garbage away.
6. ‡m Abvek¨K KvMR¸‡jv †d‡j w`‡q‡Q|
- He threw the unnecessary papers away.
7. Zzwg hw` GwU e¨envi bv K‡iv, †d‡j `vI|
- If you don't use it, throw it away.
8. Avwg Lvev‡ii Aewkóvsk †d‡j w`‡qwQ|
- I threw the leftover food away.
9. Zviv cyiv‡bv e¨vUvwi †d‡j w`‡q‡Q|
- They threw the old batteries away.
10. Zzwg wK GB cyiv‡bv eB¸wj †d‡j †`‡e?
- Will you throw these old books away?

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 512

 Vertex Spoken English
"Those who…" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Those who" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv wbw`©ó GKwU †Mvôx ev e¨w³‡`i D‡jøL Ki‡Z PvB hviv
†Kv‡bv wbw`©ó KvR ev ¸‡Yi AwaKvix|

English Translation: Those who + verb1 + object

Examples

1. hviv cwikªg K‡i, Zviv mdj nq|

- Those who work hard succeed.
2. hviv wbqg †g‡b P‡j, Zviv cyi¯‹…Z nq|
- Those who follow the rules are rewarded.
3. hviv mr _v‡K, Zv‡`i m¤§vwbZ Kiv nq|
- Those who remain honest are respected.
4. hviv ˆah© a‡i, Zviv memgq Rqx nq|
- Those who are patient always win.
5. hviv `vb K‡i, Zviv cÖksmv cvq|
- Those who donate are appreciated.
6. hviv Ab¨‡`i mvnvh¨ K‡i, Zviv fv‡jvevmv cvq|
- Those who help others receive love.
7. hviv mvnmx, Zviv wec‡` c‡oI fq cvq bv|
- Those who are brave do not fear in danger.
8. hviv wkL‡Z Pvq, Zviv memgq DbœwZ K‡i|
- Those who want to learn always improve.
9. hviv mZZv eRvq iv‡L, Zv‡`i wek¦vm Kiv nq|
- Those who maintain integrity are trusted.
10. hviv wbqwgZ e¨vqvg K‡i, Zviv ¯^v¯’¨evb _v‡K|
- Those who exercise regularly stay healthy.

"Thousands of…" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Thousands of" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv AmsL¨ ev wecyj msL¨K wKQz D‡jøL Ki‡Z PvB|

English Translation: Thousands of + noun

Examples
1. nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl GB †gjvq Avm‡Q|
- Thousands of people are coming to this fair.
2. nvRvi nvRvi dzj evMv‡b dz‡U‡Q|
- Thousands of flowers have bloomed in the garden.
3. nvRvi nvRvi cvwL AvKv‡k Do‡Q|
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 513
 Vertex Spoken English
- Thousands of birds are flying in the sky.
4. nvRvi nvRvi eB GB MÖš’vMv‡i Av‡Q|
- Thousands of books are in this library.
5. nvRvi nvRvi wk¶v_©x cix¶vq Ask wb‡”Q|
- Thousands of students are participating in the exam.
6. nvRvi nvRvi Mvwo iv¯Ív w`‡q PjvPj Ki‡Q|
- Thousands of cars are moving on the road.
7. nvRvi nvRvi MÖvnK GB c‡Y¨i Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Q|
- Thousands of customers are waiting for this product.
8. nvRvi nvRvi Kg©x GB cÖK‡í KvR Ki‡Q|
- Thousands of workers are working on this project.
9. nvRvi nvRvi `k©K GB †kv †`L‡Q|
- Thousands of viewers are watching this show.
10. nvRvi nvRvi †glcvjK gv‡V i‡q‡Q|
- Thousands of sheep are in the field.

"Unable to do sth" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Unable to do" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z A¶g nB|

Sentence Structure

Bengali Sentence: wKQz Ki‡Z A¶g

English Translation: Subject + unable to + verb1 + object

Examples

1. Avwg GB KvR Ki‡Z A¶g|

- I am unable to do this task.
2. ‡m mgqg‡Zv Avm‡Z Aÿg|
- He is unable to come on time.
3. Zviv GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z A¶g|
- They are unable to solve this problem.
4. Avgiv Gfv‡e Pj‡Z A¶g|
- We are unable to continue this way.
5. †m Zvi e³e¨ cwi®‹vifv‡e Rvbv‡Z A¶g|
- She is unable to convey her message clearly.
6. wZwb kvixwiKfv‡e Kv‡R †hvM w`‡Z A¶g|
- He is unable to physically join the work.
7. Avwg Avcbv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z A¶g|

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 514

 Vertex Spoken English
- I am unable to help you.
8. †m Zvi cwievi‡K mg_©b Ki‡Z A¶g|
- He is unable to support his family.
9. Avgiv Zv‡`i Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z A¶g|
- We are unable to meet their demands.
10. Zviv mgqg‡Zv cÖ‡R± m¤cbœ Ki‡Z A¶g|
- They are unable to complete the project on time.

"Up against sth" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Up against" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv KwVb cwiw¯’wZ ev P¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgywL nB|

English Translation: Subject + up against + noun

Examples
1. Avgiv KwVb P¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgywL|
- We are up against a tough challenge.
2. †m wec‡` c‡o‡Q|
- He is up against danger.
3. Zviv Avw_©K mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL|
- They are up against financial difficulties.
4. Avgiv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gy‡LvgywL|
- We are up against competition.
5. †m mg‡qi Pv‡ci gy‡LvgywL|
- She is up against time pressure.
6. Zviv KwVb cwiw¯’wZi gy‡LvgywL|
- They are up against a difficult situation.
7. Avwg we‡ivwaZvi gy‡LvgywL|
- I am up against opposition.
8. Avgiv cÖwZK‚j AvenvIqvi gy‡LvgywL|
- We are up against adverse weather.
9. †m mvgvwRK Pv‡ci gy‡LvgywL|
- He is up against social pressure.
10. Zviv cÖhyw³MZ mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL|
- They are up against technical issues.

"Up and down" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Up and down" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb †Kv‡bv wKQz Dc‡i wb‡P ev cybive„wË ev cwieZ©bkxj Ae¯’v
†evSv‡Z PvB|

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 515

 Vertex Spoken English
English Translation: Up and down + noun

Examples
1. Mv‡Qi Wvj¸wj evZv‡m Dc‡i wb‡P bo‡Q|
- The tree branches are moving up and down in the wind.
2. †m iv¯Ívi Dc‡i wb‡P nvuU‡Q|
- He is walking up and down the street.
3. †kqvievRv‡ii `vg Dc‡i wb‡P n‡”Q|
- The stock market prices are going up and down.
4. wjdUwU fe‡bi Dc‡i wb‡P hv‡”Q|
- The elevator is moving up and down the building.
5. Avgv‡`i fvM¨ memgq Dc‡i wb‡P nq|
- Our fortunes always go up and down.
6. Rj Zi½¸wj Dc‡i wb‡P DV‡Q|
- The water waves are rising up and down.
7. wkïwU Avb‡›` Dc‡i wb‡P jvdv‡”Q|
- The child is jumping up and down in joy.
8. Zvi †gRvR Dc‡i wb‡P e`jv‡”Q|
- His mood is changing up and down.
9. Zviv cvnv‡oi Dc‡i wb‡P †`Šov‡”Q|
- They are running up and down the hill.
10. N‡ii c`©v¸wj evZv‡m Dc‡i wb‡P Do‡Q|
- The curtains in the room are flying up and down in the wind.

"When it comes to sth" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "When it comes to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó wel‡qi cÖm½ Avb‡Z PvB|

English Translation: When it comes to + noun/gerund

Examples
1. m½x‡Zi †¶‡Î, Zvi Zzjbv †bB|
- When it comes to music, he is unmatched.
2. †Ljvayjvi †¶‡Î, Zviv memgq Rqx nq|
- When it comes to sports, they always win.
3. wk¶vi cÖm‡½, Zvi AvMÖn cÖej|
- When it comes to education, she is very passionate.
4. LvIqvi †¶‡Î, †m Lye m‡PZb|
- When it comes to eating, he is very conscious.
5. †UK‡bvjwRi †¶‡Î, Zviv †miv|
- When it comes to technology, they are the best.
6. cwi‡e‡ki †¶‡Î, Avgv‡`i mZK© _vKv DwPZ|
- When it comes to the environment, we should be careful.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 516
 Vertex Spoken English
7. Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î, †m memgq wbf©i‡hvM¨|
- When it comes to work, she is always reliable.
8. åg‡Yi cÖm‡½, Avgiv memgq cÖ¯‘Z|
- When it comes to travel, we are always ready.
9. cwiev‡ii †¶‡Î, Zvi ¸iæZ¡¡ Amxg|
- When it comes to family, his importance is immense.
10. eÜy‡`i cÖm‡½, Avwg memgq mvnvh¨ Kwi|
- When it comes to friends, I always help.

"Whether or not…" Ò(wKQz) n‡e wK bv n‡eÓ - e¨env‡ii wbqg:

"Whether or not" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv wKQz n‡e wK bv n‡e †m wel‡q m‡›`n cÖKvk Ki‡Z PvB|
Structure: Whether or not + clause

Examples:
1. Zzwg Avm‡e wK bv, Zv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
- Whether or not you come is important.
2. †m mdj n‡e wK bv, Zv †`Lv evwK|
- Whether or not he succeeds remains to be seen.
3. e„wó n‡e wK bv, Zv wbwðZ bq|
- Whether or not it will rain is uncertain.
4. Zviv hv‡e wK bv, Zv Zviv wVK Ki‡e|
- Whether or not they go will be decided by them.
5. wZwb Avm‡eb wK bv, Zv wbwðZ bq|
- Whether or not she will come is not sure.
6. Avgiv mgqg‡Zv †cŠuQv‡ev wK bv, Zv ARvbv|
- Whether or not we will arrive on time is unknown.
7. GB cY¨ Kvh©Ki n‡e wK bv, Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e|
- Whether or not this product will be effective needs to be tested.
8. Avwg Zv Ki‡ev wK bv, Zv fvewQ|
- Whether or not I will do it, I am thinking.
9. Zviv ivwR n‡e wK bv, Zv m‡›`nRbK|
- Whether or not they will agree is doubtful.
10. †m mwZ¨ ej‡Q wK bv, Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e|
- Whether or not he is telling the truth needs to be proven.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 517

 Vertex Spoken English
"Write sth down" ÒwKQz wj‡L ivLvÓ - e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Write down" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv wKQz wj‡L ivLvi K_v ewj|

English Translation: Subject + write + sth + down

Examples
1. Avwg wVKvbvwU wj‡L ivLwQ|
- I am writing the address down.
2. †m ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y© Z_¨ wj‡L ivL‡jv|
- He wrote down the important information.
3. Zzwg wK Avgvi bvg wj‡L ivL‡Z cvi‡e?
- Can you write my name down?
4. Avgiv Kv‡Ri ZvwjKv wj‡L ivLjvg|
- We wrote the task list down.
5. wk¶K Avgv‡`i DËi¸wj wj‡L ivL‡Z ej‡jb|
- The teacher asked us to write the answers down.
6. wZwb †dvb b¤^iwU wj‡L ivL‡jb|
- She wrote the phone number down.
7. `qv K‡i GB c‡q›U¸‡jv wj‡L ivLyb|
- Please write these points down.
8. Avwg mgqm~Px wj‡L ivLwQ|
- I am writing the schedule down.
9. wZwb cv‡Vi g~j welq wj‡L ivL‡jb|
- He wrote down the key points of the lesson.
10. Avgiv mg¯Í e¨q wj‡L ivLjvg|
- We wrote all the expenses down.

"Would love to do sth" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Would love to do" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv wKQz Ki‡Z Lye AvMÖnx ev B”QzK _vwK|

English Translation: Subject + would love to + verb1 + object

Examples
1. Avwg †Zvgvi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z Lye AvMÖnx|
- I would love to meet you.
2. Zviv Avgv‡`i mv‡_ †hvM w`‡Z Pvq|
- They would love to join us.
3. †m mgy`ª åg‡Y †h‡Z Pvq|
- She would love to go on a sea trip.
4. Avgiv GKwU bZzb †i÷z‡i›U †Póv Ki‡Z PvB|
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 518
 Vertex Spoken English
- We would love to try a new restaurant.
5. wZwb Avgv‡`i mv‡_ bvP‡Z Pvq|
- He would love to dance with us.
6. Avwg GKwU bZzb eB co‡Z PvB|
- I would love to read a new book.
7. Zviv GKwU bZzb cÖKí ïiæ Ki‡Z Pvq|
- They would love to start a new project.
8. †m Zvi cy‡iv‡bv eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z Pvq|
- He would love to see his old friends.
9. Avgiv GKwU bZzb fvlv wkL‡Z PvB|
- We would love to learn a new language.
10. †m Avgv‡`i mv‡_ wm‡bgv †`L‡Z Pvq|
- She would love to watch a movie with us.

"Worried about sb/sth" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Worried about" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev wel‡q wPwšÍZ ev DwØMœ nB|

English Translation: Subject am/is/are/was/were + worried about + sb/sth

Examples
1. Avwg †Zvgvi ¯^v¯’¨ wb‡q wPwšÍZ|
- I am worried about your health.
2. Zviv cix¶vi djvdj wb‡q wPwšÍZ|
- They are worried about the exam results.
3. †m Zvi Kv‡Ri fwel¨r wb‡q wPwšÍZ|
- She is worried about her job's future.
4. Avgiv cwi‡ek wb‡q wPwšÍZ|
- We are worried about the environment.
5. wZwb Zvi mšÍv‡bi cov‡kvbv wb‡q wPwšÍZ|
- He is worried about his child's studies.
6. Avwg A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v wb‡q wPwšÍZ|
- I am worried about the economic situation.
7. Zviv Zv‡`i cÖK‡íi mgqmxgv wb‡q wPwšÍZ|
- They are worried about their project's deadline.
8. †m Zvi eÜyi wbivcËv wb‡q wPwšÍZ|
- He is worried about his friend's safety.
9. Avgiv AvenvIqvi cwieZ©b wb‡q wPwšÍZ|
- We are worried about the weather change.
10. †m Zvi ¯^v¯’¨ cix¶vi wi‡cvU© wb‡q wPwšÍZ|
- She is worried about her health test reports.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 519

 Vertex Spoken English
"Wrong with sb/sth" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Wrong with" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev wKQz‡Z ΓwU ev mgm¨v D‡jøL Ki‡Z PvB|

English Translation: Wrong with + sb/sth

Examples
1. †Zvgvi Kx n‡q‡Q?
- What is wrong with you?
2. Zvi Mvwo‡Z Kx mgm¨v?
- What is wrong with his car?
3. Avgv‡`i cwiKíbvq Kx fzj n‡q‡Q?
- What is wrong with our plan?
4. Zvi AvPi‡Y Kx mgm¨v?
- What is wrong with his behavior?
5. GB †gwk‡b Kx mgm¨v?
- What is wrong with this machine?
6. †Zvgvi Kw¤cDUv‡i Kx mgm¨v?
- What is wrong with your computer?
7. Avgv‡`i B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡M Kx mgm¨v?
- What is wrong with our internet connection?
8. Zvi ¯^v‡¯’¨ Kx mgm¨v?
- What is wrong with her health?
9. GB c‡Y¨i ¸Ygv‡b Kx mgm¨v?
- What is wrong with the quality of this product?
10. Zvi wi‡cv‡U© Kx mgm¨v?
- What is wrong with his report?

"X times a…" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "X times a" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ KZevi wKQz N‡U ev Kiv nq Zv D‡jøL
Ki‡Z PvB|

English Translation: X times a + time period

Examples
1. Avwg mßv‡n wZbevi wR‡g hvB|
- I go to the gym three times a week.
2. †m eQ‡i GKevi we‡`‡k hvq|
- He goes abroad once a year.
3. Zviv w`‡b `yevi Lvq|
- They eat twice a day.
4. Avgiv gv‡m Pvievi wm‡bgv †`wL|
- We watch a movie four times a month.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 520
 Vertex Spoken English
5. †m w`‡b cvuPevi cÖv_©bv K‡i|
- He prays five times a day.
6. Avwg eQ‡i `yBevi `v‡Zi Wv³vi †`LvB|
- I see the dentist twice a year.
7. Zviv mßv‡n `yevi evRvi K‡i|
- They go grocery shopping twice a week.
8. †m w`‡b GKevi nvuU‡Z hvq|
- She goes for a walk once a day.
9. Avgiv gv‡m GKevi cwievi‡K †`L‡Z hvB|
- We visit family once a month.
10. wZwb eQ‡i GKevi ¯^v¯’¨ cix¶v K‡ib|
- He gets a health check-up once a year.

"Whatever" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Whatever" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv wKQz ev wel‡qi cÖwZ †Kv‡bv wbw`©óZv bv w`‡q ewj|

English Translation: Whatever + noun/verb

Examples
1. hv wKQz Zzwg cQ›` K‡iv, Zv K‡iv|
- Do whatever you like.
2. hv wKQz Zzwg co‡Z PvI, †mUv c‡ov|
- Read whatever you want.
3. hv wKQz †m e‡j‡Q, †mUv wek¦vm K‡iv|
- Believe whatever he said.
4. hv wKQz Zzwg Lvevi PvI, †mUv LvI|
- Eat whatever you want.
5. hv wKQz Zzwg wKb‡Z PvI, †mUv †K‡bv|
- Buy whatever you want.
6. hv wKQz Zzwg †e‡Q bvI, †mUv wVK Av‡Q|
- Choose whatever you like, it’s fine.
7. hv wKQz Zzwg wkL‡Z PvI, †mUv wk‡Lv|
- Learn whatever you want.
8. hv wKQz †Zvgvi cÖ‡qvRb, †mUv wb‡q hvI|
- Take whatever you need.
9. hv wKQz †Zvgvi g‡b Av‡m, †mUv e‡jv|
- Say whatever comes to your mind.
10. hv wKQz Zzwg Ki‡Z PvI, †mUv K‡iv|
- Do whatever you want to do.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 521

 Vertex Spoken English

"Whenever" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Whenever" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv mgq ev mg‡qi cwiwa m¤c‡K© ewj hv we‡kl wbw`©ó
bq|

English Translation: Whenever + clause

Examples
1. Zzwg hLbB PvI, Avm‡Z cv‡iv|
- Come whenever you want.
2. †m hLbB Aemi cvq, c‡o|
- He reads whenever he has free time.
3. Zviv hLbB my‡hvM cvq, ågY K‡i|
- They travel whenever they get a chance.
4. Avwg hLbB e„wó nq, evB‡i hvB|
- I go out whenever it rains.
5. Zzwg hLbB cÖ¯‘Z, ïiæ K‡iv|
- Start whenever you are ready.
6. Avgiv hLbB Aemi cvB, wm‡bgv †`wL|
- We watch movies whenever we are free.
7. †m hLbB Lywk, Mvb Mvq|
- She sings whenever she is happy.
8. Zzwg hLbB mgm¨vq c‡ov, Avgv‡K e‡jv|
- Tell me whenever you face a problem.
9. wZwb hLbB Aemi cvb, Qwe Avu‡Kb|
- He paints whenever he has leisure time.
10. Avgiv hLbB mgq cvB, Mí Kwi|
- We chat whenever we get time.

"Wherever" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Wherever" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv †Kv‡bv ¯’vb ev Ae¯’vb m¤c‡K© ewj hv we‡kl wbw`©ó bq|

English Translation: Wherever + clause

Examples
1. Zzwg †hLv‡b †h‡Z PvI, †mLv‡b hvI|
- Go wherever you want.
2. †m †hLv‡b em‡Z Pvq, †mLv‡b e‡m|
- He sits wherever he wants.
3. Zviv †hLv‡b Lywk, †mLv‡b _v‡K|
- They live wherever they please.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 522
 Vertex Spoken English
4. Avwg †hLv‡b KvR cvB, †mLv‡b KvR Kwi|
- I work wherever I find a job.
5. Zzwg †hLv‡b Lywk, NygvI|
- Sleep wherever you feel comfortable.
6. †m †hLv‡b Lywk, †Lj‡Z hvq|
- He plays wherever he likes.
7. Avgiv †hLv‡b ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva Kwi, †mLv‡b hvB|
- We go wherever we feel comfortable.
8. Zzwg †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvRb, †mLv‡b mvnvh¨ K‡iv|
- Help wherever needed.
9. wZwb †hLv‡b Aemi cvb, †mLv‡b Qwe Avu‡Kb|
- He paints wherever he has free time.
10. Zviv †hLv‡b myweav cvq, †mLv‡b e‡m c‡o|
- They sit and study wherever they find it convenient.

"Whereas" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "Whereas" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv `ywU wecixZ ev wfbœ Z_¨ hy³ Kwi|

English Translation: Sentence 1 + whereas + Sentence 2

Examples
1. Avwg eB co‡Z fv‡jvevwm, †hLv‡b †m wm‡bgv †`L‡Z fv‡jvev‡m|
- I love reading books, whereas he loves watching movies.
2. Avgiv kn‡i _vwK, †hLv‡b Zviv MÖv‡g _v‡K|
- We live in the city, whereas they live in the village.
3. †m Lye Kg©V, †hLv‡b Zvi fvB Ajm|
- He is very hardworking, whereas his brother is lazy.
4. Avwg wgwó cQ›` Kwi, †hLv‡b Zzwg Svj cQ›` K‡iv|
- I like sweets, whereas you like spicy food.
5. †m Lye mvgvwRK, †hLv‡b Avwg AšÍg©zLx|
- He is very social, whereas I am introverted.
6. Avgiv mKv‡ji w`‡K KvR Kwi, †hLv‡b Zviv iv‡Zi w`‡K KvR K‡i|
- We work in the morning, whereas they work at night.
7. †m Lye abx, †hLv‡b Zvi eÜy Mixe|
- He is very rich, whereas his friend is poor.
8. Avwg KzKzi cQ›` Kwi, †hLv‡b Zzwg weovj cQ›` K‡iv|
- I like dogs, whereas you like cats.
9. Avgiv †Ljvayjv Kwi, †hLv‡b Zviv eB c‡o|
- We play sports, whereas they read books.
10. †m Lye ˆah©kxj, †hLv‡b Zvi †evb Aw¯’i|
- He is very patient, whereas his sister is restless.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 523

 Vertex Spoken English

"While + v1-ing" e¨env‡ii wbqg

e¨envi: "While + verb-ing" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv GKB mg‡q `ywU NUbv ev Kg© D‡jøL Ki‡Z PvB,
†hLv‡b wØZxqwU "verb-ing" d‡g© _v‡K|

English Translation: While + verb1-ing

Examples
1. Mvb ïb‡Z ïb‡Z Avwg cowQjvg|
- I was reading while listening to music.
2. Lvevi †L‡Z †L‡Z †m KvR KiwQj|
- He was working while eating.
3. Mí Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Avgiv nvuUwQjvg|
- We were walking while talking.
4. Mvb MvB‡Z MvB‡Z Zzwg ivbœv KiwQ‡j|
- You were cooking while singing.
5. Zviv †LjwQj, nvm‡Z nvm‡Z|
- They were playing while laughing.
6. Mvb ïb‡Z ïb‡Z Avwg Mvwo Pvjvw”Qjvg|
- I was driving while listening to music.
7. ‡bvU wjL‡Z wjL‡Z †m cowQj|
- She was studying while taking notes.
8. Mvb ïb‡Z ïb‡Z Zzwg Qwe AvuKwQ‡j|
- You were drawing while listening to music.
9. Lvevi †L‡Z †L‡Z Zviv wm‡bgv †`LwQj|
- They were watching a movie while eating.
10. K_v ej‡Z ej‡Z Avgiv KvR KiwQjvg|
- We were working while talking.

"Going Towards Something" Gi e¨envi

Bengali Sentence: Subject + wKQz Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ ev w`‡K hvw”Q

English Translation: Subject + am/is/are + verb + ing + towards + object

Examples

1. Avwg gmwR‡`i w`‡K hvw”Q| - I am going towards the mosque.

2. †m ¯‹z‡ji w`‡K hv‡”Q| - He is going towards the school.
3. Zviv cv‡K©i w`‡K hv‡”Q| - They are going towards the park.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 524
 Vertex Spoken English
4. Avgiv evRv‡ii w`‡K hvw”Q| - We are going towards the market.
5. Zzwg evm ÷¨v‡Ûi w`‡K hv”Q| - You are going towards the bus stand.
6. †m Awd‡mi w`‡K hv‡”Q| - She is going towards the office.
7. Avwg jvB‡eªwii w`‡K hvw”Q| - I am going towards the library.
8. Avgiv b`xi w`‡K hvw”Q| - We are going towards the river.
9. Zviv gv‡Vi w`‡K hv‡”Q| - They are going towards the field.
10. Zzwg nvmcvZv‡ji w`‡K hv”Q| - You are going towards the hospital.
11. †m †`vKv‡bi w`‡K hv‡”Q| - He is going towards the shop.
12. Avwg †Uªb †÷k‡bi w`‡K hvw”Q| - I am going towards the train station.
13. Zviv kn‡ii w`‡K hv‡”Q| - They are going towards the city.
14. Avgiv wm‡bgv n‡ji w`‡K hvw”Q| - We are going towards the cinema hall.

"It's Time to Do Something" Gi e¨envi

Bengali Sentence: GLbB mgq + wKQz Kivi

English Translation: It’s time + to + verb + object

Examples

1. GLbB mgq K‡Vvi cwikªg Kivi| - It’s time to work hard.

2. GLbB mgq LvIqvi| - It’s time to eat.
3. GLbB mgq Nygv‡bvi| - It’s time to sleep.
4. GLbB mgq ¯‹z‡j hvIqvi| - It’s time to go to school.
5. GLbB mgq cÖ‡R± Rgv †`Iqvi| - It’s time to submit the project.
6. GLbB mgq evwo †divi| - It’s time to go home.
7. GLbB mgq cÖv_©bv Kivi| - It’s time to pray.
8. GLbB mgq evB‡i hvIqvi| - It’s time to go outside.
9. GLbB mgq eB covi| - It’s time to read the book.
10. GLbB mgq eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi| - It’s time to meet friends.
11. GLbB mgq bv¯Ív Kivi| - It’s time to have breakfast.
12. GLbB mgq Awd‡m hvIqvi| - It’s time to go to the office.
13. GLbB mgq wm×všÍ †bIqvi| - It’s time to make a decision.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 525

 Vertex Spoken English
"Will Be Able to Do Something" Gi e¨envi

Bengali Sentence: Subject + †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e ev m¶g n‡e

English Translation: Subject + will be able to + verb + object

Examples
➢ Avwg †mLv‡b †h‡Z cvie| - I will be able to go there.
➢ Avgiv KvRwU Ki‡Z cvie| - We will be able to do the work.
➢ †m Zvi cix¶v cvm Ki‡Z cvi‡e| - He will be able to pass his exam.
➢ Zviv mgqg‡Zv †cŠuQv‡Z cvi‡e| - They will be able to arrive on time.
➢ Zzwg eBwU co‡Z cvi‡e| - You will be able to read the book.
➢ Avgiv cÖKíwU †kl Ki‡Z cvie| - We will be able to complete the project.
➢ †m mvuZvi KvU‡Z cvi‡e| - She will be able to swim.
➢ Avwg †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvie| - I will be able to help you.
➢ Zviv Mvb MvB‡Z cvi‡e| - They will be able to sing.
➢ Zzwg bZzb KvRwU wkL‡Z cvi‡e| - You will be able to learn the new job.
➢ Avgiv †mLv‡b hvIqvi Rb¨ Mvwo Pvjv‡Z cvie| - We will be able to drive to the place.
➢ †m †LjvwU‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| - He will be able to participate in the game.
➢ Avwg mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvie| - I will be able to solve the problem.
➢ Zviv †Ljv †`L‡Z cvi‡e| - They will be able to watch the game.

"Still Doing Something" Gi e¨envi

Bengali Sentence: †Kv‡bv KvR GLbI Pj‡Q

English Translation: Subject + am/is/are + still + verb + ing + object

Examples
➢ Avwg GL‡bv KvR KiwQ| - I am still working.
➢ †m GL‡bv co‡Q| - He is still studying.
➢ Zviv GL‡bv †Lj‡Q| - They are still playing.
➢ Avgiv GL‡bv Lvw”Q| - We are still eating.
➢ Zzwg GL‡bv Nygv”Q| - You are still sleeping.
➢ †m GL‡bv A‡c¶v Ki‡Q| - She is still waiting.
➢ Avwg GL‡bv Mvb MvBwQ| - I am still singing.
➢ Zviv GL‡bv K_v ej‡Q| - They are still talking.
➢ Avgiv GL‡bv QwewU †`LwQ| - We are still watching the movie.
➢ Zzwg GL‡bv wjL‡Qv| - You are still writing.
➢ †m GL‡bv ivbœv Ki‡Q| - He is still cooking.
➢ Avwg GL‡bv cov‡kvbv KiwQ| - I am still studying.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 526

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Zviv GL‡bv KvR Ki‡Q| - They are still working.
➢ Avgiv GL‡bv cwiKíbv KiwQ| - We are still planning.
➢ Zzwg GL‡bv A‡c¶v Ki‡Qv| - You are still waiting.

"Have/Has Not Done Something Yet" Gi e¨envi

Bengali Sentence: †Kv‡bv KvR GL‡bv Kiv nqwb

English Translation: Subject + have/has + not + verb (past participle) + object + yet

Examples

➢ Avwg GL‡bv hvBwb| - I have not gone yet.

➢ †m GL‡bv KvR †kl K‡iwb| - He has not finished the work yet.
➢ Zviv GL‡bv LvIqv ïiæ K‡iwb| - They have not started eating yet.
➢ Avgiv GL‡bv eBwU cwowb| - We have not read the book yet.
➢ Zzwg GL‡bv Zv‡K Wv‡Kvwb| - You have not called him yet.
➢ †m GL‡bv Nygvqwb| - She has not slept yet.
➢ Avwg GL‡bv wPwVwU cvBwb| - I have not received the letter yet.
➢ Zviv GL‡bv wm×všÍ †bqwb| - They have not made a decision yet.
➢ Avgiv GL‡bv †mLv‡b †cŠuQvBwb| - We have not arrived there yet.
➢ Zzwg GL‡bv KvRwU †kl K‡ivwb| - You have not finished the task yet.
➢ †m GL‡bv †`vKv‡b hvqwb| - He has not gone to the shop yet.
➢ Avwg GL‡bv Avgvi eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Kwiwb| - I have not met my friends yet.
➢ Zviv GL‡bv wm‡bgvwU †`‡Lwb| - They have not watched the movie yet.
➢ Avgiv GL‡bv mgm¨vwU mgvavb Kwiwb| - We have not solved the problem yet.
➢ Zzwg GL‡bv cwiKíbvwU ˆZwi K‡ivwb| - You have not made the plan yet.

"Didn't Mean to Do Something" Gi e¨envi

Bengali Sentence: Avwg ej‡Z PvBwb + wKQz Kiv

English Translation: I didn’t mean to + verb + object

Examples
➢ Zzwg Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e Avwg Ggb wKQz ej‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to say that you would
help me.
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi Abyf‚wZ‡Z AvNvZ Ki‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 527

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Avwg mgm¨vwU eo Ki‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to make the problem bigger.
➢ Avwg †`wi Ki‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to be late.
➢ Avwg †Zvgv‡K wei³ Ki‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to bother you.
➢ Avwg fzj Z_¨ w`‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to give wrong information.
➢ Avwg A‡kvfb AvPiY Ki‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to behave rudely.
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ evav w`‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to interrupt your work.
➢ Avwg wg_¨v ej‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to lie.
➢ Avwg `iRv eÜ Ki‡Z fz‡j †h‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to forget to close the door.
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi eBwU nviv‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to lose your book.
➢ Avwg Mvwo `yN©Ubv Ki‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to cause the car accident.
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi bvg fzj D”PviY Ki‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to mispronounce your name.
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi †dv‡bi e¨vUvwi †kl Ki‡Z PvBwb| - I didn’t mean to drain your phone's battery.

"There is No Point in Doing Something" Gi e¨envi

Bengali Sentence: †Kv‡bv gv‡b †bB + wKQz Kiv

English Translation: There is no point in + verb + ing + object

Examples
➢ †mLv‡b hvIqvi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in going there.
➢ GB eBwU covi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in reading this book.
➢ Zv‡K †evSv‡bvi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in trying to convince him.
➢ GLb Avi A‡c¶v Kivi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in waiting any longer.
➢ Zv‡K WvKvWvwK Kivi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in calling him.
➢ cyi‡bv welq wb‡q K_v ejvi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in talking about old
matters.
➢ GB gywfwU †`Lvi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in watching this movie.
➢ GLb gvd PvIqvi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in apologizing now.
➢ Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in helping him.
➢ GZ †`wi K‡i KvR ïiæ Kivi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in starting the work so
late.
➢ Zzwg †h K_v¸‡jv ej‡Qv Zv †kvbvi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in listening to what
you are saying.
➢ GB mgm¨v wb‡q wPšÍv Kivi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in worrying about this
problem.
➢ Gi mv‡_ ZK© Kivi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in arguing with this.
➢ Ggb K‡Vvi cwikªg Kivi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in working so hard.
➢ Zv‡K Zvi gZvgZ cwieZ©b Ki‡Z ejvi †Kvb gv‡b †bB| - There is no point in asking him to
change his mind.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 528

 Vertex Spoken English

"It Seems Like / It Feels Like"

Bengali Sentence: g‡b nq + wKQz

English Translation: It seems like / It feels like + something + object

Examples
➢ GB RvqMvq †h‡Z g‡b nq A‡bK wec`RbK| - It seems like a dangerous place to go.
➢ GB iv¯Ívq †h‡Z g‡b nq GLb Rvg n‡q †M‡Q| - It seems like there is a traffic jam on this
road now.
➢ Zzwg Lye ¶gZvkvjx g‡b nq| - It seems like you are very capable.
➢ †m GKUv fv‡jv e¨w³ g‡b nq| - He seems like a nice person.
➢ GB mgm¨vUv Lye RwUj g‡b nq| - It seems like this problem is very complex.
➢ Zvi fwel¨‡Z †Kv‡bv mgm¨v Avm‡Z g‡b nq| - It seems like there might be some problems
in his future.
➢ GB welqwU Avgvi Rb¨ A¯có g‡b nq| - It seems like this topic is unclear to me.
➢ GB iKg mg‡q †Kvb KvR Kiv m¤¢e bv g‡b nq| - It seems like it's not possible to work at
this time.
➢ Zzwg `ytwLZ g‡b n‡”Q| - It seems like you are sad.
➢ Zvi e³e¨¸wj mwZ¨ g‡b n‡”Q| - It seems like his statements are true.
➢ GB cÖkwœ U Lye Riæix g‡b nq| - It seems like this question is very urgent.
➢ †m AwZwi³ Kv‡R e¨¯Í g‡b nq| - It seems like she is busy with extra work.
➢ AvR‡Ki w`bwU Lye my›`i g‡b nq| - It seems like today is a beautiful day.
➢ †Zvgvi ¯^fvewU Lye mvnvh¨Kvix g‡b nq| - It seems like your nature is very helpful.
➢ GB †cvkvKwU Lye my›`i g‡b n‡”Q| - It seems like this dress is very beautiful.

I want you to + verb (base form) + object Gi e¨envi

Examples:
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg wWbvi Ki - I want you to have dinner.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg Bs‡iwR †kL - I want you to learn English.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg Mvb MvI - I want you to sing a song.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg evRvi Ki - I want you to do the shopping.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg KvR †kl Ki - I want you to finish the work.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg GKwU eB co - I want you to read a book.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg GKwU wPwV †jL - I want you to write a letter.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg Avgvi mv‡_ hvI - I want you to come with me.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg †L‡jv - I want you to play.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg fv‡jv K‡i †kv‡bv - I want you to listen carefully.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 529

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg wm‡bgv †`L - I want you to watch a movie.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg ivbœv Ki - I want you to cook.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg cov‡kvbv Ki - I want you to study.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg wekªvg bvI - I want you to take a rest.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg Qwe AvuK - I want you to draw a picture.
➢ Avwg PvB Zzwg Mvwo PvjvI - I want you to drive a car.

Do you want me to + verb (base form) + object? Gi e¨envi

Examples:
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Bs‡iwR †kLvq Avwg †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ Kwi? - Do you want me to help you learn
English?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg wWbvi ivbœv Kwi? - Do you want me to cook dinner?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg evRvi Kie? - Do you want me to do the shopping?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg †Zvgvi KvR †kl Kwi? - Do you want me to finish your work?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg GKwU eB cwo? - Do you want me to read a book?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg GKwU wPwV wjwL? - Do you want me to write a letter?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg †Zvgvi mv‡_ hvB? - Do you want me to come with you?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg Mvb MvB? - Do you want me to sing a song?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg †Lwj? - Do you want me to play?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg fv‡jv K‡i ïwb? - Do you want me to listen carefully?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg wm‡bgv †`wL? - Do you want me to watch a movie?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg ivbœv Kwi? - Do you want me to cook?
➢ Zzwg wK PvI Avwg cov‡kvbv Kwi? - Do you want me to study?

Subject + don't/doesn't + verb (base form) + as much as + object Gi

e¨envi

Examples:
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi gZ GZ a~gcvb Kwi bv - I don’t smoke as much as you.
➢ †m †Zvgvi gZ GZ eB c‡o bv - He doesn’t read as much as you.
➢ Avgiv †Zvgvi gZ GZ ågY Kwi bv - We don’t travel as much as you.
➢ Zviv †Zvgvi gZ GZ †L‡j bv - They don’t play as much as you.
➢ Zzwg Zvi gZ GZ K_v e‡jv bv - You don’t talk as much as her.
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi gZ GZ LvB bv - I don’t eat as much as you.
➢ †m Avgvi gZ GZ KvR K‡i bv - He doesn’t work as much as me.
➢ Avgiv Zv‡`i gZ GZ Mvb MvB bv - We don’t sing as much as them.
➢ Zviv †Zvgvi gZ GZ Nygvq bv - They don’t sleep as much as you.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 530
 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Zzwg Zvi gZ GZ †`‡Lv bv - You don’t watch as much as him.
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi gZ GZ wjwL bv - I don’t write as much as you.
➢ †m †Zvgvi gZ GZ nv‡m bv - She doesn’t laugh as much as you.
➢ Avgiv Zv‡`i gZ GZ †`ŠovB bv - We don’t run as much as them.
➢ Zviv †Zvgvi gZ GZ LiP K‡i bv - They don’t spend as much as you.
➢ Zzwg Zvi gZ GZ †L‡jv bv - You don’t play as much as him.

Stop + verb (ing form) Gi e¨envi

Examples:
➢ ev‡R eKv eÜ Ki - Stop talking nonsense.
➢ wPrKvi Kiv eÜ Ki - Stop shouting.
➢ †`Šov‡bv eÜ Ki - Stop running.
➢ a~gcvb Kiv eÜ Ki - Stop smoking.
➢ †`wi Kiv eÜ Ki - Stop being late.
➢ Awf‡hvM Kiv eÜ Ki - Stop complaining.
➢ wei³ Kiv eÜ Ki - Stop annoying.
➢ A‡c¶v Kiv eÜ Ki - Stop waiting.
➢ LvIqv eÜ Ki - Stop eating.
➢ †`Lv eÜ Ki - Stop watching.
➢ †jLv eÜ Ki - Stop writing.
➢ nvmv eÜ Ki - Stop laughing.
➢ wg_¨v ejv eÜ Ki - Stop lying.
➢ Pzwi Kiv eÜ Ki - Stop stealing.
➢ jvdv‡bv eÜ Ki - Stop jumping.

Subject + can’t wait + to + verb (base form) + object Gi e¨envi

Examples:
➢ Avgvi cwievi‡K †`L‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to see my family.
➢ †Zvgvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to talk to you.
➢ QzwU‡Z †h‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to go on vacation.
➢ bZzb wm‡bgvwU †`L‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to watch the new movie.
➢ bZzb eBwU co‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to read the new book.
➢ eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to meet my friends.
➢ †Zvgvi ivbœv †P‡L †`L‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to taste your cooking.
➢ Kbmv‡U© †h‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to go to the concert.
➢ bZzb KvRwU ïiæ Ki‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to start the new job.
➢ evMv‡b KvR Ki‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to work in the garden.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 531
 Vertex Spoken English
➢ †Zvgvi Dcnvi †c‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to receive your gift.
➢ bZzb RvqMvwU †`L‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to visit the new place.
➢ †Zvgvi Mí ïb‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to hear your story.
➢ kwcs Ki‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to go shopping.
➢ Rb¥w`‡bi cvwU©‡Z †h‡Z Avgvi Avi Zi mB‡Q bv - I can’t wait to go to the birthday party.

Either + sub + or + sub + verb + objects. Gi e¨envi

Examples:
➢ nq Zzwg bv nq Avwg eBwU Avb‡ev - Either you or I will bring the book.
➢ nq †m bv nq Zviv Avm‡e - Either he or they will come.
➢ nq Zzwg bv nq †m wjL‡e - Either you or he will write.
➢ nq Avwg bv nq Zzwg †Ljv Ki‡ev - Either I or you will play.
➢ nq †m bv nq Avgiv hv‡ev - Either he or we will go.
➢ nq Zzwg bv nq Zviv ivbœv Ki‡e - Either you or they will cook.
➢ nq Avwg bv nq Zzwg co‡ev - Either I or you will read.
➢ nq †m bv nq Avwg Mvwo Pvjv‡ev - Either he or I will drive the car.
➢ nq Zzwg bv nq †m Mvb MvB‡e - Either you or he will sing.
➢ nq Avwg bv nq Zzwg bvP‡ev - Either I or you will dance.
➢ nq †m bv nq Zzwg Qwe AvuK‡e - Either he or you will draw the picture.
➢ nq Avwg bv nq Zviv ¯‹z‡j hv‡e - Either I or they will go to school.
➢ nq †m bv nq Avgiv †Lj‡ev - Either he or we will play.
➢ nq Zzwg bv nq Avwg KvR Ki‡ev - Either you or I will work.
➢ nq †m bv nq Zviv Lvevi ˆZwi Ki‡e - Either he or they will prepare food.

Structure: Sub + have got / has got + fancy for + objects. Gi e¨envi

Examples:
➢ RvqMvUv Avgvi gb †K‡o‡Q| - I have got fancy for the place.
➢ LveviUv Zvi gb †K‡o‡Q| - She has got fancy for the food.
➢ MvwoUv †Zvgvi g‡b a‡i‡Q| - You have got fancy for the car.
➢ QweUv Avgv‡`i gb †K‡o‡Q| - We have got fancy for the picture.
➢ eBUv Zvi g‡b a‡i‡Q| - He has got fancy for the book.
➢ dzj¸‡jv Avgvi gb †K‡o‡Q| - I have got fancy for the flowers.
➢ MvbUv †Zvgvi g‡b a‡i‡Q| - You have got fancy for the song.
➢ kniUv Avgv‡`i gb †K‡o‡Q| - We have got fancy for the city.
➢ †cvkvKUv Zvi gb †K‡o‡Q| - She has got fancy for the dress.
➢ wm‡bgvUv Avgvi g‡b a‡i‡Q| - I have got fancy for the movie.
➢ †LjbvUv Zvi gb †K‡o‡Q| - He has got fancy for the toy.
➢ cvK©Uv Avgv‡`i g‡b a‡i‡Q| - We have got fancy for the park.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 532
 Vertex Spoken English
➢ †gvevBjUv †Zvgvi gb †K‡o‡Q| - You have got fancy for the mobile.
➢ MvQUv Zvi g‡b a‡i‡Q| - She has got fancy for the tree.
➢ NiUv Avgvi gb †K‡o‡Q| - I have got fancy for the house.
➢ †iwmwcUv Zvi gb †K‡o‡Q| - He has got fancy for the recipe.
➢ b`xUv Avgv‡`i g‡b a‡i‡Q| - We have got fancy for the river.

A lot of / much, many Gi e¨envi

- A lot of: mvaviYZ BwZevPK ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nq|
- Much / many: mvaviYZ †bwZevPK ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nq|

Examples:
➢ Avgvi A‡bK eÜy Av‡Q| - I have a lot of friends.
➢ Avgvi cÖPzi UvKv †bB| - I don’t have much money.
➢ Avgv‡`i A‡bK KvR Av‡Q| - We have a lot of work.
➢ Zvi A‡bK mgm¨v †bB| - He doesn’t have many problems.
➢ Zzwg A‡bK eB c‡o‡Qv| - You have read a lot of books.
➢ Zviv A‡bK mgq cvq bv| - They don’t have much time.
➢ Avgv‡`i A‡bK Lvevi Av‡Q| - We have a lot of food.
➢ Zvi A‡bK eÜy †bB| - She doesn’t have many friends.
➢ Avwg A‡bK Qwe Zz‡jwQ| - I have taken a lot of photos.
➢ Avgiv A‡bK UvKv cvB bv| - We don’t have much money.
➢ †Zvgvi A‡bK cÖkœ Av‡Q| - You have a lot of questions.
➢ Zvi A‡bK KvR †bB| - He doesn’t have much work.
➢ Avgvi A‡bK †Ljbv Av‡Q| - I have a lot of toys.
➢ Avgiv A‡bK gRv Kwi bv| - We don’t have much fun.
➢ Zvi A‡bK cyi¯‹vi Av‡Q| - She has a lot of awards.
➢ Zzwg A‡bK cvb K‡iv bv| - You don’t drink much.
➢ Avgv‡`i A‡bK my‡hvM Av‡Q| - We have a lot of opportunities.

As far as (hZ`~i) Gi e¨envi

Structure: As far as + subject + verb...

Examples:

➢ Avgvi hZ`~i g‡b c‡o, †m ga¨ivZ ch©šÍ evwo Av‡m wb| - As far as I can remember, he didn’t
come home until midnight.
➢ hZ`~i Avwg Rvwb, Zviv Kvj Avm‡e| - As far as I know, they will come tomorrow.
➢ hZ`~i Avwg eywS, GUv wVK KvR| - As far as I understand, this is the right task.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 533

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ hZ`~i Avwg ï‡bwQ, †m fv‡jv QvÎ| - As far as I have heard, he is a good student.
➢ hZ`~i Avwg †`L‡Z cvw”Q, AvenvIqv fv‡jv| - As far as I can see, the weather is good.
➢ hZ`~i Avwg fve‡Z cvwi, GUv m¤¢e| - As far as I can think, it is possible.
➢ hZ`~i Avwg c‡owQ, GB eBwU PgrKvi| - As far as I have read, this book is excellent.
➢ hZ`~i Avwg wek¦vm Kwi, †m wb‡`©vl| - As far as I believe, he is innocent.
➢ hZ`~i Avwg Rvwb, †m mwZ¨ ej‡Q| - As far as I know, he is telling the truth.
➢ hZ`~i Avwg eyS‡Z cvwi, Avgv‡`i †Kv‡bv mgm¨v †bB| - As far as I can understand, we don’t
have any problems.
➢ hZ`~i Avwg eyS‡Z cvwi, GB cwiKíbv Kvh©Ki n‡e| - As far as I can tell, this plan will work.
➢ hZ`~i Avwg Abyfe Ki‡Z cvwi, †m wVK Av‡Q| - As far as I can feel, he is fine.
➢ hZ`~i Avwg eyS‡Z cviwQ, Avgiv mwVK c‡_ AvwQ| - As far as I can make out, we are on the
right track.

Want to Gi e¨envi

Structure: Subject + want to + verb...

Examples:
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi mv‡_ †h‡Z PvB| - I want to go with you.
➢ †m eBwU co‡Z Pvq| - He wants to read the book.
➢ Avgiv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z PvB| - We want to watch the movie.
➢ Zviv †Ljv Ki‡Z Pvq| - They want to play the game.
➢ Zzwg wK Mvb MvB‡Z PvI? - Do you want to sing a song?
➢ Avwg evwo wdi‡Z PvB| - I want to go home.
➢ †m bvP wkL‡Z Pvq| - She wants to learn to dance.
➢ Avgiv bZzb wKQz †Póv Ki‡Z PvB| - We want to try something new.
➢ Zzwg wK Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z PvI? - Do you want to help me?
➢ Avwg bZzb RvqMv †`L‡Z PvB| - I want to see a new place.
➢ Zviv wK GLv‡b _vK‡Z Pvq? - Do they want to stay here?
➢ †m Qwe AvuK‡Z Pvq| - He wants to draw a picture.
➢ Avgiv åg‡Y †h‡Z PvB| - We want to go on a trip.
➢ Zzwg wK GUv wKb‡Z PvI? - Do you want to buy this?
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z PvB| - I want to talk to you.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 534

 Vertex Spoken English
Want (Causative) Gi e¨envi

Structure: Subject + want + object 1 + to + verb + object

Examples:
1. Avwg PvB Zzwg †mLv‡b hvI|
- I want you to go there.
2. †m Pvq Avwg eBwU cwo|
- He wants me to read the book.
3. Avgiv PvB Zviv GLv‡b AvmyK|
- We want them to come here.
4. Zviv Pvq Zzwg Mvwo PvjvI|
- They want you to drive the car.
5. Avwg PvB Zzwg GB KvRwU K‡iv|
- I want you to do this work.
6. †m Pvq Avwg Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kwi|
- She wants me to help her.
7. Avgiv PvB Zzwg Mvb MvI|
- We want you to sing a song.
8. Zviv Pvq Avwg bvP wkwL|
- They want me to learn to dance.
9. Avwg PvB Zzwg cix¶v `vI|
- I want you to take the exam.
10. †m Pvq Zzwg GB wPwVwU †j‡Lv|
- He wants you to write this letter.
11. Avgiv PvB Zzwg Avgv‡`i mv‡_ †L‡jv|
- We want you to play with us.
12. †m Pvq Avwg GB KvRwU †kl Kwi|
- She wants me to finish this task.
13. Zviv Pvq Zzwg Avgv‡`i wb‡q hvI|
- They want you to take us there.
14. Avwg PvB Zzwg mZ¨ e‡jv|
- I want you to tell the truth.
15. †m Pvq Avwg ivbœv Kwi|
- He wants me to cook.

Help (Causative) Gi e¨envi

Structure: Subject + help + object 1 + verb / to + verb

Examples:

1. †m Zvi gv‡K ivbœvq mvnvh¨ K‡i|

- She helps her mother cook / to cook.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 535
 Vertex Spoken English
2. Avwg Zv‡K †nvgIqvK© Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Kwi|
- I help him do / to do his homework.
3. Zviv Avgv‡K cÖKí †kl Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
- They help me finish / to finish the project.
4. Avgiv †Zvgv‡K mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡ev|
- We will help you solve / to solve the problem.
5. Zzwg wK Avgv‡K eB co‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e?
- Will you help me read / to read the book?
6. †m Zvi fvB‡K cov‡kvbvq mvnvh¨ K‡i|
- He helps his brother study / to study.
7. Avwg Zv‡K Zvi KvR †kl Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ|
- I helped him complete / to complete his work.
8. Zviv Avgv‡K evwo cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
- They help me clean / to clean the house.
9. †m Zvi eÜy‡`i Mvwo †givgZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
- She helps her friends repair / to repair the car.
10. Avgiv †Zvgv‡K cix¶vi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡ev|
- We will help you prepare / to prepare for the exam.
11. †m Avgv‡K wPwV wjL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
- He helps me write / to write the letter.
12. Zzwg wK Avgv‡K ivbœv Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e?
- Will you help me cook / to cook?
13. Zviv Avgv‡`i mwVK iv¯Ív Lyu‡R †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
- They help us find / to find the right way.
14. †m Avgv‡K e¨vM¸‡jv enb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
- She helps me carry / to carry the bags.
15. Avwg Zv‡K Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z mvnvh¨ Kwi|
- I help him learn / to learn English.

It's my turn to Gi e¨envi

Structure: It’s my turn to + verb...

Examples:

➢ Gevi Avgvi ejvi cvjv| - It’s my turn to speak.

➢ Gevi Avgvi †Ljvi cvjv| - It’s my turn to play.
➢ Gevi Avgvi ivbœv Kivi cvjv| - It’s my turn to cook.
➢ Gevi Avgvi covi cvjv| - It’s my turn to read.
➢ Gevi Avgvi Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi cvjv| - It’s my turn to drive.
➢ Gevi Avgvi Mvb MvIqvi cvjv| - It’s my turn to sing.
➢ Gevi Avgvi cwi®‹vi Kivi cvjv| - It’s my turn to clean.
➢ Gevi Avgvi cix¶v †`Iqvi cvjv| - It’s my turn to take the exam.
➢ Gevi Avgvi Mí ejvi cvjv| - It’s my turn to tell a story.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 536
 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Gevi Avgvi †`Šov‡bvi cvjv| - It’s my turn to run.
➢ Gevi Avgvi Qwe AvuKvi cvjv| - It’s my turn to draw.
➢ Gevi Avgvi LvIqvi cvjv| - It’s my turn to eat.
➢ Gevi Avgvi bvP Kivi cvjv| - It’s my turn to dance.
➢ Gevi Avgvi KvR Kivi cvjv| - It’s my turn to work.
➢ Gevi Avgvi Kwd evbv‡bvi cvjv| - It’s my turn to make coffee.
➢ Gevi Avgvi wfwWI †`Lvi cvjv| - It’s my turn to watch a video.

Though/Although Gi e¨envi
Structure: Though/Although + clause 1, clause 2

Examples:
1. hw`I e„wó nw”Qj, Avgiv evB‡i wM‡qwQjvg|
- Although it was raining, we went outside.
2. hw`I †m K¬všÍ wQj, †m KvRwU †kl K‡iwQj|
- Though he was tired, he finished the work.
3. hw`I Avwg Zv‡K Rvwb bv, Avwg Zvi mv‡_ K_v e‡jwQ|
- Although I don't know him, I talked to him.
4. hw`I †m Amy¯’ wQj, †m ¯‹z‡j wM‡qwQj|
- Though she was sick, she went to school.
5. hw`I LveviUv VvÛv wQj, Avgiv Zv †L‡qwQ|
- Although the food was cold, we ate it.
6. hw`I Zviv e¨¯Í wQj, Zviv Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj|
- Though they were busy, they helped us.
7. hw`I Avwg mgq cvB bv, Avwg eB cwo|
- Although I don't get time, I read books.
8. hw`I †m abx bq, †m myLx|
- Though he is not rich, he is happy.
9. hw`I KvRwU KwVb wQj, Avwg Zv K‡iwQjvg|
- Although the task was difficult, I did it.
10. hw`I Avgiv †n‡iwQ, Avgiv gRv †c‡qwQ|
- Though we lost, we had fun.
11. hw`I †m Zvi evwoi KvR K‡iwb, wk¶K Zv‡K eKv †`qwb|
- Although he didn't do his homework, the teacher didn't scold him.
12. hw`I †m Bs‡iwR‡Z `ye©j, †m cix¶v cvm K‡i‡Q|
- Though he is weak in English, he passed the exam.
13. hw`I Avwg K¬všÍ, Avwg †Zvgvi mv‡_ †ei n‡Z PvB|
- Although I am tired, I want to go out with you.
14. hw`I Avwg RvbZvg bv, Avwg †Póv K‡iwQ|
- Though I didn't know, I tried.
15. hw`I Avgv‡`i UvKv wQj bv, Avgiv ågY K‡iwQ|
- Although we didn't have money, we traveled.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 537

 Vertex Spoken English

"Lack of" Gi e¨envi

Structure: Lack of + noun + (optional: rest of the sentence)

Examples
➢ Avgvi Bs‡iwR †kLvi Afve i‡q‡Q - I have a lack of learning English.
➢ Zvi ˆa‡h©i Afve i‡q‡Q - He has a lack of patience.
➢ Zv‡`i UvKv-cqmvi Afve i‡q‡Q - They have a lack of money.
➢ Avgv‡`i ch©vß Lvev‡ii Afve i‡q‡Q - We have a lack of sufficient food.
➢ Zvi AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi Afve i‡q‡Q - She has a lack of confidence.
➢ Avgvi mg‡qi Afve i‡q‡Q - I have a lack of time.
➢ Zv‡`i k„•Ljvi Afve i‡q‡Q - They have a lack of discipline.
➢ Avgv‡`i Ny‡gi Afve i‡q‡Q - We have a lack of sleep.
➢ Zvi AwfÁZvi Afve i‡q‡Q - He has a lack of experience.
➢ Avgv‡`i cwi”QbœZvi Afve i‡q‡Q - We have a lack of cleanliness.
➢ Zvi fv‡jv AvPi‡Yi Afve i‡q‡Q - She has a lack of good manners.
➢ Zv‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡i Afve i‡q‡Q - They have a lack of leadership.
➢ Avgv‡`i cwiKíbvi Afve i‡q‡Q - We have a lack of planning.
➢ Zvi kw³i Afve i‡q‡Q - He has a lack of strength.
➢ Avgv‡`i DbœwZi Afve i‡q‡Q - We have a lack of progress.

"Intend to" Gi e¨envi

Structure: Subject + intend to + verb + (optional: rest of the sentence)

Examples
➢ Avwg Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z B”QzK - I intend to learn English.
➢ †m åg‡Y †h‡Z B”QzK - He intends to go on a trip.
➢ Avgiv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z B”QzK - We intend to watch a movie.
➢ Zviv bZzb †iwmwc †Póv Ki‡Z B”QzK - They intend to try a new recipe.
➢ Avwg Kv‡R †h‡Z B”QzK - I intend to go to work.
➢ †m evB‡i †L‡Z †h‡Z B”QzK - She intends to eat out.
➢ Avgiv eB co‡Z B”QzK - We intend to read books.
➢ Zviv mvuZvi KvU‡Z B”QzK - They intend to go swimming.
➢ Avwg ivbœv Ki‡Z B”QzK - I intend to cook.
➢ †m Mvb ïb‡Z B”QzK - He intends to listen to music.
➢ Avgiv mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z †h‡Z B”QzK - We intend to go to the beach.
➢ Zviv bZzb †Ljv †Póv Ki‡Z B”QzK - They intend to try a new game.
➢ Avwg wPwV wjL‡Z B”QzK - I intend to write a letter.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 538

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ †m Qwe AvuK‡Z B”QzK - She intends to paint a picture.
➢ Avgiv nvuU‡Z †h‡Z B”QzK - We intend to go for a walk.
.

"Almost" Gi e¨envi

Structure: Subject + almost + verb + (optional: rest of the sentence)

Examples
➢ Avwg cÖvq Bs‡iwR wk‡L †d‡jwQ - I almost learned English.
➢ †m cÖvq åg‡Y †h‡Z cÖ¯‘Z - He is almost ready to go on a trip.
➢ Avgiv cÖvq wm‡bgv †`L‡Z hvw”Q - We are almost going to watch a movie.
➢ Zviv cÖvq bZzb †iwmwc †Póv K‡i †d‡j‡Q - They almost tried a new recipe.
➢ Avwg cÖvq Kv‡R †cŠu‡Q †MwQ - I almost reached work.
➢ †m cÖvq evB‡i †L‡Z P‡j †M‡Q - She almost went out to eat.
➢ Avgiv cÖvq eB cov †kl K‡iwQ - We almost finished reading the book.
➢ Zviv cÖvq mvuZvi KvUv †kl K‡i‡Q - They almost finished swimming.
➢ Avwg cÖvq ivbœv †kl K‡iwQ - I almost finished cooking.
➢ †m cÖvq Mvb ï‡b †kl K‡i‡Q - He almost finished listening to the song.
➢ Avgiv cÖvq mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z †cŠu‡Q †MwQ - We almost reached the beach.
➢ Zviv cÖvq bZzb †Ljv †kl K‡i‡Q - They almost finished playing the new game.
➢ Avwg cÖvq wPwV wj‡L †d‡jwQ - I almost finished writing the letter.
➢ †m cÖvq Qwe AvuKv †kl K‡i‡Q - She almost finished painting the picture.
➢ Avgiv cÖvq nvuUv †kl K‡iwQ - We almost finished walking.

"No Longer" Gi e¨envi

Structure: Subject + no longer + verb + (optional: rest of the sentence)

Examples
➢ Avwg Avi Bs‡iwR wkLwQ bv - I no longer learn English.
➢ †m Avi åg‡Y hv‡”Q bv - He no longer goes on trips.
➢ Avgiv Avi wm‡bgv †`L‡Z hvw”Q bv - We no longer go to watch movies.
➢ Zviv Avi bZzb †iwmwc †Póv Ki‡Q bv - They no longer try new recipes.
➢ Avwg Avi Kv‡R hvw”Q bv - I no longer go to work.
➢ †m Avi evB‡i †L‡Z hv‡”Q bv - She no longer goes out to eat.
➢ Avgiv Avi eB cowQ bv - We no longer read books.
➢ Zviv Avi mvuZvi KvU‡Q bv - They no longer go swimming.
➢ Avwg Avi ivbœv KiwQ bv - I no longer cook.
➢ †m Avi Mvb ïb‡Q bv - He no longer listens to music.
➢ Avgiv Avi mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z hvw”Q bv - We no longer go to the beach.
➢ Zviv Avi bZzb †Ljv †Póv Ki‡Q bv - They no longer try new games.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 539

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Avwg Avi wPwV wjLwQ bv - I no longer write letters.
➢ †m Avi Qwe AvuK‡Q bv - She no longer paints pictures.
➢ Avgiv Avi nvuU‡Z hvw”Q bv - We no longer go for walks.
➢ Zviv Avi bZzb wm‡bgv †`L‡Q bv - They no longer watch new movies.

Structure Using "Anymore"

Structure: Subject + don't/doesn't + verb + anymore

Examples
➢ Avwg Avi Bs‡iwR wkwL bv - I don't learn English anymore.
➢ †m Avi åg‡Y hvq bv - He doesn't go on trips anymore.
➢ Avgiv Avi wm‡bgv †`L‡Z hvB bv - We don't go to watch movies anymore.
➢ Zviv Avi bZzb †iwmwc †Póv K‡i bv - They don't try new recipes anymore.
➢ Avwg Avi Kv‡R hvB bv - I don't go to work anymore.
➢ †m Avi evB‡i †L‡Z hvq bv - She doesn't eat out anymore.
➢ Avgiv Avi eB cwo bv - We don't read books anymore.
➢ Zviv Avi mvuZvi Kv‡U bv - They don't go swimming anymore.
➢ Avwg Avi ivbœv Kwi bv - I don't cook anymore.
➢ †m Avi Mvb ï‡b bv - He doesn't listen to music anymore.
➢ Avgiv Avi mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z hvB bv - We don't go to the beach anymore.
➢ Zviv Avi bZzb †Ljv †Póv K‡i bv - They don't try new games anymore.
➢ Avwg Avi wPwV wjwL bv - I don't write letters anymore.
➢ †m Avi Qwe Avu‡K bv - She doesn't paint pictures anymore.
➢ Avgiv Avi nvuU‡Z hvB bv - We don't go for walks anymore.

"Would like to" Gi e¨envi

"Would like to" e¨envi Kiv nq hLb Avgiv wKQz Ki‡Z PvB ev †Kvb B”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡Z PvB| GwU GKwU
webqx I kvjxb Dcv‡q B”Qv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

Structure: Subject + would like to + verb (base form) + (optional: rest of the sentence)

Examples
➢ Avwg †bZ…‡Z¡i Afve c~iY Ki‡Z PvB - I would like to address the lack of leadership.
➢ †m Zvi AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi Afve `~i Ki‡Z Pvq - He would like to overcome his lack of
confidence.
➢ Avgiv mg‡qi Afve †gUv‡Z PvB - We would like to manage our lack of time.
➢ †m Zvi AwfÁZvi Afve c~iY Ki‡Z Pvq - She would like to gain more experience.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 540

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Zviv Áv‡bi Afve `~i Ki‡Z Pvq - They would like to fill the lack of knowledge.
➢ Avwg Aby‡cÖiYvi Afve KvwU‡q DV‡Z PvB - I would like to overcome my lack of
motivation.
➢ †m Zvi mnvbyf‚wZi Afve c~iY Ki‡Z Pvq - He would like to develop his lack of empathy.
➢ Avgiv ms¯’v‡bi Afve `~i Ki‡Z PvB - We would like to acquire more resources.
➢ †m Zvi kw³i Afve KvwU‡q DV‡Z Pvq - She would like to build her strength.
➢ Avwg w¯’wZkxjZvi Afve †gUv‡Z PvB - I would like to achieve stability.
➢ †m Zvi ¯^v‡¯’¨i Afve c~iY Ki‡Z Pvq - He would like to improve his health.
➢ Zviv m„RbkxjZvi Afve c~iY Ki‡Z Pvq - They would like to enhance their creativity.
➢ Avwg g‡bv‡hv‡Mi Afve KvwU‡q DV‡Z PvB - I would like to improve my focus.
➢ †m Zvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `¶Zvi Afve c~iY Ki‡Z Pvq - She would like to improve her
communication skills.
➢ Avgiv my‡hv‡Mi Afve †gUv‡Z PvB - We would like to create more opportunities.

On Account of Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "On account of" A_© †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y ev †Kv‡bv KviYekZ| GwU KviY cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

Structure: Subject + verb + on account of + noun/gerund (verb + ing) + (optional: rest of

the sentence)

Examples:
➢ Avwg Amy¯’ _vKvi Kvi‡Y KvR Ki‡Z cvwiwb - I couldn't work on account of being sick.
➢ †m e„wói Kvi‡Y evB‡i †h‡Z cvij bv - He couldn't go outside on account of the rain.
➢ Zviv UªvwdK R¨v‡gi Kvi‡Y †`wi Kij - They were late on account of the traffic jam.
➢ Avgiv Lvivc AvenvIqvi Kvi‡Y ågY evwZj K‡iwQ - We canceled the trip on account of the
bad weather.
➢ Zvi e¨¯Í mgqm~wPi Kvi‡Y †m Avm‡Z cvij bv - She couldn't come on account of her busy
schedule.
➢ Avwg K¬vwšÍi Kvi‡Y cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z cvwiwb - I couldn't study on account of being tired.
➢ †m AvNv‡Zi Kvi‡Y †Lj‡Z cvij bv - He couldn't play on account of his injury.
➢ Zviv A‡_©i Afv‡e cwiKíbv ¯’wMZ K‡i‡Q - They postponed the plan on account of a lack
of funds.
➢ Avwg KvR Ki‡Z cvwiwb KviY Avgvi B›Uvi‡bU mgm¨v wQj - I couldn't work on account of
having internet issues.
➢ Zv‡`i AwfÁZvi Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y Zviv PvKwi cvqwb - They didn't get the job on account of
their lack of experience.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 541

 Vertex Spoken English
Instead of Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "Instead of" A_© wKQz cwie‡Z© Ab¨ wKQz| GwU weKí cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

Structure: Subject + verb + instead of + noun/gerund (verb + ing) + (optional: rest of the
sentence)

Examples:
➢ Avwg Kwd LvIqvi cwie‡Z© Pv cvb Kijvg - I drank tea instead of coffee.
➢ †m wm‡bgv †`Lvi cwie‡Z© eB coj - He read a book instead of watching a movie.
➢ Zviv evB‡ii Lvevi LvIqvi cwie‡Z© evwo‡Z ivbœv Kij - They cooked at home instead of
eating out.
➢ Avwg Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi cwie‡Z© nvuU‡Z †Mjvg - I went for a walk instead of driving.
➢ †m wekªvg †bIqvi cwie‡Z© KvR Kij - She worked instead of taking a rest.
➢ Avgiv QzwUi w`‡b N‡i _vKvi cwie‡Z© åg‡Y †Mjvg - We went on a trip instead of staying
home on the holiday.
➢ †m Zvi evwoi KvR Kivi cwie‡Z© wfwWI †Mg †Ljj - He played video games instead of
doing his homework.
➢ Avwg wm‡bgv n‡j hvIqvi cwie‡Z© †bUwd¬‡· wm‡bgv †`Ljvg - I watched a movie on Netflix
instead of going to the cinema.
➢ Zviv ågY Kivi cwie‡Z© UvKv mÂq Kij - They saved money instead of traveling.
➢ †m KvR †kl Kivi cwie‡Z© eÜyi mv‡_ AvÇv w`j - He hung out with a friend instead of
finishing the work.

Until / Till Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "Until" Ges "till" `ywU kãB GKB A_© wb‡`©k K‡i, A_©vr GKwU NUbv ev Ae¯’v †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mgq
ch©šÍ a‡i _v‡K| Z‡e "till" mvaviYZ Av‡gwiKvb Bs‡iwR‡Z †ewk e¨eüZ nq|

Structure: Subject + verb + until/till + time/event + (optional: rest of the sentence)

Examples:
➢ Avwg `ycyi ch©šÍ N‡i _vKe - I will stay at home until/till noon.
➢ Zviv ivZ ch©šÍ Dcw¯’Z _vK‡e - They will be present until/till night.
➢ †m Avgv‡`i m‡½ _vK‡e PjwZ mßvn ch©šÍ - She will stay with us until/till next week.
➢ Avgiv cvuPUv ch©šÍ A‡c¶v Kie - We will wait until/till five o'clock.
➢ Zviv mKvj ch©šÍ Mvb MvB‡Z _vKj - They sang songs until/till morning.
➢ Avwg `ªæZ †Uªb Gi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Kie - I will wait until/till the fast train arrives.
➢ †m mßvn †kl ch©šÍ ¯‹z‡j P‡j †Mj - She attended school until/till the end of the week.
➢ Avgiv el©v †kl ch©šÍ A‡c¶v Kie - We will wait until/till the end of the rain.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 542

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Zviv evmvq _vK‡e Ryb gv‡mi †kl ch©šÍ - They will stay at home until/till the end of June.
➢ Avwg iv‡Zi ch©šÍ coe - I will study until/till night.

What kinds of Gi e¨envi

e¨envi: "What kinds of" e¨eüZ nq hLb †Kv‡bv wKQzi wewfbœ cÖKvi ev aib m¤c‡K© wRÁvmv Kiv nq|

Structure: What kinds of + plural noun + (optional: rest of the sentence)

Examples:
➢ Avcwb Kx ai‡bi eB cQ›` K‡ib? - What kinds of books do you like?
➢ Zviv Kx ai‡bi Lvevi cQ›` K‡i? - What kinds of food do they prefer?
➢ Avcwb Kx ai‡bi wdj¥ †`L‡Z cQ›` K‡ib? - What kinds of movies do you prefer
watching?
➢ Zviv Kx ai‡bi cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q? - What kinds of plans are they implementing?
➢ Avcwb Kx ai‡bi cwi¶v w`‡Z Pvb? - What kinds of exams do you want to take?
➢ Zviv Kx ai‡bi cvV¨cy¯ÍK co‡Z cQ›` K‡i? - What kinds of textbooks do they like to
read?
➢ Zzwg Kx ai‡bi Mvb ïb‡Z fv‡jvev‡mv? - What kinds of songs do you enjoy listening to?
➢ Zv‡`i Kx ai‡bi mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvRb? - What kinds of help do they need?
➢ Avcbv‡`i Kx ai‡bi civgk© cÖ‡qvRb? - What kinds of advice do you need?
➢ Zviv Kx ai‡bi PvKwi LyuR‡Q? - What kinds of jobs are they looking for?

"After being" Gi e¨envi

"After being" e¨envi Kiv nq Ggb †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ ev AwfÁZvi ci wKQz nIqvi ev Kivi mgq eySv‡Z| GwU
mvaviYZ c¨vwmf d‡g© e¨eüZ nq|

Structure: After being + Past Participle +, + Subject + Verb.

Examples:
➢ PvKix cvIqvi ci †m Lye Lywk wQj| - After being hired, he was very happy.
➢ kvw¯Í cvIqvi ci, †m Zvi fzj eyS‡Z cvij| - After being punished, he realized his
mistake.
➢ cÖkswmZ nIqvi ci, Avwg Lye Mwe©Z Abyfe K‡iwQ| - After being praised, I felt very proud.
➢ Lvevi †c‡q, weovjwU `ªæZ †L‡Z ïiæ Kij| - After being fed, the cat started eating quickly.
➢ Dc‡`k †`Iqvi ci, †m cwieZ©b Kiv ïiæ Kij| - After being advised, he started to change.
➢ bZzb `‡j †hvM †`Iqvi ci, Zviv fv‡jv cvidg© Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij| - After being added to the
new team, they started performing well.
➢ Zv‡K Wv³vi †`Lv‡bvi ci, Zvi Ae¯’vi DbœwZ n‡jv|- After being seen by the doctor, her
condition improved.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 543

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ ¯‹zj †_‡K ewn®‹vi nIqvi ci, †m AviI `vwqZ¡kxj n‡q DVj| - After being expelled from
school, he became more responsible.
➢ wPwV cvIqvi ci, †m m‡½ m‡½ DËi w`j| - After being given the letter, she replied
immediately.
➢ Bb‡RKkb †bIqvi ci, †ivMx my¯’ n‡Z ïiæ Kij| - After being given the injection, the
patient started recovering.
➢ mgm¨vwU mgvavb nIqvi ci, Avgiv ¯^w¯Í Abyfe K‡iwQ| - After being solved, the problem
made us feel relieved.
➢ cÖwkw¶Z nIqvi ci, †m KvRwU AviI fv‡jvfv‡e Ki‡Z cvij| - After being trained, he could
do the job better.

"Before being" Gi e¨envi

"Before + v1-ing" e¨envi Kiv nq †Kv‡bv KvR ïiæi Av‡M Ab¨ wKQz m¤cbœ nIqv †evSv‡Z| GLv‡b "v1-
ing" gv‡b Verb-Gi eZ©gvbKvj, †hgb "going," "eating," BZ¨vw`|

Structure: Before + v1-ing +, + Clause.

Examples:
➢ LvIqvi Av‡M nvZ †avI| - Before eating, wash your hands.
➢ evB‡i hvIqvi Av‡M `iRv eÜ K‡iv| - Before going out, close the door.
➢ eB covi Av‡M covi Av‡jv R¡v‡jv| - Before reading the book, turn on the reading light.
➢ eÜy‡`i m‡½ †`Lv Kivi Av‡M Avgv‡K †dvb K‡iv| - Before meeting your friends, call me.
➢ †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ †bIqvi Av‡M welqUv †f‡e †`‡Lv| - Before making a decision, think about
it.
➢ †Lj‡Z hvIqvi Av‡M KvR †kl K‡iv| - Before playing, finish your work.
➢ cix¶v †`Iqvi Av‡M cÖ¯‘wZ bvI| - Before taking the exam, prepare well.
➢ Nygv‡bvi Av‡M `vuZ eªvk K‡iv| - Before sleeping, brush your teeth.
➢ ivbœv Kivi Av‡M DcKiY¸‡jv msMÖn K‡iv| - Before cooking, gather the ingredients.
➢ ev‡m IVvi Av‡M wUwKU wK‡b bvI| - Before boarding the bus, buy your ticket.
➢ evRvi Kivi Av‡M GKwU ZvwjKv evbvI| - Before shopping, make a list.
➢ evMv‡b KvR Kivi Av‡M Møvfm c‡iv| - Before working in the garden, wear gloves.
➢ Qwe †Zvjvi Av‡M K¨v‡givi †mwUsm wVK K‡iv| - Before taking a photo, adjust the camera
settings.

"At the edge of" Gi e¨envi

"At the edge of" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv e¯‘ ev Ae¯’vi mxgv‡šÍ ev wbK‡U Ae¯’vb †evSv‡Z| GwU ¯’vwbK ev Ae¯’v
cÖKv‡ki Rb¨I e¨envi Kiv hvq|

Structure: At the edge of + Noun.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 544

 Vertex Spoken English
Examples:
➢ Avgiv cvnv‡oi cÖv‡šÍ `vuwo‡qwQjvg| - We stood at the edge of the cliff.
➢ eBwU †Uwe‡ji cÖv‡šÍ wQj| - The book was at the edge of the table.
➢ †m b`xi Zx‡i e‡mwQj| - He sat at the edge of the river.
➢ Zviv kn‡ii mxgvbvq evm Ki‡Q| - They live at the edge of the city.
➢ wkïwU cy‡ji wKbv‡i †LjwQj| - The child was playing at the edge of the pool.
➢ MvQwU e‡bi cÖv‡šÍ eo n‡”Q| - The tree is growing at the edge of the forest.
➢ Avgiv g‡Âi cÖv‡šÍ `vuwo‡qwQjvg| - We stood at the edge of the stage.
➢ weovjwU Qv‡` cÖv‡šÍ Nygvw”Qj| - The cat was sleeping at the edge of the roof.
➢ evwowU cvnv‡oi cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z| - The house is located at the edge of the hill.
➢ cvwLwU Rvbvjvi wKbv‡i e‡mwQj| - The bird was sitting at the edge of the window.
➢ Zviv †Ljvi gv‡Vi mxgvbvq `vuwo‡qwQj| - They were standing at the edge of the
playground.
➢ †m Zx‡i G‡m `vuwo‡qwQj| - She stood at the edge of the shore.
➢ †gv‡oi cÖv‡šÍ GKwU †`vKvb Av‡Q| - There is a shop at the edge of the corner.
➢ †m KvM‡Ri cÖv‡šÍ AvuKvAvuwK KiwQj| - She was doodling at the edge of the paper.
➢ Avgiv R½‡ji cÖv‡šÍ K¨v¤c K‡iwQjvg| - We camped at the edge of the jungle.

"Looking forward to" Gi e¨envi

"Looking forward to" e¨eüZ nq D‡ËRbv ev Avkv cÖKvk Ki‡Z hLb fwel¨‡Z wKQz NUvi cÖZ¨vkv Kiv nq|
GwU mvavibZ eZ©gvb ev fwel¨Z †Kv‡bv NUbvi w`‡K AvMÖnx nIqv †evSvq|

Structure: Subject + be + looking forward to + Verb + -ing / Noun.

Examples:
➢ Avwg QzwU‡Z hvIqvi Rb¨ D`MÖxe| - I am looking forward to going on vacation.
➢ Avgiv bZzb QwewU †`Lvi Rb¨ Aaxi AvMÖ‡n A‡c¶v KiwQ| - We are looking forward to
watching the new movie.
➢ †m Zvi Rb¥w`b D`hvcb Kivi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Q| - She is looking forward to celebrating
her birthday.
➢ Avwg †Zvgvi wPwV cvIqvi A‡c¶vq AvwQ| - I am looking forward to receiving your letter.
➢ Zviv Kbmv‡U© hvIqvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Q| - They are looking forward to attending the
concert.
➢ Avgiv Avgv‡`i bZzb evwo‡Z hvIqvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v KiwQ| - We are looking forward to moving
to our new house.
➢ †m Zvi bZzb PvKwi‡Z †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Q| - He is looking forward to starting his
new job.
➢ Avwg Avgvi eÜyi m‡½ †`Lv Kivi Rb¨ Aaxi AvMÖ‡n AvwQ| - I am looking forward to meeting
my friend.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 545

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Avgiv cwiev‡ii m‡½ GKm‡½ Lvevi LvIqvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v KiwQ| - We are looking forward to
having dinner with the family.
➢ †m eBwU covi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Q| - She is looking forward to reading the book.
➢ Avwg Avgvi cix¶vi djvd‡ji Rb¨ A‡c¶v KiwQ| - I am looking forward to my exam
results.
➢ Zviv Zv‡`i åg‡Yi Rb¨ A‡c¶v Ki‡Q| - They are looking forward to their trip.
➢ Avwg †mB Abyôv‡b AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Aaxi AvMÖ‡n A‡c¶v KiwQ| - I am looking forward to
participating in the event.

"Being" Gi e¨envi

"Being" e¨envi Kiv nq wewfbœ cÖm‡½, †hgb †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq _vKv, Kg© m¤cv`b, ev ˆewkó¨ †evSv‡Z| mvaviYZ
GwU Verb (wµqv) Gi Present Participle ev Gerund dg© wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|

Structure 1: (Being as a Gerund)

Being + Adjective/Noun + Clause.

As a Gerund:
Examples:
➢ GKRb Wv³vi nIqv mnR bq| - Being a doctor is not easy.
➢ Lywk _vKv ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ fv‡jv| - Being happy is good for health.
➢ ˆah©kxj nIqv GKwU ¸Y| - Being patient is a virtue.
➢ ZvovZvwo IVv cÖ‡qvRbxq| - Being an early riser is necessary.
➢ `vwqZ¡kxj nIqv Riæwi| - Being responsible is essential.
➢ GKRb eÜyZ¡c~Y© e¨w³ nIqv DcKvix| - Being a friendly person is beneficial.
➢ fvj †kªvZv nIqv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| - Being a good listener is important.
➢ wkw¶Z nIqv Avcbvi Rb¨ fv‡jv| - Being educated is good for you.
➢ GKRb mr gvbyl nIqv me©`v †miv| - Being an honest person is always best.
➢ mnvbyf‚wZkxj nIqv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| - Being empathetic is crucial.

As a Present Participle:
Structure 2: (Being as Present Participle)
Subject + Verb + Object + being + Past Participle.
Examples:
➢ Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv n‡”Q| - He is being helped.
➢ bZzb evwo ˆZwi n‡”Q| - A new house is being built.
➢ cwiKíbvwU ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q| - The plan is being implemented.
➢ fzjwU ms‡kvab Kiv n‡”Q| - The mistake is being corrected.
➢ mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv n‡”Q| - The issue is being resolved.
➢ Lvevi cwi‡ekb Kiv n‡”Q| - The food is being served.
➢ cyi¯‹vi weZiY Kiv n‡”Q| - The awards are being given.
Md. Nafizul Muntahar 546
 Vertex Spoken English
➢ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© dvBj¸‡jv msi¶Y Kiv n‡”Q| - The important files are being saved.
➢ MvwowU †givgZ Kiv n‡”Q| - The car is being repaired.
➢ Zv‡K cix¶v Kiv n‡”Q| - She is being tested.

"Left" Gi e¨envi

"Left" ("evwK †bB" ev "Aewkó †bB") e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv wKQz Avi Aewkó †bB †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Subject + be + left + (with) + Noun.

Examples:
1. Zvi Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv UvKv evwK †bB|
- He has no money left.
2. Avgv‡`i †Ljvi Rb¨ mgq evwK †bB|
- We have no time left to play.
3. LveviwU cÖvq †kl n‡q †M‡Q|
- There’s hardly any food left.
4. †Z‡ji cwigvY LyeB Kg|
- There is very little oil left.
5. eB‡qi K‡qKwU cvZvB c‡o Av‡Q|
- There are only a few pages left in the book.
6. Avgvi c‡K‡U Avi wKQzB †bB|
- I have nothing left in my pocket.
7. Avgv‡`i nv‡Z wKQz KvR evwK Av‡Q|
- We have some work left to do.
8. †mªv‡Zi Lye Kg cvwb evwK Av‡Q|
- There’s hardly any water left in the stream.
9. wU‡KU¸wj cÖvq †kl n‡q †M‡Q|
- There are almost no tickets left.
10. †Pqvi¸‡jv cÖvq dvuKv|
- There are hardly any chairs left.
11. Zv‡`i Rb¨ †Kv‡bv my‡hvM Aewkó †bB|
- They have no chance left.
12. eBwUi Avi Kwc †bB|
- There are no copies of the book left.
13. KvR †kl Ki‡Z Avi mgq evwK †bB|
- There is no time left to finish the work.
14. Szwo‡Z wKQz dj Aewkó Av‡Q|
- There are some fruits left in the basket.
15. cy‡iv w`b †k‡l kw³ Lye Kg evwK _v‡K|
- There’s very little energy left at the end of the day.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 547

 Vertex Spoken English

"Even" to Emphasize Gi e¨envi

Bengali Sentence: †Kv‡bv wKQz †Rvi w`‡q ejvi Rb¨ "GgbwK" e¨envi Kiv

English Translation: Subject + even + verb + object

Examples
1. Avwg GgbwK Zv‡K wPwbI bv|
- I don't even know him.
2. †m GgbwK Avgv‡K e‡jIwb|
- He didn't even tell me.
3. Avgiv GgbwK †L‡Z cvwiwb|
- We couldn't even eat.
4. Zzwg GgbwK Avgvi bvgI g‡b iv‡Lvwb|
- You didn't even remember my name.
5. Zviv GgbwK Avgv‡K ab¨ev`I Rvbvqwb|
- They didn't even thank me.
6. Avwg GgbwK Zvi mv‡_ K_v ewjwb|
- I didn't even talk to her.
7. †m GgbwK Zvi evwoi c_I Rv‡b bv|
- He doesn't even know the way to his house.
8. Avgiv GgbwK Avgv‡`i KvR †kl Ki‡Z cvwiwb|
- We couldn't even finish our work.
9. Zzwg GgbwK †Póv K‡iI †`‡Lvwb|
- You didn't even try.
10. Avwg GgbwK GwU co‡ZI cvwiwb|
- I couldn't even read it.
11. †m GgbwK mgm¨vwUi e¨vcv‡iI m‡PZb bq|
- She is not even aware of the problem.
12. Avgiv GgbwK Zv‡K Lyu‡R cvBwb|
- We didn't even find him.
13. Zzwg GgbwK Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z †P‡qIwb|
- You didn't even want to help me.
14. Zviv GgbwK GLv‡b Avmvi Rb¨I wei³ K‡iwb|
- They didn't even bother to come here.
15. Avwg GgbwK GwU KíbvI Ki‡Z cvwiwb|
- I couldn't even imagine it.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 548

 Vertex Spoken English
"Be Careful While Doing Something" -Gi e¨envi

"Be Careful While Doing Something" -†Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi mgq mZK© nI

English Translation: Be careful while + verb + ing + object

Examples
1. iv¯Ív cvivcvi nIqvi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while crossing the road.
2. Mvwo Pvjv‡bvi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while driving.
3. ivbœv Kivi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while cooking.
4. fvix wRwbm †Zvjvi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while lifting heavy objects.
5. wmuwo †e‡q IVvi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while climbing stairs.
6. Zxeª m~‡h©i wb‡P KvR Kivi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while working under the hot sun.
7. Qzwi e¨envi Kivi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while using a knife.
8. `ªæZ KvR Kivi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while working quickly.
9. †cvlv cÖvYxi mv‡_ †Ljvi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while playing with pets.
10. †bvUey‡Ki cvZv Dëv‡bvi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while flipping the pages of the notebook.
11. bZzb †jvK‡`i mv‡_ †gjv‡gkv Kivi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while mingling with new people.
12. evMvb Kivi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while gardening.
13. wkï‡`i mv‡_ †Ljvi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while playing with children.
14. Kv‡Vi UzK‡iv †K‡U †djvi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while cutting wood.
15. mvuZvi KvUvi mgq mZK© nI|
- Be careful while swimming.

"Having a hard time" Gi e¨envi

"Having a hard time" e¨eüZ nq hLb Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv ev †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejv Kiv KwVb n‡q
c‡o| GwU †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ nq †h †KD Kó ev mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Q|

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 549

 Vertex Spoken English
Structure: Subject + is/are + having a hard time + (Verb+ing / Noun).

Examples
1. Avwg Avgvi cov‡kvbv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z KwVb mgq cvi KiwQ|
- I am having a hard time continuing my studies.
2. †m Zvi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Zvj wgjv‡Z KwVb mgq cvi Ki‡Q|
- He is having a hard time keeping up with his work.
3. Avgiv bZzb cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ gvwb‡q wb‡Z KwVb mgq cvi KiwQ|
- We are having a hard time adjusting to the new environment.
4. Zviv Avw_©K mgm¨vi mv‡_ jovB Ki‡Z KwVb mgq cvi Ki‡Q|
- They are having a hard time dealing with financial issues.
5. †m bZzb fvlv wkL‡Z KwVb mgq cvi Ki‡Q|
- She is having a hard time learning a new language.
6. Avwg Avgvi mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z KwVb mgq cvi KiwQ|
- I am having a hard time solving my problems.
7. †m Zvi Av‡eM wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z KwVb mgq cvi Ki‡Q|
- He is having a hard time controlling his emotions.
8. Avgiv Avgv‡`i j¶¨ AR©‡b KwVb mgq cvi KiwQ|
- We are having a hard time achieving our goals.
9. Zviv Zv‡`i m¤cK© eRvq ivL‡Z KwVb mgq cvi Ki‡Q|
- They are having a hard time maintaining their relationship.
10. †m Zvi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ fvimvg¨ eRvq ivL‡Z KwVb mgq cvi Ki‡Q|
- She is having a hard time balancing her work.
11. Avwg Avgvi g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivL‡Z KwVb mgq cvi KiwQ|
- I am having a hard time staying focused.
12. †m Zvi AvZ¥wek¦vm evov‡Z KwVb mgq cvi Ki‡Q|
- He is having a hard time boosting his confidence.
13. Avgiv Avgv‡`i mgq e¨e¯’vcbv Ki‡Z KwVb mgq cvi KiwQ|
- We are having a hard time managing our time.
14. Zviv Zv‡`i ¯^v‡¯’¨i hZœ wb‡Z KwVb mgq cvi Ki‡Q|
- They are having a hard time taking care of their health.
15. †m Zvi mšÍvb‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z KwVb mgq cvi Ki‡Q|
- She is having a hard time communicating with her children.

"Having + V3" -Gi e¨envi

"Having + V3" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv KvR BwZg‡a¨ m¤cbœ n‡q‡Q †evSv‡Z| GwU e¨envi K‡i †evSv‡bv nq †h
GKwU KvR †kl n‡q‡Q Ges Zvi djvdj ev cÖfve GLb we`¨gvb|

Structure: Having + Past Participle (V3).

Examples
➢ ¯‹z‡j wM‡q, †m Zvi eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡jv| - Having gone to school, he met his friends.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 550

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Avgvi evwoi KvR m¤cbœ K‡i, Avwg wUwf †`L‡Z ïiæ Kijvg| - Having completed my
homework, I started watching TV.
➢ mKv‡ji bv¯Ív †L‡q, †m evB‡i †Mj| - Having eaten breakfast, she went outside.
➢ gywfwU †`‡L, Zviv †i÷z‡i‡›U †Mj| - Having watched the movie, they went to the
restaurant.
➢ Zvi †dvb nvwi‡q, †m bZzb †dvb wKbj| - Having lost his phone, he bought a new one.
➢ wPwVwU c‡o, Avwg Zv‡K Kj Kijvg| - Having read the letter, I called her.
➢ cix¶vq fv‡jv djvdj K‡i, †m Lywk n‡jv| - Having achieved good results in the exam,
he was happy.
➢ Mvwo †givgZ K‡i, Zviv åg‡Y †Mj| - Having repaired the car, they went on a trip.
➢ Zvi mv‡_ K_v e‡j, Avwg mgm¨vi mgvavb †cjvg| - Having talked to him, I found a solution
to the problem.
➢ bZzb Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i, Avwg wi‡cvU© wjLjvg| - Having gathered new information, I wrote
the report.
➢ Qwe AvuK‡Z wk‡L, †m cÖ`k©bx‡Z Ask wbj| - Having learned to draw, she participated in
the exhibition.
➢ bZzb `¶Zv AR©b K‡i, †m Kv‡Ri evRv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡jv| - Having acquired new skills, he
entered the job market.
➢ eBwU †kl K‡i, †m Ab¨wU cov ïiæ Ki‡jv| - Having finished the book, she started reading
another one.

"Get down to" -Gi e¨envi

"Get down to" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z †evSv‡Z, we‡klZ †hwU Av‡M †_‡K †`wi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Structure: Get down to + Noun/Verb-ing.

Examples
➢ †`wi bv K‡i Kv‡R †j‡M co| - Get down to work without delay.
➢ Avgiv Gevi cov‡kvbvq g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| - We need to get down to studying now.
➢ †`wi bv K‡i cÖKí ïiæ Ki| - Get down to starting the project without delay.
➢ Avgiv GLb Av‡jvPbv ïiæ Ki‡Z cvwi| - We can get down to discussing it now.
➢ mgq bó bv K‡i KvRwU ïiæ Ki| - Get down to doing the task without wasting time.
➢ GLb Avgv‡`i cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv DwPZ| - We should get down to making the plan now.
➢ mKv‡ji KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e| - We need to get down to our morning tasks.
➢ †`wi bv K‡i wgwUs ïiæ Kiv DwPZ| - We should get down to the meeting without delay.
➢ Avgv‡`i GLb mgm¨vi mgvav‡b g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| - We need to get down to solving the
problem now.
➢ cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb ïiæ Ki| - Get down to implementing the plan.
➢ `ªæZ wi‡cvU© †jLv ïiæ Ki| - Get down to writing the report quickly.
➢ †`wi bv K‡i cwi”QbœZvi KvR ïiæ Ki| - Get down to cleaning without delay.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 551

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ GLb Avgv‡`i M‡elYv ïiæ Kiv DwPZ| - We should get down to researching now.
➢ ZvovZvwo Lvevi cÖ¯Z
‘ Ki‡Z n‡e| - Get down to preparing the meal quickly.
➢ Avgv‡`i GLb †hvMv‡hvM ïiæ Kiv DwPZ| - We should get down to communicating now.

"Verb + ing + Noun" Gi e¨envi

"Verb + ing + Noun" e¨envi K‡i †evSv‡bv nq †h KvRwU Kievi wµqv Ges Zvi cieZ©x e¯‘i g‡a¨ m¤cK©|

Structure: Verb + ing + Noun.

Examples
➢ eB cov Avgvi wcÖq KvR| - Reading books is my favorite activity.
➢ ivbœv Kiv GKwU gRvi KvR| - Cooking food is a fun activity.
➢ Mvb MvIqv Zvi kL| - Singing songs is her hobby.
➢ Mvwo Pvjv‡bv GKwU `vwqZ¡c~Y© KvR| - Driving a car is a responsible task.
➢ Qwe AvuKv GKwU wkí| - Painting pictures is an art.
➢ mvuZvi KvUv ¯^v¯’¨Ki| - Swimming is healthy.
➢ †jLv GKwU m„Rbkxj KvR| - Writing stories is a creative task.
➢ †Mg †Ljv we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ fv‡jv| - Playing games is good for entertainment.
➢ Bs‡iwR †kLv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| - Learning English is important.
➢ eÜy‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Kiv Avb›``vqK| - Meeting friends is enjoyable.
➢ wfwWI evbv‡bv GKwU RbwcÖq KvR| - Making videos is a popular activity.
➢ wPwV †jLv GKwU fv‡jv Af¨vm| - Writing letters is a good habit.
➢ mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv gRvi| - Solving puzzles is fun.
➢ cÖhyw³ e¨envi Kiv mnR| - Using technology is easy.
➢ Qwe †Zvjv GKwU kL| - Taking photos is a hobby.

"Compelled to" -Gi e¨envi

"Compelled to" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ nIqv †evSv‡Z| GwU e¨envi K‡i †evSv‡bv nq †h †KD
wKQz Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q|
Structure: Sub + was/were + compelled to + V1.

Examples
➢ Zv‡K mZ¨ ej‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| - He was compelled to tell the truth.
➢ Avgv‡K wgwUs‡q Ask wb‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| - I was compelled to attend the meeting.
➢ Zviv GB wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj| - They were compelled to follow this rule.
➢ †m Zvi KvR †kl Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj| - She was compelled to finish her work.
➢ Avgiv wba©vwiZ mg‡q †cŠuQv‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQjvg| - We were compelled to arrive on time.
➢ Zv‡K wPwKrmv wb‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| - He was compelled to seek medical treatment.
➢ Avwg Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQjvg| - I was compelled to help him.

Md. Nafizul Muntahar 552

 Vertex Spoken English
➢ Zviv wb‡R‡`i i¶v Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj| - They were compelled to defend themselves.
➢ Avwg mgm¨vwU mgvavb Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQjvg| - I was compelled to solve the problem.
➢ †m Zvi gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj| - He was compelled to express his opinion.
➢ Avgiv welqwU ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i wb‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQjvg| - We were compelled to take the matter
seriously.
➢ Zv‡K Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| - She was compelled to apply for the
job.
➢ Avwg Zv‡K ¶gv Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQjvg| - I was compelled to forgive her.
➢ Zviv Zv‡`i wm×všÍ cwieZ©b Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj| - They were compelled to change their
decision.

"Couldn't about to" Gi e¨envi

"Couldn't about to" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q bv cvivi ev bv Kivi Ae¯’v †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Sub + couldn't about to + Base form of Verb.

Examples
➢ †m ej‡Z hvw”Qj wKš‘ cvij bv| - She couldn't about to speak.
➢ Avwg †ei n‡Z hvw”Qjvg wKš‘ cvijvg bv| - I couldn't about to leave.
➢ Avgiv †L‡Z hvw”Qjvg wKš‘ cvijvg bv| - We couldn't about to eat.
➢ †m Zvi KvR †kl Ki‡Z hvw”Qj wKš‘ cvij bv| - He couldn't about to finish his work.
➢ Zviv wgwUs‡q †hvM w`‡Z hvw”Qj wKš‘ cvij bv| - They couldn't about to attend the meeting.
➢ Avwg Zvi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z hvw”Qjvg wKš‘ cvijvg bv| - I couldn't about to meet him.
➢ †m mZ¨ ej‡Z hvw”Qj wKš‘ cvij bv| - He couldn't about to tell the truth.
➢ Avgiv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z hvw”Qjvg wKš‘ cvijvg bv| - We couldn't about to watch the movie.
➢ †m Zvi gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z hvw”Qj wKš‘ cvij bv| - She couldn't about to express her
opinion.
➢ Avwg mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z hvw”Qjvg wKš‘ cvijvg bv| - I couldn't about to solve the problem.
➢ Zviv wm×všÍ wb‡Z hvw”Qj wKš‘ cvij bv| - They couldn't about to make the decision.
➢ †m †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb w`‡Z hvw”Qj wKš‘ cvij bv| - He couldn't about to give the presentation.
➢ Avwg Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z hvw”Qjvg wKš‘ cvijvg bv| - I couldn't about to help her.
➢ Zviv †ei n‡Z hvw”Qj wKš‘ cvij bv| - They couldn't about to go out.
➢ †m Mvb MvB‡Z hvw”Qj wKš‘ cvij bv| - She couldn't about to sing.

"Having a lot of fun" Gi e¨envi

"Having a lot of fun" e¨envi K‡i †evSv‡bv nq †h †KD Lye Avb›` ev gRv cv‡”Q|

Structure: Sub + am/is/are + having a lot of fun.

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Examples
➢ Avgiv cv‡K© Avb›` cvw”Q| - We are having a lot of fun at the park.
➢ †m Zvi eÜy‡`i mv‡_ gRv cv‡”Q| - She is having a lot of fun with her friends.
➢ Avwg QzwUi w`‡b A‡bK Avb›` cvw”Q| - I am having a lot of fun on my vacation.
➢ Zviv cvwU©‡Z gRv cv‡”Q| - They are having a lot of fun at the party.
➢ ev”Pviv †Ljvi gv‡V Avb›` cv‡”Q| - The kids are having a lot of fun in the playground.
➢ Avgiv wm‡bgv †`‡L gRv cvw”Q| - We are having a lot of fun watching the movie.
➢ †m Zvi †cvlv cÖvYxi mv‡_ Avb›` cv‡”Q| - He is having a lot of fun with his pet.
➢ Avwg bZzb †MgwU †L‡j gRv cvw”Q| - I am having a lot of fun playing the new game.
➢ Zviv QzwUi w`‡b Avb›` cv‡”Q| - They are having a lot of fun on their holiday.
➢ Avgiv mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z gRv cvw”Q| - We are having a lot of fun at the beach.
➢ †m Zvi cwievi wb‡q Avb›` cv‡”Q| - She is having a lot of fun with her family.
➢ Avwg GB eBwU c‡o gRv cvw”Q| - I am having a lot of fun reading this book.
➢ Zviv msMxZ Drm‡e Avb›` cv‡”Q| - They are having a lot of fun at the music festival.
➢ Avgiv †Ljvayjv K‡i gRv cvw”Q| - We are having a lot of fun playing sports.
➢ †m Zvi bZzb evBK wb‡q Avb›` cv‡”Q| - He is having a lot of fun with his new bike.

"Yet to" Gi e¨envi:

"Yet to" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv KvR GL‡bv Kiv nqwb †evSv‡Z| GwU †evSvq †h KvRwU GLbI evwK Av‡Q|

Structure: Sub + am/is/are + yet to + V1.

Examples
➢ Avwg GL‡bv KvRwU †kl Kwiwb| - I am yet to finish the work.
➢ Zviv GL‡bv DËi †`qwb| - They are yet to respond.
➢ Avgiv GL‡bv wm×všÍ wbBwb| - We are yet to decide.
➢ †m GL‡bv Zvi evwoi KvR K‡iwb| - He is yet to do his homework.
➢ Avwg GL‡bv eBwU cwowb| - I am yet to read the book.
➢ Zviv GL‡bv cÖKíwU ïiæ K‡iwb| - They are yet to start the project.
➢ †m GL‡bv Zvi cwiKíbv cÖKvk K‡iwb| - She is yet to reveal her plan.
➢ Avgiv GL‡bv wgwUs ïiæ Kwiwb| - We are yet to start the meeting.
➢ wZwb GL‡bv wPwVwU cvVvbwb| - He is yet to send the letter.
➢ Avwg GL‡bv GB †MgwU †Lwjwb| - I am yet to play this game.
➢ Zviv GL‡bv mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡iwb| - They are yet to solve the problem.
➢ †m GL‡bv Zvi cix¶v †`qwb| - She is yet to take her exam.
➢ Avwg GL‡bv †mB †iwmwc †Póv Kwiwb| - I am yet to try that recipe.
➢ Zviv GL‡bv Zv‡`i j¶¨ AR©b K‡iwb| - They are yet to achieve their goal.
➢ wZwb GL‡bv Zvi gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡ibwb| - He is yet to express his opinion.

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"It is no use" -Gi e¨envi

"It is no use" e¨eüZ nq †evSv‡Z †h †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi †Póv Kiv e„_v ev †Kv‡bv jvf †bB|

Structure: It is no use + Verb-ing.

Examples
➢ GLb Kvbœv K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB| - It is no use crying now.
➢ Zv‡K †evSv‡bvi †Póv K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB| - It is no use trying to convince him.
➢ GB mgm¨v wb‡q wPšÍv K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB| - It is no use worrying about this problem.
➢ e„wó‡Z evB‡i hvIqvi †Póv K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB| - It is no use going outside in the rain.
➢ cyiv‡bv NUbv¸‡jv g‡b K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB| - It is no use remembering old events.
➢ †Zvgvi fz‡ji Rb¨ wb‡R‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB| - It is no use blaming yourself for
your mistakes.
➢ KvRwU GLb ïiæ K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB| - It is no use starting the work now.
➢ Zv‡K Avevi †dvb K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB| - It is no use calling him again.
➢ fzj wb‡q Avd‡mvm K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB| - It is no use regretting the mistake.
➢ †`wi K‡i Awd‡m hvIqvi †Póv K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB| - It is no use trying to go to the office
late.
➢ Amr c‡_ mdjZv cvIqvi †Póv K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB| - It is no use seeking success through
dishonest means.
➢ mgq bó K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB - It is no use wasting time.
➢ cyiv‡bv eB Lyu‡R †Kvb jvf †bB - It is no use searching for old books.
➢ fvOv †Ljbv wVK Kivi †Póv K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB - It is no use trying to fix the broken toy.
➢ †Zvgvi ¯^v‡¯’¨i ¶wZ K‡i †Kvb jvf †bB - It is no use harming your health.

"Likely to" -Gi e¨envi

"Likely to" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv KvR ev NUbvi m¤¢vebv †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Sub + am/is/are + likely to + V1.

Examples
➢ AvR e„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - It is likely to rain today.
➢ Zvi cix¶vq cvm Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - She is likely to pass the exam.
➢ Zv‡`i mgqg‡Zv †cŠuQv‡bvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - They are likely to arrive on time.
➢ Zvi GB †MgwU †RZvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - He is likely to win the game.
➢ Avgvi kxNªB QzwU †bIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - I am likely to take a vacation soon.
➢ Zvi bZzb KvRwU fv‡jvfv‡e Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - He is likely to do well in his new job.
➢ Avgv‡`i cwiKíbv mdj nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - Our plan is likely to succeed.

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➢ bZzb †i÷z‡i›UwU RbwcÖq nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - The new restaurant is likely to become
popular.
➢ Zv‡`i cieZ©x gv‡m åg‡Y hvIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - They are likely to go on a trip next month.
➢ Zvi bZzb cÖ‡R± ïiæ Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - She is likely to start a new project.
➢ GB Mvwo †ewk `~i Pjvi m¤¢vebv †bB - This car is not likely to go far.
➢ Avgv‡`i AvMvgxKvj GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wgwUs Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - We are likely to have an
important meeting tomorrow.
➢ Zvi cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b Rqx nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - He is likely to win the next election.
➢ AvR iv‡Zi Lvev‡i gvQ ivbœv Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - We are likely to cook fish for dinner
tonight.
➢ Zvi bZzb fvlv wkL‡Z AvMÖnx nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q - She is likely to be interested in learning
a new language.

"Fond of" Gi e¨envi

"Fond of" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv wKQz ev KvD‡K cQ›` Kiv †evSv‡Z|

Structure: Fond of + Noun/Pronoun/Gerund (Verb+ing).

Examples
➢ Avwg eB cov cQ›` Kwi| - I am fond of reading books.
➢ †m Mvb ïb‡Z cQ›` K‡i| - She is fond of listening to music.
➢ Zviv †Ljvayjv Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡i| - They are fond of playing sports.
➢ Avgiv evMvb Kiv cQ›` Kwi| - We are fond of gardening.
➢ wZwb Qwe AvuK‡Z cQ›` K‡ib| - He is fond of painting.
➢ ev”Pviv PK‡jU cQ›` K‡i| - Children are fond of chocolates.
➢ Avwg we‡`k ågY Ki‡Z cQ›` Kwi| - I am fond of traveling abroad.
➢ †m Zvi †cvlv cÖvYx cQ›` K‡i| - She is fond of her pet.
➢ Zviv wm‡bgv †`L‡Z cQ›` K‡i - They are fond of watching movies.
➢ Avgiv bZzb Lvevi †P‡L †`L‡Z cQ›` Kwi - We are fond of trying new foods.
➢ wZwb d‡UvMÖvwd Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡ib - He is fond of photography.
➢ Avwg Avgvi eÜy‡`i mv‡_ mgq KvUv‡Z cQ›` Kwi - I am fond of spending time with my
friends.
➢ †m bvP‡Z cQ›` K‡i - She is fond of dancing.
➢ Zviv mvuZvi KvU‡Z cQ›` K‡i - They are fond of swimming.
➢ Avwg m~h©v¯Í †`L‡Z cQ›` Kwi - I am fond of watching the sunset.

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"I like the way"Gi e¨envi

"I like the way" e¨eüZ nq †Kv‡bv KvR ev NUbvi cQ›` †evSv‡Z|

Structure: I like the way + Subject + Verb.

Examples:
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e Zzwg nv‡mv Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way you smile.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e †m Mvb Mvq Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way she sings.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e Zviv bv‡P Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way they dance.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e †m ivbœv K‡i Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way he cooks.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e Zzwg K_v e‡jv Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way you talk.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e †m KvR K‡i Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way she works.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e Zviv cwiKíbv K‡i Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way they plan.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e Zzwg Qwe Avu‡Kv Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way you paint.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e †m mgm¨v mgvavb K‡i Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way he solves problems.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e Zzwg Mvb †j‡Lv Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way you write songs.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e †m eB c‡o Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way she reads books.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e Zviv dzUej †L‡j Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way they play football.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e Zzwg †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb `vI Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way you give presentations.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e †m Zvi eÜy‡`i mv‡_ AvPiY K‡i Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way he treats his
friends.
➢ Avwg †hfv‡e Zzwg mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡iv Zv cQ›` Kwi| - I like the way you solve problems.

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Md. Nafizul Muntahar 558