R

Rules of Translation

Digital PDF
[For All Level Learners & Teachers]

Published By Md. Abdul Alim

Cell: 01740-073569 Email: expertalim@gmail.com

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ i ~

 Index (m~wPcÎ)
Sl. Contents (welqe¯‘) Page

01. cÖvmw½K K_v 01

Basic Concepts as to Bangla English Translation
02. 03
(evsjv-Bs‡iwR Abyev` m¤úwK©Z g~j aviYv)
03. Translation mnvqK Grammar Gi wewfbœ Aa¨vq 07
04. Abyev‡` Noun/we‡k‡l¨i e¨envi 07
Abyev‡` wb‡`©kK mg~‡ni e¨envi (Use of Determiner/ Modifier/
05. 18
Article/ Adj./ Possessive, etc.)
06. Abyev‡` Pronoun/me©bv‡gi e¨envi (Pronoun Referencing) 25
07. Adverb I Conjunction e¨envi K‡i Translation Kivi wbqg 43
08. Adjective Gi Ae¯’v †`‡L Abyev` 65
09. wµqv/Verb Gi Ae¯’v †`‡L Abyev` 91
GKB wµqvi wewfbœ e¨envi-
10. 135
Same Verbs Used in Different Expressions
A‡b¨i Øviv KvR Kiv‡bv †evSvq Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev`
11. 148
(Use of Causative Verb)
12. wewfbœ A‡_© Do Gi bvbvwea e¨envi 150
Kv‡Ri mvg_©¨/ m¤¢vebv/ DwPZ/ `iKvi/ mvnm BZ¨vw`i Abyev`
13. 155
(Use of Modal Auxiliary Verb)
14. Abyev‡` Preposition Gi e¨envi 158
15. cÖkœ‡evaK/Interrogative ev‡K¨i Abyev` Kivi wbqg 215
16. wµqvi Kvj/KZv©/Kg© Abymv‡i Abyev` (Tense & Voice Gi e¨envi) 226
17. ‰ØZ evsjv A_©‡evaK wµqv/ Inchoative Verb Gi e¨envi 255
18. mij/ RwUj ev‡K¨ Abyev‡`i MVb (Use of Simple-Complex) 260
19. ev‡K¨ Aby‡jøwLZ wb‡`©kK/Dangling modifier Gi e¨envi 265
‡Rvi cÖ`vbKvix kãhy³ ev‡K¨i Abyev`
20. 267
(Intensifying-noun/ verb/ adj./ pronoun)
21. DjU cvjU evsjv Bs‡iwR- Quixotic Bangla and English 268
22. Question-Solution (BCS, Bank, SI, BJSC, etc.) 275

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ ii ~

FFF

Rules of Translation
By Golam Morshed

cÖvmw½K K_v
 Translation Bs‡iwR †kLvi GKwU Ab¨Zg gva¨g| GB eBwU‡Z Avwg my›`i I
mnRfv‡e wKfv‡e eo eo evsjv evK¨ Bs‡iwR‡Z translation Kiv hvq †m welq¸‡jv‡K
my›`ifv‡e Av‡jvKcvZ Kivi †Póv K‡iwQ| Avkv KiwQ GB eBwU wkÿv_©x‡`i translation
Kivi `ÿZv‡K evov‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| Zvi Av‡M †h welqwU m¤ú‡K© wjLv
mgxPxb e‡j g‡b KiwQ †mwU n‡jv translation G `ÿZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ GKRb wkÿv_x©i
hv hv KiYxq|
► TIPS-
⌂ Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv eB †ewk †ewk K‡i cov|
⌂ Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv †Kv‡bv welq‡K †h hZ my›`ifv‡e evsjv‡Z Abyev` Ki‡Z cvi‡e †m
Bs‡iwR‡Z translation Gi †ÿ‡ÎI ZZ `ÿ n‡q DV‡e|
⌂ Translation Kivi mgq hZUv m¤¢e Bs‡iwR sentence †K wb‡Ri gZ K‡i evsjv Ki‡Z
n‡e| †hgb: Bs‡iwR GKwU cwÎKvi editorial page G †h sentence wU Avwg A‡bK w`b
Av‡M c‡owQjvg †m sentence wU Ges Zvi evsjv GLv‡b †`Iqv n‡jv hv Avwg wb‡Ri fvlvq
Abyev` K‡iwQ| GLv‡b Dictionary Meaning Uv‡K ev` w`‡q ïay fvev_© Kivi †Póv
K‡iwQ|
evK¨wU: If we are not aware of the low quality education imparted to our
students at the high school level where emphasis is given on making
good results instead of enhancing their skills required to cope with this
hi-tech world of technology and business, our country will have to bear
the brunt of this faulty education system in the long run.
Abyev`: nvB ¯‹zj ch©v‡q QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i †h wb¤œgv‡bi wkÿv cÖ`vb Kiv nq †mLv‡b cÖhyw³ I
evwY‡R¨i AvaywbK we‡k¦i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pjvi Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq `ÿZv e„w× Kivi cwie‡Z©
fvj †iRvë Kivi Dci †h ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq †m wel‡q Avgiv m‡PZb bv n‡j Avgv‡`i
†`k‡K Ae‡k‡l GB ÎæwUc~Y© wkÿv e¨e¯’vi `y‡f©vM †cvnv‡Z n‡e|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 1 ~
GLv‡b brunt Gi A_© Kiv n‡q‡Q `y‡fv©M| wKš‘ Dictionary †Z †Kv_vI `y‡f©vM K_vwUi
D‡jøL †bB| Bear A_© enb Kiv/ mn¨ Kiv| wKš‘ GLv‡b bear †cvnvb/ †fvM Kiv A‡_©
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| hv G‡Kev‡iB sentence Gi A_©‡K kÖæwZ gayi Kivi Rb¨B Kiv n‡q‡Q|
⌂ ZvB Avcbviv Translation G fv‡jv Kivi Rb¨ wbqwgZ Bs‡iwR †jLv eB co‡eb Ges
†m¸‡jvi h_vm¤¢e evsjv Abyev` wb‡Ri fvlvq Ki‡eb Avcbv‡`i g‡bi gvayix wgwk‡q|
⌂ Avcbviv wb‡R wb‡R Bs‡iwRi Skill evov‡bvi Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡eb| cÖwZw`b Vocabulary
co‡eb|
⌂ Dictionary KLbB gyL¯Í Ki‡eb bv| KviY Gfv‡e kã g‡b ivLv A‡bK KwVb| eis †Kvb
word Gi A_© †ei K‡i covi mv‡_ mv‡_ dictionary-‡Z ‡m word w`‡q ‡h sentence
¸‡jv †jLv n‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv ‡ewk ‡ewk co‡eb| Zvn‡j mn‡RB ‡m word Gi A_© Ges
e¨envi wkL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 g‡b ivL‡eb Bs‡iwR word gyL¯’ Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ †m word wUi e¨envi K‡i
Avcbv‡`i‡K my›`i my›`i sentence ‰Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e| Word gyL¯’ K‡i hw` †m word
wU w`‡q sentence bv Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zvn‡j welqwU `uvov‡e G‡Kev‡i †m NUbvi gZ
†hLv‡b Avcwb GKRb‡K A‡bK †ewk cQ›` K‡ib wKš‘ Zv‡K †m K_vwU ej‡Z cvi‡Qb bv|
ZLb ïayB gvbwmK hš¿Yv Avcbvi g‡a¨ †`vjv w`‡e wKš‘ kZ †Póv K‡iI wKQzB ej‡Z
cvi‡eb bv| G ai‡bi Kó `~i Ki‡Z word gyL¯’ Ki‡eb Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ Dictionary
†_‡K †m word Gi e¨envi †`‡L wb‡eb| G †ÿ‡Î Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary (English to English) I Bangla Academy
Dictionary LyeB effective n‡e e‡j g‡b Kwi|
⌂ m‡e©vcwi, English Grammar Gi Rule ¸‡jv A‡bK †ewk mnvqK fywgKv cvjb Ki‡e
†h †Kv‡bv English Sentence Gi context meaning †evSvi Rb¨|

⌂ Bs‡iwR‡Z fvj `ÿZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR cwÎKv co‡eb| G‡ÿ‡Î gvwmK “gwn`Õm
m¤úv`Kxq mgvPviÓ eBwU co‡Z cv‡ib| e¨vs‡Ki cixÿv cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR cwÎKvi
Business page †ewk †ewk co‡eb Ges cv‡ivZ c‡ÿ Bs‡iwR Dcb¨vm co‡eb| Avgvi
g‡Z non-native novelist †`i Dcb¨vm cov initial stage G A‡bK help Ki‡e
GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K| GB †ÿ‡Î Indian/ African novelist †hgb: R.K. Narayan/
Chinua Achebe †`i gZ novelist †`i novel cov †h‡Z cv‡i|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 2 ~
⌂ Av‡iKwU K_v ejv GKvšÍ Avek¨K GB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z| Avi †mUv n‡jv, Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K
KLbB fq Ki‡eb bv| cÖwZw`b vocabulary gyL¯Í Ki‡eb gv_v †_‡K me ai‡bi tension
†S‡o †d‡j w`‡q| word gyL¯Í Kivi mgq repetition Gi gva¨‡g word ¸‡jv co‡eb|
GKwU word evi evi co‡eb GK bvMv‡o hw` gyL¯Í nq Zvn‡j fvj Avi bv n‡j mgm¨v
†bB| cieZ©x‡Z K‡qK NÈv/ K‡qK w`b c‡i word ¸‡jv co‡j †m¸‡jv Avcbvi bL `c©‡Y
P‡j Avm‡e| Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv passage †_‡K word gyL¯’ Ki‡j Ges †mB passage G
e¨eüZ sentence †_‡K word Gi e¨envi Rvb‡j Avcwb `ªæZ Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z cvi‡eb|
⌂ mwZ¨ ej‡Z, Avwg hv‡`i Rb¨ eBwU wjLwQ Zviv hw` Bs‡iwR‡K gb cÖvY w`‡q fv‡jvev‡m
Zvn‡j Zviv wb‡Riv †hgb wb‡R‡`i‡K enrich Ki‡Z cvi‡e †ZgbB Zv‡`i Rb¨ fv‡jv
PvKzwi cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î Bs‡iwR A‡bK mnvqK n‡e| KvD‡K A‡bK fv‡jvevmvi ciI Zz”Q
†Kv‡bv GKUv mgm¨v †`wL‡q Avcbv‡K Amnvq Ae¯’vq †i‡L P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Bs‡iwR
fvlv‡K fv‡jv‡e‡m Avcb K‡i GKevi wb‡Z cvi‡j †mUv KLbB Avcbv‡K †d‡j hv‡e bv,
eis mviv Rxeb Avcbvi Rb¨ support wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e|

⌂ I Av‡iKwU K_v GB cÖm‡½ ejv `iKvi Zv n‡jv beg-`kg I Intermediate †kÖYxi

English Board eB A to Z c‡o †kl Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †m¸‡jvi sentence
construction m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv fv‡jv|
⌂ GQvov subtitle mn English Conversation/ Speech ¸‡jv wbqwgZ ïb‡eb| G‡Z
Avcbv‡`i Bs‡iwR word mg~‡ni D”PviY¸‡jv Av‡iv mnR n‡e Ges British/ American
†`i Bs‡iwR mn‡R eyS‡Z cvi‡eb, eyS‡Z cvi‡jb †Zv?

Avmyb Gevi Avgiv wb‡Pi Aa¨vq †_‡K g~j Av‡jvPbvi welq m¤ú‡K© wKQz †R‡b †bB|

Basic Concepts as to Bangla English

Translation (evsjv-Bs‡iwR Abyev` m¤úwK©Z g~j aviYv)

 wb‡¤œ Av‡jvwPZ welqmg~n gv_vq _vK‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU Aa¨vq co‡Z Ges †m¸‡jv eyS‡Z A‡bK
mnR jvM‡e| GB As‡ki Av‡jvPbvi welq¸‡jv c~Y©v½ †Kv‡bv mgvavb bq eis wKQzz
hints/ aviYv gvÎ| Avmyb GKUz †R‡b wbB|

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 3 ~

 evsjv ev‡K¨i MVb: KZ©v + extension + Kg© + wµqv
Sub + extension + object + verb
Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨i MVb: Sub + verb + object + extension.
1. KZ©v I Kg© (Subject and Object): evsjv I B‡iwR Dfq ev‡K¨ KZ©v/ Subject Gi Ae¯’vb
mvaviYZ ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g ev wµqv/ verb Gi c~‡e©i ‡Kvb ¯’v‡b _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv‡Z Kg©/ object e‡m
wµqv/ verb Av‡M wKš‘ Bs‡iwR‡Z Kg©/ object e‡m wµqv/ verb Gi c‡i|
we. `ª. [g‡b ivL‡eb- KZ©v I Kg© n‡Z cv‡i `yB ai‡bi c` (parts of speech), h_v- we‡kl¨ I me©bvg
(Noun and Pronoun)]
 ev‡K¨i MVbMZ cv_©K¨ †Lqvj Kiæb|
evsjv evK¨: KZ©v + AwZwi³ Ask + Kg© + wµqv
Or- Sub + extension + object +verb
Bs‡iwR evK¨: Sub+ verb+ object+ extension.
-Dc‡ii MVb Abymv‡i wb‡Pi evK¨wUi MVb jÿ¨ Kiæb-
evsjv- Avwg + `yc‡y i gvQ w`‡q + fvZ + LvB|
English- I + eat + rice + with fish at noon.
2. me©bvg/ Pronoun: Avwg, Avgiv, Zzwg, †Zvgiv, †m, Zviv, Zv‡`i, Zv‡K, Avgv‡K (I, We, You,
He, She, They, them, him, me) BZ¨vw` mvaviYZ Ae¯’vb‡f‡` ev‡K¨ KZ©v I K‡g©i f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
‡hgb: They like me. (Zviv Avgv‡K cQ›` K‡i) [‡bvU: ‘I’ pronoun wU ev‡K¨i †hLv‡bB e¨envi Kiv
†nvK bv †Kb Zv capital letter G wjL‡Z nq| †hgb: You & I will go. GLv‡b ‘i’ wjL‡j fzj n‡e]
3. wµqv/ Verb: g‡b ivL‡eb, wµqv/ verb n‡”Q evsjv/ Bs‡iwR Dfq fvlvq ev‡K¨i cÖvY(soul)|
mvaviYZ evsjv ev‡K¨ g~j wµqv _v‡K ev‡K¨i †k‡l/ K‡g©i c‡i, †hgb: Avwg fvZ LvB| Avi Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨
g~j wµqv _v‡K Subject Gi ci/ K‡g©i Av‡M| I eat rice. Dc‡ii MVbwU jÿYxq|
4. we‡klY/ Adjective: evsjv I Bs‡iwR Dfq fvlvq; we‡klY kã- †`vl, ¸Y, msL¨v, cwigvY BZ¨vw`
mvaviYZ we‡kl¨/ noun Gi Av‡M e‡m| verb Gi c‡i determiner+ adjective+ noun A_ev
determiner+ adv.+ adjective+ noun e‡m| [determiner= article/ number/ possessive, etc.]
‡hgb: She is a beautiful girl. -‡m GKRb my›`ix evwjKv|
She is a highly educated girl. -‡m Lye D”PwkwÿZ †g‡q|
 †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ GKB Adj. Noun Gi Av‡M A_ev c‡iI em‡Z cv‡i †hUv evsjvi
†ÿ‡Î m¤¢e bq|
‡hgb: mnRjf¨ me eB Avgv‡K `vI|
-Give me all the books available. Or-Give me all the available books.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 4 ~
 -G¸‡jv n‡”Q m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb|
-These are the solutions possible. Or-These are the possible solutions.
 Avi Bs‡iwR‡Z Afraid-fxZ, afloat-fvmgvb, alive-RxešÍ, alight-RjšÍ, alike-GKBiKg,
alone-GKvwK/ wbtm½, asleep-NygšÍ, awake-RvMÖZ, ill-Amy¯,’ glad-Avbw›`Z/ mywL/ nvwmLywk
BZ¨vw` Adjective Gi c‡i †Kv‡bv noun-B emv‡bv hv‡e bv hw`I evsjv‡Z G‡`i c‡i noun/
we‡kl¨ e¨envi Kiv hvq|
‡hgb: †m GKRb fxZ ˆmwbK| -He is an afraid soldier.
[GB evK¨wU fyj KviY Afraid Gi ci KL‡bv noun e‡m bv| GB evK¨wU mwVK n‡e hw` †jLv nq -He is
a fearful soldier.]
Avwg GKRb NygšÍ †jvK‡K †`Ljvg| -I saw an asleep man.
[G evK¨wUI fzj GLv‡b wjL‡Z n‡e- I saw a sleeping man.]
‡m GKRb wbtm½ †jvK| -He is an alone person.
[evK¨wU fzj KviY alone Gi c‡i KL‡bvB noun e‡m bv| GLv‡b wjL‡Z n‡e -He is a lonely person.]
‡m GKRb nvwmLywk/ myLx †jvK| -He is a glad man.
[evK¨wU fzj KviY glad Gi c‡i KL‡bvB noun e‡m bv| GLv‡b wjL‡Z n‡e -He is a happy man.]
`yB fvB‡qi †Pnviv GKB iKg| -The two brothers are alike in looks.
‡jvKwUi GKB iKg †Pnvivi `ywU †g‡q Av‡Q|
-The man has two alike daughters. (noun)
[evK¨wU fzj KviY alike Gi c‡i KL‡bvB noun e‡m bv| GLv‡b wjL‡Z n‡e -The man has two
similar –looking daughters]
gnr ‡jv‡Kiv GKiKg wPšÍv K‡i| -Honest men think alike. [‡ijc_ gš¿Yv. Awdm m.cixÿv- 17]
 mymsev` eySv‡Z ïay glad Gi c‡i news K_vwU e¨eüZ nq|
‡hgb: ‡iYxi bvU¨Kjv wefv‡M PvÝ cvIqvi ïfmsev`wU Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q Lye ZvovZvwo †cuŠ‡QwQj|
-The glad news of Reni’s getting chance in the Department of Theatre
reached us very quickly. [‡bvU: reach- verb wUi c‡i preposition e‡m bv ZvB reached to
us n‡e bv]
 `ytmsev` eySv‡Z ïay ill Gi c‡i news K_vwU e¨eüZ nq|
‡hgb: Ill news runs fast. -`ytmsev` evZv‡mi Av‡M fv‡m|
wKš‘ hw` ejv nq †m Zvi Amy¯’ wcZvgvZv‡K †`Lv‡kvbv K‡i- G‡ÿ‡Î- He looks after his ill
parents. wjL‡j fzj n‡e, GLv‡b wjL‡Z n‡e- He looks after his ailing parents.
Z‡e Lvivc ev Kz eySv‡Z- ill Gi c‡i wb¤œwjwLZ noun ¸‡jv e¨eüZ nq| †hgb: ill health- Lvivc
¯^v¯’¨; ill effect- KzcÖfve; ill omen-Lvivc ms‡KZ/ Aïf ms‡KZ; ill repute- `yb©vg; BZ¨vw`|
5. fve we‡klY/ Adverb: wµqv‡K wKfv‡e, KLb, †Kv_vq, †Kb BZ¨vw` Øviv cÖkœ K‡i wµqv we‡klY/ fve
we‡klY/ Adverb cvIqv hvq| (Main verb †K How, where, when, why Øviv cÖkœ K‡i cvIqv
hvq) Giv modifier wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡i|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 5 ~
 ‡hgb: †m ax‡i ax‡i †`Šovq| -He runs slowly.
[GLv‡b slowly kãwU adverb (wKfv‡e †`Šovq-? DËi: ax‡i ax‡i)]
 wb¤œwjwLZ linking verb h_v- be verb (am, is, are, was, were)/ become, feel, smell,
taste, look, remain, appear, stay, sound, seem Gi c‡i memgq Adjective e‡m| Avi
Ab¨vb¨ (KvR Kiv) verb Gi c‡i Adverb e‡m|
‡hgb: ‡m Lvivc K‡i‡Q| Gi Abyev`- He has done bad wjL‡j fzj n‡e| KviY Dc‡i wjwLZ verb
¸‡jv e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv verb Gi c‡i adjective Gi cwie‡Z© Adverb em‡e| [GLv‡b “Lvivc”
we‡klY Gi Bs‡iwR n‡e- “badly” adverb] Zvn‡j ï× Abyev` n‡e- He has done badly|
‡m mwVK wj‡L‡Q| Gi Abyev`- He has written correct wjL‡j fzj n‡e| ï× Abyev` n‡e- He has
written correctly| [hw`I evsjv‡Z mwVKfv‡e K_vwU wjLv †bB Zvi c‡iI GLv‡b correctly e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e KviY linking verb e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ verb Gi c‡i Adverb em‡e| wKš‘ hw` evK¨wU Giƒc
n‡Zv †hgb: †m GKwU ï× cÖeÜ wj‡L‡Q| Zvn‡j He has written a correct essay wjL‡Z n‡e| KviY
correct Gi c‡i noun (essay) i‡q‡Q]
 Hard, fast, late/ comparative/ superlative degree hy³ word ¸‡jv adjective I
Adverb Df‡qi KvR K‡i| Giv hw` be verb(am, is, are, was, were)/ become, feel,
smell, taste, look, remain, appear, stay, sound, seem BZ¨vw` verb c‡i A_ev noun
Gi Av‡M e‡m Z‡e Giv Adjective Avi Ab¨vb¨ verb Gi ci em‡j Adverb Gi KvR K‡i|
‡hgb: ‡m †`wi‡Z Av‡m| Gi Abyev`- He comes late.(Adv.)
Zvi †`wi n‡e| Gi Abyev`- He will be late. (Adj.)
Lvwj` mvBdzjøvn K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡i| Gi Abyev`- Khaled Saifulla works hard.(Adv.)
GUv GKwU KwVb KvR| Gi Abyev`- It is a hard task. (Adj.)
‡m Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e fvj K‡i‡Q| Gi Abyev`- He has done better.(Adv.)
‡m Zzjbvg~jK fv‡jv| Gi Abyev`- He is better. (Adj.)
‡m `yªZ †`Šovq| Gi Abyev`- He runs fast. (Adv.)
6. Abš^qx Ae¨q/ Preposition: evsjv k‡ãi wewfbœ wefw³- G, i, Gi, q, †Z, n‡Z, †_‡K, †P‡q,
g‡a¨ BZ¨vw` _v‡K k‡ãi c‡i, Avi Bs‡iwR‡Z preposition _v‡K k‡ãi Av‡M †hgb: at, from, to, etc.
D`vniY: `ycyi+G= `ycy‡i; (at noon) evsjv‡`k+Gi= evsjv‡`‡ki; (of Bangladesh)

we‡kl ‡bvU: Abyev‡` mnvqK Basic Concept ¸‡jvi cÖv‡qvwMK Ask eBwUi †k‡l
(Question- Solution) Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB eBwU‡Z Av‡jvwPZ
mKj Rule cov †kl K‡i (Question- Solution) Aa¨vqwU we‡kølYmn co‡Z n‡e|

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 6 ~

 Translation mnvqK Grammar Gi wewfbœ Aa¨vq
►English MÖvgv‡ii †h item ¸‡jv Translation †kLvi †ÿ‡Î GKvšÍ Avek¨K-
English Grammar Gi me Item/ Topic Translation Gi Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq|
Z‡e Grammar Gi †h welq¸‡jvi Dci `ÿZv AR©b Kiv GKvšÍ Avek¨K †m¸jv nj:
Parts of Speech- (Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Adjective,
conjunction), Degree, Tense, Voice, Sentence, Conditional, Subject-verb
agreement, Right forms of verb BZ¨vw`|
◙ GLb cieZx© Aa¨vq †_‡K avivevwnKfv‡e evsjv kã/ evK¨ †`‡L wewfbœ †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g
Translation/ Abyev` Kivi wbqg Zz‡j aiv nj:
 we‡kl `ªóe¨: Translation †kLvi Rb¨ GB eB‡qi wewfbœ Aa¨v‡q e¨eüZ Bs‡iwR
Structure Gi †P‡q Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv Sentence ¸‡jv Lye fvjfv‡e co‡Z n‡e|
Structure ¸‡jv gyL¯Í Kivi cwie‡Z© †m¸‡jv ey‡S ey‡S co‡eb| Avi Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv eB ev
msev`cÎ covi mgq †m¸‡jvi Structure †Lqvj Ki‡j eyS‡eb †h me Sentence-B GB
eB‡qi Rule/ Structure ¸‡jvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©|

Abyev‡` Noun/ we‡k‡l¨i e¨envi-

Rule-01: †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ Noun Abymv‡i c‡ii Verb wU n‡e| GLv‡b 1g Preposition Gi Av‡Mi
Noun Abymv‡i Verb ev wµqvwU n‡e|
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i †`‡ki b`xmg~n el©vKv‡j Kvbvq Kvbvq c~Y© _v‡K|
-The rivers of our country are full to the brim in the rainy season.
e¨vL¨v: g‡b ivL‡eb- ev‡K¨i KZ©v/ Subject _v‡K preposition Gi Av‡M| ZvB GLv‡b (of)
Preposition wUi Av‡M rivers (plural noun) _vKvi Kvi‡Y are n‡q‡Q hw`I of Gi c‡ii noun
h_v- “country” singular form G i‡q‡Q|
GB QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i AMÖMwZ Avgv‡`i mevB‡K wew¯§Z K‡i‡Q|
-The progress of these students has surprised us all.
Z‡e collective noun Gi †ÿ‡Î ‡hgb: population, family, congress, government,
team, corporation, class, Jury BZ¨vw`i †ÿ‡Î verb cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx singular/ plural
Dfq n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
-evsjv‡`k I Zvi cÖwZ‡ekx †`kmg~‡ni RbmsL¨v `ªæZ MwZ‡Z e„w× cv‡”Q|
-The Population of Bangladesh and its neighbouring countries is/ are
increasing rapidly.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 7 ~
 Rule-02: evsjv‡Z †Kv‡bv Noun/ we‡kl¨ Gi Av‡M msL¨v D‡jøL bv _vK‡j †m noun/ we‡kl¨wU hw`
countable nq Zvn‡j †m noun wUi singular form Gi Av‡M a/ an em‡e A_ev †mwUi plural
form n‡e|
D`vniY: †m eB c‡o|
-He reads a book. A_ev -He reads books.
GLv‡b ÔeBÕ GKwU countable noun wKš‘ Gi Av‡M †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó msL¨vi D‡jøL †bB|
‡bvU: d‡ji bvg material Ges common Dfq noun Gi g‡a¨ c‡o| ZvB d‡ji bv‡gi Av‡M wbw`©ó
msL¨vi D‡jøL bv _vK‡j †m d‡ji bv‡gi plural form A_ev ïayB singular form em‡e|
†hgb: AvbZvwm Rvnvb Avjfx Avg cQ›` K‡i|
-Antasi Jahan Alvi likes mangoes. A_ev: -Antasi Jahan Alvi likes mango.
Z‡e †h †Kvb dj Lv`¨ `ªe¨ wn‡m‡e hLb eat/ take/ have Gi c‡i e‡m ZLb ‡m d‡ji bv‡gi
singular form em‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ †m d‡ji bv‡gi Av‡M a/ an e‡m bv/ A_ev †m d‡ji bv‡gi
plural e‡m bv| †hgb: iwb Kjv Lvq| -Rony eats banana.
Rule-03: Be verb (am, is, are, was, were) Gi Av‡Mi noun ev pronoun hw` singular
nq Zvn‡j be verb Gi c‡ii noun-wU Aek¨B singular n‡e| Avi Av‡Mi noun/ pronoun hw`
plural nq Zvn‡j be verb Gi c‡ii noun/ pronoun-wU Aek¨B plural n‡e|
D`vniY: They are native speakers of English. [GLv‡b speaker wjL‡j fzj n‡e]
Zviv QvÎ| -They are students.
‡bvU: GLv‡b They are student wjL‡j fzj n‡e| Z‡e It Gi †ÿ‡Î be verb Gi c‡ii noun-wU
singular Avi pronoun wU singular/ plural DfqB n‡Z cv‡i|
‡hgb: It is a pen. -It is he who has done it. -It is they who have done it.

we¯ÍvwiZ- Pronoun Aa¨v‡q It Gi e¨envi †`Lyb-

Rule-04: ‡hme Noun Øviv mgwó eySvq †hgb: population, corporation, government,
congress, team, family, class BZ¨vw`i †ÿ‡Î singular ev plural Dfq verb e¨envi Kiv hvq,
†m‡ÿ‡Î singular verb e¨envi Ki‡j c‡ii noun-wU singular A_ev plural verb e¨envi Ki‡j
c‡ii noun-wU plural nq|
D`vniY: evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi 85% gymwjg|
-Eighty five percent of the population of Bangladesh is Muslim.
Or- Eighty five percent of the population of Bangladesh are Muslims.
(1g ev‡K¨ is Gi c‡i Muslim Ges 2q ev‡K¨ are Gi c‡i Muslims e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q)
[N.B. kZvsk eySv‡Z Percent (US)/ Per cent (British) DfqB wjLv hvq]
 Percent Gi c‡i hw` uncountable A_ev singular noun e‡m Zvn‡j verb-wU
singular nq|
D`vniY: KvRwUi 80 kZvsk †kl n‡q‡Q| -80% of the work has been finished.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 8 ~
  Percent Gi c‡i singular noun hw` wKQz †jv‡Ki mgwó cÖKvk K‡i Zvn‡j verb singular
A_ev plural DfqB nq|
D`vniY: Rbkw³i 80 kZvskB ag©N‡Ui weiæ‡×|
-Eighty percent of the workforce is/ are against the strike.
 Percent Gi c‡i hw` plural noun e‡m Zvn‡j verb wU plural nq|
D`vniY: QvÎQvÎx‡`i beŸB kZvsk Dcw¯’Z|
-Ninety percent of the students are present.
Rule-05: Material noun ev †h noun ¸‡jv‡K MYbv Kiv hvq bv ïay IRb Kiv hvq †hgb: cvwb, Pv
†Zj BZ¨vw` G‡`i Av‡M hw` cvÎ e‡m (†hgb: GK Møvm cvwb) Zvn‡j G‡ÿ‡Î cv·K Avgiv cÖ‡qvR‡b
plural form G e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi| KviY material noun Gi plural form nq bv|
D`vniY: gyw³ Rvwgj‡K GK Kvc Kwd cvb Kivj| -Mukti made Jamil drink a cup of coffee.
Giƒc expression ¸‡jv wb‡¤œv³ MV‡b wjLv nq-
Number+ cvÎ + of + material/ IRbevPK noun
GK Kvc Kwd- a cup of coffee
GK e¯Ív avb- a sack of rice
GK evjwZ cvwb- a bucket of water
`yB evjwZ cvwb- two buckets of water
 GLv‡b `yB evjwZ cvwb eySv‡Z- two buckets water/ two bucket waters/ two bucket of
waters wjLv hv‡e bv|
 wb¤œwjwLZ material noun ‡hgb- Pv, wPwb I Kwdi Av‡M msL¨v(a, two,---- etc.) em‡j A_ev
G‡`i plural form em‡j Pv I Kwdi †ÿ‡Î Kvc †K eySvq Ges wPwbi ‡ÿ‡Î PvgP †K eySvq- ‡hgb:
a tea- GK Kvc Pv two teas- `yB Kvc Pv
a coffee- GK Kvc Kwd five coffees- cuvP Kvc Kwd
a sugar- GK PvgP wPwb five sugars- cuvP PvgP wPwb
two coffees- `yB Kvc Kwd five teas- cuvP Kvc Pv
two sugars- `yB PvgP wPwb
gvwn w`‡b `yB Kvc Kwd cvb K‡i| -Mahi drinks two coffees a day.
Uygcv `yB PvgP wPwb PvB‡jv| -Tumpa wanted two sugars.

Rule-06: Material Noun + Common Noun evPK Mnbv/ wKQz ivLvi cvÎ, †hgb: GKwU ‡mvbvi
nvi, GKwU Kuv‡Pi †evZj- Giƒc eySv‡Z- Structure: Article/ number + material noun (gold,
diamond, silver, glass, plastic, etc.) + common noun evPK Mnbv/ wKQz ivLvi cvÎ
Giƒc D`vniY¸‡jv n‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 9 ~
 GKwU ‡mvbvi nvi- ‡mvbvi ‡cøU- GKwU Kuv‡Pi †evZj- wZbwU cøvw÷‡Ki e¨vM-
A gold necklace A gold plate A glass bottle Three plastic bags
`yBwU wnivi AvswU- Kuv‡Pi AjsKvi- cøvw÷‡Ki †Ljbv- `yBwU iæcvi †KŠUv-
Two diamond rings A glass ornament A plastic toy Two silver caskets
¯^‡Y©i AjsKvi- cøvw÷‡Ki Kvc- cøvw÷‡Ki e¨vM- GKwU iæcvi †KŠUv-
A gold ornament A plastic cup A plastic bag A silver casket
 Alternative Structure: Article/ number + common noun evPK Mnbv/ wKQz ivLvi cvÎ +
of + material noun (gold, diamond, silver, glass, plastic, etc.)
GKwU ‡mvbvi nvi- A necklace of gold; GKwU Kuv‡Pi †evZj- A bottle of glass;
GKwU iæcvi †KŠUv- A casket of silver; `yBwU wnivi AvswU- Two rings of diamond;
Rule-07: evmb/ cvÎ + fwZ© + material noun (cvwb, fvZ BZ¨vw`) eySv‡Z - evmb/ cvÎ + ful of
+ material noun e‡m- †hgb:
_vjv fwZ© fvZ- A plateful of rice evjwZ fwZ© cvwb- A bucketful of water
Rule-08: Bs‡iwR‡Z ïay noun Gi mv‡_ s †hvM K‡i plural Kiv hvq| GQvov the + adjective/
v.p.p + plural verb em‡j †m the + adjective/ v.p.p evsjv‡Z eû eP‡bi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
D`vniY: wkwÿZ‡`i‡K memgq m¤ú` wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
-The educated are always considered to be assets.
[GLv‡b hw` †KD The educated is always considered to be assets wj‡L Zvn‡j †mwU fzj n‡e]
cwikÖgxiv mdjZv cvIqvi †hvM¨| -The industrious deserve success.
[GLv‡b deserves wjL‡j fzj n‡q hv‡e]
[N.B. verb Gi present form Gi mv‡_ s _vK‡j †mwU singular Avi bv _vK‡j †mwU plural]
Mwieiv Ae‡nwjZ †_‡KB hv‡e| [Sonali Bank SO 14] -The poor will remain neglected.
Rule-09: †Kvb e¨w³i bv‡gi Av‡M a/ an/ the e‡m bv| Avi hw` †m e¨w³i bv‡gi c~‡e© a/ an/ one
e¨envi Kiv nq Zvn‡j Ò†m bv‡gi GKRbÓ A_© cÖKvk K‡i|
D`vniY: P¤úv bv‡gi GKRb GB MÖv‡gi gyw³ †hv×v‡`i wewfbœfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡Zb|
-One/ A Champa helped the freedom fighters of this village in many ways.
[Note: Òbv‡giÓ K_vwUi c‡i c`we †hgb: bvix, eveywP©, wkÿK, †jvK BZ¨vw` _vK‡j †m c`wei c‡i
named kãwU wjL‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b ïay a/ an/ one e¨envi Ki‡j fzj n‡e| Bangla Structure:
e¨w³i bvg + bv‡gi+ GK/ `yB-+ c`we/ cwiPqevPK kã-
English Structure: a/ an/ one/ number+ c`we/ cwiPqevPK kã+ named+e¨w³i bvg-]
P¤úv bv‡gi GKRb bvix/ wkwÿKv GB MÖv‡gi gyw³ †hv×v‡`i wewfbœfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡Zb|
-A woman/ teacher named Champa helped the freedom fighters of this
village in many ways.
fzj evK¨: A woman/ teacher Champa helped the freedom fighters of this
village in many ways.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 10 ~
 gvwbK I b~i bv‡gi `yBRb †jvK GLv‡b G‡mwQj|
-Two men named Manik and Nur came here.
Gb. wR. Avi bv‡gi GKwU †emiKvix cÖwZôvb QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i webvg~‡j¨ wkÿv DcKiY mieivn Ki‡Q|
A_ev,
-A non government organization named N.G.R. is providing students
with reading materials free of cost.
[English Grammar Gi rules covi mgq ey‡S ey‡S co‡eb| KLbB gyL¯’ Ki‡eb bv| G‡ÿ‡Î ey‡S
ey‡S co‡Z PvB‡j GB eBwUi evB‡iI Expert-Basic English Grammar eBwU co‡Z cv‡ib]
Rule-10: A‡bK + we‡kl¨ + B eySv‡Z †hgb: A‡bK †jvKB -Many a/ an+ singular noun +
singular verb ----- em‡e|
D`vniY: MZKvj †h AbyôvbwU n‡qwQj †mLv‡b A‡bK †jvKB Dcw¯’Z wQj|
-Many a man was present in the programme which was held yesterday.
cÖwZw`b A‡bK dzjB dz‡U| -Many a flower blooms every day.
 hw` ejv nq,
MZKvj †h AbyôvbwU n‡qwQj †mLv‡b A‡bK †jvK Dcw¯’Z wQj|
-Many men were present in the programme which was held yesterday.
cÖwZw`b A‡bK dzj dz‡U| -Many flowers bloom every day.

very + noun-Gi e¨envi-

Rule-11: †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ we‡kl †Kv‡bv noun Gi Dci †Rvi cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ hw` †m noun Gi c‡i
ÔÔBÕÕ e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡j †m noun Gi Av‡M very em‡e|
D`vniY: GB Z_¨UvB Avgvi Rb¨ GKvšÍ Avek¨K| -This very information is required for me.
GB †Q‡jwUB MZKvj G‡mwQj| -This very boy came yesterday.
[wKš‘ hw` †jLv n‡Zv- GB †Q‡jwU MZKvj G‡mwQj| Zvn‡j †mUvi Bs‡iwR n‡Zv- This boy came yesterday.]

 wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î very + superlative/ first/ next/ last + noun ewm‡q noun ‡K †Rvi cª`vb
Kiv hvq|
‡hgb: cixÿvq AvbZvwm Rvnvb Avjfx Zvi †gavi me©‡kÖó cwiPq w`‡q‡Q|
-In the exam Antasi Jahan Alvi has shown her very best merit.
 1g †_‡KB eySv‡Z- from the very first + noun e‡m|
‡hgb: cÖ_g w`b ‡_‡KB †m Zvi `vwqZ¡ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ cvjb K‡i|
-He carries out his responsibility with supreme importance from the very
first day.
 G‡Kev‡iB †kl eySv‡Z- very last+ noun e‡m|
†hgb: GUv †Zvgvi G‡Kev‡iB †kl my‡hvM| -This is your very last chance.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 11 ~
 Rule-12: evsjv‡Z Lye + adjective (we‡klY) _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq- a most+ adjective +
singular noun e‡m|
D`vniY: ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wnmveweÁvb wefv‡Mi mnKvix Aa¨vcK †mv‡nj †g‡n`x Zvi QvÎQvÎx‡`i
Rb¨ hyMvšÍKvix M‡elYvi gva¨‡g MÖxY e¨vswKs Gi Dci Lye mnvqK GKwU AvwU©‡Kj wj‡L‡Qb|
-Sohel Mehedi, an assistant professor of the Department of Accounting and
Information Systems of Rajshahi University, has written a most helpful
article on Green Banking for his students through groundbreaking research.
[groundbreaking research- hyMvšÍKvix M‡elYv]
Avwbmvi Avgv‡`i‡K Lye gRvi GKwU Mí ‡kvbv‡jv|
-Anisar told us a most interesting story.
 ‡bvU: Lye eySv‡Z very I much DfqB e‡m| Z‡e Lye eySv‡Z much+ comparative degree
e‡m Ges very + positive degree e‡m|
D`vniY: †m Lye fvj K‡i‡Q|
-He has done much better. A_ev- He has done very good.

 GQvovI much/ very much + v.p.p. e‡m Ges very+ (v+ing) e‡m|
D`vniY: Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z Lye AvMÖnx|
-I am much/ very much interested in doing the work.
e¨vcviwU Lye gRv`vi| -The matter is very interesting.
 Lye eySv‡Z- worried (DwØMœ), surprised (wew¯§Z), frightened (fxZmš¿¯Í), shocked
(‡kvKvnZ), bored (wei³), G¸‡jv vpp(verb Gi past participle) nIqv m‡Ë¡I G‡`i Av‡M
very e‡m| GLv‡b much e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
D`vniY: †h mg¯Í QvÎQvÎxiv Abyev` wb‡q Lye DwØMœ Zv‡`i Rb¨ GB eBwU Lye mnvqK n‡e|
-This book will be helpful for the students who are very worried about
translation.
 Avgiv Rvwb, comparative degree Gi Av‡M very e‡m bv| Z‡e much, far, very much, a
little, a lot, lots, rather, a bit, any, no, even em‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniY: Zvi ¯^vgx Zvi †_‡K A‡bK eo| -Her husband is much/ far older than she/ her.
‡m GKUz/ wKQzUv `ªæZB KvRwU K‡iwQj| -He did the work rather more quickly.
‡m GKUz †ekxB wePvi eyw× m¤úbœ| -He is a bit more sensible (informal).
‡m A‡bK †ekx my›`i| -She is very much nicer.
GwU GKUy Kg`vgx| -It is a little less expensive.
‡m A‡bK ‡ewk myLx| -He is a lot happier (informal).
iv‡mj‡K Zvi cy‡Îi †_‡K ‡gv‡UI eo †`Lvq bv|
-Rasel looks no older than his son.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 12 ~
 any, no, a bit, a lot Gi c‡i ïay comparative A_ev comparative + than e‡m|
D`vniY: It is a bit nicer. (right)
G‡`i c‡i comparative degree e‡m wKš‘ Zvi c‡i noun e‡m bv|
-It is a bit nicer dress. (wrong)
Z‡e GB evK¨wU‡K The dress is a bit nicer wjL‡j right n‡e|
Rule-13: mgq e¨vcx eySv‡Z- A/ an + number + mgq + long + noun em‡e|
D`vniY: †g‡qwU `yBw`b e¨vcx GKwU Rbmfvq e³…Zv w`j|
-The girl addressed a two day long public meeting.
[GLv‡b hw` †KD two †`‡L days wj‡L Zvn‡j fzj n‡e]

Rule-14: ----- m`m¨ wewkó/ msL¨v wewkó eySv‡Z- a + Number + member + committee/
board/ noun e‡m|
D`vniY: Zviv cuvP m`m¨ wewkó GKUv KwgwU MVb Kij|
-They formed a five member committee.
[Avgiv Rvwb, Bs‡iwR‡Z G‡Ki AwaK msL¨vevPK k‡ãi cieZ©x noun wU Countable nq Ges Zvi
plural form e‡m wKš‘ GLv‡b member kãwU noun bq eis Adjective| ZvB GLv‡b hw` †KD
five †`‡L members wj‡L, Zvn‡j ‡mUv fzj n‡e]
nvmvb cvuP c„ôvi GKwU iPbv wjLj| -Hasan wrote a five page essay.
Rule-15: evsjv †Kvb msL¨vi Av‡M ÓAv‡ivÓ em‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi wbqg:
D`vniY: Avgv‡K Av‡iv `yBwU eB `vI| -Give me two more books.
Av‡iv wekRb †jvK jvB‡eªwii mvg‡b `vwo‡q Av‡Q|
-Twenty more people are standing in front of the library.
 G‡ÿ‡Î- msL¨v + more + msL¨vi c‡ii noun n‡e|
Avwg GLv‡b Av‡iv cuvPw`b _vKe|
-I will stay here for five more days. (mgq _vK‡j for emv‡bv hvq/ Dn¨ ivLv hvq)
eB ‡gjv Av‡iv wZbw`b Pj‡e| [Sonali Bank Ltd. [Officer (Written)-14]
-The book fair will continue for three more days.
Rule-16: ïay- AviI+ msL¨v+ Rb, †hgb: Av‡iv wekRb/ Av‡iv mvZRb BZ¨vw` _vK‡j-
Number/msL¨v + others e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i wefvMxq mfvcwZ Ges Av‡iv wekRb GB Abyôv‡b Dcw¯’Z _vKvi m¤§wZ Ávcb
K‡i‡Qb| -The chairman of our department & twenty others have consented to
attend this programme.
Rule-17: Av‡iv+ msL¨v+ noun †hgb: Av‡iv K‡qK mßvn/ Av‡iv wZbUv †Pqvi Gfv‡e _vK‡j
another+ number/ msL¨v+ plural noun e‡m| A_ev msL¨v+ more+ Noun e‡m|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 13 ~
 D`vniY: Avwg GLv‡b AviI K‡qK mßvn _vKe|
-I will stay here another few weeks. Or- I will stay here a few more weeks.
Avgv‡`i Av‡iv wZbUv †Pqvi `iKvi|
-We need another three chairs. Or- We need three more chairs.
Rule-18: ïay- Av‡iKwU eySv‡Z one more/ another+ singular countable noun e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgv‡K Av‡iKwU Avg `vI|
-Give me one more mango. Or- Give me another mango.
[GLv‡b one more/ another Gi ci †KD hw` -Give me one more mangoes.
Or -Give me another mangoes. †j‡L Zvn‡j fzj n‡e]
Rule-19: Avi + mgq eySv‡Z †hgb: Avi wZb wgwbU/ Avi wZb gvBj/ Giƒc eySv‡Z- a further +
time/ `yiæZ¡evPK word –
D`vniY: Avgvi Rb¨ Avi wZb wgwbU A‡cÿv Ki| -Wait a further three minutes for me.
iv¯Ív w`‡q †m Av‡iv `yB gvBj ‡Mj| -He went a further two miles down the road.
[†bvU: iv¯Ív/ wmuwo w`‡q hvIqv eySv‡Z iv¯Ív/ wmuwoi Av‡M down/ along e¨eüZ nq| GLv‡b go down/
along the road e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q, Avevi iv¯Ív w`‡q †nu‡U hvIqv/ wmuwo w`‡q hvIqv eySv‡Z walk
down/ along the road/ staircase e¨envi Kiv nq]
Rule-20: Avi + mgq + c‡iB eySv‡Z †hgb: Avi K‡qK w`b c‡iB Avgv‡`i Køvm cybivq ïiæ n‡e|
Giƒc ‡ÿ‡Î structure: msL¨v/ number+ time word + more + and ----- e‡m|
†hgb: Avi K‡qK w`b c‡iB Avgv‡`i Køvm cybivq ïiæ n‡e|
-A few days more and our class will resume.
Avi Pvi N›Uv c‡iB ‡UªbwU `k©bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv Ki‡e|
-Four hours more and the train will start for Darshana.

Rule-21: ÔAb¨ZgÕ A_ev we‡klY (adjective) + Zg K_vwUi D‡jøL _vK‡j wb‡¤œv³ structure wU
n‡e- Sub +-- be verb + one of the + (adj.) + plural noun+ extension.
D`vniY: A`ÿ¨ Rbkw³ evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v|
-Unskilled manpower is one of the main problems of Bangladesh.
XvKv we‡k¦i GKwU e¨¯ÍZg bMix| -Dhaka is one of the busiest cities in the world.
Dc‡ii wØZxq ev‡K¨ e¨¯Í kãwU n‡jv we‡klY (adjective) Ges Gi c‡i Zg kãwU hy³ _vKvi
Kvi‡Y...one of the +----+ plural noun...hy³ pattern wU follow Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB Structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖkœ-
D`vniY: ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv Avq †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Kg©ms¯’vb ch©šÍ me wKQz‡ZB ‰Zwi †cvkvKwkí †`‡ki
Ab¨Zg Aej¤^b| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK, K¨vk Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv-11]

-Ready-made Garments Industry is one of the supports/ means in every

sphere of the country from earning foreign exchange to employments.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 14 ~
 gvbe Kj¨v‡Y cÖYxZ Bmjvgx kixqvni jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î ev¯ÍevqbB n‡”Q Bmjvgx
e¨vsK evsjv‡`k wjwg‡U‡Wi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨| [Islami Bank BD (SO/ PO)-10]
-One of the major objectives of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited is the
implementation of goals and aims of Islami shariah formulated for the welfare
of mankind in the economic field.
weÁv‡bi Ab¨Zg D™¢veb B›Uvi‡bU| [Premier Bank Ltd. [TJO (cash)]- 2013]

-Internet is one of the inventions of science.

evsjv‡`‡ki Z_¨cÖhyw³ Lv‡Z Ab¨Zg cÖwZkÖæwZkxj I mymsMwVZ cÖwZôvb n‡”Q evsjv‡`k
A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb Ae md&UIq¨vi A¨vÛ Bbdi‡gkb mvwf©‡mm (†ewmm)| [Pubali Bank Ltd. (JO)- 2013]
-Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services (BASIS) is
one of the promising and well organized institutes in the information
technology sector of Bangladesh.
‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© LvZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv †cvkvK wkí|
[Social Islami Bank Ltd. (PO) – 2017]

-Garments industry is one of the economically important sectors of the

country. [Sonali, Janata, Agrani & Rupali Bank [officer (cash)] – 2008]
‡Ljvcx FY Avw_©K cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Ab¨Zg GKwU eo mgm¨v|
-Defaulting loan is one of the greatest problems in financial institutions.
Rule-22: cÖwZ eySv‡Z- `i, IRb, mgq BZ¨vw`i c~‡e© a/ per e‡m|
D`vniY: cÖwZ mßv‡n GKevi †m GLv‡b AvmZ| -She came here once a week.
Avjy cÖwZ †KwR wek UvKv `‡i wewµ nq|
-Potatoes sell at Tk. 20 a kg. Or- Potatoes are sold at Tk. 20 a kg.
[Article mvaviYZ determiner wn‡m‡e adjective Gi KvR K‡i| Z‡e cÖwZ eySv‡Z hLb a ev an e‡m
ZLb †m a ev an article ¸‡jv preposition wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jv‡Z D‡jøwLZ “a”
preposition wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q]

Rule-23: †Kvb `~i‡Z¡i GKUz †ewk eySv‡Z a little over + number + `~iZ¡evPK word †hgb:
gvBj, wK‡jvwgUvi BZ¨vw` e‡m|
D`vniY: ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Zvi MÖvg 20 gvB‡ji GKUz †ewk|
-His village is a little over 20 miles from Rajshahi University.
Rule-24: evsjv‡Z msL¨v + wgwb‡Ui c_ D‡jøL _vK‡j a + msL¨v + hyphen (-) + minute + walk
n‡e|
D`vniY: e‡i›`ª Avwjg gv`ivmv wbqvgZcyi †_‡K gvÎ wÎk wgwb‡Ui c_|
-Barendra Alim Madrassa is only a thirty-minute walk from Niamatpur.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 15 ~

 Rule-25: Av‡Mi countable noun Gi wØZxqevi e¨envi Gov‡bvi Rb¨ pronoun wn‡m‡e the one/
the ones e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: GLv‡b A‡bK eB Av‡Q| Avwg bZzb eBwU PvB|
-Here are many books. I want the new one.
[GLv‡b new Gi c‡i book bv wj‡L one wjLv n‡q‡Q]
GLv‡b A‡bK eB Av‡Q| Avwg bZzb eB¸‡jv PvB|
-Here are many books. I want the new ones.
[GLv‡b new Gi c‡i books bv wj‡L ones wjLv n‡q‡Q]
Avgv‡`i †`k GKwU K…wl cÖavb †`k| -Our country is an agricultural one.
[GLv‡b country kãwU‡K wØZxq evi bv wj‡L agricultural Gi c‡i one ‡jLv n‡q‡Q]
XvKv kn‡ii hvbRU ïay GKwU GjvKvi mgm¨v bq eis RvZxq mgm¨v|
-The traffic congestion of Dhaka is not a local crisis but a national one.
[GLv‡b crisis kãwU‡K wØZxq evi bv wj‡L national Gi c‡i one ‡jLv n‡q‡Q]
Rule-26: msL¨v + `~iZ¡/ mgq + ci ci eySv‡Z every + number + time/ distance e‡m|
D`vniY: `yB eQi ci ci ms¯’vwUi evwl©K mfv AbywôZ nq|
-The annual meeting of the organization is held every two years.
K‡qK gvBj ci ci Avgv‡`i‡K _vg‡Z n‡qwQj| -We had to stop every few miles.
wkgyj `yB N›Uv ci ci wcÖqvsKv miKvi‡K Kj †`q|
-Shimul calls Priyanka Sarkar every two hours.
ev‡iv N›Uv ci ci Avgvi Nwo‡Z 2wgwbU K‡i mgq ev‡o|
-My watch gains two minutes every twelve hours.
[Nwo‡Z mgq evov eySv‡Z- gain ---- minute/ second e‡m]

Rule-27: GK + mgqevPK word+ ci ci eySv‡Z †hgb: GK mßvn ci ci Zviv GLv‡b Av‡m| Giƒc
†ÿ‡Î- every other+ time word e‡m|
D`vniY: GK mßvn ci ci ‡mŠwgZv I wcÖqvsKv GLv‡b Av‡m|
-Soumita and Priyanka come here every other week.
GK g½jevi ci ci ibK bv‡Uvi hvq| -Ranak goes to Natore every other Tuesday.
Rule-28: wb¤œwjwLZ ing hy³ word ¸‡jv noun wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
bearing- cÖfve; betting- evRx; clothing- e¯¿;
blood-letting- i³cvZ; birding- cvwLi ch©‡eÿY; beating- AvNvZ/ cÖnvi;
Rule-29: wb¤œwjwLZ k㸇jv ev‡K¨ A_v©bymv‡i noun A_ev verb Df‡qi KvR K‡i;
o Arm (A¯¿/ A¯¿ mw¾Z Kiv) o Flock (SuvK/ `je× nIqv)
o Bag (_‡j/ cï wkKvi Kiv/ e¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ fiv ) o Hand (nvZ/ n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv)
o Book(eB/ Avmb msiÿY Kiv) o Head (gv_v/ AMÖmi nIqv, gv_v jvMv‡bv)
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 16 ~
 o Brush (Svo–/ Svo– †`Iqv) o Interest (AvMÖn/g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv)
o Cage (LvuPv/ LuvPvew›` Kiv) o Iron (‡jvnv/ Bw¯¿ Kiv)
o Chair (‡Pqvi/ mfvcwZZ¡ Kiv) o Man (gvbyl/ cwiPvjbv Kiv, Rbc~Y© Kiv, kw³kvjx Kiv)
o Collar (MjeÜwb/ k³ K‡i aiv) o Massacre (nZ¨vhÁ/ wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨v Kiv)
o Court (Av`vjZ/ cÖYq cÖv_©bv Kiv) o Master (cÖf/z AvqË Kiv)
o Dance (b„Z¨/ b„Z¨ Kiv) o Mind (gb/ gb jvMv‡bv)
o Dog (KzKzi/ AbyKiY Kiv) o Pen (Kjg/ †jLv)
o Dream (¯^cœ/ ¯^cœ †`Lv) o Second (‡m‡KÛ/ mg_©b Kiv)
o Eye (‡PvL/ jÿ¨ ivLv) o Table (‡Uwej/ DÌvcb Kiv)
o Father (wcZv/ KZ…©Z¡ Kiv) o Telephone (†Uwj‡dvb/ †Uwj‡dvb Kiv)
o Fish (gvQ/ gvQ aiv) o Water (cvwb/ cvwb †`qv)

Chapter Related Practice (Aa¨vq wfwËK Abykxjb)

evsjv evK¨mg~n: Avwgbyj, mvB` I †mv‡nj eb‡fvR‡bi Av‡qvRb Kij| eb‡fvR‡bi RvqMvUv
wQj Zv‡`i evm¯’vb †_‡K `k gvB‡ji GKUz †ewk| mv‡ne Avjx bv‡gi GKRb eveywP© Zv‡`i
Rb¨ Lv`¨ ivbœv K‡iwQj| Zviv QvovI Av‡iv wÎkRb †jvK †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z wQj| Zv‡`i †KD
†KD K‡qK evjwZ cvwb Avbj I gv`yi weQv‡jv| Zviv Qq gvm ci ci Gai‡bi Abyôv‡bi
Av‡qvRb K‡i|

cÖ_‡g wb‡R wb‡R GKevi LvZvq wjLyb Zvici wgwj‡q wbb|

Translation: Aminul, Sayed and Sohel arranged a picnic. The picnic

spot was a little over 10 miles from their living place. A cook named
Saheb Ali cooked food for them. Besides them, thirty more people were
present there. Some of them fetched several buckets of water and spread
mats. They arrange this sort/ kind of programmes every six months.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 17 ~

 Abyev‡` wb‡`©kK mg~‡ni e¨envi- (Use of Determiner/
Modifier/ Article/ Adj./ Possessive, etc.)

Rule-1: evsjv‡Z †Kv‡bv eûePb m¤úwK©Z msL¨v wb‡`©kK k‡ãi ci †h we‡kl¨/ noun _v‡K Zvi eûePb
wjL‡Z nq bv| †hgb: 10wU eB; GLv‡b eBmg~n/ eB¸‡jv wjLv hv‡e bv| wKš‘ Bs‡iwR Kivi †ÿ‡Î GLv‡b 10
books wjL‡Z n‡e| hw` †KD 10 book wj‡L Zvn‡j †mUv fzj n‡e|
Rule-2: A‡a©K/ Avav eySv‡Z- half a/ an + singular countable noun e‡m|
D`vniY: MZKvj Aa©-w`em kvwKj Avgvi eBwU c‡o‡Q|
-Shakil read my book half a day yesterday.
Zviv Avav N›Uv hvÎx QvDwbi wb‡P e‡m wQj|
-They were sitting under the passenger shade(hvÎx QvDwb) half an hour.
Rule-3: Bs‡iwR‡Z A/ an/ one/ another/ one more+ singular countable noun e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgv‡K Av‡iKwU Avg `vI|
-Give me one more mango. Or -Give me another mango.
[GLv‡b one more/ another Gi ci †KD hw` -Give me one more mangoes. Or -Give me
another mangoes. †j‡L Zvn‡j fzj n‡e]

Rule-4: Avi GK Gi AwaK msL¨v eySv‡Z- one and a half(‡`o)/ two/ three/ 2, 3…., both,
many, few, several, different, those, these, a number of (wKQy msL¨K), a couple of
(K‡qK) BZ¨vw` + plural countable noun e‡m|
D`vniY: K‡qK gvm Av‡M †m GLv‡b G‡mwQj|
-He came here a few months/ a couple of months ago.
GLv‡b a few/ a couple of Gi c‡i month Gi mv‡_ s †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q/ Gi plural form e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q hw`I evsjv‡Z “K‡qK” K_vwUi ci gvmmg~n/ gvm¸‡jv K_vwU wjLv †bB|
Avgv‡`i Lye ‡ewk Kwc bvB| -We don’t have very many copies.
Rule-5: wewfbœ mgqevPK word ‡hgb: second, minute, hour, day, week, month, year
Ges decade BZ¨vw`i c‡i ïay ‘s’ _vK‡j Giv K‡qK A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
D`vniY: cvBjU hvwš¿K mgm¨vi K_v ejvi K‡qK †m‡KÛ c‡i `~N©UbvwU N‡UwQj|
-The crash happened seconds after the pilot had reported engine trouble.
K‡qK mßvn Av‡M †m wRqb I wjmvi we‡qi Abyôv‡b wM‡qwQj|
-Weeks ago he went to attend the marriage ceremony of Zion and Lisa.
K‡qK `kK Av‡M evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb n‡q‡Q|
-Bangladesh became independent decades ago.
K‡qK eQi hy‡×i ci RbmvaviY ¯’vqx kvwšÍi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i|
-After years of war, the people long for a lasting peace.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 18 ~
 wkïiv R‡b¥i K‡qK NÈvi g‡a¨B Zv‡`i wcZv-gvZvi gyL wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| [Sonali Bank.(SO)- 10]
-Babies learn to identify their parents’ faces within hours of being born.
 ‡mvqv eySv‡Z- one +mgq/ `yiæZ¡ evPK noun and a quarter e‡m| †mvqv GKN›Uv- An hour
and a quarter.
‡`o, AvovB I mv‡o eySv‡Z wewfbœ wbqg-
 ‡`o eySv‡Z one and a half+ plural noun A_ev one+ singular noun + and a half
e‡m|
†hgb: †`o gvm= one and a half months/ one month and a half;
‡`o eQi= one and a half years/ one year and a half;
‡`o N›Uv= one and a half hours/ one hour and a half;
D`vniY: As‡Ki hv`yKi bvRgyj Av‡iwdb iwb †`o eQi a‡i GB QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K AsK cov‡”Q|
-Nazmul Arefin Rony, the magician of mathematics, has been teaching
these students maths for one and a half years/ one year and a half.
Gfv‡e 3 N›Uvq subAvgiv objectgvÎ ‡`o gvBj c_ verbAwZµg Kwi| [37th BCS Written]
-Thus, in 3 hours we cross only one and a half miles.
 AvovB eySv‡Z- two and a half+ plural noun e‡m|
†hgb: AvovB gvm = two and a half months;
AvovB eQi = two and a half years; AvovB N›Uv = two and a half hours;
D`vniY: AvovB eQi Av‡M wgZz I †jgb e¸ov †eov‡Z wM‡qwQj|
-Mitu and Lemon paid a visit to Bogra two and a half years ago.
 mv‡o eySv‡Z- wZb A_ev wZ‡bi AwaK msL¨v + and a half+ plural noun e‡m|
†hgb: mv‡o wZb gvm = three and a half months;
mv‡o cvuP eQi = Five and a half years; mv‡o `k N›Uv = ten and a half hours;
D`vniY: iIbK AvMvgxKvj GKUvbv mv‡o wZb N›Uv co‡e|
-Rounak will read three and a half hours at a stretch tomorrow.
Rule-6: Uncountable/ AMYbvevPK k‡ãi c~‡e© cwigvY eySv‡Z- Kg A‡_©-little, less, least, Avi
†ewk A‡_©- much + uncountable noun e‡m| [uncountable noun me©`v singular]
D`vniY: Zvi G‡Kev‡iB Kg Ávb Av‡Q/ Zvi Ávb †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
-He has little knowledge.
Zvi A‡bK Ávb Av‡Q| -He has much knowledge.
 Z‡e mvB‡R †QvU eySv‡Z Little + countable noun e‡m|
D`vniY: †QvU †Q‡jiv jy‡KvPzwi †Lj‡Q Ges †Mvjgvj Ki‡Q|
-Little boys are playing hide and seek and making a noise.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 19 ~
 Rule-7: wb¤œwjwLZ cwigvY/ msL¨v wb‡`©kK (determiner) mg~n evsjv MYbv/ AMYbvevPK Dfq we‡kl¨/
noun Gi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv hvq| All, any, no, some, more, most, this, that, the, none, a
lot of, a great deal of, a good deal of, my, our, your, their, his, her, its, first,
second, third, fourth, fifth---- etc.
D`vniY: MøvmwU‡Z wKQy cvwb Av‡Q| -The glass contains some water.
Avwg wKQz Qv‡Îi mv‡_ †`Lv Kijvg| -I met some students.
Zvi †ewk eB Av‡Q| -He has more books.
Zvi A‡bK Ávb Av‡Q| -He has more knowledge.
Rule-8: First, second, third, fourth, fifth, msL¨v+ th --- BZ¨vw`i ci countable noun
Gi singular form em‡e|
D`vniY: †m Z…Zxq eQ‡ii gZ GLv‡b G‡m‡Q|
-He has come here for the third year. [GLv‡b KLbB years K_vwU wjLv hv‡e bv]
Rule-9: Zg eySv‡Z- msL¨v+th e‡m; †hgb: GMviZg- 11th, 38Zg- 38th, PwjøkZg- 40th
D`vniY: i¨vswKs‡qi w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`k RvnvR wbg©v‡Y 13Zg Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Q|
-Bangladesh stands on the 13th position in the field of ship building in ranking.
cÖ‡Z¨K eQ‡ii gZ GeviI Kwei 38Zg we.wm.Gm wcÖwjwgbvix cixÿvq wU‡Kwb|
-Kabir didn’t qualify 38th BCS preliminary test like every year this time as well.
Rule-10: Z‡e Zg eyS‡Z twenty/ thirty/ forty/ fifty/ sixty/ seventy/ eighty Ges ninety
Gi c‡i cici 1g wZbwU msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î 1st/ 2nd/ 3rd e¨envi Kiv nq|
†hgb: GKzkZg/ GKz‡k- twenty-first/ 21st evBkZg/ evB‡k- twenty-second/ 22nd
†ZBkZg/ ‡ZB‡k- twenty-third/ 23rd †ZZvwjøkZg- forty-third/ 43rd
GKvbœZg- fifty-first/ 51st evqvbœZg- fifty-second/ 52nd
GKlwÆZg- sixty-first/ 61st evnvËiZg- seventy-second/ 72nd
D`vniY: AvR‡K msMVbwUi GKvbœZg cÖwZôv evw©l©Kx|
-Today is the fifty-first founding anniversary of the organisation.
GKz‡k †deªyqvwi evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv|
-Twenty-first/ 21st February is an important event in the history of Bangladesh.
Rule-11: `kZg/ `kg eySv‡Z tenth e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e Zg eySv‡Z- wek (twenty) Gi ci cÖwZ `k
cici wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e tieth hy³ Kiv nq| †hgb:
wekZg- Twentieth/ 20th; wÎkZg- thirtieth/ 30th; PwjøkZg-fortieth/ 40th;
cÂvkZg- fiftieth/ 50th; lvUZg- sixtieth/ 60th; mËiZg- seventieth/ 70th;
AvwkZg- eightieth/ 80th; beŸBZg- ninetieth/ 90th BZ¨vw`|
Rule-12: All, some, more, most, a lot of, a great deal of (cÖPzi), a good deal of
(cÖPzi) -G‡`i c‡i countable noun em‡j †m noun Gi plural form n‡e|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 20 ~
 D`vniY: Zviv me eB c‡o‡Q| -They have read all books.
[GLv‡b books Gi cwie‡Z© book e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv]
Rule-13: Some hw` †Kv‡bv msL¨vi Av‡M e‡m Zvn‡j †mwU cÖvq A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
D`vniY: cÖvq 200 Rb †jvK AbyôvbwU‡Z Dcw¯’Z n‡qwQj|
-Some 200 people attended the programme.
Some Gi c‡i countable noun em‡j me mgq †m noun wUi plural form e‡m|
-I have some friends.(Avgvi wKQz eÜz Av‡Q)
wKš‘ hw` some Gi c‡i singular countable noun e‡m Zvn‡j †mwU ÔÔ†Kv‡bv GKÕÕ A_© cÖKvk K‡i|
D`vniY: †Kv‡bv GK †evKv KvRwU K‡i‡Q| -Some idiot has done it.
‡Kvb GK eLv‡U †Q‡j †Mvjvc wQu‡o‡Q| -Some dissolute boy has plucked roses.

[‡`Lyb GB evK¨wU‡K Avgiv wKfv‡e A‡bK eo K‡i wjL‡Z cvwi-]

‡Kvb GK eLv‡U †Q‡j ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †K›`ªxq MÖš’vMvi msjMœ evMvb †_‡K †Mvjvc wQu‡o‡Q|
-Some dissolute boy has plucked roses from the garden adjacent to Rajshahi
University central library.
wiwWs iæ‡g co‡Z Avmvi bv‡g †Kvb GK eLv‡U †Q‡j Zvi evÜexi Rb¨ ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †K›`ªxq
MÖš’vMvi msjMœ evMvb †_‡K †Mvjvc wQu‡o‡Q|
-In the name of coming to study in the reading room some dissolute boy has
plucked roses for his female friend from the garden adjacent to Rajshahi
University central library.
[Gfv‡e evK¨‡K AviI eo Kivi wewfbœ D`vniY cieZx©‡Z AviI †`Iqv Av‡Q-]

Rule-14: Any, no, the, my, our, your, their, his, her, its etc. G‡`i c‡i countable
noun Gi singular/ plural Dfq form e¨envi Kiv hvq|
D`vniY: Avgvi †Kv‡bv eB †bB| -I have no book/ books.
‡Zvgvi wK †Kv‡bv eB Av‡Q? -Do you have any book/ books?
Avgvi †Kv‡bv Kjg †bB| -I have no pen/ pens.
GwU Zvi Kjg| -It/ This is his pen.
G¸‡jv Zvi Kjg| -These are his pens.
Gi †PvL¸‡jv D¾¡j| -Its eyes are bright.
Rule-15: Any Gi Confusing e¨envi- ‡h †Kvb cwigvY/ msL¨v eySv‡Z countable/
uncountable Df‡qi c~‡e© any e‡m| GUv hLb negative/ interrogative ev‡K¨ A_ev if Øviv ïiæ
ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ nq, ZLb any Gi A_© n‡”Q †Kvb|
D`vniY: Zzwg Avgv‡K KL‡bv ‡Kv‡bv mvnvh¨ Kiwb| -You never gave me any help.
GLv‡b wK Zvi †Kvb eÜz Av‡Q| -Does he have any friend/ friends here?
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 21 ~
 ‡Zvgvi Kv‡Q hw` †Kvb Rvg _v‡K Zvn‡j Avgvi Rb¨ wKQz †i‡L w`I|
-If you get any blackberries, keep some for me.
GKUz †R‡b ivwL: †Kvb evK¨ hw`/ hLb/ †h‡nZz Øviv ïiæ nq Zvn‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Zvn‡j, ZLb, †m‡nZz
BZ¨vw`i Bs‡iwR ‡jLvi `iKvi †bB| †m‡ÿ‡Î ïay Kgv(,) emv‡jB n‡e| †hgb: Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ Zvn‡j Gi Bs‡iwR
†jLv nqwb| ïay keep Gi Av‡M Kgv e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
‡bvU: Negative/ interrogative/ if Øviv ïiæ evK¨ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ mKj ev‡K¨ any k‡ãi A_©-
‡h‡Kvb/ ‡h †KD|
D`vniY: Zywg †h‡Kvb w`b Avm‡Z cvi| -You can come any day.
‡h‡Kvb PviwUi DËi `vI| -Answer any four.
Avgv‡`i eÜz‡`i †h †KD †i`Iqvb‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z|
-Any of our friends is/ are prepared to help Redwan.
‡bvU: ‡h †KD eySv‡Z any of Gi c‡i noun/ pronoun wU- plural nq| wKš‘ verb-Gi
singular/ plural ‡h ‡Kv‡bv GKwU e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e singular e¨envi KivB DËg|

Rule-16: Av‡`Š eySv‡Z- ‡hgb: Zzwg wK Av‡`Š †Rv‡i/ `ªæZ †h‡Z cv‡iv? Gai‡bi ev‡K¨ Negative/
interrogative/ if _vK‡j any+ positive/ comparative degree e‡m|
D`vniY: Zzwg wK Av‡`Š †Rv‡i/ `ªæZ †h‡Z cv‡iv? -Can you go any faster?
Zvi †QvU fvB‡qi †P‡q Zv‡K Av‡`Š eq‡m eo †`Lv‡”Q bv|
-He does not look any older than his younger brother.
‡bvU: GKB cwiev‡ii eo fvB/ eo †evb eySv‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ elder/ older DfqB e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|
‡hgb: Zvi eo fvB m¤úªwZ we‡q K‡i‡Q| His elder/ older brother has married recently. wKš‘
comparative degree Gi †ÿ‡Î than Gi Av‡M elder e‡m bv ïay older e‡m| †hgb: mvMi Avgvi †P‡q cvuP
eQ‡ii eo| Sagar is five years older than I/ me. GLv‡b Sagar is five years elder than I/ me.
evK¨wU fzj|
Rule-17: No I every Gi c‡i of e‡m bv| G‡`i cwie‡Z© none of/ everyone of e‡m|
D`vniY: Zv‡`i †KD Dcw¯’Z bvB| -None of them is/ are present.
Rule-18: All, both, half + noun A_ev all of, both of, half of + determiner + noun
e‡m|
D`vniY: mKj m`m¨ Dcw¯’Z|
-All the members are present. Or -All of the members are present.
 all of, both of, half of + pronoun e‡m|
D`vniY: Zv‡`i mevB Dcw¯’Z| -All of them are present.
 Both-Gi e¨envi: Dfq/ `yRb/ `ywU eySv‡Z Both e¨eüZ nq| Both (the) +plural noun
D`vniY: Dfq/ `yRb ‡Q‡jB Dcw¯’Z| -Both boys are present.
Or- Both the boys are present. Or- Both of the boys are present.
Zv‡`i `yRbB †mLv‡b wM‡qwQj| -Both of them went there.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 22 ~
 N.B. GLv‡b Both them went there wjL‡j fzj n‡e| KviY them n‡jv GKwU pronoun Avi
Both Gi c‡i pronoun _vK‡j Aek¨B of e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Both ‡Kvb Noun Gi Av‡M bv
em‡j GUv pronoun wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges GUv ZLb wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e em‡Z cv‡i|
Avgiv `yR‡bB K¬všÍ wQjvg|
-We both were tired/ We were both tired/ Both of us were tired.
 Half Gi e¨envi:
A‡a©K eySv‡Z countable/ uncountable Dfq noun Gi Av‡M wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡e half e‡m| Half
+ the + noun A_ev Half + of + the + noun
D`vniY: A‡a©K KvR B‡Zvg‡a¨ †kl|
-Half the work is already finished. Or- Half of the work is already finished.
eB¸‡jvi A‡a©K †cvKvq †K‡U‡Q|
-Moths have eaten half of the books. Or- Moths have eaten half the books.
Rule-19: One, another Ges the other Gi bvbvwea e¨envi: One-GKwU/ GKRb; another-
Ab¨wU/ Ab¨Rb/ Av‡iKwU; the other-AciwU/ AciRb/ Ab¨Rb/ Ab¨wU;
 mvaviYZ Av‡Mi ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ `yBwU noun ‡K wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e eySv‡Z-
One+ singular verb +-----+ and + the other + verb+ ------
‡hgb: †Uwe‡j `yBwU eB Av‡Q| GKwU n‡jv Rules of Translation Avi AciwU n‡jv Oxford
Dictionary.
-There are two books on the table. One is Rules of Translation and the other is
Oxford Dictionary.
-Avjfxi `yB fvB Av‡Q| GKRb ivRkvnx †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R c‡o Ges Avi AciRb/ Ab¨ Rb c‡o
iscyi †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R|
-Alvi has two brothers. One studies at Rajshahi Medical College and the other
studies at Rangpur Medical College.
Gi `ywU mgy`ª e›`i Av‡Q| GKwU n‡jv PÆMÖvg Ges AciwU n‡jv gsjv mgy`ª e›`i|
[Islami Bank BD (GCA)- 2001]

-It has two ports. One (is) at Chittagong and the other (is) at Mongla.

 wZbwU noun ‡K wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e eySv‡Z- One+ singular verb +---another+ singular
verb--- + and + the other+ singular verb+ ---
‡hgb: ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡q wZbwU eB‡qi †`vKvb Av‡Q| GKwU n‡jv Wvwjg jvB‡eªwi, Av‡iKwU n‡jv
kixdyj jvB‡eªwi Ges Ab¨wU n‡jv nvmvb jvB‡eªwi|
-There are three book shops in Rajshahi University. One is Dalim library, another
is Shariful library and the other is Hasan library.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 23 ~
 Rule-20: evsjv †Kv‡bv Expression G GK b¤^i/ `yB b¤^i/ wZb b¤^i/ Pvi b¤^i/ cuvP b¤^i + noun
(we‡kl¨)....... Gfv‡e _vK‡j ‡hgb: `yB b¤^i Kÿ/ cuvP b¤^i eB; BZ¨vw`i †ÿ‡Î Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq-
singular noun+ number + one/ two/ three/ four/ five.... Gfv‡e em‡e|
D`vniY: ‡m `yB b¤^i K‡ÿ Av‡Q| -He is in the room number two.
GB Z_¨wU cvuP b¤^i eB‡Z Av‡Q| -This information is in the book number five.
 ïay cÖavb eySv‡Z- The number one e‡m|
D`vniY: RbmsL¨v Avgv‡`i †`‡ki GK b¤^i/ cÖavb mgm¨v|
-Population is the number one problem in our country.
 `k‡Ki eySv‡Z- The+ mvj (20/ 30/ 40/ 50/ 60/ 70/ 80/ 90)+s ‡hvM Kiv nq|
‡hgb: mˇii `k‡K- in the 70s wesk kZvãxi mˇii `k‡K- in the 1970s
Ebwesk kZvãxi mˇii `k‡K- in the 1870s
D`vniY: Dcb¨vmwU wesk kZvãxi w·ki `k‡Ki divwm mgvR‡K wPÎvwqZ K‡i/K‡i‡Q|
-The novel depicts French society in the 1930s.
[Note: mvwn‡Z¨i †Kvb welq‡K eY©bv Ki‡Z Bs‡iwR‡Z present indefinite tense e¨eüZ
n‡jI evsjv Kivi mgq †mUv present indefinite/ present perfect Dfq tense Gi A_©
cÖ`vb K‡i, †hgb: Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ depicts A_©- wPÎvwqZ K‡i/K‡i‡Q DfqwU n‡Z cv‡i]

Chapter Related Practice (Aa¨vq wfwËK Abykxjb)

evsjv evK¨mg~n: ‡m ‡ewk K_v e‡j| ZvB A‡bK †jvK Zv‡K cQ›` K‡i bv| †m Zvi
wcZvgvZvi 2q mšÍvb| †m GKRb feNy‡i| Zvi †Kvb eB LvZv †bB|

cÖ_‡g wb‡R wb‡R GKevi LvZvq wjLyb Zvici wgwj‡q wbb|

English Translation: He speaks much/ more/ a lot. So many people/

men don’t like him. He is the second child of his parents. He is a
vagabond. He has no book and notebook. or- He has no books and
notebooks.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 24 ~

 Abyev‡` Pronoun/ me©bv‡gi e¨envi- (Pronoun Referencing)

Pronoun e¨envi K‡i Translation Kivi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ wbqg avivevwnKfv‡e †`Iqv
n‡jv-
 GKbR‡i personal pronoun Gi wewfbœ iƒc-
Possessive Possessive
Person Number Subjective form Objective form
adjective pronoun
Singular I(Avvwg) me(Avgv‡K) my(Avgvi) mine (Avgvi-)
1 person
st
We us our
Plural→ ours (Avgv‡`i-)
(Avgiv) (Avgvw`M‡K) (Avgv‡`i)
You/ Thou you/ thee Your/ thy Yours/ thine
Singular→
(Zzwg) (‡Zvgv‡K) (‡Zvgvi) (‡Zvgvi-)
2nd person
You you your yours
Plural→
(‡Zvgiv) (‡Zvgv‡`i‡K) (‡Zvgvi) (‡Zvgv‡`i-)
He/ She him/ her his/ her his/ hers
Singular→ (‡m) (Zv‡K) (Zvi) (Zvi-)
3 person
rd It (Bnv) it (Bnv‡K) its (Bnvi) its (Bnvi-)
They them their theirs
Plural→
(Zviv) (Zv‡`i‡K) (Zv‡`i) (Zv‡`i-)

Rule-01: Verb Gi Av‡M me mgq pronoun Gi subjective form em‡e| KLbB objective
form em‡Z cv‡i bv|
D`vniY: cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq cÖ_g nIqvi Rb¨ Avgv‡K GKwU cyi¯‹vi †`Iqv nj|
-I was given a prize for standing first in the competition.
ÔÔAvgv‡KÕÕ eySv‡Z me e¨envi Kiv nq wKš‘ GLv‡b I e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY me nj objective form hv
KLbB verb Gi Av‡M em‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB GLv‡b me Gi subjective form ‘I’ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avgvi GKwU eB Av‡Q| -I have a book.
ÔÔAvgviÕÕ eySv‡Z my e¨envi Kiv nq wKš‘ GLv‡b I e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY my nj possessive form hv
KLbB mivmwi verb Gi Av‡M em‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB GLv‡b verb Gi Av‡M my Gi subject form ‘I’ e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Rule-02: Preposition Gi c‡i me mgq pronoun Gi objective form e‡m|

D`vniY: ‡m Avi Avwg Qvov wiwWs iæ‡g Avi †KD wQj bv|
-There was none in the reading room except him and me.
[except n‡jv preposition Avi †mRb¨ evsjv‡Z †m Avi Avwg D‡jøL _vKv m‡Ë¡I- ‡m eySv‡Z he bv
e¨envi K‡i him Ges Avwg eySv‡Z I bv e¨envi K‡i me e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q]
ivBmv Zv‡`i Rb¨ PviwU eB wKbj| -Raisa bought four books for them.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 25 ~
 [GLv‡b Zv‡`i K_vwUi Rb¨ their e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| KviY GLv‡b preposition for Gi c‡i pronoun Gi
objective form em‡e| their Gi objective form nj them- ZvB them e‡m‡Q, eyS‡jb?]

Digression: GLv‡b wewfbœ rule †jLvi †ÿ‡Î Avwg conversational style follow K‡iwQ| KviY
Avgvi g‡b nq personal feelings share Kivi gva¨‡g cvVK‡`i‡K Lye †ewk Nwbô K‡i †bIqv hvq|
g‡b ivL‡eb hLb †Kv‡bv K_vi g‡a¨ AwZwi³ cÖkœ †evaK wPý _v‡K A_ev Ô!Õ exclamatory wPý _v‡K
ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e †h e³vi mv‡_ †kªvZvi m¤úK© A‡bK A‡bK Mvp, †hgb Uv Avgvi mv‡_ Avcbv‡`i, ZvB bq
wK?
Rule-03: `yB c×wZ‡Z ‡jLv hvq Ggb wKQz Abyev` k㸔Q-
Avgiv mevB- we all/ all of us ‡Zvgiv mevB- you all/ all of you
Zviv mevB- they all/ all of them Avgiv Df‡q- we both/ both of us
D`vniY: Avgiv mevB GLv‡b Dcw¯’Z| -We all/ all of us are present here.
Zviv mevB †mLv‡b wM‡qwQj| -They all/ all of them went there.
Rule-04: Avwg Avgvi/ Zzwg †Zvgvi/ †m Zvi/ Zviv Zv‡`i G ai‡bi expression Gi †ÿ‡Î-
Avwg Avgvi- and I, mine Zzwg †Zvgvi- and you, yours
†m Zvi- and he, his/ and she, hers Zviv Zv‡`i- and they, theirs
D`nviY: dvinvbv Zvi G¨vmvBb‡g›U †jLv †kl Kij, Avwg Avgvi|
-Farhana finished writing her assignment and I, mine.
‡Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i eB co‡Qv, Zviv Zv‡`i|
-You are reading your books and they, theirs.
Rule-05: Personal pronoun- †hgb: Avgiv/ †Zvgiv/ Zviv BZ¨vw` KZ©vevPK k‡ãi c‡i hw` msL¨v/
noun (Avgiv QvÎ-QvÎxiv, Zviv †g‡qiv, †Zvgiv `yBRb) _v‡K Zvn‡j we/ you/ they + number/
noun e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgiv QvÎ-QvÎxiv Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Kj¨vYv‡_© KvR Ki‡ev|
-We students will work for the welfare of our country.
‡Zvgiv `yRb †mLv‡b wM‡qwQ‡j| -You two went there.
Avgiv mvaviY †jv‡Kiv mvgvwRK ixwZ bxwZ †g‡b Pwj|
-We commoners conform to social norms.
Avgiv †g‡qiv A‡bK wKQz Rvwb hv †Zvgiv ‡Q‡jiv KLbI eyS‡e bv|
-We girls know many things that you boys will never understand.
`~l‡Yi †h iƒcwU †_‡K Avgiv bMievmxiv †KD gy³ bB Zv n‡”Q evqy`~lY I kã`~lY| [30Zg wewmGm]
-The form of pollution from which we the city dwellers are not free is air
pollution and sound pollution.
[we‡kl `ªóe¨: Translation †kLvi Rb¨ GB eB‡q e¨eüZ Bs‡iwR Structure Gi †P‡q
Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv Sentence ¸‡jv Lye fvjfv‡e co‡Z n‡e| Structure ¸‡jv gyL¯Í Kivi
cwie‡Z© †m¸‡jv ey‡S ey‡S co‡eb]
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 26 ~
 Rule-06: evsjv‡Z Avgv‡`i/ †Zvgv‡`i/ Zv‡`i + msL¨v+ †K _vK‡j (†hgb: Avgv‡`i PviRb‡K) Bs‡iwR
Kivi mgq us/ you/ them + number e‡m|
D`vniY: Avãym mvjvg m¨vi Avgv‡`i PviRb‡K Zvi evwo‡Z `vIqvZ w`‡qwQ‡jb|
-Abdus Salam Sir invited us four to his house.
wkÿ‡Kiv Avgv‡`i 5 Rb‡K Avgv‡`i K¬vm †_‡K wbe©vPb K‡i‡Q|
-Teachers have selected us 5 from our class.
It Gi e¨envi-
Rule-07: wbw`©ó/ Awbw`©ó Subject Gi †ÿ‡Î pronoun ‘it’ e¨envi Kiv nq| evsjv Subject wenxb
wµqvi †k‡l ÒAvÓ _vK‡j- †hgb: Bs‡iwR †kLv KwVb bq| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †m evK¨wU
wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Structure: -It+ be verb/ become (tense Abymv‡i)+ adj.....+ to +g~j verb+ extension.
Or- To+ verb Gi base form+ extension-+ be verb/ become+ adj.+ extension.
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR †kLv KwVb bq| (GLv‡b wµqv- Ò‡kLv=†kL + AvÓ)
G evK¨wU‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³evPK subject †bB|
-It is not difficult to learn English. Or- To learn English is not difficult.
fvj PvKzwi cvIqv evsjv‡`‡k GKwU KwVb e¨vcvi n‡q †M‡Q|
-It has become a difficult matter to get a good job in Bangladesh.
Or- To get a good job in Bangladesh has become a difficult matter.
 D‡jøL¨ GLv‡b Av-hy³ verb Gi c‡i GKwU adjective _vK‡e; †hgb: ‡kLv/ cvIqv verb Ges
KwVb n‡jv adjective;
M‡íi eB cov Lye gRv`vi| [cov (verb); gRv`vi (adjective)]
-It is very interesting to read storybooks.
Or- To read storybooks is very interesting.
Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q hvIqv wbi_©K| [Pvwj‡q hvIqv (verb); wbi_©K-(adj.)]
-It is futile to continue negotiation. Or- To continue negotiation is futile.
GB Structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖkœ-
A‡bK A_©bxwZwe` I Dbœqb-PP©vKvix wek¦vm K‡ib †h, GKwU ‡`‡k D”P `vwi‡`ª¨i cÖ‡Kvc I
cÖvwZôvwbK `ye©jZv _vKvi Kvi‡Y wZb eQi †gqv`x cwiKíbv †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g Kvw•LZ djvdj AR©b
Kiv m¤¢e bq| [c~evjx e¨vsK, wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2013]
-Many economists and practitioners of development believe that it is not
possible to achieve anticipated results through a 3-year strategy plan as
there is an extreme poverty rate and institutional weakness in a country.
evsjv‡`‡ki gZ ¯^‡ívbœZ †`‡ki R¡vjvbx wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| [c~evjx e¨vsK
wmwbqi Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2013] -For a less-developed country like Bangladesh, it is
an important issue to ensure energy security.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 27 ~
†cvkvK wk‡íi mvwe©K DbœwZi Rb¨ gRyix e„w× QvovI cÖ‡qvRb Kg©‡ÿ‡Î kÖwgK‡`i wbivcËv wbwðZ
Kiv| [Avj Avivdv Bmjvgx e¨vsK wb‡qvM cixÿv-2013]
-Besides increasing payments, it is necessary to ensure security of the workers
in the workplace for the overall development of the garments industry.
ïay cvV¨eB cwo‡q †Kvbfv‡e wkwÿZ RvwZ wbgv©Y Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv| [MBM:-15]

-It will not be at all possible to build an educated nation teaching only
textbooks.
ZvB GB mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z †eKvi‡`i Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv AZxe Riæwi| [SBL, ATO: 2016]
-So it is imperative to create employment opportunities for the unemployed
to remove this problem.
ejv mnR Kiv KwVb| [evsjv‡`k AvenvIqv Awa`߇ii AvenvIqv mnKvix cixÿv-2017]

-It is easy to say but difficult to do.

GRb¨ `ªæZ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv `iKvi| [Sonali, Janata, Agrani & Rupali Bank [officer (cash)] – 2008]
-For this, it is necessary to take quick steps.
`y» Lvgvi Pvjy Kiv LyeB mnR| -It is very easy to start a dairy firm.
e¨vswKs Lv‡Zi g~jab wfwË Av‡iv we¯Í…Z Kiv Riæwi n‡q c‡o‡Q|
-It has become essential to expand the capital base of banking sector more.
‡gvevBj e¨vswKs Gi gva¨‡g Zzjbvg~jK Kg Li‡P MÖvnK‡mev cvIqv m¤¢e| [Social Islami Bank Ltd.
(PO) – 2017] -It is possible to get customer service with comparatively low cost
through mobile banking.
‡`‡ki mxwgZ m¤ú` w`‡q mK‡ji Rb¨ wkÿvi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv KwVb| [cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2012]
-It is difficult to create the opportunity of education for all with limited
wealth of the country.
KviY †mLv‡b Aciva Kwiqv cvi cvIqv KwVb| [cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 09]
-Because it is difficult to escape committing crime.
†Kbbv Áv‡bi wfwˇZB †Kej GB wecyj Rb ‡Mvwô‡K GKwU Drcv`bkxj Rbkw³‡Z icvšÍwiZ Kiv
m¤¢e| [Iqvb e¨vsK wjwg‡UW-2017]

-Because only with the application of knowledge, it is possible to transform

this huge population into productive manpower.
m~wPwšÍZ cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g mevB‡K m‡½ wb‡q Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi ga¨ w`‡q †`k‡K `ªæZ MwZ‡Z GwM‡q
wb‡q hvIqv m¤¢e| [Iqvb e¨vsK wjwg‡UW-2017] -It is possible to take the country ahead
rapidly through well-thought out plans and implementing them with all.
`„p gbe‡ji g‡a¨ w`‡q Av`k© I bxwZ Aÿzbœ verb+ing†i‡L wbLv` mr n‡q DV‡Z cvi‡jB cÖK…Z
MšÍ‡e¨ ‡cŠuQv m¤¢e| -It is possible to reach the real destination through
determination maintaining the morality and ethics unhurt.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 28 ~
 AvaywbK K…wl DcKiY, exR, mvi I KxUbv‡kKi mnRjf¨Zv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv-GB
wZ‡bi mgš^‡q K…wli mvwe©K Dbœqb to +verb wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e| [Sonali Bank Officer 2010]

-It is possible to ensure overall development of agriculture with the

combination of these three, namely modern agro materials, availability of
seeds, fertilizer, pesticide and required economic aid.
A‡b¨i †`vl aiv mnR| [DU, 14-15] -It is easy to find fault with others
Rule-08: GLb+ mgq/ w`b/ ivZ/ gvm/ ZvcgvÎv/ AvenvIqv BZ¨vw` _vK‡j †hgb: AvR Lye Mig;/ GLb
mKvj; Giƒc evK¨¸‡jv‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G Abyev` Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Structure: It+ be verb+ time/ weather related word (mgq ev AvenvIqvevPK kã)
D`vniY: * AvR Lye Mig| -It is very hot today.
* GLb mKvj mvZUv| -It is 7 am.
* GLb emšÍ| -It is spring.
* GLb Avlvp gvm| -It is the month of Ashar.
* GLb ivZ|/ ivZ n‡q‡Q| -It is night.
* GLb †fvi|/ †fvi n‡q‡Q| -It is dawn.
* GLb mKvj|/ mKvj n‡q‡Q| -It is morning.
* mܨv n‡q‡Q ZvB Rjw` evwo Avm| -It is evening, so come home quickly.
* GLb A‡bK ivZ| [DU (D) 97-98] -It is deep night now.
[NB: It Øviv ïiæ G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ GLb eySv‡Z now kãwU e¨envi bv Ki‡jI P‡j]

Rule-9: AvenvIqv wb‡`©kK ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î It + AvenvIqv wb‡`©kK verb--- e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb: e„wó
nq/ wkwki c‡o BZ¨vw`|
D`vniY: e„wó nq| -It rains. wkwki c‡o| -It dews.
¸wo ¸wo e„wó nq| -It drizzles. Zzlvi c‡o| -It snows.
wkj c‡o| -It hails. evR cov/ eRªcvZ nIqv -It thunders.
‰ekvL I ‰R¨ô gv‡m evsjv‡`‡k evR c‡o/ eRªcvZ nq|
-It thunders in the months of Baishakh and Jaistha in Bangladesh.
AvR mvivw`b Zzlvi c‡o‡Q| -It has snowed all day long today.
Avgv‡`i †`‡k elv©Kv‡j me‡P‡q ‡ewk e„wó nq|
-It rains most in the rainy season in our country.
MZKvj ¸wo¸wo e„wó nqwb| -It did not drizzle yesterday.
GB Structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖkœ-
wZb w`b a‡i e„wó n‡”Q| [gwš¿cwil` wefv‡Mi Awdm mnvqK cixÿv- 2017]
-It has been raining for three days.
mKvj 7.00 NwUKv †_‡K e„wó n‡”Q| [mvD_ Bó e¨vsK wU wm 2017]
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 29 ~
 -It has been raining since 7.oo a.m.
iweevi nB‡Z e„wó nB‡ZwQj| [ISU(B) 15-16]
-It had been raining since Sunday.
mKvj †_‡K e„wó n‡”Q| [Kg© ms¯’vb e¨vsK WvUv Gw›Uª Awdmvi-11]
-It has been raining since morning. ***
mKvj †_‡K gyljav‡i e„wó n‡”Q| [13th NTRC (school)2016]
-It has been raining cats and dogs since morning.
Rule-10: VvÛv, kxZ, Mig cov eySv‡Z †hgb: AvR Lye kxZ c‡o‡Q| Giƒc evK¨¸‡jv‡K wb¤œwjwLZ
Structure G Abyev` Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: It + ---- be verb + cold/ hot + extension.
D`vniY: * AvR Lye Mig c‡o‡Q| -It is very hot today.
* kxZKv‡j evsjv‡`‡k Lye kxZ c‡o| -It is very cold in winter in Bangladesh.
* AvR iv‡Z Lye kxZ co‡e| -It will be very cold tonight.
* MÖx®§Kv‡j ivRkvnx‡Z GZ †ewk Mig c‡o †h Avgiv `ycyi †ejv Avgv‡`i N‡ii evB‡i †ei n‡Z PvB bv|
-It is so hot in Rajshahi during the summer season that we don’t want to go
outside our rooms at noon.
GB eQi Lye kxZ c‡o‡Q| [DU (D) B 09-10] -It is very cold this year.
MZKvj Lye Mig c‡owQj| -It was very hot yesterday.
Rule-11: ejwQ eySv‡Z- It + be verb+ name + here.
[mvaviYZ †gvevB‡j/ ‡Uwj‡dv‡b KvD‡K wb‡Ri cwiPq w`‡Z Giƒc structure e¨envi Kiv nq]
D`vniY: It is Priyanka here. (wcÖqvsKv ejwQ) It is Shimul here. (wkgyj ejwQ)
Rule-12: Nwoi mgq wb‡`©k Ki‡Z It Gi e¨envi-
 ‡e‡R eySv‡Z- It+ be verb+ minute+ past+ N›Uv
D`vniY: GLb cvuPUv †e‡R wZb wgwbU| -It is 3 minutes past five now.
GLb mgq mKvj `kUv †e‡R `k wgwbU| [Karmasangsthan Bank (Officer)- 2011]
-It is ten past 10 a.m.
 ‡mvqv eySv‡Z- It+ be verb+ (a) quarter + past+ N›Uv
D`vniY: GLb †mvqv cvuPUv| -It is a quarter past five now.
 mv‡o eySv‡Z wgwb‡Ui RvqMvq half em‡e|
D`vniY: GLb mv‡o cvuPUv| -It is half past five now.
 evR‡Z evwK eySv‡Z- It+ be verb+ minute+ to + N›Uv
D`vniY: GLb cvuPUv evR‡Z wZb wgwbU evwK|
-It is 3 minutes to five now.
`yBUv evR‡Z GLb c‡b‡iv wgwbU evwK|
-It is fifteen to two now. [Southeast Bank Ltd. (PO) – 2016]
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 30 ~
 `kUv evR‡Z Qq wgwbU evwK| [gva¨wgK mnKvix wkÿK 2000, ‡ijc_ gš¿Yvj‡qi Awdm mnvqK cixÿv- 2017]
-It is six minutes to ten.
 ‡cŠ‡b eySv‡Z- (a) quarter to+ N›Uv e‡m|
D`vniY: GLb †cŠ‡b cvuPUv| -It is a quarter to five now.
GLb †cŠ‡b `kUv ev‡R| [9th NTRC-13] -It is a quarter to ten now.
we.`ª. o’clock (of clock) ïay c~Y© N›Uvi mv‡_ e‡m Ges Gi c‡i mKvj, weKvj, mܨv, ivZ BZ¨vw`
wb‡`©kK Expression Gi †ÿ‡Î at morning/ in the morning/ at afternoon/ in the
afternoon/ at evening/ in the evening/ at night/ in the night e‡m|
D`vniY: †m mKvj bqUv‡Z GLv‡b Avm‡e|
-He will come here at 9 o’clock at morning/ in the morning.
‡bvU: Z‡e am/ pm †h †Kv‡bv N›Uvi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv hvq|
‡m mKvj bqUv‡Z GLv‡b Avm‡e| -He will come here at 9.00 am.
(Note- am/ pm w`‡j morning, afternoon, night e‡m bv)
‡m weKvj wZbUv c‡b‡iv wgwb‡U GLv‡b Avmj|
-He came at 3.15 pm. (am/ pm w`‡j/ c~Y© N›Uv bv eySv‡j o’clock e‡m bv)
-He came at 3.15 o’clock. [evK¨wU fzj]
 ‡Kvb N›Uvi c‡i e¨eüZ wgwbU‡K 5 Øviv fvM Kiv †M‡j minute K_vwU ‡jLvi `iKvi †bB|
†hgb: GLb 5Uv †e‡R 10 wgwbU| -It is ten past five.
 ‡Kvb N›Uvi c‡i e¨eüZ wgwbU‡K 5 Øviv fvM bv Kiv †M‡j minute/ minutes K_vwU wjL‡ZB nq|
†hgb: GLb 5Uv †e‡R 12 wgwbU|
-It is twelve minutes past five. [wKš‘ GLv‡b It is twelve past five wjL‡j fzj n‡e]
 ‡Kvb N›Uv GBgvÎ ---evRj eySv‡Z- It + ---- +just struck + N›Uv e‡m|
†hgb: GB gvÎ cvuPUv evRj| [RU (E-even)16-17] -It has just struck five.
Rule-13: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l †Z + mgq + jv‡M/ jvMj/ jvM‡e _vK‡j ‡hgb: XvKv †h‡Z 6 N›Uv jv‡M|
Giƒc ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq wb¤œwjwLZ Structure wU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: It +takes/ took/ will take(tense Abymv‡i) +mgq/ noun + to+ g~j Verb Gi
base form + extension.
D`vniY: XvKv †h‡Z 6 N›Uv jv‡M| -It takes 6 hours to go to Dhaka.
ivRkvnx †cuŠQv‡Z `yB N›Uv †j‡MwQj| -It took two hours to get to Rajshahi.
UªvKwU †_‡K gvj Lvjvm Ki‡Z Avav N›Uv mgq jvM‡e|
-It will take half an hour to unload the truck.
eb¨ Rxe Rš‘i Qwe DVv‡Z mgq I ˆah© jv‡M|
-It takes time and patience to photograph wildlife.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 31 ~
 Rule-14: ‡Kvb e¨w³/ e¯‘i mgq jv‡M ‡hgb: XvKv †h‡Z Avgvi 6 N›Uv jv‡M| Giƒc eySv‡Z-
Structure: It +takes/ took/ will take(tense Abymv‡i) + object(e¨w³/ e¯‘) + mgq + to + g~j Verb
Gi base form +extension.
D`vniY: XvKv †h‡Z Avgvi 6 N›Uv jv‡M| -It takes me six hours to go to Dhaka.
evMgviv †_‡K ivRkvnx †cuŠQv‡Z ‡iwbi 50 wgwbU †j‡MwQj|
-It took Reny fifty minutes to get to Rajshahi from Bagmara.
Aa¨vqwU c‡o †kl Ki‡Z Avjfxi gvÎ cuwPk wgwbU †j‡MwQj|
-It took Alvi a mere 25 minutes to finish reading the chapter.
 Alternative Structure: e¨w³/ e¯‘ + takes/ took/ will take(tense Abymv‡i) + mgq
+ to + g~j Verb Gi base form + extension.
D`vniY: XvKv †h‡Z Avgvi 6 N›Uv jv‡M| -I take six hours to go to Dhaka.
‡iwbi evMgviv †_‡K ivRkvnx †cuŠQv‡Z 50 wgwbU †j‡MwQj|
-Reny took fifty minutes to get to Rajshahi from Bagmara.
[‡bvU: G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ evsjv‡Z e¨w³/ e¯‘i mv‡_ ‘i’ _v‡K Ges wµqvi Av‡M mgq D‡jøL _vK‡e]
Rule-15: †Kvb wKQz Kivi `iKvi †bB eySv‡Z- It is no use +verb +ing +extension.
D`vniY: eBwU covi `iKvi †bB| -It is no use reading the book.
†mLv‡b hvIqvi `iKvi †bB| -It is no use going there.
Rule-16: †Kvb wKQz K‡i jvf †bB eySv‡Z- It+ is no good+ verb+ ing+ extension nq|
D`vniY: It is no good waiting for the bus. -ev‡mi Rb¨ A‡cÿv K‡i jvf †bB|
Rule-17: ‡Kvb wKQz Kiv Ab_©K eySv‡Z †hgb: Zvi mv‡_ K_v ejv Ab©_K| G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î
structure: It +tense Abymv‡i is/ was + pointless +verb + ing/ to +verb + extension.
D`vniY: Zvi mv‡_ K_v ejv Ab©_K| -It is pointless talking to him/ to talk to him.
‡mLv‡b hvIqv Ab_©K| -It is pointless going there/ to go there.
Rule-18: Kv‡iv mv‡_ †Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z fvj jv‡M eySv‡Z †hgb: Zvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M| Giƒc
ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î- It is nice+ verb+ing/ to+verb Gi base form e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M| -It is nice talking to him.
‡Zvgvi mv‡_ _vK‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M| -It is nice being with you.
Rule-19: gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î fvj K‡i‡Qb/ K‡ibwb †hgb Avgv‡K †W‡K fvjB K‡i‡Qb| Giƒc eySv‡Z
It + be verb+ adjective (nice, good, kind, unkind, etc.) + of + e¨w³evPK objective +
to+ verb Gi base form + extension.
D`vniY: Avgv‡K ‡W‡K fvjB K‡i‡Qb| -It is nice of you to call me.
‡Mvcb welqwU e‡j wZwb fvj K‡ibwb| -It was unkind of him to tell the secret.
Avcwb Lye Dcjwä Kivi ÿgZv m¤úbœ †h (Avcwb) ‡mUv jÿ¨ K‡iwQ‡jb|
-It was very perceptive of you to notice that.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 32 ~
 eBwU cvVv‡bv Avcbvi `qv| [Medical. 97-98]
-It is kind of you to send me the book.
Rule-20: GLb + †Kvb wKQz Kivi mgq _vK‡j- It is time to + verb + extension e‡m|
D`vniY: GLb covi mgq| -It is time to read.
covq mgq co Avi †Ljvi mgq ‡Lj|
-Read when it is time to read and play when it is time to play.
GLb †Ljvi mgq bq| [ivtwet 08-09, Btwet 04-05] -It is not the time to play.
Rule-21: GLb Avgv‡`i/ Zvi/ Zv‡`i + Kg© + wµqv + mgq _vK‡j- It is time for + object
(e¨w³evPK) + to + g~j verb e‡m|
D`vniY: GLb Avgv‡`i KvRwU Kivi mgq| -It is time for us to do the work.
kvcjvi kvcjv w`‡q gvjv ˆZwi Kivi GLbB Dch©y³ mgq|
-It is high time for Shapla to make a garland of Water-Lilies.
Or- It is high time Shapla made a garland of Water-Lilies.
Rule-22: evsjv Avwg/ Avgiv/ †m/ Zviv/ †Zvgiv/ †Kvb e¨w³i bvg BZ¨vw`i c‡i ÒBÓ _vK‡j †hgb: †m-B
MøvmwU †f‡½‡Q| Giƒc evK¨‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: It+ be verb+ Dc‡iv³ word Gi Subjective form (I, We, You, He, She, They) +
who+ verb+ extension e‡m|
D`vniY: †m-B MøvmwU †f‡½‡Q| -It is he who has broken the glass.
†m MøvmwU †f‡½‡Q| -He has broken the glass.
ZvivB MøvmwU †f‡½‡Q| -It is they who have broken the glass.
Zviv MøvmwU †f‡½‡Q| -They have broken the glass.
AvwgB †mLv‡b wM‡qwQjvg| -It is I who went there.
Avwg †mLv‡b wM‡qwQjvg| -I went there.
AvwgB fvwe| -It is I who think. [RU-12-13]
Avãyi ingvbB Zvi evevi K_v gv‡b|
-It is Abdur Rahman who abides by his father.
Avãyi ingvb Zvi evevi K_v gv‡b|
-Abdur Rahman abides by his father.
cÖ_‡g AvwgB †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡iwQjvg| [_vbv/ Dc‡Rjv cÖ‡KŠkjx-99]
-It is I who helped you first.
ZzwgB hZ b‡ói †Mvov| [RU (D) AevwYR¨]
-It is you who are at the root of all mischief.
Rule-23: evsjv ‡Kvb e¯‘evPK noun/ bv‡gi Gi c‡i ÒBÓ _vK‡j †hgb: Zey mZ¨B Rxe‡bi jÿ¨ nIqv
DwPZ| Giƒc evK¨‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 33 ~
 Structure: It+ be verb+ e¯‘evPK noun + which+ noun/ pronoun/ verb+ extension e‡m|
D`vniY: Zey mZ¨B Rxe‡bi jÿ¨ nIqv DwPZ| [c~evjx e¨vsK GmI 2017]
-However, it is the truth which should be the aim of life.
sub
gnvb gyw³hy×B Avgv‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wVKvbv| [36Zg wewmGm wjwLZ]
-It is the great Liberation War which is the root/ identity of our existence.
Rule-24: WH word †hgb who, whom, whose, which, what BZ¨vw` ÒKÓ A_© cÖ`vb K‡i
hw` Giv cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨ e‡m| Avi hw` Giv cÖkœ‡evaK bv eySvq Zvn‡j ÒhÓ Gi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
D`vniY: Avcwb †K? -Who are you? (GLv‡b who-†K?)
Avwg †jvKwU‡K wPwb whwb GLv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb|
-I know the man who came here. (GLv‡b who-whwb)
Rule-25: †h + ---- + wµqv + †m + --- + wµqv + extension _vK‡j-
‡hgb: †h cwikÖg K‡i †m mdj nq| evK¨wU‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: He/ One + who+ verb+…. +verb+ extension
D`vniY: †h cwikÖg K‡i †m mdj nq| -He/ One who works becomes successful.
‡h K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡i †m mdj nq| -He/ One who works hard becomes successful.
‡h Zvi †`k‡K fv‡jvev‡m bv †m KLbI fv‡jv gvbyl n‡Z cv‡ibv|
-He who does not love his country can never be a good man.
-One who does not love one’s country can never be a good man.
N.B. Noun/ Pronoun+ who/ which/ that/ what/ (Adv.-When) Øviv †Kv‡bv evK¨ _vK‡j
Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq evsjv‡Z e¨eüZ Avgiv/ ‡Zvgiv/ †m/ Zviv/ †mwU BZ¨vw`i Bs‡iwR wjL‡Z nq bv|
†hgb: †h Zvi †`k‡K fv‡jvev‡m bv †m KLbI fv‡jv gvbyl n‡Z cv‡ibv|
[G evK¨wU Translation Kivi mgq hw` †KD can Gi Av‡M he e¨envi K‡i Zvn‡j fzj n‡e]
Inc.-He/ One who does not love his country he can never be a good man.
Correct-He/ One who does not love his country can never be a good man.
‡h †`k‡K fv‡jvev‡m †m ‡`k‡cÖwgK| [‡ijc_ gš¿Yvj‡qi Awdm mnvqK cixÿv- 17]
-He who loves his country is a patriot.
Bmjv‡gi whwb gvwjK, wZwb AvKx`v, Bev`Z I AvBb weav‡bi G c~Y© mgwó‡K Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q
cvwV‡q‡Qb|. [Islami Bank BD [AO (G-3)]- 2001]
-He who is the lord of Islam has sent to us the total package of devoutness,
prayer and laws.

Rule-26: †h+ e¨w³/ e¨w³iv/ e¨w³evPK noun+-----wµqv+ †m/ Zviv + extension +-----wµqv
_vK‡j- †hgb: †h †jvK K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡i †m mdj nq| evK¨wU‡K translation Ki‡Z- Structure:
The+ e¨w³evPK noun+ who+ verb+ extension+ verb +extension.
D`vniY: †h †jvK K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡i †m mdj nq| -The man who works hard is successful.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 34 ~
 †h †jv‡Kiv Zv‡`i †`k‡K fv‡jvev‡m bv Zviv KLbI fv‡jv gvbyl n‡Z cv‡ibv|
-The men who do not love their country can never be good people.
wKš‘ †h gvbyl gvbeRvwZi g½‡ji Rb¨ KvR K‡i, †m ¯^íRxex n‡qI gvby‡li ¯§„wZ‡Z `xN©w`b †eu‡P
_v‡K| [Bmjvgx e¨vsK, cÖ‡ekbvix Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2013]
-But the man who works for the welfare of human being lives long in the
heart of mankind though he lives for a short time.
†h me K…lK `wi`ª, Zviv F‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡i‡Q| [Medical. 94-95]
-The farmers who are poor have applied for a loan.
†h mKj subMÖvgevmx adverbialb`xi Zx‡i verbevm K‡i Zvnviv adverbialb`x‡Z †h †Kej verb¯œvb K‡i
I objectgqjv Kvco-‡Pvco verb†avq ZvnvB b‡n eis adverbial Bnvi g‡a¨ me objectiK‡gi AveR©bv
I gqjv verbwb‡ÿc K‡i| [32nd BCS] -The villagers who live on the banks of the
rivers not only bathe and wash their dirty clothes in the rivers but also throw
all sorts of waste and garbage into them.
Rule-27: hviv+---+ wµqv+ Zviv + extension+ wµqv _vK‡j- †hgb: hviv K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡i Zviv
mdj nq| evK¨wU‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: Those who+ verb+ extension+ verb+ extension.
D`vniY: hviv K‡Vvi cwikÖg K‡i Zviv mdj nq| -Those who work hard are successful.
hviv Zv‡`i †`k‡K fv‡jvev‡m bv Zviv KLbI fv‡jv gvbyl n‡Z cv‡ibv|
-Those who do not love their country can never be good men.
hviv Ajm Zviv wPiw`b wcQ‡b _v‡K|
-Those who are idle lag behind forever. [Islami Bank BD[AO(G-3)]- 06]
hviv mgv‡R D”P ¯’v‡b Zviv mK‡jB cwikªgx|
-Those who have occupied the highest position in society are industrious.
G Kvi‡Y hviv weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡Z covïbv Ki‡Q Zviv AwaK my‡hvM myweavi Rb¨ †`‡ki evB‡i hv‡”Q|
-For this reason, those who are studying in science and technology are going
abroad for better opportunities. [Sonali Bank Ltd. (Officer) – 2010]
hviv fvlvi Rb¨ Rxeb w`‡q‡Q Zviv Agi|
-Those who have sacrificed their lives for language are immortal.
Important to know:
 †h+ noun + iv/ wU/ ¸‡jv Øviv hy³ ev‡K¨ hw` 2wU wfbœ wfbœ subject _v‡K Zvn‡j 2q subject †_‡K
evK¨wUi translation ïiæ n‡e|
D`vniY: ‡h mKj cwÛZ I weÁvbx Avgv‡`i we‡k¦i Dbœq‡b Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q Zv‡`i‡K Avgiv Mfxi
kÖ×vf‡i ¯§iY Kwi|
 GLv‡b †h Gi c‡i ÒcwÛZ I weÁvbxÓ 1g Ges ÒAvgivÓ nj wØZxq subject hv G‡K Ac‡ii
†_‡K Avjv`v| ZvB wØZxq subject †_‡K translation kyiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 35 ~
 -We remember the scholars and scientists who have contributed to the
progress of our world with profound respect.
‡h mZ¨ K_v e‡j mK‡j Zv‡K fv‡jvev‡m| [IU (B) 05-06]
-Everybody loves him who speaks the truth.
 wKš‘ Ò†h” Gi c‡ii 2wU subject hw` GKB nq Zvn‡j evK¨wUi 1g †_‡K ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|
‡h †jv‡Kiv Av‡evj Zv‡evj K_v e‡j Zviv KLbI fv‡jv n‡Z cv‡i bv|
-The people who speak nonsense can never be good.
Translation Review-
⌂ Dc‡ii Rule mg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K wKQy Translation:
* hviv Zv‡`i Kv‡R duvwK †`q Zviv GKUv †`‡ki †evSv Qvov wKQzB bq|
-Those who evade their duty are nothing but the burden of a country.
* †h mKj weÁvbx gnvKvk m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv K‡i Zviv Avgv‡`i‡K Ab¨vb¨ Mªn m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ I ‰ewPÎgq
Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i|
-The scientists who conduct research on space give us various and diversified sorts
of information about other planets.
Rule-28: †Zvgiv hviv+------+ wµqv+ Zviv+ wµqv+ extension _vK‡j-
‡hgb: †Zvgiv hviv K‡Vvi cwikÖg Ki Zviv mdj| evK¨wU‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: You who+ verb+ extension+ verb+ extension.
D`vniY: †Zvgiv hviv K‡Vvi cwikÖg Ki Zviv mdj| -You who work hard are successful.
Rule-29: †h + noun + wU/ iv Øviv †Kv‡bv evK¨ ïiæ n‡j hw` GKB subject Øviv evK¨wU _v‡K †m
†ÿ‡Î evK¨wU 1g †_‡K translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: †h †jvKwU G‡mwQj †m Ávbx| -The man who came here is wise.
Avi hw` †h + noun + wU/ iv Øviv †Kv‡bv evK¨ ïiæ nIqvi c‡i 2q †Kv‡bv subject Av‡m Zvn‡j 2q
subject †_‡K evK¨wU ïiæ n‡e|
D`vniY: †h †jvKwU GLv‡b G‡mwQj Zv‡K Avgiv wPwb| -We know the man who came here.
‡h fv‡e Zviv KvRwU K‡i †mwU Lye m‡šÍvlRbK|
-The way they are doing the work is very satisfactory.
‡hfv‡e Zviv KvRwU Ki‡Q †mwU‡K Avgiv ch©‡eÿY Kie|
-We will observe the way they are doing the work.
Rule-30: †h+ e¨w³evPK noun+ wU/ iv/ ¸‡jv/ ‡`i+ †K+ N/ P (KZ©v)+--- wµqv+ †m/ Zviv+ ---
extension+--- wµqv _vK‡j- ‡hgb: †h †g‡qwU‡K gnwmb fv‡jvev‡m †m Zv‡K Q¨vuKv w`‡q‡Q| evK¨wU‡K
wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: The+ e¨w³evPK noun+ (whom)+ noun/ pronoun+ verb....+ verb+ extension
D`vniY: †h †g‡qwU‡K gnwmb fv‡jvev‡m †m Zv‡K Q¨vuKv w`‡q‡Q|
-The girl (whom) Mohsin loves has jilted him.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 36 ~
 ‡h Qv·`i‡K Avwg GB eBwU w`‡qwQ Zviv miKvix PvKzwi Ki‡Z Pvq|
-The students (whom) I have given this book want to do government jobs.
N.B. whom/ which/ that BZ¨vw`i Av‡M I c‡i hw` noun/ pronoun _v‡K Zvn‡j whom/
which/ that wjL‡jI nq, bv wjL‡jI nq| Z‡e G‡`i c‡i verb _vK‡j Aek¨B whom/ which/
that ev` †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
‡hgb: I know who is there. GLv‡b who †K ev` †`Iqv hv‡e bv KviY Gi c‡i verb (is) Av‡Q| Rajib
has a pen which writes well. GLv‡b which †K ev` †`Iqv hv‡e bv KviY Gi c‡i verb (write)
e‡m‡Q|
-I know the man whom you know.
GLv‡b whom †K ev` †`Iqv hv‡e KviY Gi c‡i you Av‡Q hv GKwU pronoun| ZvB evK¨wU‡K
Gfv‡eI wjLv hv‡e- I know the man you know.
-The oxygen which trees produce is the breath of life of men and other fauna.
GLv‡b which †K ev` †`Iqv hv‡e KviY Gi c‡i trees Av‡Q hv noun| ZvB evK¨wU‡K
Gfv‡eI wjLv hv‡e-
-The oxygen trees produce is the breath of life of men and other fauna.
Rule-31: †h+ e¨w³evPK noun+ i+ mv‡_/ m¤ú‡©K/ Kv‡Q/ n‡Z/ Rb¨ BZ¨vw` preposition hy³
expression + N/ P(KZ©v) +---wµqv+ †m/ Zviv+ extension+ --- wµqv+ _vK‡j-
‡hgb: †h e¨w³i mv‡_ iwb I †gvkvid wM‡qwQj †m Uwd‡K wP‡b| evK¨wU‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G
translation Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: The+ e¨w³evPK noun+ preposition +whom+ noun/
pronoun (KZ©v) + verb....+ verb+ extension.
 weKí Structure: The+ e¨w³evPK noun + noun/ pronoun (KZ©v) +verb ….+
preposition + verb+ extension.
D`vniY: †h e¨w³i mv‡_ iwb I †gvkvid wM‡qwQj †m Uwd‡K wP‡b|
-The man with whom Rony and Mosharaf went knows Toffee.
 weKí Structure:
†h e¨w³i mv‡_ iwb I †gvkvid wM‡qwQj †m Uwd‡K wP‡b|
-The man Rony and Mosharaf went with knows Toffee.
‡h Qv·`i Rb¨ Avwg GB eBwU wj‡LwQ Zviv miKvwi PvKzwi Ki‡Z Pvq|
-The students for whom I have written this book want to do government jobs.
 weKí Structure:
‡h Qv·`i Rb¨ Avwg GB eBwU wj‡LwQ Zviv miKvix PvKzwi Ki‡Z Pvq|
-The students I have written this book for want to do government jobs.
Rule-32: KZ©v(e¨w³/ e¯‘) +†h + e¯‘evPK noun + wµqv +Zv †mwU/ †mMy‡jv + extension+ wµqv
‡hgb: MvQ †h Aw·‡Rb Drcv`b K‡i Zv gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxK~‡ji cÖvYevqy| evK¨wU‡K wb¤œwjwLZ
Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: The + e¯‘evPK noun + which + KZ©v
evPK (noun/ pronoun)/ verb + + verb + extension.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 37 ~
 D`vniY:
miKvi †h wkÿvbxwZ avh© K‡ib †mB bxwZ ¯^vfvweKfv‡e mgvR e¨e¯’vi iƒcvšÍi NUv‡Z mÿg nq|
[Bangladesh Bank AD (Statistic) Written – 2017]
-The education policy which the government takes is able to transform the
social systems normally.
Or-The education policy the government takes is able to transform the
social systems normally.
MvQ †h Aw·‡Rb Drcv`b K‡i Zv gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxK~‡ji cÖvYevqy| [Avj-Avivdv Bmjvgx e¨vsK wb‡qvM
cixÿv- 2011]
-The oxygen (which) trees produce is the breath of life of men and other
fauna.
Rule-33: †h + e¯‘evPK noun + wU/ iv/ ¸‡jv + Adj./ Adverb+ wµqv + †mwU/ †m¸‡jv +
extension _vK‡j- †hgb: †h eBwU †Uwe‡ji Dci Av‡Q †mwU Lye `vgx| evK¨wU‡K translation Ki‡Z-
Structure: The + e¯‘evPK noun + which + verb + adj./ adverb + verb + extension.
D`vniY: †h eBwU †Uwe‡ji Dci Av‡Q †mwU Lye `vgx|
-The book which is on the table is very costly.
‡h eB¸‡jv †Uwe‡ji Dci Av‡Q †mMy‡jv Lye `vgx|
-The books which are on the table are very costly.
Rule-34: †h + e¯‘evPK noun+ n‡Z/ †_‡K ev wefw³ G/ i/ †Z +noun/ pronoun (KZ©v) +wµqv +
Zv/ †mwU/ †m¸‡jv + extension _vK‡j- †hgb: †h †`‡k Avgiv evm Kwi †mwU Lye my›`i| evK¨wU‡K
wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: The+ e¯‘evPK noun+ n‡Z/ †_‡K
ev wefw³ G/ †Z _vK‡j †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î in (Ab¨vb¨ preposition I em‡Z cv‡i) + which+ noun/
pronoun(KZv©)+ verb+….+ verb+ extension.
weKí Structure: The+ e¯‘evPK noun+ + noun/ pronoun+ verb+.....+ Preposition +
verb+ extension.
D`vniY: †h †`‡k Avgiv evm Kwi †mwU Lye my›`i|
-The country in which we live is very beautiful.
N.B. whom/ which/ that BZ¨vw`i Av‡M I c‡i hw` noun/ pronoun _v‡K Zvn‡j whom/
which/ that wjL‡jI nq, bv wjL‡jI nq| Z‡e G‡`i Av‡M preposition _vK‡j Ges G‡`i‡K ev`
w`‡j †m preposition wU Zvi c‡ii verb Gi c‡i e‡m ev 2q verb Gi Av‡M em‡e| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î
preposition †K KLbB ev` †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
D`vniY: ‡h †`‡k Avgiv evm Kwi †mwU Lye my›`i|
-The country we live in is very beautiful.
‡h Abyôv‡b †m AskMÖnY K‡iwQj †mwU GKwU AjvfRbK cÖwZôvb KZ„©K Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡qwQj|
-The programme in which he participated was organized by a non-profit
organization.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 38 ~
 weKí Structure:
‡h Abyôv‡b †m AskMÖnY K‡iwQj †mwU GKwU AjvfRbK cÖwZôvb KZ„©K Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡qwQj|
-The programme he participated in was organized by a non-profit organization.
‡h eBwU †_‡K Zviv Z_¨wU †c‡qwQj †mwU mZ¨B AmvaviY|
-The book from which they got the information is really outstanding.
 weKí Structure:
‡h eBwU †_‡K Zviv Z_¨wU †c‡qwQj †mwU mZ¨B AmvaviY|
-The book they got the information from is really outstanding.
`~l‡Yi †h iƒcwU †_‡K Avgiv bMievmxiv †KD gy³ bB Zv n‡”Q evqy`~lY I kã`~lY| [30Zg wewmGm]
-The form of pollution from which we the city dwellers are not free is air
pollution and sound pollution.

Rule-35: evsjv‡Z hvi/ Kvi eySv‡Z whose e¨envi Kiv nq| GUv mvaviYZ ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ e‡m| GQvovI
MVbMZ iƒcwU n‡Z cv‡i Ggb: †h+ noun/ we‡kl¨ + i + noun/ we‡kl¨ + sub+ wµqv+ ‡mwU/ †m/
‡m¸‡jv/ Zviv + extension.
D`vniY: MZKvj ‡h wkÿ‡Ki K¬vm Avwg K‡iwQjvg †m wQj Lye Ávbx|
 The+ noun+ whose+ noun+ subject+ verb+...+verb+ extension.
-The teacher whose class I attended yesterday was very wise.
 N.B. Preposition+ whom= hvi/ Kvi;
 ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ verb+ preposition+ whom= Kvi;
D`vniY: Avwg eyS‡Z cviwQ Kvi Rb¨ ivRb KvR Ki‡Q|
-I can understand for whom Rajon is working.
 ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ noun+ Preposition + whom= hvi;
D`vniY: Avwg ‡mB †jvKwUi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡iwQ hvi Rb¨ ivPx KvR Ki‡Q|
-I have met the person for whom Rachi is working.

Rule-36: evsjv‡Z Subject+ †h + †`vl/ ¸Y/ wµqv + Zv/ ‡mUv-----.

‡hgb: KbK †h fvj QvÎ †mUv mK‡ji Rvbv|
Structure: That+ Subject+ verb----+ verb------extension.
D`vniY: KbK †h fvj QvÎ †mUv mK‡ji Rvbv|
-That Kanak is a good student is known to all.
Zviv †h Zv‡`i †kvPbxq Ae¯’vi Rb¨ `vqx Zv GLb my¯có|
-That they are responsible for their deplorable condition is obvious now.
Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎx gvwnb myjZvbv †h Lye †gavex †mUv GLb Avjvwg‡bi Kv‡Q `y‡ev©a¨ bq|
-That Mahin Sultana, a student of Islamic University, is very meritorious is
not obscure to Alamin.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 39 ~

 Rule-37: evsjv‡Z Subject+--- hv + wµqv + Zv/ ‡mUv-----extension+ wµqv Giƒc eySv‡j- ‡hgb:
Avd‡ivRv Avwjg‡K hv e‡jwQj Zv mwVK| evK¨wU Abyev‡`-
Structure: What + Subject+ verb----+ verb------extension.
D`vniY: Av: Avwj‡gi ¯¿x Avd‡ivRv L›`Kvi Avwjg‡K hv e‡jwQj Zv mwVK|
-What Afroza Khandokar, wife of Abdul Alim, said to him is right.
Avjøvn& hv K‡i fv‡jvi Rb¨B K‡i|
-What Allah does does for good. [`yBevi does Av‡Q ZeyI mwVK]
†jLKiv †hUv/ hv †j‡L Zv cvVK‡`i Rb¨B wj‡L|
-What the writers write write for readers.
wKš‘ hw` _vKZ- †jL‡Kiv †hUvB/ hvnvB †j‡L ZvnvB cvVK‡`i Rb¨B wj‡L|
-Whatever the writers write write for readers.
[GLv‡b †hUv/ hv kã‡K †Rvi †`Iqvi Kvi‡Y Whatever e‡m‡Q]
‡m hv Dc‡`k †`q Zviv Zv AbymiY K‡i| -They follow what he advises.
[Subject+ hv hy³ ev‡K¨ hw` `ywU wfbœ wfbœ Subject _v‡K Z‡e 2q Subject †_‡K evK¨wU ïiæ n‡e Ges
g‡a¨ What em‡e]
NB: QvÎ-QvÎxiv mvaviYZ that bv What Øviv evK¨ ïiæ Ki‡e †mUv eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi Zv‡`i Rb¨ mnR Dcvq
n‡jv- evsjv‡Z KZ©v/Subject + hv Øviv evK¨ kyiæ n‡j what Øviv Bs‡iwR evK¨ ïiæ n‡e| Avi Subject+‡h Øviv
evK¨ ïiæ n‡j that w`‡q Bs‡iwR evK¨ ïiæ n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Dc‡i e¨eüZ what Ges that Øviv ïiæ nIqv evK¨¸‡jv
jÿ¨ Ki‡j eySv hv‡e|

Rule-38: noun/ pronoun + †hUvB/ hv †nvKbv †Kb + noun/ pronoun + wµqv + AwZwi³ Ask
_vK‡j- †hgb: †`k †hUvB †nvKbv †Kb we‡bv`‡bi GKwU Drm n‡”Q wUwf †`Lv| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ
Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: Whatever+ (the)+ N/ P+ verb+, + N/ P+ verb+ extension
D`vniY: †`k †hUvB †nvKbv †Kb we‡bv`‡bi GKwU Drm n‡”Q wUwf †`Lv|
-Whatever the country is, one source of entertainment is watching TV.
†m †hB wm×všÍ MÖnY KiæK bv †Kb Avwg Zv mg_©b Kie|
-Whatever decision he makes, I will support it.
wicv `vm †h †cvkvKB ciæK bv †Kb Zv‡K me mgq ¯§vU© I my›`ix †`Lvq| wKš‘ Zv‡K jvj †cvkv‡K
†ewk my›`i †`Lvq|
-Whatever dress Ripa Das wears, she looks smart and beautiful. But she
looks more beautiful in red.
[NB. Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jv‡Z Whatever n‡jv adjective KviY Whatever Gi noun c‡i e‡m‡Q]

Rule-39: ÔAvi hvB Ki/ Ki bv †Kb + Dc‡`kg~jK wee„wZ †hgb: Avi hvB Ki/ Ki bv †Kb Nygv‡bvi
Av‡M gkvwi UvOv‡Z fz‡j †hI bv| Giƒc evK¨¸‡jv‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: Whatever you do +, + negative verb + extension
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 40 ~
 D`vniY: Avi hvB Ki/ Ki bv †Kb Nygv‡bvi Av‡M gkvwi UvOv‡Z fz‡j †hI bv|
-Whatever you do, don’t forget to hang the mosquito net/ curtain before
going to bed.
Avi hvB Kibv †Kb e„wó‡Z wfR bv| (get wet/ get drenched- ‡fRv)
-Whatever you do, don’t get wet/ get drenched in the rain.
Avi hvB Ki †UªbUv wgm K‡iv bv| -Whatever you do, don’t miss the train.
Rule-40: ÔÔ†KD bvÕÕ eySv‡Z nobody/ no one e¨envi Kiv nq| G‡`i c‡ii verb I pronoun wU
singular n‡e|
D`vniY: †KD Rv‡b bv †h Zvi fv‡M¨ wK ‡jLv Av‡Q|
-Nobody knows what is in store for him/ her.
D‡jøL¨- Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ GKB As‡k double negative e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| (Nobody does
not know what is in store for him/ her) evK¨wU fzj|
Rule-41: ÔÔ‡KDÕÕ eySv‡Z someone/ somebody em‡e|
D`vniY: †cQb †_‡K ivRy‡K †KD WvK‡Q|
-Somebody/ Someone is calling Raju from behind.
Rule-42: Av‡iv A‡bK wKQz eySv‡Z- many other + things e‡m|
D`vniY: m~wP Kjg mn Av‡iv A‡bK wKQz wKbj|
-Suchi bought many other things including pens.
Avgvi eÜz ivRy XvKvmn Av‡iv A‡bK ¯’v‡b ågY K‡i Zvi MÖx‡®§i QzwUUv KvUvj|
-My friend Raju spent his summer vacation visiting many other places
including Dhaka.
Rule-43: Av‡iv A‡b‡K eySv‡Z- others e‡m| GUv ïay e¨w³i †ÿ‡Î e‡m|
D`vniY: AvwZK fvB, mygb fvB, kvwnb fvB, wR‡K I Av‡iv A‡b‡K G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ nvwm VvÆv Ki‡Q|
-Atique vai, Suman vai, Shahin vai, Gk and others are joking with each other.
NB: Modern English G each other mevi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e cixÿvi †ÿ‡Î `y R‡bi
g‡a¨ eySv‡Z each other Uv †ewk correct| Avi A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨ eySv‡Z one another e‡m|
Rule-44: evsjv‡Z †`vl/ ¸YevPK kã + wKQz/ †KD/ †Kv‡bv wKQz bv/ KvD‡K eySv‡Z- somebody/
someone/ something/ anything/ nothing+ adjective e‡m|
D`vniY: fv‡jv wKQ zKivi †Póv Ki| -Try to do something good.
fv‡jv †h †Kv‡bv wKQzB me RvqMvq cÖkswmZ| -Anything good is praised everywhere.
m„Rbkxj Kv‡R fv‡jv KvD‡K Av‡bv| -Bring somebody good for creative work.
wgZz Zvi PvPv‡Zv fvB/ †ev‡bi KvQ †_‡K `iKvwi wKQz wk‡L wb‡jv|
-Mitu learned something useful from her cousin.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 41 ~

 G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ hw` †KD adjective + something/ anything/ somebody BZ¨vw` word
use K‡i Zvn‡j †mUv fzj n‡e|
D`vniY: ‡m Lvivc wKQz K‡ibv|
-He does bad nothing. Wrong -He does nothing bad. right
Rule-45: Avi eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ pronoun Gi †k‡l else e‡m, †hgb: someone else- Avi †KD/
somebody else- Avi †KD/ anybody else- Avi ‡h †KD/ everybody else- Avi mevB/ like
everybody else- Avi mevi gZ/ nobody else- Avi †KD bv/ something else- Avi wKQz/
anything else- Avi wKQz/ nothing else- Avi wKQz bv;
D`vniY: Avcwb wK Avi wKQz Pvb? -Do you want anything else?
Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi GLv‡b wK Avi †KD Av‡Q? -Is there anybody else to help him?
‡m Avi wKQz Pvq bv| -He wants nothing else.
‡m MÖv‡gi Avi mevi gZ GB ixwZ †g‡b P‡j|
-He abides by this norm like everybody else in the village.
Av¸‡bi Av‡kcv‡k Avi †KD wQj bv|
-There was nobody else near the fire.[¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡Mi Awdm mnKvix Kvg-Kw¤úDUvi cixÿv-17]
Ab¨ Avi mK‡ji gZ Avwg GB nZ¨vKv‡Ûi mgv‡jvPbv KiwQ/ wb›`v Rvbvw”Q|
-Like everyone else, I condemn this killing.

Chapter Related Practice (Aa¨vq wfwËK Abykxjb)

evsjv evK¨mg~n: †h GLv‡b G‡mwQj †m GKRb wePÿY e¨w³| wZwbB Avgv‡`i‡K Ávb AR©b
Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡ib| Ávbxiv hv Dc‡`k †`b Zv wZwb g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i †kv‡bb (listen
to)| hviv Zvi Lye mvwbœ‡a¨ Av‡m Zviv Lye Ávbx nq|

cÖ_‡g wb‡R wb‡R GKevi LvZvq wjLyb Zvici wgwj‡q wbb|

English Translation: He who came here is a judicious person. It is he

who inspires us to achieve knowledge. He listens attentively to what the
wise advise. Those who come in close contact with him become very
wise.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 42 ~

 Adverb I Conjunction e¨envi
K‡i Translation Kivi wbqg

Rule-01: Noun/pronoun + hZB+ Adj./ Adv.+ †nvKbv †Kb +, + noun/ pronoun/ KZ©v +
wµqv+ AwZwi³ Ask _vK‡j- †hgb: Bs‡iwR hZB KwVb †nvKbv †Kb, Avgiv G fvlv †kLv †_‡K wcQ cv ne
bv| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: However + Adj./ Adv. + noun/
pronoun + verb +---, + subject + verb + extension
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR hZB KwVb †nvKbv †Kb, Avgiv G fvlv †kLv †_‡K wcQcv ne bv|
-However difficult English is, we will not retreat from learning this language.
†m hZB fv‡jvfv‡e/ wbLuyZfv‡e KvRwU KiæK bv †Kb †m Zvi cÖwZc‡ÿi ivR‰bwZK cÖwZwnsmvi
¯^xKvi n‡e|
-However well/ meticulously he works, he will fall victim to the political
vengeance of his opponent.
evB‡i hZB VvÛv co–K bv †Kb/ ‡nvK bv †Kb CwkZv Zvi N‡ii Rvbvjv †Lvjv iv‡L|
-However cold it is outside, Ishita has the window of her room open.
[NB: G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ bv †Kb K_vwU Dn¨ ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i]
c_ hZB `xN© wKsev `yM©g †nvK, weRq Qvov Avgv‡`i evPvui †Kvb c_ †bB| [AB Bank wb‡qvM cixÿv- 15]
-However long or inaccessible the way is, we have no way to live without victory.
Rule-02: Avwg/ Avgiv/ Zzwg/ †Zvgiv/ †m/ Zviv/ †Kvb wKQyi bvg +hZB+ ---- wµqv + †nvK bv †Kb/
KiæK bv †Kb _vK‡j- †hgb: †m hZB †Póv KiæK bv †Kb †m AvR‡K GB KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| evK¨wU
wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: However + much + noun/
pronoun + verb +, + subject + verb + extension
D`vniY: †m hZB †Póv KiæK bv †Kb †m AvR‡K GB KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
-However much he tries, he will not be able to do this work today.
Avgiv hZB Avgv‡`i ixwZbxwZ wb‡q Me© Kwi bv †Kb, Avgv‡`i wbR¯^ ixwZbxwZi Av‡jv‡K
Ab¨‡`i ixwZbxwZ wePvi Kivi AwaKvi Avgv‡`i †bB|
-However much we take pride in our customs, we have no right to judge
the customs of others in terms of our own.
Rule-03: hZ mgqB/ w`bB jv¸K bv †Kb+ Subject(KZ©v)/ n/ p+ wµqv + extension _vK‡j †hgb:
hZ mgqB/ w`bB jv¸K/ jv¸K bv †Kb †m AvR‡K KvRwU †kl Ki‡e| Giƒc evK¨¸‡jv‡K wb¤œwjwLZ
Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: However long it takes, subject+ verb+ object/ extension
D`vniY: hZ mgqB/ w`bB jv¸K bv †Kb †m AvR‡K KvRwU †kl Ki‡e|
-However long it takes, he will finish the work today.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 43 ~
 hZ mgqB jv¸K bv †Kb Avgiv Avgv‡`i j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ wbijm cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡ev|
-However long it takes, we will try heart and soul to reach our goal.
Rule-04: Subject+ hZevi------ + wµqv + bv †Kb (Zvic‡iI) + subject + extension + wµqv
_vK‡j, ‡hgb: Zzwg hZevi Zvi Kv‡Q hvI bv †Kb †m †Zvgvi K_v ïb‡e bv| Giƒc evK¨¸‡jv‡K wb¤œwjwLZ
structure G Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: No matter how many times+ subject+ verb+
object/ extension +, + subject+ verb+ object/ extension
D`vniY: Zzwg hZevi Zvi Kv‡Q hvI bv †Kb (Zvic‡iI) †m †Zvgvi K_v ïb‡e bv|
-No matter how many times you go to him, he will not pay heed to you.
Zzwg hZevi Zv‡`i‡K KvRwU Ki‡Z ejbv †Kb (Zvic‡iI) Zviv GwU mgqgZ K‡i‡e bv|
-No matter how many times you tell them to do the work, they will not do it
in time.
Zzwg hZevi ejbv †Kb †h Zzwg `ytwLZ G ÿZ wgk‡e bv|
-No matter how many times you say that you are sorry, this wound will not
be effaced.
[NB: No matter who= whoever A_©-‡h B +wµqv+ (bv †Kb )
GLv‡b †hB AvmyK (bv †Kb) †mB Kó cvq Whoever comes here suffers
No matter what= whatever A_©- hv-B+ wµqv+ (bv †Kb)
No matter how= however A_©- hZB + wµqv+ (bv †Kb)
No matter where= wherever A_©- †hLv‡bB +wµqv+ (bv †Kb)
Rule-05: †h Kvi‡Y+ subject + wµqv+ †mwU/ Zv + extension _vK‡j-
‡hgb: †h Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i wkÿvi gvb c‡o hv‡”Q Zv Avgv‡`i mK‡ji wbKU Rvbv| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ
Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: The reason why+ noun/ pronoun-- + verb--- + verb
+ext.
D`vniY: †h Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i wkÿvi gvb c‡o hv‡”Q Zv Avgv‡`i mK‡ji wbKU Rvbv|
-The reason why the standard of our education is falling is known to all of us.
‡h Kvi‡Y MÖvgwU‡Z cywjk G‡mwQj Zv GLb me©Rb wew`Z †Mvcb welq|
-The reason why the police came to the village is an open secret.
 †h Kvi‡Y Øviv hy³ ev‡K¨i 2q verb Gi Av‡Mi subject wfbœ n‡j 2q subject †_‡K evK¨wUi
translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: 2q subject + verb + the reason why + 1g subject + verb + extension
D`vniY: †h Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i †`‡ki w©kÿi gvb c‡o hv‡Q Zv Avgiv Rvwb|
-We know the reason why the standard of education of our country is
falling.
myZivs †evSv hv‡”Q †h, †h + noun _vK‡j †m ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ 2wU subject GKB n‡j 1g †_‡K translation
Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi `ywU subject wfbœ n‡j 2q subject †_‡K evK¨wUi translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 44 ~
Rule-06: †h mg‡q (The time when)/ †h eQ‡i (The year when)/ †h FZy‡Z (The season
when)/ †h ¯’v‡b (The place where)
Structure: (The+---- where/ when) + Sub+ verb+…+ verb + extension.
D`vniY: †h FZz‡Z Mv‡Q Mv‡Q †ewk dzj dz‡U †mwU nj emšÍ|
-The season when more flowers bloom on trees is spring.
GLv‡b hw` †KD is Gi Av‡M †mwU eySv‡Z that e¨envi K‡i Zvn‡j Zv fzj n‡e| KviY when hLb GB
Structure G em‡e ZLb G‡`i †ÿ‡Î Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †mwU/ †m¸‡jv/ ZLb BZ¨vw` evsjv‡Z _vK‡jI
Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ (this, that, those, then) e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
‡h mgq †m G‡mwQj ZLb wQj `ycyi|
Inc.- The time when he came then was noon.
Correct-The time when he came was noon.
‡h eQi †m Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQj †mwU wQj `ywf©‡ÿi eQi|
Inc.-The year when he was born that was a year of starvation.
Correct-The year when he was born was a year of starvation.
[Note: The + time word Gi c‡i hLb eySv‡Z that/ when e‡m]

‡hfv‡e eySv‡Z As Gi e¨enviÑ

(‡mfv‡e--- †mfv‡e _vK‡jB ïay as e¨envi nq)
Rule-07: Subject + †hfv‡e +------ wµqv + subject + †mfv‡e + wµqv + extension _vK‡j-
†hgb: Avwg Zv‡K †hfv‡e ejjvg †m †mfv‡e KvRwU Kij| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: Subject + verb +-- + as + subject + verb + extension.
D`vniY: Avwg Zv‡K †hfv‡e ejjvg †m †mfv‡e KvRwU Kij| -He did the work as I told him.
Gai‡bi ev‡K¨ g~j AskwU †hgb Ò‡m KvRwU KijÓ GwUi Translation Av‡M Ki‡Z n‡e|
wkÿK Avgv‡`i‡K †hfv‡e wb‡`©kbv w`‡jb wVK †mfv‡e Avgiv Avgv‡`i ce© cÎwU cÖ¯Z
‘ Kijvg|
-We prepared our term papers just as our teacher instructed us.
[G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ †mfv‡e K_vwUi c‡ii Subject †_‡K Translation ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e]

‡hfv‡e eySv‡Z the way Gi e¨enviÑ

‡hfv‡e--- Zv/ ‡mUv _vK‡jB ïay the way e¨eüZ nq

Rule-08: †hfv‡e+ Sub + wµqv+ Zv/ †mUv---+ verb _vK‡j- ‡hgb: †hfv‡e Avgv‡`i wkÿvi gvb c‡o
hv‡”Q Zv GKwU Lvivc fwel¨r wb‡`©k K‡i| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure:
The way + subject + verb +…… + verb + extension
D`vniY: †hfv‡e Avgv‡`i wkÿvi gvb c‡o hv‡”Q Zv GKwU Lvivc fwel¨r wb‡`©k K‡i|
-The way the standard of our education is falling indicates a bad future.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 45 ~
 †hfv‡e †KvwPs e¨emv `ªæZ we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Q †mUv Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkÿvi mvwe©K gvb Dbœq‡b euvav
n‡q `uvov‡e|
-The way coaching business is growing/ mushrooming rapidly will stand in
the way of developing overall standard of education of our country. [stand in
the way of= euvav n‡q `uvov‡bv]
[Note: ‡hfv‡e hy³ ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ ‡h “Zv/ ‡mUv” _vK‡e Zvic‡i subject hw` GKB nq Zvn‡j
the way w`‡q sentence ïiæ n‡e]
Rule-09: Subject+ ‡hfv‡e +---- + wµqv + Zv/ ‡mUv + subject + wµqv-- †hgb: ‡m †hfv‡e
iæ‡ej gvngy‡`i mgv‡jvPbv K‡i Zv ‡gnbvR I ‡mwjnvb Avjg N„Yv K‡i| Giƒc ev‡K¨i structure:
Subject + verb +----+ the way + subject + verb----+ extension.
D`vniY: ‡m †hfv‡e iæ‡ej gvngy‡`i mgv‡jvPbv K‡i Zv ‡gnbvR I ‡mwjnvb Avjg N„Yv K‡i|
-Mehnaj and Selihan Alam hate the way he always criticizes Rubel Mahmud.
[Note: ‡hfv‡e hy³ ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ ‡h “Zv/ ‡mUv” _vK‡e Zvic‡i subject hw` Avjv`v nq Zvn‡j 2q
sentence ‡_‡K evK¨ ïiæ n‡e, GLv‡b 1g subject n‡jv- ‡m Ges 2q subject n‡jv- ‡gnbvR I
‡mwjnvb Avjg]
QwewU †hfv‡e hyׇK eo K‡i †`wL‡q‡Q Zv kviwgb Av³vi †iwb cQ›` K‡i bv|
-Sharmin Akhter Reny does not like the way the film has glorified war.
Rule-10: Sub+ hZ(B) +... + wµqv + ZZ(B) + Subject+ extension+ wµqv.... _vK‡j- †hgb:
Avwg hZB Zv‡K fz‡j †h‡Z †Póv Kijvg, ZZB Zvi Qwe Avgvi mvg‡b fvmwQj| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ
Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: As+ subject+ verb +... +, + subject + verb +
extension.
D`vniY: Avwg hZB Zv‡K fz‡j †h‡Z †Póv Kijvg, ZZB Zvi Qwe Avgvi mvg‡b fvmwQj|
-As I tried to forget her, her image was floating in front of me.
hy× hZB e„w× †cj `yB cÖwZØ›Øx †`‡ki RbM‡Yi g‡bvfve, ZZB K‡Vvi n‡jv|
-As the war progressed, attitude of the people of the two rivalry countries
hardened.
mgq hZB AwZevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K, ZZB †m GKUv fv‡jv PvKzwi cvIqvi Rb¨ gwiqv n‡q c‡o|
-As time passes, he becomes moribund to get a good job.
C` hZB Nwb‡q Avm‡jv ‡Q‡j‡g‡qiv ZZB Drdzjø n‡jv|
-As Eid neared, the children became more and more excited.
Rule-11: evsjv ev‡K¨ hZ(B) ...... ZZ(B) _vK‡j The+ comparative degree + sub +
verb…..+, the+ comparative degree + sub + verb e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: mgq hZ AwZevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K, ZZ †m GKUv fv‡jv PvKzwi cvIqvi Rb¨ gwiqv n‡q c‡o|
-The more time passes, the more moribund he becomes to get a good job.
hZ †ewk K_v ej‡e, ZZ Kg eyS‡e| [RU 14-15]
-The more you speak, the less you understand.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 46 ~
 ejv cÖ‡qvRb †hÕ adverbialgva¨wgK chv©‡qi subcov‡jLv hZ DbœZgv‡bi n‡e Ges hZ †ewk e„wËg~jK
n‡e, subD”P wkÿvi gvb complementZZB AvaywbK weÁvbm¤§Z Ges cÖhyw³ mg„× n‡e, verbLy‡j hv‡e
‡UKmB A_P `ªæZj‡q A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i subwmsn`yqvi| [Janata Bank EO 2015]
-It needs to be said that the more developed and vocational the education at
secondary level becomes, the more the standard of higher education will be
science-oriented and technology-enriched, and thus the main entrance of
sustainable but speedy economic growth will open.
myZivs gvby‡li Kv‡Q †gvevBj e¨vswKs Kvh©µg hZ `ªæZZvi m‡½ m¤úªmvwiZ n‡e Zv‡`i Avw_©K †mev
ZZB mnRjf¨ n‡e| [Social Islami Bank Ltd. (PO) – 2017]
-The more quickly the mobile banking activities flourish, the cheaper their
financial services will be as well.
‡Q‡jwU hZ cvq, ZZ Pvq| [CU, D 14-15]
-The more the boy gets, the more the boy wants.
RbmsL¨v hZ ‡ewk, ‡`k ZZ Mwie| [RU 04-05]
-The greater the population, the poorer is the country.
Rule-12: Subject/ KZ©v + †hgb--- + wµqv + †ZgbB + ---- wµqv + extension _vK‡j- †hgb:
miKvi †hgb fv‡e wkÿvLv‡Z A_© eivÏ K‡i †ZgbB Gi †_‡K cÖwZ`vb †c‡Z Pvq| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ Structure
G Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: As + Sub + verb +…+, so + Auxi. verb+ Sub+ Verb+ extension.
D`vniY: miKvi †hgb fv‡e wkÿvLv‡Z A_© eivÏ K‡i †ZgbB Gi †_‡K cÖwZ`vb †c‡Z Pvq|
-As the government allocates money in the education sector, so does it want
returns from it.
[GLv‡b wants n‡e bv KviY Gi Av‡Mi subject h_v-it Gi Av‡M does e‡m‡Q| Avi do/
does/ did Gi c‡i †h verb e‡m †mwUi base form nq| GLv‡b returns kãwU noun; GLv‡b
1g it = government, 2q it = money]
gvbyl †hgb Pvq †ZgbB cvq| -As man wants, so does he get.
[GLv‡b gets n‡e bv KviY Gi Av‡Mi subject h_v-he Gi Av‡M does e‡m‡Q| Avi do/ does/
did Gi c‡i †h verb e‡m †mwUi base form nq]
gvbyl †hgb Pvq †ZgbB cvq| [IU (BBA)15-16]
Or- As men want, so do they get.
Zv‡`i Kv‡Q subel©v †hgb objectAvkxe©v` verbwb‡q Av‡m, †Zgwb subAwZ el©Y verb†W‡K Av‡b
adverbial
RbRxe‡b objectPig `y‡f©vM, Rwgi dmj †f‡m hvq, †f‡m hvq emZevox, M„ncvwjZ cï,
nv‡ji Miæ BZ¨vw`| [c~evjx e¨vsK, SO wb‡qvM cixÿv-2014]

-As the rainy season brings blessings for them, so does heavy rain bring
about extreme sufferings in the lives of the common people, sweeping away
crops of land along with homes, domestic animals, cows used for ploughing
and so on.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 47 ~
 weKí Structure: Subject + †hgb + wµqv + †Zgb +... wµqv + extension _vK‡j- †hgb:
Zywg †hgb cov‡kvbv Ki‡e †Zgb djvdj cv‡e| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Structure: As+ Sub+ verb+, +so+ + Sub+ Verb+ extension.
D`vniY: Zywg †hgb cov‡kvbv Ki‡e †Zgb djvdj cv‡e|
-As you study, so you (will) get the result.
N.B: Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ evsjv ev‡K¨ `yBwU wµqv fwel¨r/ Future tense G _vKv m‡Z¡I Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq
As hy³ Ask Present Indefinite tense Ges so hy³ Ask Future tense G Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY
evsjv‡Z GKB ev‡K¨i `ywU As‡k fwel¨Z tense e¨envi Kiv †M‡jI Bs‡iwR‡Z GKwU Present tense
Ges Av‡iKwU Future tense G n‡e| Avi ZvB GLv‡b As you will study, so you will get the result
wjL‡j fzj n‡e|
D`vniY: adverbial wewfbœ Awdm-Av`vjZ I gš¿Yvj‡q verb+ing ‡NvivNywi K‡i to +verb exiv½bv‡`i
PvKzwii verb †Póv As †hgb K‡i‡Qb, so †Zgb verb K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i wPwKrmvmn Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi to
+verb
Av`v‡qi j‡ÿ KvR| [35Zg wewmGm]
-As she has attempted to arrange the employment for the war-heroines visiting
different offices, courts and ministries, so she has tried to realize other rights
including their treatment.
¯^í `~iæ‡Z¡ nvUvi my‡hvM bM‡i PjvP‡j ¯^w¯Í ‡hgb evovq, †ZgbwU Zv ¯^v¯’¨KiI| [(TO) Cash- 2016]
-As the opportunity for walking in the short distance in the city areas increases
comfort, so it is salubrious.
gv‡qi iæMœZv †hgb wkï mšÍv‡bi Acywói Kvib nq, b`x Zvi cÖevn nviv‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨nZ nq|
[Shajalal Islami Bank Ltd.]
-As illness of mother causes her infants` malnutrition, so communication is
hindered if rivers lose their usual flow.
Rule-13: evsjv †Kvb ev‡K¨ KZv©/ sub Gi c‡i †hgb+ we‡klY (adjective) + ‡Zgb + we‡klY
(adjective) _vK‡j †hgb: ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wdkvwiR wefv‡Mi QvÎx Kvbb †hgb my›`ix †Zgb
†gavex| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: KZv©/ sub+ be verb+ as+ adjective + as + adjective.
D`vniY: ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wdkvwiR wefv‡Mi QvÎx Kvbb †hgb my›`ix †Zgb †gavex|
-Kanon, a female student of the Dept. of Fisheries at Rajshahi University, is
as beautiful as meritorious.
ivLx †hgb mr †Zgb cwikÖgx| -Rakhi is as honest as industrious.
‡m †hgb `qvjy †Zgwb iƒp| [MBA 52th 2015-16] -He is as kind as rude.
Rule-14: †hgbUv + wµqv + Subject + wµqv + extension _vK‡j- ‡hgb: †hgbUv Av‡M ejv n‡q‡Q
NUbvwU Avgvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b N‡U‡Q| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: As +----be verb+ verb Gi PP + extension +, + subject + verb + extension
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 48 ~
 D`vniY: †hgbUv Av‡M ejv n‡q‡Q NUbvwU Avgvi †Pv‡Li mvg‡b N‡U‡Q|
-As has been said earlier, the incident has taken place before my eyes.
As has been said- †hgbUv ejv n‡q‡Q; As is said- †hgbUv ejv n‡q _v‡K;
As was said- †hgbUv ejv nZ; As will be said- †hgbUv ejv n‡e;
As was written- ‡hgbUv †jLv n‡qwQj; As was shown- ‡hgbUv †`Lv‡bv n‡qwQj;
Rule-15: hZ`~i ch©šÍ + subject + (wµqv) Rvbv/ eySv/ Dcjwä Kiv BZ¨vw` + Sub + verb +
extension _vK‡j- †hgb: hZ`~i ch©šÍ Avgiv Abygvb Kwi, †m GKRb fv‡jv gvbyl| evK¨wU‡K wb¤œwjwLZ
Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: As/ So far as+ subject+ verb + , +
subject+ verb + extension
D`vniY: hZ`~i ch©šÍ Avgiv Abygvb Kwi †m GKRb fv‡jv gvbyl|
-So far as we guess, he is a good man.
Rule-16: hZevi +------ + ZZevi _vK‡j Ñ as many times as n‡e|
D`vniY: Zzwg hZevi PvI ZZevi KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi|
-You can do the work as many times as you want.
wicv Ges ivqnvb hZevi Avgvi Kv‡Q Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z Avm‡e ZZevi Avwg Zv‡`i‡K wkLve|
-I will teach Ripa & Raihan as many times as they come to learn English
from me.
[G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î ZZ K_vi ci †h Subject _vK‡e †mLvb †_‡K translation ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Rule-17: hZw`b+--+ ZZw`b ch©šÍ/ hZÿY+--+ ZZÿY ch©šÍ _vK‡jÑas long as n‡e|
D`vniY: hZÿY Avgiv Avgv‡`i we‡eK Øviv cwiPvwjZ nB ZZÿY ch©šÍ Avgiv †Kv‡bv Lvivc Kv‡R RwoZ
nB bv|
-We are not involved in any bad activities as long as we are guided by our
conscience.
hZw`b Avwg grm¨ Kg©KZv ivqnvb fvB I ev‡qwR` fvB‡qi mv‡_ †_‡KwQ ZZw`b Avwg A‡bK bZzb
wRwbm wk‡LwQ|
-I have learnt many new things as long as I have been with the fisheries
officers, Raihan Vai and Bayezid vai.
Rule-18: hZ w`‡bi......ZZw`‡bi eySv‡Z ‡hgb: gvby‡li mv‡_ fvlvi m¤úK© hZ w`‡bi wk‡íi m¤úK© ZZ
w`‡bi| evK¨wU‡K Translation Kivi- Structure: hZ w`‡bi Av‡Mi Ask + verb+ as old as+ ZZ
w`‡bi Av‡Mi Ask|
D`vniY: gvby‡li mv‡_ fvlvi m¤úK© hZ w`‡bi wk‡íi m¤úK© ZZw`‡bi|
-The relationship of man with art is as old as the relationship of man with
language.
Or- The relationship of man with art is as old as that between man and
language.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 49 ~
 hZevi---ZZevi (as many times as)/ hZw`b---ZZw`b (as long as)/ (so long as- mvaviYZ
neg. ev‡K¨ e‡m)/ hZÿY---ZZÿY (as long as) BZ¨vw` Øviv †Kv‡bv evK¨ _vK‡j-
ZZevi/ ZZw`b/ ZZÿY Gi c‡ii Ask †_‡K translation wU ïiæ n‡e Ges g‡a¨ as many times
as/ as long as + Sub+ verb+ extension e‡m|
D`vniY: hZw`b bv ch©šÍ Zviv GB wWwMÖ AR©b K‡i ZZw`b ch©šÍ Zv‡`i PvKzwi ¯’vqx n‡e bv|
-Their job will not be permanent so long as they do not obtain this degree.
Avcwb hZevi Pvb ZZevi GB eBwU co‡Z cv‡ib|
-You can read this book as many times as you want.
Abyev` fvjfv‡e †kLvi Rb¨ Avcwb hZÿY/ hZw`b B”Qv ZZÿY/ ZZw`b ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ
AvMÖn mnKv‡i GB eBUv co‡Z cv‡ib|
-You can read this book with interest from A to Z as long as you wish to learn
translation properly.
Rule-19: evsjv‡Z Subject+ wµqv+ gvÎB eySv‡Z- as soon as+sub+ verb+ extension em‡e|
D`vniY: †m Avmv gvÎB Avwg Zvi mv‡_ †`Lv Kie| -I will meet him as soon as he comes.
 G‡ÿ‡Î ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡gI as soon as (m‡½ m‡½/ gvÎB)+ 2q sub+ verb+ extension+, + 1g
sub+ verb+ extension e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniY: Avwg WvKv gvÎB/ WvKvi m‡½ m‡½ †m Avgvi Wv‡K mvov †`q|
-He responds to my call as soon as I call him.
Or- As soon as I call him, he responds to my call.
sub
‡Kn wec‡` verbcov gvÎB adverbial †mBLv‡b subcywjk verbQzwUqv Av‡m| [cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM
cixÿv- 2009]
-The police rush there as soon as anyone falls in danger.
Or- As soon as anyone falls in danger, the police rush there.
Zv‡`i g„Zz¨i m‡½ m‡½B Zviv we¯§„Z nq| [Bmjvgx e¨vsK, cÖ‡ekbvix Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 13]
-They are forgotten as soon as they pass away.
Rule-20: ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ hZUzKz/ hZLvwb + cwigvYevPK noun + wµqv--- + ZZUzKz/ ZZLvwb + subject
+ wµqv + extension _vK‡j, †hgb: Avwg Zv‡K hZUyKz cvwb w`jvg †m ZZUzKz cvb Kij| Giƒc
evK¨¸‡jv‡K Abyev` Kivi- Structure: Subject +verb---- + as much + cwigvYevPK noun+ as +
subject + verb + extension.
D`vniY: Avwg Zv‡K hZUyKz cvwb w`jvg †m ZZUzKz cvb Kij|
-He drank as much water as I gave him.
‡m Zvi hZUzKz Ávb wQj ZZUzKz gvby‡li Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡jv|
-He used as much knowledge as he had for the sake of people.
‡m DËivwaKvi m~‡Î hZLvwb UvKv †c‡qwQj, ZZLvwb `ytLx gvbyl‡`i‡K `vb K‡i w`j| [DËivwaKvi
m~‡Î cvIqv- inherit]
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 50 ~
 -He donated as much money as he inherited for the suffering people.
‡bvU: hZUzKz----- ZZUzKz Øviv Giƒc evK¨ _vK‡j subject wfbœ wfbœ n‡j 2q subject †_‡K evK¨wU ïiæ
Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi subject GKB iKg n‡j H subject-B `ywU As‡k em‡e|
Avi †mRb¨ Dc‡ii D`vniY¸‡jvi 1g ev‡K¨ `yBwU wfbœ subject (Avwg I †m) _vKvi Kvi‡Y 2q subject
(‡m) ‡_‡K evK¨wU ïiæ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ c‡ii `ywU ev‡K¨ GKB subject (†m) _vKvi Kvi‡Y H subject-B Dfq
As‡k e‡m‡Q| [hZUzKz----ZZUzKz Øviv MwVZ Giƒc mKj ev‡K¨ GB wbqg AbymiY Kiv nq]

Rule-21: ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ KZ©v + hZ¸‡jv + msL¨vevPK noun + wµqv + ZZ¸‡jv + subject/ KZ©v +
extension+ wµqv _vK‡j, †hgb: RvKvwiqv evwà‡K hZ¸‡jv eB w`‡qwQj, evwà ZZ¸‡jv c‡o‡Q| Giƒc
evK¨¸‡jv‡K Abyev` Kivi- Structure: Subject +verb---- + as many + msL¨vevPK noun Gi
plural+ as + subject + verb + extension
D`vniY: RvKvwiqv evwà‡K hZ¸‡jv eB w`‡qwQj, evwà ZZ¸‡jv c‡o‡Q|
-Bappi has read as many books as Jakaria gave him.
[GB ev‡K¨ `ywU subject(Jakaria, Bappi) noun nIqvi Kvi‡Y 2q verb(gave) Gi c‡i 1g
noun(Bappi) Gi objective pronoun (him) e‡m‡Q;]
‡g‡n`x nvmvb I RvbœvZzj †di`vDm hZ¸‡jv †`k ågY K‡i‡Q ‡gvkvid †nv‡mb I AvuwL
ZZ¸‡jv †`k ågY K‡i‡Q|
-Mosharaf Hossain and Akhi have visited as many countries as Mehedee
Hasan and Jannatul Ferdous have visited.
Avwg hZ¸‡jv Aa¨vq K¬v‡m Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQjvg, dvinvbv Bqvmwgb nvwm I wgZz gbxlv ZZ¸‡jv
Aa¨vq fv‡jvfv‡e c‡o‡Q|
-Farhana Yeasmin Hasi and Mitu Monisha have read properly as many
chapters as I discussed in the class.
Rule-22: ev‡K¨ hZUzKzi c‡i †Kvb msL¨v/ cwigvYevPK noun bv _vK‡j A_©vr ‡Kvb ev‡K¨- hZUzKz +----
+ wµqv + subject+ ZZUzKz + wµqv + extension _vK‡j, †hgb: ms¯‹„wZ hZUzKz Avgv‡`i‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡i Zviv ZZUzKz cixÿv K‡i‡Q| Giƒc evK¨¸‡jv‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: Subject+ verb+ the extent to which+ subject+ verb+ extension
D`vniY: ms¯‹„wZ hZUzKz Avgv‡`i Rxeb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zviv ZZUzKz cixÿv K‡i‡Q|
-They have examined the extent to which culture influences our life.
MZ `k eQ‡i kni Rxe‡b hZUzKz cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q AvwU©‡KjwU ZZUzKz Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q|
-The article focuses on the extent to which urban life has changed over the
past ten years.
Rule-23: ‡Kvb evK¨ GKw`‡K †hgb---Aciw`‡K/ Ab¨w`‡K †Zgb Giƒc eySv‡Z †hgb: ‰K‡kvi GKw`‡K
†hgb AmvaviY e„w× I m¤¢vebvi GKwU mgq; Aciw`‡K/ Ab¨w`‡K GwU †Zgb SzuwKiI mgq| Giƒc
evK¨¸‡jv‡K Abyev` Kivi- Structure: While+ subject+ verb + object/ extension +, + subject +
verb + object/ extension.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 51 ~
 D`vniY: ‰K‡kvi GKw`‡K †hgb AmvaviY e„w× I m¤¢vebvi GKwU mgq, Aciw`‡K/ Ab¨w`‡K GwU †Zgb
SzuwKiI mgq|
-While adolescence is the time of tremendous growth and potential, it is also a
time of considerable risks.
GKw`‡K gkvi K‡qj †hgb gkv gv‡i, Ab¨w`‡K GUv Avgv‡`i kix‡ii Dci gvivZ¡K cÖfve †d‡j|
-While mosquito coil kills mosquitoes, it has a bad impact on our health.
[‡bvU: cÖfve †djv eySv‡Z- leave/ has/ have...impact/effect on--e‡m]

Rule-24: bv †evaK ev‡K¨ Subject + ZZUv/ AZUv + adjective + bq + hZUv + Subject + wµqv
+ extension _vK‡j- †hgb: Ávb AR©b Kiv AZUv/ ZZUv mnR bq hZUv Avgiv g‡b Kwi| evK¨wU
wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: Subject + verb + not + so + adjective +
as + subject + verb + extension.
D`vniY: Ávb AR©b Kiv AZUv/ ZZUv mnR bq hZUv Avgiv g‡b Kwi|
-Achieving knowledge is not so easy as we think.
†Q‡j wn‡m‡e †m ZZUv ¯§vU© bq hZUv †m Ab¨‡`i Kv‡Q †`Lv‡bvi †Póv K‡i|
-As a boy he is not so smart as he tries to show others.
Rule-25: Subject + hZUv bv + adjective + Zvi †P‡q †ewk + adjective + extension _vK‡j-
†hgb: fvj †iRvë Kiv hZUv bv KwVb Zvi †P‡q †ewk KwVb GKUv fv‡jv PvKzwi cvIqv| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ
Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: Subject+ verb + adjective hy³ word Gi comparative
form + than + subject + verb + extension.
D`vniY: fvj †iRvë Kiv hZUv bv KwVb Zvi †P‡q †ewk KwVb GKUv fv‡jv PvKzwi cvIqv|
-Getting a good job is more difficult than doing a good result.
wicvi Kv‡Q WvUv Gw›Uª Kiv I Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b e‡m KvR Kiv hZUv bv weiw³Ki Zvi †P‡q †ewk
weiw³Ki †mB e¨w³i †e‡cv‡ivqv AvPiY|
-The desperate behaviour of that man is more disturbing to Ripa than doing
data entry and working before computer.
N.B. hZUv bv hy³ ev‡K¨ mvaviYZ-‡P‡q †ewk/ eo+ adj. Gi c‡ii Ask †_‡K Bs‡iwR translation wU
ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|
A‡bK¸‡jv Ab¨vq Kv‡R mgv‡Ri hZ bv ÿwZ nq, GKwU gvÎ Ab¨vq iv‡qi cwiYv‡g Zvi †P‡q
A‡bK ¸Y †ewk ÿwZ n‡q _v‡K| [6ô we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR) wjwLZ cixÿv 2011]
-The harm that is done to the society as a result of a single unlawful verdict is
many times higher than that caused by many unjust activities.
Rule-26: mvaviYZ adverb wnmv‡e bv †evaK ev‡K¨ AZUv/ ZZUv eySv‡Z- that/ so+ adjective
e‡m|
D`vniY: mgm¨vwU mgvavb Kiv AZUv mnR bq|
-Solving the problem is not that/ so easy.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 52 ~
 GB †Q‡jwUi gy³wPšÍvi aibUv AZUv fvj bq|
-The type of this boy’s free thinking is not that/ so good.
GB MÖv‡gi †jvK‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v ZZUv †kvPbxq bq|
-The economic condition of the people of this village is not that/ so
deplorable.
Rule-27: wKš‘ bv †evaK ev‡K¨ AZUv + adjective + hZUv _vK‡j so + adjective + as + sub +
verb + extension nq|
D`vniY: mgm¨vwU AZUv mnR bq hZUv Avwg g‡b Kwi|
-The problem is not so easy as I think.
GB †Q‡jwUi gy³wPšÍvi aibUv AZUv fvj bq hZUv Avgiv †f‡ewQjvg|
-The type of this boy’s free thinking is not so good as we thought.
GB MÖv‡gi †jvK‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v ZZUv †kvPbxq bq hZUv MZKv‡ji cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡qwQj|
-The economic condition of the people of this village is not so deplorable as
the report said yesterday.
Note: cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q/ n‡qwQj eySv‡Z- the report says/ said e‡m| mgxÿvq †`Lv
†M‡Q/ wM‡qwQj eySv‡Z-Statistics shows/ showed e‡m| Avi, wee„wZ‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q eySv‡Z-
the statement reads e‡m|

United Commercial Bank wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2011-

wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv ‡M‡Q, weÁvbPP©vi wewfbœ ch©v‡q bvbv cÖwZK~jZvi Kvi‡YB bvixiv weÁvb wegyL n‡Z eva¨
n‡”Q| -Various studies have showed that women are being compelled to become
reluctant to science due to different oppositions at different levels in the practices of
science.
Rule-28: Av‡Mi †P‡q/ Ab¨ †h †Kvb mg‡qi †P‡q- fv‡jv/ Lvivc/ Adjective Øviv †Kvb evK¨ _vK‡j,
†hgb: Zv‡K Av‡Mi †P‡q/ Av‡Mi †h †Kvb mg‡qi †P‡q A‡bK my›`i †`Lv‡”Q| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î subject +
verb + comparative + than ever
D`vniY: Zv‡K Av‡Mi †P‡q/ Av‡Mi †h †Kvb mg‡qi †P‡q A‡bK my›`i †`Lv‡”Q|
-She looks more beautiful than ever.
Av‡Mi †h †Kvb mg‡qi †P‡q †m AwaK AMÖMwZ jvf K‡i‡Q|
-He has made more improvement than ever.
Rule-29: Av‡Mi gZB fv‡jv/ Lvivc/ Adjective Øviv †Kvb evK¨ _vK‡j/ KZ©v +Av‡M †hgb +
Adjective +wQj GLbI †Zgb evsjv †Kvb ev‡K¨ _vK‡j †hgb: ‡Q‡jwU Av‡Mi gZB ¯§vU©/ †Q‡jwU Av‡M
†hgb ¯§vU© wQj GLbI †Zgb ¯§vU©| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î-subject + verb + as + adjective + as + ever.
D`vniY: ‡Q‡jwU Av‡Mi gZB ¯§vU©/ †Q‡jwU Av‡M †hgb ¯§vU© wQj GLbI †Zgb ¯§vU©|
-The boy is as smart as ever.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 53 ~
 Rule-30: G hver ch©šÍ fv‡jv/ Lvivc/ Adjective Øviv †Kvb evK¨ _vK‡j, †hgb: G hver ch©šÍ Avgvi
cov GwUB me‡P‡q fv‡jv eB| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î subject + verb + superlative + noun+ subject +
have/ has---- ever+ verb
D`vniY: G hver ch©šÍ Avgvi cov GwUB me‡P‡q fv‡jv eB|
-This is the best book I have ever read.
Rule-31: †h mg‡q/ mgq--- †m mg‡q/ mgq eySv‡Z-‡hgb: ‡h mg‡q Avwg KvRwU Kie, ‡m mg‡q †m
Avm‡e| Giƒc ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î- subject + verb + extension + by the time + sub + verb +
extension.
D`vniY: ‡h mg‡q Avwg KvRwU Kie, ‡m mg‡q †m Avm‡e|
-He will come by the time I do the work.
‡h mgq †PviwU N‡i cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj, †m mgq †jgb †R‡MwQj|
-Lemon was awake by the time the thief entered the room.
‡bvU: Gme ev‡K¨ †k‡li subject ‡_‡K Translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Rule-32: hLbB....ZLbB eySv‡Z Every time Gi e¨envi- ‡hgb: hLbB evm hvq, ZLbB Rvbvjvq
LULU kã nq| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡`- Structure: Every time + sub + verb + extension + , +
sub +verb + extension.
D`vniY: hLbB evm hvq, ZLbB Rvbvjvq LULU kã nq|
-Every time a bus goes, the windows rattle.
Rule-33: ev‡K¨i g‡a¨- †h gyû‡Z©- ‡m gyû‡Z©/ ZLbB eySv‡Z, †hgb: Avjfx †h gyû‡Z© Zvi djvdj
‡c‡qwQj †m gyû‡Z© ‡m Zvi fvB jyBm ‡K †Uwj‡dvb K‡iwQj| Giƒc ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î- subject + verb +
object/ extension +the moment + sub + verb + object/ extension.
D`vniY: Alvi telephoned her brother Luis the moment she got her result.
Rule-34: Ggb + noun + hv/ hviv/ †hwU †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ _vK‡j such + noun + as + verb Gfv‡e
em‡e| [G‡ÿ‡Î such- Adj. Gi KvR K‡i]
D`vniY: evsjv‡`k Ggb GKwU †`k hv cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h© ficyi|
-Bangladesh is such a country as is full of natural beauty.
Ggb †jvK hviv †`‡ki Rb¨ cÖvY †`q Zv‡`i‡K mevB Mfxi kÖ×vf‡i ¯§iY K‡i|
-Everybody remembers such people as lay down their lives for the sake of
their country with profound respect.
[GLv‡b `ywU wfbœ Subject h_v: Ggb †jvK hviv Ges mevB- _vKvi Kvi‡Y 2q Subject/ mevB
†_‡K evK¨wU ïiæ n‡q‡Q]
Rule-35: fwel¨‡Zi A_© cÖ`vb Kivi ‡ÿ‡Î Ggb --- bq †h eySv‡Z bv †evaK ev‡K¨ such + noun +
as to+ g~j verb + extension e‡m|
D`vniY: †m Ggb †jvK bq †h †m KvRwU Ki‡e|
-He is not such a man as to do the work.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 54 ~
 wkgy †h eBwU co‡Q †mwU Ggb eB bq †h †mUv Zv‡K A‡bK Avb›` w`‡e|
-The book which Shimu is reading is not such a book as to give her much
pleasure.
GLv‡b as to+ g~j verb Gi base form fwel¨‡Zi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
 A_ev fwel¨‡Zi A_© cÖ`vb Kiv eySv‡Z such + noun + as will + g~j verb + extension e‡m|
D`vniY: †m Ggb †jvK bq †h †m KvRwU Ki‡e|
-He is not such a man as will do the work.
wkgy †h eBwU co‡Q †mwU Ggb eB bq †h †mUv Zv‡K A‡bK Avb›` w`‡e|
-The book which Shimu is reading is not such a book as will give her
much pleasure.
Rule-36: evsjv ev‡K¨ †hLv‡b---†mLv‡b _vK‡j, Where there + be verb+ N/ P+-----, +
there+ be verb+ N/ P----.
D`vniY: †hLv‡b mgm¨v Av‡Q †mLv‡b mgvavb Av‡Q|
-Where there are problems, there are solutions.
Rule-37: evsjv‡Z GLv‡bB ev HLv‡bB+ Subject + extension+ wµqv _vK‡j ‡hgb: GLv‡bB iwbi
mv‡_ Zvi evj¨ eÜzi †`Lv n‡qwQj| G‡ÿ‡Î- Structure: This is where/ that is where +
subject + verb + extension.
D`vniY: GLv‡bB iwbi mv‡_ Zvi evj¨ eÜzi †`Lv n‡qwQj|
-This is where Rony meet his childhood friend.
HLv‡bB GKUv MÛ‡Mvj/ msNl© n‡qwQj| -That is where a clash took place.
[Note: GLv‡bB- this is where; ILv‡bB- That is where; Gfv‡eB- this is how; GUvB-
this is what;]
Rule-38: GB‡Zv/ H †h Avm‡Q/ hv‡”Q/ †`Šov‡”Q/ nvU‡Q- Giƒc eySv‡Z- Here/ there + come/ go/
run/ walk + subject/ noun + extension e‡m|
D`vniY: GB‡Zv/ H †h evmwU Avm‡Q| -Here comes the bus.
GB‡Zv/ H †h nwiYwU ‡`Š‡o †Mj| -There ran a deer.
‡bvU: Here/ there Gi c‡i Dc‡ii H verb ¸‡jvi †h †Kvb GKwU Avm‡j †mLv‡b Aek¨B subject
wn‡m‡e noun em‡e KL‡bv pronoun em‡Z cvi‡e bv| Here comes he. evK¨wU fzj KviY GLv‡b He
n‡”Q pronoun|
Rule-39: hLb †Kvb ¯’v‡b/ †Kvb wKQz‡Z wKQz Av‡Q/ wQj/ _vK‡e ev we`¨gvb Av‡Q/ wQj/ _vK‡e ZLb
evK¨wU‡Z There + be verb + ¯’vbevPK word e‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î ¯’vbevPK k‡ãi bv‡gi †k‡l G + Av‡Q/
wQj _vK‡e|
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i †`‡k A‡bK mgm¨v Av‡Q| (Avgv‡`i †`‡k-- Av‡Q)
-There are many problems in our country.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 55 ~
 wek¦we`¨vj‡q GKwU jvB‡eªwi Av‡Q| (wek¦we`¨vj‡q-- Av‡Q)
-There is a library in the University.
kn‡i A‡bK abx †jvK Av‡Qb| (kn‡i---- Av‡Q)
-There are many rich man in the town. [gvtfvtwetcÖtwet D, 11-12]
 GQvovI evsjv †Kvb ev‡K¨ msL¨v(GK/ `yB.../ A‡bK/ wKQz BZ¨vw` )...+ Noun/ bvg evPK kã + Av‡Q/
i‡q‡Q/ wQj + †h/ whwb/ hviv +....+ wµqv..._vK‡j †hgb: A‡bK †jvK Av‡Q hviv g‡b K‡ib Bs‡iwR
GKUv KwVb fvlv| Structure: There + number(a/ an/ two/ three…many/ few/
several..etc.) + p/ noun/ bvg evPK kã + (Wh)....
D`vniY: A‡bK †jvK Av‡Q hviv g‡b K‡ib Bs‡iwR GKUv KwVb fvlv|
-There are many people who think English is a difficult language.
GKRb QvÎ Av‡Q †h me mgq GB ˆel‡g¨i weiæ‡× †mv”Pvi|
-There is a student who is always vocal against this discrimination.
A‡bK evev -gv i‡q‡Qb, hviv wkï‡`i cÖwZfv weKv‡ki Rb¨ AbyK~j cwi‡ek ‰Zwi Kivi wel‡q
Av‡`Š m‡PZb bb| [29th BCS] -There are many parents who are not at all
conscious of creating congenial environment for developing the talent of
their children.
A‡bK M„nKZx© Av‡Qb hviv evwo‡Z cÖvq mvivw`b KvR K‡ib| [Dc‡Rjv gwnjv welhK Kg©KZv©-06]
-There are many housewives who work at home almost all day.
RM‡Z Ggb A‡bK gvbyl wQ‡jb hviv Aí eq‡m gviv †M‡jI Zv‡`i gnr K‡g©i Rb¨ GLbI Zv‡`i
Mfxi kÖ×vi mv‡_ ¯§iY Kiv nq| [Bmjvgx e¨vsK, cÖ‡ekbvix Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 13]
-There were many such people in this world that although they embraced a
premature death, they are remembered even today with profound respect for
their noble deeds.
eû jvB‡mÝwenxb hvbevnb i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv wbqš¿Y Kiv DwPZ| [Karmashongsthan Bank Ltd. (SO)- 2013]
-There are many unlicensed vehicles which should be controlled.
G axiMwZi cÖe„w×i †cQ‡b A‡bK hyw³ e‡q‡Q| [Bangladesh Bank (AD)- 2009]
-There are many reasons behind this slowdown financial progress.
Pvi `kKe¨vcx evsjv‡`k-fviZ eûgvwÎK m¤ú‡K©i eÜb m‡Ë¡I `yÕ‡`‡ki A‡bK AgxgvswmZ welq
i‡q‡Q| [Mutual Bank Ltd. (MTO)- 2014]
-There are many unresolved issues between Bangladesh and India though
these two countries have a multidimensional relationship for the four
decades.
ZvB wKQz wKQz Nwo Av‡Q hvi GB Z„Zxq KvUvwU ‡bB|
-So, there are some clocks that do not have this third hand. [¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi Kj¨vY
gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix †givgZ cÖ‡KŠkjx cixÿv-2017]
[NB: There Gi c‡i a lot of/ a number of em‡j be verb Gi singular/ plural form (is/
are/ was/ were) Dfq wU em‡Z cv‡i| Source: Oxford Advanced learners’ Dictionary

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 56 ~

 D`vniY: †ek wKQz msL¨K †Q‡j DVv‡b Av‡Q|
-There is/ are a number of boys in the courtyard.
mvwi‡Z A‡bK QvÎ Av‡Q|
-There is/ are a lot of students in the queue.
 ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ Av‡Q/ wQj/ _vK‡e BZ¨vw` hy³ word _vK‡j Zv‡`i Av‡M k‡ãi mv‡_ ÒGÓ _vK‡j †m
evK¨wU “There” Øviv ïiæ Ki‡Z nq| Structure: There + lie/ exist/ live + N/ P + extension.
D`vniY: Zvi e³…Zvq GKwU fzj Av‡Q| -There lies a mistake in his speech.
GB MÖvgwU‡Z GKRb e„× †jvK evm KiZ|
-There lived an old man in this village. Or-An old man lived in this village.
NB: There Gi c‡i have/ has/ had em‡j Gi c‡i mivmwi †Kvb noun e‡mbv †m‡ÿ‡Î _vKv ev
nIqv eySv‡Z Aek¨B have/ has/ had + been e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡‡e|
-There have many changes in our national life.
evK¨wU fzj| KviY GLv‡b have Gi c‡i ïay noun (changes) e‡m‡Q| GB evK¨wU‡K mwVK
Ki‡Z n‡j wjL‡Z n‡e-
Avgv‡`i RvZxq Rxe‡b A‡bK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
-There have been many changes in our national life.
 There have/ has/ had + been + noun + extension.
GLv‡b m¤úªwZ wKQz wQbZvB‡qi NUbv N‡U‡Q|
-There have been several muggings here recently.
Rule-40: evsjv ev‡K¨ ‡Kvb wKQzi weKí bvB/ wQjbv _vK‡j †hgb: Ávb wfwËK mgvR MV‡b Z_¨ A_©bxwZi
†Kvb weKí †bB| evK¨wU‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: There + is/ was no alternative to + verb +ing/ noun+ extension.
D`vniY: Ávb wfwËK mgvR MV‡b Z_¨ A_©bxwZi †Kvb weKí †bB|
-There is no alternative to establishing knowledge based society and
information based economy.
GKwU †`‡ki MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqv‡K mymsnZ Kivi Rb¨ my-kvm‡bi †Kvb weKí bvB|
-There is no alternative to good governance for consolidating the
democratic process of a country.
GUv ejv evûj¨ †h, GK wesk kZvwãi GB c„w_ex‡Z gv_v DuPz K‡i wek¦ `iev‡i `vuov‡Z PvB‡j
Ávb wfwËK mgvR MVb Z_¨ A_©bxwZi †Kvb weKí †bB| [Iqvb e¨vsK wjwg‡UW-2017]
-It goes without saying, there is no alternative to establishing knowledge
based society and information based economy if we want to stand
upright in the world.
Gaviv cwieZ©b Kivi weKí wQj bv|
-There was no alternative to changing this provision.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 57 ~
 Rule-41: evsjv †Kvb ev‡K¨ †Kvb wKQz Kivi Dcvq bvB ev wQj bv/ iB‡jv bv _vK‡j †hgb: wek¦vm Kivi
Dcvq bvB †h †m GZ cwikÖgx| G ai‡bi evK¨ wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
There + be verb (is/ was) + no way of + wµqv/ verb + ing + extension.
D`vniY: wek¦vm Kivi Dcvq bvB †h †m GZ cwikÖgx|
-There is no way of believing that he is so hard-working.
¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g †mI †h GKRb †hv×v Zv‡K †`‡L wek¦vm Kivi Dcvq iB‡jv bv| [37 BCS-2017]
-There is no way of believing that he was a fighter in the Liberation War by
seeing him.
‡evSvi †Kvb Dcvq bvB †h- There is no way of understanding that-
Rvbvi †Kvb Dcvq bvB †h- There is no way of knowing that-
Rule-42: Avgvi, Zvi, Zv‡`i, †Zvgv‡`i/ †Kv‡bv bv‡gi/ we‡k‡l¨i c‡i ÒiÓ _vK‡j Zvi c‡i Av‡Q/ wQj
_vK‡j- †hgb: Zvi A‡bK mgm¨v Av‡Q| evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ Structure G Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: Subject + have/ has/ had + extension
D`vniY: Zvi A‡bK mgm¨v Av‡Q| (GLv‡b Zvi-i) -He has many problems.
‡`‡jvqv‡ii A‡bK cÖwZfv Av‡Q| -Delwar has a lot of talent.
 American English G- Avgvi GKwU eB Av‡Q- Gi translation n‡e I have a book. wKš‘
British English G (Av‡Q/ wQj) _vK‡j (have/ has/ had) + got + extension e‡m|
I have got a book. Avgvi GKwU eB Av‡Q| GLv‡b got Gi †Kv‡bv wfbœ A_© †bB|
He has got two plans. (Zvi `yBUv cwiKíbv Av‡Q)
Rule-43: some time- wKQz mgq/ wKQzÿY- Giƒc A_© cÖKvk K‡i|
D`vniY: Avgvi eÜz Avjx Av‡bvqv‡ii mv‡_ wKQzÿY _vKv GKUv †mŠfv‡M¨i welq|
-To spend some time with my friend Ali Anwar is a matter of fortune.
[Note: GLv‡b some n‡”Q adjective]

Rule-44: Sometime- †Kvb GK mgq/ †Kv‡bv GK w`b|

D`vniY: dvinvbvi mv‡_ wR‡K wkK`v‡ii MZ gv‡mi †Kv‡bv GK mg‡q †`Lv n‡qwQj|
-Gk Shikdar met Farhana sometime last month.
AvMvwg eQ‡ii †Kvb GKmgq iwb I Avkvi we‡q n‡e|
-Rony and Asha will get married sometime next year.
NB: Once- GK`v/ ‡Kv‡bv GK w`b/ †Kvb GK mgq| Once ïay past Gi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq| Avi
Sometime/ one day-†Kvb GK mgq/ †Kv‡bv GK w`b| past/ future tense Gi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq|

Rule-45: GK Kv‡ji/ GK mg‡qi eySv‡ZI Sometime+ noun…Gfv‡e em‡e|

D`vniY: †h †g‡qwUi mv‡_ Zvi K_v nq bv †m Zvi GK mg‡qi †cÖwgKv wQj|
-The girl with whom he does not have any talk was his sometime beloved.
D‡jøL¨- †h GLv‡b ÔÔGK mg‡qiÕÕ eySv‡Z ev ÔÔcÖv³bÕÕ eySv‡Z one-time I e¨envi Kiv hvq|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 58 ~
Rule-46: gv‡S gv‡S eySv‡Z- sometimes e‡m|
D`vniY: †h e¨w³i cÖwZ Avgiv ivM Kwi Zvi Qwe gv‡S gv‡S Avgv‡`i mvg‡b fv‡m|
-The picture of the person with whom we are angry floats before us
sometimes.
 Some other time- Ab¨ †Kvb GK mgq|
Ab¨ †Kvb GK mgq iwb Avkvi evwo cvebvi AvZvBKzjv‡Z hv‡e|
-Rony will go to Ataikula of Pabna, the house of Asha some other time.
Rule-47: wظY, wZb¸Y, Pvi¸Y BZ¨vw` eySv‡Z two, three, four… (number) + times +
comparative + than + extension
D`vniY: Avwg †hgbUv †f‡ewQjvg GUv Zvi †_‡K wZb¸Y †ekx KwVb|
-It is three times more difficult than I thought.
‡gŠ‡qi †¯‹vi ‡jg‡bi †¯‹v‡ii †P‡q wظY †ekx|
-The score of Mou is two times higher than that of lemon.
evsjv‡`k GB Lv‡Z †h AMÖMwZ AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv MZ wZb eQ‡ii Zzjbvq `k ¸Y|
-The progress which Bangladesh has achieved in this sector is ten times
higher than the last three years.
w`‡b wZbevi GB JlawU Lv‡eb| -Take this medicine three times a day.
 [Note: ¸Y eySv‡Z times e¨eüZ n‡j †hgb: wظY, wZb¸Y, Pvi¸Y, cvuP¸Y Giƒc †ÿ‡Î times
Gi c‡i Aek¨B comparative + than+ N/ P emv‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b KL‡bvB positive
degree e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv]
Zvi eqm Zvi fvB‡qi eq‡mi wZb¸Y| -He is three times older than his brother. (right)
-He is three times old than her brother. (wrong)
m¤úªwZ weÁvbxiv †mŠigЇj c„w_ex †_‡K `k¸Y eo GKwU MÖ‡ni mÜvb †c‡q‡Qb| [Southeast Bank
Ltd. (TO)- 2016]
-Recently scientists have discovered a planet in the solar system ten times
larger than the earth.
Rule-48: wظY, wZb¸Y BZ¨vw` eySv‡Z twice, thrice...... + as + positive degree + as e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi Avq Zvi fvB‡qi Av‡qi †P‡q wظY|
-His income is twice as high as his brother.
bZzb PvjKiv AwfÁ PvjK‡`i ‡P‡q w`¸Y G¨vw·‡W›U K‡i/ `yN©Ubvi Ke‡j c‡o|
-New drivers have twice as many accidents as experienced drivers.
 [Note: twice, thrice Gi c‡i Aek¨B degree positive emv‡Z n‡e| KL‡bvB
comparative degree e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv]
Rule-49: positive/ comparative degree Gi †ÿ‡Î than/ as Gi c‡i ïay object form e‡m
A_ev subject form+ verb e‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î verb ‡K Dn¨ ivLv hvq|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 59 ~
 ‡hgb: He is better than I (am). He is better than me.
He is as good as I (am). He is as good as me.
[Note: than/ as Gi c‡i Pronoun Gi subjective form e¨envi KivUvB fvj]

GKevi/ GK`v/ †Kvb wKQz n‡q †M‡j eySv‡Z- once Gi e¨envi

Rule-50: GKevi eySv‡Z once e‡m|
D`vniY: GKevi †m GLv‡b G‡mwQj| -He came here once.
we‡kl `ªóe¨: Translation †kLvi Rb¨ GB eB‡q e¨eüZ Bs‡iwR Structure Gi †P‡q Bs‡iwR‡Z
†jLv Sentence ¸‡jv Lye fvjfv‡e co‡Z n‡e| Structure ¸‡jv gyL¯Í Kivi cwie‡Z© †m¸‡jv ey‡S ey‡S
co‡eb|
Rule-51: Once upon a time- GK`v|
D`vniY: GK`v †`v‡jvqvi fvB P¤úv bv‡gi GK †g‡qi †cÖ‡gi dv‡` c‡owQj|
-Once upon a time Delwar vai fell in the snare of a Champa’s love.
Rule-52: †Kv‡bv wKQz Kiv n‡q †M‡jB/ K‡i †dj‡jB eySv‡Z- ‡hgb: Zzwg (GKevi) Kv‡iv †cÖ‡g co‡jB
eyS‡e †h Zzwg Zv‡K KZUv Abyfe Ki| Giƒc ev‡K¨ MVb n‡e- once + sub + have/ has + v.p.p +, +
sub + tense Abymv‡i verb + extension em‡e|
D`vniY: Zzwg (GKevi) Kv‡iv †cÖ‡g co‡jB eyS‡e †h (Zzwg) Zv‡K KZUv Abyfe Ki|
-Once you have fallen in love with someone, you will understand how
much you feel him/ her.
 Once Gi c‡i Present/ Past Indefinite Tense I e¨envi Kiv hvq|
D`vniY: mvB‡Kj Pvjv‡bv wk‡L †dj‡jB (Zzwg) Avi KLbB Zv fzj‡ebv|
-Once you know how to ride a cycle, you will never forget it.
Zviv GUv Ki‡Z cvi‡jB, Zviv Gi †_‡K me©‡”Pv myweav †c‡Z cv‡i/ cv‡i|
-Once they can do it, they can derive maximum advantages out of it.
e„wó †Q‡o †M‡jB Zviv Avevi †LjvwU ïiæ Kij|
-Once it stopped raining, they started the game again.
adverbial
Avi my‡hvM verb†c‡jB adverbialeÜz‡`i mv‡_ N‡ii gvчevb‡`i wb‡q ÒA¯¿ a‡iv, ¯^vaxb
evsjv iÿv K‡ivÓ verb†¯øvMvb w`‡Zb|
-And once she got chance, she with her friends and mothers-sisters of the
houses would chant the slogan, “Take arms, save the Independent Bangla.”
[Standard Bank Ltd. (TAO)- 16]
Rule-53: evsjv †Kvb c~Y©v½ ev‡K¨i c‡i/ †k‡l †KvbwKQz wb‡`©k Ki‡Z bq wKš‘ _vK‡j †hgb: cwc †K
wRÁvmv Ki, Zvi †evb †K bq wKš‘| g~j ev‡K¨i †k‡l ïay, + not + object/ adverb e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: cwc †K wRÁvmv Ki, Zvi †evb †K bq wKš‘| -Ask Popy, not her sister.
h_v mg‡qi c~‡e© G‡mv, QqUvi Av‡M bq wKš‘| -Come early, not before six.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 60 ~
Rule-54: Avgiv GUvI bv......IUvI bv eySv‡Z †hgb: †m a~gcvbI K‡i bv ev g`I Lvqbv Giƒc ‡ÿ‡Î
mvaviYZ neither/ not DfqwU ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi| Z‡e neither e¨envi Ki‡j c‡i nor
emv‡Z n‡e, Avi not e¨envi Ki‡j c‡i or emv‡Z n‡e| Structure: ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ Sub +…neither
+ verb…..nor + verb…A_ev Sub+ ….. not ……..or + verb….. e‡m|
D`nviY: †m a~gcvb K‡i bv ev g`I Lvqbv|
-He neither smokes nor drinks.
Or- He does not smoke or drink.
GUv †Uwe‡jI bvB Av_ev Avjgvwi‡ZI bvB|
-It is neither on the table nor in the cupboard.
Or- It is not on the table or in the cupboard.
 Z‡e not Gi c‡i nor emv‡Z n‡j GKwU comma Øviv separation Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: Avwg Zvi mv‡_ GB mßvn †`Lv Kie bv A_ev Zvi c‡ii mßv‡nI bv|
-I will not meet him this week, nor the next week.
Rule-55: A‡bKw`b/ A‡bÿY eySv‡Z interrogative Ges negative ev‡K¨ long Gi e¨envi jÿ Kiv
hvq|
D`vniY: †m GLv‡b ‡ewk w`b _v‡Kwb| -He did not stay long here.
Avcwb wK GLv‡b A‡bKÿY a‡i A‡cÿv Ki‡Qb/ `uvwo‡q Av‡Qb?
-Have you been waiting long?
Rule-56: Affirmative ev‡K¨ A‡bKw`b/ A‡bKÿY eySv‡Z a long time A_ev for a long time
e‡m| GLv‡b long Gi c‡i time K_vwU e¨envi Ki‡ZB n‡e|
D`vniY: Avwg GLv‡b A‡bKÿY `uvwo‡qwQjvg/ A‡cÿv KiwQjvg|
-I had been waiting a long time/ for a long time.
Zvi evwo‡Z †cŠQv‡Z A‡bK mgq jv‡M|
-It takes a long time to get to his house.
 for a long time Gi comparative n‡”Q (for) longer Avi G Rb¨ for a longer time
e¨envi Kiv hvqbv|
cieZ©x‡Z Avwg Av‡iv †ewk w`b ‡ewkÿY _vK‡ev|
-I will stay (for) longer next time.
 ïaygvÎ long Gi mv‡_ too/ enough/ before/ after/ ago/ as _vK‡j †hgb: Too long
(A‡bÿY), long enough (h‡_ô mgq), before long (wkNªB), long after, long ago BZ¨vw`
positive ev‡K¨ e‡m Ges ZLb Gi mv‡_ time K_vwU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡ebv|
D`vniY: ‡m h‡_ô mgq a‡i †jL‡Q| -He has been writing long enough.
Zzwg hZÿY PvI ZZÿY KvR Ki‡Z cvi| -You can work as long as you want.
‡Zvgvi R‡b¥iI A‡bK Av‡M GB ¯’v‡b GKwU MvQ wQj|
-There was a tree in this place long before you were born.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 61 ~
Rule-57: conjunction wnmv‡e †h‡nZz eySv‡Z since/ as cwie‡Z© now that e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡h‡nZz †m GLb weevwnZ †m‡nZz †m Av‡iv †ewk `vwqZ¡kxj n‡q‡Q|
-Now that he is married, he has become much more responsible.
‡h‡nZz cixÿv †kl †m‡nZz Avgiv GLb wcKwb‡K †h‡Z cvwi|
-Now that the exams are over, we can go on a picnic now.
NB: since/ as ‡h‡nZz Øviv †Kvb evK¨ ïiæ n‡j G‡`i c‡ii As‡k, (comma) e¨envi Ki‡j
†m‡nZz A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
 Abyiƒcfv‡e When Øviv evK¨ ïiæ n‡j c‡ii As‡k Kgv (,) e¨envi Ki‡j †m, (comma) ZLb A_©
cÖ`vb K‡i| ‡hgb: When Razib comes, he brings some chocolate for all the boys-hLb
ivwRe Av‡m ZLb †m mKj †Q‡ji Rb¨ PK‡jU wb‡q Av‡m|
 Abyiƒcfv‡e if Øviv evK¨ ïiæ n‡j c‡ii As‡k, (comma) e¨envi Ki‡j Z‡e/ Zvn‡j A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
‡hgb: If Latif does the work, Mitu and Synthiya will accompany him. jwZd hw`
KvRwU K‡i Z‡e/ Zvn‡j wgZz I wmbw_qv Zvi mv‡_ hv‡e|
Rule-58: hw`I eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ structure G as/ although e¨envi Kiv nq|
Structure: Adjective/ adverb/ noun + as/ though + sub + verb +, + sub + verb +extension.
D`vniY: hw`I Mí †gavex ZeyI †m Lye nvwm Lywk _v‡Kbv|
-Meritorious as/ though Golpo is, she does not remain very jolly minded.
hw`I kxZ wQj Zvi ciI/ ZeyI Avgiv evB‡i †ei n‡qwQjvg|
-Cold as/ though it was, we went out.
hw`I Zviv mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ jovB K‡iwQj ZeyI Zv‡`i †RZvi †Kvb my‡hvM wQj bv|
-Bravely as/ though they fight, they had no chance of winning.
hw`I †m evsjv‡`wk ZeyI †m fviZxq `j‡K mg_©b K‡iwQj|
-Bangladeshi though she was, she supported the Indian team.
Dc‡ii evK¨ mg~‡n (Meritorious Ges Cold) n‡jv adjective Avi Bravely n‡jv adverb Ges
Bangladeshi n‡jv noun
[NB: hw`I eySv‡Z though w`‡q evK¨ ïiæ Kiv hvq wKš‘ as Øviv evK¨ ïiæ Ki‡j †mB as hw`I-
Gi A_© cÖKvk K‡ibv]
Rule-59: in as many- hy³ ev‡K¨ Gi Av‡M †h msL¨v _vK‡e †m msL¨v‡K eySv‡e|
D`vniY: Avkv `kwU jvB‡b `kwU fzj Kij|
-Asha made ten mistakes in as many lines.
Rule-60: wKQz hvq bv/ Av‡m bv eySv‡Z- No matter+ what+ sub+ verb +, + sub + verb nq|
D`vniY: Avwg †Zvgv‡K fv‡jvevme Zzwg hv Ki Zv‡Z wKQz Av‡m/ hvq bv|
-I will love you, no matter what you do.
Zzwg †hLv‡bB hvIbv †Kb Avwg †Zvgv‡K AbymiY Ki‡ev|
-I will follow you, no matter where you go.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 62 ~
Rule-61: Avi/ cÿvšÍ‡i eySv‡Z while e‡m| ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ while+ sub+ verb+ extension.
D`vniY: k¨vgv kvwo cwiwnZ wQj Avi k¤úv c‡i wQj mvjIqvi I KvwgR|
-Shyama was dressed in sari while Shampa wore salwar and kameej.
Rule-62: gZB eySv‡Z- as+ adjective+ as e‡m|
D`vniY: Avwg †h eBwU cowQ †mwU Av‡Mi eB¸‡jvi gZB Z_¨eûj|
-The book which I am reading is as informative as the previous books.
Rule-63: wb¤œwjwLZ Phrase mg~n adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges me¸‡jviB A_© n‡jv m¤úªwZ| The
other day- m¤úªwZ; The other morning- m¤úªwZ; -The other week- m¤úªwZ
D`vniY: m¤úªwZ iwbi mv‡_ ‡jg‡bi †`Lv n‡qwQj| -Rony saw Lemon the other day.
Rule-64: A little later– GKUz Lvwb c‡i; A little earlier- GKUz Lvwb Av‡M; A little faster-
GKUzLvwb `ªyZ; ‡Mvovi w`‡K eySv‡Z- As early as + mvj e‡m|
D`vniY: 2018 mv‡ji †Mvovi w`‡K †m eBwU †jLv ïiæ K‡i|
-He starts writing the book as early as 2018.
Rule-65: evsjv‡Z cici + msL¨v + mgq _vK‡j (†hgb: cici wZb w`b/ wZb evi BZ¨vw`) Bs‡iwR
Kivi mgq Number + consecutive + time word e‡m|
D`vniY: cici wZb w`b| -Three consecutive days.
cici wZb evi| -Three consecutive times.
Rule-66: †Kvb evsjv noun/ word Gi †k‡l ÔÔIÕÕ _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq ÔÔIÕÕ eySv‡Z too/ also/
as well e‡m|
D`vniY: evsjv‡`kI Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki gZB RvwZmsN KZ©„K Av‡ivwcZ wbqg Kvbyb AbymiY Ki‡e|
-Bangladesh as well/ also/ too like other developing countries will follow the
rules and regulations imposed by the UN.
Rule-67: †Kvb bv †Kvb (fv‡e) eySv‡Z in one way or the other A_ev somehow or other
e‡m|
D`vniY: †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e Avgv‡K KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e|
-I have to do the work in one way or the other.
c„w_ex‡Z cÖPwjZ AwaKvsk el©cwÄi DrcwË †Kv‡bv bv †Kvb a‡g©i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z| [Modhumoti Bank
Ltd. (PO) – 2017]
-Origin of the most prevailing calendars in the world is related to religion
somehow or other.
Rule-68: †Kvbfv‡e/ ‡h K‡iB †nvK eySv‡Z- Somehow e‡m|
D`vniY: msmvi Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ †Kvbfv‡e †m GKUv PvKzwi †hvMvo Ki‡jv|
-Somehow he managed a job to maintain his household/ family.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 63 ~
 Rule-69: evsjv †Kvb noun ev we‡k‡l¨i c‡i e‡U K_vwU _vK‡j †hgb: GKUv PgrKvi `„k¨ e‡U A_ev
GKRb wkwÿZ †jvK e‡U|
G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i c‡i Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq noun ev we‡k‡l¨i c‡i indeed e‡m|
D`vniY: GwU GKwU PgrKvi `„k¨ e‡U| [Karmasangsthan Bank (Officer)- 2011]
-It is wonderful scenery indeed.
NB: Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ evsjv ev‡K¨ GKwU K_vwU †jLv _vK‡jI Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq a e¨envi Kiv nqwb, KviY
scenery, information, advice poetry BZ¨vw` uncountable noun
wZwb GKRb wkwÿZ †jvK e‡U| -He is an educated man indeed.
Rule-70: evsjv †Kvb negative ev‡K¨ †Kvb As‡k ---- †bB/ bvB/ bq K_vwU _vK‡j- †hgb: ‡gav I
gb‡b cyiæ‡li †P‡q bvix †Kvb As‡k wcwQ‡q †bB, Bs‡iwR Kiv mgq- In no way e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡gav I gb‡b cyiæ‡li †P‡q bvix †Kvb As‡k wcwQ‡q †bB| [Southeast Bank Ltd. (TO)- 2016]
-In no way women lag behind men in terms of merit and creativity.
‡m †Kvb As‡k fv‡jv †Q‡j bq| -He is in no way a good boy.
Rule-71: evsjv‡Z `xN© + msL¨v + mgq _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq msL¨v + long + time e‡m|
`xN© bq gvm- nine long months `xN© `k eQi- ten long years `xN© cuvP w`b- five long days
Rule-72: cvkvcvwk/ ‡mB m‡½ eySv‡Z at the same time e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡`‡ki AMÖMwZ n‡”Q mZ¨, †mB m‡½ wkwÿZ †eKv‡ii msL¨vI evo‡Q|
-It is the true that the country is progressing but at the same time, the number
of the educated unemployed is also increasing.
cvkvcvwk GwU `xN© †gqv‡` kªg Drcv`b kw³‡ZI cÖfve †dj‡e| [Bangladesh Bank AD- 2009]
-At the same time, it will have an effect on producing the long-term labor
force also.
Chapter Related Practice (Aa¨vq wfwËK Abykxjb)
evsjv evK¨mg~n: Zvi Ae¯’v hZB †kvPbxq(deplorable) †nvK bv †Kb †m Zvi `yive¯’vi(plight) cwieZ©b
NUv‡bvi Rb¨ h_vmva¨ †Póv Ki‡e(try (one’s) level best)| †m †h cÖ‡PóvB KiæK bv †Kb cÖfvekvjxiv
Zvi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡e (dominate)| †h Kvi‡Y †m mvgvwRK wecøe (social revolution) NUv‡Z
cv‡i bv I f`ª Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †mUv n‡jv Zvi Avw_©K msKU| hZw`b ch©šÍ †m Zvi fv‡M¨i PvKv
cwieZ©b bv (turn the wheel of fortune) Ki‡Z cv‡i ZZw`b †m gvbwmK kvwšÍ cv‡e bv|

cÖ_‡g wb‡R wb‡R GKevi LvZvq wjLyb Zvici wgwj‡q wbb|

English Translation: However deplorable his condition is, he will try his level best
to change his plight. Whatever efforts he makes, the influential will dominate him.
The reason why he cannot bring about social revolution and lead a decent life is his
economic crises. He will not get mental peace so long as/ as long as he cannot turn
the wheel of his fortune.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 64 ~
 Adjective Gi Ae¯’v †`‡L Abyev`
Adjective mvaviYZ noun Gi Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY I †`vl-¸Y‡K highlight K‡i| Translation
Gi †ÿ‡Î †h‡Kvb expression ‡K Av‡iv my›`ifv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kivi †ÿ‡Î GUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| ZvB
Gi e¨envi †kLv Qvov PgKcÖ` evK¨ ‰Zwi G‡Kev‡iB Am¤¢e| wb¤œwjwLZ expression ¸‡jv gyL¯’ ivL‡j
Bs‡iwR wjL‡Z I ej‡Z A‡bK mnR jvM‡e|
 ‡kvfbxq/ AvKl©Yxq eySv‡Z becoming Gi e¨envi-
‡kvfbxq AvPiY- becoming behavior AvKl©Yxq Py‡ji evnvi- becoming hair style
D`vniY: iæûj Avwg‡bi Rb¨ GUv ‡kvfbxq AvPiY bq|
-It is not becoming behavior for Ruhul Amin.
‡g‡qwU AvKl©Yxq Pz‡ji evnvi iv‡mj Bmjvg‡K cvMj K‡i‡Q|
-The becoming hair style of the girl has driven Rasel Islam crazy.
[drive somebody crazy- KvD‡K cvMj Kiv]
 Breaking news- m`¨ cÖvß msev`
 µgea©gvb Pvwn`v- burgeoning demand
µgea©gvb RbmsL¨v- burgeoning population cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Mig- blazing/ burning hot
 `ytmva¨/ AZ¨šÍ RwUj eySv‡Z- Challenging Gi e¨envi-
`ytmva¨ KvR- Challenging work RwUj welq- Challenging question
RwUj mgm¨v- Challenging problem
 kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx eySv‡Z Avgiv- physically challenged e¨envi Kwi-Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZeÜx‡`i †ÿ‡Î
Avgiv- impaired e¨envi Kwi|
evKcÖwZeÜx- speech impaired `„wó cÖwZeÜx- visually impaired
kÖeY cÖwZeÜx- hearing impaired Z‡e eyw×cÖwZeÜx- eySv‡Z- autistic e¨envi Kwi
 mgwš^Z/ HK¨e× eySv‡Z- Collective/ Concerted Gi e¨envi-
mgwš^Z/ HK¨e× cÖ‡Póv- Collective/ Concerted efforts
mgwš^Z/ HK¨e× `vwqZ¡- Collective/ Concerted responsibility
mgwš^Z/ HK¨e× nvgjv- Concerted attack mgwš^Z/ HK¨e× cÖPviYv- Concerted campaign
mgwš^Z/ HK¨e× c`‡ÿc- Concerted approach
 `y:mvnwmK/ cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Kvix eySv‡Z challenging e‡m|
`y:mvnwmK KvR- challenging work cÖwZeÜKZv m„wóKvix cÖkœ- challenging questions
cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Kvix mgm¨v- challenging problems
 msiÿY eySv‡Z conservation Gi e¨envi-
cvwb msiÿY- water conservation/ conservation of water
R¡vjvwb msiÿY- fuel conservation/ conservation of fuel
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 65 ~
 eb msiÿY- forest conservation/ conservation of forest
Lv`¨ msiÿY- food conservation/ conservation of food
 ¯^íZv/ mxgve×Zv eySv‡Z constraints Gi e¨envi-
Avw_©K ¯^íZv- financial constraints
A_©‰bwZK ¯^íZv- economic constraints mgq ¯^íZv- time constraints
 mgvcwb/ e‡Üi eySv‡Z closing Gi e¨envi-
‡kl ZvwiL- closing date e‡Üi mgq- closing time
mgvcwb Awa‡ekb- closing sessions
 mgvcwb cixÿv eySv‡Z terminal e¨envi Kiv nq-
mgvcwb cixÿv- terminal exams
 Compel A_© eva¨ Kiv| Z‡e Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ n‡q (compelling) adjective wn‡m‡e (Lye)
gRv`vi/ e¨vcK A_© ‡`q| Giƒc (Lye) gRv`vi/ e¨vcK A_© eySv‡Z compelling Gi e¨envi-
(Lye) gRv`vi Mí- compelling story (Lye) gRv`vi Dcb¨vm- compelling novel
e¨vcK Pvwn`v/ cÖ‡qvRbxqZv- compelling need e¨vcK AvKv•Lv- compelling desire
e¨vcK Zvobv- compelling urge
 kvšÍ¡bvg~jK eySv‡Z- conciliatory Gi e¨envi Kiv nq|
 eo gvbylx eo gvbylx fve/ Ab¨‡K †QvU K‡i †`Lv eySv‡Z- condescending Gi e¨envi|
eo gvbylx eo gvbylx fve- condescending attitude
eo gvbylx eo gvbylx AvPiY- condescending manner
D`vniY: Avwg Zvi eo gvbylx eo gvbylx fve cQ›` Kwi bv|
-I do not like his condescending attitude.
 MÖvmx/ mv‡cÿ eySv‡Z consuming Gi e¨envi-
me©MÖvmx- all consuming mgqmv‡cÿ- time consuming
 my¯^v`y eySv‡Z- mouth watering e‡m|
my¯^v`y dj- mouth watering fruit
 mgmvgwqK NUbv ev eY©bv eySv‡Z- contemporaneous Gi e¨envi-
mgmvgwqK NUbv- contemporaneous event mgmvgwqK eY©bv- contemporaneous accounts
 wecixZag©x eySv‡Z- contrasting Gi e¨envi
wecixZag©x gZvgZ- contrasting views wecixZag©x aviYv- contrasting idea
 wek¦vm‡hvM¨ eySv‡Z convincing Gi e¨envi-
wek¦vm‡hvM¨ hyw³- convincing argument wek¦vm‡hvM¨ e¨vL¨v- convincing explanation
wek¦vm‡hvM¨ e¨vcvi/ NUbv- convincing case/ matter
 m„Rbkxj eySv‡Z- creative Gi e¨envi-
m„Rbkxj wPšÍv- creative thinking m„Rbkxj e¨vL¨v- creative explanation
m„Rbkxj mgvavb- creative solution m„Rbkxj c×wZ- creative method
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 66 ~
 ‡evSv KwVb/ RwUj eySv‡Z- convoluted Gi e¨envi-
RwUj/ `y‡e©va¨ e¨vL¨v- convoluted explanation RwUj/ `y‡e©va¨ hyw³- convoluted argument
 µgea©gvb eySv‡Z- creeping Gi e¨envi- µgea©gvb gy`ªvùxwZ- creeping inflation
 ‡ivMcÖwZ‡iva eySv‡Z- curative/ healing Gi e¨envi-
‡ivMcÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv m¤úbœ Dcv`vb- curative/ healing property
 ÿwZKi w`K eySv‡Z- damaging Gi e¨envi-
ÿwZKi cÖfve- damaging effects/ consequences
 nZvkve¨ÄK eySv‡Z- depressing Gi e¨envi-
nZvkve¨ÄK `„k¨- depressing sight nZvkve¨ÄK wPšÍv- depressing thought
nZvkve¨ÄK AwfÁZv- depressing experience
 gvivZ¡K/ fqven eySv‡Z- dire Gi e¨envi-
gvivZ¡K cÖfve- dire effects/ consequences gvivZ¡K `vwi`ªZv- dire poverty
fqven/ gvivZ¡K ûgwK- dire threats fqven/ gvivZ¡K cwiw¯’‡Z- in dire straits
 wfbœgZvej¤^x eySv‡Z- dissenting Gi e¨envi-
wfbœgZvej¤^x ‡jvK- dissenting voices wfbœgZvej¤^x ‡Mvôx/m¤úª`vq- dissenting groups
 wfbœ gZvgZ- dissenting opinion.
 D‡ØM RbK/ nZvkv RbK eySv‡Z depressing e‡m|
nZvkv RbK AwfÁZv- depressing experience D‡ØM RbK wPÎ- depressing sight
mg‡qi AMÖhvÎv- march of time AMÖMwZi aviv- march of progress
 `vw¤¢K eySv‡Z- domineering Gi e¨envi- `vw¤¢K AvPiY- domineering manner
`vw¤¢K ‡jvK- domineering man `vw¤¢K ‡g‡q- domineering girl
 Avgiv mvaviYZ `~‡ii eySv‡Z distant e¨envi Ki‡jI- `ytm¤úK© eySv‡Z- distant Gi e¨envi nq|
`ytm¤ú‡K©i Lvjv- distant aunt
`ytm¤ú‡K©i LvjvZ/ gvgvZ/ dzdv‡Zv/ PvPv‡Zv fvB- distant cousin
†bvU: cousin Gi c‡i sister/ brother e‡m bv Z‡e G‡`i Av‡Mi subject he Øviv ïiæ n‡j A_ev
cyiælevPK †Kvb word Øviv ïiæ n‡j cousin Øviv fvB‡K eySvq Avi subject She Øviv ïiæ n‡j A_ev
¯¿xevPK †Kvb word Øviv ïiæ n‡j cousin Øviv ‡evb‡K †evSvq| †hgb: ¯^cœv Avgvi dzdv‡Zv †evb|
Swapna is my cousin. AvjgMxi Avgvi dzdv‡Zv fvB| Alamgir is my cousin. [gvgv‡Zv/
Lvjv‡Zv eySv‡Z mvaviYZ maternal+ m¤ú‡K©i bvg; Avi PvPv‡Zv/ dzdv‡Zv eySv‡Z paternal+ m¤ú‡K©i
bvg e¨envi nq]

 Af¨šÍixY/ cvwievwiK/ ‡`kxq eySv‡Z domestic Gi e¨envi-

Af¨šÍixY/ ‡`kxq ivRbxwZ- domestic politics
Af¨šÍixY/ ‡`kxq evRvi- domestic market
Af¨šÍixY welqvewj- domestic affairs
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 67 ~
 Af¨šÍixY Pvwn`v- domestic demand
[‡bvU: domestic chores- N‡ii KvR; domestic appliances- M„n¯’vwji Kv‡R e¨eüZ UzwKUvwK
wRwbmcÎ; domestic help-Kv‡Ri eyqv]
 b„ZvwË¡K eySv‡Z ethnic e‡m| b„ZvwË¡K ms¯‹…wZ- ethnic culture
b„ZvwË¡K †Mvwô- ethnic group b„ZvwË¡K Ø›Ø/ msNvZ- ethnic strife
 extremely/ AZ¨šÍ eySv‡Z more than + adjective e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡m AZ¨šÍ Lywk| -He is more than happy.
 NUbveûj eySv‡Z eventful e‡m| NUbveûj w`b- eventful day
NUbveûj ågY- eventful journey NUbveûj Rxeb- eventful life
 Zxeª eySv‡Z Adjective Gi mv‡_ excruciatingly e‡m|
Zxeª hš¿Yv`vqK- excruciatingly painful Zxeª weiw³Ki- excruciatingly boring
Zxeª weeªZKi- excruciatingly embarrassing
 LiP eySv‡Z cost/ expense e‡m|
_vKvi LiP- living cost/ expense mvsmvwiK LiP- household cost/ expense
wPwKrmv LiP- medical cost/ expense AvBbx LiP- legal cost/ expense
ågY LiP- travel expense/ cost
 cwi‡ek m‡PZbZv eySv‡Z environmentally conscious e¨eüZ nq|
 folk A_© ‡jvK Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î mgvR eySv‡Z- folk e‡m|
cyiæl mgvR- men folk bvix mgvR- womenfolk
 gvbwmK cªwZeÜx- mentally handicapped
 Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ eySv‡Z- further Gi e¨envi-
Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨- Further details/ information
 my`~i cÖmvix eySv‡Z far reaching e‡m|
my`~i cÖmvix ms¯‹vi- far reaching reforms my`~i cÖmvix cwieZ©b- far reaching change
my`~i cÖmvix djvdj- far reaching consequence
my`~i cÖmvix wbwnZv_©- far reaching implications
 wbi_©K eySv‡Z- futile Gi e¨envi-
wbi_©K cÖ‡Póv- futile attempt/ effort wbi_©K Av‡e`b- futile appeal
 µgea©gvb eySv‡Z- galloping Gi e¨envi- µgea©gvb gy`ªvùxwZ- galloping inflation
 mgv‡ek eySv‡Z- gathering Gi e¨envi-
cvwievwiK mgv‡ek- family gathering mvgvwRK mgv‡ek- social gathering
wek¦ †bZv‡`i mgv‡ek- a gathering of world leaders
ivRbxwZwe`‡`i mgv‡ek- a gathering of politicians
 wekvj eo eySv‡Z- giant(Rvqv›U) Gi e¨envi-
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 68 ~
 wekvj eo c`‡ÿc- giant step wekvj eo cÖKí- giant project
D`vniY: It is a giant step towards achieving our goals.
-GUv Avgv‡`i jÿ¨ AR©‡b wekvj eo c`‡ÿc|
 cÖwZfvevb eySv‡Z- gifted Gi e¨envi- cÖwZfvevb ‡L‡jvqvi- gifted player
cÖwZfvevb ‡Q‡j- gifted boy cÖwZfvevb m½xZ wekvi`- gifted musician
 my‡Li ev Lywki msev` eySv‡Z- glad Gi e¨envi-
my‡Li ev Lywki msev`- glad news/ tidings
 AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq ev †PvL avuav‡bv/ `viæb eySv‡Z- glamourous Gi e¨envi-
`viæb KvR- Glamourous job `viæb/†PvL avuav‡bv ‡cvkvK- Glamourous outfit
†PvL avuav‡bv ‡Pnvivi †g‡q- Glamourous girl
 D¾¡j/ gvivZ¡K/ fqven eySv‡Z- glaring Gi e¨envi-
D¾¡j `„óvšÍ- glaring example gvivZ¡K Am½wZ- glaring inconsistency
gvivZ¡K Ab¨vq- glaring injustice
 AZ¨šÍ D¾¡j eySv‡Z- glaring Gi e¨envi-
AZ¨šÍ D¾¡j Av‡jv- glaring light AZ¨šÍ D¾¡j is- glaring colour
 Kuv‡Pi eySv‡Z- glass Gi e¨envi- Kuv‡Pi _vjv- glass plate
Kuv‡Pi RM- glass jar Kuv‡Pi ‡evZj- glass bottle
 verb wn‡m‡e glow Gi A_© n‡jv R¡‡j IVv- Z‡e noun wn‡m‡e AbyfzwZ A‡_© glow e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡MŠi‡ei Abyf~wZ- a glow of pride mš‘wói Dò Abyf~wZ- a warm glow of satisfaction
Avb‡›`i Abyf~wZ- a glow of glee my‡Li Abyf~wZ- a glow of happiness
 Gesture A_© A½fw½ Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î- Gesture(‡RmPvi) A_© Bw½Z
eÜz‡Z¡i Bw½Z- a gesture of goodwill mnvbyfzwZi Bw½Z- a gesture of sympathy
[Goodwill A_© mybvg Z‡e ‡R‡b ivLv fv‡jv goodwill ambassador- A_© ï‡f”Qv`~Z; Goodwill
token- ï‡f”Qv ¯§viK] [Giant A_© ‰`Z¨ Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î giant A_© eo †Kv¤úvwb/ ms¯’v, †hgb:
international oil giant- AvšÍRv©wZK ‡Zj †Kv¤úvwb; political giant- ivR‰bwZK ms¯’v]
[‡Kvb wel‡q `ÿ ev Ávb m¤úbœ eySv‡Z- giant e¨eüZ nq, ‡hgb: a literary giant- mvwnZ¨
eyRyM©e¨w³]
 Glimmer- kãwU verb wn‡m‡e- ÿxYfv‡e R¡jv eySvq, Z‡e Bw½Z eySv‡Z noun wn‡m‡eI
Glimmer e¨eüZ nq|
‡hgb: Avkvi Bw½Z- A glimmer of hope AvMÖ‡ni Bw½Z- A glimmer of interest
AMÖMwZi Bw½Z- A glimmer of progress
D`vniY: Zvi `ye©j A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi Rb¨ Zvi evevi civgk© GKwU Avkvi Bw½Z w`j|
-The suggestion of his father offered a glimmer of hope for his feeble
economic condition.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 69 ~
 G‡Kev‡i †QvU ‡ejv †_‡KB †iYx mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi cÖwZ AvMÖ‡ni Bw½Z ‡`wL‡q‡Q|
-Reni has shown a glimmer of interest in cultural activities since her very
childhood.
 nZvkve¨vÄK ev †gNv”Qbœ/ AÜKviv”Qbœ eySv‡Z- gloomy e¨envi Kiv nq|
AÜKviv”Qbœ Kÿ- gloomy room AÜKviv”Qbœ cwi‡ek- gloomy atmosphere
nZvkve¨vÄK wPÎ- gloomy picture
 g‡bvig/ ‡MŠiegq eySv‡Z glorious e¨envi Kiv nq|
g‡bvig AvenvIqv- glorious weather ‡MŠeigq weRq- glorious victory
‡MŠiegq Aa¨vq- glorious chapter ‡MŠiegq wecøe- glorious revolution
 cÖksmvm~PK eySv‡Z- glowing e¨envi Kiv nq|
cÖksmvm~PK eY©bv- glowing account cÖksmvm~PK cÖwZ‡e`b- glowing report
AZ¨šÍ cÖksmvf‡i- in glowing terms
D`vniY: ‡m cÖksmvf‡i Zvi ‰bc~‡Y¨i K_v ej‡jv|
-He spoke of his performance in glowing terms.
 Mvgx eySv‡Z- noun+ going e‡m| bvU¨kvjvMvgx- theatre going
¯‹zjMvgx- school going wm‡bgvMvgx- cinema going
 ‡jvgnl©K/ gvivZ¡K/ wefrm eySv‡Z- gory e¨eüZ nq|
gvivZ¡K `~N©Ubv- gory accident ‡jvgnl©K QvqvQwe- gory cinema
fqven eY©bv- gory description wefrm wPÎ- gory picture
 Noun wn‡m‡e cl©` cwiPvjbv eySv‡Z- governing body e¨eüZ nq|
 g~j eySv‡Z- governing factor/ principle e¨eüZ nq|
 miKvwi cÖwZôvb eySv‡Z- government e¨eüZ nq|
miKvwi ms¯’v- government agency
 Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î miKvwi eySv‡Z- governmental e¨eüZ nq|
miKvwi c`‡ÿc- governmental step miKvwi wm×všÍ- governmental decision
 gvÎvi eySv‡Z- grade e¨eüZ nq|
wb¤œ gvÎvi-low-grade D”P gvÎvi/ D”P gv‡bi- high-grade
D`vniY: †m wb¤œgvÎvi R¡‡i fzM‡Q| -He is suffering from law-grade fever.
 µg eySv‡Z- gradual e¨eüZ nq|
µg cwieZ©b- gradual change µg DbœwZ- gradual improvement/ development
 wekvj/ gnv/ RvKRgKc~Y© eySv‡Z- grand e¨envi Kiv nq|
wekvj cwiKíbv- grand plan wekvj †KŠkj- grand strategy
wekvj KvR- grand job wekvj Av‡qvRb- grand arrangement
 Mfxi/ AZ¨šÍ eySv‡Z- grave e¨envi Kiv nq|
Mfxi D‡ØM- grave concern AZ¨šÍ wec`- grave danger
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 70 ~
 ‡kvK-mšÍß eySv‡Z grieving e¨eüZ nq|
‡kvK-mšÍß AvZ¡xq¯^Rb- grieving relatives
‡kvK-mšÍß cwiev‡ii m`m¨- grieving family members
 wekvj cwim‡i eySv‡Z- on a grand scale e‡m|
 gvivZ¡K eySv‡Z- grievous e¨eüZ nq|
gvivZ¡K Ab¨vq- grievous injustice
gvivZ¡K ÿwZ- grievous loss gvivZ¡K e¨v_v- grievous wounds
 `xN©¯’vqx `vwi`ª¨ eySv‡Z- grinding poverty e¨eüZ nq|
 Pig j•Nb eySv‡Z- a gross violation of-- e¨eüZ nq|
AvBb k„sLjvi Pig j•Nb- a gross violation of law and order
b¨vqwePv‡ii Pig j•Nb- a gross violation of justice
gvbevwaKv‡ii Pig j•Nb- a gross violation of human rights
 Pig eySv‡Z gross e¨eüZ nq|
Pig Af`ªZv- gross indecency Pig Ae‡njv- gross negligence
Pig Am½Z AvPiY- gross misconduct
 hyMvšÍKvix eySv‡Z- ground breaking/ epoch making e¨eüZ nq|
hyMvšÍKvix M‡elYv- ground breaking research
hyMvšÍKvix Avwe®‹vi- ground breaking invention
 µgea©gvb eySv‡Z Growing e‡m| Growing polarity- µgea©gvb wecixZ ag©xZv
 K¬vwšÍKi eySv‡Z- gruelling e¨eüZ nq|
K¬vwšÍKi ågY- gruelling journey K¬vwšÍKi wmwWDj- gruelling schedule
K¬vwšÍKi w`b- gruelling day
 PzjIqvjv eySv‡Z- haired e¨eüZ nq|
j¤^v PzjIqvjv- long haired Kv‡jv PzjIqvjv- dark haired
mv`v PzjIqvjv- gray haired
 nvZ Øviv wKQz Kiv eySv‡Z- hand+ vpp(verb Gi past participle) e¨eüZ nq|
nv‡Z †jLv- hand written [Z‡e hand writing A_©- nv‡Zi †jLv]
nv‡Z ˆZwi- hand made nv‡Z eybv‡bv- hand knitted
 my‡Li eySv‡Z happy e¨eüZ nq|
my‡Li ¯§„wZ- happy memory my‡Li gyûZ©- happy moment
my‡Li nvwm- happy smile
 ïf eySv‡Z- happy e¨eüZ nq|
ïf Rb¥w`b- Happy Birthday ïf beel©- Happy New Year
 KóvwR©Z eySv‡Z- hard-fought Z‡e UvKv I Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î hard-earned e‡m|
KóvwR©Z UvKv- hard-earned money KóvwR©Z weRq- hard-fought victory/ win
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 71 ~
 m¤úªxwZ eySv‡Z- harmony e¨eüZ nq|
mvgvwRK m¤úªxwZ- social harmony cvwievwiK m¤úªxwZ- domestic harmony
 e„w× eySv‡Z- hike Gi e¨envi-
`i/ g~j¨ e„w×- price hike Ki e„w×- tax hike my` e„w×- interest hike
 ‡LuvRv eySv‡Z- hunting Gi e¨envi- PvKzwi †LvuRv- job- hunting
evwo †LvuRv- house- hunting d¬vU †LvuRv- flat- hunting
D`vniY: Zviv mßv‡ni †k‡l evwo LuyR‡Z hv‡”Q|
-They are going house-hunting at the weekend.
PvKzwi †LuvRvLywR †Kgb Pj‡Q? -How is the job hunting going?
 AvšÍwiK/ ü`q wbsov‡bv eySv‡Z heart-felt Gi e¨envi-
AvšÍwiK mnvbyfzwZ- heart-felt sympathy AvšÍwiK ab¨ev`- heart-felt thanks
AvšÍwiK Awfb›`b- heart-felt felicitation ü`q wbsov‡bv fv‡jvevmv- heart-felt love
 ü`qwe`viK eySv‡Z- heart-rending/ heart breaking Gi e¨envi-
ü`qwe`viK Mí- a heart-rending/ heart breaking story
ü`qwe`viK NUbv- a heart-rending/ heart breaking incident
D`vniY: AšÍi½ K‡_vcK_‡bi gva¨‡g Avwg GB ew¯Íevmx‡`i Rxe‡b N‡U hvIqv A‡bK ü`q we`viK
NUbv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvwi|
-Through a heart to heart conversation, I come to learn about many heart rending
incidents happening in the life of this slum dwellers.
 ¯Íiweb¨vm/ AvwacZ¨ ci¤úiv eySv‡Z- hierarchy e‡m|
ivR‰bwZK ¯Íiweb¨vm/ AvwacZ¨ ci¤úiv- political hierarchy
mvgvwRK ¯Íiweb¨vm/ AvwacZ¨ ci¤úiv- social hierarchy
 D”P ch©v‡qi eySv‡Z- high-level e‡m|
D”P ch©v‡qi Av‡jvPbv- high-level talks
D”P ch©v‡qi Avjvc Av‡jvPbv- high-level negotiations
 D”P c`¯’ eySv‡Z- high ranking Gi e¨envi-
D”P c`¯’ Kg©KZ©v- a high ranking official/ officer
 cvnvox eySv‡Z- hilly Gi e¨envi-
cvnvox GjvKv- hilly area cvnvox AÂj- hilly region
 HwZnvwmK eySv‡Z- historic Gi e¨envi-
HwZnvwmK feb- historic building HwZnvwmK ¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢- historic monument
HwZnvwmK wm×všÍ- historic decision HwZnvwmK w`b- historic day
HwZnvwmK mgq/ Kvj- historic time HwZnvwmK weRq- historic victory
HwZnvwmK ågY- historic visit
 HwZnvwmK eySv‡Z- historical Gi e¨envi-
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 72 ~
 HwZnvwmK ‡cÿvcU- historical context HwZnvwmK `wjj- historical document
HwZnvwmK bw_cÎ- historical records HwZnvwmK M‡elYv- historical research
HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm- historical novel HwZnvwmK Pjw”PÎ- historical film
HwZnvwmK eB- historical book
 ‡`‡ki/ ‡`kxq/ cvwievwiK/ Af¨šÍixY/ wbR BZ¨vw` eySv‡Z- home Gi e¨envi|
‡`‡ki msev`- home news cvwievwiK Rxeb- home life
Af¨šÍixY evRvi- home market wbR kni- home town
‡`‡ki welqvewj/ Af¨šÍixY welqvewj- home affairs
 gvbe eySv‡Z- human e‡m| gvbe eÜb- human chain
 M„nvqY/ Avevmb eySv‡Z- housing e‡m|
Avevmb cÖKí- housing project Avevmb msKU- housing crises
 gvbevwaKvi eySv‡Z- human rights e‡m|
gvbevwaKvi Kgx©- human rights worker/ activist
gvbevwaKvi ms¯’v- human rights organization gvbevwaKvi j•Nb- human rights violation
 gvbweK eySv‡Z- humanitarian Gi e¨envi|
gvbweK mvnvh¨/ mnvqZv- humanitarian aid gvbweK LvwZ‡i- on humanitarian grounds
gvbweK ÎvY mnvqZv- humanitarian relief gvbweK wech©q- humanitarian catastrophe
gvbweK mvnvh¨/ mnvqZv- humanitarian assistance
 Q‡K euvav/ MZvbyMwZK eySv‡Z- humdrum e‡m|
MZvbyMwZK KvR- humdrum job Q‡K euvav Rxeb- humdrum life
MZvbyMwZK Rxebhvcb- humdrum existence
 Abygvbwbf©i/ Abywm×všÍg~jK/ m¤¢ve¨ eySv‡Z- hypothetical e‡m|
m¤¢ve¨ cÖkœ- hypothetical question Abygvbwbf©i cwiw¯’wZ- hypothetical situation
Abygvbwbf©i/ Abywm×všÍg~jK D`vniY- hypothetical example
Abygvbwbf©i/ Abywm×všÍg~jK e¨vcvi- hypothetical case
 kvwšÍc~Y©/ MÖvgxY eySv‡Z- idyllic e‡m|
kvwšÍc~Y©/ MÖvgxY cwi‡ek- idyllic surroundings kvwšÍc~Y©/ MÖvgxY Rxebhvcb- idyllic existence
kvwšÍc~Y©/ MÖvgxY `„k¨- idyllic scene kvwšÍc~Y©/ MÖvgxY ¯’vb/ cwi‡ek- idyllic setting
 KwíZ/ KvíwbK eySv‡Z- imaginary Gi e‡m|
KwíZ/ KvíwbK fq- imaginary fear KwíZ/ KvíwbK †iLv- imaginary line
KwíZ/ KvíwbK wcqv‡bv- imaginary piano KwíZ/ KvíwbK wek¦- imaginary world
KwíZ/ KvíwbK eÜz- imaginary friend KwíZ/ KvíwbK ivR¨- imaginary kingdom
 Kíbv kw³ai/ D™¢vebÿg eySv‡Z- imaginative e‡m|
Kíbv kw³ai †jLK- imaginative writer Kíbv kw³ai Kwe- imaginative poet
Kíbv kw³ai wkï- imaginative baby/ child Kíbv kw³ai aviYv- imaginative concept/ idea
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 73 ~
 ZvrÿwYK ev AbwZwej‡¤^ eySv‡Z- immediate e‡m|
ZvrÿwYK mvov- immediate response ZvrÿwYK cÖwZwµqv- immediate reaction
ZvrÿwYK c`‡ÿc- immediate action ZvrÿwYK wm×všÍ- immediate decision
AbwZwej‡¤^ gyw³- immediate release ZvrÿwYK KviY- immediate cause
D`vniY: kÖwg‡Kiv AbwZwej‡¤^ Zv‡`i †bZvi gyw³ `vwe K‡ib|
-The labourers demand immediate release of their leader.
 m¤ú‡K©i †ÿ‡ÎI ‡g‡Rv/ †m‡Rv eySv‡Z- immediate e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡g‡Rv fvB/ ‡evb- immediate senior brother/ sister: A_ev- 2nd brother/ sister
†m‡Rv fvB/ ‡evb- immediate junior brother/ sister A_ev- 3rd brother/ sister
 Avmbœ eySv‡Z- impending e‡m|
Avmbœ wec`- impending danger Avmbœ wech©q- impending disaster
Avmbœ g„Zy¨- impending death Avmbœ wbe©vPb- impending election
 wek¦vm Kiv KwVb Ggb eySv‡Z- implausible e‡m|
wek¦vm Kiv KwVb Ggb aviYv- implausible idea wek¦vm Kiv KwVb Ggb ZË¡- implausible theory
wek¦vm Kiv KwVb Ggb e¨vL¨v- implausible explanation
 PgrKvi eySv‡Z- impressive e‡m|
PgrKvi feb- impressive building PgrKvi K…wZZ¡- impressive performance
PgrKvi Dcb¨vm- impressive novel
 D‡Øvabx eySv‡Z- inaugural e‡m|
D‡Øvabx fvlY- inaugural address D‡Øvabx mfv- inaugural meeting
D‡Øvabx Awa‡ekb- inaugural session D‡Øvabx Abyôvb- inaugural program
 Aweivg/ bvMvZvo/ GKUvbv eySv‡Z- incessant e‡m|
Aweivg/ bvMvZvo/ GKUvbv e„wó- incessant rain Aweivg/ bvMvZvo †Mvjgvj- incessant noise
Aweivg/ bvMvZvo eKeKvwb- incessant chatter Avbylw½K eySv‡Z- incidental e‡m|
 Av‡qi eySv‡Z- income Gi e¨envi|
wb¤œ Av‡qi †jvKRb- Low income people ga¨g Av‡qi †jvKRb- Middle income people
D`vniY: gy`ªvùxwZ mxwgZ Av‡qi gvby‡qi Rb¨ GKwU A_©‰bwZK †evSv| -Inflation is an economic
burden for the limited income people. [Sonali Bank Ltd. (SO)- 2013]
 bewbe©vwPZ eySv‡Z- incoming e‡m|
bewbe©vwPZ miKvi- incoming government bewbe©vwPZ ivóªcwZ- incoming president
bewbe©vwPZ cÖkvmb- incoming administration
 wkí eySv‡Z- industrial e‡m|
wkí GjvKv- industrial area kÖwgK ag©NU- industrial action
kÖwgK-gvwjK weev`- industrial dispute kÖwgK-gvwjK m¤ú©K- industrial relation
wkí DbœZ †`k- industrially advanced country
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 74 ~
 ÿgZvmxb eySv‡Z- incumbent e‡m|
ÿgZvmxb miKvi- the incumbent government
ÿgZvmxb ivóªcwZ- the incumbent president(‡cÖwRWvbU&)
 gy`ªvõxwZ eySv‡Z- inflation(noun) Gi c~‡e© adjective Gi e¨envi-
µgea©gvb gy`ªvùxwZ- rising inflation gy`ªvõxwZi D”Pnvi- high rate of inflation
gy`ªvõxwZi wb¤œnvi- low rate of inflation
 Abgbxq ev AcwieZ©bxq eySv‡Z- inflexible Gi e¨envi-
Abgbxq g‡bvfve- inflexible attitude AcwieZ©bxq iæwUb/ mgqm~wP- inflexible routine
AcwieZ©bxq c×wZ- inflexible system
 e¨vcK/ nVvr/ Dc‡P cov AvMgb/ nVvr AbycÖ‡ek eySv‡Z- influx Gi e¨envi-
`k©bv_©x‡`i e¨vcK AvMgb- a massive influx of visitors
‡ivwn½v‡`i nVvr AbycÖ‡ek- a sudden influx of the Rohingyas
ågYKvix‡`i Dc‡P cov AvMgb- a huge influx of tourists
AwZw_‡`i e¨vcK AvMgb- a great influx of guests
 AZ…ßKi eySv‡Z- insatiable e¨eüZ nq|
AZ…ßKi ÿzav- insatiable appetite AZ…ßKi †KŠZ~nj- insatiable curiosity
AZ…ßKi wccvmv- insatiable thirst AZ…ßKi Pvwn`v- insatiable demand
 Aw¯’wZkxjZv eySv‡Z- instability(noun) Gi mv‡_ adjective Gi e¨envi|
gvbwmK Aw¯’wZkxjZv- mental instability A_©‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv- economic instability
ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv- political instability Av‡eMMZ Aw¯’wZkxjZv- emotional instability
 AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb eySv‡Z- interim e‡m|
AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi- interim government AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb mgq- interim period
 Z‡e mvgwqK/ A¯’vqx eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î- interim e‡m|
interim profit- mvgwqK jvf interim result- mvgwqK djvdj
interim report- mvgwqK cÖwZ‡e`b
 AZ¨šÍ eySv‡Z intense e‡m|
AZ¨šÍ Zvc- intense heat AZ¨šÍ VvÛv- intense cold
AZ¨šÍ e¨v_v- intense pain AZ¨šÍ Avb›`- intense pleasure
 e¨vcK eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î intense e¨envi Kiv nq|
e¨vcK AvMÖn- intense interest e¨vcK B”Qv- intense desire e¨vcK ivM- intense anger
 AšÍnxb eySv‡Z interminable e‡m|
AšÍnxb e³…Zv- an interminable speech AšÍnxb A‡cÿv- an interminable wait
AšÍnxb Av‡jvPbv- an interminable discussion
 AZ¨šÍ gRv`vi eySv‡Z intriguing e‡m| AZ¨šÍ gRv`vi cÖkœ- an intriguing question

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 75 ~

 AšÍ©wbwnZ ev ¯^Kxq eySv‡Z intrinsic e‡m|
¯^Kxq gvb- intrinsic value AšÍ©wbwnZ gRv- intrinsic interest
 Awbqg eySv‡Z irregularity e‡m| Avw_©K Awbqg- financial irregularity
 ågYkxj ev ågYiZ eySv‡Z itinerant e‡m|
ågYkxj kÖwgK/ Kg©x- itinerant workers
ågYkxj msMxZ wekvi`- itinerant musicians ågYkxj Rxeb- itinerant life
 wK‡kvi eySv‡Z juvenile e‡m|
wK‡kvi mvwnZ¨- juvenile literature wK‡kvi Aciva- juvenile crime
wK‡kvi Aciva- juvenile delinquency wK‡kvi Acivax- juvenile delinquent
 ‡hŠ_ eySv‡Z joint e‡m|
‡hŠ_ cÖ‡Póv- a joint effort ‡hŠ_ cwievi- a joint family
‡hŠ_ D‡`¨vM- joint venture ‡hŠ_ gvwjKvbv- joint ownership
 b¨vqcivqY ev b¨vh¨ ev b¨vqmsMZ eySv‡Z just e‡m|
b¨vh¨ wm×všÍ- just decision b¨vh¨ kvw¯Í- just punishment b¨vqmsMZ AvBb- just law
b¨vqmsMZ mgvR- just society b¨vqmsMZ †iKW©- just record
 g~j eySv‡Z key e‡m| g~j welq- key issue
g~j Dcv`vb- key factor g~j welq- key point g~j e¯‘/ e¨w³- key figure
 ‡evbv ev ˆZix †evSv‡Z knit/ knitted e‡m|
nv‡Z †evbv †mv‡qUvi- a hand knitted sweater myZv w`‡q †evbv kvU©- a cotton knit shirt
 evgcwš’ eySv‡Z left e‡m|
evgcwš’- left leaning evgnvwZ- left handed evgcwš’ `j- leftist group
 ‡evSvB eySv‡Z laden e‡m|
cy‡ivcywi †evSvB UªvK- heavily/ fully laden truck avb †evSvB UªvK- rice laden truck
 eo AvKv‡ii/ gv‡ci eySv‡Z large scale e‡m|
eo gv‡ci cÖKí- a large scale project eo AvKv‡ii Dbœqb- a large scale development
eo ai‡bi Kg©ms¯’vb- a large scale employment
eo AvKv‡ii D×vi Awfhvb- a large scale rescue operation
 wk_xj/ wXjvXvjv eySv‡Z lax e‡m| wXjvXvjv wbivcËv- lax security
wk_xj wbqgvbyewZ©Zv- lax discipline wk_xj g‡bvfve- lax attitude
 g~L¨ ev cÖavb eySv‡Z leading e‡m|
g~L¨ f~wgKv- leading role g~L¨ `j- leading group
 AvBbx eySv‡Z legal e‡m|
AvBbx civgk©- legal advice AvBbx mnvqZv- legal aid
AvBbx c`‡ÿc- legal action AvBbx eva¨evaKZv- legal obligation

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 76 ~

 AvBb cÖbqY msµvšÍ cÖwZôv‡bi †ÿ‡Î legislative e‡m|
AvBb mfv- legislative assembly AvBb cwil`- legislative council
 Rxeb eySv‡Z life e‡m|
Kg©Rxeb- working life cvwievwiK Rxeb- family life
Rxebx kw³i Drm- life blood Rxeb Pµ- life cycle
 Rxeb m`„k eySv‡Z life like e‡m|
Rxeb m`„k wPÎ- life like picture Rxeb m`„k cÖwZK…wZ- life like portrait
Rxeb m`„k gywZ©- life like statue Rxeb m`„k wPÎvsKb- life like drawing
 AvRxeb/ mvivRxe‡bi eySv‡Z life long e‡m|
AvRxeb m½x- life long companion
AvRxeb eÜz- life-long friend mvivRxe‡bi AvKvOÿv- life-long ambition
 Avqy®‹vj eySv‡K life expectancy/ lifespan e‡m|
 g~Lx eySv‡Z facing e‡m|
DËig~Lx- north-facing `wÿYg~Lx- south-facing
 mggbv eySv‡Z like-minded e‡m|
D`vniY: AbyôvbwU Avgv‡`i‡K mggbv †jvK‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi GKwU my‡hvM ‰Zwi Kij|
-The Program offered us a chance to meet the like-minded people.
 AvÿwiK eySv‡Z literal e‡m|
AvÿwiK A_©- literal meaning AvÿwiK A_©- literal sense
AvÿwiK e¨vL¨v- literal interpretation
 mvwnZ¨ eySv‡Z literary e‡m| mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv- literary criticism
mvwnZ¨ ZË¡- literary theory mvwnwZ¨K fvlv- literary language
 Rxeb hvÎv/ Rxebhvcb †evSv‡Z living e‡m|
‰`bw›`b Rxeb hvÎv- everyday living mv`vgvUv Rxeb hvÎv/ Rxebhvcb- plain living
Rxeb hvÎvi LiP- cost of living Rxeb hvÎvi gvb- living standard
Rxeb hvÎvi Ae¯’v- living conditions
 D”P eySv‡Z lofty e‡m|
D”PvKv•ÿv- lofty ambitions D”P fvev`k©- lofty ideals
 `xN© eySv‡Z long e‡m| Mvwo‡Z `xN© c_ AwZµg- long drive
`xN© ågY- long journey `xN©hvÎv- long walk
 eûj cÖwZÿxZ eySv‡Z long-awaited e‡m|
eûj cÖwZÿxZ cÖwZ‡e`b- long-awaited report eûj cÖwZÿxZ Dcb¨vm- long-awaited novel
eûj cÖwZÿxZ msev`- long-awaited news
 `xN©¯’vqx eySv‡Z long-standing/ long-lasting e‡m|

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 77 ~

 `~icvjøvi/ `xN©c‡_i eySv‡Z long distance e‡m|
`~icvjøvi evm- long distance bus `xN©c‡_i hvÎx- long distance traveler
 `xN©‡gqv`x eySv‡Z long-term e‡m|
`xN©‡gqv`x cÖfve- long-term effect `xN©‡gqv`x wewb‡qvM- long-term investment
`xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv- long-term plan `xN©‡gqv`x my`- long-term interest
 A‡bK/ `xN©w`‡bi eySv‡Z longtime e‡m|
A‡bKw`‡bi eÜz- longtime friend A‡bKw`‡bi †cÖwgK- longtime lover
A‡bKw`‡bi mg_©K- longtime supporter A‡bKw`‡bi mnKg©x- longtime colleague
 ‡cÖgx ev AbyivMx/ Kvgx eySv‡Z- loving Gi e¨envi-
‡KŠZzKc~Y© †cÖgx- fun loving wkÿv AbyivMx/ ‡cÖgx- education loving
¯^vaxbZv Kvgx- freedom loving kvwšÍ Kvgx- peace loving
 low wb¤œ gv‡bi eyS‡Z low grade e‡m|
wb¤œ f~wg- low land wb¤œ chv©‡qi- low level
wb¤œ gvÎvi msµvgK- a low grade infection wb¤œ chv©‡qi Av‡jvPbv- low level negotiations
Aí ‡eZb‡fvMx- low paid wb¤œ c`¯’- low ranking
 jvfRbK eySv‡Z- lucrative e‡m|
jvfRbK e¨emv- lucrative business jvfRbK Pzw³- lucrative contract
jvfRbK evRvi- lucrative market
 P›`ª eySv‡Z lunar Gi e¨envi-
P›`ª MÖnY- lunar eclipse P›`ª gvm- lunar month
P›`ª eQi- lunar year m~h©MÖnY- solar eclipse
 cvwÿK eySv‡Z- lateral e‡m|
GKcvwÿK- unilateral wØ-cvwÿK- bilateral wÎ-cÿxq- trilateral
eû `jxq- multiparty eûg~Lx- multipurpose eûZj- multistoried
 fvlx- language + speaking
D`vniY: we‡k¦ mKj evsjvfvlx †jvK‡`i Rb¨ GKz‡k †d«eªqvwi GKwU ¯§iYxq w`b|
-21st February is a red letter day for all the Bangla speaking people of the world.
 evošÍ eySv‡Z- luxuriant Gi e¨envi-
evošÍ Pyj- luxuriant hair evošÍ MvQcvjv- luxuriant vegetation
 we‡Ølfvevcbœ eySv‡Z malicious e‡m|
we‡Ølfvevcbœ ‡Lvk Mí- malicious gossip we‡Ølfvevcbœ wg_¨v- malicious lies
we‡Ølfvevcbœ ¸Re- malicious rumour
 ÿwZKi cÖfve eySv‡Z- malign force/ influence/ effect e‡m|
 aviv/ AMÖhvÎv eySv‡Z- march Gi e¨envi-
AMÖMwZi aviv- the march of progress cÖhyw³i AMÖhvÎv- the march of technology
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 78 ~
 mg‡qi AMÖhvÎv- the march of time
 ‰eevwnK Ae¯’v/ weevn eySv‡Z- marital Gi e¨envi-
‰eevwnK mgm¨v- marital difficulties ˆeevwnK fv½b- marital breakdown
ˆeevwnK Ae¯’v- marital status
 AMÖhvÎv/ aviv eySv‡Z march e‡m| cÖhyw³i AMÖhvÎv- march of technology
 ÿz`ª eySv‡Z- minor e‡m| ÿy`ª f~wgKv-minor role
ÿz`ª iv¯Ív- a minor road ‡QvU-Lv‡Uv AvNvZ- minor injury
jNy Aciva- minor offence nvjKv cwieZ©b- minor change
 Agvem¨vi ivZ eySv‡Z a moonless night e‡m|
‡R¨vr¯œvivZ- a moonlit night
 AuvKveuvKv eySv‡Z meandering e‡m|
AuvKveuvKv b`x- meandering river AuvKveuvKv c_- meandering path
 jÿYxq eySv‡Z- marked Gi e¨envi-
jÿYxq cv_©K¨- a marked difference jÿYxq AMÖMwZ- marked improvement
 evRvi wfwËK eySv‡Z- market based/ market driven/ market led e‡m|
 AZzjbxq eySv‡Z- matchless e‡m|
AZzjbxq ‡mŠ›`h©¨- matchless beauty AZzjbxq `ÿZv- matchless skill
 gvcv eySv‡Z- measuring e‡m|
gvcvi hš¿- measuring equipment/ instrument
 gvZ„Z¡Kvjxb/ cÖm~wZ eySv‡Z maternity e‡m|
cÖm~wZ IqvW©- maternity ward cÖm~wZ nvmcvZvj- maternity hospital
gvZ„Z¡Kvjxb QzwU- maternity leave
 e¨e¯’v/ c`‡ÿc eySv‡Z- measure Gi e¨envi-
wbivcËv e¨e¯’v- Safety/ security measure ÿY¯’vqx c`‡ÿc- temporary measure
Riæix c`‡ÿc- emergency measure cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v- preventive measure
K‡Vvi c`‡ÿc/ e¨e¯’v- tougher measure c~e© mZK©Zvg~jK e¨e¯’v- precautionary measure
 gvSvwi gv‡bi eySv‡Z mediocre e‡m|
gvSvix gv‡bi m½xZ wekvi`/ myiKvi- a mediocre musician
gvSvix gv‡bi cÖwZfvevb e¨w³- mediocre talent
gvSvix gv‡bi ‰bc~Y¨/ K…wZZ¡- mediocre performance
 gvSvwi AvKv‡ii eySv‡Z- medium Gi e¨envi-
gvSvix AvKvi- medium sized gvSvix AvKv‡ii Mvox- medium size car
gvSvix AvKv‡i e¨emv- medium business gvSvix AvKv‡ii kni- medium town
gvSvix D”PZvi gvbyl- a man of medium height
gvSvix kvixwiK MV‡bi †jvK- a man of medium build
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 79 ~
 welv`gq/ welYœ eySv‡Z- melancholy e‡m|
welv`gq/ welYœ wPšÍv- melancholy thoughts welv`gq/ welYœ ¯§„wZ- melancholy memories
welv`gq/ welYœ Mvb- melancholy song
 wefxwlKv eySv‡Z- menace e‡m|
wefxwlKvi Avfvm/ fve- an air of menace wefxwlKvi Bw½Z- a hint of menace
 wefxwlKvgq eySv‡Z- menacing e‡m|
wefxwlKvgq gyLgÛj- menacing face wefxwlKvgq ¯^i- menacing tone
 AvbexÿbxK eySv‡Z- microscopic e‡m|
AvbexÿYxK we‡kølY cixÿv- microscopic analysis
AvbexÿYxK cixÿv- microscopic examination
 gvS/ ga¨/ gvSvix eySv‡Z- middle Gi e¨envi-
gvSvwi mvB‡Ri- middle sized gvS eqmx- middle aged
 ga¨weË cwievi eySv‡Z- middle class family Gi e¨envi-
D”P ga¨weË- upper middle class wb¤œ ga¨weË- lower middle class
 `vjvj- middle man
 ga¨eZ©xKvjxb eySv‡Z- midterm Gi e¨envi-
ga¨eZ©xKvjxb wbe©vPb- midterm election ga¨eZ©xKvjxb mgvavb- midterm solution
 R½x eySv‡Z- militant Gi e¨envi- R½x msMVb- militant organization
R½x ‡Mvôx- militant groups R½x †bZv- Militant leader
 gb eySv‡Z- mind Gi e¨envi-
gb AvweóKi- mind bending gb gvZv‡bv- mind blowing
gbv/ gb¯‹ eySv‡Z minded Gi e¨envi `„p gb¯‹- strong minded
mr- fair minded ms¯‹vi gbv- reform minded
msKx©Y gbv- narrow minded Ab¨ gb¯‹- absent minded
D`vi gbv- liberal minded mggbv- likeminded
AvZ¼ RbK/ Amvgvb¨- mind boggling
 weåvwšÍKi eySv‡Z misleading Gi e¨envi-
weåvwšÍKi Z_¨- misleading information weåvwšÍKi weÁvcb- misleading advertisements
 ‡ÿcYv¯¿ NuvwU eySv‡Z missile base Gi e¨envi-
‡ÿcYv¯¿ª NuvwU/¯’vb- missile site
 wb‡LuvR e¨w³- missing person
 wgkÖ eySv‡Z- mixed Gi e¨envi-
wgkÖ Abyf~wZ- mixed feelings wgkÖ ms¯‹…wZ- mixed culture wgkÖ Pvlvev`- mixed farming
 RbZv eySv‡Z- mob e¨envi Kiv nq|
weÿz× RbZv- unruly-mob D‡ËwRZ RbZv- excited mob RbZvi kvmb- mob rule
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 80 ~
 åvg¨gvb eySv‡Z- mobile Gi e¨envi-
åvg¨gvb jvB‡eªwi- mobile library åg¨gvb Av`vjZ- mobile court
 µgea©gvb eySv‡Z mounting e‡m|
µgea©gvb D‡ËRbv- mounting excitement µgea©gvb D‡ËRbv- mounting tension
µgea©gvb D‡ØM/ DrKÚv- mounting concern
 eû eySv‡Z- multi e‡m|
eû eY© wewkó- multi coloured eûg~Lx- multipurpose eûwea- multifarious
eûiƒc AvKvi wewkó- multi form eû‡iL- multi lineal eû-cvwÿK- multilateral
eûc` cªvYx- multi-ped eûZi- multi-plex
eûfvwlK m¤úª`vq- multilingual community eûfvwlK mgvR- multilingual society
eûgyLx mgm¨v- multifaceted problem- eû cvwÿK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv- multilateral negotiation
 cvi¯úvwiK eySv‡Z-mutual Gi e¨envi-
cvi¯úvwiK kÖ×v‡eva- mutual respect cvi¯úvwiK mg‡SvZv- mutual understanding
cvi¯úvwiK mg_©b mnvqZv- mutual support cvi¯úvwiK mnvqZv- mutual aid
 bvbvwea ej‡Z myriad e‡m|
AvaywbK Rxe‡bi bvbvwea mgm¨v- The myriad problems of modern life
 fqven eySv‡Z- macabre e‡m|
fq¼i Mí- macabre tale fq¼i AvbyôvwbKZv- macabre ritual
 MwVZ/ ‰Zwi eySv‡Z- made e‡m|
myMwVZ- well-made evwo‡Z ˆZwi- home-made
wb‡Ri ˆZwi/ wb‡R wb‡R ˆZix- self-made|
 gnvbyfe eySv‡Z- magnanimous Gi e¨envi- gnvbyfe Bw½Z- magnanimous gesture
 weËkvjx/ wkícwZ eySv‡Z noun wn‡m‡e- magnate e‡m|
cÖfvekvjx wgwWqv e¨w³Z¡- media magnate
 Mainstay- cÖavb Aej¤^b|
wkí n‡”Q †`kwUi cÖavb A_©‰bwZK Aej¤^b| -Industry is the country’s economic mainstay.
 HwZnvwmK/ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ/ NUbv/ ÿY eySv‡Z- momentous Gi e¨envi-
HwZnvwmK/ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ- a momentous decision
HwZnvwmK/ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv- a momentous event
HwZnvwmK/ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ÿY- a momentous occasion
 ‰bwZK eySv‡Z moral Gi e¨envi|
‰bwZK welq- moral issue ‰bwZK m¼U- moral dilemma
‰bwZK cÖkœ- moral question ‰bwZK gvb`Û- moral standard
‰bwZK g~j¨‡eva- moral values ‰bwZK `vwqZ¡- moral responsibility
‰bwZK mvnm- moral courage ‰bwZK eva¨evaKZv- moral obligation
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 81 ~
 g~javivi eySv‡Z mainstream e‡m|
g~j avivi wkÿv- mainstream education g~j avivi ivRbxwZ- mainstream politics
 Noun wn‡m‡e- maker- wbg©vZv/ cÖ‡YZvi e¨envi-
wm×všÍ cÖ‡YZv- a decision maker AvBb cÖ‡YZv- law maker bxwZ wba©viK- policy maker

Non Gi bvbvwea e¨envi-

†RvU wbi‡cÿ- Non-aligned cÖ_vMZ aviv we‡ivax- Non-conformist
Amn‡hvM- Non-co-operation wb‡`©vjxq- Non-partisan
A‡ckv`vi- Non-professional AjvfRbK- Non-profit
we¯Ívi‡iva- Non-proliferation A‡dir‡hvM¨- Non-refundable
Abevqb †hvM¨- Non-renewable AbvevwmK- Non-residential
A‡diZ‡hvM¨- Non-returnable A‰eÁvwbK- Non-scientific
Aa~gcvqx- Non-smoker a~gcvb gy³- Non-smoking
bvMvZvo/ weiwZnxb- Non-stop a~gcvb gy³ GjvKv- A non-smoking area
weiwZnxb ‡Uªb- A non-stop train weiwZnxb †mev- A non-stop service
AmwnsmZv- Non-violence Amwnsm Av‡›`vjb- Non-violent movement
D`vniY: cy‡iv mßvn bvMvZvo e„wó n‡jv| -It rained non-stop all week.
 wbR eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î native e‡m|
wbR ‡`k/ Rb¥ f~wg- native land wbR ‡`k/ Rb¥ f~wg- native country
gvZ… fvlv- native language wbR MÖvg- native village wbR kni- native city
 ¯^fv‡ei eySv‡Z natured e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡m GKRb fv‡jv ¯^fv‡ei †jvK| -He is a good natured man.
 wbKU AvZœxq eySv‡Z- nearest relative/ relation e¨eüZ nq|
 cv‡ki/ wbKUeZ©x eySv‡Z- nearby e‡m| wbKUeZ©x kni- nearby town
 cvk¦©eZx© eySv‡Z- neighbouring e‡m|
cvk¦©eZx© evwo- neighbouring house cvk¦©eZ©x kni- neighbouring town
 iv‡Zi ‡Uªb/ d¬vB‡U eySv‡Z night + hvbevnb Gi e¨envi-
iv‡Zi ‡Uªb- The night train iv‡Zi d¬vBU- The night flight
 bv‡g gvÎ eySv‡Z nominal e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡m `jwU bv‡g gvÎ cÖavb| -He is the nominal head of the party.
 e¨w³ wbi‡cÿ/ e¯‘wbó eySv‡Z-
e¨w³ wbi‡cÿ/ e¯‘wbó we‡kølY- objective analysis
e¨w³ wbi‡cÿ/ e¯‘wbó g~j¨vqb- objective assessment
e¨w³ wbi‡cÿ/ e¯‘wbó cÖwZ‡e`b- objective report
 eva¨evaKZv eyS‡Z- obligation e‡m|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 82 ~
 AvBbx eva¨evaKZv- legal obligations †ckvMZ eva¨evaKZv- professional obligations
Avw©_©K eva¨evaKZv- financial obligations
 mnvqK/ c‡ivcKvix eySv‡Z- obliging e‡m|
D`vniY: Zviv wQj Lye c‡ivcKvix| -They were very obliging.
 NUbv eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ adjective Gi mv‡_ occurrence e‡m|
mvaviY NUbv- a common occurrence wbZ¨w`‡bi/ ‰`bw›`b NUbv- an everyday occurrence
`yj©f NUbv- rare occurrence wbqwgZ N‡U Giƒc NUbv- regular occurrence
evievi N‡U Giƒc NUbv- frequent occurrence
 AvbyôvwbK/ miKvwi eySv‡Z official Gi e¨envi-
AvbyôvwbK/ miKvwi †NvlYv- an official announcement
AvbyôvwbK/ miKvwi wm×všÍ- an official decision
AvbyôvwbK/ miKvwi wee„wZ- an official statement miKvwi mdi- an official visit
AvbyôvwbK/ miKvwi cwimsL¨vb- an official statistics `vßwiK fvlv- official language
D`vniY: Prime Minister made an official visit to Delhi in March.
 old age- eva©K¨
eq¯‹ fvZv/ eva©K¨ fvZv- old age pension e„× eq‡m cÖ`Ë wbivcËv- old age security
 Av‡MKvi eySv‡Z older e‡m|
D`vniY: Av‡MKvi mg‡qi Rxeb e¨e¯’v †Kgb wQj?
-What was life like in the older days?
 jÿY eySv‡Z omen Gi mv‡_ wb¤œwjwLZ adjective Gi e¨envi-
fv‡jv jÿY- good omen Lvivc jÿY- bad omen
g„Zy¨i jÿY- omen of death wech©‡qi jÿY- omen of disaster
 Kómva¨/ ¸iæfvi eySv‡Z onerous e‡m-
Kómva¨/ ¸iæfvi KvR- an onerous task
Kómva¨/ ¸iæfvi/ KZ©e¨- an onerous duty
Kómva¨/ ¸iæfvi ØvwqZ¡- an onerous responsibility
 Pjgvb eySv‡Z- on going e‡m| Pjgvb weZK©- on going debate
Pjgvb Av‡jvPbv- on going discussion Pjgvb cÖwµqv- on going process
 g~Lx eySv‡Z oriented Gi e¨envi-
ißvwb g~Lx- export oriented Avg`vwb g~Lx- import oriented
 ‡cvkvK eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ adjective Gi mv‡_ outfit Gi e¨envi-
`vgx ‡cvkvK- an expensive outfit we‡qi ‡cvkvK/ mvR- a weeding outfit
bZzb ‡cvkvK- a new outfit mvgwiK ‡cvkvK- a military outfit
 mg‡qvwPZ gšÍe¨ eySv‡Z opportune Gi e¨envi-
mg‡qvwPZ gšÍe¨- opportune remark
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 83 ~
 we`vqx eySv‡Z outgoing e‡m|
we`vqx ivóªcwZ- the outgoing president we`vqx miKvi- the outgoing government
we`vqx QvÎ-QvÎx- the outgoing students
 GK Kv‡ji eySv‡Z- one time+ noun e‡m|
 msMwVZ eySv‡Z- organized e‡m| msMwVZ `j- organized group
msMwVZ Aciva- organized crime msMwVZ cÖPviYv- organized campaign
 A™¢zZ/ wfb‡`kx eySv‡Z outlandish/ bizarre e‡m|
A™¢zZ aviYv- outlandish ideas A™¢zZ/ wfb‡`kx †cvkvK- outlandish costumes
 cyiv`¯Íi/ cy‡ivcywi eySv‡Z outright e‡m|
cyiv`¯Íi bv‡KvP- outright rejection cyiv`¯Íi/ cy‡ivcywi wbwl×- outright ban
mivmwifv‡e- outright (adv.) cy‡ivcywi/ m‡›`nvZxZ weRqx- outright victory
 AmvaviY/ wewkó eySv‡Z outstanding e‡m|
wewkó M‡elK- an outstanding researcher AmvaviY AR©b- an outstanding achievement
AmvaviY mdjZv- an outstanding success AmvaviY cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h©- outstanding natural beauty
 AgxgvswmZ/ evKx eySv‡Z outstanding e‡m|
Abv`vqx FY- outstanding debt
D`vniY: A‡bK mgm¨v GL‡bv AgxgvswmZ i‡q‡Q| -Many problems are still outstanding.
 mvwe©K eySv‡Z overall e‡m|
mvwe©K `vwqZ¡- overall responsibilities mvwe©K Dbœqb- overall improvements
mvwe©K cÖfve- overall effect mvwe©K LiP- overall cost
mvwe©K djvdj- overall result mvwe©K wPÎ- overall picture
 we‡`‡k/ ˆe‡`wkK eySv‡Z overseas e‡m|
ˆe‡`wkK Dbœqb- overseas development ˆe‡`wkK gv‡K©U- overseas markets
ˆe‡`wkK e¨emv- overseas trade evB‡ii ‡`‡ki wkÿv_©x- overseas student
evB‡ii ‡`‡ki `k©bv_©x- overseas visitors
 ‡eZ‡bi/ †eZbfz³ eySv‡Z paid e‡m| mvgvb¨ †eZ‡bi wkÿK- a poorly paid teacher
fv‡jv ‡eZ‡bi PvKwi- a well- paid job fv‡jv ‡eZ‡bi Kg©Pvix- a well- paid employee
 my¯úó/ †evaMg¨ eySv‡Z palpable e‡m|
 ‡e`bv/ Aby‡kvPbv eySv‡Z pangs e‡m|
Cl©vi †e`bv- pangs of jealousy ÿzavi †e`bv- hunger pangs/ pangs of hunger
 AvavmvgwiK eySv‡Z paramilitary e‡m| AvavmvgwiK evwnbx- paramilitary force
 ÿgZvi/ kw³‡Z †kªôZi eySv‡Z paramount e‡m|
m‡e©v”P ÿgZvai †bZv- paramount leader AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©- of paramount importance
D`vniY: GUv‡K Av‡iv djcÖmy Kivi Rb¨ iIbK Gi fywgKv AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
-The role of Rownak is of paramount importance to make it more effective.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 84 ~
 msm`xq eySv‡Z parliamentary e‡m| msm`xq AvBb- parliamentary rules
msm` wbe©vPb- parliamentary election msm`xq MYZš¿- parliamentary democracy
msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v- parliamentary form of government
 AÂj eySv‡Z part Gi e¨envi-
‡`kwUi c~e©vÂj- The eastern part of the country
‡`kwUi cwðgvÂj- The western part of the country
‡`kwUi DËivÂj- The northern part of the country
‡`kwUi `wÿYvÂj- The southern part of the country
 LÛKvjxb eySv‡Z- part-time e‡m|
LÛKvjxb cÖfvlK- a part-time lecturer LÛKvjxb PvKywi- a part-time job
 `jxq eySv‡Z partisan Gi e¨envi- `jxq miKvi- partisan government
 `j/ `jxq eySv‡Z party Gi e¨envi-
ÿgZvmxb `j- ruling party we‡ivax `j- opposition party `jxq †bZv- party leader
`jxq B‡¯Ínvi- party manifesto `jxq bxwZ- party policy `jxq ivRbxwZ- party politics
 wcZ…myjf/ ‰cwÎK eySv‡Z paternal Gi e¨envi-
wcZ…myjf fv‡jvevmv- paternal love ‰cwÎK Dc‡`k- paternal advice
‰cwÎK m¤úwË- paternal property `v`v- paternal grandfather
`v`x- paternal grandmother
 kvwšÍ eySv‡Z peace e‡m|
kvwšÍ Av‡jvPbv- peace talks kvwšÍ Pzw³- peace negotiations
 kvwšÍc~Y© eySv‡Z peaceful e‡m|
kvwšÍc~Y© cÖwZev`- peaceful protest kvwšÍc~Y© we‡ÿvf- peaceful demonstration
kvwšÍc~Y© mgvavb- peaceful solution kvwšÍc~Y© gxgvsmv- peaceful settlement
kvwšÍc~Y© cwi‡ek- peaceful atmosphere
 fvZv eySv‡Z pension e‡m|
eq¯‹ fvZv- an old age pension Aemi fvZv- a retirement pension
c½y fvZv- a disability pension weaev fvZv- a widow’s pension
 mevi †k‡li wVK Av‡MiUv eySv‡Z penultimate e‡m|
me©‡kl Aa¨v‡qi Av‡Mi Aa¨vq- penultimate chapter
me©‡kl w`‡bi Av‡Mi w`b- penultimate day me©‡kl c‡e©i Av‡Mi ce©- penultimate episode
me©‡kl Aÿ‡ii Av‡Mi Aÿi- penultimate letter mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc Kiv- impose constraints
 AhZœ Ae‡njvq K…Z KvR Kivi †ÿ‡Î/ Ab¨‡K Lywk Kivi Rb¨ eySv‡Z perfunctory e‡m|
Kg ‡Rviv‡jv cÖ‡Póv- perfunctory effort Ab¨‡K Lywk Kivi Rb¨ nvwm- perfunctory smile
 Avbylw½K/ cÖvwšÍK eySv‡Z peripheral e‡m|
Avbylw½K Avq- peripheral income cÖvwšÍK f~wgKv- peripheral role
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 85 ~
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨/ jÿYxq eySv‡Z perceptible e‡m|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨/ jÿYxq cwieZ©b- perceptible change
D‡jøL‡hvM¨/ jÿYxq e„w×- perceptible increase
D‡jøL‡hvM¨/ jÿYxq n«vm- perceptible decline
D‡jøL‡hvM¨/ jÿYxq cÖfve- perceptible effect
D‡jøL‡hvM¨/ jÿYxq cÖfve- perceptible impact
 `„wófw½ eySv‡Z perspective e‡m|
wfbœ `„wófw½- a different perspective ‰ewk^K †cÖÿvcU- global perspective
 ‡QvU Lv‡Uv eySv‡Z petty e‡m| †QvU Lv‡Uv Pzwi- petty theft
jNy Aciva- petty crime jNy Acivax- petty criminal
 ch©vq eySv‡Z phase e‡m|
msKUc~Y© ch©vq- critical phase P~ovšÍ ch©vq- decisive phase
cixÿvg~jK ch©vq- experimental phase
 AmvaviY eySv‡Z phenomenal e‡m| AmvaviY mvdj¨- phenomenal success
 welq eySv‡Z phenomenon e‡m|
mvs¯‹…wZK welq- cultural phenomenon mvgvwRK welq- social phenomenon
HwZnvwmK welq- historical phenomenon cÖvK…wZK welq- natural phenomenon
 mwPÎ eySv‡Z pictorial e‡m|
mwPÎ eY©bv- pictorial account mwPÎ ‡iKW©- pictorial record
 Qwei gZ/ wPÎer eySv‡Z picturesque e‡m|
Qwei gZ KzwUi- picturesque cottage Qwei gZ NUbv¯’j- picturesque setting
wPÎer ¯úó fvlv- picturesque language
 Af~Zc~e©/ AMÖYx eySv‡Z pioneering e‡m|
Af~Zc~e© M‡elYv- pioneering research Af~Zc~e© KvR- pioneering work
Af~Zc~e© cÖ‡Póv- pioneering effort AMÖYx f~wgKv- pioneering role
 wb`©q eySv‡Z pitiless e‡m|
wb`©q NvZK- pitiless killer wb`©q AZ¨vPvix- tyrant
 Avk^¯ÍKi/ kvšÍbv`vqK eySv‡Z placatory e‡m|
Avk¦¯ÍKi/ kvšÍbv`vqK gšÍe¨- placatory remark Avk¦¯ÍKi/ kvšÍbv`vqK nvwm- placatory smile
Avk¦¯ÍKi/ kvšÍbv`vqK Bw½Z- placatory gesture
 mv`v/ mv`vgvUv eySv‡Z plain e‡m| mv`v fvZ- plain rice
mv`vgvUv Lvevi- plain food mv`vgvUv Bs‡iwR- plain English
 ‡kvKc~Y© eySv‡Z plaintive e‡m| ‡kvKc~Y© Kvbœv- plaintive cry
‡kvKc~Y© ¯^i- plaintive voice ‡kvKc~Y© kã- plaintive sound
 eûZ¡ev`x eySv‡Z pluralist Gi e¨envi| eûZ¡ev`x MYZš¿ pluralist democracy
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 86 ~
 gg©¯úkx© eySv‡Z- poignant e¨eüZ nq|
gg©¯úkx© wPÎ- poignant image gg©¯úkx© gyûZ©- poignant moment
gg©¯úkx© ¯§„wZ- poignant memory gg©¯úkx© `ytL- poignant sorrow
 hyw³ev`x e³v- polemicist speaker
 bxwZ eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ adjective Gi mv‡_ policy e‡m|
Kov bxwZ- a firm policy ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ- foreign policy
Af¨šÍixY bxwZ- domestic policy miKvix bxwZ- public policy exgv bxwZ- insurance policy
 ivR‰bwZK eySv‡Z- political Gi e¨envi-
ivRe›`x- a political prisoner ivR‰bwZK weZK©- political debate
ivR‰bZK `j- political party ivR‰bwZK AvkÖq- political asylum
ivóªweÁvbx- political scientist ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZ- political economy
 ‡fvU eySv‡Z- polling Gi e¨envi-
‡fvU ‡K›`ª- polling station ‡fvU ‡K›`ª- polling centre †fv‡Ui w`b- polling day
 eû eySv‡Z- poly Gi e¨envi-
eûcwZ- polyandry eû weevn- polygamy eû kv¯¿Á- polymath
eû ¯^iwewkó- polyphony eû Ck¦iev`- pantheism eû A_©wewkó- polysemy
eû fvwlK/ eûfvwlK e¨w³- polyglot
 `vw¤¢K/ Avo¤^ic~Y©/ RgKv‡jv eySv‡Z- pompous Gi e¨envi-
`vw¤¢K Kg©©KZ©v- a pompous official Avo¤^ic~Y© fvlv- a pompous language
RgKv‡jv ÷vBj- a pompous style
 Aí eySv‡Z- poor Gi e¨envi-
Aí Av‡jv- poor light Aí kÖeY kw³- poor hearing
Aí mieivn- poor supply Aí `„wó kw³- poor eyesight
 Popular A_© RbwcÖq n‡jI Rbmvavi‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎI popular e‡m|
Rbmvavi‡Yi wek¦vm- popular belief Rbmvavi‡Yi fzj aviYv- popular misconception
Rbmvavi‡Yi mg_©- popular support Rbmvavi‡Yi Pvc- popular pressure
D`vniY: Rbmvavi‡Yi Pv‡ci gy‡L ZrKvjxb miKvi bwZ ¯^xKvi K‡iwQ‡jv|
-The erstwhile government bowed to popular pressure.
 emwZ m¤úbœ eySv‡Z- populated e‡m|
NbemwZ m¤úbœ- heavily/ densely populated Kg NbemwZ m¤úbœ- sparsely/ thinly
populated
 `ßiwenxb gš¿x- the minister without portfolio
 cieZx© cÖRb¥ eySv‡Z posterity e‡m|
 mZK©Zvg~jK eySv‡Z- precautionary Gi e¨envi-
mZK©Zvg~jK e¨e¯’v- precautionary measure
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 87 ~
 gi‡YvËi eySv‡Z- posthumous Gi e¨envi- gi‡YvËi cyi¯‹vi- posthumous award
 c~e©eZ©x/ Av‡Mi eyySv‡Z- preceding Gi e¨envi-
c~e©eZ©x/ Av‡Mi Aa¨vq- preceding chapter c~e©eZ©x/ Av‡Mi Aby‡”Q`- preceding paragraph
c~e©eZ©x/ Av‡Mi c„ôv- preceding page c~e©eZ©x/ Av‡Mi mßvn- preceding week
c~e©eZ©x/ Av‡Mi gvm- preceding month c~e©eZ©x/ Av‡Mi eQi- preceding year
 wb¤œwjwLZ ‡ÿ‡Î GjvKv/ cÖv½b eySv‡Z- precinct e‡m|
K‡jR cÖv½Y- college precinct evRvi/ wecwY GjvKv- shopping precinct
c_Pvix‡`i Rb¨ wbw`©ó ¯’vb- pedestrian precinct
 AmvaviY/ weL¨vZ/ wewkó M‡elK eySv‡Z prominent Gi e¨envi-
AmvaviY Ae¯’vb- prominent position weL¨vZ/ wewkó ivRbxwZwe`- prominent politician
weL¨vZ/ wewkó ‡jLK- prominent writer weL¨vZ/ wewkó M‡elK- prominent researcher
 wbe„wË/ cÖwZKvig~jK eySv‡Z preemptive e‡m|
wbe„wËg~jK AvµgY- preemptive attack
 AMÖvwaKvi g~jK/ we‡kl myweavg~jK eySv‡Z preferential e‡m|
Avg`vwb ï‡éi †ÿ‡Î we‡kl myweav- preferential treatment
 eZ©gvb mg‡qi/ eZ©gvb Kv‡ji eySv‡Z- present day e‡m|
eZ©gvb mg‡qi Av‡gwiKv- present day America eZ©gvb mg‡qi ixwZ- present day fashion
 msev`/ msev`cÎ eySv‡Z- press Gi e¨envi-
msev` c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv- the freedom of the press
msev` m‡¤§jb- press conference/ briefing msev` weÁwß- press release
 wKQyUv/ †gvUv‡gvwU eySv‡Z- pretty e‡m|
‡gvUvgywU fv‡jv- pretty good †gvUvgywU wbwðZ- pretty sure
wKQzUv KwVb- pretty hard †gvUvgywU PgrKvi- pretty impressive
 c~e©eZx© eySv‡Z- prior Gi e¨envi-
c~e©eZ©x Ávb/ aviYv- prior knowledge c~e©eZ©x m¤§wZ- prior consent
 Kvh©cÖwµqv eySv‡Z [cÖwmRvi]- procedure Gi e¨envi-
AvBbx cªwµqv- legal procedure msm`xq cªwµqv- parliamentary procedure
 we¯§qKi eySv‡Z- prodigious e‡m|
we¯§qKi AR©b- prodigious achievement we¯§qKi ¯§„wZ kw³- prodigious memory
we¯§qKi cÖwZfv- prodigious talent
 m¤¢vebvgqx eySv‡Z promising
m¤¢vebvgqx Awf‡bZv/‡jLK- promising actor/ writer
 cÖv‡`wkK eySv‡Z provincial e‡m|
cÖv‡`wkK cwil`- provincial assembly cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb- provincial election
cÖv‡`wkK miKvi- provincial government
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 88 ~
 miKvwi eySv‡Z public e‡m|
miKvwi A_©- public money miKvwi AvBbRxex- public prosecutor
miKvwi Kvhv©jq- public office miKvwi gvwjKvbv- public ownership
 mevi Kv‡Q cwiwPZ eySv‡Z public e‡m| mevi Kv‡Q cwiwPZ e¨w³- a public figure
 cÖPvi eySv‡Z- publicity e‡m|
cÖPvi m¤úv`K- publicity secretary AwMÖg cÖPviYv- advance publicity
 k‡Li e‡m Kiv †Kvb KvR eySv‡Z pursuit e‡m|
outdoor pursuit/ leisure pursuit/ artistic pursuit
-The pursuit of happiness/ knowledge/ profit
 ¸bMZ gvbm¤úbœ eySv‡Z Qualitative e‡m| Qualitative analysis/ reality
 gv‡bi eySv‡Z- quality e‡m|
D”P gv‡bi cY¨- high quality goods c‡Y¨i gvb- product quality
e¨w³MZ ¸Yvejx- personal quality ‡bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvejx- leadership quality
gvbm¤úbœ/ ¸YMZ wkÿv- quality education; ¸YMZ †mev- quality service [qualityful e‡m bv]
 ‰ÎgvwmK- eySv‡Z quarterly e‡m|
 RvwZMZ eySv‡Z racial e‡m|
RvwZMZ N„Yv- racial hatred RvwZMZ we‡Øl- racial prejudice
RvwZMZ D‡ËRbv- racial tension RvwZMZ mwnsmZv- racial violence
RvwZMZ msNvZ- racial conflict RvwZMZ ‰elg¨-racial discrimination
mv¤úª`vwqKZv- racism mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ- racial harmony
mv¤úª`vwqK mgZv- racial quality
 ‡gŠwjK/ KvVv‡gvMZ eySv‡Z radical e‡m|
‡gŠwjK/ KvVv‡gvMZ cwieZ©b- radical change ‡gŠwjK/ KvVv‡gvMZ ms¯‹vi- radical reform
‡gŠwjK/ KvVv‡gvMZ cv_©K¨- radical difference m~`yi cÖmvix aviYv/cÖ¯Íve- radical ideas/ proposals
 c`¯’ eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ adjective Gi ¯’v‡b ranking e‡m|
D”P c`¯’- high ranking/top ranking wb¤œ c`¯’- low ranking
 cÖwZwµqvkxj eySv‡Z reactionary e‡m|
cÖwZwµqvkxj kw³- reactionary forces cÖwZwµqvkxj g‡bvfve- reactionary attitudes
cÖwZwµqvkxj miKvi- reactionary government
 evi evi NUgvb eySv‡Z recurring e‡m|
recurring illness; recurring problem; recurring nightmare; recurring theme;
 ms¯‹vi eySv‡Z reform e¨eüZ nq|
A_©‰bwZK ms¯‹vi- economic reform mvsweavwbK ms¯‹vi- constitutional reform
 kvmb eySv‡Z regime e¨eüZ nq| mvgwiK kvmb- military regime
GK `jxq gZev‡`i kvmb- totalitarian regime `gb-cxob g~jK kvmb- oppressive regime
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 89 ~
 AÂj eySv‡Z region e‡m|
my‡giæ AÂj- The Artic region; MÖx®§ gÛjxq AÂj- tropical region
Nb emwZ m¤úbœ GjvKv- densely populated region giæ AÂj- desert region
 wbqš¿K eySv‡Z regulatory e‡m|
wbqš¿K ms¯’v- regulatory body wbqš¿K KZ…©cÿ- regulatory authority
wbqš¿K G‡RwÝ- regulatory agency
 ‡gqv`x eySv‡Z- term e¨envi Kiv nq|
`xN©‡gqv`x- long-term ¯^í‡gqv`x- short-term ga¨eZx©Kvjxb- mid-term
 AcÖvß eq¯‹ eySv‡Z underage e‡m| -She is an underage girl.
 kÖgRxex †kÖwY- working class
 †Kvb GK eySv‡Z Certain + noun e‡m|
D`vniY: †Kv‡bv GK MÖv‡g GKUv e„× gwnjv evm Ki‡Zv|
-There lived an old woman in a certain village.
 wb¤œwjwLZ K‡qKwU word mg~n h_v Concerned/ involved/ adopted BZ¨vw` adjective
wnmv‡e noun Gi Av‡M em‡j GK ai‡bi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i Avi noun Gi c‡i em‡j Av‡iK A_© cÖ`vb
K‡i|
• Concerned + noun = DwØMœ
D`vniY: DwØMœ wcZv gvZv GKUv wgwUs Kij| -Concerned parents held a meeting.
• noun +concerned = mswkøó
D`vniY: Avwg mswkøó KZ„©c‡ÿi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z PvB|
-I want the meet the authority concerned.
• Involved+ noun = RwUj
D`vniY: GwU GKwU RwUj PµvšÍ| -This is an involved plot.
• noun+ involved= mswkøó
D`vniY: Avgiv GKwU wm×všÍ †be Ges mswkøó †jvK‡`i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kie|
-We will take a decision and contact people involved.
• Adopted + noun = cvjK
D`vniY: ‡m Zv‡`i cvjKcyÎ| -He is their adopted son.
• noun + adopted= M„nxZ D`vniY: M„nxZ bxwZ AvMvwg iweevi †_‡K Kvh©Ki n‡e|
-The policy adopted will be effective from next Sunday.
 Backwards/ forwards/ northwards/ outwards can be used both as adjectives
and adverbs
-The country is very backward in some ways.(Adj.)
-He is driving in a northwards direction. (Adj.)
-He is moving forwards and backwards. (Adverb)
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 90 ~
 civgk©: wcÖq cvVK, Translation G `ÿZv AR©b Kivi Rb¨ Vocabulary I
D`vniYmn Sentence Structure mg‡Ü Rvbv AZxe Riæix| Avi Gme welq‡K
nvBjvBU K‡iB †jLv n‡q‡Q GB- Expert- Rules of Translation eBwU| Z‡e GB
eBwU‡Z DwjøwLZ Sentence Structure mg~n cÖwZwbqZ Abykxjb Kivi Rb¨ mv¤úªwZK
mg‡q N‡U hvIqv A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I Pjgvb wek¦ cwiw¯’wZ wb‡q Bs‡iwR cwÎKvi
News Ges Editorial Page ¸‡jv cov Avek¨K| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î m¤úv`Kxq As‡ki
Bs‡iwR-evsjv Abyev` wb‡q wjwLZ- Ògwn`Õm m¤úv`Kxq mgvPviÓ bvgK gvwmK msKjbwU
A‡bK mnvqK n‡e e‡j g‡b KiwQ|

wµqv/ Verb Gi Ae¯’v †`‡L Abyev`

► wb¤œwjwLZ Translation ¸‡jv Kivi †ÿ‡Î evsjv wµqvi †k‡l _vKv AskwU †`‡L eyS‡Z
n‡e †h Zviv †Kv‡bv wbq‡gi g‡a¨ co‡eÑ
Rule-01: †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ evsjv‡Z †Kv‡bv wµqv D‡jøL bv _vK‡j Subject Gi c‡i be verb (am/ is/
are) em‡e|
D`vniY: †m GKRb fvj QvÎ| -He is a good student.
Rxe‡b Zviv mdj| -They are successful in life.
evsj‡`k GKwU b`x eûj †`k| -Bangladesh is a land of rivers.
¯’vbwU Kwe‡`i GKwU wcÖq AvÇv¯’j|
-The place is a favourite hangout (AvÇv¯’j) of poets.
cvwbkvBj MÖv‡gi †jv‡Kiv Lye cwikÖgx I mr|
-The people of the village Panishail are very industrious and honest.
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wlKvh© eûjvs‡k GB me b`xi Dci wbf©ikxj|
-The agriculture of Bangladesh is mostly dependent on these rivers.

Rule-02: evsjv †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ Subject D‡jøL bv _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Subject a‡i wb‡q Zvi
Translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: evwo wM‡qwQjvg| -I went home./ We went home.
[Note: hw` evK¨wUi Translation- went home Gfv‡e Kiv nq Z‡e fzj n‡e| evwo
wM‡qwQjvg- GLv‡b ÒwQjvgÓ kãwU †`‡L eyS‡Z n‡e †h GLv‡b Avwg ev Avgiv Dn¨ Av‡Q]
KvRwU Kie| -I will do the work./ We will do the work.
A‡bKevi ejjvg wKš‘ Avgvi K_vq Kvb w`‡j bv|
-I told you many times but you didn’t pay heed to me.
[GLv‡b I Ges You ev` w`‡q evK¨ ˆZix Ki‡j †m evK¨wU mwVK n‡e bv]
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 91 ~
 A‡bKevi ejjvg wKš‘ Avgv‡`i K_vq Kvb w`‡j bv|
-We told you many times but you didn’t pay heed to us.
[GLv‡b we Gi ¯’‡j I e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv KviY GB evK¨wU‡Z “wKš‘” Gi c‡i “Avgv‡`i” K_vwU D‡jøL Kiv
n‡q‡Q hv Øviv A‡bK Rb‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q]
weMZ mv‡ji cÖkœ-
adverbial
hy‡× †ek K‡qKwU Acv‡ik‡b Ask wb‡jI `ywU Acv‡ikb verbwQj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| [35th BCS Written]
verb

-Although she participated in several operations in the war, two operations were
significant.
wec` ev gvby‡li Dcw¯’wZ †Ui †c‡jB bjLvMovmn Ab¨vb¨ e‡bi ‡fZ‡i NvcwU †g‡i _vK‡e| -They hide
themselves for a long time in Nolkhagra along with other forests if they sense the
danger or presence of men. [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK, Asst. Director wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2012]
RyZv Ly‡j †djjvg Ges Lvwj cv‡q fxlY K¬vwšÍ‡Z Kw¤úZ e‡ÿ BZ¯ÍZ evjyi Dci w`‡q nvuU‡Z †Mjvg| -I put
off my shoes and went to walk with extreme tiredness and vibrating heart in bare feet
on the sand all around.
Rule-03: m‡›`n cÖKvk Kivi †ÿ‡Î- evsjv wµqvi †k‡l wKbv Zv _vK‡jÑ ‡hgb: evsjv‡`k Zvi
mgm¨v¸‡jv KvwU‡q DV‡Z cvi‡e wKbv- Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Whether + subject
+ verb + object/ adverb + or not + 2q verb + preposition (hw` _v‡K) + how (hw` _v‡K)
+ subject + 3q verb + extension
D`vniY: evsjv‡`k Zvi mgm¨v¸‡jv KvwU‡q DV‡Z cvi‡e wKbv Zv wbf©i K‡i Avgiv wKfv‡e Gi mxwgZ
m¤ú‡`i m‡e©v”P e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi Zvi Dci|
-Whether Bangladesh will be able to overcome its problems or not depends on
how we can make the best use of its limited resources.
Sub
evsjv‡`k objGB my‡hvM verbKv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡e wKbv Zv e¨emvqx m¤úª`v‡qi we‡`kx †µZv AvKl©‡Yi
Rb¨ adverbial‡KŠkjMZfv‡e Zv‡`i mdj Ae¯’vb wVK Kivi ÿgZvi Ici verbwbf©i K‡i|
-Whether Bangladesh can fully exploit the opportunity depends on the ability of
the business community to successfully position them strategically to attract
foreign buyers. [Bangladesh Bank (AD)- 2011]
Rule-04: bv †evaK ev‡K¨ evsjv wµqvi †k‡l ïay wKbv _vK‡jÑ Structure: Subject + Auxiliary
verb + no + g~j verb (Tense Abymv‡i)+ whether + 2q subject + verb + object + or not
D`vniY: Avgiv Rvwbbv evsjv‡`k Zvi mgm¨v¸‡jv KvwU‡q DV‡Z cvi‡e wKbv|
-We do not know whether Bangladesh will be able to overcome its problems or not.
Zviv Rv‡b bv †h Zviv _vK‡e wKbv| -They don’t know whether they will stay or not.
 GB wbq‡gi Aax‡b n¨uv-‡evaK ev‡K¨‡K wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡e Abyev` Kiv hvq-
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 92 ~
 D`vniY: GB eBUv Abyev` Ki‡Z mnvqK n‡e wKbv Zv QvÎQvÎxiv co‡j eyS‡e|
-If students read, they will understand whether this book will be helpful for
translation or not.
 evsjv cÖkœ‡evaK AbyÁvm~PK (imperative) ev‡K¨I GKB wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨|
†hgb: Avgv‡K ej †m Avm‡e wKbv| -Tell me whether he will come or not.
Rule-05: evsjv †Kvb wµqvi †k‡l †KD †Kvb wKQz KiæK Avi bv KiæK _vK‡j †hgb: †m Avgv‡K mvnvh¨
KiæK Avi bv KiæK Avwg Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kie| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: 2q sub + 2q
verb + object/ extension + whether+ 1g sub + 1g verb +or + not.
D`vniY: †m Avgv‡K mvnvh¨ KiæK Avi bv KiæK Avwg Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kie|
-I will help him whether he helps me or not.
bvwRqv AvmyK Avi bv AvmyK RvwKi mgq gZ †÷k‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡e|
-Zakir will arrive at the station in time whether Nazia comes or not.
NB: G ai‡bi evsjv ev‡K¨ GKB wµqv `yBevi _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi †ÿ‡Î or Gi ci ïay not e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e G‡ÿ‡Î GKB verb `yBevi ‡jLvi `iKvi bvB| Dc‡ii 2q ev‡K¨ GKB wµqv h_v, AvmyK
Avi bv AvmyK- `yBevi e¨envi nIqv m‡Z¡I Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq ïay GKevi come e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Rule-06: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l ÒqvB/ qvq/ ewjqvÓ _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †m evK¨wU since/ as Øviv
ïiæ Ki‡Z nq| †hgb: A_©‰bwZKfv‡e evsjv‡`k wcwQ‡q covq G‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvK gvb‡eZi Rxeb hvcb
K‡i| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Since/ as + subject/ KZ©v + verb/ wµqv +
(adverb/ adjective) + (noun/ pronoun) obj./ ext. +, + 2q Subject/ KZ©v + 2q verb/
wµqv + object/ extension.
D`vniY: A_©‰bwZKfv‡e evsjv‡`k wcwQ‡q covq G‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvK gvb‡eZi Rxeb hvcb K‡i|
-Since Bangladesh has lagged behind economically, most of the people of this
country lead a subhuman life.
SUcU K‡i wm×všÍwU †bIqvq Avgv‡`i †bŠKv åg‡Yi mKj cwiKíbv e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nj|
-As the decision was taken promptly, our entire plan to make a journey by
boat resulted in failure.
G ev‡K¨ ch©ewmZ wµqvwU past tense G _vKvi Kvi‡Y Av‡Mi AskwUI past tense G n‡q‡Q|
 G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i translation Kivi mgq evsjv ev‡K¨i †k‡li wµqvwU †h tense G _vK‡e, since/
as Øviv hy³ AskwUi verb wUI wVK †m tense G n‡e|
⌂ 1g D`vni‡Y evsjv ev‡K¨i †k‡l evsjv wµqv h_v hvcb K‡i present tense G _vKvi Kvi‡Y Av‡Mi
AskwUI present tense G n‡q‡Q|
weMZ cixÿvq Avmv mvj wfwËK cÖk-œ
adverbial
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwaKvsk †jv‡Ki Rb¨ weï× cvwbq subR‡ji e¨e¯’v bv _vKvq subZvnv‡`i †Kvb
wbivcËv bvB| [32nd BCS] -As there is no supply of pure drinking water for most of the
people of our country, they have no safety.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 93 ~
 sub
MÖvgevmxiv adverbialRxevYy m¤ú©‡K objectwKQzB verbRv‡b bv ewjqv adverbialK‡jiv, Avgvkq I Ab¨v‡bv
cvwbevwnZ †iv‡Mi verbwkKv‡i cwiYZ nq| [32nd BCS] -Since villagers know anything about
germs, they fall victim to cholera, dysentery and other waterborne diseases.
complement
evsjvi ivRavbx subKjKvZv verb _vKvq adverbial†mLv‡bB wQj submg¯Í wkÿv-`xÿv, e¨emv- evwYR¨
Ges mg„w×| [Bangladesh Bank (AD)-201]
-Since Kolkata remained the capital of Bangla, all sorts of education – initiation,
trade-commerce and prosperity were there.
adverbial
e¨vswKs Lv‡Z subXvjvI jyU cv‡Ui `yó aviv verb Ae¨nZ _vKvq sub†Ljvwc FY, Ae¨e¯’vcbv,
Awbqg, RvwjqvwZ I A_© AvZ¥mv‡Zi NUbv verb µ‡gB evo‡Q| [c~evjx e¨vsK wU G wU- 2017]
-As the uninterrupted vicious trend of plundering continues in the banking sector,
the phenomena of default loans, mismanagement, irregularities, forgery and money
embezzlement are on the increase.
passive sub passive verb
mieivn ‡f‡½ covq subicÍvwb we‡klZ ‰Zwi †cvkv‡Ki ißvwb passive verbevavMÖ¯’
n‡”Q| [Agrani Bank SO 2015] -Since supply has been interrupted, exports, especially
ready-made garments exports are being hampered.
miKvi wbR¯^ A_©vq‡b cÙv †mZz wbg©v‡Yi cwiKíbv †bIqvq †m nZvkv KvU‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| [DBBL: 2014]
-As the government has taken the decision to establish Padma bridge wih its own
finance, frustration has begun to decrease.
gy`ªvùxwZ evo‡Z _vKvq UvKvi `vg Kg‡Q|
-As inflation is rising, the value of money is decreasing.
Rule-07: evsjv we‡klY/ adjective Gi †k‡l ÒqvB/ qvqÓ _vK‡jÑ †hgb: KøvšÍ nIqvq, †m Avi co‡Z
cvijbv| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Being + adjective/ verb Gi past participle
form e‡m|
D`vniY: KøvšÍ nIqvq, †m Avi co‡Z cvijbv| -Being tired, he could not study more.
civwRZ nIqvq, ˆmb¨iv f~LÐwU n‡Z wcQz nUj|
-Being defeated, the troops retreated from the territory.
 evsjv‡Z Adjective+ Noun+ ÒqvB/ qvqÓ _vK‡j Being+ adj./ vpp+ noun+--- Gfv‡e
em‡e| †hgb: fvj QvÎ nIqvq----
D`vniY: fvj QvÎ nIqvq †m mK‡ji Kv‡Q Av‡jvPbvi GKUv welqe¯‘ n‡q‡Q|
-Being a good student, he has become an object of discussion to all.
Rule-08: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Ò‡jIÓ _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †m evK¨wU though/ although Øviv
ïiæ Ki‡Z nq| †hgb: A_©‰bwZKfv‡e evsjv‡`k wcwQ‡q co‡jI G‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvK gvb‡eZi Rxeb
hvcb K‡i bv| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Though/ Although + subject + verb +
adverb/ adjective/ noun +, + 2q Subject + 2q verb + object/ extension.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 94 ~
 D`vniY: A_©‰bwZKfv‡e evsjv‡`k wcwQ‡q co‡jI G‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvK gvb‡eZi Rxeb hvcb K‡i bv|
-Though Bangladesh has lagged behind economically, most of the people of
this country do not live a subhuman life.
evsj‡`‡k bvixiv Zv‡`i k^kyi evwo‡Z bvbv iKg kvixwiK I gvbwmK wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡jI Zviv
AvBbx mnvqZv wb‡Z Pvqbv|
-Although in Bangladesh women fall victim to various sorts of physical and
mental oppression in the houses of their in law’s, they do not want to seek
legal aid.
eZ©gvb wek^g›`v Zvij¨NwUZ n‡jI GwU Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi ¯^”QjZvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|
-Although the present global recession occurs due to liquidity crisis, it is
related to the economic solvency of the financial institutions.
 G‡ÿ‡Î though/ although †K ev‡K¨i g‡a¨I wjLv hvq Z‡e ZLb †Kv‡bv Kgv (comma) e‡m bv|
D`vniY: A_©‰bwZKfv‡e evsjv‡`k wcwQ‡q co‡jI G‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvK gvb‡eZi Rxeb hvcb
K‡i bv|
-Most of the people of Bangladesh do not live a subhuman life though it has
lagged behind economically.
GB Structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖkœ-
adverbial
hy‡× †ek K‡qKwU Acv‡ik‡b Ask verbwb‡jI `ywU Acv‡ikb verbwQj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| [35th BCS Written]
-Although she participated in several operations in the war, two operations were
significant.
A‡íi Rb¨ †mw`b cÖv‡Y †eu‡P verb ‡M‡jI Passive verb AvnZ n‡qwQ‡jb Passive subject ¯^Y©jZv| [35th BCS
Written] -Though Swarnalata/ she narrowly survived, she was wounded.
Bmjvgx e¨vsK, cÖ‡ekbvix Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2013
RM‡Z Ggb A‡bK gvbyl wQ‡jb hviv Aí eq‡m gviv †M‡jI Zv‡`i gnr K‡g©i Rb¨ GLbI Zv‡`i Mfxi
kÖ×vi mv‡_ ¯§iY Kiv nq| -There were many such people in this world that although they
embraced a premature death, they are remembered even today with profound respect
for the their noble deeds.
adverbial
¯^vaxbZvi sub K‡qK `kK verb AwZevwnZ n‡jI †`k wn‡m‡e sub Avgiv AvRI object Avgv‡`i
KvwOÿZ j‡ÿ¨ verb †cuŠQv‡Z cvwiwb| [Sonali Bank SO 2010]
-Though several decades have passed after liberation, we have not been able to reach
our desired destination/ goal.
MZ K‡qK eQ‡i cÖZ¨ÿ we‡`wk wewb‡qvM wKQzUv evo‡jI GL‡bv evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡bi (wRwWwc)
gvÎ 1 `kwgK 7 kZvsk| [Bank Asia Ltd. (PO)- 2016]
-Though foreign direct investment has increased to some extent in the past few years,
still it is only 1.7% of GDP of Bangladesh.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 95 ~
kxl© cÖevmx Avq AR©bKvix †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Aóg n‡jI MZ eQi cÖevmx Av‡q †Kv‡bv cÖe„w× nqwb;
eis A‡bK K‡g‡Q| [Bank Asia Ltd. (MT)–17] -Though Bangladesh is eighth among top
remittance attaining countries, it did not make any progress in earning remittance last
year, rather it has been declined a lot.
we‡`kx fvlv K‡ó AvqË Kiv †M‡jI sub Zvi gg© h_v_© passive verb Dcjwä Kiv hvq bv Ges Zv‡Z g‡bvfve
cÖKv‡ki h‡_ó AšÍivq _v‡K| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK K¨vk-2017] -Though foreign languages are mastered
with difficulty, their inner meanings are not understood/ cannot be understood
properly and there remain obstacles in expressing feelings.
GKwU wekvjvKvi gvQ aiv co‡jI gvQwU †bŠKvq Zyj‡Z cv‡iwb †R‡j| [Bangladesh Krishi Bank (SO)- 2011]
-Although a big fish was caught, the fisherman could not lift the fish in his boat.
adverbial
GB e¨vcK Avµg‡Y sub cvK †mbviv adverbialcÖ_‡g verb_g‡K †M‡jI adverbial cieZ©x‡Z U¨vsK, gU©vi
Ges †nfx ‡gwkbMvb w`‡q verb¸wj el©Y ïiæ K‡i| [cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2000] -Though the Pak
Army stop at the beginning at this intensive attack, they begin to fire with Tanks,
Mortar and heavy Machine-guns afterwards.
Rule-09: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l ‡Kvb wKQz Ki‡jI hv bv Ki‡jI Zv _vK‡j A_ev †Kvb wKQz Ki‡jB wK Avi
bv Ki‡jB wK- †hgb: Zzwg †M‡jI hv bv †M‡jI Zv| A_ev Zzwg †M‡jB wK Avi bv †M‡jB wK- Giƒc ev‡K¨i
Bs‡iwR Abyev` Ki‡Z Structure: It is all the same + whether + subject + 1g wµqv +...+ or not.
D`vniY: Zzwg †M‡jI hv bv †M‡jI Zv| A_ev- Zzwg †M‡jB wK Avi bv †M‡jB wK|
-It is all the same whether you go or not.
Z‡e G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ wµqv wfbœ n‡j, †hgb Ggb †Q‡j evuP‡jI hv gi‡jI Zv/ Ggb †Q‡j evuP‡jB wK Avi gi‡jB wK,
Giƒc ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: It is all the same + whether + subject + 1g wµqv
+.....+ or + 2q verb.
D`vniY: Ggb †Q‡j evuP‡jI hv gi‡jI Zv| [RU 11-12]
-It is all the same whether such boy lives or dies.
A_ev- Ggb †Q‡j euvP‡jB wK Avi gi‡jB wK|
-It is all the same whether such boy lives or dies.
Rule-10: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l n‡j/ B‡j/ †j _vK‡j- †hgb: eBwU co‡j Zzwg A‡bK wKQz Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
Giƒc ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †m evK¨wU If Øviv ïiæ Ki‡Z nq| Structure: If + subject + verb
+ noun/ adjective +, + 2q Subject + verb + extension
D`vniY: eBwU co‡j Zzwg A‡bK wKQz Rvb‡Z cvi‡e|
-If you read the book, you will come to learn many things.
mgv‡R Bmjvg cÖwZwôZ n‡j Zv gvbe Rxe‡b kvwšÍ I myL e‡q Avb‡Z cv‡i|
-If Islam is established in society, it can bring peace and happiness to
mankind.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 96 ~
 miKvi cvBjU cÖKí wnmv‡e GB c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡j Z…Yg~j ch©v‡qi AwaKvsk †jvK wewea myweav cv‡e|
-If the government takes this step/ measure as a pilot project, most of the
grassroots level people will get miscellaneous benefits.
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`h© †`L‡j Zzwg wew¯§Z n‡e|
-If you see the natural beauty of Bangladesh, you will be surprised.
GB structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖk-œ
GK wbg©g kÎæi ms‡M Avgv‡`i jovB, ZvB mvgvb¨ AmZK© n‡jB wbôyiZg nZ¨vi wkKvi n‡Z n‡e| [37th BCS]
-Our fight was with a cruel enemy, we will have to be the victims of merciless killing
if we become a little bit careless.
sub
†`‡ki e¨vswKs LvZ objectgvby‡li Av¯’v I wek¦vm to +verbAR©‡b verbe¨_© n‡j subZv A_©bxwZi Rb¨ ïf
verb
n‡e bv| [AMÖYx e¨vsK Gm I-2017] -If the banking sector of the country fails to gain reliability
and belief of people, it will not be favourable for the economy.
wec` ev gvby‡li Dcw¯’wZ †Ui †c‡jB bjLvMovmn Ab¨vb¨ e‡bi ‡fZ‡i NvcwU †g‡i _vK‡e| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK,
Asst. Director wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2012] -They hide themselves for a long time in Nolkhagra along
with other forests if they sense the danger or presence of men.
IB mgq cywjk `ªæZMwZ‡Z e¨e¯’v wb‡j Gme Aciva ‡VKv‡bv I Acivax‡`i AvUK Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv| -If the
police took measures rapidly, it would be possible to stop the crime and arrest the
criminals.
G aviv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡j cvU Avevi A_©Kix dmj wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q DV‡e| [cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv-
2006] -If this trend continues, jute will again become important as a cash crop.

wKš‘ Rxe‡bi GB Q›` cZb mnRfv‡e †g‡b wb‡Z ComplementAf¨¯Í verbn‡j ComplementAv‡iv mnR I my›`i
verb
n‡q DV‡e sub gvby‡li Rxeb| [c~evjx e¨vsK Gm I 2017] -The life of man will be much easier and
more beautiful if he is accustomed to accepting this fall of rhythm of life easily.
e¨emvqx‡`i aviYv, passive subc`¥v †mZz wbgv©Y Ges M¨vm ms‡hvM passive verbwbwðZ n‡j †mZz adverbialmsjMœ
GjvKvq subwkí ¯’vc‡bi verbayg c‡o hv‡e| [Bangladesh Development Bank EO 2014] -The businessmen
believe that if the Padma bridge project and gas connection are ensured, the setting up
of industries will increase to a great extent in the area adjacent to the bridge.
cwiw¯’wZ ¯^vfvweK _vK‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡k 2014-2015 A_© eQ‡i 6 `kwgK 4 kZvsk cÖe„w× AwR©Z n‡e|
[AMÖYx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015] -If the situation is normal, 6.4% growth will be
achieved in 2014-15 fiscal year in our country.
Zzwg Avm‡j Avwg hve| [RU (A) 16-17] -If you come, I will go.
cwikÖg Ki‡j Zzwg cvk Ki‡Z cvi‡Z| [RU (E) 16-17]
-If you had worked hard, you could have passed.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 97 ~
 Rule-11: evsjv subject wenxb wµqvi †k‡l ‘Av’ _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †m evK¨wU verb+ ing/
to+ g~j verb Øviv ïiæ Ki‡Z nq| †hgb: RbmsL¨v e„w× wbqš¿Y Kiv I AwaK Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Kiv Avgv‡`i
Rb¨ GKvšÍ Avek¨K| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: To + g~j verb এর base form+.... +
verb + extension
A_ev, Verb+ ing + ....+ verb + extension
D`vniY: RbmsL¨v e„w× wbqš¿Y Kiv I AwaK Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Kiv Avgv‡`i Rb¨ GKvšÍ Avek¨K|
-To control population growth and create more employment opportunities
are very essential for us.
Or-Controlling population growth and creating more employment
opportunities are very essential for us.
Bs‡iwR cov Avgvi mL| -To read English is my hobby.
A_ev -Reading English is my hobby.
[N.B: To + verb/ verb + ing ‡Kvb ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z `yB evi em‡j I and Øviv hy³ _vK‡j G‡`i c‡i
plural verb n‡e Avi Zv bv n‡j G‡`i c‡i singular verb n‡e| Dc‡ii D`vniY mg~‡n e¨eüZ is I
are Gi e¨envi jÿ¨ Ki‡jB eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|

GB structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖk-œ

ZiæY cÖR‡b¥i subag©B verb n‡jv adverbial bZz‡bi cv‡b to+ verb Qz‡U Pjv 9| -The motto/ nature of
the young generation is only going/ to go for new things.
‡QvU Mí cov n‡jv GKRb e¨w³i kãfvÛvi Ges MwZ e„w×i Rb¨ me‡P‡q fv‡jv Dcvq¸‡jvi GKwU| [EXIM
BANK: 2016] -Reading/ To read short stories is one of the best ways of improving
one’s vocabulary and reading speed.
mvuZvi KvUv fv‡jv e¨qvg| -[f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi Awdm mnKvix Kvg-Kw¤úDUvi gy`ªvÿwiK cixÿv-2017]
-Swimming is a good exercise.
wg_¨v ejv gnvcvc| [Trust Bank Ltd. (ACO)- 2012] -To tell a lie is a great sin.
wg_¨v ejv LyeB Lvivc KvR| [¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡Mi Awdm mnKvix Kvg-Kw¤úDUvi cixÿv- 2017]
-To tell a lie is a very bad act.
Zv‡K RvbvB Zv‡K cQ›` Kiv| [evsjv‡`k Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK wiµzU‡g›U-2000]
-To know is to like her.
Rule-12: evsjv wµqv + Av + noun _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Article + noun + verb + ing
Gfv‡e Bs‡iwR Ki‡Z nq|
D`vniY: Avgvi eÜz dinv‡`i cv‡k `uvwo‡q _vKv †g‡qwU n‡”Q wmbw_qv|
GLv‡b `uvwo‡q + _vK& + Av| Zvic‡i †g‡qwU (Noun)
-The girl standing beside my friend Farhad is Synthia.
PvKzwi LyuR‡Z Avmv cÖv_x©iv bvbviKg weo¤^bvi wkKvi nq| GLv‡b Avmv-verb, Avi cÖv_x©iv n‡”Q- noun

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 98 ~

 -The candidates coming to seek jobs fall victim to various sorts of hassles/
problems/ dilemma.

Rule-13: evsjv KZ©vwenxb wµqvi †k‡l ÒGÓ _vK‡j Ges GKwU Kv‡Ri ci Av‡iKwU KvR NU‡j †hgb:
ZvRgn‡ji †mŠ›`h© †`‡L `k©bv_©xiv m‡¤§vwnZ nq| Giƒc ev‡K¨ ÒGÓ hy³ wµqvi mv‡_ ing hy³ Ki‡Z nq|
Structure: evsjv ÒGÓ hy³ wµqvi Bs‡iwR Verb+ ing + G hy³ evsjv wµqv/ Verb Gi Av‡Mi Ask +
Subject + verb + extension.
D`vniY: ZvRgn‡ji †mŠ›`h© †`‡L `k©bv_©xiv m‡¤§vwnZ nq|
-Seeing the beauty of the Tajmahal, the visitors become mesmerized.
eBwU c‡o Avwg A‡bK gRv †cjvg|
-Reading the book, I got a lot of pleasure.
Or-I got a lot of pleasure reading the book.

GB structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖk-œ

Verb +ing subject
G K_v ï‡b ¯^Y©jZv Pzc verb_vK‡Z cv‡iwb| [35th BCS Written]
-Hearing this, Swarnalata could not remain silent.
adverbial
bvwi‡Kjevwo K¨v¤ú †_‡K verb + ingcÖwkÿY wb‡q adverbial gwnjv gyw³‡hv×v msMÖ‡ni cvkvcvwk
subject
wb‡RI adverbialA‡bK mk¯¿ hy‡× verbAsk †bb| [35Zg wewmGm] -Receiving training from
Narkel Bari Camp, she herself also takes part in many armed battles along with/
alongside collecting women freedom fighters.
sub
Avgv‡`i verbGwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e GB gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv‡K adverbialAv‡jvKewZ©Kv wn‡m‡e verb+ingMÖnY K‡i|
[36th BCS Written] -We have to go ahead accepting this spirit of the Liberation War as
a beacon.
Avgiv Rxe‡bi bZzb A_© Luy‡R cvB; wkÿvi Av‡jv verb + ing†c‡q Avgv‡`i sub†fZ‡ii gvbylwU verb†R‡M
D‡V| [Pubali Bank Ltd. (TAT)- 2017] -We discover new meanings of life; getting the light
of education our internal conscience wakes up.
[RbZv e¨vsK, Teller: c‡`i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015]
verb +ing
GKz‡ki †PZbv aviY K‡iB adverbial mvwn‡Z¨i bvbv gva¨‡g passive sub passive verbm~wPZ n‡q‡Q
passive sub
m„RbxcÖqvm Avi wkí‡mŠK‡h©i wb`k©b| -Holding the spirit of Ekushey, creative
efforts and evidence of fine arts have been introduced in various forms of literature.
adverbial
Avcbvi evwoi cv‡kB Ah‡Zœ-Ae‡njvq sub MvQMvQvwj verb +Ing gv_v Zz‡j verb`vuwo‡q _v‡K|
[Bangladesh Bank AD 2015] -Trees and plants stand raising their heads up next to your
home in carelessness and negligence.
adverbial
eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki sub 20jvL 59 nvRvi 608 wU cwievi adverbial
Gfv‡e verb + ing
MvQ jvwM‡q
object
A©_bxwZ‡K verbmg„× K‡i‡Q| [Bangladesh Bank AD 2015]
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 99 ~
-At present 20 lakh 59 thousand 6 hundred and 8 families are boosting the economy
planting trees this way.
RxY©-cy‡iv‡bv‡K verb +ingwe`vq Rvwb‡q Adverbial evsjvi N‡i N‡i sub evsjv bee©l verb Av‡m Adverbial
bZzb Avkv, bZzb ¯^c,œ bZzb cÖZ¨q wb‡q| [Modhumoti Bank Ltd. (PO)-17] -Saying good bye to the
old and outdated things, Bangla New Year comes to every house of Bangla with
new hopes, new dreams and new determination.
sub
evsjv‡`k cywjk adverbial†`‡ki AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ verb +ing ¯^vfvweK †i‡L adverbial †`‡ki Dbœqb I
AMÖMwZ‡Z verb KvR Ki‡Q| [cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2017] -Keeping the law and order
situation normal, Bangladesh police are working in the development and progress
of the country.

ïay cvV¨eB cwo‡q †Kvbfv‡e wkwÿZ RvwZ wbgv©Y Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv| [MBM: 2015]
-It will not be possible at all to build an educated nation teaching only textbooks.
adverbial
†mB †_‡K †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡ji 36 Rb exiv½bv‡K verb + ing GKÎ K‡i adverbial
Zv‡`i
object wb‡R‡K verb subject
wPwKrmv, PvKzwi Ges AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ †i‡L‡Qb ¯^Y©jZv| -Since
then/ from that time Swarnalata has engaged herself in realizing the rights to
medical care and jobs uniting 36 war-heroines from different regions of the
country.
sub
e¨emvqxiv fwel¨‡Zi K_v verb + ingg‡b †i‡L adverbial†mZz cÖKí GjvKvi KvQvKvwQ objectRwg
verb
wKb‡Qb| -[Bangladesh Development Bank EO-14] -The businessmen are buying land close to
the bridge project area thinking of future.
wkï‡`i hZœ I Áv‡bi cwiwa‡K verb + ing we‡ePbvq †i‡L wkï‡`i Rb¨ GB Bs‡iwR †QvU Mí¸‡jv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
n‡q‡Q| [EXIM BANK: 2016] -These English short stories for children have been prepared
taking the care and the sphere of knowledge of the children into consideration.
G welqwU gv_vq †i‡L miKvi‡K UªvwdK e¨e¯’v M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| [Bangladesh Bank (AD)- 2010] -
Considering this issue, the government has to formulate a traffic system.
sub
GKRb wePviK‡K adverbial wbi‡cÿ bxwZ‡Z verb + ing `vuwo‡q adverbial GKwU b¨vq m½Z iv‡qi Rb¨
adverbial
gvbwmK `„pZv wb‡q verb AMÖmi n‡Z nq| [6ô we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR) wjwLZ cixÿv 2011] -A judge is to
proceed with strong determination for a rightful verdict standing on/ sticking to the
principle of neutrality.
Zvi gRvi Mí ï‡b †Q‡jivcÖvq nvm‡Z nvm‡Z jy‡UvcywU Lvw”Q‡jv| [CU (D3)16-17]
-Listening to his funny story, the boys were almost rolling with laughter.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 100 ~

 Rule-14: evsjv KZ©vwenxb wµqvi †k‡l ÒGÓ _vK‡j Ges GKwU Kv‡Ri ci Av‡iKwU KvR NU‡j, †hgb:
ZvRgn‡ji †mŠ›`h© †`‡L `k©bv_©xiv m‡¤§vwnZ n‡jv| Giƒc ev‡K¨ ÒGÓ hy³ wµqvi mv‡_ having+ V.p.p.
hy³ Kiv hvq| Structure: evsjv ÒGÓ hy³ wµqvi Bs‡iwR = having+ V.p.p.---- + Subject +
verb + extension.
D`vniY: ZvRgn‡ji †mŠ›`h© †`‡L `k©bv_©xiv m‡¤§vwnZ n‡jv|
-Having seen the beauty of the Tajmahal, the visitors became mesmerized.
eBwU c‡o Avwg A‡bK gRv †cjvg|
‡bvU: GLv‡b having Gi wfbœ †Kvb A_© †bB| G‡ÿ‡Î having ‡K ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z ev g‡a¨ †jLv †h‡Z cv‡i|
-Having read the book, I got a lot of pleasure.
Or-I got a lot of pleasure having read the book.
KvRwU K‡i †m P‡j †Mj|
-Having done the work, he went away.
Or- Doing the work, he went away.
Rule-15: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Ò‡ZÓ _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq to+ g~j verb e‡m| ‡hgb: Rxe‡b DbœwZ
Ki‡Z PvB‡j cwikÖg Ki‡Z n‡e| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev` Ki‡Z-
D`vniY: Rxe‡b DbœwZ Ki‡Z PvB‡j cwikÖg Ki‡Z n‡e|
-If one wants to prosper in life, one has to work hard.
jÿYxq: hLb †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ Subject D‡jøL bv _v‡K ZLb one †K Subject wn‡m‡e Avbv nq|
Avgiv †ewk †ewk eB wKb‡Z fvjevwm| -We like to buy more and more books.

GB structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖk-œ

sub
Zviv extensiogyw³hy× m¤úwK©Z eB to+ verbco‡Z verbcQ›` K‡i, gyw³hy× m¤ú‡K© to+ verbRvbvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i
passive verb
jÿ Kiv hvq passive subMfxi AvMÖn| [36th BCS Written] -They like to read books related
to the Liberation War, and a profound eagerness to know about the Liberation War
is seen among them.
Kg©ms¯’vb evov‡Z wewb‡qvM e„w× Acwinvh©| [Mutual Trust Bank Ltd. (TO)- 13]
-Increasing the investment is essential to increase employment.
Rule-16: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l †Z †Z, AšÍ, gvb, kxj, Ki/ iZ BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †m
Verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ Ki‡Z nq|
Bloom- †dvUv Float- fvmv Develop- DbœZ Kiv Rise- DVv
Blooming- dzUšÍ Floating- fvmgvb Developing- Dbœqbkxj Rising- D`xqgvb
Sleep- Nygv‡bv Run- Pjv Devastate- we×¯Í Kiv Escalate- µgvš^‡q e„w× cvIqv
Sleeping- NygšÍ Running- PjšÍ Devastating- weׯÍKi Escalating- µgea©gvb
Sink- Wzev Fly- Dov
Sinking- WzešÍÍ Flying- DošÍ
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 101 ~
 NB: Go/ come/ enter + Verb +ing hy³ _vK‡j †m Verb +ing †Z ‡Z A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
D`vniY: †m †`Šov‡Z †`Šov‡Z Avmj| -He came running. [Pjgvb/ PjšÍ/ ‡Z †Z-running]
‡m nvucv‡Z nvucv‡Z GLv‡b Avmj| [14Zg wkÿK wbeÜb I cÖZ¨qb]
-He came here panting. [¯‹zj/ mgchv©q-2] cixÿv -2017]
‡g‡qwU bvwP‡Z bvwP‡Z Pwjqv †Mj| [RU (BwZnvm) 07-08, (BU) B 15-16]
-The girl went away dancing.
Bgivb Mvb MvB‡Z MvB‡Z N‡i XzKj| -Imran entered the room singing.
Pjgvb/ PjšÍ †Uªb †_‡K jvd w`Ibv| -Do not jump off a running train.
[Pjgvb/ PjšÍ/ ‡Z †Z-running]
mevB dzUšÍ †Mvjvc fvjev‡m| -All love blooming roses.
NygšÍ †jv‡Ki mvg‡b †Mvjgvj K‡iv bv| -Don’t make a noise before a sleeping man.
Zviv fvmgvb †jvK‡`i‡K AvkÖq †`Iqvi Rb¨ wZb GKi Rwg `vb Kij|
-They donated three acres of land to give shelter to the floating population.
Zviv wb‡R‡`i weׯÍKi Ae¯’vi Rb¨ wb‡RivB `vqx|
-They themselves are responsible for their own devastating condition.
µgea©gvb wPwKrmv e¨q Avgv‡`i A_©‰bwZK cÖe„wׇK evavMÖ¯’ K‡i|
-The escalating cost of health care impedes our economic growth.
Note: Z‡e ïay wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î (Verb+ing) †Z †Z, AšÍ, gvb, kxj, Ki A_© cÖKvk K‡i bv|
†hgb: Reading room- covi Ni,
Sleeping pill-Ny‡gi ewo,
drinking water- Lvevi cvwb BZ¨vw`|

GB structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖk-œ

[c~evjx e¨vsK, SO wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2011]
evsjv‡`‡k emevmiZ b„-‡Mvôx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ PvKgv‡`i c‡iB mvuIZvj‡`i Ae¯’vb|
-The Santal people living in Bangladesh stand second to the Chakma among the
ethnic minority groups.
DËie‡½ Ae¯’vbiZ b„-‡Mvôx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mvuIZvjiv msL¨vMwiô| -Among the ethnic tribes abiding
in the Northern area of Bangladesh, the Santal people are the majority.
w`bvRcyi †Rjvq emevmiZ mvuIZvjiv wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi cÖfvegy³ bq|
-The Santal people living in Dinajpur are not free from the influence of different
socio-economic changes.
wkïwU bvP‡Z bvP‡Z P‡j †Mj| [f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix wnmve iÿK cixÿv-2017]
-The child went away dancing.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 102 ~

 D‡jøL¨ wb¤œwjwLZ verb Gi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM n‡j †k‡li Aÿi double nq|
Befit- gvbvbmB nIqv Befitting Flap- SvcUv gviv Flapping
Beget- Rb¥ †`Iqv Begetting Kid- ‡KŠZzK Kiv ev VvÆv Kiv Kidding
Begin- Avi¤¢ Kiv Beginning Kidnap- AcniY Kiv Kidnapping
Beset- RR©wiZ Kiv Besetting Knit- ‡evbv Knitting
Bet- evwR aiv Betting Lag- wcwQ‡q cov Lagging
Bid- wbjvg WvKv Bidding Outfit- mw¾Z Kiv outfitting
Blot- Pz‡l †bIqv Blotting Patrol- Unj †`Iqv Patrolling
Clap- nvZZvwj †`Iqv Clapping Plan- cwiKíbv Kiv Planning
Clip- AvUKv‡bv Clipping Plot- lohš¿ Kiv Plotting
Clog- evav †`Iqv Clogging Prefer- cQ›` Kiv Preferring
Control- wbqš¿Y Kiv Controlling Quarrel- SMov Kiv Quarrelling
Cram- bv ey‡S gyL¯Í Kiv Cramming Quit- Z¨vM Kiv Quitting
Cut- ev` †`Iqv Cutting Recur- evievi NUv Recurring
Dial- Wvqvj Kiv Dialling Refer- D‡jøL Kiv Referring
Dispel- `yi Kiv Dispelling Regret- AbyZvc Kiv Regretting
Drip- Uc Uc K‡i cov Dripping Rub- gy‡Q †djv Rubbing
Dub(Wve)- fvlvšÍwiZ Kiv Dubbing Run- ‡`Šov‡bv Running
Eavesdrop- Avwo †c‡Z †kvbv Eavesdropping Shop- evRvi Kiv Shopping
Embed- ‡Mu‡_ †`Iqv Embedding Sit- emv Sitting
Emit- wbM©Z Kiv Emitting Slim- wPKb nIqvi †Póv Kiv/ diet Kiv Slimming
Equip- mymw¾Z Kiv Equipping Stop- _vgv‡bv/ _vgv Stopping
Excel- ‡kÖóZ/ DrK‡l© Qvwo‡q hvIqv Excelling Stun- AevK Kiv Stunning
Expel- ewn®‹vi Kiv Expelling Travel- ågY Kiv Travelling
Fan- evZvm Kiv Fanning Upset- DwØMœ Kiv Upsetting
Fit- Dchy³ nIqv Fitting Win- Rq jvf Kiv Winning
‡bvU: hLb cvkvcvwk `yBwU GKB letter/ msL¨v GKmv‡_ e‡m, ZLb Zv‡`i D”PviY `y&Bfv‡e Kiv hvq|
GKwU n‡jv double+ Letter/ msL¨v; A_ev †m letter/ msL¨v †K `yBevi D”PviY Kiv| †hgb:
beginning Gi n-`ywU‡K Avgiv D”Pvi‡Yi mgq double n(Wvej Gb) ej‡Z cvwi| A_ev n n(Gb
Gb) ej‡Z cvwi| GQvovI- msLvi †ÿ‡Î †hgb: 01746640588 GLv‡b 6 `ywU‡K Avgiv double six;
ev six six GB `yBfv‡eB ej‡Z cvwi| mvaviYZ weªwUkiv double kãwU e¨envi K‡i| Avi
Av‡gwiKvbiv cvkvcvwk GKB letter/ msL¨v‡K `y&Bevi D”PviY K‡i|

Rule-17: wKQz “Kivi mgq/ Ki‡Z Ki‡Z” _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq While/ when/ at the time
of + verb+ing e‡m|
D`vniY: co‡Z co‡Z K_v ejbv| -Do not talk while/ when/ at the time of reading.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 103 ~
 co‡Z co‡Z Ab¨ gb¯‹ nIqv Zvi ¯^fve|
-His habit is to become absent minded while reading.
MÖx‡®§i GB cÖLi Zv‡c K…l‡Kiv gv‡V `‡j `‡j avb KvU‡Z KvU‡Z Mvb Ki‡Q|
-The farmers are singing songs in groups in this scorching heat of summer
while/ when/ at the time of harvesting paddy in the meadow(gv‡V).
sub
‡m mvg‡b verb + ingGwM‡q ‡h‡Z †h‡Z adverbialPviw`‡K mZK© `„wó‡Z verb bRi ivL‡jv| [37th BCS
Written] -While going forward, he kept a watchful look around.

Rule-18: KvD‡K †Kv‡bv KvR “Ki‡Z nq/ n‡e” eySv‡j wb¤œwjwLZ Structure wU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
G‡ÿ‡Î evsjv wµqvi †k‡l †Z nq/ n‡e _vK‡e| Structure: Subject + have/ has/ be verb + to +
g~j verb + extension.
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i‡K cÖwZw`b A‡bK cÖwZK~jZvi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq|
-We are to face many adversities every day.
Rxe‡b eo n‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i‡K K‡Vvi cwikÖg Ki‡Z n‡e|
-If we want to succeed in life, we have to work hard.
Avgv‡K AvMvgxKvj evwo †h‡Z n‡e| [f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi Awdm mnKvix Kvg-Kw¤úDUvi gy`ªvÿwiK cixÿv-2017]
-I have to go home tomorrow.
Zv‡K GKw`b AšÍi Jlya †L‡Z nq| [KU (B) 14-15]
-He has to take medicine on alternate days.
Avgv‡K Zvnvi mwnZ †`Lv Kwi‡Z nq| [Medical.94-95]
-I am to see him.
‡bvU: G‡ÿ‡Î have to/ has to Gi cwie‡Z© has got to/ has got to + verb Gi base form
e¨envi Kiv hvq Zv‡Z A_©MZ †Kvb cv_©K¨ n‡e bv| ‡hgb: Avkv‡K iwbi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡Z †h‡Z
n‡e| -Asha has got to go to meet Rony./ Asha has to go to meet Rony.
 must/ have to Gi cv_©K¨- eva¨ evaKZv eySv‡Z must/ have to/ has to/ had to G‡`i †h
†KvbwU e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e must Øviv e¨w³i wb‡Ri B”Qv (internal force) cÖKvk cvq Avi have
to/ has to/ had to Øviv A‡b¨i Øviv eva¨ nIqv (external force) eySvq|
D`vniY: Avgv‡K a~gcvb Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e| -I must stop smoking. (I want)
Avgv‡K a~gcvb Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e| -I have to stop smoking. (Wv³v‡ii Av‡`kµ‡g)
GB Structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖkœ-
sub
Avgv‡`i GwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e GB gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv‡K adverbialAv‡jvKewZ©Kv wn‡m‡e verb+ingMÖnY K‡i-| [36th
verb

BCS Written] -We have to go ahead accepting this spirit of the Liberation War as a
beacon.
Bank Asia Ltd. (MT) – 2017
cvkvcvwk Avgv‡`i weKí Rbkw³i evRvi LyuR‡Z n‡e| -Besides we have to look for alternative
manpower markets.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 104 ~
 AB Bank wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015
Avgv‡`i meUzKy mvg_¨© Avi m„wóKZ©v cÖ`Ë kw³ wb‡q Avgv‡`i hy× Pvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡e GK wbôzi `vb‡ei
weiæ‡×| -We have to continue our battle with our total ability and God given power
against a cruel monster.
[6ô we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR) wjwLZ cixÿv 2011]
sub adverbial
GKRb wePviK‡K wbi‡cÿ bxwZ‡Z verb + ing`vuwo‡q adverbialGKwU b¨vq m½Z iv‡qi Rb¨
adverbial
gvbwmK `„pZv wb‡q verbAMÖmi n‡Z nq| -A judge is to proceed with strong
determination for a rightful verdict standing on/ sticking to the principle of neutrality.
Rule-19: evsjv †Kvb k‡ãi †k‡l ÒBZÓ _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †m k‡ãi verb Gi past
participle nq| g~j verb Gi past participle adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †hgb: Educate-
wkwÿZ Kiv- Educated (wkwÿZ), Giƒc-
Deprive- ewÂZ Kiv Develop- Dbœqb Kiv Defeat- civwRZ Kiv
Deprived- ewÂZ Developed- DbœZ Defeated- civwRZ

D`vniY: Av‡gwiKv GKwU DbœZ †`k| -America is a developed country.

mvaviY gvby‡li g‡Zv miKviI GiKg mv‡a¨i AwZwi³ `vqfvivµvšÍ|
-The government is also heavily indebted beyond its capacity like the
common people.
‡g‡qwU gvZ…‡¯œn †_‡K ewÂZ KviY Zvi gv Avi RxweZ †bB|
-The girl is deprived of motherly love because her mother is no more.

 D‡jøL¨: wb¤œwjwLZ verb Gi mv‡_ ed ‡hvM n‡j †k‡li Aÿi double nq|
Bar- evav †`Iqv Barred Fit- Dchy³ nIqv Fitted
Bat- e¨vU Kiv Batted Hum- ¸b¸b Kiv Hummed
Befit- gvbvbmB nIqv Befitted Impel- Av‡eM ZvwoZ Kiv impelled
Blot- Pz‡l †bIqv Blotted Kid- ‡KŠZzK Kiv ev VvÆv Kiv Kidded
Blur- Svcmv K‡i †`Iqv Blurred Kidnap- AcniY Kiv Kidnapped
Clap- nvZZvwj †`Iqv Clapped Knit- ‡evbv Knitted
Clip- AvUKv‡bv Clipped Knot- wMU †`Iqv Knotted
Clog- AvUKv‡bv Clogged Lag- wcwQ‡q cov Lagged
Compel- eva¨ Kiv Compelled Libel- Kzrmv iUbv Kiv Libelled
Confer- Ac©Y Kiv Conferred Mar- cÛ Kiv marred
Cram- bv ey‡S gyL¯’ Kiv Crammed Nab- ‡MÖdZvi Kiv nabbed
Demur- AvcwË Rvbv‡bv Demurred Nap- w`‡bi †ejvq Aí napped
mg‡qi Rb¨ Nygv‡bv
Deter- evav †`Iqv Deterred- Occur- NUv Occurred
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 105 ~
 Dial- Wvqvj Kiv Dialled Outfit- mw¾Z Kiv Outfitting/outfitted
Dispel- `yi Kiv Dispelled Patrol- Unj †`Iqv Patrolled
Drag- ‡U‡b wnP‡o wb‡q hvIqv Dragged Permit- AbygwZ †`Iqv Permitted
Drip- Uc Uc K‡i cov Dripped Plan- cwiKíbv Kiv Planned
Drop- wb‡ÿc Kiv/ L‡m cov Dropped Plot- lohš¿ Kiv Plotted
Dub(Wve)- fvlvšÍwiZ Kiv Dubbed Prefer- cQ›` Kiv Preferred
Eavesdrop- Avwo †c‡Z †kvbv Eavesdropped Quarrel- SMov Kiv Quarrelled
Embed- ‡Mu‡_ †`Iqv Embedded Quit- Z¨vM Kiv Quitted
Emit- wbM©Z Kiv Emitted Recur- evi evi NUv Recurred
Equip- mymw¾Z Kiv Equipped Refer- D‡jøL Kiv Referred
Excel- DrK‡l© Qvwo‡q hvIqv Excelled Repel- ev` †`Iqv Repelled
Expel- ewn¯‹vi Kiv Expelled Stop- _vgv/ _vgv‡bv Stopped
Fan- evZvm Kiv Fanned Worship- Bev`Z Kiv Worshipped

 [Verb msµvšÍ Av‡iv e¨vKiYMZ welq Rvb‡Z PvB‡j-

Grammar Gi `y`©všÍ msKjb- Expert- Basic English eBwU co–b-]

Rule-20: †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨- BZ + noun _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq- Article/ Number + noun +
BZ hy³ verb Gi v.p.p em‡e|
D`vniY: Av‡iv eo eo Qv·`i Rb¨ wjwLZ eBwU Avgv‡`i Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ djcÖm~|
-The book written for more senior students is very effective for us.
[NB: senior Gi Av‡M more e‡mbv| Z‡e Gi c‡i noun _vK‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î Gi c~‡e© more
e‡m| Structure: more + senior +noun]
ms‡kvwaZ AvBb¸‡jv AvMvwg gvm †_‡K Kvh©Ki n‡e|
-The amended laws will come into effect from the next month.
 Z‡e BZ/ gvb eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq| G‡`i v.p.p e¨envi Kiv hvq bv|
Structure: Article/ Number + noun + BZ/ gvb hy³ verb (go, come, happen, take
place, occur, exist, prevail) Gi mv‡_ ing em‡e|
D`vniY: GLv‡b AvMZ †jv‡Kiv Lye mnR mij|
-The men coming here are very naive.
mvfv‡i ivbv cøvRvq NwUZ `~N©Ubvi ¯§„wZ Ny‡iwd‡i Zv‡`i g‡b Av‡m|
-The memory of the accident taking place at Rana Plaza in Savar haunts
them. [haunts= evi evi g‡b Avmv]
Rule-21: †Kvb ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ KLb/ †Kv_vq/ wKfv‡e/ wK/ wKbv + wµqv+ n‡e/ ‡e _vK‡j, ‡hgb: Avwg
Rvwbbv GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Avgv‡K wK Ki‡Z n‡e| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Subject +
verb + (object) +when/ where/ how/ what + to + g~j verb + extension.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 106 ~
 D`vniY: Avwg Rvwbbv GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Avgv‡K wK Ki‡Z n‡e|
-I do not know what to do in this situation.
Avgiv eywS wKfv‡e welqwU AvqË Ki‡Z n‡e|
-We understand how to master the subject.
wKfv‡e evsjv evK¨ mg~n‡K mwVKfv‡e Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` Kiv hv‡e Zv GB eB mwVKfv‡e e¨vL¨v
K‡i‡Q|
-The book has properly explained how to translate Bangla sentences into
English correctly.
Avcwb wK Avgv‡K ej‡Z cv‡ib wKfv‡e wbKUeZ©x †÷k‡b †cuŠQv hv‡e?
-Could you tell me how to get to the nearby station?
Riæix Ae¯’vq wK Ki‡Z n‡e †m †mUv/ Zv Zv‡`i Kv‡Q e¨vL¨v Kij|
-His explained to them what to do in an emergency.
gvqvbgvi miKvi KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ b„mskZvi †cÖÿvc‡UB †ivwn½viv nZvk n‡q c‡o‡Q Ges Zviv
wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvi‡Qbv †Kv_vq AvkÖq wb‡e|
-It is against the backdrop of atrocity perpetrated by the government of
Myanmar that the Rohingya people have become frustrated and they cannot
decide where to take shelter.
wgjb wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvi‡Qbv ‡h †mLvb hv‡e wK bv GLv‡b _vK‡e |
-Milon cannot decide whether to go there or stay here.
Rule-22: †Kv‡bv wKQy nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q/ wQj eySv‡j- †hgb: evsjv‡`‡ki AvR‡Ki †Ljvq R‡qi
m¤¢vebv Av‡Q| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Subject + be verb (am/ is/ are/ was/
were) + likely + to + g~j verb + extension
D`vniY: evsjv‡`‡ki AvR‡Ki †Ljvq R‡qi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q|
-Bangladesh is likely to win today’s match.
†gNv”Qbœ AvKvk †`‡L †gŠmywg cvj g‡b Kij †h †mw`b e„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv wQj|
-Seeing the cloudy sky, Mousumi Paul thought that it was likely to rain that
day.
wicv `v‡mi GB eQi cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q KviY †m AwaKvsk mgq Zvi cov‡kvbv
wb‡q gMœ _v‡K|
-Ripa Das is likely to stand first this year because she is preoccupied with her
studies most of the time.
Rule-23: †Kv‡bv wKQy nIqvi m¤¢vebv bvB/ wQj bv eySv‡j- †hgb: Zvi ivwR nIqvi m¤¢vebv bvB| Giƒc
evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Sub+ be verb + unlikely to + verb Gi base form+
extension.
D`vniY: Zvi ivwR nIqvi m¤¢vebv bvB| -He is unlikely to agree.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 107 ~
 Zvi KvRwU Kivi m¤fvebv bvB| -He is unlikely to do the work.
Rule-24: Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi K_v Av‡Q/ wQj _vK‡j- †hgb: Avgvi KvRwU Kivi K_v Av‡Q| Giƒc
evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Subject + am/ is/ are/ was/ were + supposed to + g~j
verb + extension
D`vniY: Avgvi KvRwU Kivi K_v Av‡Q| -I am supposed to do the work.
Avgvi KvRwU Kivi K_v wQj| -I was supposed to do the work.
Expert cÖKvkbxi gvwjK Avt Avwj‡gi GB hyMvšÍKvix eBwU covi K_v Av‡Q|
-Abdul Alim, the owner of Expert Publications, is supposed to go through
this epoch making book.
MZgv‡m kxZKvjxb QzwU Dcj‡ÿ Zv‡`i eb‡fvR‡b hvIqvi K_v wQj|
-They were supposed to go on a picnic last month on the occasion of winter
vacation.
Southeast Bank Ltd. (PO)- 2012-
GB kn‡i Avgvi GKwU evwo _vKvi K_v wQj| -I was supposed to have a house in this city.

Rule-25: †Kvb ev‡K¨ hw`, hLb + †Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi K_v Av‡m + ZLb + Subject----- _vK‡j- †hgb:
hLb cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi K_v/ welqwU Av‡m ZLb cwi‡ek weÁvbxiv hvbevnb, KjKviLvbv I Ab¨vb¨ `~lK‡K `vqx
K‡i|
A_ev- cwi‡ek `~lY welqwUi †ÿ‡Î cwi‡ek weÁvbxiv hvbevnb, KjKviLvbv I Ab¨vb¨ `~lK‡K `vqx K‡i|
Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: When it comes to+ noun/ verb+ing +, + sub+ verb+
extension.
D`vniY: hLb cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi K_v/ welqwU Av‡m ZLb cwi‡ek weÁvbxiv hvbevnb, KjKviLvbv I Ab¨vb¨
`~lK‡K `vqx K‡i|
-When it comes to the environment pollution, the environmentalists hold
vehicles, factories and other pollutants responsible. (hold--- responsible A_©
`vqx Kiv)
hLb Z_¨ gRy` Kivi K_v/ welqwU Av‡m ZLb Avgiv Kw¤úDUv‡ii K_v wPšÍv Kwi|
A_ev: Z_¨ gRy` Kivi welqwUi †ÿ‡Î Avgiv Kw¤úDUv‡ii K_v wPšÍv Kwi|
-When it comes to storing information, we think of computer.
Rule-26: †Kvb wKQzi K_v bvB-ev ejjvg- Giƒc expression Øviv †Kvb evK¨ ïiæ n‡j, †hgb: fvi‡Zi
K_v bvB-ev ejjvg, evsjv‡`kI kÖxjsKv‡K 4 DB‡K‡U nviv‡jv| Giƒc evK¨¸‡jvi Abyev` Kivi †ÿ‡Î-
Structure: Not to mention+ K_v kãwUi Av‡Mi noun+ Kgv (,) + subject+ verb+ object/
extension
D`vniY: fvi‡Zi K_v bvB-ev ejjvg, evsjv‡`kI kÖxjsKv‡K 4 DB‡K‡U nviv‡jv|
-Not to mention India, Bangladesh also beat Sri Lanka by four wickets.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 108 ~
 `y‡ai K_v bvB-ev ejjvg, Møv‡m ‡Kvb cvwbI wQj bv|
-Not to mention milk, there was no water in the glass.
[‡Kvb noun Gi mv‡_ “I” _vK‡j also e¨envi Kiv nq wKš‘ bv‡evaK ev‡K¨ noun Gi mv‡_ “I” _vK‡j
no/ not e¨eüZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y also e¨eüZ nq bv, (cvwbI wQj bv- was no water)]
Zvi ivRkvnxi `ywU evwoi K_v bvB ev ejjvg, XvKv‡ZI Zvi GKwU evwo Av‡Q|
-Not to mention his two houses in Rajshahi, he has also a house in Dhaka.

Rule-27: evwK Av‡Q/ wQj/ _vK‡e eySv‡Z †hgb: Avgv‡`i cixÿv ïiæ n‡Z Avi gvÎ `yBw`b evwK Av‡Q|
Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Sub + be verb (tense Abymv‡i) + left + extension.
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i cixÿv ïiæ n‡Z Avi gvÎ `yBw`b evwK|
-Only two days are left to begin our exam.
‡KD wK evwK Av‡Q/ ev` c‡o‡Q| -Is there anybody left?
Rule-28: Kv‡iv Kv‡Q g‡b nq/ nj/ nZ eySv‡j- †hgb: Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q g‡b nq †h Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkÿvi
gvb w`b w`b c‡o hv‡”Q| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: It + occurs/ occurred to +
me/ us/ you/ them + that + subject + verb + extension
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q g‡b nq †h Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkÿvi gvb w`b w`b c‡o hv‡”Q|
-It occurs to us that the standard of education of our country is falling day by
day.
Rule-29: †Kv‡bv wKQz/ KvD‡K g‡b nIqv/ nZ eySv‡j- ‡hgb: Zv‡K Ávbx e‡j g‡b nq| Giƒc evK¨‡K
Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Subject + seem/ appear/ sound + adjective + extension
G‡ÿ‡Î wµqv †K, ÒKv‡KÓ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËiwU cvIqv hvq Zv Subject wnmv‡e em‡e|
D`vniY: Zv‡K Ávbx e‡j g‡b nq| -He seems/ appears to be wise.
‡jvKwU abx e‡j g‡b nq| [Bmjvgx e¨vsK A O- 06] -The man appears to be rich.
LveviwU evmx e‡j g‡b n‡qwQj| [NU (Science) 10-11] -The food seemed to be stale.
GB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Zvi K_v hyw³m½Z g‡b nq|
-Against this backdrop, his word sounds reasonable.
 evsjv‡Z Adjective Gi c‡i e‡j/ wnmv‡e em‡j to be/ as e‡m| †hgb: Ávbx e‡j g‡b nq| GLv‡b
Ávbx kãwU Adjective Ges Gi c‡i e‡j K_vwU D‡jøL Av‡Q ZvB to be e‡m‡Q|
Note: Seem A_©- g‡b nIqv; I seem- Avgv‡K g‡b nq|
Think A_©- g‡b Kiv; I think- Avwg g‡b Kwi|
 G ai‡bi evK¨ Av‡iv GKwU structure G Kiv hvq| ZLb †m‡ÿ‡Î †KD †Kv‡bv wKQz K‡i e‡j g‡b nq
K_vwU _vK‡e| †hgb: kvcjv KvRwU K‡i e‡j g‡b nq| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure:
Subject + seem/ appear + to + g~j verb + extension
D`vniY: kvcjv KvRwU K‡i e‡j g‡b nq| -Shapla seems to do the work.
wibv †ewk ivZ Rv‡M e‡j g‡b nq| -Rina seems to stay up late. [stay up late-‡ewk ivZ RvMv]
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 109 ~
 Z‡e †KD †Kv‡bv wKQz K‡i‡Q e‡j g‡b nq _vK‡j- †hgb: iRyev wcÖqvsKv I wjmv‡K wb‡q KvRwU Lye
hZœmnKv‡i K‡i‡Q e‡j g‡b nq| Giƒc ev‡K¨ Abyev‡`- Structure: Subject + seem/ appear
+ to have + v.p.p + extension nq|
D`vniY: iRyev wcÖqvsKv I wjmv‡K wb‡q KvRwU Lye hZœmnKv‡i K‡i‡Q e‡j g‡b nq|
-Rojuba seems to have done the work very carefully with Priyanka and Lisa.
m¤úªwZ cÖej e„wócv‡Zi Kvi‡Y cÙv b`xi cvwb wec` mxgv AwZµg K‡i‡Q e‡j g‡b nq|
-Recently due to torrential rain, the water of the Padma seems to have
crossed the danger level.
Rule-30: †Kv‡bv wKQz bv K‡i cvwi bv/ cv‡i bv/ cviZbv/ cvi‡jv bv _vK‡j- †hgb: Avgiv AvaywbK we‡k¦i
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR bv wk‡L cvwibv| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure:
Subject + cannot/ could not (tense Abymv‡i)+ help + verb+ ing. + object/ extension
D`vniY: Avgiv AvaywbK we‡k¦i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR bv wk‡L cvwi bv|
-We cannot help learning English to survive the competition of the modern world.
Avwg GUv bv K‡i cvwi bv| [†cv÷vj Acv‡iUi-2016] -I can’t help doing it.
Avwg GUv bv K‡i cvijvg bv| [7 NTRC- 11]
th
-I could not help doing it.
A_ev, Structure: Subject+ cannot+ but+ verb Gi base form + object + ext.
D`vniY: Avgiv AvaywbK we‡k¦i cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR bv wk‡L cvwibv|
-We cannot but learn English to survive in the competition of the modern world.
Avgiv †PviwU‡K c‡KUgvivi Rb¨ bv †g‡i cvwiwb|
-We could not help beating the thief for pick pocketing.
Or-We could not but beat the thief for pick pocketing.
 ‡Kvb wKQz bv K‡i cvwibv/ cvibv eySv‡Z- Cannot help but I em‡Z cv‡i Ges but Gi c‡i verb
Gi base form e‡m| Structure: Sub+ cannot help + but + verb Gi base form+
extension.
D`vniY: ‡`k‡cÖwg‡Kiv †`‡ki Rb¨ Rxeb bv w`‡q cv‡ibv| [Petrobangla Asst. Manager Admin 2011]
-The patriots cannot but sacrifice their life for their country.
GgbwK Amr gvbylI Zv‡K m¤§vb bv K‡i cv‡i bv| [Islami Bank BD [AO (G-3)]- 2011]
-Even a dishonest man cannot1 but respect him. [we‡kl †bvU-1: can Gi c‡i not
em‡j G‡`i gv‡S ‡¯úm †`Iqv hv‡e bv| ZvB G‡`i‡K †jLvi wbqg n‡jv- cannot/ can’t Avi Gfv‡e can
not wjL‡j Zv fzj]
Rule-31: †Kvb ev‡K¨ Pj‡Z cvwi bv/ cv‡i bv/ P‡j bv eySv‡j- †hgb: Avgiv cvwb Qvov Pj‡Z cvwibv|
Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Subject+ cannot+ do+ without+ object+ extension
D`vniY: Avgiv cvwb Qvov Pj‡Z cvwibv| -We cannot do without water.
mf¨Zvi GB ¯^Y©hy‡M we`y¨r Qvov Avgv‡`i P‡j bv|
-At this golden era of civilization, we cannot do without electricity.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 110 ~
 Rule-32: nIqv A‡_© mvvaviYZ be/ become e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ verb †hgb: come/ get/
go/ grow/ prove/ run/ turn + adjective/ v.p.p _vK‡j Giv nIqv A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
 Sub+ come/ get/ go/ grow/ prove/ run/ turn + adjective/ v.p.p e¨envi Kiv hvq|
D`vniY: †g‡qwU †Q‡jwU‡K bv †c‡q cvMj n‡q †Mj|
-The girl went mad without getting the boy.
e¨vsKwU KwVb Lvivc Ae¯’vq Av‡Q Ges †h‡Kvb mgq †`Dwjqv n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
-The bank is in dire straits and may go bankrupt any time.
GZ †jvK †`‡L Zvi gyL j¾vq jvj n‡q †Mj|
-His face turned red in shame seeing so many people.
Or- Seeing so many people, his face turned red in shame.
Avwg wicv‡K †h me cÖkœ KiwQjvg †m Zv‡Z ivMvwš^Z nq wb|
-Ripa did not get angry with all the questions I was asking.
GB eBwU me ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ djcÖmy n‡e|
-This book will prove effective for all level learners.
Ae‡k‡l jvj‡bi †g‡qwU‡K cvIqvi ¯^cœ mwZ¨ n‡jv bv|
-At last Lalon’s dream of getting the girl did not come true.
MÖx®§Kv‡j GB LvwowU ïwK‡q hvq| [Lvwo/ creek-Lvj/ wej]-In summer this creek runs dry.
wkwÿZ nIqv mK‡jiB AwaKvi| -Getting educated is everybody’s right.
kirKv‡j Mv‡Qi cvZv ev`vwg n‡q hvq| -Leaves of trees go brown in Autumn.
MZ mßv‡n Zvi eqm 52 eQi c~Y© n‡q‡Q| -He turned 52 last week.
Zvi Pzj cvK‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q|
-His hair has started to turn grey.
Or- His hair has started to go grey.
Zv‡K †`‡L Avwg K¬všÍ n‡q cojvg| -I grew tired seeing him.
-Zvi nv‡Zi Av½yj Aek n‡q ‡Mj| -His fingers went numb.
Avgvi Av‡e`b wbi_©K n‡jv| -My appeal proved futile.
-Fall silent-wbie nIqv -Fall ill-Amy¯’ nIqv/ Amy¯’ n‡q cov
-Fall asleep-Nywg‡q cov
‡jvKwU GKwU eo Mv‡Qi wb‡P Nywg‡q coj|
-The man fell asleep under a big tree.
Rule-33: _vKv A‡_© stay/ keep+ adjective e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i my›`i GB c„w_ex‡Z Avgiv Qjbvi nvZ †_‡K fvj _vK‡Z PvB|
-We want to stay good from the hand of deception in this beautiful world of
ours.
Pzc _vK| -Keep silent.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 111 ~
Rule-34: Ki‡Z _vKv eySv‡Z- sub+ keep+ verb+ing+ extension nq|
D`vniY: jvjb Avjx †h †g‡qwU‡K fv‡jvev‡m †m Zvi cÖwZ GKUz Lvwb m`q n‡j †m mvivRxeb Zvi
Rb¨ A‡cÿv K‡i hv‡e/ Ki‡Z _vK‡e|
-If the girl whom Lalon Ali loves becomes a little bit lenient towards him, he
will keep waiting for her throughout his life.
Avwg wd‡i bv Avmv ch©šÍ KvRwU Ki‡Z _vK| -Keep doing the work until I come back.
Rule-35: evsjv adj./ we‡klY Gi †k‡l jv‡M _vK‡j- †hgb: Avgvi fvj jvM‡Qbv| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev`
Ki‡Z Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨i- Structure: Subject + feel + adj. nq|
D`vniY: Avgvi fvj jvM‡Qbv| -I do not feel good.
‡Zvgvi gb Lvivc †Kb?/ †Zvgvi fvj jvM‡Qbv/ jv‡Mbv †Kb?
-Why do you feel bad?
‡jvKwUi KiæY `kvi Rb¨ Avgvi `ytL jv‡M|
-I feel sorry for the miserable condition of the man.
AvR Avgvi gb fv‡jv †bB| [MBSTU(D)12-13] -Today I feel depressed .
Rule-36: Leave Gi e¨envi- Kv‡iv Kv‡Q †i‡L hvIqv/ †d‡j ivLv eySv‡Z- Sub+ leave+ object+
with+ e¨w³|
D`vniY: evRv‡i hvIqvi Av‡M wR‡K wkK`vi Zvi mg¯Í eB iKwmi Kv‡Q ivLj|
-Gk Shikder left all his books with Roxy before going to market.
Or -Before going to market, Gk Shikder left all his books with Roxy.
 Sub+ leave+ object+ at/ in+ ¯’vb|
D`vniY: ivRcy‡Îi mr fvB‡qiv Zv‡K wns¯ª RxeRš‘‡Z ficyi Mfxi Ai‡Y¨ †d‡j †i‡L G‡mwQj|
-The step brothers of the prince left him in a deep forest full of ferocious animals.
Rule-37: ‡Kvb wKQz ‡Lvjv ivLv/ eÜ ivLv/ `uvwo‡q ivLv eySv‡Z- ‡hgb: `iRvUv †Lvjv iv‡Lv; Giƒc ev‡K¨i
Abyev‡`-Structure: subject +----+leave + object + adjective/ vpp/ (v+ing) +
extension
D`vniY: Zviv `iRvq Zvjv Ly‡j iv‡L bv| -They do not leave the door unlocked.
Mí AwbK gvngy`‡K e„wói g‡a¨ gybœRvb n‡ji mvg‡b `vo Kwi‡q ivL‡jv|
Golpo left Anik Mahmud waiting in front of Munnu Jan Hall in the rain.
[leave somebody waiting- KvD‡K `vo Kwi‡q ivLv]
`iRvwU †Lvjv iv‡Lv| -Leave the door open.
Rule-38: ‡Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z PvB/ PvIqv eySv‡Z †hgb: Avgiv GKUv eb‡fvR‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z PvB|
Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Sub + would like to + g~j verb Gi base form + extension.
D`vniY: Avgiv GKUv eb‡fvR‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z PvB|
-We would like to arrange a picnic.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 112 ~
 co–qv cvVK wnmv‡e mv_x Zvi Av‡kcv‡ki mnRjf¨ eB¸‡jv c‡o †kl Ki‡Z Pvq|
-As a voracious reader, Sathi would like to finish reading books available
around her.
Avwg mKj AskMÖnYKvix‡`i‡K P‡j hvIqvi c~‡e© Af¨_©bv K‡ÿ Zv‡`i e¨vM¸‡jv ivLvi K_v ¯§iY
K‡i w`‡Z PvB|
-I would like to remind all the participants to leave their bags at the reception
before they depart.
[‡bvU: at the reception- Af¨_©bv K‡ÿ; leave-ivLv]
Avwg Avgvi mnKg©x‡`i ab¨ev` Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ GB my‡hvMwU MÖnY Ki‡Z PvB|
-I would like to take this opportunity to thank my colleagues
Rule-39: PvIqv/ B”Qv Kiv/ B”Qv Ki‡Q eySv‡Z- sub + feel like + verb + ing +extension.
D`vniY: hLbB Avgvi gb Lvivc _v‡K ZLbB Avwgbv Avcyi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z B”Qv K‡i|
-Whenever I feel dejected, I feel like talking to Amina apu.
Zvi GK`g ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z B”Qv KiwQj bv| [CU (D1)15-16]
-She did not at all feel like going to school. [NB: GLv‡b at all n‡jv adverb]
Rule-40: KZ©v + Pvq/ PvB †h + --- ‡KD †Kvb wKQz KiæK Giƒc eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e PvIqv eySv‡Z
want e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Sub/ KZ©v + PvB †h + Avgiv/ Zzwg/ †Zvgiv/ †m/ Zviv/ Kg© + wµqv + †nvK/ KiæK|
†hgb: Avgiv PvB †h evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v Rbm¤ú‡` cwiYZ †nvK|
 Sub/ KZ©v + want+ object+ to+ g~j verb Gi base form + extension.
D`vniY: Avgiv PvB †h evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v Rbm¤ú‡` cwiYZ †nvK|
-We want the population of Bangladesh to turn into a human resource.
Avjfxi gv Pvq †h †m Wv³vix co–K| -Alvi’s mother wants her to study medicine.

Rule-41: ev‡K¨ eis PvB K_vwUi cv‡k ‡hb D‡jøL _vK‡j Translation wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡e Kiv hvq|
Structure: Subject + would rather + subject + verb Gi past form+ object + extension.
D`vniY: Avwg eis PvB †hb Zzwg GLwb evwo hvI| -I would rather you went home now.
‡mŠwgZv eis Pvq †h myRb †hb Zvi mv‡_ Avi †`Lv bv K‡i|
-Soumita would rather Sujon didn’t meet her any more.
‡m eis Pvq †h Avgiv †hb KvRwU Kwi| -He would rather we did the work.
A_ev ev‡K¨i KZ©v bv, eis Ab¨ ‡KD wKQz KiæK G ai‡bi Statement Gi ‡ÿ‡ÎI Dc‡ii Structure
wU e¨envi Kiv nq|

Avwg bv, Zzwg eis KvRwU †kl Ki| [BSMRSTU, F-Unit 14-15]
-I would rather you finished the job.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 113 ~

 Rule-42: †Kvb ev‡K¨ Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv wKQz Kiv + eis...... wµqv + fv‡jv/ fv‡jv n‡e _vK‡j- †hgb: †Zvgvi
eis KvRwU Kiv fv‡jv n‡e| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- wb‡¤§v³ structure wU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: Subject + had better/ would rather + g~j verb + extension
D`vniY: †Zvgvi eis KvRwU Kiv fv‡jv n‡e| -You had better/ would rather do the work.
mgv‡Ri me©¯Í‡ii †jvK‡`i e„nËi ¯^v‡_© KZ©…c‡ÿi GB wm×v‡šÍ AUj _vKvB eis fv‡jv n‡e|
-The authority had better/ would rather stick to this decision for the greater
interest of the people of all walks of life in the society.
 G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ eis Gi c‡i Dc‡`k m~PK A_©I cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i-
‡hgb: evB‡i hvIqvi mgq Zzwg eis †mv‡qUvi c‡i hvI| [MBBSTU, D-Unit 14-15]
-You had better wear a sweater when you go out.
eis mKvj mvZUvi c‡i Avm| -You had better come after 7 am.
ÔZzwg eis Zv‡K GLv‡b cvVvIÕ| [Xvtwet (B) 03-04]
-You had better send him here.
N.B: had better/ would rather+ verb Gi base form mvaviYZ past tense Gi structure G
e¨eüZ n‡jI Giv fwel¨‡Zi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| G ai‡bi evK¨‡K bv †evaK Ki‡Z n‡j sub+ had better/
would rather+ not+ verb Gi base form e‡m|
D`vniY: AvKvk †g‡N XvKv ZvB †Zvgvi GLb eis evB‡i bv hvIqvB fv‡jv/ fv‡jv n‡e|
-The sky is overcast with clouds, so you had better/ would rather not go outside.
[Note: rather Gi c‡i hw` adj. e‡m Zvn‡j rather k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q wKQzUv| †hgb: †m wKQzUv
fvj| -He is rather good.]
Rule-43: †Kv‡bv wµqvi †k‡l B”Qv cÖKvkK kã †hgb: nI/ †nvK/ DK _vK‡j- †hgb: Avcbvi mvg‡bi
w`b¸‡jv Av‡iv my›`i †nvK| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: May + subject + verb Gi
base form+ adjective/ adverb nq| G‡ÿ‡Î adjective + nI/ †nvK _vK‡e|
D`vniY: Zzwg mywL nI| -May you be happy.
Zviv Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q wbivc‡` wd‡i AvmyK| -May they return to us safely.
Avgv‡`i mKj evmbv m‡Z¨ cwiYZ †nvK|
-May all our wishes come true.
‡m bi‡K c‡P giæK|
-May he rot in the hell.
evsjv‡`k w`b w`b DbœwZ KiæK| [weÁvb I cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi Awdm mnKvix Kvg-Kw¤úDUvi cixÿv-2017]
-May Bangladesh prosper day by day.
Avjøvn †Zvgvi g½j Kiæb| [WvK wefv‡Mi †cv÷vj Acv‡iUi-2016]
-May Allah bless you.
Avcbvi mvg‡bi w`b¸‡jv Av‡iv my›`i †nvK|
-May your days ahead be more beautiful.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 114 ~
 Rule-44: ‡Kvb wKQz Kiv hvK ev suggestion evPK expression Gi †ÿ‡Î †hgb: KvRwU Kiv hvK/
eBwU cov hvK| G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i Abyev` Ki‡Z structure: let us/ Let’s + verb + object/
extension.
D`vniY: KvRwU Kiv hvK| -Let us do the work.
eBwU cov hvK| -Let us read the book.
‡`Lv hvK †mLv‡b wK N‡U‡Q| -Let us see what has happened there.
NB: G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ us Gi A_© cÖKvk cvqbv|
Rule-45: KvD‡K †Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z †`Iqvi Av‡e`b Rvbv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î evsjv wµqvi †k‡l w`b/ `vI _vK‡j
†hgb: Zv‡K KvRwU Ki‡Z `vI| G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i Abyev` Ki‡Z Structure: Let + noun/ pronoun
Gi object form +verb + extension.
D`vniY: Zv‡K KvRwU Ki‡Z `vI/ w`b| -Let him do the work.
Zv‡`i‡K hv Lywk ZvB co‡Z `vI/ w`b| -Let them read whatever they like.
Rule-46: nVvr K‡i †Kv‡bv wKQz NUv eySv‡Z- Sub+ happen to+ g~j verb+ extension. e‡m|
D`vniY: nVvr K‡i MZKvj Zvi mv‡_ Avgvi †`Lv n‡qwQj|
-I happened to meet him yesterday.
Rule-47: †Kvb wKQz “Ki‡Z bv Ki‡Z/ n‡Z bv n‡Z” eySv‡Z- ‡hgb: Zv Zviv GUv ej‡Z bv ej‡ZB †m
Kvbœvq †f‡½ c‡o| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- No sooner + auxiliary verb + sub + principal
verb + extension + than + sub + verb e‡m|
D`vniY: Zviv GUv ej‡Z bv ej‡ZB †m Kvbœvq †f‡½ c‡o|
-No sooner do they say it than he bursts into tears.
Zz‡kv ZvjMvQwUi wbKU †h‡Z bv †h‡ZB Zvi gv_vi Dci GKwU Zvj c‡o|
-No sooner does Tusho go near the palm tree than a palm falls onto her head.
Note- G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i g~j wµqv Present Tense G _vK‡e| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ `ywU‡Z-c‡o-
wµqvwU Present Tense G _vKvq No sooner Gi c‡i do/ does e‡m‡Q|
 †Kv‡bv wKQy “Ki‡Z bv Ki‡Z/ n‡Z bv n‡Z” BZ¨vw` †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ _vK‡j- †hgb: miKvi c`‡ÿcwU MÖnY
Ki‡Z bv Ki‡Z GKwU ¯^v_©‡š^lx gnj Zv‡Z AvcwË Rvbv‡jv| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- [Past Tense
Gi †ÿ‡Î] Structure: No sooner had + subject + verb Gi past participle + object
+ than + 2q subject + verb Gi past form + extension
D`vniY: miKvi c`‡ÿcwU MÖnY Ki‡Z bv Ki‡Z GKwU ¯^v_©‡š^lx gnj Zv‡Z AvcwË Rvbv‡jv|
-No sooner had the government taken the step than a vested quarter objected to it.
 GLv‡b wb¤œwjwLZ structure-I e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Structure: Scarcely had + subject
+ v.p.p + object + when + subject + verb + extension
-Scarcely had the government taken the step when a vested quarter objected
to it.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 115 ~
 weQvbvq †h‡Z bv †h‡ZB †m Nywg‡q coj| [nvt‡gvt`vtwetcÖtwet A, 12-13]
-No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep. [CU 08-09]
Or-Scarcely had he gone to bed when he fell asleep.
Rule-48: †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ “wµqv + wb” _vK‡j- †hgb: Zviv GLbI KvRwU K‡iwb| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev`
Ki‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ Structure wU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: Subject + am/ is/ are/ have/
has+ yet + to + g~j verb Gi base form + extension.
D`vniY: Zviv GLbI KvRwU K‡iwb| -They have/ are yet to do the work.
nvwdRyi ingvb GLbI eBwU cov †kl K‡iwb|
-Hafizur Rahman has/ is yet to finish reading the book.
Zv‡`i AvjmZvi Kvi‡Y Zviv GLbI mvd‡j¨i m‡e©v”P P~ovq †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡iwb|
-Because of their laziness, they have/ are yet to reach the highest peak of success.
NUbvwU N‡U GK gvm cvi n‡jI wek¦we`¨vjq KZ©©„cÿ G e¨vcv‡i GLbI †Kv‡bv K‡Vvi c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡iwb|
-Although one month has passed since the incident occurred, the University
authority has/ is yet to take any stern decision in this regard.
Rule-49: evsjv †Kv‡bv wµqvi c‡i “cÖvq/ †Kv‡bv wKQy n‡Z hv‡”Q/ nIqv nIqv/ Kiv Kiv fve” Giƒc
eySv‡j- †hgb: †m cÖvq gigi| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Subject +be verb+ about
to + g~j verb + extension
D`vniY: †m cÖvq gigi| -He is about to die.
Avwg gwgbyj Bmjvg m¨vi‡K cÖvq GKB cÖkœwU Ki‡Z hvw”Qjvg|
-I was about to ask Mominul Islam sir the same question.
‡RU wegvbwU hLb cÖvq D‡ov D‡ov fve ZLb `yN©UbvwU N‡UwQj|
-The accident happened as the jet was about to take off.
eKwU we‡ji g‡a¨ Dwo-Dwo Ki‡Q| -The crane is about to fly/ take flight in the fen.
‡ij MvwowU Qv‡o Qv‡o| [COU (A) 14-15] [ivtwet 09-10] -The train is about to start.
‡`qvjwU coco nBqv‡Q| [KUET 12-13, RUET 09-10] -The wall is about to fall.
Zzwg cÖvq Avgv‡K AvR gvi‡Z e‡mwQ‡j| [RU-08-09] -You were about to kill me today.
Avwg kx‡Z cÖvq R‡g wM‡qwQjvg| [Islami Bank BD (PO)-2012]
-I was about to freeze with cold.
Rule-50: ‡Kvb wKQz n‡Z n‡Z/ NU‡Z †j‡MwQj wKš‘ N‡Uwb Giƒc eySv‡Z †hgb: †m Mvwo Pvcv co‡Z
†j‡MwQj| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: sub + be verb + about to + be + g~j verb
Gi past participle + extension.
D`vniY: †m Mvwo Pvcv co‡Z †j‡MwQj| -He was about to be run over by a car.
bKj Kivi mgq †m aiv co‡Z ‡j‡MwQj|
-While copying, he was about to be caught.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 116 ~

 ‡g‡q‡`i wei³ Kivi Rb¨ GB †Q‡jiv gvi †L‡Z †j‡MwQj|
-These boys were about to be beaten for teasing girls.
[NB: G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ †h KZv© _vK‡e †m KZ©v KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv]
Rule-51: ‡Kvb wKQz n‡”Q n‡”Q K‡iI n‡jv bv Giƒc eySv‡j †hgb: iwb Avkv‡K AsK cov‡e-cov‡e
K‡iI cov‡jv bv| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Subject +be verb+ about to + g~j
verb + extension+ but did not.
D`vniY: iwb Avkv‡K AsK cov‡e-cov‡e K‡iI cov‡jv bv|
-Rony was about to teach Asha math but did not.
Dgvi gvnxi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡e ÑKi‡e K‡iI Kij bv|
-Umar was about to meet Mahi but did not.
Rule-52: evsjv †Kvb ev‡K¨ †Kvb ¯’vb ev mg‡q QuyB QuyB eySv‡Z †hgb: Zvi eqm 20 QyuB QzuB| Giƒc
evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Subject +be verb+ nearing + n/ p + extension.
D`vniY: Zvi eqm 20 QyuB QzuB| -His age is nearing 20.
‡bŠKvwU Zxi QzuB QzuB| -The boat is nearing the bank.
Rule-53: †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨i †k‡l Ò`~‡ii K_v/ wPšÍvB Kiv hvq bv/ fvevB hvq bv/ ZvI AveviÓ BZ¨vw`i D‡jøL
_vK‡j- †hgb: †m †Zv Kg `vgx †gvevBjB wKb‡Z cv‡i bv, ¯§vU© †dvb †Kbv †Zv `~‡ii K_v| Giƒc evK¨‡K
Abyev` Ki‡Z- Structure: Subject + verb + object + extension +, + let alone + 2q verb
Gi base form + [verb bv _vK‡j ïay noun] + extension
D`vniY: †m †Zv Kg `vgx †gvevBjB wKb‡Z cv‡i bv, ¯§vU© †dvb †Kbv †Zv `~‡ii K_v|
-He cannot buy a low priced mobile phone, let alone buy a smart phone.
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwaKvsk †jvK wVKgZ Zv‡`i RxweKv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ibv,
f`ª Rxebhvcb Kiv †Zv `~‡ii K_v/ wPšÍvB Kiv hvq bv/ fvevB hvq bv|
-Most of the people of our country cannot earn their livelihood properly, let
alone lead a decent life.
Avgv‡`i Pv kÖwgKiv‡Zv w`‡b `yÕ‡ejv Lvevi ‡hvMvo Ki‡Z wngwmg Lvq, Zv‡`i cwiev‡ii Pvwn`v
†gUv‡bv A_ev †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i ‡K ¯‹‡z j cvVv‡bv †Zv `~‡ii K_v/ cvVv‡bvi K_v wPšÍvB Kiv hvq bv/
cvVv‡bvi K_v fvevB hvq bv|
-Our tea workers can barely have two meals a day, let alone meet their family
needs or send their children to school.
‡m †Zv evsjv fv‡jv K‡i co‡Z cv‡i bv, ZvI Avevi Bs‡iwR/ Bs‡iwR †Zv `~‡ii K_v/ Bs‡iwRi K_v
wPšÍvB Kiv hvq bv/ Bs‡iwRi K_v fvevB hvq bv|
-He cannot read Bangla properly, let alone English.
Rule-54: evsjv‡Z †Kv‡bv adjective Gi `yB evi D‡jøL _vK‡j- †hgb: †QvU †QvU dzj dz‡U‡Q| Giƒc
evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Zvi c‡ii noun wUi plural form e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| KviY
adjective Gi mv‡_ s/ es †hvM K‡i plural Kiv hvq bv|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 117 ~
 D`vniY: †QvU †QvU dzj dz‡U‡Q| -Small flowers have bloomed.
GB Abyôv‡b my›`i my›`i †g‡q my›`i my›`i I gvwR©Z †cvkvK c‡i Av‡Q|
-In this programme beautiful girls are wearing fine and decent dresses.
KLbI KLbI †m MÖvgevmx A_ev †QvU †QvU †Q‡j‡K wRÁvmv K‡i †mLv‡b †Kvb ivRvKvi ev cvÄvex
ˆmb¨ †`‡L‡Q wKbv| [37th BCS]
-Sometimes he asks the villagers or small boys whether they have seen
collaborators or soldiers there.
MvQwU‡Z eo eo dj a‡i‡Q| -The tree has borne big fruits.
MvQwU‡Z dzj dz‡U‡Q/ a‡i‡Q| [¯^v¯’¨ mnKvix-04, 6ô cÖfvlK wbeÜb 10]
-The tree is in flower.
Note: Mv‡Q dzj/ dj aiv eySv‡Z tree + be verb + in + flower/ fruit e‡m|
Mv‡Q cvZv aiv eySv‡Z tree + be verb + in + leaf e‡m|
D`vniY: MvQ¸‡jv‡Z cvZv a‡i‡Q| -The trees are in leaf.
 wb¤œwjwLZ Adjective mg~n repeated A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB G¸‡jv gyL¯’ ivL‡Z n‡e|
aea‡e mv`v- clean white/ milky white LiL‡i evZvm- dry air
UKU‡K jvj- bright red wgkwg‡k Kv‡jv- pitch dark/
WMW‡M jvj- deep red jet black
KbK‡b kxZ- biting cold ‡Kvbv †Kvwb- diagonal
Kzmyg Kzmyg Mig- lukewarm MbM‡b Av¸b- blazing fire
UvbUvb cwiw¯’wZ- tense situation Mfxi AÜKvi- deep dark

D`vniY: ‡mB KbK‡b kx‡Z Avwg Kvuwc‡Z jvwMjvg| [DU-02-03 HSTU (BBA) 08-09]
-I began to tremble in that biting cold.

 wb¤œwjwLZ verb mg~n repeated A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB G¸‡jvI gyL¯’ ivL‡Z n‡e|
Table-01
Agitate/ fidget- `vcv`vwc Kiv Frisk- wZwos wewos Kiv Scramble- jydvjywd Kiv
Baa/ bleat- f¨v-f¨v Kiv Gad about- nU nU K‡i †eov‡bv Scramble- KvovKvwo Kiv
Babble- fofo Kiv Giggle- wLj wLj/ LjLj K‡i nvmv Shimmer- wSwKwgwK Kiv
Backbite- jvMvjvwM/wc‡Q wb›`v Kiv Giggle- wnwn Kiv Shine/ dazzle- ZKZK Kiv
Bark- ‡ND †ND Kiv Glare- KUgU K‡i ZvKv‡bv Shiver- VKVK/ _i_i K‡i Kvucv
Be damp/ dank- ‡muZ †muZ Kiv Glide past- momo Kiv Simmer- UMeM Kiv
Be flabby- _m_m Kiv Glisten- PKPK Kiv Slam- `ovg `ovg K‡i eÜ Kiv
Blaze- ayay K‡i R¡jv Glitter- R¡j R¡j Kiv Slip/ be slippery- no no Kiv
Boom- ¸Wzg ¸Wzg kã nIqv Grate- LiLi kã Kiv Sob- duywc‡q duywc‡q Kuv`v
Burn/ fester- `M`M Kiv Groan- ‡Muv‡Muv Kiv Sound empty- XzXz Kiv

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 118 ~

Buzz/ hum- fb fb Kiv Guffaw- ‡nv †nv K‡i nvmv Sparkle finely- wSjwgj Kiv
Buzz/ hum/ drone- fbfb Kiv Hang loose/ dangle- bobo Kiv Stir/ agitate- NuvUvNuvwU Kiv
Caw- Kv-Kv Kiv Hiss- ‡duvm †duvm Kiv Swarm/ crawl- weRweR Kiv
Chatter/ Prattle- eK eK Kiv Hum- ¸b ¸b Kiv Throb- `yi `yi Kiv
Clank- UzsUvs kã Kiv ev nIqv Hurry- `oeov‡bv Thud/ bang- aovm aovm Kiv
Coo- eKeKg/ eKgeKg Kiv Itch for- wjmwcm Kiv/ DkLyk Kiv Thump- `yg`yg K‡i gviv
Crackle- cUcU AvIqvR nIqv Jostle- av°vavw° Kiv Tick- wUKwUK Kiv
Crash- gogo K‡i †f‡½ cov Look deserted- LuvB LvuB Kiv Tickle, titillate- myomywo †`Iqv
Creak- gmgm Kiv Meander- wnjwgj Kiv Tingle- wkiwki Kiv
Creak- K¨vuP K¨uvP Kiv Mew- wgD wgD Kiv Tingle/ prick/ itch wcowco Kiv
Creak- wPwP Kiv Mumble- weo weo Kiv Wail/ bawl/ yowl- nvD gvD Kiv
Dangle- jMeM Kiv Mumble- wgbwgb Kiv Walk clumsily- _c_c K‡i Pjv
Dangle- Sj Sj Kiv Murmur- gg©i gg©i Kiv/ nIqv Wallow- MovMwo †`Iqv
Dazzle- avuauv jvMv‡bv Murmur- KzjyKzjy Kiv Whimper- c¨vb c¨vb Kiv
Drag- UvbvUvwb Kiv Mutter/ grumble weoweo Kiv Whimper/ Whine- N¨vbN¨vb Kiv
Drip/ trickle- UcUc K‡i cov Prate- d¨v-d¨v Kiv Whirr- dzo–r- dzo–r Kiv
Feel dizziness- Mv wSgwSg Kiv Prattle/ ramble- dodo Kiv Whishper- wdmwdm Kiv
Feel feverish- R¡iR¡i Kiv Quiver- jKjK Kiv Whisper- wdm wdm Kiv
Feel flabby- ZzjZzj Kiv Rattle along- n¨uvKP nu¨vKP Kiv Whiz- kvu kvu kã Kiv
Flash- wjKwjK Kiv Rattle- NiNi Kiv Wink- wcU wcU Kiv
Flicker- waK waK K‡i R¡jv Ripple- Kzj Kzj Kiv Wink/ blink- (‡PvL) wcUwcU Kiv
Flutter- cZcZ K‡i Dov Rumble- `yo `yo kã Kiv Wriggle- wKjwej Kiv

Table-02
Appear flabby/ hang loosely- _j_j Kiv Grumble- LyuZLyuZ Kiv/ weoweo Kiv
Appear sticky or thick- _K_K Kiv Gulp down- MeMe ev XKXK K‡i †Mjv
Be fidgety/ become restless- DmLyk/DkLyk Kiv Have pins and needles- wSuwSu aiv
Be in a predicament- wngwmg LvIqv Howl- MR©b Kiv/ (evZvm)‡kv‡kv K‡i eIqv
Be perplexed/ confounded- _ZgZ LvIqv Increase continuously/ rapidly- ûû K‡i evov/ e„w× cvIqv
Be restless/ distracted- Do–Do– Kiv Insist/entreat/ importune/ beseech- wcovwcwo Kiv
Boil with a anger/ rage- iv‡M MiMi Kiv Jingle- Sb Sb Kiv/ SzbSzb Kiv/ VbVb Kiv
Breathe with difficulty- nuvm dvum Kiv Keep (sb) under constant observation- ‡Pv‡L
†Pv‡L ivL
Bubble/ effervesce- ey` ey` kã Kiv lie in wait/ be on the look out- Zv‡K Zv‡K _vKv
Buzz/ drone- ‡fuv‡fuv Kiv/ f¨vb f¨vb Kiv look daggers/ look with fierce eyes- KUgU K‡i
ZvKv‡bv
Cackle- c¨uvK cu¨vK Kiv/ KK KK Kiv Make a hullabaloo/Raise an uproar- wPjøvwPwjø Kiv

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 119 ~

Cause itching sensation- KzU KzU Kiv Prattle/chatter- ‡dP‡dP Kiv/ dPdP Kiv/ eK eK Kiv
Chirp/ screech/ chatter/ twitter- wKPwgP/Rain cats and dogs/ rain heavily- SgSg K‡i e„wó
wKwPiwgwPi Kiv cov
Clamour/ vociferate- nB nB Kiv Rattle- LULU Kiv/ Sb Sb Kiv/ VbVb Kiv
Crave for food off and on- LvB LvB Kiv Rustle- didi Kiv/ LmLm Kiv/ gkgk Kiv
Crumble/ totter/ teeter- boeo Kiv Scuffle/ grapple/ tussle- a¯Ívaw¯Í Kiv
Crunch- Kogo K‡i/ KUi gUi K‡i LvIqv/ wPev‡bv
Seethe with anger/boil with anger-iv‡M gKgK Kiv
Crunch- KUigUi K‡i LvIqv/ gP gP k‡ã fv½v/ wPev‡bv
Spread rumour/ scandal- KvbvKvwb Kiv
Dote on/take excessive care of cyZzcyZz Kiv
Squeak- gPgP Kiv/ K¨vP K¨vP kã Kiv
Drizzle- wUcwUc/ UzcUzc e„wó cov/ ¸uwo¸uwo e„wó nIqv
Squelch across- c¨vP c¨vP K‡i Pjv
Feel exceedingly soft- ZjZj Kiv Swarm- wcjwcj Kiv/ Suv‡K Suv‡K Dcw¯’Z nIqv
Flare- `vD `vD K‡i R¡jv/ `c `c K‡i R¡jv Swish- mcvs mcvs kã Kiv/ kvuBkvuB K‡i Pjv/ kvkv
K‡i Pjv
Furnish/ embellish- wdUdvU Kiv Throb/ palpitate/ pulsate- `yi `yi Kiv/ aodo Kiv/
aKaK/ ayK ayK Kiv
Gad/ roam around- ‡aB †aB K‡i †eov‡bv Thud- ac/ ayc K‡i cov/ AvNvZ Kiv
Giggle/ titter/ snigger- wdK- wdK Kiv Trudge/ stagger- nUi-nUi K‡i †eov‡bv
Grow audacious/ haughty; be extravagant- Twang- UzsUvs kã Kiv/ iY iY Kiv
evovevwo Kiv

D`vniY: mKv‡j cvwLiv wKwPi wgwPi K‡i| [Xvtwet 05-06, gvtfvtwetcÖtwet C, 12-13]
-Birds twitter at dawn.
iwbi gbUv †Kgb Avkvi Rb¨ Do– Do– Ki‡Q|
-Rony is in a restless mood for Asha.
SgSg K‡i e„wó Avmj| [KU (Kjv I gvbweK ¯‹zj) 05-06, MBSTU (D) 13-14]
-The rain came down in torrents.
wZwb iv‡M MiMi Ki‡Qb| [DU (A) 02-03] -He was boiling with rage.
Avgvi ewgewg jvM‡Q| [Medical 12-13] -I feel nausea.
Avwg AvR R¡iR¡i †eva KiwQ| [RU mgvR weÁvb 08-09] -I feel feverish today.
NwowU wUKwUK Ki‡Q| -Tick-tick goes the clock.
‡kv †kv K‡i evZvm eB‡Q| [JU (D5)13-14] -The wind is howling.
Xs Xs N›Uv †e‡R †Mj| -Ding dong goes the bell.
‡KUwj‡Z cvwb UMeM Ki‡Q| [NTRCA- 2016]-The water is simmering in the kettle.
ivZ _g_g Ki‡Q| -The night is dead silent.
Avgvi gb ûû Ki‡Q| -There is an aching void in my heart.
fvjøyKwU †Zvgvi Kv‡b Kv‡b wK ejj| [Dhaka University (B)16-17]
-What did the bear whisper to your ear?
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 120 ~
 fvB fvB VuvB VuvB| [11th NTRC(School level)14] -Brothers will part.
‡eKvi‡Z¡i nvi gvwK©b hy³ivóªmn Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k û û K‡i evo‡Q| [Bangladesh Bank (AD)-2009]
-The rate of unemployment in other countries including the USA is
increasing continuously/ rapidly.
to +verb
wgUwgU Kwiqv subcÖ`xc verbR¡wj‡Z jvwMj Ges adverbialGK ¯’v‡b object N‡ii RxY© Pvj
verb + ing
†f` Kwiqv adverbialGKwU gvwUi mivi Dci to +verb UcUc Kwiqv sube„wói R¡j
verb
cwo‡Z jvwMj| [10g we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR) wjwLZ cixÿv 2016]
-The lamp began to twinkle/ flicker and the rain water started to drip onto
an earthen pot/ plate at one corner penetrating the dilapidated thatch of the
room.

 GB wbq‡gi Av‡jv‡K Av‡iv wKQz Phrase…

KjKj K‡i e‡q hvIqv Flow murmuring
wKQzUv `~‡i `~‡i _vKv Keep rather aloof
Qj Qj Kiv Become moist with tears
‡Rv‡i †Rv‡i K_v ejv Speak loudly/loud
R¡i R¡i †eva Kiv Feel feverish/ run a temperature
wUg wUg K‡i R¡jv Burn dimly
`yiæ `yiæ Kiv Beat fast
ewg ewg jvMv Feel sick or squeamish
gogo K‡i ‡f‡½ cov Give way/ fall with a crash
kxZ kxZ jvMv Feel a little chilly

 look/ stare at +e¨w³/ e¯‘ +with vacant eyes-d¨vj d¨vj K‡i ZvKv‡bv
 Ly hy³ adverb repeated- A_© cÖ`vb K‡i
g‡b g‡b Silently ax‡i ax‡i/ Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Slowly
g‡b g‡b Inwardly µ‡g µ‡g/ ax‡i ax‡i Gradually
adverbial
wKQzÿY ci sub iZb adverbial Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í verb + ing DwVqv adverbial ivbœvN‡i iæwU to +verb
Mwo‡Z verb ‡Mj| [10g we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR)wjwLZ cixÿv 2016]-After a while rising slowly, Ratan
went to the kitchen to make bread.
 every+ noun repeated A_© cÖ`vb K‡i
N‡i N‡i at every house hy‡M hy‡M in every age av‡c av‡c at every step
 wb¤œwjwLZ Preposition hy³ Ask ¸‡jv repeated A_© cÖ`vb K‡i-
avgv avgv baskets of `‡j `‡j in packs
Mvwo Mvwo cartloads of †Rvov †Rvovq in pairs
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 121 ~
 gy‡Vvgy‡Vv/ gywVgywV handfuls of L‡Û L‡Û in parts/ part by part
ivwk ivwk; fzwi fzwi heaps of ci‡Z ci‡Z layer by layer
SvK SvK; ivwk ivwk hosts of Mv`v Mv`v piles of
Suv‡K Suv‡K in flocks mvwi mvwi rows of
`‡j `‡j in groups Kvbvq Kvbvq to the brim
Q‡›` Q‡›`/ Zv‡j Zv‡j to the rhythm of nv‡o nv‡o to the backbone
Zv‡j Zv‡j in harmony with
Kuvwo Kvuwo (avb) stacks of + uncountable noun (rice)
D`vniY: wbkvZ bvP‡Z cv‡i msMx‡Zi Zv‡j Zv‡j|
-Nishat can dance to the rhythm of the music.
‡m nv‡o nv‡o `yóz| [9th NTRC-13] -He is a rogue to the backbone.
mygb ‡jvKwU‡K nv‡o nv‡o wP‡b| -Suman knows the man to the backbone.
 evsjv‡Z ‡Kvb wKQz K‡i K‡i eySv‡Z ev GKB verb `yBevi Avm‡j ‡hgb- wM‡‡q wM‡q/ c‡o c‡o/ †L‡q
†L‡q Giƒc ev‡K¨ by constant +verb +ing e¨eüZ nq|
D`vniY: Abykxjb K‡i K‡i mvwKe Avj g¨v_ I iwb As‡K cvKv n‡q‡Q|
-Sakib Al Math and Rony have become expert in maths by constant
practising.
 ‡Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z Ki‡Z nqivb eySv‡Z subject + be verb + tired of + verb + ing. +
extension
D`vniY: bRiæj AvwbKv‡K GKB welq evievi ej‡Z ej‡Z nqivb n‡q †M‡Q|
-Nazrul is tired of telling Anika the same thing time and again.
Rule-55: evsjv‡Z KZv© wenxb ‡Kvb ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ †Kvb wKQz Kiv PvB K_vwUi D‡jøL _vK‡j
†hgbÑZ_¨cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávb _vKv PvB| Giƒc evK¨‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` Ki‡Z Ki‡Z Structure:
one/ all/ we/ you + should/ have to + verb Gi base form + extension.
D`vniY: Z_¨cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Ávb _vKv PvB| [Bangladesh Bank AD-2013]
-One/ all/ you/ we should have/ sound accurate knowledge about
information technology.
‡`‡ki cªwZ fv‡jvevmv _vKv PvB|
-One should love one’s country. Or-We should love our country.
Rule-56: evsjv †Kvb ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ Avi bv/ bq _vK‡j- †hgb: evsjv‡`k Avi wb¤œ Av‡qi †`k bq| Giƒc
evK¨‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` Ki‡Z Kivi wbqg:
 G‡ÿ‡Î verb Gi c‡i no longer + noun em‡e|
D`vniY: evsjv‡`k Avi wb¤œ Av‡qi †`k bq|
-Bangladesh is no longer a low income country.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 122 ~
 Z‡e anymore I e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î verb + not + noun + anymore n‡e|
-Bangladesh is not a low income country anymore.
Note: no longer ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ Avi any more ev‡K¨i †k‡l e‡m|
Avwg Avi †Zvgv‡K wei³ Kie bv| [f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix wnmve iÿK cixÿv-2017]
-I will not disturb you anymore.
Rule-57: Easy/ hard/ sweet/ sour (UK)/ difficult/ heavy+ to+ verb Gi base form
e‡m|
D`vniY: AsKwU Kiv mnR| -The sum is easy to do.
‡g‡q‡`i cÖK…Z ¯^fve †evSv eo KwVb| -It is difficult to understand girls’ real nature.
Rule-58: wb¤œwjwLZ verb ¸‡jvi c‡i- + e¨w³ + e¯‘evPK object e‡m| A_ev e¯‘evPK object +
preposition (to/ for) + e¨w³ e‡m|
Verb evsjv A_© Verb evsjv A_© Verb evsjv A_©
Bring wb‡q Avmv Pluck (dzj/ dj) ‡Zvjv Sing Mvb Kiv
Build wbg©vY Kiv Promise Kv‡iv wbKU cÖ
w ZkÖ
æ wZ †`Iqv Take G‡b †`Iqv
Buy µq Kiv Read cov Teach wkÿv ‡`Iqv
Cook ivbœv Kiv Sell weµq Kiv Throw wb‡ÿc Kiv
Earn AR©b Kiv Send cvVv‡bv Win Rq Kiv
Get G‡b †`Iqv Show ‡`Lv‡bv Wish Kvgbv Kiv
Give ‡`Iqv Owe FYx _vKv Write ‡jLv
Leave ‡i‡L hvIqv Pass ‡Kvb wKQz GwM‡q ‡`Iqv Pour Xvjv
Make ‰Zwi Kiv Pay cÖ`vb Kiv Draw AvuwK‡q †`Iqv
Offer cÖ¯Íve Kiv Play evRv‡bv

wb‡Pi D`vni‡Yi verb ¸‡jvi c‡i- e¨w³evPK object + e¯‘evPK object e‡m|
A_ev- e¯‘evPK object + preposition (to) + e¨w³evPK object e‡m|
D`vniYmg~n:
‡m Avgv‡K me©vZ¥K mn‡hvwMZvi cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡qwQj|
-He promised me all out co-operation.
Or-He promised all out co-operation to me.
k¤úv I k¨vgv Avgvi Rb¥w`‡b Avgv‡K 2wU Gm Gg Gm cvVvj|
-Shampa and Shyama sent me two SMS’ on my birthday.
Or-Shampa and Shyama sent two SMS’ to me on my birthday.
Dwg© mvB`‡K AkÖæwm³ bq‡b Mfxi iv‡Z GKwU wPwV wjLj|
-Urmi wrote Sayed a letter with tearful eyes at dead of night.
Or-Urmi wrote a letter to Sayed with tearful eyes at dead of night.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 123 ~

 evev, Avgv‡K GKwU Mí c‡o †kvbvI|
-Dady, read me a story. Or-Dady, read a story to me.
evev, Avgv‡K GKwU Mí e‡j †kvbvI|
-Dady, tell me a story. Or-Dady, tell a story to me.
Ry‡qj dvinvbv‡K GKwU Mvb ‡kvbv‡jv|
-Jewel sang Farhana a song. Or-Jewel sang a song to Farhana.
‡m Avgvi Kv‡Q 500UvKv FYx/ Zvi Kv‡Q Avgvi 500 UvKv cvIbv Av‡Q|
-He owes me TK.500. Or-He owes TK.500 to me.
Avwg wK †Zvgv‡K Avgvi bZzb G¨vjevg evwR‡q †kvbv‡Z cvwi?
-Can I play you my new album? Or-Can I play my new album to you?
-mvÏvg myg‡bi w`‡K ejwU wb‡ÿc Ki‡jv|
-Saddam threw Sumon the ball. Or-Saddam threw the ball to Sumon.
wb‡Pi D`vni‡Yi verb ¸‡jvi c‡i- e¨w³evPK object + e¯‘evPK object e‡m|
A_ev- e¯‘evPK object + preposition (for) + e¨w³evPK object e‡m|
D`vniYmg~n:
†mvwbqv †ivnv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Kjg Avbj|
-Soniya brought Rohan a pen. Or-Soniya brought a pen for Rohan.
‡m Zv‡K GKwU eB wK‡b w`j|
-He bought him a book. Or-He bought a book for him.
‡mŠwgZv myRb‡K GKwU †Mvjvc wQ‡o w`j|
-Soumita plucked Sujon a rose. Or-Soumita plucked a rose for Sujon.
Zvi evev Zv‡K GKwU evwo K‡i w`j|
-His father built him a house. Or-His father built a house for him.
‡gŠ †jgb I wkdvi Rb¨ wWbvi ivbœv Kij|
-Mou cooked Lemon and Shifa dinner.
Or-Mou cooked dinner for Lemon and Shifa.
RvwKi †nv‡mb evRvi †_‡K wniv‡K GKwU eB G‡b w`j|
-Zakir Hossen got Hira a book from market.
Or-Zakir Hossen got a book for Hira from market.
‡bvU: mvaviYZ cvewjK cÖwZôvb, †hgb: school, Hospital, Mosque, Prison (‡RjLvbv), Market
G¸‡jvi Av‡M the e‡m bv| Z‡e AwbqwgZfv‡e we‡kl ‡Kvb D‡Ï¨‡k GB cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z †Kvb KvR Kivi †ÿ‡Î G‡`i
Av‡M the e‡m| ‡hgb: He goes to mosque. ‡m gmwR‡` hvq| (GB hvIqvUv bvgv‡Ri D‡Ï¨‡k); He goes to
the mosque. ‡m gmwR‡` hvq| (GB hvIqvUv gmwR` åg‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨)
cjvk fvB GKwU my›`ix †g‡qi Rb¨ Zvi Rb¥w`b Dcj‡ÿ¨ Zv‡K GK‡Zvov dzj G‡b w`j|
-Polash vai took a beautiful girl a bouquet of flowers on the occasion of her birthday.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 124 ~

 Or-Polash vai took a bouquet of flowers for a beautiful girl on the occasion of her
birthday.
‡m Zvi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Rb¨ wKQzB †i‡L hvqwb|
-He has left his children nothing.
Or-He has left nothing for his children.
eBwU Zvi Rb¨ A‡bK mybvg e‡q wb‡q G‡m‡Q/ Zv‡K A‡bK mybvg w`‡q‡Q|
-The book has earned/ won him a lot of fame.
Or-The book has earned/ won a lot of fame for him.
Avkv †jgb‡K GK Kvc Kwd ‡X‡j w`j|
-Asha poured lemon a cup of coffee.
wKfv‡e Avgvi evwo‡Z hvIqv hv‡e Avwg †Zvgv‡K Zvi GKwU gvbwPÎ Gu‡K w`e|
-I will draw you a map of how to get to my house.
 ‡bvU: Kvgbv Kiv eySv‡Z subject+ wish + object+ KvgbvevPK word
D`vniY: cixÿvq Avwg †Zvgvi mvdj¨ Kvgbv Kwi|
-I wish you success. fzj evK¨:-I wish your success.
Avwg Zvi my¯^v¯’¨ Kvgbv Kwi|
-I wish him/ her good health.fzj evK¨:-I wish his good health.
Avgiv Zv‡`i †mŠfvM¨ Kvgbv Kwi|
-We wish them good luck. fzj evK¨:-I wish their good health.
g‡b ivLv `iKvi- wish Øviv MwVZ G ai‡bi evK¨¸‡jv‡Z wish Gi ci possessive wn‡m‡e (your,
his, their, etc.) em‡e bv|
 ‡bvU: explain, describe, mention, say + e¯‘+ to+ e¨w³evPK object
D`vniY: AvbZvmx Rvnvb Avjfx wPwKrmvweÁv‡bi QvÎx wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi wKQz
welq e¨vL¨v Ki‡jv|
-As a student of medical science, Antasi Jahan Alvi explained some terms of
medical science to us.
‡jgb e¨vcviwU iwbi Kv‡Q eY©bv Ki‡jv| -Lemon described the matter to Rony.
g‡b ivLv `iKvi: G‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³evPK object ‡K to Gi c‡iB ivL‡Z nq|
 ‡bvU: sing, play, write + ïay GKwU object _vK‡j Ges †mUv hw` e¨w³evPK nq Zvn‡j sing,
play, write + to + e¨w³evPK N/ P e‡m|
D`vniY: Sing to me. (Avgv‡K Mvb †kvbvI)
-Write to him. (Zvi Kv‡Q wj‡Lv) G‡ÿ‡Î sing me/ write me Gfv‡e ‡jLv wVK n‡e bv|
Z‡e G‡`i ci e¯‘evPK object _vK‡j †Kvb preposition em‡e bv| ‡hgb: †m GKwU Mvb wjL‡jv| He
wrote a song. ‡m Mvb K‡i (He sings songs)

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 125 ~

 ‡bvU: Cost(LiP cov/ LiP jvMv), Charge(`vg/ fvov PvIqv),- GB verb ¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î- e¨w³+
e¯‘evPK object em‡e
D`vniY: GB eBwU wKb‡Z Avgvi 100 UvKv †j‡MwQj| -This book cost me Tk. 100.
‡m Avgvi Kv‡Q A‡a©K `vg †P‡qwQj| -He charged me half price.
Rule-59: †Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi gZ eySv‡Z †hgb: eBwU covi gZ| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Sub+ be
verb+ noun (hw` _v‡K) + worth + verb + ing.
D`vniY: eBwU covi gZ| -The book is worth reading.
Zvi AmvaviY cÖwZfvi K_v Me© mnKv‡i mK‡ji Kv‡Q D‡jøL Kivi gZ|
-His outstanding flair is worth mentioning to all with pride.
cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©i Ac~e© jxjvf~wg evsjv‡`k Ny‡i †`Lvi gZ GKwU †`k|
-Bangladesh, a land of marvelous beauty of nature, is a country worth visiting.
Mentionable: hw` †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨i cÖ_‡g †`vl/ ¸YevPK/ cwiPqevPK phrase _v‡K Ges Zvi c‡i
noun _v‡K †hgb: Dc‡ii evK¨wU †hLv‡b cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©i Ac~e© jxjvf~wg evsjv‡`k †mLv‡b evsjv‡`k
noun Ges Gi Av‡Mi ¸YevPK phrase nj cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©i Ac~e© jxjvf~wg| G‡ÿ‡Î noun+ , +
cwiPqevPK phrase + , Gfv‡e wjLv hvq| GLv‡b cwiPqevPK phrase (cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h©i Ac~e© jxjvf~wg)
‡K apposition e‡j|
One Bank Ltd. (SCO)-2012-
evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Mo Avqy GLb fvi‡Zi †P‡q ‡ewk, wkï I gvZ„g„Zy¨i nvi Kgv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMwZ
D‡jøL Kivi g‡Zv| -Average life expectancy of the people of Bangladesh is greater than
that of India and the progress of Bangladesh in reducing child and maternal mortality
rate is worth mentioning.
XvKvi hv`yNi †`Lvi gZ wRwbm| [gva¨wgK mnKvix wkÿK-04]
-The Museum of Dhaka is worth seeing.
Rule-60: †Kvb ev‡K¨ KZ©v + nq + wµqv + A_ev + wÎqv + _vK‡j|
D`vniY: miKvi GB cÖK‡íi Aax‡b nq wKQz †jvK wb‡qvM Ki‡e A_ev GUv‡K G‡Kev‡i evwZj Ki‡e|
Structure: Either+ sub+ verb+ extension+ or+ sub+ verb+ extension
-Either the government will employ some people under this project or they
will cancel it totally. [Government Gi pronoun wn‡m‡e it/ they e¨envi Kiv hvq]
Rule-61: hw` nZ/ nZvg eySv‡Z †hgb: Avwg hw` ivRv nZvg| Giƒc evK¨‡K Abyev` Ki‡Z- Would
that+ sub+ could+ verb+ extension Gfv‡e em‡e|
D`vniY: Avwg hw` ivRv nZvg|
-Would that I could become a king.
Avwg hw` Avgvi wek¦we`¨vjq Rxe‡bi AZx‡Zi w`b¸‡jv wd‡i †cZvg|
-Would that I could get back past days of my University life.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 126 ~

 Rule-62: evsjv ev‡K¨ Kx+ noun(we‡kl¨) + , + Kx + noun(we‡kl¨) + KZ©v---wµqv + extension
_vK‡j; †hgb: Kx KweZv, Kx Mvb †m me wKQz‡ZB cvi`kx©| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡`- Structure:
subject+ verb + object/ extension +, + be + it + Kx Gi c‡ii noun + or + noun
D`vniY: Kx KweZv, Kx Mvb †m me wKQz‡ZB cvi`kx©|
-He is expert at everything, be it poetry or music.
Kx msm‡`, Kx ivRc‡_ evsjv fvlv I ms¯‹„wZi c‡ÿ Zvi KÚ wQj me©`v †mv”Pvi|
-His voice was always loud in defense of the Bangla language and culture, be
it in the parliament or in the street.
G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ evsjv‡Z subject mvaviYZ †k‡li As‡k ev Kxhy³ As‡ki c‡i _v‡K ‡hgb Dc‡ii 2wU
ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î 1g ev‡K¨ “†mÓ Ges 2q ev‡K¨ “Zvi KÚ” nj subject hv Kx hy³ As‡ki c‡i e‡m‡Q|
Rule-63: evsjv †Kvb ev‡K¨- Avi †nvK †mUv... A_ev.... Giƒc eySv‡Z †hgb: wewfbœ AvKvi I AvK…wZ‡Z
fv‡jvevmv Av‡m Avi †nvK †mUv †g‡qi cÖwZ evevi fv‡jvevmv A_ev †ev‡bi cÖwZ fvB‡qi fv‡jvevm| Giƒc
ev‡K¨i structure- Avi †nvK hy³ As‡ki subject +verb +object/ extension + , + Avi †nvK
eySv‡Z be it + noun(we‡kl¨)/ Adjective hy³ Ask + or + noun(we‡kl¨)/ Adjective hy³ Ask|
D`vniY: wewfbœ AvKvi I AvK…wZ‡Z fv‡jvevmv Av‡m Avi †nvK †mUv †g‡qi cÖwZ evevi fv‡jvevmv A_ev
†ev‡bi cÖwZ fvB‡qi fv‡jvevm|
-Love comes in different shapes and forms, be it the love of a father for his
daughter or the love of a brother for his sister.
GB AvBbwU mevi Rb¨ mgm¨v m„wó Ki‡e Avi †nvK Zv/ †mUv mvaviY RbMY A_ev wfAvBwc/ Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
e¨w³|
-This law will create problem for all, be it common people or VIPs.
adverbial
gvby‡li Rxe‡b sub Zvi cwi†ek extensionZv mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹„wZK, A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK ev agx©q be it
hvB †nvK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© verbcÖfve †d‡j| [PBL, SO: 2016] -In the life of man his social environment
exerts/ has an important influence, be it social, cultural, economic, political or
religious.
A_© †nvK ev wkÿvB †nvK Zv AR©b Ki‡Z Avcbv‡K K‡Vvi cwikÖg Ki‡Z n‡e| -Be it money or
learning, you have to work hard if you want to gain it. [Islami Bank BD [AO (G-3)-2006]
Rule-64: evsjv †Kvb ev‡K¨- noun/ we‡kl¨ + ejyb/ e‡jv, noun/ we‡kl¨ + ejyb/ e‡jv, Avevi
noun/ we‡kl¨ + ejyb/ e‡jv, .... ev noun/ we‡kl¨ + ejyb/ e‡jv, Giƒc eySv‡Z †hgb: wkí ejyb, mvwnZ¨
ejyb, weÁvb ejyb, ivRbxwZ ev cÖhwy ³ hvB ejyb †Kvb wKQzB ¯^vaxbZvi †P‡q eo bq| Giƒc ev‡K¨i
Structure- Be it + noun/ we‡kl¨+ , + noun/ we‡kl¨ + , ------ or+ noun/ we‡kl¨ + subject
+verb +object/ extension
D`vniY: wkí ejyb, mvwnZ¨ ejyb, weÁvb ejyb, ivRbxwZ ev cÖhyw³ hvB ejyb †Kvb wKQzB ¯^vaxbZvi †P‡q
eo bq|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 127 ~
 -Be it art, literature, science, politics or technology, nothing is bigger than
freedom.
Or- Nothing is bigger than freedom, be it art, literature, science, politics or
technology,
evsjv‡`k e‡jv Avi we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ `wi`ª †`k e‡jv m‡e©vÎB Mwi‡eiv Zv‡`i AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ|
-Be it Bangladesh or other poor countries of the world, everywhere the poor are
deprived of their rights.
Or- Everywhere the poor are deprived of their rights, be it Bangladesh or other
poor countries of the world.
Rule-65: evsjv ev‡K¨- nq + bvg evPK kã/ we‡kl¨ + bv nq + bvg evPK kã/ we‡kl¨ Giƒc _vK‡j
‡hgb: Ônq nvw`i-Kvw`i bv nq bv‡Qi dwKiÕ GB ZË¡ AbymiY K‡i gvBbyj KvRwU Kivi SuywK wbj|
Structure: sub + verb +object +extension +,+ be it +noun + noun
D`vniY: Ônq nvw`i-Kvw`i bv nq bv‡Qi dwKi Õ GB ZË¡¡ AbmiY K‡i gvBbyj KvRwU Kivi SuywK wbj|
-Mainul took the risk of doing the work following the theory, ‘be it Hadir-Kadir
or Naser Fakir’.
Rule-66: evsjv †Kvb ev‡K¨ GKB wµqv `yBevi GKmv‡_ cici _vK‡j †hgb: Avjfx wnw›` Rv‡b bv, Rv‡b
bv kkxI| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡`- Structure: Sub + Auxiliary verb + not + verb + object/
extension, and neither/ nor + auxiliary verb + sub.
D`vniY: Avjfx wnw›` Rv‡b bv, Rv‡b bv kkxI|
-Alvi does not know Hindi, and neither/ nor does Shashi.
wgZz †mLv‡b hv‡ebv, ibKI hv‡ebv|
-Mitu will not go there, and neither/ nor will Rownak.
KvImvi fvZ Lvqwb, Lvqwb Zvi †cÖwgKv e„wóI|
-Kawsar did not eat rice, and neither did his girlfriend Bristy.
 ‡Kvb bv-†evaK ev‡K¨ wµqv bv †_‡K cici `yBwU we‡klY ev Adjective em‡j †hgb: ‡m K‡Vvi
cwikÖgx bq, K‡Vvi cwikÖgx bq Zvi fvBI| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡` Structure: Sub + be verb
+adjective +extension +, and neither + be verb + sub.
D`vniY: ‡m K‡Vvi cwikÖgx bq, K‡Vvi cwikÖgx bq Zvi fvBI|
-He is not hard working, and neither is his brother.
‡m Ab¨gb¯‹ bq, Ab¨gb¯‹ bq Ab¨vb¨ QvÎQvÎxivI|
-He is not unmindful, and neither/ nor are other students
[Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ cwikÖgx Ges Ab¨gb¯‹ kãwU we‡klY ev Adjective]
 Z‡e G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ cici `ywU wµqv bv †evaK bv n‡j A_ev n¨vu †eva‡K _vK‡j †hgb: mgq e`‡j
†M‡Q, e`‡j ‡MwQ AvgivI| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡`- Structure: Sub+ Auxiliary verb + g~j
verb+ object/ extension, and so + auxiliary verb + sub.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 128 ~

 D`vniY: mgq e`‡j †M‡Q, e`‡j ‡MwQ AvgivI| -Times have changed, and so have we.
iwb PK‡jU cQ›` K‡i, cQ›` K‡i AvkvI| -Rony likes chocolate, and so does Asha.
‡m cÖwZw`b dzUej †Ljv, †L‡j Zvi fvBI| -He plays football every day, and so
does his brother.
 ‡Kvb nu¨v †evaK ev‡K¨ wµqv bv †_‡K cici `yBwU we‡klY ev Adjective em‡j, †hgb: ‡m K‡Vvi
cwikÖgx, K‡Vvi cwikÖgx Zvi fvBI| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡` Structure: Sub + be verb
+adjective +extension +, and so + be verb + sub
D`vniY: ‡m K‡Vvi cwikÖgx, K‡Vvi cwikÖgx Zvi fvBI|
-He is hard working, and so is his brother.
‡m Ab¨gb¯‹, Ab¨gb¯‹ Ab¨vb¨ QvÎQvÎxivI|
-He is unmindful, and so are other students.
[Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ cwikÖgx Ges Ab¨gb¯‹ kãwU we‡klY ev Adjective]
NB: G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ and so/ and neither/ nor hy³ As‡ki Av‡Mi Verb wU †h tense G _vK‡e †m
tense Gi Abymv‡i and so/ and neither/ nor Gi c‡ii auxiliary verb wU n‡e| ‡hgb: iwb PK‡jU
cQ›` K‡i, cQ›` K‡i AvkvI| Rony likes chocolate, and so does Asha. GB ev‡K¨ and so Gi
Av‡Mi verb h_v, likes- present Indefinite Tense G _vKvq and so Gi c‡i does e‡m‡Q| KviY GLv‡b
Asha n‡jv third person singular number|
Rule-67: A‡bKUv †Kvb wKQzi gZ ev Kv‡iv gZ eySv‡Z †hgb: dvinvbv I dinv` A‡bKUv Zv‡`i gv‡qi
gZ| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡`- Structure: Subject+ be verb+ more like+ extension
D`vniY: dvinvbv I Zvi fvB dinv` A‡bKUv Zv‡`i gv‡qi gZ|
-Farhana and her brother Farhad are more like their mother.

Rule-68: ‡Kvb wKQz‡K/ KvD‡K †`Lvq eySv‡Z ‡hgb-Zv‡K weg©l †`Lvq/ †`Lv‡”Q| Gai‡bi ev‡K¨i
structure: Sub + tense Abymv‡i Look+ adjective + extension.
D`vniY: Zv‡K weg©l †`Lvq/ †`Lv‡”Q| -He looks depressed.
evsjv‡`k K…wl wek¦we`¨vj‡qi G¨vwbg¨vj nvR‡eÛªx Abyl‡`i QvÎx Zûiv‡K memgq nvwmLywk †`Lvq|
-Tahura, a student of the Faculty of Animal Husbandry of Bangladesh
Agriculture University, looks cheerful all time.
Zv‡K myLx †`Lv‡”Q| [RU (Sociology) 10-11] -He looks happy.
‡Zv‡K K¬všÍ †`Lv‡”Q| [RU 05-06] -You look tired.
‡Zvgv‡K LyeB welbœ †`Lv‡”Q| [ivtwet 08-09] -You look very gloomy.
Rule-69: evsjv ev‡K¨ KZ©vi c‡i- ‡`L‡Z + we‡klY/ Adjective _vK‡j †hgb: RvwKi †`L‡Z j¤^v I
my`©kb| G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i structure: sub + be + adjective + to look + at + extension.
D`vniY: RvwKi ‡nv‡mb †`L‡Z j¤^v I my`©kb|
-Jakir Hossan is tall and handsome to look at.
‡m †`L‡Z my›`i| -She is beautiful to look at.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 129 ~
Rule-70: ‡Kvb wKQz Ki‡j †Kvb wKQz nq A_ev †Kvb wKQz Ki‡jB †Kvb wKQz cv‡e Giƒc eySv‡Z †hgb:
†`L‡jB wek¦vm nq/ †`L‡jB wek¦vm Ki‡e| wb¤œwjwLZ structure: verb + ing + is + verb + ing
e‡m|
D`vniY: †`L‡jB wek¦vm nq/ †`L‡jB wek¦vm Ki‡e| -Seeing is believing.
co‡jB eySv hvq/ co‡jB eyS‡e| -Reading is understanding.
Rule-71: cÖeY ev cÖeYZv _vKv eySv‡Z ‡hgb- Avgiv mevB fzj cÖeY/ Avgv‡`i mevi fzj Kivi cÖeYZv
Av‡Q| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Structure- Subject + be verb + liable to/ prone to + verb Gi base
form + extension or- Subject + tend to + verb Gi base form + extension
D`vniY: Avgiv mevB fzj cÖeY/ Avgv‡`i mevi fzj Kivi cÖeYZv Av‡Q|
-We all are liable to/ prone to make mistakes.
Or -We all tend to make mistakes.
Zv‡`i wek¦vm Kivi cÖeYZv Av‡Q| [Agrani Bank Ltd. (SO)- 2013]
-They tend to have faith.
Rule-72: Aev¯Íe Kíbvi †ÿ‡Î fvewQ eySv‡Z †hgb: fvewQ Avgvi hw` GKwU hv`yi KvwV _vKZ| Giƒc
ev‡K¨i structure- Sub + wish + sub + (verb Gi past form)/ were +N/ P
D`vniY: fvewQ Avgvi hw` GKwU hv`yi KvwV _vKZ| -I wish I could have a magic wand.
fvewQ Avwg hw` cvwL nZvg| -I wish I were a bird.
NB: Were GLv‡b subjunctive verb Ges G‡ÿ‡Î were singular/ plural Dfq wn‡m‡e e¨envi nq|
Rule-73: hZUzKz mgq †`wi nq Zv eySv‡Z ‡hgb: hvb R‡Ui Kvi‡b Avgv‡`i GK N›Uv †`wi n‡qwQj
wb¤œwjwLZ structure e¨eüZ nq- Sub + be verb + mgq +late + extension.
D`vniY: hvb R‡Ui Kvi‡b Avgv‡`i GK N›Uv †`wi n‡qwQj|
-We were an hour late due to traffic jam.
 All + sub + need + verb Gi base form + extension.
D`vniY: ‡Zvgvi hv hv Avbv `iKvi Zvn‡jv eB| -All you need bring are books.
Rule-74: ‡Kvb wKQy Kivi ‡hvM¨/ Dchy³ nIqv eySv‡Z sub + tense Abymv‡i deserve + verb +
ing/ verb Gi pp e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi AvwU©‡KjwU covi †hvM¨| -His article deserves reading/ to be read.
 ‡Kvb wKQz Kiv cÖ‡qvRb eySv‡Z sub + tense Abymv‡i require/ need/ want+ verb + ing/ to
be + verb Gi pp e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi AvwU©‡KjwU cov cÖ‡qvRb| -His article requires reading.
Zvi AvwU©‡KjwU cov cÖ‡qvRb| -His article needs reading/ to be read.
‡Zvgvi Pzj KvUv cÖ‡qvRb| -Your hair needs cutting/ to be cut.
MvwowU †givgZ Kiv `iKvi| -The car wants servicing/ to be serviced.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 130 ~

 NB: Dc‡ii me ev‡K¨ deserve, require, need Ges want + verb +ing hy³
structure passive Gi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
Rule-75: evsjv I Bs‡iwR Negative ev‡K¨i wKQz MVbMZ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| †hgb: Avwg LvB bv| evsjv GB
ev‡K¨ wµqv h_v, ÒLvBÓ Gi c‡i bv e‡m‡Q, wKš‘ Bs‡iwR‡Z KLbB Avwg LvB bv eySv‡Z I eat not ‡jLv
hv‡e bv| KviY Bs‡iwR‡Z Negative Kivi mgq Aek¨B subject ev KZ©vi c‡i auxiliary verb +
not + principal verb em‡e| Avi †mRb¨ Avwg LvB bv Gi Bs‡iwR n‡e- I do not eat.
Z‡e †Kvb ev‡K¨ auxiliary verb Øviv ïiæ †Kvb question _vK‡j, bv †evaK DËi cÖ`vb Kivi †ÿ‡Î
Bs‡iwR‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ verb ¸‡jvi c‡i ïay not e¨envi Kiv nq|G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb auxiliary verb e¨envi
Kivi `iKvi bvB|
Structure: Sub (I) +believe/ hope/ expect + not.
Or- Sub (I)+ am afraid+ not.
D`vniY: gvmy` wK GLv‡b Avm‡e? -Will Masud come here? bv/ Avm‡ebv| -I hope not.
GUv wK cÖ¯‘Z Av‡Q? -Is it ready? bv| - I am afraid not.
‡m wK Rv‡b? -Does he know? bv/ Rv‡b bv| -I believe not.
Zzwg wK eBwU c‡oQ? -Have you read the book? bv cwowb- I am afraid not.
Rule-76: `ytwLZ eySv‡Z-I am afraid emv‡bv hvq|
D`vniY: wg. †ejvj wK evwo Av‡Qb? -Is Mr. Belal at home?
Avwg `ytwLZ, wZwb evwo‡Z †bB| -I am afraid, he is not at home.
Avcwb wK Avgv‡`i mv‡_ hv‡eb? -Could you accompany us?
`ytwLZ/ bv Avgvi wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR Av‡Q|
-I am afraid, I have some important business to attend to.
 GQvovI Avgvi ej‡Z Lvivc jvM‡Q ‡h- Ggb evsjv expression Gi †ÿ‡ÎI e‡m|
D`vniY: Avwg `y:wLZ/ Avgvi ej‡Z Lvivc jvM‡Q †h MZKvj iv‡Z KvRwU †kl Ki‡Z cvwiwb|
-I am afraid that I could not finish the work last night.
Avgvi ej‡Z Lvivc jvM‡Q †h Avwg †Zvgv‡K Avgvi eBwU avi w`‡Z cviwQbv|
-I am afraid that I cannot lend you my book.
Rule-77: Time table/ regular schedule eySv‡Z †hgb: hvbevn‡bi/ cixÿvi/ m~h© DVv/ Wyevi mgq/
mgqm~Px eySv‡Z Bs‡iwR‡Z present indefinite tense evsjv‡Z future/ fwel¨‡Zi Gi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
D`vniY: evm KqUvq Avm‡e? -What time does the bus arrive?
mvgvi Uvg© GwcÖ‡ji 10 Zvwi‡L ïiæ n‡e| -The summer term starts on April 10th.
GB †cøbwU 3Uvq Qvo‡e| -This plane leaves at 3 o’clock.
AvMvgxKvj 6 Uv 13 wgwb‡U m~h© DV‡e| -The sun rises at 6.13 tomorrow.
RvnvRwU AvR iv‡Z e›`i Qvo‡e|
-The ship leaves the port tonight.[Sonali Bank 14]

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 131 ~

Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ mKj ev‡K¨i pattern jÿ Ki‡j eySv hvq †h cÖ‡Z¨KUv evK¨ mvaviY eZ©gvb Kvj ev
present indefinite tense G Av‡Q wKšÍy evsjv Kivi mgq †m¸‡jv fwel¨‡Zi A‡_© Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jvi †ÿ‡Î will + verb Gi base ev future indefinite tense I e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|
Rule-78: evsjv ev‡K¨ GKmv‡_ `yBwU future tense e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e Bs‡iwR Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKwU
ev‡K¨i `yBwU As‡k future indefinite tense e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| G‡ÿ‡Î What, where, when,
until, if, than, before, after, if, whether, on condition that- GB k‡Z© ‡h, as soon as-
hLbB, as long as- hZÿY BZ¨vw` Gi Av‡Mi Ask future G _vK‡j G¸‡jv Øviv hy³ As‡k Aek¨B
present indefinite tense G n‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: Avgvi hLb mgq n‡e ZLb †Zvgvi mv‡_ mvÿvZ Kie|
-I will meet you when I have time.
Avwg bv Avmv ch©šÍ wK Zzwg GLv‡b _vK‡e?
-Will you stay here until I come back?
nvwi Avi wRwZ Avwg memgq fv‡jv mgq KvUv‡ev|
-I will have a good time whether I win or lose.
Avwg †Zvgv‡K GUv avi ‡`e GB k‡Z© †h Zzwg GUv AvMvgxKvj †diZ †`‡e|
-I will lend it to you on condition that you bring it back tomorrow.
‡h Zvi Kjg cv‡e †m Zv‡K cvuP cvDÛ †`‡e|
-He will give five pounds to anybody who finds his pen.
Zzwg hv PvB‡e Avwg †Zvgv‡K ZvB †`e|
-I will give you what you want.
hLb ‡m ‡cuŠQv‡e ZLb †m Avgv‡K †dvb †`‡e|
-He will phone me when he arrives.
 G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ KLbB double future indefinite e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| †hgb: hLb ‡m ‡cuŠQv‡e
ZLb †m Avgv‡K †dvb †`‡e| GB evK¨wUi Translation Gfv‡e future tense G Ki‡j fzj n‡e|
-He will phone me when he will arrive. (fzj)
Rule-79: Like/ love/ hate Gi c‡i verb + ing A_ev to + verb Gi base form em‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniY: Avwg cov cQ›` Kwi| -I like reading/ to read.
Avwg evB‡i †h‡Z fv‡jvevwm| -I love going outside/ to go outside.
†m A‡b¨i mv‡_ SMov Kiv cQ›` K‡i bv| -He hates quarreling with others.
‡m fzj Kiv cQ›` K‡i bv| -He hates making mistakes/to make mistakes.
gvSiv‡Z Avgv‡K †dvb Kiv †jvK‡`i Avwg cQ›` Kwi bv|
-I do not like people phoning/ to phone me in the middle of the night.
Z‡e- Sub + would + like/ prefer/ hate/ love+ to + verb+ extension.
D`vniY: Avwg ej‡Z PvB| -I would like to say.
Dc‡ii D`vni‡Y like Gi c‡i ing e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 132 ~
 wb¤œwjwLZ verb Gi †ÿ‡Î h_v, Attempt ‡Póv Kiv, intend B”Qv Kiv, continue Pvwj‡q hvIqv,
be committed to cÖwZkyÖwZe× nIqv + verb +ing/ to +verb Gi base form
D`vniY: ‡m AvZ¥nZ¨v Kivi †Póv Kij| -He attempted committing/ to commit suicide.
Avwg †ewkw`b _vKvi B”Qv KiwQ| -I intend staying/ to stay long.
‡m nvwm VvÆv mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| -He can’t bear being laughed at/to be laughed at.
adverbial
RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨vkv c~i‡Y adj [complement] A½xKvive× AvR subevsjv‡`k cywjk| [SI-cywjk
mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2017] -At present, Bangladesh police are committed to /
fulfill/ fulfilling the expectation of the public.
 mvaviYZ Begin/ start + verb + ing/ to verb Gi base form e‡m|
†hgb: ‡m GUv Ki‡Z ïiæ Kij|
-He started to do it. Or- He started doing it.
 Z‡e continuous tense Gi †ÿ‡Î Begin/ start Gi c‡i to + verb Gi base form em‡e|
D`vniY: Avwid Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z ïiæ Ki‡Q| -Arif is beginning to learn English.
 Begin/ start Gi c‡i understand, realize, know em‡j + Aek¨B to + verb Gi base
form em‡e| Structure: sub + begin/ start + understand, realize, know +
extension.
D`vniY: Ae‡k‡l wmbw_qv AsK †kLvi ¸iæZ¡ eyS‡Z cvij|
-At last synthiya began to realize the importance of learning mathematics.
Rule-80: Sub+ hear/ see/ watch/ notice+ object+ ing hy³ verb....
D`vniY: Avgiv Zv‡K KvRwU Ki‡Z †`Ljvg| -I saw him doing the work.
‡`‡jvqvi gviædv‡K Giƒc ej‡Z ïb‡jv| -Delwar heard Marufa saying so.
Rule-81: wb¤œwjwLZ Verb h_v Judge/ consider/ suppose Gi †ÿ‡Î me©`v ing n‡q wb¤œwjwLZ
A_© cÖ`vb K‡i Ges G‡`i c‡i comma + e¨w³evPK ev e¯‘evPK Dfq N/ P em‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniY: ‡h ‡Kvb wKQzi w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j -Judging from something
 Considering something/ n/p- ‡Kvb wKQz we‡ePbv Ki‡j/ †Kvb wKQzi we‡ePbvq GUv ejv hvq †h-
 Taking everything/ n/ p into consideration-mew`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j GUv ejv hvq †h-
 Supposing- hw`....
D`vniY: ‡m hv e‡j‡Q †m w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j GUv ejv hvq †h, †m Lye nZvkvMÖ¯’ wQj|
-Judging from what he said, he was very disappointed.
Zvi eq‡mi we‡ePbvq †m Lye mwµq|
-Considering her age, she is very active.
hw` Avgiv †`wi K‡i Avwm Zvn‡j †Kv_vq DV‡ev|
-Supposing we come late, where will we put up?
-mew`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j GUv ejv hvq ‡h AbyôvbwU Lye mdj n‡qwQj|
-Taking everything into consideration, the event was a great success.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 133 ~
 wb¤œwjwLZ verb Gi mv‡_ double “ee” hy³ n‡j †m¸‡jv noun n‡q hvq-
Verb Noun Verb Noun
Abduct- AcniY Kiv Abductee- AcnwiZ e¨w³ Evacuate- mwi‡q †bIqv Evacuee- ¯’všÍwiZ e¨w³
Absent- Abycw¯’Z _vKv Absentee- Aycw¯’Z e¨w³ Nominate- g‡bvbxZ Kiv Nominee- g‡bvbxZ e¨w³
Adress- m‡¤^vab Kiv Adressee- m‡¤^vabK…Z e¨w³ Detain- AvUK Kiv Delainee- AvUKK„Z e¨w³
Arrest- Arrestee- Interview- Interviewee-
‡MÖßvi Kiv ‡MÖßviK„Z e¨w³ mvÿvrKvi †bIqv mvÿvrKvi `vZv
Attend- ‡hvM`vb Kiv Attendee-‡hvM`vbKvix e¨w³ Pay- cÖ`vb Kiv Payee-cÖ`vbKvix e¨w³
Award- cyi¯‹vi cvIqv Awardee- cyyi¯‹vicÖvß e¨w³ Train- cÖwkÿY †`Iqv Trainee-cÖwkÿYcÖvß e¨w³
Amputate- Acv‡ik‡bi gva¨‡g cv/ nvZ KvUv; Amputee- cv/ nvZ KvUv e¨w³

wb¤œwjwLZ ant hy³ word mg~n noun wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i-

Discussant (Av‡jvPK) Participant (AskMÖnYKvix) Applicant (Av‡e`bKvix)

wb¤œwjwLZ noun mg~n verb n‡j ‡m¸‡jvi mv‡_ ïay “k” hy³ nq-
Noun Verb Noun Verb
Panic (AvZsK) Panick (AvZswKZ Kiv) Traffic (hvbevnb) Traffick (cvPvi Kiv)
Picnic (wcKwbK) Picnick (wcKwbK Kiv)
Mimic (AbyKiY) Mimick (Kv‡iv AvPvi AvPiY ev K_v ejvi ÷vBj Kwc Kiv)

D`vniY: ‡m me©`v wkÿK‡`i AvPvi AvPiY ev K_v ejvi ÷vBj Kwc K‡i|
-He always mimicks the teachers.

Chapter Related Practice (Aa¨vq wfwËK Abykxjb)

evsjv evK¨mg~n: Avwg GKevi (once) Dcb¨vmwU c‡o A‡bK Avb›` †c‡qwQjvg| wKš‘ Avgvi
eÜz `yBevi c‡oI AZUv †ewk Avb›` (that much pleasure) cvqwb| A‡bK cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q
eBwUi wKQz wKQz Aa¨vq fvj g‡b n‡qwQj| Avgiv PvB †h mevB Avb›` cvIqv I ZvwË¡K Ges
ev¯ÍweK Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨ cov‡kvbv KiæK| GKRb fvj cvVK fvj eB co‡Z co‡Z K¬všÍ nq
(tired of) bv|
cÖ_‡g wb‡R wb‡R GKevi LvZvq wjLyb Zvici wgwj‡q wbb|
English Translation: I got much pleasure reading the novel once/
Reading the novel once, I got much pleasure. But my friend did not get
that much pleasure reading it two times. Some chapters of the book
appeared/ seemed good to many readers. We want everybody to study for
getting pleasure and acquiring theoretical & practical knowledge. A good
reader does not become tired of reading good books/ a good book.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 134 ~
 GKB wµqvi wewfbœ e¨envi- Same Verbs
Used in Different Expressions

 nIqv eySv‡Z be verb Gi cwie‡Z© constitute Gi e¨envi: Verb Gi Av‡Mi subject Gi c‡ii
As‡ki g‡a¨ hw` msL¨vevPK relation _v‡K Zvn‡j be verb Gi cwie‡Z© constitute Gi e¨envi
Ki‡Z cvwi|
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i kÖgkw³i weivU Ask n‡”Q bvix kÖwgK|
-Female workers are the majority of our labour force.
Or -Female workers constitute the majority of our labour force.
 ‡Kvb ZvwjKvi †ÿ‡Î n‡jb ev n‡jv eySv‡Z- be verb Gi cwie‡Z© include e¨eüZ nq|
‡hgb: DcmvMixq iv󪸇jv n‡jv ‡mŠw` Avie, Kz‡qZ, evnivBb, Igvb, KvZvi Ges mshy³ Avie AvwgivZ|
-The Gulf State includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and
the United Arab Emirates.
ïay wZbRb †g‡q GB KvRwU Kivi SuywK wb‡qwQj| Zviv n‡jv wbkvZ, †Wvbv Ges c~Yv©|
-Only three girls risked doing the work. They include Nishat, Dona and
Purna.
 Av‡Q/ wQj Gi cwie‡Z© have/ has/ had Gi cwie‡Z© possess e¨envi Kiv hvq-
D`vniY: gvgy‡bi cÖPzi AwfÁZv Av‡Q|
-Mamun has a lot of experience. Or -Mamun possesses a lot of experience.
GB MÖv‡g Avmvi Av‡M Zvi wKQzB wQj bv|
-He had nothing before coming to this village.
Or-He possessed nothing before coming to this village.
wbkv‡Zi Bs‡iwRi cÖwZ AvMÖn Av‡Q| -Nishat possesses an interest in English.
 cixÿvq/ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq ¯’vb AwaKvi Kiv eySv‡Z| Sub + stand first/ 2nd, third/ fourth.
Fifth sixth ……. e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡iwb Zvi gv÷vm© cixÿvq cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i‡Q|
-Reny has stood first in her master’s exam.

GLvb †_‡K AviI Ab¨vb¨ Verb mvwR‡q †`Iqv n‡jv-

 PvIqv eySv‡Z ask e‡m| ‡hgb: AbygwZ PvIqv- ask permission
D`vniY: ‡Zvgvi AbygwZ PvIqv DwPr| -You should ask permission.
 Attach importance- ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv
D`vniY: Zviv cÖKíwU‡Z A‡bK ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kij|
-They attached great importance to the project.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 135 ~
 Ask pardon – ÿgv PvIqv, ‡hgb: beg sb’s pardon – Kv‡iv m‡½ wØgZ †cvlY Kiv A_ev Kv‡iv
K_v eyS‡Z/ ïb‡Z bv cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î GwU e¨eüZ nq|
I beg your pardon – gvd Ki‡eb| (Avcbvi mv‡_ GKgZ n‡Z cviwQbv/ Avcbvi K_v eyS‡Z cvwiwb/
Avcbvi K_v ïb‡Z cvBwb) grant pardon – ÿgv gÄyi Kiv
 ‰Zwi/ ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q eySv‡Z Subject + be verb + intended + extension e‡m|
D`vniY: eBwU wkï‡`i Rb¨ ˆZix| -The book is intended for children.
 Avkv Kiv n‡”Q eySv‡Z- Sub + be + expected/ due + to + verb + extension e‡m|
D`vniY: Avkv Kiv n‡”Q ‡cÖwRWvb&U& †Wvbvì Uªv¤ú †`kwU‡Z AvMvgx gv‡m mdi Ki‡e|
-President Donald Trump is due to visit the country next month.
Avkv Kiv n‡”Q †m Avm‡e| -He is expected to come.
evmwU `k wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ Avm‡e e‡j Avmv Kiv n‡”Q| -The bus is due in 10 minutes.
 ‰Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Giƒc eySv‡Z- ‡hgb- Bs‡iwR‡Z Kg `ÿZv m¤úbœ QvÎ QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ eBwU ˆZwi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Sub + be verb + intended to + verb +extension e‡m|
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR‡Z Kg `ÿZv m¤úbœ QvÎ QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ eBwU ˆZix Kiv n‡q‡Q|
-The book is intended to help the students having poor knowledge in English.
 nvwi‡q hvIqv/ wb‡LuvR nIqv eySv‡Z- Sub + be verb/ go + missing + extension e‡m|
D`vniY: eviRb hvÎx wb‡LuvR| -Twelve passengers are missing.
 MwVZ nIqv eySv‡Z be comprised of---
 GKB gv‡bi nIqv- be on a par with
D`vniY: †`k wefvR‡bi mgq Avgv‡`i †`‡ki I fvi‡Zi wkÿvi gvb GKB wQj|
-During partition, the standard of education in our country was on a par
with that of India.
 Be in office- ÿgZvq _vKv
D`vniY: †m `k eQi a‡i ÿgZvq Av‡Q| -He has been in office for ten years.
 Be in operation- Pvjy _vKv
D`vniY: GBc×wZ Qqgvm a‡i Pvjy Av‡Q|
-The system has been in operation for six months.
‡gwkb Pvjy _vKv Ae¯’vq Aek¨B myiÿv Kvco Mv‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
-Protective clothing must be worn when the machine is in operation.
 Be effective- Kvh©Ki nIqv/ djcÖmy nIqv
D`vniY: bZzb iæwUbwU AvMvgx gvm †_‡K Kvh©Ki n‡e|
-The new routine will come into effect from next month.
 Be in need of-(need) cÖ‡qvRb _vKv
D`vniY: Zvi GKwU PvKzwi Lye cÖ‡qvRb| -He is badly in need of a job.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 136 ~
 Be out of order- weKj nIqv/ bó nIqv
D`vniY: ‡gvevBjwU weKj/ bó n‡q †M‡Q| -The mobile is out of order.
d¨vbwU bó| -The fan is out of order.
 I wonder- Avwg fvewQ/ fvwe:
D`vniY: Avwg fvewQ/ fvwe wKfv‡e cÖvYxiv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ K_v e‡j|
-I wonder how animals talk to each other.
‡m GLb †Kv_vq Av‡Q ZvB fvewQ| [6th NTRC-10] -I wonder where he may be now.
 Be in bud- gyKzj aiv; D`vniY: The tree is in bud.
 we‡Øl‡cvlY Kiv eySv‡Z- bear/ hold + a grudge against + e¨w³ + extension
D`vniY: ‡m Zvi mnKg©xi cÖwZ we‡Øl †cvlY K‡i| -He bears a grudge against his colleague.
 GwM‡q _vKv- Be ahead
D`vniY: wbe©vP‡b hy³d«›U GwM‡q Av‡Q| -The United Front is ahead in the poll.
 R¡jv Ges R¡vjv‡bv eySv‡Z burn e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡kvqvi K‡ÿ ZLbI GKwU Av‡jv R¦jwQj|
-A light was still burning in the bed room.
 ‡Kvb wKQz‡K evov‡bv eySv‡Z boost/ raise/ improve e‡m|
To + boost/ raise/ improve morale
 e„w× cvIqv A‡_©- mount e‡m|
 Call A_© WvKv Z‡e Avhvb †`Iqv eySv‡Z call to prayer e‡m|
D`vniY: gyqvw¾b Avhvb w`‡”Qb| -The Muazzin is calling to prayer.
 Converge- wgwjZ nIqv
D`vniY: Thousands of supporters converge on the street for the rally.
 cÖfve †djv/ cÖfve LvUv‡bv eySv‡Z exert/ have influence e¨eüZ nq|
D`vniY: Ab¨vqfv‡e RwgwU `Lj Kivi Rb¨ †m Zvi cÖfve LvwU‡qwQj|
-He exerted his influence to usurp the land.
 Come into operation- PvjyKiv/ nIqv; Come into force- PvjyKiv/ nIqv;
 Come into effect- Kvh©Kix nIqv
D`vniY: AvMvgx eQi †_‡K bZzb AvBbwU Kvh©Ki n‡e|
-The new act shall come into effect from next year.
 jovB Kiv eySv‡Z combat- e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î combat A_© n‡”Q †gvKvwejv Kiv;
Aciva †gvKv‡ejv Kiv- combat crime gy`ªvwùwZ †gvKv‡ejv Kiv- combat inflation
‡ivM †gvKv‡ejv Kiv- combat disease ‡eKviZ¡ †gvKv‡ejv Kiv-combat unemployment
 catch a fever- R¡i nIqv/ catch a cold- VvÛv jvMv
D`vniY: Avgvi VvÛv †j‡M‡Q| -I have caught a cold.
-He caught a fever. [AvenvIqv Awa`߇ii D”P ch©‡eÿK/ ch©‡eÿK cixÿv-2017]
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 137 ~
 AbygwZ bv †`Iqv- deny permission/ AbygwZ bv †`Iqv- refuse permission
 Do/ have/ be a PhD – wcGBPwW Kiv
D`vniY: He does a PhD. -He has a PhD. -He is a PhD.
 Drop- KvD‡K Mvwo‡Z K‡i bvwg‡q †`Iqv
D`vniY: He dropped me at the station.
 wewfbœ w`‡K fvM n‡q hvIqv/ wfbœ nIqv- diverge.
 M‡j hvIqv eySv‡Z dissolve e‡m|
D`vniY: jeY cvwb‡Z M‡j hvq| -Salt dissolve in water.
 wePz¨Z nIqv- deviate
D`vniY: ‡m KL‡bv g~j cwiKíbv †_‡K wePz¨Z nqwb|
-He never deviated from the original plan.
 cvMj Kiv- drive + object + mad/ crazy
 Escape injury – AvNvZ †_‡K iÿv cvIqv
 Kv‡iv bR‡i c‡owb eySv‡Z †hgb: Avgv‡`i bR‡i c‡owb †h Zviv ‡Kv¤úvwb‡Z wKQz cwieZ©b mvwaZ
K‡i‡Q- Structure: It + escape + my/ our/ your/ their/ his/ her + escape + notice
+ extension.
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i bR‡i c‡owb †h Zviv ‡Kv¤úvwb‡Z wKQz cwieZ©b mvwaZ K‡i‡Q|
-It escaped my notice that they have brought about some changes in the
company.
 Avkv Kiv n‡”Q eySv‡Z- Sub + be + expected + to + verb--- e‡m|
D`vniY: `vg e„w× cv‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv n‡”Q| -Prices are expected to rise.
 Exercise influence – cÖfve LvUv‡bv; Exercise right- AwaKvi LvUv‡bv
 Exert authority/ force- ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM Kiv
 Exhort- AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv
D`vniY: The party leader exhorted his member to start.
 Evade- duvwK †`Iqv/ Gwo‡q hvIqv
D`vniY: †KŠk‡j †m cÖ‡kœi DËi Gwo‡q †Mj| -He evaded the question.
Gfv‡e Zzwg †Zvgvi ØvwqZ¡ duvwK w`‡Z cvibv|
-You can’t evade your responsibility this way.
 cvIqv eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î Experience e‡m|
Experience pleasure- Avb›` cvIqv Experience unhappiness- `y:L cvIqv
Experience sufferings- Kó cvIqv
 Expire- ‡gqv` ‡kl nIqv
D`vniY: Zvi †gqv` †kl n‡q‡Q| -His term has expired.
Zvi cvm‡cv‡U©i †gqv` †kl n‡q wM‡qwQj| -His passport expired last month.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 138 ~
 Extend the hand of friendship to + sb Kv‡iv cÖwZ eÜz‡Z¡i nvZ evov‡bv-
Extend welcome to sb. -¯^vMZ Rvbv‡bv Extend an invitation- wbgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv
Extend thanks- ab¨ev` Rvbv‡bv Extend (sb) sympathy- mnvbyf~wZ Rvbv‡bv
 Enshrine- mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv
D`vniY: These rights are enshrined in the country’s constitution.
 Entertain hope- Avkv †cvlY Kiv; Entertain idea- aviYv †cvlY Kiv
 Entertain doubt/ suspicion- m‡›`n †cvlY Kiv
D`vniY: ‡m Av‡cvk Kivi Avkv †cvlY K‡i‡Q|
-He has entertained the hope of reconciliation.
‡m KLbI †`‡k _vKvi Avkv †cvlY K‡iwb|
-He never entertained the idea of living in the country.
 Enroll- fwZ© nIqv; Enroll- fwZ© Kiv;
 MÖnY Kiv ev eiY Kiv eySv‡Z embrace e‡m|
MYZš¿ MÖnY Kiv- embrace democracy Bmjvg MÖnY Kiv- embrace Islam
kvnv`r MÖnY Kiv- embrace martyrdom.
 AwZevwnZ nIqv eySv‡Z Elapse e‡m|
D`vniY: A‡bK eQi AwZevwnZ n‡q‡Q| -Many years have elapsed.
 MVb Kiv eySv‡Z- form e¨eüZ nq,
†hgb: miKvi MVb Kiv- form a government mwgwZ MVb Kiv- form an association
KwgwU MVb Kiv- form a committee ms¯’v MVb Kiv- form an organisation
 mvB‡R gvbv‡bv eySv‡Z fit e‡m|
D`vniY: GB RyZv¸wj mvBR Avgvi mv‡_ wgj‡Q bv| -These shoes do not fit me.
 Feel pulse- bvox ‡`Lv-
 `v‡qi Kiv eySv‡Z- File claim/ complaint/ petition/ lawsuit(gvgjv)
-`v‡qi Kiv eySv‡Z file I lodge Gi e¨envi-
Awf‡hvM `v‡qi Kiv- file/ lodge complaint + against + e¨w³
gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv- file/ lodge case + against + e¨w³ + with + police station
D`vniY: D‡¤§ nvdmv I mxgv †jvKwUi weiæ‡× wbKUeZ©x _vbvq GKwU gvgjv `v‡qi Kij|
-Umme Hafsa and Sima lodged/ filed a case against the man with the
nearby police station.
 Catch fire- Av¸b aiv
D`vniY: evwowU‡Z Av¸b a‡iwQj| -The house caught fire.
 Fire the gun into the air- duvKv ¸wj Qyov
D`vniY: Seeing nobody, he fires the gun into the air.
 Fire missile- ‡ÿcYv¯¿ Qyov; Fire an arrow- Zxi Qyov;
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 139 ~
 Find expression- cÖKvk cvIqv
D`vniY: GB †jLvi g‡a¨ cÖK…wZi cÖwZ Zvi fv‡jvevmvi K_v cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
-His love for nature has found expression in this writing.
 Gather msMÖn Kiv ev R‡ov Kiv A_© eySv‡jI wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î nIqv A_© eySvq-
Gather momentum- ‡eMevb nIqv Gather speed- MwZ e„w× nIqv/ MwZ e„w× cvIqv
D`vniY: m¤úªwZ Av‡›`vjbwU ‡eMevb n‡q‡Q|
-Recently the movement has gathered momentum.
evmwUi MwZ e„w× †c‡q‡Q| -The bus has gathered speed.
 D¾¡j n‡q IVv eySv‡Z- glow e¨eüZ nq|
D`vniY: ‡kl we‡K‡ji m~‡h©i Av‡jvq ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ‡K›`ªxq jvB‡eªwii B‡Ui ‡`Iqvj¸‡jv
D¾¡j jvj n‡q I‡V| -The brick walls of the central library of Rajshahi University
glow red in the late afternoon sun.
 A¼zwiZ nIqv eySv‡Z- germinate e¨eüZ nq|
 ‰Zwi Kiv eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î generate e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡hgb: AvMÖn ˆZwi Kiv- generate interest we`y¨r ˆZwi Kiv- generate electricity/ power
Kv‡Ri my‡hvM m„wó/ ˆZwi Kiv- generate job opportunities Zvc ˆZwi Kiv- generate heat
 KvD‡K/ ‡Kvb wKQz‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv eySv‡Z- get+ e¨w³/ e¯‘ + ready + extension e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: iæ‡ej gvngy` I P›`b wek¦vm Lvev‡ii me c¨v‡KU¸‡jv evm Qvovi Av‡M †_‡KB cÖ¯‘Z K‡i
ivL‡jv| -Rubel Mahmud and Chandan Biswas had got the packets of food ready
before the bus started.
gv Zvi †Q‡j ‡g‡q‡`i‡K evRv‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡jv|
-Mother got her children ready to go to market.
 Z‡e wb‡R cÖ¯‘Z nIqv eySv‡Z- get ready e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: ˆmb¨iv cvk¦©eZ©x †`‡ki ˆmb¨‡`i mv‡_ hy× Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z n‡”Q|
-The soldiers are getting ready to fight the soldiers of the neighbouring
country.
 ‡kvfvgwÛZ Kiv eySv‡Z- grace e¨eüZ nq|
 Give/ have a party – cvwU© †`Iqv
 Go Gi c‡i me©`v leisure welqK verb+ing em‡e|
†hgb: Go climbing - Av‡ivnb Ki‡Z hvIqv Go swimming- mvuvZvi KvU‡Z hvIqv
Go dancing- bvP Ki‡Z hvIqv Go fishing- gvQ ai‡Z hvIqv
Go hunting- wkKv‡i hvIqv Go shopping- evRvi Ki‡Z hvIqv
 Go missing- nvwi‡q hvIqv
D`vniY: `yBwU eB nvwi‡q †M‡Q| -Two books have gone missing.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 140 ~
 Z‡e wb‡R jywK‡q _vKv eySv‡Z go into hiding e‡m|
D`vniY: AcivawU msMwVZ Kivi ci †m jywK‡qwQj|
-He went into hiding after committing the crime.
 Gather A_© msMÖn Kiv Ges Gain A_© AR©b Kiv| Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î nIqv eySv‡Z Gather/
Gain e‡m|
Gather momentum- ‡eMevb nIqv Lose momentum- MwZ nviv‡bv
Gain momentum- MwZ mÂvi Kiv
 Go/ be numb- Aek n‡q hvIqv
 Get stuck in- AvU‡K cov
D`vniY: Mvwoi PvKv Kv`vq AuvU‡K wM‡qwQj| -The car wheels got stuck in the mud.
 Have a narrow escape- A‡íi Rb¨ †eu‡P hvIqv
 Hold office- ÿgZv MÖnY Kiv/ ÿgZvq _vKv
D`vniY: wZwb `k eQi gwš¿cwil‡`i gš¿x wQ‡jb|
-He held office as a cabinet minister for ten years.
 ‡cvlY Kiv eySv‡Z- harbor e‡m|
m‡›`n †cvlY Kiv- harbour a doubt m‡›`n †cvlY Kiv- harbour a suspicion
 Kiv eySv‡Z have Gi e¨envi-
Have breakfast- mKv‡ji bv¯Ív Kiv Have lunch- `ycy‡ii Lvevi LvIqv/ jv Kiv
Have dinner- wWbvi Kiv Have a shower/ a wash/ a bath- ‡Mvmj Kiv
 mvgÄm¨c~Y© nIqv- harmonise
D`vniY: The school harmonises with its surroundings.
-¯‹zjwU Zvi Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y|©
 e¨v_v cvIqv eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î have e‡m|
‡hgb: cv‡q e¨v_v Kiv- have a pain in leg cvK¯’wj e¨v_v Kiv- have a pain in stomach
 Av‡ivc Kiv eySv‡Z impose e‡m|
‡hgb: Ki Av‡ivc Kiv- impose levy/tax mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc Kiv- impose
limitations
wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Kiv- impose restrictions mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc Kiv- impose constraints
 D‡¯‹ †`Iqv/ Lvivc †Kvb Av‡e‡Mi m„wó Kiv eySv‡Z incite e‡m|
‡hgb: Aciv‡ai w`‡K D‡¯‹ †`Iqv- incite crime RvwZMZ N„Yvi m„wó Kiv- incite racial hatred
mwnsmZv‡K D‡¯‹ †`Iqv- incite violence
 Incur loss – jm LvIqv
D`vniY: Avg Pvlxiv cÖwZK~j AvenvIqvi Kvi‡Y Avw_©Kfv‡e e¨vcK jm †Lj|
-The mango growers incurred heavy financial loss due to adverse weather.
 kvšÍ Kiv- keep + object + quiet (ev”PvwU‡K kvšÍ Ki| -Keep the baby quiet)
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 141 ~
 Av¸b R¦vjv‡bv eySv‡Z Kindle a fire/ flame e¨eüZ nq|
 Zvj wgwj‡q Pjv- keep pace with
 U¨vc †Lvjv ivLv- leave tap turned on, KvD‡K †Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z ask +object + to verb e‡m
D`vniY: Avwg Zv‡K †mLv‡b †h‡Z ejjvg| -I asked him to go there.
 ‡n‡i hvIqv eySv‡Z- Lose a battle/ game/ an election
D`vniY: ‡m wbe©vP‡b †n‡i †Mj| -He lose the election.
 ‡`Iqv eySv‡Z let/ allow e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡m Avgv‡K †h‡Z †`q| -He lets me go.
‡m Avgv‡K N‡i XzK‡Z †`q| -He allows me to enter the room.
 Leave tap(s) turned on- U¨vc †Lvjv ivLv
 AvBb eySv‡Z- law
‡hgb: Declare martial law- mvgwiK AvBb †NvlYv Kiv
Impose martial law- mvgwiK AvBb Rvix Kiv
Lift martial law- mvgwiK AvBb Zz‡j †bIqv
 NUv‡bv- lead to
D`vniY: a~gcvb g„Zz¨ NUvq| -Smoking leads to death.
 Qvc †djv eySv‡Z leave........... an impression/ a mark e‡m|
 R¦vjv‡bv eySv‡Z light Gi e¨envi-
‡hgb: Light cigarette- wmMv‡iU aiv‡bv Light a candle– ‡gvgevwZ R¦vjv‡bv
Light a fire- Av¸b R¦vjv‡bv Light a lamp– evwZ R¦vjv‡bv
D`vniY: ‡m GKwU wmMv‡iU aiv‡jv| -He lit a cigarette.
 Pvjy Kiv/ ïiæ Kiv eySv‡Z launch e‡m|
‡hgb: AbymÜvb ïiæ Kiv- launch an enquiry Z`šÍ ïiæ Kiv- launch an investigation
cÖPvi Awfhvb ïiæ Kiv- launch a campaign
AvµgY Kiv- launch an attack AvµgY ïiæ Kiv- launch an invasion
 bvgvR cov‡bv eySv‡Z Lead prayer e‡m|
D`vniY: Avãyj jwZd mv‡ne evRv‡i Aew¯’Z kvnRvjvj Bmjvgx e¨vsK gmwR‡` bvgvR covb|
-Abdul latif leads prayers at shahjalal Islami Bank mosque situated at
Saheb Bazar.
 weQv‡bv/ ¯’vcb Kiv eySv‡Z lay e‡m|
‡hgb: to lay a carpet – MvwjQv weQv‡bv to lay a cable – Zvi ¯’vcb Kiv
to lay a pipe – cvBc ¯’vcb Kiv to lay responsibilities- `vwqZ¡ †`qv
 Kgv‡bv eySv‡Z lessen e‡m|
‡hgb: SuzwK Kgv‡bv- lessen the risk cÖfve Kgv‡bv- lessen the impact
cÖfve Kgv‡bv- lessen the effect
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 142 ~
 cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv eySv‡Z lift e‡m|
‡hgb: mvܨ AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv - lift a curfew wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv- lift a restriction
wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv- lift a ban wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv- lift an embargo
Ae‡iva cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv- lift a blockade
 Launch the offensive- AvµgY Pvjv‡bv
D`vniY: Zviv Rvbyqvix gv‡mi `k Zvwi‡L AvµgY Pvwj‡‡qwQj|
-They launched the offensive on January 10.
 Launch operation- Awfhvb Pvjv‡bv
D`vniY: cywjk gv`K mieivnKvix‡`i weiæ‡× GKUv eo Awfhvb Pvjv‡jv|
-The police launched a major operation against drug suppliers.
 Make an exit- cÖ¯’vb Kiv
 Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv †evSv‡Z- meet need/ demand e‡m|
 Mediate Gi e¨envi-
‡hgb: Mediate differences- gZv‰bK¨ ga¨¯ÍZv Kiv
Mediate dispute- weev` wggvsmv Kiv Mediate problem- mgm¨v wb®úwË Kiv
 Meet objective- D‡Ïk¨ mvab Kiv; Achieve objective- D‡Ïk¨ mvab Kiv;
 Make one’s debut- cª_g AvZ¥ cÖKvk Kiv;
 Meet A_© †`Lv Kiv,Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î ‡gUv‡bv/ c~iY Kiv eySv‡Z meet e‡m|
‡hgb: Meet the needs- Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv Meet the condition- kZ©c~iY Kiv
Meet the demand- `vwe c~iY Kiv
 Mete out punishment/ penalties- kvw¯Í ‡`Iqv/ Av‡ivc Kiv
D`vniY: ‡KvU© KZ„©K ¸iæZi kvw¯Í †`Iqv/ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡jv|
-Severe penalties were meted out by the court.
 ‡cvlY Kiv eySv‡Z nurse e‡m|
‡hgb: Nurse an ambition- D”P Avkv †cvlY Kiv Nurse a grudge- we‡Øl †cvlY Kiv
 cvjb Kiv eySv‡Z Observe e‡m|
D`vniY: GK wgwbU wbieZv cvjb Kiv| -Observe a minute’s silence.
hviv g„Zy¨eiY K‡i‡Q Zv‡`i ¯§i‡Y Zviv GKwgwbU wbieZv cvjb Kij|
-They observed a minute’s silence in memory of those who died.
 Open fire on- ¸wj Qzov/ ¸wj Kiv
D`vniY: ‰mb¨iv RbZvi w`‡K ¸wo Qzoj| -The troops opened fire on the crowds.
 Operate- KvR Kiv/ Pvjy Kiv
D`vniY: ‡mŠi c¨v‡bj ¸‡jv m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z P‡j| -Solar panels can only operate in sunlight.
Zviv Pv‡ci gy‡L wVKVvK KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| -They can operate well under pressure.
 gvb¨ Kiv eySv‡Z- obey a command/ order/ rules/ the law e‡m|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 143 ~
 Operate on sb- Acv‡ikb Kiv/ A¯¿cPvi Kiv
D`vniY: Wv³viMY Zvi Acv‡ikb Kivi wm×všÍ wbj|-The doctors decided to operate on him.
Avjwf I Ab¨vb¨ Wv³vi‡`i‡K ‡jvKwUi †Pv‡Li Acv‡ikb Ki‡Z n‡e|
-Alvi and other doctors will have to operate on the eyes of the man.
 eB †Lvjv- open a book
 ‡PvL †Lvjv- open eyes
 e¨vsK GKvD›U †Lvjv- open a bank account
 dz‡j hvIqv eySv‡Z organ/ A½cÖZ½ + be + a bit swollen
D`vniY: Zvi ‡PvL GKUzLvwb dz‡j †M‡Q| -His eyes are a bit swollen.
 ‡ewk Kiv eySv‡Z over + verb e‡m| AwZwi³ Kiv- overdo
D`vniY: Lv‡`¨ AwZwi³ jeY w`Ibv| -Don’t overdo salt in the food.
 e¨vsK †_‡K Mw”QZ UvKvi AwZwi³ MÖnY Kiv- overdraw.
D`vniY: MÖvnKiv Zv‡`i A¨vKvD›U G Mw”QZ UvKvi AwZwi³ UvKv MÖnY K‡iwQj|
-Customers overdrew their accounts.
 ‡ewk LvIqv- overeat
‡hgb: AwZwi³fv‡e †Kvb wKQzi g~j¨ wePvi Kiv- overestimate
‡ewk LvIqv‡bv- overfeed †ewk e¨q Kiv- overspend
AwZwi³/ evwo‡q ejv- overstate AwZwi³ LvUv/ LvUv‡bv- overwork
 AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv eySv‡Z owe Gi e¨envi-
‡hgb: AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv- owe allegiance to AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv- owe loyalty to
AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv- owe obedience to
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i‡K Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv DwPr|
-We should owe allegiance to our state.
 Pay Gi e¨envi
‡hgb: Pay a call on – mvÿvZ Kiv Pay tribute to – kÖ×v cÖ`k©b Kiv
Pay sb’s last respect- ‡kl kÖ×vÄwj †`Iqv [sb’s= somebody’s]
D`vniY: ‡m Zvi eÜz‡`i mv‡_ mvÿvZ Kij| -He paid a call on his friends.
 Percolate – avivevwnKfv‡e cwiwPZ n‡q DVv; Perish – aŸsm nIqv;
 Aciva Kiv- perpetrate a crime
‡hgb: RvwjqvwZ Kiv- perpetrate a fraud nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡bv- perpetrate a massacre
b„mskZv Pvjv‡bv- perpetrate a atrocity
 Photocopy – d‡UvKwc Kiv
D`vniY: Zzwg wK Avgvi Rb¨ G¸‡jv weKvj 5Uvi g‡a¨ d‡UvKwc K‡i w`‡Z cvi‡e?
-Can you get these photocopied for me by 5 o’clock?

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 144 ~

 Pick up – ‡dvb aiv
D`vniY: †dvbwU †e‡RB †Mj †e‡RB †Mj Ges †KD aij bv|
-The phone rang and rang and nobody picked up.
 Pick up passenger – hvÎx DVv‡bv
D`vniY: evmwU †÷k‡bi evB‡i hvÎx DVvq|
-The bus picks up passengers outside the station.
 Pursue- AR©b Ki‡Z †Póv Kiv
‡hgb: Purpose a goal/ an aim/ as objective
 Push--- back- wcwQ‡q †`Iqv
D`vniY: The start of the meeting was pushed back from 2 P.M. to 4 P.M.
 Put----sth---forward- GwM‡q Avbv
 Part company with + sb – Kv‡iv m½ Z¨vM Kiv
D`vniY: Ab¨ Av‡iK †Q‡ji mv‡_ m¤úK© _vKvq Rvwn` Uwdi m½ Z¨vM Kij|
-Zahid parted company with Toffee because of her relationship with
another boy.
 Zuvey LvUv‡bv- pitch tent
 m„wó Kiv eySv‡Z- pose e‡m|
‡hgb: ûgwK m„wó Kiv eySv‡Z- pose a threat
cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Kiv- pose challenge wec` m„wó Kiv- pose danger
SzuwK m„wó Kiv- pose risk mgm¨v m„wó Kiv- pose problem
 Av‡M NUv- Precede
D`vniY: evbwKgy‡bi Av‡M Kwd Avbvb RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe wQ‡jb|
-Kofi Annan preceded Ban Ki–Moon as the secretary General of the UN.
 msL¨vq/ cwigv‡Y AwaK nIqv- Predominate
D`vniY: cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j wkwÿKv‡`i msL¨v A‡bK ‡ewk|
-Female teachers predominate elementary school.
 Lyrev †`Iqv- preach sermon
 Replace- RvqMv `Lj Kiv
D`vniY: A‡bK wkí KviLvbvq ‡gwkb gvbe kÖwg‡Ki RvqMv `Lj K‡i‡Q|
-Machines have replaced human labour in many industries.
 Read a map/ the map- gvbwPÎ †`Lv
 Reap the benefit of- myweav cvIqv ev †fvM Kiv
 Receive- cvIqv eySv‡Z- receive a letter/ receive a phone call/ receive a word/ receive
information/ receive payment/ receive thanks/ receive a warm welcome/ receive
injury

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 145 ~

 Ring/ call back- Kj e¨vK Kiv
D`vniY: Avwg †Zvgv‡K Kj e¨vK Ki‡ev| -I will ring/ call you back.
 Result in- NUv‡bv
D`vniY: `vwi`ª¨ `y`©kv NUvq| -Poverty results in misery.
 Result from- D™¢yZ nIqv/ NUv
D`vniY: cvwbi ¯Íi e„w×i d‡j eb¨v nq| -Flood results from the rise of water levels.
 ‡`Lv eySv‡Z read I feel Gi e¨envi-
‡hgb: read palm- nvZ †`Lv
read watch- Nwo †`Lv
feel pulse- bvox ‡`Lv
 AvcwË Rvbv‡bv- raise an objection
 M„nnxb Kiv- render + object + homeless
D`vniY: cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM A‡bK †jvK‡`i M„nnxb K‡i‡Q|
-Natural disaster has rendered many people homeless.
 DcwbZ nIqv eySv‡Z- reach a conclusion/ decision/ verdict/ compromise/
agreement e‡m|
 c~iY Kiv eySv‡Z Satisfy nq|
‡hgb: Satisfy- c~iY Kiv/ wgUv‡bv Satisfy need- cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bv
Satisfy hunger- ÿyav wgUv‡bv Satisfy demand- Pvwn`v wgUv‡bv
Satisfy thirst- wccvmv wgUv‡bv Satisfy requirement- cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bv
 AvNvZ cvIqv eySv‡Z sustain injury e‡m|
 c~iY Kiv eySv‡Z- Serve e‡m|
‡hgb: Serve --- purpose- D‡Ïk¨ c~iY Kiv
Serve --- need- cÖ‡qvRb c~iY Kiv Serve --- interest– ¯^v_© wmw× Kiv
D`vniY: GB eBwU Avgv‡`i Abyev` †kLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ c~iY Ki‡e|
-This book will serve our purpose of learning translation.
 See a doctor- Wv³vi †`Lv‡bv
 Stress the importance of- ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kiv
 bvgvR cov- Say prayer
D`vniY: Avwg ARy K‡i dR‡ii mvjvZ Av`vq Kijvg| [Islami Bank BD (PO)-2012]
-I said Fajr prayer taking ablution.
 AbyMZ _vKvi kc_ †bIqv- swear/ take an oath of allegiance e‡m|
 is/ ÷vB‡j gvbv‡bv eySv‡Z suit e‡m|
D`vniY: jvj Ges Kv‡jv is Zv‡K fvj gvbvq|
-Red and black are colours that suit him.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 146 ~
 Smoke cigarette- wmMv‡iU LvIqv; Light- cigarette wmMv‡iU aiv‡bv;
 evRv eySv‡Z strike Gi e¨envi-
D`vniY: Nwo‡Z 12Uv evRj| -The clock struck twelve.
 `uvZ IVv eySv‡Z- be teething
D`vniY: Zvi `vuZ DV‡Q| -He is teething.
 wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î ejv eySv‡Z tell e‡m|
‡hgb: tell a lie/ tell a story/ tell a joke/ tell the time
 Take a photo/ picture – Qwe †Zvjv
 Take office- ÿgZv MÖnY Kiv
D`vniY: 2005 mv‡j miKvi ÿgZv MÖnY K‡iwQj|
-The govt. took office in 2005.
 KiæYv Kiv/ `qv Kiv- take pity on/ have pity on
 RyZvi wdZv †Lvjv- untie/ undo shoelace
 ‡eë †Lvjv- unfasten belt
 Rqjvf Kiv eySv‡Z- Win war/ game/ an election
D`vniY: ‡m wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf Ki‡jv| -He won the election.
 Drme gyLi nIqv eySv‡Z- Wear festive mood/look e‡m|
D`vniY: The whole city has worn festive mood.
 Pkgv civ eySv‡Z- wear glasses e¨eüZ nq|
 win a match- cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Rqjvf Kiv; lose a match- cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †n‡i hvIqv;
 ‡Kvb KvR Ki‡eb wK eySv‡Z- cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨, mvaviYZ would you mind + verb + ing e‡m|
D`vniY: Avcwb wK GK Kvc Pv Lv‡eb?
-Would you mind having a cup of tea?
 aŸsm mvab Kiv eySv‡Z- wreak havoc/ cause havoc e‡m|
D`vniY: eb¨v †MvUv GjvKv‡Z aŸsm mvab K‡iwQj|
-The floods caused havoc throughout the area.
Bu`yi dm‡ji ÿwZ mvab K‡i|
-Rats wreak havoc on crops.
 RbwcÖqZv AR©b Kiv- win popularity; RbwcÖqZv nviv‡bv- lose popularity;
gvwjKvbv AR©b Kiv- win possession
gvwjKvbv nviv‡bv- lose possession
 AvenvIqv wVK _vKv- weather permitting
D`vniY: AvenvIqv wVK _vK‡j Avwg †mLv‡b hve|
-I will go there, weather permitting.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 147 ~
FFF

A‡b¨i Øviv KvR Kiv‡bv eySvq Giƒc ev‡K¨i

Abyev`- Use of Causative Verb
 KvD‡K †Kv‡bv wKQy Kiv‡bvi A‡_© †h verb wU e¨envi Kiv nq †m verb wU‡K mvaviYZ Causative
verb ejv nq| ‡hgb:
Common Verb Causative Verb Common Verb Causative Verb
Believe (wek¦vm Kiv) Convince (wek¦vm Kiv‡bv) Lie (_vKv) Lay (ivLv)
Dive (Wze †`Iqv) Dip (Wzev‡bv) Remember (g‡b Kiv) Remind (g‡b K‡i †`Iqv)
Eat (LvIqv) Feed (LvIqv‡bv) Rise (DVv) Raise (DVv‡bv)
Know (Rvbv) Inform (Rvbv‡bv) Sit (emv) Set (emv‡bv/ ¯’vcb Kiv)
Learn (‡kLv) Teach (‡kLv‡bv)
D`vniY: Avwg †Zvgv‡K LvIqvB| -I feed you. [_vbv wkÿv Awdmvi- 04]
gv wkky‡K LvIqvq| -Mother feeds her baby. [gwš¿cwil` wefv‡Mi Awdm mnvqK cixÿv- 2017]
 NB: Feed + e¨w³+ on/ with + Lv`¨
gv wkï‡K fvZ LvIqv‡”Q| -Mother is feeding the baby with/ on rice.
 Feed sth + to + cÖvYx
‡cÖg nwi Zvi `ycy‡ii Lvev‡ii Dw”Qó Ask KzKziwU‡K LvIqv‡jv|
-Prem Hari fed the leftovers of his lunch to the dog.
 GQvovI mxwgZ msL¨K verb Av‡Q hv Bs‡iwR‡Z Causative verb ev cÖ‡hvRK wµqv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
nq| Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ Structure Gi gva¨‡g Ab¨vb¨ †h †Kvb verb †K Causative Gi A‡_© cÖKvk
Kiv hvq| ‡hgb- GKwU evK¨ njÑ ÒAvwg Zv‡K GK Møvm cvwb cvb KivjvgÓ
Bs‡iwR‡Z cvb Kiv‡bvi A_© cÖKvkK †Kv‡bv verb †bB| †m‡ÿ‡Î wb¤œwjwLZ verb, †hgb: Have/
cause/ get/ make/ let/ help Øviv wb¤œwjwLZ Structure Gi gva¨‡g †h †Kvb verb †K Causative
Gi A‡_© cÖKvk Kiv‡bv hvq|
Causative verb wn‡m‡e Have Gi e¨envi-
 Structure: Subject + have/ has/ had+ e¨w³+ g~j verb Gi base form+ extension
D`vniY: Avwg Zv‡K GK Møvm cvwb cvb Kivjvg| -I had him drink a glass of water.
Avwg Zv‡K GK Møvm cvwb cvb Kive| -I will have him drink a glass of water.
[GLv‡b subject ev Avwg Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK object h_v: ‘Zv‡K’ _vKvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b drink e‡m‡Q|
GLv‡b drunk/ to drink e¨envi Ki‡j fzj n‡Zv]

Causative verb wn‡m‡e get/ cause Gi e¨envi-

 Structure: Subject + Cause/ get + e¨w³ + to + g~j verb + extension
D`vniY: Avwg Zv‡K GK Møvm cvwb cvb Kivjvg|
-I caused/ got him to drink a glass of water.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 148 ~
 Avwg Zv‡K GK Møvm cvwb cvb Kive| -I will cause/ get him to drink a glass of water.
[GLv‡b subject ev Avwg Gi c‡i e¨w³evPK object h_v: ‘Zv‡K’ _vKvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b to drink e‡m‡Q|
GLv‡b drunk/ drink e¨envi Ki‡j fzj n‡Zv]
Have/ Cause/ Get-
 Structure: Sub. + Have/ Cause/ get + e¯‘evPK object+ v.p.p+ extension
D`vniY: Avwg GK Møvm cvwb cvb Kivjvg| -I had/ caused/ got a glass of water drunk.
[G ev‡K¨ subject ev Avwg Gi c‡i e¯‘evPK object h_v: ‘GK Møvm cvwb’ _vKvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b drunk
e‡m‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î drink/ to drink e¨envi Ki‡j fzj n‡Zv]
Avwg KvRwU Kwi‡qwQ| [HSTU. E-Unit 14-15] -I have got the work done.
Avwg Avgvi Pzj KvUv‡ev| [gvtfvtwetcÖtwet A, 12-13] -I shall get my hair cut.
Make/ Let Gi e¨envi-
 Structure: Subject + make/ let + object + g~j verb + extension
D`vniY: Avwg Avwjg‡K e¨vcviwU eySvjvg| -I made/ let Alim understand the matter.
GB structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖk-œ
object verb
GKgvÎ †g‡q‡K MÖ¨vRy‡qU Kwi‡q‡Qb hv‡Z subjectZvi †g‡q extensionwb‡Ri I Ac‡ii Aej¤^b
verb
n‡Z cv‡ib| [35th BCS Written] -She has made her only daughter graduate so that she
can be a support for herself and for others.
sub
Avwg object Zv‡K GKUv gqjv †MwÄ I GKUv nvd-c¨v›U causative verb cwi‡q wVK ivLvj †Q‡ji gZ causative
verb
Kwi| [37th BCS Written] -I make him look just like a cow boy making him wear a dirty
T-shirt and a half-pant.
He can make you do this. Gi mwVK e½vbyev`| [gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv Awa`߇ii D”Pgvb mnKvix 13]
‡m †Zvgv‡K w`‡q GUv Kiv‡Z cv‡i|
ev”Pv‡K †Mvmj `vI| [RU (A-‡Rvo)13-14] -Let the baby take a bath.
Zzwg wK Zv‡K eySv‡Z †Póv Ki‡e? [DU (D)10-11]
-Will you try to make him understand?
Help Gi e¨envi-
 Structure: Help Gi c‡i to+ verb Gi base form A_ev Help+ verb Gi base form e‡m|
D`vniY: Puv`bx Avmv`‡K eBwU wjL‡Z mvnvh¨ Kij|
-Chandni helped Asad to write the book.
Or-Chandni helped Asad write the book.
[N.B. Causative verb e¨env‡ii Av‡iv Grammar MZ cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z PvB‡j- “Expert-
Basic English” eBwU †`L‡Z cv‡ib]

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 149 ~

 Chapter Related Practice (Aa¨vq wfwËK Abykxjb)

evsjv evK¨mg~n: †m Zvi Kw¤úDUvi wVK Kwi‡q wbj| MZKvj GUv bó n‡q wM‡qwQj| ZvB †m
GKRb †Q‡j‡K w`‡q GUv‡K enb Kwi‡q wbj| Zvi Av‡M †m Zv‡K eySv‡jv †h †m Zv‡K w`‡q
Ah_v †Kvb KvR Kivq bv|
cÖ_‡g wb‡R wb‡R GKevi LvZvq wjLyb Zvici wgwj‡q wbb|
English Translation: He had/ got/ caused his computer repaired. It
became out of order yesterday. So he had a boy carry it/ (So he caused/ got
a boy to carry it.)/ (So he made a boy carry it.) Before that he had/ made him
understand that he had not had/ made him do any work for nothing/
(Before that he caused/ got him to understand that he had not caused/ got him to do
any work for nothing.)
[Note: That Gi Av‡M Past Indefinite Tense n‡j Gi c‡ii As‡k Past Perfect Tense
(subject+ had+ vpp e‡m)]

wewfbœ A‡_© Do Gi bvbvwea e¨envi

► ev‡K¨ verb Gi Dci †Rvi cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ wµqv+B eySv‡Z do/ does/ did + g~j verb Gi base
form e‡m|
D`vniY: Zviv †mLv‡b hvqB| -They do go there.
‡m KvRwU K‡iB| -He does do the work.
‡m †g‡qwU‡K fv‡jvevmZB| -He did love the girl.
e¨¯Í _vK‡jI Avjfx Zvi gm„Y Pz‡j †Zj w`‡Z †Póv K‡iB|
-Though busy, Alvi does try to apply oil to her glossy hair frequently.
► KvD‡K AbygwZ m~PK fve cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î- Av‡Mi verb †K 2q evi D‡jøL Kivi cwie‡Z©- (please) do
e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: Avwg Avcbv‡K GKwU eB w`e| -I will give you a book.
n¨uv w`b| -Please do.
Avwg Avcbvi i³Pvc gvc‡ev| -I will check your blood pressure.
n¨uv gvcyb| -Please do.
► nu¨v m~PK bv eySv‡Z mvaviYZ imperative ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z- do+ verb Gi base form em‡e|
D`vniY: Avgvi mv‡_ Av‡mvB bv| -Do come with me.
GK †jvKgv fvZ LvIbv, evey| -Do eat one morsel of rice, baby.
Avgv‡K ejbv Zzwg Avgvi mv‡_ AvRxeb _vK‡e|
-Do tell me that you will live with me throughout your life.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 150 ~
► GKB verb †K 2q evi D‡jøL Kivi cwie‡Z© do/ does/ did e‡m|
D`vniY: kkx hZUv bv cov‡kvbv K‡i Avjfx Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk cov‡kvbv K‡i|
-Alvi studies a lot more than Shashi does.
N.B: GLv‡b studies †K wØZxqevi e¨envi Kivi cwie‡Z© does e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
‡gwibv GB ¯’v‡bi Pviw`‡K e„ËvKv‡i Ny‡i wVK †hfv‡e mg¯Í MÖn Zv‡`i wbR wbR Kÿc‡_ Ny‡i|
Merina revolves round this place just as all the planets do in their
respective orbits.
N.B: GLv‡b revolves (e„ËvKv‡i Nyiv) †K wØZxqevi e¨envi Kivi cwie‡Z© do e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
► Pj‡e eySv‡Z e¯‘evPK- sub+ will do e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i wbivc` Rxe‡bi Rb¨ GKUv fv‡jv PvKzwi n‡jB Pj‡e|
-For our secured life a good job will do.
► Pj‡e bv †evSv‡Z- e¯‘evPK sub+ will not+ do e‡m|
D`vniY: ïay GB KqUv eB Avgvi Áv‡bi wccvmv wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ Pj‡ebv|
-Only these few books will not do for quenching my thirst for knowledge.
► Pj‡Z cv‡i bv/ cvwi bv eySv‡Z †hgb: we`y¨r Qvov Avgiv Pj‡Z cvwi bv|
Giƒc ev‡K¨i Structure: Sub+ cannot do+ without+ N/ P e‡m|
D`vniY: we`y¨r Qvov Avgiv Pj‡Z cvwi bv| -We cannot do without electricity.
 ‡Kgb AvQ eySv‡Z-How are you doing? (Zzwg †Kgb AvQ?)
► †Kvb wKQz fvj/ Lvivc n‡e eySv‡Z-do+ adj. e‡m|
D`vniY: GB ev·wU †Uwej wn‡m‡e fvj n‡e| -This box will do fine as a table.
Kiv A‡_© Do/ Make/ Hold- Gi e¨envi-
► Kiv A‡_© Do/ Make/ Hold GB wZbwU wµqv e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Kv‡Q confusion n‡”Q
KLb †KvbUv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b GKUv wj÷ †`qv nj hv AvqË Ki‡j †Kv‡bv mgm¨v _vK‡ebv
(Allah willing – BbkvAvjøvn&)
[Kiv A‡_© Do Gi e¨envi]
 mvaviYZ fvj/ Lvivc wKQz Kiv A_ev mvaviYfv‡e wKQz Kiv eySv‡Z do e¨eüZ nq| †hLv‡b Kiv A‡_©
make/ hold e¨envi Kiv nq †m¸‡jv e¨ZxZ Kiv A‡_© me RvqMv‡Z do e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvB do
Gi e¨envi A‡bK †ewk|
Do good- fv‡jv Kiv Do well/ better/ best- fv‡jv Kiv
Do business- e¨emv Kiv Do a favour- AbyMÖn Kiv
Do wrong/ injustice- Ab¨vq Kiv Do Justice- b¨vq wePvi Kiv
Do exercise- e¨vqvg Kiv Do harm- ÿwZ Kiv; Do drill- wWªj Kiv
Do penance- cÖvqwðË Kiv Do a post- mortem- gqbv Z`šÍ Kiv
Do translation- Abyev` Kiv Do an omelette/ omelet- wWg gvg‡jU Kiv
Do some private tuition- cÖvB‡fU cov‡bv [tutor- cÖvB‡fU cov‡bv]
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 151 ~
 D`vniY: Avgiv mvaviYZ gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ e¨emv Kwi| [Bangladesh Tariff Commission
-We usually do business to earn profit. (BTC) RO -2010]
gwiqg Kv‡iv ÿwZ K‡i bv| -Mariam does not do harm to anybody.
 wb¤œwjwLZ ‡ÿ‡Î Kiv eySv‡Z do Gi c‡i some, a lot of, an A_ev Giƒc msL¨v + wb¤œwjwLZ ing
hy³ verb e‡m|
Do cooking- ivbœv Kiv Do shopping- evRvi Kiv
Do a lot of reading- cÖPzi cwigv‡Y cov Do some walking- nuvUvnuvwU Kiv
Do some bird-watching- cvwL ch©‡eÿY Kiv Do some letter writing- wPwV †jLv
Do ironing- Kvco Avqib Kiv

[Kiv A‡_© Make Gi e¨envi]

 Make Øviv mvaviYZ m„Rbkxj †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv eySvq A_ev dj cvevi Rb¨ wKQz Kiv eySvq|
Make a cake- wcVv Kiv Make a plan- cwiKíbv Kiv
Make a car- Mvwo ˆZwi Kiv Make a journey- ågY Kiv
Make an offer- cÖ¯Íve Kiv Make a suggestion- civgk© Kiv
Make a decision- wm×všÍ †bqv Make an effort/ attempt- cÖ‡Póv Kiv
Make an excuse- ARynvZ †`Lv‡bv Make a mistake- fzj Kiv
Make a noise- ‡Mvjgvj Kiv Make a phone call- Kj Kiv
Make money- A_© DcvR©b Kiv Make profit- jvf Kiv
Make love to- ‰`wnK m¤ú©K Kiv Make peace- kvwšÍ cÖwZôv Kiv
Make progress- DbœwZ Kiv Make arrangement- Av‡qvRb Kiv
Make available- myjf Kiv Make an enquiry- Z`šÍ Kiv
Make a guess- Abygvb Kiv Make a haste- Zvovû‡ov Kiv
Make an experiment- cixÿv Kiv Make a loss- ÿwZ Kiv
Make public- Rb m¤§y‡L cÖKvk Kiv Make a purchase- µq Kiv
Make a remark- gšÍe¨ Kiv Make a resolution- `„p msKí Kiv
Make a list- ZvwjKv Kiv Make preparations- cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Kiv
Make a recommendation- mycvwik Kiv Make peace- kvwšÍ cÖwZôv Kiv
Make a comment/ comments- gšÍe¨ Kiv Make a pact- Pzw³/ mwÜ Kiv
Make a reference to- D‡jøL Kiv Make an announcement- †NvlYv Kiv
Make a fortune- m¤ú` DcvR©b Kiv Make a living- RxweKv DcvR©b Kiv
Make sacrifice- Z¨vM ¯^xKvi Kiv/ DrmM© Kiv
D`vniY: cÖwZ‡e`bwUi we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ Rbm¤§y‡L cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q|
-Details of the report have been made public.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 152 ~
 ‡`kwU hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Ki‡Q|
-The country is making preparations for war.
Av‡jvPbvKvixiv `ywU hy×iZ `‡ji g‡a¨ kvwšÍ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z AvMÖnx|
-The negotiators are willing to make peace between the warring factions.
Ríbv Kíbv Ggb GK ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q‡Q †h Avg‡`i‡K GKUv wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
-Speculation has reached such a pitch that we have to make a decision.
wmbw_qv †dvbwU aivi Rb¨ Zvovû‡ov Kij|
-Synthiya made a haste to answer the phone.
NB: Mistake- fzj †evSv- Make mistakes/ make a mistake- fyj Kiv
D`vniY: †g‡qwU Ggwb Ggwb †Q‡jwU‡K fzj eyS‡jv|
-The girl mistook the boy for nothing.
‡m fzj K‡i‡Q| -He has made a mistake.
[Kiv A‡_© Hold Gi e¨envi]
 mvaviYZ aiv ev AbywôZ Kiv eySv‡Z hold e¨envi Kiv nq Z‡e wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î Kiv eySv‡Z hold
e¨envi nq|
Hold meeting- mfv Kiv Hold discussion- Av‡jvPbv Kiv
Hold responsible- `vqx Kiv Hold guilty- †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv
Hold programme- Abyôvb Kiv Hold rally- mgv‡ek Kiv/ i¨vwj Kiv
Hold a demonstration- we‡ÿvf Kiv Hold workshop- Kg©kvjvi Av‡qvRb Kiv
Hold fair- ‡gjvi Av‡qvRb Kiv Hold dialogue/ conversation- Av‡jvPbv Kiv
Hold plenary session- Hold plebiscite/ referendum-
c~Y©v½ Awa‡ek‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv MY †fv‡Ui Av‡qvRb Kiv
Hold election- wbe©vP‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv
D`vniY: beMwVZ KwgwU GB mßv‡n cÖ_g c~Y©v½ Awa‡ek‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡e|
-The new committee will hold its first plenary session this week.
‡`kwU Zvi fwel¨Z miKvi e¨e¯’vi Dci GKwU MY‡fv‡Ui Av‡qvRb Ki‡e|
-The country will hold a plebiscite/ referendum on its future system of
government.
 wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î Kiv eySv‡Z Commit e‡m|
Commit crime- Aciva Kiv Commit murder- nZ¨v Kiv
Commit suicide- AvZ¥nZ¨v Kiv Commit offence- Aciva Kiv
 gvbe eÜb Kiv eySv‡Z- Form human chain e‡m|
 ‡`ix Kiv/ nIqv eySv‡Z-be long/ late e‡m|
D`vniY: †`wi K‡iv bv| -Don’t be long/ late.
AvR‡K Avgvi †`wi n‡q‡Q| -I am late today.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 153 ~
 ‡m cÖwZw`b Kv‡R †`wi K‡i Av‡m| -He is late for work every day.
Zzwg A‡bK †`wi K‡i †d‡j‡Qv| -You are very late. [NU (gvbweK)12-13]
 ‡`ix nIqv eySv‡Z get late e‡m|
D`vniY: ZvovZvwo Ki! †`wi n‡q hv‡”Q| -Hurry up! It is getting late.
 ‡h/ hZUzKz mgq †`wi nq Giƒc eySv‡Z †hgb: wiwgi ‡mvqv GK N›Uv †`wi n‡qwQj| Giƒc ev‡K¨i
Structure- Subject +...be verb + ‡h/ hZUzKz mgq †`wi n‡q‡Q †m mgq + late + extension.
D`vniY: wiwgi ‡mvqv GK N›Uv †`wi n‡qwQj| -Rimi was an hour and a quarter late.
Avgv‡`i wZb N›Uv †`wi n‡e| -We will be three hours late.
cixÿvi n‡j XzK‡Z iwbi I Avkvi `yB wgwbU †`wi n‡q‡Q|
-Rony and Asha have been two minutes late to enter the exam hall.
 Av‡M Avmv/ †`wi K‡i Avmv eySv‡Z †hgb: evmwU `k wgwbU Av‡M G‡m‡Q Giƒc ev‡K¨i, Structure-
Sub +be + time + early/ late
D`vniY: evmwU `k wgwbU Av‡M G‡m‡Q| -The bus is ten minutes early.
evmwU `k wgwbU †`wi K‡i G‡m‡Q| -The bus is ten minutes late.
 K¬vm Kiv eySv‡Z- attend class/ classes e‡m-
D`vniY: †m wbqwgZ K¬vm K‡i bv| -He does not attend classes regularly.
 ‡Mvj Kiv eySv‡Z- score goal e‡m|
D`vniY: Zviv `ywU †Mvj Kij| -They scored two goals.

Chapter Related Practice (Aa¨vq wfwËK Abykxjb)

evsjv evK¨mg~n: †Q‡jwU †jvKwUi GKwU DcKvi Ki‡jv (do sb a favour)| Zvi Av‡M †m
wKQz cwiKíbv I cÖ‡Póv K‡iwQj| Zvi mvnvh¨ Qvov A‡bK †jvK Zv‡`i Rxe‡b DbœwZ Ki‡Z
cvi‡Zv bv| †m Ges Zvi eÜziv GKwU wgwUs Ki‡Q| wgwUs Gi ci Zviv K¬vm Ki‡e| ZvB Zviv
†`wi Ki‡e bv|
cÖ_‡g wb‡R wb‡R GKevi LvZvq wjLyb Zvici wgwj‡q wbb|

English Translation: The boy did the man a favour. He made some
plans and efforts before that. Many people could not make progress in
their life without his help. He and his friends are holding a meeting. They
will attend their classes after the meeting. So they will not be late.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 154 ~

 Kv‡Ri mvg_©¨/ m¤¢vebv/ DwPZ/ `iKvi/ mvnm BZ¨vw`i
Abyev`- (Use of Modal Auxiliary Verb)

► Modal auxiliary verb †hgb: Can/ could/ shall/ should/ may/ might/ must/ will/
would/ have to/ has to/ am to/ is to/ are to/ going to BZ¨vw`i c‡i me mgq verb Gi base
form em‡e Ab¨ †Kv‡bv parts of speech em‡Z cv‡ibv|
D`vniY: I can able to do the work. (fzj)
GB evK¨wU fzj| KviY GLv‡b Can Gi c‡i able e‡m‡Q hv GKwU Adjective GLv‡b evK¨wU
mwVK n‡e hw` Gi c‡i verb _v‡K|
-I can (am able to) do the work. (mwVK)
Can Gi e¨envi-
► cviv eySv‡Z- Can e¨eüZ nq/ be able to e¨eüZ nq|
D`vniY: Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cvwi|
 Can A_©-cviv/ cvwi/ cviwQ/ cvie|
-I am able to do the work.
D`vniY: Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cvwi/ cviwQ/ cvie|
Or-I can do the work.
Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cviwQ| -I can do the work.
-I am being able to do the work.
Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ| -I have been able to do the work.
Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z †c‡iwQjvg| -I was able to do the work.
Avwg KvRwU Ki‡Z cvie| -I will be able to do the work.
weMZ mvj wfwËK cÖk-œ
Adverbial
AvgvbZ msMÖ‡n e¨qe„w×i Pv‡ci AvwaK¨ I jvMvgnxb `yb©xwZi Kvi‡Y sube¨vsK¸‡jv
Adverbial
my‡`i D”P nvi †_‡K verb†ewi‡q Avm‡Z cvi‡Q bv| [evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK (SO) 2017] -The banks
cannot come out from the high interest rate due to excessive pressure of
increased cost in collecting deposits and uncontrolled corruption.
Zv bv n‡j GKwU RvwZ KL‡bvB Dbœq‡bi wkL‡i †cuŠQv‡Z cvi‡e bv| [SBL, ATO: 2016]
-Otherwise, a nation can never reach the apex of development.
Or-Otherwise, a nation will never be able to reach the apex of development.
gvbyl evqy Qvov euvP‡Z cv‡i bv| [ivtwet 05-06] -Man cannot live without air.

May/ Might Gi e¨envi-

► m¤¢vebv A‡_© cviv eySv‡Z- Subject + may/ might + verb e‡m| Z‡e Kg m¤¢vebv eySv‡Z might
+ verb e‡m|
D`vniY: AvR‡K e„wó n‡Z cv‡i| -It may/ might rain today.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 155 ~
 Avwg AvMvwgKvj XvKv †h‡Z cvwi| -I may go to Dhaka tomorrow (50% m¤¢vebv)
-I might go to Dhaka tomorrow. (30 % m¤¢vebv)
► Abygvb A‡_© n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i eySv‡Z- Subject + might have + v.p.p e‡m|
D`vniY: MZ iv‡Z e„wó n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i| -It might have rained last night.
► AbygwZ PvIqv A‡_© cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨- Subject + may/ might e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: Avwg wK wfZ‡i Avm‡Z cvwi, m¨vi? -May/ Might I come in, sir?
Should Gi e¨envi-
► DwPr A_ev DwPr n‡e eySv‡Z ev‡K¨- Subject+ should + g~j verb Gi base form e‡m|
D`vniY: †Zvgvi KvRwU Kiv DwPr/ DwPr n‡e| -You should do the work.
► DwPr wQj eySv‡Z ev‡K¨- Subject+ should have + v.p.p e‡m|
D`vniY: †Zvgvi KvRwU Kiv DwPr wQj| -You should have done the work.
► DwPZ nqwb/ wQjbv eySv‡Z- Subject+ should not have + v.p.p
D`vniY: †Zvgvi KvRwU Kiv DwPr nqwb/ wQjbv| -You should not have done the work.
► Abygvb A‡_©I should e‡m| G †ÿ‡Î evsjv ev‡K¨ Òwµqv+K_vÓ D‡jøL _vK‡e| MVb: Subject+
Should + verb + extension.
D`vniY: wcÖqvsKv miKv‡ii 8 Uvq MvBevÜv †cuŠQvi K_v|
-Priyanka Sarkar should reach Gaibandha at 8 o’clock.
Could/ would Gi e¨envi-
► b¤ªfv‡e Aby‡iva Kiv eySv‡Z cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨ could/ would e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: Avcwb wK Avgv‡K ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡q hvIqvi iv¯ÍvwU †`wL‡q w`‡Z cvi‡eb?
-Would/ Could you show me the way to Rajshahi university?
Need Gi e¨envi-
► `iKvi/ cÖ‡qvRb _vKv eySv‡Z need e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgvi GKwU Kjg `iKvi| -I need a pen.
► †Kvb wKQy nIqv/ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb eySv‡Z-
D`vniY: evwowU †givgZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| -The house needs repairing/ to be repaired.
► †Kvb ev‡K¨ †Kvb wKQz bv Ki‡jI P‡j, †hgb: ‡Kqv‡K KvRwU bv Ki‡jI P‡j| Giƒc ev‡K¨ need Gi
c‡i hardly/ scarcely/ only e‡m| Structure: Sub+ need+ hardly/ scarcely+ g~j verb Gi
base form+ extension.
D`vniY: ‡Kqv‡K KvRwU bv Ki‡jI P‡j| -Keya need hardly/ scarcely do the work.
[GLv‡b GB structure Gi †ÿ‡Î need Gi c‡i s/ es/ to †hvM Kiv hv‡e bv]
► †Kvb wKQz GKUz Kiv `iKvi eySv‡Z †hgb: †mŠwgZvi ïay GKUz Av‡M jvB‡eªwi‡Z Avmv `iKvi|
Giƒc ev‡K¨i- Structure: Sub + need + only + g~j verb Gi base form + extension.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 156 ~
 D`vniY: †mŠwgZvi ïay GKUz Av‡M jvB‡eªwi‡Z Avmv `iKvi|
-Soumita need only come to the library a bit earlier.
► cÖ‡qvRb †bB eySv‡Z †hgb: †gŠmywg cv‡ji KvRwU Kivi `iKvi †bB| Giƒc ev‡K¨i- Structure:
Subject+ does/ do not need + to + g~j verb
D`vniY: †gŠmygx cv‡ji KvRwU Kivi `iKvi †bB|
-Mousumi Paul does not need to do the work.
Or-Mousumi Paul need not do the work.
bvRgyj Avwiwdb iwb m¨v‡ii Kv‡Q MwYZ co‡j †Zvgvi Ab¨ wkÿK‡`i Kv‡Q hvIqvi `iKvi †bB|
-If you read math with Nazmul Arifin Rony Sir, you need not go to other
teachers.
Or-If you read math with Nazmul Arifin Rony Sir, you do not need to go
to other teachers.
► cÖ‡qvRb †bB eySv‡Z- Sub +need not +g~j verb +extension e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi KvRwU Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
-He need not do the work. Or-He does not need to do the work.
 cÖ‡qvRb †bB eySv‡Z- Giƒc MVbI n‡Z cv‡i- sub + do/ does + not + have to + g~j verb +
extension e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi KvRwU Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| -He does not have to do the work.
Avgiv (GKevi) Avgv‡`i cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i m‡e©v”P e¨envi wk‡L †dj‡jB, we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`k
†_‡K Avgv‡`i †`‡ki mvnvh¨ PvIqvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
-Once we have learnt the best use of our natural resources, our country
does not have to seek help from other countries of the world.
► cÖ‡qvRb wQjbv eySv‡Z- Sub +need not + have+ vpp +extension
A_ev- sub+ did not+ have to+ g~j verb+ extension e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi †mLv‡b hvIqvi cÖ‡qvRb wQjbv| -He need not have gone there.
Or -He did not have to go there. Or -He did not need to go there.

Dare Gi e¨envi-
► mvnm bv _vKv/ bv cvIqv eySv‡Z †hgb: CwkZvi KvRwU Kivi mvnm †bB/ CwkZv KvRwU Ki‡Z mvnm cvq
bv| Giƒc ev‡K¨i- Structure: Subject+ do/ does/ did/ + not+ dare + g~j verb Gi base
form/ to + verb Gi base form
D`vniY: CwkZvi KvRwU Kivi mvnm †bB/ CwkZv KvRwU Ki‡Z mvnm cvq bv|
-Ishita does not dare (to) do the work. A_ev- Ishita dare not do the work.
► Dare A_© mvnm Kiv| dare not A_© mvnm cvq bv/ mvnm †bB eySv‡Z- sub + dare not + g~j
verb + extension e‡m|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 157 ~
 D`vniY: †Q‡jwU †g‡qwUi av‡i Kv‡QI Avmvi mvnm cvq bv|
-The boy dare not come close to the girl.
 Modal verb wn‡m‡e used to e‡m Ges Gi negative n‡”Q- sub + used not to/ did not
use to + verb Gi base form +extension e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡m GZ e`‡gRvRx wQjbv|
-He used not to be so bad tempered.
Or- He did not use to be so bad tempered.
NB: Used to KLbI present Indefinite Tense G e¨eüZ nqbv| Avi †m Rb¨ He does not
use to be so bad tempered evK¨wU fzj|
 evsjv‡Z Af¨¯Í _vKv eySv‡Z be/ get + used to + verb + ing … e‡m|
†hgb: †m KvRwU Ki‡Z Af¨¯Í| -He is used to doing the work.
GLv‡b used n‡jv GKwU adjective, modal verb bq|

Abyev‡` Preposition Gi e¨envi

 Preposition Gi e¨envi Rvb‡j †h †Kv‡bv eo eo translation Ki‡Z Lye easy
jvM‡e| ZvB †R‡b wbb KLb †Kvb preposition e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
 evsjv †Kv‡bv bvgevPK kã/we‡k‡l¨i c‡i- G/ †Z/ q/ i/ n‡Z/ †_‡K/ †P‡q/ w`‡K BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Bs‡iwR
Kivi mgq †m noun Gi Av‡M Preposition e‡m|
Avwg Bs‡iwR cwo| (Bs‡iwR-noun) [I read English.]
Avwg Bs‡iwR‡Z cwo| (Bs‡iwR + †Z) [I read in English.]
Dc‡ii `yÕwU ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ 2q Bs‡iwR kãwUi †k‡l Ò‡ZÓ K_vwU D‡jøL Av‡Q| Zvn‡j 1g ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR
Translation G †Kv‡bv Preposition e‡mwb| cÿvšÍ‡i, 2q ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR Translation G
Preposition e‡m‡Q| KviY †mLv‡b noun Gi mv‡_ Ò†ZÓ K_vwU D‡jøL Av‡Q|
► wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv‡Z wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î GKvwaK Preposition em‡e| Avi wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv
preposition-B em‡e bv| †hLv‡b †hLv‡b Preposition em‡e Zvi wb‡P underline Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D`vniY: Zviv Lye Ávbx| -They are very wise.
Zv‡`i Rxeb Áv‡b cwic~Y©| -Their life is enriched with knowledge.
evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b Zv‡`i‡K mevB ¯§iY K‡i|
-Everybody remembers them in the development of Bangladesh.
wSwiwSwi evZvm Avgv‡`i‡K m‡ZR K‡i|
-A light breeze makes us fresh.
Zviv wSwiwSwi evZv‡m cÖK…wZi †mŠ›`h© Dc‡fvM Ki‡Q|
-They are enjoying the beauty of nature in a light breeze.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 158 ~
► Translation Kivi †ÿ‡Î mnR I mvejxjfv‡e Preposition e¨envi Kivi Dcvq:
*QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K cov‡bvi eû w`‡bi AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Avwg jÿ¨ K‡iwQ †h Zviv mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv k‡ãi
†k‡l Òi/ n‡Z/ †_‡KÓ BZ¨vw` _vK‡j mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡i †h †Kvb Preposition wU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Z‡e mgm¨vwU `uvovq GK RvqMv‡Z Avi †mwU nj noun Gi †k‡l q/ G/ †Z _vK‡j|
‡hgb: †m XvKv‡Z hv‡e| ‡m XvKv‡Z _v‡K|
Dc‡ii `ywU ev‡K¨ ÒXvKvÓ GKwU ¯’v‡bi bvg hvi †k‡l Ò‡ZÓ wefw³i D‡jøL Av‡Q| wKš‘ mgm¨v nj †Kv_vq
†Kvb Preposition wU em‡e|
Gev‡i Preposition Gi wKQz wbqg †`qv nj hv follow Ki‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i freehand writing ev
evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv ai‡bi weo¤^bvi wkKvi n‡Z n‡ebv Ges Zviv mn‡RB mwVKfv‡e
Preposition Gi e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
hw` Avgiv Bs‡iwR sentence pattern jÿ¨ Kwi Zvn‡j eySv hv‡e †h †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î evsjv †Kv‡bv
noun/we‡k‡l¨i †k‡l G/ †Z _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Zvi Av‡M in e‡m|
D`vniY: GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Avwg †Zvgvi mvnvh¨ PvB| -In this situation, I seek your help.
†Zvgvi `yt‡L Avwg †Zvgvi cv‡k _vK‡ev| -I will be by you in your sorrow.
†iŠ‡`ª †`ŠovBIbv| -Do not run in the sun.
‡gvU K_v, †h k‡ãi †k‡l ÒGÓ _vK‡e †mLv‡b Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Preposition e¨envi bv Rvbv _vK‡j in
e¨envi K‡i e³v †gvUvgywUfv‡e Zvi g‡bi fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniY: eBwU †kÖwY K‡ÿ Av‡Q| -The book is in the class room.
[GLv‡b Preposition e¨envi bv Ki‡j (-The book is the class room.) Gi A_© n‡e, eBwU n‡”Q †kÖwY
KÿwU| GLv‡b Preposition e¨envi bv Kivi Kvi‡Y evK¨wU GKwU nvm¨Ki expression G cwiYZ n‡q‡Q]
In Gi e¨envi-
D‡jøL¨ †h GB Aa¨v‡q G‡Ki ci GK Preposition Gi e¨envi †`Lv‡bv n‡e †h¸‡jv evsjv noun/
we‡k‡l¨i †k‡l G/ †Z/ q _vK‡j e¨eüZ nq| Avi GB wbqg¸‡jvi evB‡i hZ¸‡jv noun word Gi †k‡l
G/ †Z/ q _vK‡e †m¸‡jvi Av‡M Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î in em‡e|
 wb¤œwjwLZ word Gi †k‡l G/ ‡Z/ q _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Zv‡`i Av‡M in em‡e|
‡hgb: ¯‹zj/ K‡jR/ wek¦we`¨vjq/ †kÖwY/ wWwMÖ/ cixÿv/ cÖvwZôvwbK I wkÿvg~jK Program/ Awdm/
Av`vjZ/ †KvU©/ †`k/ gnv‡`k/ fvlv/ RvwZ/ eo ¯’vb/ gvm/ eQi/ FZz/ cwi‡ek/ cwiw¯’wZ/ MÖn/ P›`ª/ m~h©/
bÿÎ/ eB/ eB‡qi g‡a¨ Av‡jvwPZ welq/ †Kv‡bv wKQzi gZvgZ/ wePvi-we‡ePbv/ cvnvo-ce©Z/ b`xbvjv/
msev`-cÎ/ mKvj/ mܨv/ mgq/ gvbwmK Ae¯’v BZ¨vw`|
D`vniY: †m evsjv‡`‡k evm K‡i| -He lives in Bangladesh.
wcÖqvsKv b‡f¤^i gv‡m Zvi PvPv‡Zv †ev‡bi we‡q †L‡Z wM‡qwQj|
-Priyanka went to attend the marriage ceremony of her cousin in
November/ in the month of November.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 159 ~

 bvRgyj Avwiwdb iwb PzqvWv½v †Rjvi kvcjvKjx Av`k© gva¨wgK we`¨vjq I Rxeb bMi wWwMÖ
K‡j‡R c‡o‡Q|
-Najmul Arifin Rony has read in Shaplakali Adarsha Secondary School and
Jibannagar Degree College of/ in Chuadanga district.
XvKvq Zzwg †Kv_vq DV‡e Avgv‡K ej| [ATEO-95]
-Tell me where you will put up in Dhaka.
ÿzavi iv‡R¨ c„w_ex M`¨gq| [IU (B)12-13]
-The world is prosaic in the state of hunger.
 evsjv‡Z FZzi bv‡gi c‡i wb¤œ wjwLZfv‡e Kv‡j/ G‡j K_vi D‡jøL _vK‡j †hgb: el©v Kv‡j/ elv© G‡j
GB MÖv‡gi †R‡jiv b`x‡Z gvQ ai‡Z hvq, Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq in + FZzi bvg e‡m|
D`vniY: el©v Kv‡j / elv© G‡j GB MÖv‡gi †R‡jiv b`x‡Z gvQ ai‡Z hvq|
-The fishermen of this village go to catch fish in the river in the rainy
season.
 MÖx®§ Kv‡j/ Mig G‡j eySv‡Z in summer e‡m|
D`vniY: MÖx®§ Kv‡j / Mig G‡j gkvi DrcvZ ev‡o| [Sonali Bank Ltd. (SO)- 2014]
-The nuisance of mosquitoes increases in summer.
kxZ Kv‡j / kxZ G‡j AwZw_ cvwLiv evsjv‡`‡k Av‡m|
-Migratory birds come to Bangladesh in winter/ the winter.
In Gi Av‡iv wKQz e¨envi-
N‡ii †Kv‡Y emv- sit in the corner of the room †Mvj n‡q bvPv- dance in a ring
Kvbœvq- in tears m‡›`‡n- in doubt evB‡i Nygv‡bv- sleep in the open
my‡L- in happiness ‡Pnvivq- in appearance mvwi mvwi n‡q emv- sit in row
me© mvKz‡j¨- in all †Mvc‡b- in secret `~N©Ubvq- in an accident
AÜKv‡i- in the dark Ny‡g- in sleep nZvkvq- in despair F‡Y- in debt
weQvbvq †kvqv- lie in bed Z‡e weQvbvq emv eySv‡Z sit on the bed e‡m|
Avivg †K`vivq emv- sit in an arm-chair Z‡e arm-chair bv eywS‡q Ggwb †Pqvi eySv‡j-
on e‡m| ‡hgb: sit on a chair

 wµqv+ †ÿ‡Î eySv‡Z- in+ verb+ing e‡m| A_ev- in the case of+ verb+ing,------
D`vniY: gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i †Kvb A‡hŠw³K gšÍe¨ Kiv DwPZ bq|
-In giving opinions, we should not make any irrational comments.
mnmªv× Dbœqb jÿ¨ AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k e¨vcK AMÖMwZ K‡i‡Q|
-Bangaldesh has made considerable progress in achieving Millennium
Development Goals.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 160 ~

 Abstract †Kvb welq hv aiv hvq bv/ †`Lv hvq bv BZ¨vw`i c‡i G/ †Z _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq
Zv‡`i Av‡M 70% Gi †ewk †ÿ‡Î in e‡m|
D`vniY: wg_¨v‡Z †Kv‡bv myL †bB| -There is no happiness in falsehood.
‡m j¾vq Zvi gv_v wbPz Ki‡jv| -He hung his head in shame.
`yB m¤úª`v‡qi †jvKRb GK‡Î kvwšÍ‡Z emevm K‡i|
-The people of the two communities live together in peace.
 Kv‡iv we‡ePbvq ev Kv‡iv g‡Z eySv‡Z- In+ possessive(my, our, you, his, her, their) +
opinion/ view/ estimation e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgvi aviYvq/ we‡ePbvq †m me‡P‡q fv‡jv cÖwZ‡hvMx|
-In my estimation, he is the best candidate.
 ‡Kvb wKQz cwiwnZ/ civ‡bv Ae¯’v eySv‡Z cwiwnZ e¨w³ + in + cwiwnZ e¯‘ +.... e‡m|
D`vniY: jvj kvwo cwiwnZ †g‡qwU Avwgiæ‡ji ¯¿x| -The girl in red sharee is Amirul’s wife.
nvZKov civ‡bv e›`xwU wQj wb‡`v©l| -The prisoner in chains was innocent.
wRÝ civ n¨vÛmvg †Q‡jwUi bvg †mv‡nj|
-The name of the handsome boy in jeans is Sohel.
 i‡O ev Kvwj‡Z eySv‡Z- in + colour e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Aby‡”Q`¸‡jv njy` Kvwj w`‡q `vwM‡q‡Q|
-He has highlighted the important passages in yellow.
 wjwLZfv‡e eySv‡Z- in writing e‡m|
D`vniY: †m cywj‡ki Kv‡Q welqwU wjwLZfv‡e Rvbv‡jv|
-He informed the police of the matter in writing.
 mvs‡KwZK fvlvq eySv‡Z- in sign language e‡m|
D`vniY: ‰mb¨‡`i †bZv Zv‡`i‡K mvs‡KwZK fvlvq wb‡`©k w`‡jv|
-The leader of the troops commanded them in sign language.
 wb¤œwjwLZ ‡ÿ‡Î fvlvq eySv‡Z mvaviYZ in parlance e‡m|
mvaviY fvlvq- in common parlance AvB‡bi fvlvq- in legal parlance
Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlvq- in computer parlance
 wb¤œwjwLZ instrument w`‡q †jLvi †ÿ‡Î in e‡m|
in ink- Kvwj w`‡q in pencil- ‡cwÝj w`‡q
D`vniY: †m †cwÝj w`‡q GKwU †bvU wjLj| -He wrote a note in pencil.
GwU Kvwj w`‡q †jLv n‡qwQj| -It was written in ink.
 ch©vqµ‡g eySv‡Z- in phases e‡m|
 m½wZc~Y© nIqv- be in line with
D`vniY: gRyixe„w× Aek¨B gy`ªvùxwZi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© n‡Z n‡e|
-Wage increase must be in line with inflation.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 161 ~
 we‡ePbvq/ ‡Kvb wKQzi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i- in view of
D`vniY: eq‡mi we‡ePbvq/ eq‡mi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i Zv‡K ÿgv Kiv n‡qwQj|
-He was pardoned in view of his age.
 Zvovû‡ov K‡i eySv‡Z- in haste- e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvovû‡ov K‡i wKQz †j‡Lv bv| -Don’t write anything in haste.
 ‰`‡N©¨ eySv‡Z- in length; cÖ‡¯’ eySv‡Z- in width Ges AvKv‡i eySv‡Z- in size e‡m|
D`vniY: b`xwU ‰`‡N¨© 300 gvBj| -The river is 300 miles in length.
 Av‡M †_‡K eySv‡Z in advance e‡m|
D`vniY: Av‡M †_‡K GwU ˆZwi K‡i ivL| -Prepare it in advance.
 DrcwËMZ w`K †_‡K eySv‡Z in origin e‡m|
D`vniY: DrcwËMZ w`K †_‡K AwaKvsk Kvwk fvBivmRwbZ| -Most coughs are viral in origin.
DrcwËMZ w`K †_‡K kãwU †d«Â/ divwm fvlvi| -The word is French in origin.
 msL¨vq eySv‡Z- in number e‡m|
D`vniY: msL¨vq wQjvg Avgiv cuvP Rb| -We were five in number.
 msL¨vq eySv‡Z- in number e‡m| mvaviYZ fvB/ †ev‡bi msL¨v ejvi †ÿ‡Î †hgb: †ejv‡jiv Pvi
fvB| Gai‡bi ev‡K¨i Structure: e¨w³ +.. fvB/ ‡evb eySv‡Z brothers/ sisters + are + in
number
D`vniY: ‡ejv‡jiv Pvi fvB| -Belal and his brothers are four in number.
kkxiv wZb †evb| -Shashi and her sisters are three in number.
 e¨vcK nv‡i- in greater/ increasing numbers
D`vniY: ‡eKvi †jv‡Ki msL¨v e¨vcK nv‡i evo‡Q|
-The number of unemployed people is increasing in greater numbers.
 Lecturer in + subject Gi bvg e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡gŠmywg cvj evsjvi cÖfvlK| -Mousumi Paul is a lecturer in Bangla.
 Professor/ teacher of + subject Gi bvg e‡m|
D`vniY: Avjx Av‡bvqvi BwZnv‡mi Aa¨vcK| -Ali Anwar is a professor of History.
D¾j mvfvi K¨v›Ub‡g›U ¯‹zj G¨vÛ K‡j‡Ri imvq‡bi wkÿK|
-Uzzal is a teacher of Chemistry at Savar Cantonment School and College.
iwb I Avwid GKB cvovq eo n‡q‡Q|
-Rony and Arif grew up in the same neighborhood.
 GKzk †_‡K EbwÎk eq‡mi g‡a¨, GKwÎk †_‡K EbPwjøk eq‡mi g‡a¨, GKvËi †_‡K EbAvwk eq‡mi
g‡a¨, Giƒc eySv‡Z In+ possessive(my, our, your, his, her, its, their, noun+,s) +
twenties/ thirties/ forties/ fifties, etc. e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi eqm GKwËk †_‡K EbPwjøk Gi g‡a¨/ Zvi eqm w·ki †KvVvq|
-He is in his thirties.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 162 ~
 Zvi `v`v GKlwÆ †_‡K EbmËi eQi eq‡mI K‡Vvi cwikÖg Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv|
-His grandfather could also work hard in his sixties.
 Superlative degree Gi †ÿ‡Î in i/Gi A_© cÖKvk K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Superlative degree +
noun + in + ¯’vb/ `j evPK word e‡m|
D`vniY: †m we‡k^i me‡P‡q myLx †jvK|
-He is the happiest man in the world. (not of the world)
cjvk fvB GB `‡ji me‡P‡q `ªæZZg †L‡jvqvo|
-Palash Vai is the fastest player in the team. (not of the team)
 cÖ_g cÖn‡i eySv‡Z- in the small/ early hours of + morning e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡jvKwU kwbevi cÖ_g cÖn‡i gviv wM‡qwQj|
-The man died in the early hours of Saturday morning.
 w`‡bi †ejv eySv‡Z in the daytime/during the daytime e‡m|
 µg eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡e order e‡m|
eY©vbyµ‡g- in alphabetical order Kvjvbyµ‡g- in chronological order
msL¨vbyµ‡g- in numerical order
 Abymv‡i/ µ‡g eySv‡Z in order of e‡m|
¸iæZ¡ Abymv‡i- in order of importance AvKvi Abymv‡i- in order of size
†gav Abymv‡i/ µ‡g- in order of merit AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ- in order of precedence
AMÖvwaKvi Abymv‡i/ wfwˇZ- in order of priority
D`vniY: AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ e³viv g‡Â Avmj|
-The speakers came on to the platform in order of precedence.
 e„wó‡Z- in the rain; ‡iv‡`ª-in the sun; Qvqv‡Z- in the shade;
 GBw`‡K- in this direction; mew`‡K- in all direction;
 ‡Kvb wKQzi w`K †_‡K eySv‡Z in terms of e‡m|
†hgb: ‡gav I gb‡bi w`K †_‡K/ †gav I gb‡b- in terms of merit and creativity
Li‡Pi w`K †_‡K- in terms of cost ¸iæ‡Z¡i w`K †_‡K- in terms of importance
AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K/ AvqZ‡b- in terms of area
RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡K/ RbmsL¨vq- in terms of population
D`vniY: gv_vwcQz Av‡qi w`K †_‡K GB †`kwUi Zzjbvq Pxb GL‡bv `k ¸Y †ewk kw³kvjx|
-China is still ten times more powerful than this country in terms of the per
capita income.
Avgiv hw` Li‡Pi w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Kwi Zvn‡j GUv GKUy †ewk e¨qeûj n‡e|
-If we consider in terms of cost, it will be a bit more expensive.
‡mŠ›`©h I m„RbkxjZvq Kvbb AwØZxq|
-Kanon is second to none in terms of beauty and creativity.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 163 ~
 AvqZ‡b evsjv‡`‡ki me©e„nr †Rjv n‡”Q iv½vgvwU|
-Rangamati is the largest district of Bangladesh in terms of area.
 e‡k eySv‡Z in a fit of/ out of + emotion evPK word e‡m|
D`vniY: †m iv‡Mi e‡k Ni †_‡K †ewi‡q †Mj|
-He left the room in a fit of anger/ out of anger.
KweZv weiw³i e‡k mfv †_‡K P‡j †Mj| -Kabita left the meeting in a fit of pique.
(in a fit of pique- weiw³i e‡k)
At Gi e¨envi-
 wb¤œwjwLZ word Gi †k‡l G/ †Z _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Zv‡`i Av‡M at em‡e| eqm/ †QvU ¯’vb (†hgb:
†÷kb, wegvb e›`i, N›Uv, c„ôv BZ¨vw`)
D`vniY: †m lvU eQi eq‡m g„Zy¨ eiY K‡i| -He died at 60/ at the age of sixty.
mvwgi 25 eQi eq‡m we‡q K‡i‡Q|
-Samir has married at 25/ at the age of twenty-five.
myRb mvbvi Rb¨ †ij †÷k‡b A‡cÿv Ki‡Q|
-Suzon is waiting for Sana at the railway station.
evmwU wegvbe›`‡i hvÎx DVvq| -The bus picks up passengers at the airport.
 N›Uv eySv‡Z- At + wbw`©ó N›Uv e‡m| evsjv‡Z N›Uvi c‡i G/q/‡Z _vK‡e|
D`vniY: ‡m wbqwgZ ivZ eviUvq Nygv‡Z hvq| -He goes to bed at 12 am regularly.
 wewµ Kiv/ nIqv eySv‡Z- At + taka e‡m|
D`vniY: cÖwZ †KwR Pv‡ji `vg 40 UvKv| -Rice sells at taka 40 per kg.
wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î wKQz‡Z iZ, mgq+ G/ q, ¯’vb+ G/ q G BZ¨vw` eySv‡Z †hgb: at the bus stop/
airport/ station/ reception(Af¨_©bv Kÿ)
‡LjviZ- at play Kg©¯’‡j- at work
wekÖvgiZ- at rest ¯^vaxb Ae¯’vq- at liberty
SMoviZ- at quarrel hy×iZ- at war
mKv‡j- at morning weKv‡j- at afternoon
mܨvq- at evening `ycy‡i- at noon
iv‡Î- at night mßvn‡šÍ- at the weekend
‡fvi †ejvq- at dawn/ at daybreak m~‡hv©`q Kv‡j- at sunrise
evwo‡Z- at home nvmcvZv‡j- at hospital
mgy`ª ZxieZ©x ¯’v‡b- at seaside ‡e‡M/ MwZ‡Z- at a speed
fwel¨r mg‡q- at a future date cieZx© mg‡q- at a later date
m½xZvbyôv‡b- at the concert jv Ki‡Q Giƒc †evSv‡Z- at lunch
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq- at the match GB KwVb mwÜÿ‡Y- at this critical juncture
‡K‡›`ª- at the center mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b- at the party
bvU¨kvjvq- at the theater mfvq- at the meeting
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 164 ~
 D`vniY: wZw_ GLb jv Ki‡Q| -Tithi is at lunch now.
cÖej †e‡M evZvm eBwQj| [f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi Awdm mnKvix Kvg-Kw¤úDUvi gy`ªvÿwiK cixÿv-17]
-The wind was blowing at a great speed.
 At + possessive (his/ her/ their/ one’s, etc.) + best/ worst/ superlative degree.
D`vniY: †m GLb me‡P‡q fv‡jv Av‡Q| -He is at his best now.
 `v‡g eySv‡Z-
Kg `v‡g- at a low price ‡ewk `v‡g- at a high price
A‡a©K `v‡g- at a half price wbw`©ó g~j¨ Qv‡o/ n«v‡m- at a discount
 wbK‡U eySv‡Z- at hand e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i cixÿv Lye wbK‡U| -Our exam is at hand.
 nv‡i/ MwZ‡Z eySv‡Z-
D”P nv‡i- at a high rate D”P MwZ‡Z- at a high speed
 ‡Kvb wKQz‡Z `ÿ/ A`ÿ eySv‡Z good/ bad/ clumsy(Avbvwo/ A`ÿ)/ clever/ genius + at +
welq-
D`vniY: †m Bs‡iwR‡Z `ÿ| -He is good at English.
 ‡Kvb ‡gvevBj ev †Uwj‡dvb bv¤^v‡i eySv‡Z- at/ on + mobile number e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgvi mv‡_ 01746-640588 b¤^‡i †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
-You can contact me at/ on 01746640588.
 c„ôv †ei Kiv A‡_©- Open at page e‡m|
D`vniY: 5 bs c„ôvwU †ei Ki| -Open at page no. 5.
 wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi †ÿ‡Î at ev in DfqB em‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniY: †m ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡q c‡o| -He reads in/ at Rajshahi University.
 Ab¨vb¨ wKQz e¨envi-
Ae‡k‡l- in the end ‡k‡l- at the end
GZ iv‡Z- so late at night ga¨iv‡Z- at midnight
iv‡Zi ‡ejv- at night time Mfxi iv‡Z/ wbwk cÖn‡i- at dead of night
D`vniY: iv‡Zi †ejv GB GjvKvwU †jv‡K †jvKviY¨ n‡q _v‡K|
-This area is full of people at night time.
On Gi e¨envi-
⌂ wb¤œwjwLZ word Gi †k‡l G/ †Z _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Zv‡`i Av‡M on em‡e|
w`b/ evi/ B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ (‡hgb- †gvevBj, †Uwj‡dvb, wUwf, †iwWI)/ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g (‡hgb-
†dmeyK, UzBUvi, B›Uvi‡bU, B-‡gBj, B‡gv, ¸Mj)/ KwgwU/ †ivW/ iv¯Ív/ w`K BZ¨vw`|
D`vniY: ‡m Avgvi evg cv‡k em‡jv|
-He sat on my left side.
`yB N›Uvi †ewk mgq a‡i dvinvbv †iwbi mv‡_ †dv‡b K_v ej‡Q|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 165 ~
 -Farhana has been on the phone to Reny for more than two hours. (be on the
phone- ‡dv‡b K_v ejv)
[NB: mobile phone ‡K / mobile/ mobile phone/ cellular phone/ cell phone GB me
KqwU bv‡g WvKv hvq]
wicv `vm KL‡bv †dmey‡K Zvi Qwe Avc‡jvW K‡iwb|
-Ripa Das has never uploaded her pictures on facebook.
‡m Avgv‡K †gvevBj †dv‡b msev`wU Rvbv‡jv|
-He communicated the news to me on the mobile phone.
jvjb Avjx †gvevB‡j N›Uvi ci N›Uv K_v ejv cQ›` K‡ibv|
-Lalon Ali does not like talking on the mobile phone for hours.
B›Uvi‡b‡U Avgiv A‡bK Z_¨ cvB|
-We get a lot of information on/ over the internet.
wb‡qvM cÖwµqv m¤úwK©Z we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ Avgv‡`i I‡qe mvB‡U cvIqv hv‡e|
-Details relating to the recruitment process will be available on our website.
gv‡S gv‡S KwYKv Zvi we‡`‡k _vKv AvZœxq ¯^Rb‡`i mv‡_ B-‡gB‡j †hvMv‡hvM K‡i|
-Sometimes Kanika contacts her relatives living abroad on e-mail.
wiZz Zvi f‡qm †gB‡j gybœx I cÖwZgvi KvQ †_‡K `yBwU wnwewRwe †g‡mR †cj|
-Ritu got two garbled messages on her voice mail from Munni and Pratima.
¯‹zjwU m¤ú©‡K Rvb‡Z ¸M‡j ÒwbqvgZcyi Av`©k ¯‹zjÓ wj‡L AbymÜvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
-To know about the school, you can type “Niamatpur Adarsha School” on
Google.
NB: Online Gi †ÿ‡Î online G eySv‡Z Gi Av‡M in/ at/ on preposition e‡m bv|
†hgb: mKj cÖv_x©‡`i‡K AbjvB‡b Av‡e`b Ki‡Z ejv n‡jv|
-All the candidates were asked to apply online.
bvUKwU †iwWI‡Z cÖPvi Kiv n‡qwQj| -The play was aired on the radio.
†m †Uwjwfk‡b AbyôvbwU †`Lj| -He watched the programme on TV.
‡bvU: Radio, Cinema Ges Theatre Gi Av‡M the e‡m wKšÍ TV Gi Av‡M the Gi e¨envi
optional|
 On/ upon/ over the intercom- B›UviK‡g, On the news- wUwf‡Z cÖPvwiZ msev‡`|
D`vniY: Avwg GUv ‡Uwjwfk‡b cÖPvwiZ msev‡` †`‡LwQ| -I have seen it on the news.
w`b/ ZvwiL/ evi/ gvm Gi Av‡M on Gi bvbvwea e¨envi-
 evi/ w`b/ ZvwiL Gi Av‡M on e‡m|
D`vniY: AvR g½jevi| -Today is Tuesday.
GLv‡b Tuesday Gi Av‡M †Kv‡bv preposition e¨envi Kivi `iKvi †bB| KviY Ôg½jeviÕ kãwUi c‡i
G wefw³ †bB| wKš‘ GLv‡b g½jevi Gi mv‡_ G _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Zvi Av‡M on em‡e|
D`vniY: ivqnvb kwbev‡i I g½jev‡i e‡i›`ª gv`ivmv evRv‡i evRvi Ki‡Z hvq|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 166 ~
 -Raihan goes to Barendra Madrasah Bazar for shopping on Saturday and
Tuesday.
 on + gvm + ZvwiL/date e‡m|
D`vniY: †m †g‡qwU 30 b‡f¤^i †ngjZvi mv‡_ wQj|
-That girl was with Hemlata on November 30.
‡m bIMuv †Rjvi wbqvgZcyi Dc‡Rjvi cvwbkvBj MÖv‡g 1990 mv‡ji 11 A‡±vei Rb¥MÖnY K‡i|
-He was born at Panishail in Niamatpur Upazilla of Naogaon/ under the
district of Naogaon on October 11 in 1990/ in the year 1990.
‡Kvb ev‡K¨ hw` ci ci K‡qKwU ¯’vb/ mg‡qi D‡jøL _v‡K Zvn‡j †QvU †_‡K †m ¯’vb/ mgq †K µgvš^‡q
mvwR‡q Translation Ki‡Z n‡e| ci ci wZbwU ¯’v‡bi bvg _vK‡j at + me‡P‡q †QvU ¯’vb (at
Panishail) + in + Zvi †P‡q GKUz eo ¯’vb (in Niamatpur) + of/ under + me‡P‡q eo ¯’vb (of
Naogaon/ under the district of Naogaon)
 On + mßv‡ni/ w`‡bi bv‡gi plural = cÖwZ eySvq †hgb:
On Saturdays- cÖwZ kwbevi On Mondays- cÖwZ †mvgevi
On Wednesdays- cÖwZ eyaevi
D`vniY: cÖwZ ïµev‡i Avgiv Ry¤§vi bvgvR cwo| -On Fridays, we say Jumma prayer.
 On the morrow- c‡ii w`b
D`vniY: c‡ii w`b Zv‡K P‡j ‡h‡Z n‡qwQj| -He had to leave on the morrow.
 ‡Kvb gv‡mi Zvwi‡L eySv‡Z ‡hgb: †g gv‡mi GK Zvwi‡L Giƒc †ÿ‡Î on + the + first/ second/
third...../ msL¨v/ number + the + of + gv‡mi bvg e‡m|
D`vniY: †m GLv‡b †g gv‡mi GK Zvwi‡L G‡mwQj| -He came here on the first of May.
A_ev, on + gvm + first/ second/ third..... -He came here on May first.
‰mb¨iv †m eQi 9RyjvB/ RyjvB gv‡mi bq Zvwi‡L nvgjv Pvwj‡qwQj|
-Troops invaded on the 9th of July that year.
-Troops invaded on July 9th that year.
 evsjv‡Z mivmwi- mKv‡j, weKv‡j, mܨvq/ iv‡Z eySv‡Z in the + morning/ afternoon/
evening/ night A_ev at + morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night e‡m|
D`vniY: mܨvq gymwjg‡`i gvMwi‡ei bvgvR co‡Z nq|
-The Muslims have to say Maghrib Prayer in the evening.
Or-The Muslims have to say Maghrib Prayer at evening.
 wKš‘ evsjv‡Z Zvwi‡Li c‡i mKv‡j, weKv‡j, mܨvq/ iv‡Z eySv‡Z on the + morning/
afternoon/ evening/ night + of + gvm/ occasion e‡m|
D`vniY: †m †g gv‡mi 21 ZvwiL weKv‡j GLv‡b G‡mwQj|
-He came here on the afternoon of May 21.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 167 ~
 Rvbyqvix gv‡mi `k ZvwiL iv‡Z|
-On the night of 10 January.
 On + w`b + night
kwbevi iv‡Z- On Saturday night iweevi iv‡Z- On Sunday night
 AvMvgx + ev‡ii bvg + c‡ii + ev‡ii bvg _vK‡j, ‡hgb: AvMvwg iweev‡ii c‡ii iweevi/ AvMvwg
†mvgev‡ii c‡ii †mvgevi G‡ÿ‡Î structure: (on) + w`b/ ev‡ii bvg+ week e¨eüZ nq|
 AvMvwg iweev‡ii c‡ii iweevi- on Sunday week
 AvMvgx †mvgev‡ii c‡ii †mvgevi- on Monday week
D`vniY: iæ‡ej Zvi eÜzi mv‡_ AvMvwg iweev‡ii c‡ii iweevi †`Lv Ki‡e|
-Rubel will see his friend Sunday week/ on Sunday week.
 AvMvgx gv‡mi------- Zvwi‡L eySv‡Z- on the + ZvwiL + th + proximo e‡m| AvMvgx gv‡mi 10
Zvwi‡L on the 10th proximo; AvMvgx gv‡mi 20 Zvwi‡L- on the 20th proximo
D`vniY: dvinvbv AvMvgx gv‡mi 10 Zvwi‡L Zvi MÖv‡gi evmv PyqvWv½vi `k©bvq hv‡e|
-Farhana will go to her village home at Darshana in Chuadanga on the 10th
proximo.
 MZgv‡mi------ Zvwi‡L eySv‡Z- on the + ZvwiL + th + ultimo e‡m| ‡hgb: MZ gv‡mi 10
Zvwi‡L on the 10th ultimo; MZ gv‡mi 20 Zvwi‡L- on the 20th ultimo
D`vniY: MZgv‡mi `k Zvwi‡L Avjfx Zvi MÖv‡gi evmv mvZÿxivi cv_iNvUvq wM‡qwQj|
-Alvi went to her village home at Patharghata in Sathkhira on the 10th ultimo.
 eZ©gvb/ PjwZ gv‡mi------ Zvwi‡L eySv‡Z- on the + ZvwiL + th + instant e‡m| eZ©gvb/ PjwZ
gv‡mi 10 Zvwi‡L on the 10th instant; eZ©gvb/ PjwZ gv‡mi 20 Zvwi‡L- on the 20th
instant
D`vniY: PjwZ gv‡mi `k Zvwi‡L iwb Zvi MÖv‡gi evmv wSbvB`‡ni g‡nkcy‡i hv‡e|
-Rony will go to his village home at Moheshpur in Jhenaidah on the 10th instant.
 w`b/ Zvwi‡Li gZB eySv‡Z G‡`i c~‡e© as on e‡m; Ges gvm/ eQi/ FZyi gZB eySv‡Z as in e‡m|
D`vniY: g½jev‡ii gZB ïµevi mv‡o AvUUvq wgwUswU AbywôZ n‡e|
-The meeting will be held at 8:30 on Friday, as on Tuesday.
2000 mv‡ji gZ 2004 mv‡jI Zviv mKj ai‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z wQj|
-They were prepared to combat all kinds of odds in 2004, as in 2000.
Be verb + on + ---- Gi e¨envi-
 ‡Kvb ¯’v‡b wewµ nq/ cvIqv hvq/ hv‡”Q/ n‡”Q- Subject + be verb + on sale
D`vniY: eywKs Awd‡m wUwKU wewµ nq/ n‡”Q| -Tickets are on sale from the booking office.
 Av¸b jvMv eySv‡Z- Subject + be verb + on fire/ in flames
D`vniY: evwowU‡Z Av¸b †j‡M‡Q|
-The house is on fire. Or- The house is in flames.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 168 ~
 c„ôvq/ c„ôv‡Z eySv‡Z- Subject + be verb + on page e‡m|
D`vniY: QwewU GB eB‡qi cuwPk c„ôv‡Z Av‡Q|
-The picture is on page 25 of this book.
 µ‡g e„w× cv‡”Q eySv‡Z- Subject + be verb + on the increase e‡m|
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR †kLvi MyiæZ¡ µ‡gB e„w× cv‡”Q|
-The importance of learning English is on the increase.
Avgv‡`i RbmsL¨v †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| [Bangladesh Bank (AD)- 2008]
-Our population is on the increase. [Islami Bank BD (PO)-12]
wek¦Ry‡o †e‡oB P‡j‡Q ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi Pvwn`v|
-The demand of smart phone is on the increase worldwide.
 ax‡i ax‡i n«vm cv‡”Q eySv‡Z- Subject + be verb + on the decrease/ wane e‡m|
D`vniY: eûj Av‡jvwPZ †m eBwUi Pvwn`v µ‡gB K‡gB hv‡”Q|
-The demand for the most talked about book is on the wane/ decrease.
 Be on the march- KzPKvIqvRiZ Ae¯’vq
D`vniY: kÎæiv KzPKvIqvRiZ Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| -The enemy is/ are on the march.
 QzwU‡Z _vKv eySv‡Z- Subject + be verb + on leave e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i Bs‡iwR wkÿK AvR QzwU‡Z Av‡Qb| -Our English teacher is on leave today.
 gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb QzwU‡Z eySv‡Z- on maternity leave
 wkÿv QzwU‡Z eySv‡Z- on study leave
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i wcÖq wkÿK Ges ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wnmveweÁvb I Z_¨ e¨e¯’v wefv‡Mi mnKvix
Aa¨vcK †mv‡nj †g‡n`x m¨vi wkÿv QzwU‡Z MÖxY e¨vswKs Gi Dci M‡elYv Ki‡Z gvj‡qwkqv wM‡q‡Qb|
-Our favorite teacher and an assistant professor of the Department of Accounting
and Information Systems of Rajshahi University, Sohel Mehedi sir has gone to
Malaysia on study leave to conduct research on Green Banking.
 eo QzwU‡Z eySv‡Z- On vacation/ on holiday e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡mZz, Zbœx I †R¨vwZ QzwU‡Z wm‡jU †eov‡Z wM‡qwQj|
-Setu, Tonny and Jyoty went to Sylhet on vacation.
[Note: weªwUk Bs‡iwR‡Z holiday Ges A¨v‡gwiKvb Bs‡iwR‡Z vacation e¨envi Kiv nq|
mvaviYZ H †ÿ‡Î †hLv‡b †Kvb †jvK Zvi Kg©¯’j ev evmv ‡_‡K `y‡i †Kv_vI AeKvk hvcb K‡i
ev ågY K‡i]
hvbevnb/ ‡n‡U hvIqvi †ÿ‡Î on Gi e¨envi-
 on + the/possessive + hvbevnb:
D`vniY: †m GLb ev‡m Av‡Q| -He is on the bus.
fwZ© cwiÿv_x©iv `ycy‡ii †Uª‡b P‡j hv‡”Q|
-The admission seekers are leaving on the noon train.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 169 ~
 Bmjvgyj 4.30 Gi †Uª‡b bv‡Pvj †cuuŠQv‡e|
-Islamul will reach Nachole on the 4.30 train.
GLb †m Zvi evB‡K Av‡Q| -He is now on his bike.
Note: Z‡e car Gi †ÿ‡Î in the car e‡m| †m Mvox‡Z hv‡”Q| -He is going in the car.
 hvbevn‡b DVv eySv‡Z †hgb ev‡m/ ‡Uª‡b Pov/ DVv eySv‡Z Get on a/ the bus/ train/ plane/
horse/ bike/ ship e‡m| Ges G¸‡jv †_‡K bvgvi †ÿ‡Î get off e‡m|
D`vniY: Avwid †Uª‡b DVj| -Arif got on the train
 Z‡e car/ taxi/ small boat Gme hvbevnv‡b Pov/ DVv eySv‡Z Get into a car/ taxi/ small
boat e‡m| Ges G¸‡jv †_‡K bvgvi †ÿ‡Î get out of e‡m|
D`vniY: nvwee Mvwo‡Z DVj| -Habib got into a car.
[GB evK¨wU‡Z ‡KD hw` got on e¨envi K‡i Zvn‡j †mUv fzj n‡e]
nvwee U¨vw· †_‡K bvgj| -Habib got out of a taxi.
 †Kv‡bv cÖvYxi wc‡V Pov eySv‡Z on e‡m| on + animal + back:
‡Nvovq P‡o/ †Nvovi wc‡V P‡o- on horseback
 GQvovI cv‡q †nu‡U eySv‡Z on foot e‡m|
D`vniY: cÖwZw`b weKv‡j Avjvwgb I gvwnb myjZvbv cv‡q †nu‡U Kzwóqvi †iYDBK evu‡a hvq|
-Alamin and Mahin Sultana go to the Ren Week Barrage of Kushtia on foot
every afternoon.
Avwg cv‡q ‡nu‡U cixÿv w`‡Z G‡mwQ| [mvD_ Bó e¨vsK wU wm I- 2017]
-I have come to sit for/ appear at the exam on foot.
 Lvwj cv‡q eySv‡Z in bare feet e‡m|
D`vniY: gvwnb myjZvbv GB ¯’v‡bi Pvicvk w`‡q Lvwj cv‡q nvuUv nuvwU K‡ibv|
-Mahin Sultana does not walk around this place in bare feet.
 Kv‡iv †Kv_vI hvIqvi c‡_/ Avmvi c‡_ eySv‡j on + possessive(his, her, their, etc.) + way
to/ from + ¯’vb nq|
D`vniY: wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K Avmvi c‡_ Avwg Zv‡K †`Ljvg|
-On my way from university, I saw him.
wek¦we`¨vj‡q hvIqvi c‡_ Avwg Zv‡K †`Ljvg|
-On my way to university, I saw him.
AvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î on Gi e¨envi-
 c¨v‡iv‡j/ cvjv‡ebv GB k‡Z©- on parole e‡m|
D`vniY: Zv‡K c¨v‡iv‡j gyw³ †`qv nj| -He was released on parole.
 Rvwg‡b- on bail
D`vniY: ‡m Rvwg‡b _vKv Ae¯’vq Av‡iv `ywU Aciva K‡iwQj|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 170 ~
 -He committed two more crimes when he was out on bail.
 wigv‡Û- on remand
D`vniY: Zv‡K 3 w`‡bi wigv‡Û †bqv n‡qwQj| -He was taken on a 3 -day remand.
 On probation- Av‡eÿY Ae¯’v-
D`vniY: K‡qw`‡K Av‡eÿ‡Y ivLv n‡jv| -The prisoner was put on probation.
w`‡K/ cv‡k eySv‡Z- on Gi e¨envi-
 w`‡K/ cv‡k eySv‡Z- on the---side of + ¯’vb
on the left side of- evg w`‡K/ evg cv‡k; on the right side of- Wvb w`‡K/ Wvb cv‡k;
D`vniY: †m ev‡g `uvov‡jv| -He stood on the left.
‡m evg cv‡k©¦ `uvovj| -He stood on the left side.
evRviwU gv‡Vi evg cv‡k| -The market is on the left side of the field.
mvg‡bi `iRvi Dfq cv‡k GKwU K‡i eo Rvbvjv Av‡Q|
-There is a large window on either side of the front door.
To the left of- evg w`‡K
cÖkvmb fe‡bi evg w`‡K AMÖYx e¨vsK|
To the left of the administrative building is Agrani Bank.
Zviv Zvi Rb¨ febwUi evgcv‡k Iur ‡c‡Z wQj|
-They were lying in ambush/ lying in wait for him on/ to the left of
building.
 ‡Kvb ¯’v‡bi `wÿY w`‡K/ `wÿY cv‡k- on the south of + ¯’vb; ‡Kvb ¯’v‡bi DËi w`‡K/ DËi cv‡k-
on the north of+ ¯’vb; ‡Kvb ¯’v‡bi cwðg w`‡K/ cwðg cv‡k- on the west of+ ¯’vb; ‡Kvb
¯’v‡bi c~e© w`‡K/ c~e© cv‡k- on the east of+ ¯’vb; e‡m|
D`vniY: ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡qi PZz_© weÁvb febwU †K›`ªxq MÖš’vMv‡ii DËi w`‡K|
-The fourth science building of Rajshahi University is on the north of the
central library.
 b`xi cv‡o/iv¯Ívi cv‡k †Kvb evwo/ apartment/ Awdm wb‡`©k Ki‡Z on the road/river e‡m|
D`vniY: evwoUv g~j iv¯Ívi cv‡k| -The house is on the main road.
b`xi cv‡o Zv‡`i GKwU evwo Av‡Q| -They have a house on the river.
On Gi Av‡iv bvbvwea e¨envi-
 Kv‡iv Mv‡q cwiwnZ/ ci‡bi †cvkvK eySv‡Z- dress+ on+ e¨w³---- e‡m|
D`vniY: Kbvi ci‡bi kvwoUv A‡bK my›`i| -The sari on Kona is very fine.
‡Zvgvi ci‡bi kvwoUv Lye my›`i| [RU 05-06, IU 14-15] -The sari on you is very beautiful.
 Note: ‡Kvb wKQz cwiwnZ/ civ‡bv e¨w³‡K eySv‡Z- cwiwnZ e¨w³ + in + cwiwnZ e¯‘ +.... e‡m|
D`vniY: jvj kvwo cwiwnZ †g‡qwU Avwgiæ‡ji ¯¿x| -The girl in red sharee is Amirul’s wife.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 171 ~
 nvZKov civ‡bv e›`xwU wQj wb‡`v©l| -The prisoner in chains was innocent.
wRÝ civ n¨vÛmvg †Q‡jwUi bvg †mv‡nj|
-The name of the handsome boy in jeans is Sohel.
 KZ©e¨iZÑ on duty; PvwnevgvÎ/ Pvwn`vgZ Ñ on demand; Aby‡iv‡aÑ on request; Lvwj‡c‡UÑ
on empty stomach e‡m|
D`vniY: Lvwj‡c‡U GB Jla Lv‡eb| -Take this medicine on empty stomach.
KZ©e¨iZ Wv³vi †ivMxwU‡K g„Z †NvlYv Kij|
-The on duty doctor declared the patient dead.
 ‡Kvb KvR Kiv/ nIqv gvÎB eySv‡j wb¤œwjwLZ Structure wU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: On + verb+ ing + Subject + verb + extension
D`vniY: wPwVwU cvIqv gvÎB †m Kuv`‡Z jvMj| -On receiving the letter, he began to cry.
 KwgwU‡Z- on the committee/ on the panel(bv‡gi ZvwjKvq)/ on the jury/ on the staff
(Kg©Pvix‡`i g‡a¨); ‡ev‡W©- on the blackboard/ white board; fvovq- on hire; Mv‡Q dj/
cvZv/ Wvj _vKv eySv‡Z- on the tree e‡m|
D`vniY: D‡¤§ nvdmvI cixÿv KwgwU‡Z wQj|
-Umme Hafsa was also on the exam committee.
MvQwU‡Z A‡bK cvZv Av‡Q|
-There are many leaves on the tree.
 On the list- ZvwjKv‡Z/ ZvwjKvq; On the menu- Lvev‡ii ZvwjKvq; On loan- F‡Y/ F‡Yi
g‡a¨;
D`vniY: Zvi bvg A‡cÿgvb ZvwjKvq Av‡Q| -His name is on the waiting list.
 on + loan-av‡i/ avi K‡i: They bought a car on loan.
 Av‡e‡Mi e‡k eySv‡Z on Gi e¨envi-
D`vniY: Zvi Av‡e‡Mi e‡k KvR Kivi cÖeYZv i‡q‡Q| -He tends to act on impulse.
 c¨v‡iW AvKv‡i- on parade
D`vniY: Zviv c¨v‡iW AvKv‡i `vov‡jv| -They stood on parade.
 cÿ †_‡K eySv‡Z on + possessive (my/ his/ her) + part e‡m|
D`vniY: GUv Avgvi fyj| -It was a mistake on my part.
iwb Zvi cÿ †_‡K Avkv‡K myLx Kivi Rb¨ me©vZ¥K †Póv Kij|
-Rony on his part tried his best to make Asha happy.
 On grounds of – we‡ePbvq
D`vniY: eq‡mi we‡ePbvq ˆelg¨ Kiv wb‡qvMKvix‡`i Rb¨ AbygwZ †hvM¨ bq|
-It is not permissible for employers to discriminate on grounds of age.
 go on a picnic – wcKwb‡K hvIqv; go on a pilgrimage – Zx_©hvÎvq hvIqv;
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 172 ~
 gvbwP‡Î- on the map
D`vniY: Zzwg wK gvbwP‡Î eø¨vK wnj/ Kv‡jv cvnvo †`L‡Z cv‡”Qv?
-Can you find black hill on the map?
 RvZxq cwim‡i- on a national scale; †QvU/ÿz`ª cwim‡i- on a small scale; eo/e„nr cwim‡i-
on a large scale
D`vniY: weªwUk †cÖm RvZxq cwim‡i KvR K‡i| -The British press operates on a national scale.
 On the ….. floor- Zjvq; On the ground floor- wbP Zjvq; On the first floor- wØZxq
Zjvq; On the second floor- Z…Zxq Zjvq;
D`vniY: Zviv wbP Zjvq emevm K‡i| -They live on the ground floor.
 Av½y‡j AvswU civ eySv‡Z- on --- finger e‡m|
D`vniY: Avwgbv Avcy Zvi we‡qi AvswU ci‡jv|
-Amina Apu wore her wedding ring on her finger.
 kv‡U©- on shirt
 wVK mg‡q eySv‡Z on time e‡m
D`vniY: †UªbwU mgq gZ ‡÷k‡b †cuŠQj| -The train reached the station on time.
Z‡e continuous tense Gi †ÿ‡Î to time I e‡m|
-The train is running to time.
 On the open market- ‡Lvjv evRv‡i
 To buy/ sell on the open market- ‡Lvjv evRv‡i †Kbv/ wewµ Kiv
 gwbU‡i/ c`©vq- on the monitor
 On condition that- GB k‡Z© †h-
 Av‡M Avm‡j Av‡M cv‡eb wfwˇZ -on a first come, first served basis e‡m|
D`vniY: Av‡M Avm‡j Av‡M cv‡eb wfwˇZ wU‡KU †`Iqv n‡e|
-Tickets will be given on a first come, first served basis.
By Gi e¨envi-

Øviv/ gva¨‡g/ ‡hv‡M eySv‡Z by Gi e¨envi-

 ‡Kvb e¨w³i Øviv Kiv eySv‡j by e‡m| Avi e¯‘/ A½ Øviv Kiv eySv‡j with e‡m| A_©vr by + e¨w³
Ges with + e¯‘/ A½ e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgiv Zij wWUvi‡R›U w`‡q †Zj/ Pwe©i `vM `~i Kwi|
-We remove grease marks with liquid detergent.
‡m Lvwj nvZ w`‡q mvcwU gvi‡jv| -He killed the snake with his bare hands.
-The letter was written by me. Or -The letter was written with a pen.
 wb¤œwjwLZ ‡ÿ‡Î Av‡jv‡Z eySv‡Z by e‡m| by the light of something- ‡Kvb wKQzi Av‡jv‡Z;
Av‡jvq/ Av‡jv‡Z eySv‡Z- By the light of the lamp- evwZi Av‡jv‡Z; By the light of the
moon- Puv‡`i Av‡jv‡Z; By moonlight- Puv‡`i Av‡jv‡Z; In the moonlight- Puv‡`i Av‡jv‡Z;
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 173 ~
 D`vniY: P›`ªv‡jv‡K GKUz †n‡U †eov‡bv hvK|
-Let’s go for a walk by moonlight.
Puv‡`i Av‡jv‡Z b`xi cvwb my›`i ‡`Lvq|
-The water of rivers looks charming by the light of the moon.
B`vwbs A‡bK MÖv‡g we`y¨r ms‡hvM Av‡Q| / AvRKvj A‡bK MÖvg we`y¨‡Zi Av‡jvq Av‡jvwKZ|
-Now-a-days many villages are lit by electricity.
 By letter- wPwVi gva¨‡g; By injection- Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g/ Bb‡RKkb Øviv; By mail-
WvK‡hv‡M; By remote control- wi‡gvU K‡›Uªv‡ji gva¨‡g;
D`vniY: Zv‡`i‡K wPwVi gva¨‡g Rvbv‡bv n‡e| -They will be informed by letter.
WvK †hv‡M Zviv Zv‡`i e¨emv K‡i| -They do their business by mail.
‡gwkb Øviv Avjy †ivcb Kiv nq| -Potatoes are planted by machine.
 ÒekZÓ eySv‡Z by e‡m| `yN©UbvekZ- by accident; fzjekZ- by mistake;
D`vniY: fzjekZ mvwnb †kvfv‡K welqwU e‡j w`‡qwQj|
-Sahin divulged the fact to Shova by mistake.
 ‡dv‡b/ ‡Uwj‡dv‡b/ ‡gvevBj †dv‡b eySv‡Z- by + phone/ mobile phone/ telephone;
Or- on/ over + the + phone/ mobile phone/ telephone e‡m|
D`vniY: †gvevBj †dv‡b †ewk K_v ejv ¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ ÿwZKi|
-Talking more by mobile phone is detrimental to health.
Or-Talking more on/ over the mobile phone is detrimental to health.
 by+ air/ land/ water
wegvb †hv‡M- by air moK c‡_- by land b`xc‡_- by water
D`vniY: †jvKwU wegv‡b ågY fv‡jvev‡m| -The man likes travelling by air.
 ‡P‡Ki gva¨‡g eySv‡Z-by Cheque Ges bM‡` eySv‡Z in cash e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡P‡Ki gva¨‡g A_ev bM‡` †c‡g›U †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
-Payments can be made by cheque or in cash.
‡Pv‡iiv bM` cuvP nvRvi UvKv Pzwi K‡iwQj|
-The thieves stole five thousand taka in cash.
R‡b¨ eySv‡Z by Gi e¨envi-
 Rb¨ eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î by e‡m| K‡qK gv‡K©i Rb¨/ wgwb‡Ui/ mg‡qi Rb¨ †Kvb wKQz †c‡Z e¨_©
n‡j- Sub + miss/ escape + something + by + mark/ minute/ mgq e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡m `yB gv‡K©i Rb¨ cÖ_g †kÖwY cvqwb| -He missed a first class by 2 marks.
‡Rbv‡ij/ ‡Mvjvg wKewiqv, Ii‡d wR‡K cuvPwgwb‡Ui Rb¨ eªvþYevwoqvMvgx ‡UªbwU ai‡Z cvij bv|
-General/ Golam kibria, alias GK missed the Brahman Baria bound train by
five minutes.
cÖvq cuvP BwÂi Rb¨ ey‡jU wU Zvi Mv‡q jv‡Mwb|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 174 ~
 -The bullet missed her by about five inches.
K‡qK †m‡KÛi Rb¨ wegvb PvjKwU g„Zz¨i nvZ †_‡K iÿv †cj|
-The pilot escaped death by seconds.
wefw³- G/ †Z/ q eySv‡Z by Gi e¨envi-
 wb¤œwjwLZ evsjv kã/ word Gi †k‡l G/ †Z/ q _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Zv‡`i Av‡M by em‡e|
¯^fveMZ fv‡eÑ by nature Rb¥m~‡ÎÑ by birth ‡ckvqÑ by profession
AvBbMZfv‡e- by law wbqg Abymv‡i- by rule cQ‡›`i LvwZ‡i- by choice
µqm~‡Î/ Lwi`m~‡Î- by purchase DËivwaKvim~‡Î- by inheritance
mnRvZfv‡e/ ¯^fveMZfv‡e- by instinct
D`vniY: µqm~‡Î/ Lwi`m~‡Î GB Rwgi gvwjK gvngy`|
-This land belongs to Mahmud by purchase.
mvewibvi evev †ckvq GKRb wkÿK|
-The father of Sabrina is a teacher by profession.
DcvwawU DËivwaKvim~‡Î eo †Q‡ji Dci eZ©v‡jv|
-The title passed by inheritance to the eldest son.
wkïiv mnRvZfv‡eB fv‡jv-g‡›`i cv_©K¨ Rv‡b bv|
-Children don’t know by instinct the difference between right and wrong.
 evsjv‡Z †Kvb k‡ãi A‡b/ qv‡b/ bvq/ Zvq _vK‡j †m k‡ãi verb Gi pp + by
Av‡qvR‡b- organised by A_©vq‡b- financed by m¤úv`bvq- edited by
Dc¯’vcbvq- presented by c„ô‡cvlKZvq- powered by mnvqZvq- supported by
D`vniY: MÖvgxY †dv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZvq Av‡qvwRZ AbyôvbwU Avgvi Lye fv‡jv ‡j‡MwQj|
-I enjoyed the programme powered by GrameenPhone very much.
µgvš^‡q/ mgq eySv‡Z by Gi e¨envi-
 avivevwnKfv‡e †Kvb wKQz NUvi †ÿ‡Î wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e by Gi e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡hgb:
GKRb GKRb K‡i GK GK K‡i GKUz GKUz K‡i `yRb `yRb K‡i gv‡m gv‡m
one by one one by one little by little two by two month by month

D`vniY: Zviv GKRb GKRb K‡i N‡i cÖ‡ek Kij| -They entered the room one by one.
‡jgb I ‡gŠ GKUz GKUz K‡i G‡K Ac‡ii †cÖ‡g coj|
-Lemon and Mou fell in love with each other little by little.
gv‡m gv‡m Zvi D‡ØM †e‡oB Pj‡jv| -Her anxiety mounted month by month.
 Day by day- w`‡b w`‡b; hour by hour- N›Uvq N›Uvq;
D`vniY: cwiw¯’wZ w`‡b w`‡b Lvivc n‡”Q| -The situation is becoming worse day by day.
MvQ¸‡jv w`b w`b j¤^v n‡”Q| [MBSTU(A)14-15]
-The trees are growing taller day by day.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 175 ~
 w`b w`b Avgv‡`i †`‡ki B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvix †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| [Rupali Bank Ltd. (JO)- 2013]
-Day by day, the number of Internet users of our country is increasing.
 By the hour- N›Uvi wfwˇZ; by the week- mßv‡ni wfwˇZ; by the day- w`‡bi wfwˇZ;
D`vniY: ‡KvwPs †m›Uv‡ii wkÿK‡`i‡K N›Uvi wfwˇZ †eZb †`Iqv nq|
-The teachers of coaching centers are paid by the hour.
 ‡hUyKz mgq †`wi nq †mUv eySv‡Z- subject + be verb + late + by + time nq|
D`vniY: Zvi cuvP wgwbU †`wi n‡q‡Q| -He is late by five minutes.
 By day- w`‡bi †ejv; By night- iv‡Zi †ejv;
D`vniY: Avgiv w`‡bi †ejv KvR Kwi| -We work by day.
 ‡Kvb mvj/ gvm/ w`b/ mßvn/ mgq bvMv` eySv‡Z- by + time e‡m|
D`vniY: Zviv AvMvgxKvj bvMv` KvRwU †kl Ki‡e|
-They will have finished the work by tomorrow.
wgZz, †gŠ I ‡jg‡bi `ycyi bvMv` ‡cuŠ‡Q hvIqvi K_v|
-Mitu, lemon and Mou should go there by noon.
2030 mvj bvMv` XvKv kn‡ii RbmsL¨v 2 †KvwU Qvwo‡q hv‡e| [Bangladesh Bank (AD) – 2010]
-The population of Dhaka City will exceed 2 crore by 2030.
 Nwo Abymv‡i eySv‡Z by + watch/ the clock e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: †Zvgvi Nwo‡Z KZ ev‡R? -What time is it by your watch?
Now‡Z KqUv †e‡R‡Q? -What is time by the clock? Or-What O’clock is it?
Kg/ ‡ewk e¨eavb eySv‡Z by Gi e¨envi-
 ‡Kvb wKQz‡Z Rqjvf Kiv eySv‡Z- win....by + score/msL¨v---e‡m|
Ges civRq Kiv eySv‡Z- defeat- by + score/msL¨v--- e‡m|
D`vniY: Zviv 2 †Mv‡j wR‡Z‡Q| -They have won by 2 goals.
‡m 19 †fv‡U civwRZ n‡jv| -He was defeated by 19 voters.
 cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq ev †Ljvq GwM‡q _vKv eySv‡Z- lead by goal/ score + to + goal/ score e‡m|
D`vniY: evsjv‡`k GLb `yB k~b¨ †Mv‡j GwM‡q Av‡Q|
-Bangladesh is now leading by two goals to nil/zero.
‡m ‡fv‡U wekvj e¨eav‡b GwM‡q Av‡Q|
-He is leading by a wide margin in the polls.
 By a narrow margin- Aí e¨eav‡b; By a wide margin- e¨vcK/ wekvj e¨eav‡b;
D`vniY: ‡m Aí e¨eav‡b/ e¨vcK/ wekvj e¨eav‡b Rqjvf K‡iwQj|
-He won by a narrow margin/ wide margin.
 mg‡qi e¨eav‡b eySv‡Z- By a margin of + minute/ time e‡m|
D`vniY: `k †m‡K‡Ûi e¨eav‡b G. Avi. ingvb Ab¨vb¨ aveK‡`i civwRZ Kij|
-A. R. Rahman beat the other runners by a margin of ten seconds.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 176 ~
 By the narrowest of margin- G‡Kev‡i Kg e¨ea‡b;
D`vniY: G‡Kev‡i Kg e¨eav‡b †m cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq ‡n‡i ‡Mj|
-He lost the race by the narrowest of margin.
¯^fveZ/ ch©šÍ/ cv‡k/ Av‡`k/ ‡cÖwÿ‡Z/ †_‡K BZ¨vw` eySv‡Z by Gi e¨envi-
 ¯^fveZ eySv‡Z by nature e‡m|
D`vniY: AuvwL ¯^fveZ Lye Awfgvbx| -Akhi is very sensitive by nature.
 ch©šÍ eySv‡Z by + number/ per cent/ degree e‡m|
D`vniY: Zv‡`i †eZb 20% ch©šÍ evov‡bv n‡qwQj|
-Their wages were increased by 20%.
20 kZvsk ch©šÍ †kqvi `i c‡o wM‡qwQj/`icZb n‡qwQj|
-The price of shares dropped by 20 per cent. [per cent = percent]
 ‡Kvb wKQzi/ Kv‡iv cv‡k eySv‡Z by+ ¯’vb/e¨w³ e‡m|
D`vniY: †m Avgvi cv‡k emj| -He sat by me.
 By order of- Av‡`k Abyhvqx; By popular demand- Rbmvavi‡Yi `vwei ‡cÖwÿ‡Z;
D`vniY: ‡K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki Av‡`k Abyhvqx my‡`i nvi wbqš¿Y Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
-Interest rates can be controlled by order of the central bank.
Rbmvavi‡Yi `vwei ‡cÖwÿ‡Z U~¨iwU 3 mßvn ch©šÍ evov‡bv n‡q‡Q|
-By popular demand, the tour has been extended by three weeks.
 Profit by mistakes- fzj †_‡K wkÿv †bIqv;
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i fzj †_‡K wkÿv †bIqv DwPr| -We should profit by mistakes.
Past Gi e¨envi-
 cvk w`‡q eySv‡Z Past e‡m|
D`vniY: †m †mvRvmywR Avgv‡`i cvk w`‡q †Mj| -He walked straight past us.
n¨vwi I ‡gMvb †Nvovi Mvwo‡Z K‡i we‡q‡Z Avmv AwZw_‡`i cvk w`‡q hvIqvi mgq A‡bK
KiZvwj ‡c‡qwQ‡jb|
-Harry and Meghan drew huge cheers when they went past the wedding
guests in a horse drawn carriage.
With Gi e¨envi-
 mvaviYZ Kv‡iv mv‡_/ ‡Kvb wKQz Øviv eySv‡Z with e‡m|
D`vniY: †m Avgvi mv‡_ _v‡K| -He lies with me. Lie = wg_¨v ejv/ m‡½
‡m Avgvi mv‡_ wg_¨v K_v e‡j| -He lies with me. _vKv/ kqb Kiv BZ¨vw`
Zij wWUvi‡R›U Øviv ˆZjv³ `vM `~i Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
-Greasy marks can be removed with detergent.
 mv‡_ mv‡_ eySv‡Z with e‡m|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 177 ~
 D`vniY: RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖwZw`b Av‡iv bZyb bZzb mgm¨v m„wó n‡”Q|
-With the increase of population, more new problems are being created in
our country.
cÖhyw³MZ cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ AvengvbKv‡ji `ÿZvmg~n †m‡K‡j n‡q †M‡Q|
-With technological changes, many traditional skills have become
obsolete.
wKš‘ ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi GZ me myweavi m‡½ m‡½ e`‡j †M‡Q Avgv‡`i e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i
msÁv¸‡jvI| [AMÖYx e¨vsK, wmwbqi Awd. c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv-15]
-But with so many facilities of communication, the definitions of our
personal and social relationships have also changed.
Iqvjv/ hy³/ msewjZ eySv‡Z with Gi e¨envi-
 evsjv‡Z †Kvb wKQy eY©bv †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î noun/ bvg evPK k‡ãi †k‡l wewkó/ Iqvjv/ hy³/ msewjZ
eySv‡Z with e‡m| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î structure- (Article/number) + noun+ with + ---noun
 wewkó †evSv‡Z- with Gi e¨envi-
D`vniY: Avgiv wZb Kÿ wewkó GKwU evwo‡Z _vwK|
-We live in a house with three rooms.
 Iqvjv eySv‡Z- with Gi e¨envi-
D`vniY: Avãyj AvIqvj bv‡gi j¤^v `vwo Iqvjv GKRb †gŠjfx Avgv‡`i gmwR‡` cÖwZ ïµevi
Lyrev †`b|
-A Moulvi with a long beard named Abdul Awal delivers sermon in our
mosque every Friday.
‡m wZb gv_v Iqvjv GKwU `vb‡ei Qwe AvuK‡jv|
-He drew a picture of a monster with three heads.
 hy³ eySv‡Z- with Gi e¨envi-
H eBwU‡Z DcmM©, cÖZ¨q, c`vš^qx Ae¨qhy³ wµqv c`mg~n eY©vbyµ‡g mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
-Verbs with a particle or preposition have been arranged in an
alphabetical order in that book.
GLv‡b particle Øviv DcmM©, cÖZ¨q †K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q-
Ever hy³ wi‡jwUf †cÖvDbvDb †K K¤úvDÛ wi‡jwUf †cÖvDbvDb ejv nq|
-Relative pronouns with ever are called compound relative pronoun.
 msewjZ eySv‡Z- with Gi e¨envi-
adverbial
mKvj ‡cŠ‡b `kUvq subZrKvjxb WvKmy wfwc Av m g Avãyi iDd adverbialme© cÖ_g adverbial jvjmeyR
Rgx‡bi cUf~wg‡Z jvj m~‡h©i e„‡Ëi †mvbvi evsjvi gvbwPÎ msewjZ objectevsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv verb
D‡Ëvjb K‡ib| [Probashi kallyan Bank EO 2014] -The then DUCSO VP A.S.M Abdur Rob for

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 178 ~

the first time hoisted the national flag of Bangladesh with a map of sonar Bangla
in red colour circle in the background of red-green at 9.45 a.m.
Kv‡iv Kv‡Q eySv‡Z with Gi e¨envi-
 Kv‡iv Kv‡Q cov eySv‡Z with + e¨w³ e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgiv gwgbyj Bmjvg m¨v‡ii Kv‡Q Bs‡iwR cwo|
-We read English with Mominul Islam sir.
 Kv‡iv Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv wKQz _vKv/ Av‡Q/ n‡e eySv‡Z- on/ with+ N/ P– e‡m|
D`vniY: †Zvgvi Kv‡Q wK †Kv‡bv UvKv Av‡Q/ n‡e? -Do you have any money on/ with you?
gv‡mi †k‡l †ewkifvM Qv·`i Kv‡Q/ nv‡Z ‡ewk UvKv _v‡K bv|
-Most of the students don’t have much money with/ on them at the end of
month.
with Gi Ab¨vb¨ e¨envi-
 m‡Ë¡I eySv‡Z with e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi mg¯Í UvKv cqmv _vKv m‡Ë¡I †m AmyLx| -With all his money, he is unhappy.
 GB D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L- with this end in view
D`vniY: GB D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Zviv 50 Rb bZzb Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM Kij|
-With this end in view, they employed 50 new staff.
 ‡Kvb + we‡kl¨--- + QvovB eySv‡Z †hgb: †Kv‡bv AwfÁZv QvovB Giƒc †ÿ‡Î- with + no + noun
e‡m|
D`vniY: c~e©eZ©x †Kv‡bv AwfÁZv QvovB gwgbyj Bmjvg Zvi †gavi †Rv‡i PvKzwiwU †c‡qwQj|
-Mominul Islam got the job with no previous experience by dint of his merit.
[Note: G‡ÿ‡Î without + any + noun I e¨envi Kiv hvq| ‡hgb: †Kv‡bv AwfÁZv QvovB-
without any experience]
 ‡Kvb programme NU‡Z/ n‡Z + mgq + evwK _vK‡ZB eySv‡Z- †hgb: C` Avm‡Z wek w`b evwK
_vK‡ZB ¯’vbxq †jvKR‡biv AvksKv Ki‡Q †h QzwU KvUv‡Z hvIqv †jvKRb wej¤^‡ei wkKvi n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î
With +†hUv Avm‡Z evwK _vK‡e †mUv + mgq + away +, + Ab¨vb¨ Ask....
D`vniY: C` Avm‡Z wek w`b evwK _vK‡ZB ¯’vbxq †jvKRb AvksKv Ki‡Q †h QzwU KvUv‡Z hvIqv †jvKRb
wej¤^‡ei wkKvi n‡e|
-With the Eid-Ul-Fitre twenty days away, locals fear that holiday makers
would suffer delays.
cixÿv Avm‡Z `yB w`b evwK _vK‡ZB cixÿv KwgwU iæwUb cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q|
-With the exam two days away, the exam committee has changed the
routine.
 Amyweav/ mgm¨v Kx/ †Kv_vq/ Giƒc AvPiY Ki‡Q †Kb eySv‡Z interrogative ev‡K¨ what + be
verb + wrong/ matter+ with + N/ P +?
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 179 ~
 D`vniY: †Zvgvi wK n‡q‡Q? †Zvgvi mgm¨v/ AmyweavUv wK? -What is wrong with you?
Zzwg Ggb AvPiY Ki‡Qv †Kb? -What is the matter with you?
 Kv‡iv †Kvb Kv‡Ri/ wµqvi ga¨ w`‡q/ †Z †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ D‡jøL _vK‡j wb¤œwjwLZ Structure wU e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: With+ Sub+ verb+ing +, + noun+ verb+ extension.
D`vniY: mfvq cÖavbgš¿xi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ gwš¿cwil` m`m¨iv wejwU DÌvcb Ki‡jv|
-With the prime minister presiding over the meeting, the cabinet members
tabled the bill.
Without Gi e¨envi-
 Qvov eySv‡Z- without+ noun, ----
D`vniY: Avgiv we`y¨r Qvov Pj‡Z cvwi bv| -We cannot do without electricity.
 nxbfv‡e eySv‡Z without + noun e‡m|
‡hgb: weiwZnxb fv‡e- without break weiwZnxb fv‡e- without pause
D`vniY: weiwZnxb fv‡e e„wó co‡Q| -The rain is falling without pause.
 Òbv+wµqvÓ _vK‡j †hgb: Avgv‡K bv e‡j evB‡i †hI bv| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq,
without+ verb+ing e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgv‡K bv e‡j evB‡i †hI bv| - Don’t go outside without asking me.
GB eBwU ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ bv c‡o cÖK…Z gRv cv‡eb bv|
-You will not get real pleasure without reading this book from A to Z.
we`vq bv Rvwb‡q ‡m Zvovû‡ov K‡i P‡j †Mj|
-He hurried away without saying good bye.
KvD‡K bv e‡j †m †`k †_‡K P‡j †Mj|
-He left the country without telling anyone.
†m fvZ bv †L‡q †Kej cvwb Lvq| [IU (M) 10-11, MBSTU(D) 13- 14]
-He drinks water without having rice.
‡mB wech©¯Í Ae¯’v‡ZI †f‡½ bv c‡o bZzb K‡i ¯^cœ †`L‡Z _v‡K †R‡j| [Bangladesh Krishi Bank
(SO)- 2011]
-The fisherman keeps dreaming anew without breaking down even in that
tough/ critical situation.
sub
GB cvwb †h complementmKj iKg gvivZ¥K RxevYy‡Z c~Y© Zvnv verb+ingbv RvwbqvB subZvnviv
object
GB `~wlZ cvwb verbcvb Kwiqv _v‡K| [32st BCS] -They drink this polluted water
without knowing that this water is full of all kinds of fatal germs.
But Gi e¨envi-
 But hLb preposition nq ZLb Gi c‡i pronoun Gi objective form e‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î but
A_© n‡”Q e¨ZxZ/ Qvov| G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ all, none, every, everything, anything,
everybody, nobody (‡KD bv) + but + noun/ objective pronoun e‡m|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 180 ~
 D`vniY: ‡m fvZ Qvov wKQz Lvq bv| -He eats nothing but rice.
‡m GKUv e¨ZxZ me eB c‡o‡Q| -He has read all the books but one.
‡m Qvov †KD GB KvRwU K‡iwb| -Nobody but him has done this work.
 But Gi c‡i hw` verb Av‡m Zvn‡j Gi Av‡Mi As‡k hw` verb+ing/ preposition _v‡K Z‡e
but Gi c‡iI verb+ing n‡e|
D`vniY: †m cov‡kvbv Kiv Qvov Ab¨ wKQz Kivi mv‡_ mswkøó bq|
-He is not involved in doing anything but studying.
 Z‡e but Gi Av‡Mi As‡k hw` verb Gi base form _v‡K Zvn‡j but Gi c‡i ïay verb Gi
base form em‡e|
D`vniY: ‡m †Nviv‡div Qvov wKQz K‡i bv| -He does nothing but move.
 ‡Kvb wKQz Kiv Qvov Dcvq bvB/ wQj bv Giƒc eySv‡Z- Subject + have/ has/ had + no choice/
no alternative/ no option + but to + verb Gi base form + extension.
D`vniY: KvImvi I e„wói KvRwU Kiv Qvov Dcvq bvB|
-Kawsar and Bristy have no choice/ option/ alternative but to do the work.
e„wó‡Z Zv‡`i evB‡i hvIqv Qvov Dcvq wQj bv|
-They had no choice but to go outside in the rain.

For Gi e¨envi-
 mvaviYZ Rb¨ eySv‡Z for e‡m|
D`vniY: GUv GKvšÍB †Zvgvi Rb¨| -This is exclusively for you.
 a‡i eySv‡Z for + number + noun e‡m|
D`vniY: `yB eQi a‡i Avwg GKwU PvKzwi LuyRwQ|
-I have been looking for a job for two years.
 Awbw`©ó mgq a‡i †evSv‡Z- for+ wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e mgqevPK/`~iæZ¡evPK kã e‡m|
eQ‡ii ci eQi (a‡i)Ñ For years gv‡mi ci gvm (a‡i)Ñ For months
w`‡bi ci w`b (a‡i)Ñ For days N›Uvi ci N›Uv (a‡i)Ñ For hours
cÖR‡b¥i ci cÖRb¥ (a‡i)- For generations gvB‡ji ci gvBj- For miles
D`vniY: mdjZv cvIqvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i N›Uvi ci N›Uv KvR Kiv DwPZ|
-We should work for hours to get success.
eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i cÖR‡b¥i ci cÖRb¥ Zviv GB Drme h_vh_ ag©xq fveMv¤¢x‡h©i g‡a¨ w`‡q
cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
-They have been celebrating this festival for years for generations with
due religious fervour.
cvwbi mÜv‡b wjgb gvB‡ji ci gvBj nuvU‡jv|
-Lemon walked for miles in search of water.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 181 ~

 msL¨v+ ev‡ii gZ (‡hgbÑ 1g ev‡ii gZ, 2q ev‡ii gZ, †kl ev‡ii gZ, `kg ev‡ii gZ) eySv‡j-
For the + number (1st/ 2nd/ 3rd/ 4th/ 5th....) + time nq|
D`vniY: †m 1g ev‡ii gZ we.wm.Gm cixÿv w`‡”Q|
-He is appearing at the BCS exam for the first time.
cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m GB ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi gRy` 14 wewjqb Qvwo‡q‡Q|
[Bangladesh Bank (AD)- 2013] -Foreign currency reserves have crossed $14
billion for the first time in the history of Bangladesh.
 KvD‡K/ ‡Kvb wKQz‡K †Kv‡bv wKQy e‡j g‡b Kiv eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ Structure wU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: Subject + take/ mistake + object + for + adjective + noun
D`vniY: Avwg Zv‡K fv‡jv gvbyl e‡j g‡b K‡iwQjvg| -I took him for a good man.
fzj K‡i Avwg `wowU‡K mvc g‡b K‡iwQjvg| -I mistake the rope for a snake.
Zvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvi c~‡e© Avwg Zv‡K Lye AnsKvix †g‡q g‡b KiZvg|
-Before being introduced to her, I took her for a very arrogant girl.
 Zzjbvq eySv‡Z for e‡m|
D`vniY: †m Zvi eq‡mi Zzjbvq j¤^v| -He is tall for his age.
 ‡Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv Kiv eySv‡Z start/ leave for + ¯’vb nq|
RvnvR †hv‡M †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv Kiv eySv‡Z- Sail for + ¯’vb e‡m|
wegvb †hv‡M †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv Kiv eySv‡Z- Fly for + ¯’vb e‡m|
D`vniY: †m XvKvi D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv Ki‡e| -He will leave for Dhaka.
‡m Rvnv‡R K‡i PÆMÖv‡gi D‡Ï‡k¨ iIbv w`j| -He sailed for Chittagong.
AvMvgx mßv‡n cÖavbgš¿x Bsj¨v‡Ûi D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv Ki‡e|
-The prime minister will fly for England next week.
 ‡Kvb ¯’v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ iIbv n‡Z eySv‡Z- Subject(hvbevnb) + be + bound + for + ¯’vb e‡m|
D`vniY: RvnvRwU XvKvi D‡Ï‡k¨ iIbv n‡e| -The ship is bound for Dhaka.
 UvKv w`‡q †Kbv eySv‡Z buy + e¯‘ + for + taka nq|
D`vniY: †m 200 UvKv w`‡q GKwU eB wKbj| -He bought a book for 200 taka/ takas.
Note: taka Gi plural form taka A_ev takas DfqwU nq| Z‡e money nj uncountable noun
Gi †Kvb plural nq bv GUv me©`v singular Gi c~‡e© †Kvb msL¨vevPK word, †hgb: a/ an/ one/ two,
etc. e‡mbv|
 For medical negligence- wPwKrmvq Ae‡njvi `v‡q
D`vniY: wPwKrmvq Ae‡njvi `v‡q Wv³v‡ii weiæ‡× gvgjv Kiv n‡jv|
-The doctor was sued for medical negligence.
 KviY eySv‡Z-conjunction wn‡m‡e for e‡m, G‡ÿ‡Î ev‡K¨i g‡a¨- comma(,) + for+ subject
+ verb+---extension nq|
D`vniY: †m e¨vcK cov‡kvbv Ki‡Q KviY †m GKwU fvj PvKzwi †c‡Z Pvq|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 182 ~
 -He is studying hard, for he wants to get a good job.

To Gi e¨envi-
 ‡Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b hvIqv eySv‡Z/ ‡Kvb wKQz †_‡K Av‡iKUv wKQz ch©šÍ eySv‡Z- from+ noun+
to+ noun e‡m|
D`vniY: †m ivRkvnx †_‡K XvKv Avmj| -He came to Dhaka from Rajshahi.
15 †_‡K 30 c„ôv ch©šÍ co| -Read from page 15 to 30.
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki `vwi`ª GLb DËie½ †_‡K `wÿY e‡½i w`‡K avweZ n‡”Q| [Mutual Trust
Bank Ltd. (TO)- 2013] -The poverty situation of the country is now moving from North
Bengal to South Bengal due to climate change.
m`©vi f¨vivBwU ‡÷vi Kjg †_‡K ïiæ K‡i kvKmewR ch©šÍ me wKQz wewµ K‡i|
-Sardar variety store sells everything from pens to vegetables.
NB: ‡Kvb wKQz †_‡K ïiæ K‡i...me wKQz ch©šÍ Giƒc eySv‡Z everything (every/ all/ many hy³ Ask)
from +noun/ v+ing + to+ noun/ v+ing + extension e‡m|
‡UKbvd ‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i †ZZzwjqv ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡ki mKj ¯’v‡b gvgyb †ewo‡q‡Q|
-Mamun has travelled to all the places of Bangladesh from Teknaf to Tetulia.
‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv Avq †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Kg©ms¯’vb ch©šÍ me wKQz‡ZB ‰Zwi †cvkvKwkí †`‡ki Ab¨Zg Aej¤^b|
[evsjv‡`k e¨vsK, K¨vk Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2011]
-Ready-made Garments Industry is one of the supports/ means in every sphere of
the country from earning foreign exchange to employments.
 wb¤œwjwLZ wµqvi c‡i †Kv‡bv ¯’vbevPK kã _vK‡j Ges †mB k‡ãi mv‡_ “G/ †Z/ qÓ _vK‡j Bs‡iwR
Kivi mgq †m ¯’v‡bi Av‡M to e‡m|
Accompany- mv‡_ hvIqv Migrate- ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nIqv
Bring- wb‡q Avmv Proceed- ‡KvbwKQzi w`‡K AMªmi nIqv
Carry/ take/ rush- wb‡q hvIqv Relocate- bZzb GjvKvq cÖwZwôZ Kiv ev nIqv
Come- Avmv Return- wd‡i Avmv
Escort- iÿv mnPi wn‡m‡e mv‡_ hvIqv Send- cvVv‡bv
Export- ißvwb Kiv Shift/ move- cvi n‡q hvIqv
Flee- cjvqb Kiv Transfer- ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv
Flock- `‡j `‡j Rgv‡qZ nIqv Travel- ‡eov‡Z hvIqv
Go- hvIqv; March- AMÖmi nIqv Walk- ‡nu‡U hvIqv
D`vniY: ˆkk‡e evev Avgv‡K ¯‹z‡j wb‡q †h‡Zb|
-In my childhood, my father used to take me to school.
GLv‡b take Gi c‡i cÖwZôv‡bi bvg _vKvq Zvi Av‡M to e‡m‡Q|
wKš‘ hw` _vKZÑ †m ¯‹z‡j Av‡Q| Zvn‡j Translation wU nZ-He is in school.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 183 ~
 ‡m ¯‹z‡j hvq| -He goes to school.
Avgiv Zv‡`i‡K evRv‡i cvVvjvg| -We send them to market.
gyg~l©y †ivMxwU‡K ‡nwjKÞ‡i K‡i `ªæZ nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q hvIqv n‡qwQj|
-The dying patient was rushed to hospital by helicopter/ chopper.
Zviv XvKvq cvi/ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q †M‡Q| -They have shifted/ moved to Dhaka.
iæ‡ej iÿv mnPi wn‡m‡e Zvi mv‡_ XvKv wM‡qwQj| -Rubel escorted him to Dhaka.
‡m †nu‡U ¯‹z‡j hvq| -He walks to school.
iwb cÖwZw`b Avgv‡K we`vq Rvbv‡Z Avgvi mv‡_ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb dU‡K hvq|
-Rony accompanies me to the main gate of the university every day to say
good bye to me.
wkí wecø‡ei d‡j Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b A‡bK †jvK kni GjvKvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q †Mj|
-As a result of the Industrial Revolution many people migrated to the
urban areas in search of work.
RvwKi Zvi k¦ïi-kvïwoi mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k †eov‡Z Av‡m|
Jakir travelled to Bangladesh to meet his in-laws.
cÖK…wZ‡K Lye KvQ ‡_‡K GK cjK †`Lvi Rb¨ nvRvi nvRvi `k©bv_©x ˆmKZwU‡Z fxo Rgvq|
Thousands of visitors flock to the beach to have a glance at nature from a
close quarter.
cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2012-
adverbial
ZvQvov `vwi‡`ªi Kvi‡Y subA‡bK AwffveK object†Q‡j‡g‡q‡`iadverbial we`¨vj‡q verb cvVv‡Z
cv‡ib bv| Besides, many guardians cannot send their children to school owing to
poverty.
hš¿cvwZ¸‡jvi 90 kZvsk BD‡iv‡c ißvwb Kiv nq| -90% percent of the engines are
exported to Europe.
P›`b cvwj‡q gv¸iv‡Z P‡j †Mj| -Chandan fled to Magura.
Zviv febwUi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡”Q| -They are proceeding to the building.
mviv‡`k †_‡K A‡bK ‡eKvi †jvK ivRavbxi D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎv Kij| -Many unemployed people
from all over the country marched to the capital.
 Important to know: hvIqv eySv‡Z go Gi past Gi participle wn‡m‡e Been e¨eüZ
nq Ges Gi c‡i to + ¯’vbevPK word e‡‡m|
D`vniY: Zzwg wK KLbI XvKv wM‡qQ? -Have you ever been to Dhaka?
wgZz KLbI Lyjbv hvqwb| -Mitu has never been to Khulna?
NB: Arrive- Dcw¯’Z nIqv/ AvMgb Kiv, Land- AeZiY Kiv; + at/ in/ on + ¯’vbevPK word
e‡m| †hgb: ‡cøbwU gvwU‡Z AeZiY Kij|
-The plane landed on the ground.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 184 ~
 Zviv †÷k‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡jv|
-They arrived at the station.
wd‡ivR Kwei `ycyi †ejvq wbDBq‡K© ‡cuŠQv‡e|
-Firoz kabir will arrive in New York at noon.
 mvaviYZ ‡Kvb ¯’v‡b ågY/ mdi eySv‡Z noun wn‡m‡e Trip/ visit +to + ¯’vb e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi BZvwj mdi GKwU Awe¯§ibxq NUbv|
-His trip to Italy is an unforgettable event.
 Go on----- to + ¯’vb --- e‡m|
‡hgb: Go on a picnic (eb‡fvR‡b hvIqv) + to + ¯’vb
Go on an outing (cÖ‡gv` åg‡Y hvIqv) + to + ¯’vb
Go on an excursion (cÖ‡gv` åg‡Y hvIqv) + to + ¯’vb
Go on an expedition (Awfhv‡b hvIqv) + to + ¯’vb
Go on a trip (cÖ‡gv` åg‡Y hvIqv) + to + ¯’vb
Pay a visit (‡eov‡Z hvIqv) + to + ¯’vb
D`vniY: Zviv my›`ie‡b eb‡fvR‡b wM‡qwQj| -They went on a picnic to the Sundarbans.
 Come to power- ÿgZvq Avmv
D`vniY: MZ wbev©P‡b `jwU ÿgZvq Av‡m| -The party came to power at the last election.
⌂ Structure: Subject + verb + the + first/ second/ third/ fourth/ fifth/ superlative
degree etc. + e¨w³/ noun+ to + g~j verb + extension
D`vniY: wZwb cÖ_g e¨w³ whwb GLv‡b G‡mwQ‡jb|
-He was the first person to come here.
wZwb n‡”Qb me‡P‡q m¤§vwbZ †jvK whwb GB cyi¯‹viwU †c‡q‡Qb|
-He is the most honorable person to get this award.
[G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ to Gi cwie‡Z© ïay that+ tense Abymv‡i verb e‡m]
wZwb n‡”Qb me‡P‡q m¤§vwbZ †jvK whwb GB cyi¯‹viwU †c‡q‡Qb|
-He is the most honorable person that has got this award.
[Giƒc ev‡K¨ †KD that Gi ¯’‡j who e¨envi Ki‡j Zv fzj n‡e]
 Bs‡iwR newspaper G msev` wk‡ivbv‡g to + verb Gi base form Øviv fewl¨‡Z †KD †Kvb wKQz
Ki‡e A_© cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
D`vniY: e„‡Ub gnvk~b¨ ÒûgwKiÓ weiæ‡× cÖwZiÿv †Rvi`vi Ki‡e|
-Britain to intensify defense against space “threats”.
 wk‡ivbv‡gi ‡ÿ‡Î fwel¨‡Z †Kvb wKQz Kiv n‡e Giƒc eySv‡Z to be + verb Gi past participle
e‡m|
D`vniY: AvMvgx mßvn ‡_‡K bZyb eB weZiY Kiv n‡e|
-New books to be distributed from next week.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 185 ~
 Note: msev` wk‡ivbv‡gi †ÿ‡Î auxiliary verb I article e¨envi Kiv nqbv|
 KvD‡K †Kv‡bv wKQz †kvbv‡bv eySv‡Z Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Ò†kvbvIÓ wµqvwUi Av‡Mi wµqv + object +
to + e¨w³evPK noun em‡e|
D`vniY: Avgv‡K KweZvwU c‡o †kvbvI| -Read the poem to me.
G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ read/ sing/ tell/ play + e¯‘evPK object + to + e¨w³evPK noun/
pronoun em‡e|
D`vniY: ‡mŠwgZv Avgv‡`i GKwU Mvb ïbv‡jv| -Soumita sang a song to us.
e„× bvweKwU Avgv‡`i‡K GKwU Mí †kvbvj| -The ancient mariner told a story to us.
Avkv wkïwU‡K Nyg cvovwbi Mvb ïbv‡jv| -Asha sang a lullaby to the baby.
Avcbvi- mšÍvbvw`i mvg‡b H mKj ‡QvU Mí¸‡jv D”P¯^‡i c‡o ïbv‡bvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K ¯^vMZg|
[EXIM Bank Ltd. (TO)- 2016] -You are welcome to read out these short stories
aloud to your children.
 cy‡o QviLvi K‡i †`Iqv- burn to ashes
D`vniY: mygb Zvi †cÖ‡gi wPwV cywo‡q QvB/ QviLvi Kij|
-Sumon burnt his billet doux to ashes.
[billet doux- Gi D”PviY- we‡j Wz hvi A_© -‡cÖgcÎ]
 e¨w³+ †Kvb wKQz Kivi gZ + e¨w³ + bq + eySv‡Z- Subject not + person + to + verb Gi
base form e‡m|
D`vniY: m~wPZv Ab¨v‡qi Kv‡Q gv_v bZ Kivi gZ †g‡q bq|
-Suchita is not a girl to give in to injustice.
 cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨ Kv‡iv wK n‡q‡Q eySv‡Z- What + (auxiliary verb) + tense Abymv‡i happen
+ to +n/ p+?
D`vniY: †Zvgvi wK n‡q‡Q? -What has happened to you?
 Kv‡iv wKQz n‡q‡Q/nqwb eySv‡Z- Subject + (auxiliary verb) + tense Abymv‡i happen + to
+n/ p+----.
D`vniY: Avgvi wKQz nqwb| -Nothing has happened to me.
 Kv‡iv cQ›` gZ eySv‡Z- To one’s/ his/ her/ our/ their +liking/ choice e‡m|
D`vniY: KwdwU Zvi cQ›` n‡q‡Q| -The coffee is to his liking/ choice.
⌂ To+ possessive(one’s/ his/ her/ my/ our/ their) + surprise/ astonishment (wew¯§Z
nIqv/ AevK jvMv)/ pleasure (Avb›` cvIqv/ Avb›` jvMv)/ sorrow( `y:L cvIqv/ `y:L jvMv)/ relief
(¯^w¯Í cvIqv/ ¯^w¯Í jvMv) +, + sub + verb + extension- G ai‡bi MVb cÖYvjx wew¯§Z nIqv/ Avb›`
cvIqv/ `ytL cvIqvi Abyyf~wZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
D`vniY: Avwg nvmvb‡K Bmjvgx Rvjmvq cÖavb e³v wn‡m‡e e³…Zv w`‡Z †`‡L AevK n‡q †Mjvg|
-To my surprise, I saw Hasan delivering speech in an Islamic congregation
as the chief speaker.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 186 ~
 Avgvi A‡bK ¯^w¯Í †j‡MwQj †h MvwowUi ÿwZ nqwb|
-Much to my relief, the car was not damaged.
‡m G‡Kev‡i wew¯§Z n‡qwQj †h ‡jvKwU Zvi bvg ¯§iY K‡iwQj|
-To his utter astonishment, the man remembered his name.
gvmy‡`i G‡Kev‡iB AevK †j‡MwQj †h ‡jvKwU Zvi bvg ¯§iY K‡iwQj|
-To Masud’s utter astonishment, the man remembered his name.
 ejv A‡_©, say + to + e¨w³ e‡m- †hgb: He said to me. Avi say + that + subject + verb
†hgb: -He said that he was ill.
 ejv A‡_©, tell + e¨w³/ e¯‘ e‡m- †hgb: -He told me. -Lipi told a story.
 KvD‡K wb¤œwjwLZ Dcv‡q gviv/ †g‡i †djv eySv‡Z- Subject + beat(gviv), shoot (¸wj Kiv), hack
(‡Kvcvb), stone (cv_i †Qvov) + to + death e‡m|
D`vniY: cywjk Acivax‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kij| -The police shot the criminal to death.
‡QvU †Q‡jiv cv_i †g‡i e¨v½wU‡K †g‡i †djj|
-The small boys stone the frog to death.
 D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡Z evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Rb¨ _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq to + g~j verb Gi base form
e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgiv euvPvi Rb¨ LvB| -We eat to live.
iægcv wmwÏKv GKwU eB †Kbvi Rb¨ evRv‡i †Mj|
-Rumpa Siddika went to market to buy a book.
mgvR cybM©V‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i‡K cybM©wVZ n‡Z n‡e| [cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖ_g
†kÖwYi wimvP© Awdmvi cixÿv- 2017]
To reform society, we have to rebuild ourselves.
sub
cywjk evwnbxi m`m¨MY Zv to + verb cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ adverbial cÖwZ‡iva hy‡× verb AeZxY©
nb| [cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2000] -Members of the police force appear in a
defensive war to defend the aggression.
 R‡b¨ eySv‡Z- In order to/ so as to(Rb¨)+ verb Gi base form e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgvi Kg©¯’‡ji cv‡k/ KvQvKvwQ _vKvi Rb¨ Avwg bZzb dø¨v‡U D‡VwQjvg|
-I moved to a new flat in order to/ so as to be near my work.
 wb¤œwjwLZ verb h_v- live, sit, write Ges play Gi †ÿ‡Î-
Structure: ….Article/ number + to + live, sit, write/ think + preposition A_ev-
Preposition + whom/ which + to + live, sit, write/ think e‡m|
emev‡mi Rb¨- a house to live in emvi Rb¨- a chair to sit on
‡jLvi Rb¨- a pen to write with fveevi welq- a matter to think about
D`vniY: ‡Ljvi Rb¨ Zvi GKRb eÜy `iKvi|
-He needs a friend to play with. Or-He needs a friend with whom to play.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 187 ~
 emvi Rb¨ Avgv‡K GKwU †Pqvi w`b|
-Give me a chair to sit on. Or- Give me a chair on which to sit.
emev‡mi/ _vKvi Rb¨ Zvi †Kvb evwo bvB| -He has no house to live in.
GUv GKUv fveevi welq| [RU- 05-06] -It is a matter to think about.
‡jLvi Rb¨ dvinvbvi GKwU Kjg `iKvi| -Farhana needs a pen to write with.
Or- Farhana needs a pen with which to write.
emev‡mi Rb¨/ _vKvi Rb¨ ‡m GKwU evwo LuyR‡Q| -He is looking for a house to live in.
Or- He is looking for a house in which to live.
AvR Aewa/ G hver ch©šÍ eySv‡Z to date/ to the present day e‡m|
]


D`vniY: AvR Aewa GwUB Zvi me ‡_‡K fv‡jv Dcb¨vm|
-This is perhaps his best novel to date.
 †Kvb chv©‡q wM‡q `uvov‡e/ e„w× cv‡e/ cvq/ †c‡qwQj/ K‡g hvIqv eySv‡Z-wb‡¤œv³ Structure wU n‡e-
Subject (Income/ price/ rate…) + drop (c‡o hvIqv)/ rise/ increase (e„w× cvIqv)/
reduce (Kgv‡bv)+ to+ percent/ cwigvY e‡m|
Or- Subject (Income/ price/ rate…) + reach+ percent/ cwigvY e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi Avq 10%e„w× †c‡q‡Q| -His income has risen to ten percent.
2020 mv‡ji g‡a¨ DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z GB nvi 10 kZvsk wM‡q `uvov‡e|
-This rate will rise/ increase to 10% in the developed countries by 2020.
Or-This rate will reach 10% in the developed countries by 2020.
 fwel¨‡Zi A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z-noun + to + verb e‡m|
The life to come (fwel¨Z Rxeb) His wife to be/ future wife (Zvi ney ¯¿x)
 Take to street- iv¯Ívq bvgv
D`vniY: GB wm×v‡šÍi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` Rvbv‡Z Zviv iv¯Ívq †b‡gwQj|
-They took to street to protest against the decision.
 To speak the truth– mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z
Speaking truly- mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z Broadly speaking- e¨vcKfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j-
To be frank- †Lvjv †gjvfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j-

Into Gi e¨envi-
 GK fvlv †_‡K Av‡iK fvlvq/ ‡Kvb wKQz †_‡K †Kvb wKQz‡Z cwieZ©b Kiv eySv‡Z- Change/ turn/
translate/ metamorphose (iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv/ nIqv)/ render (Abyev` Kiv) +….+ into +
language/ noun e‡m|
D`vniY: Aby‡”Q`wU evsjvq Abyev` Ki| -Translate the passage into Bangla.
ïyuqv‡cvKv cÖRvcwZ‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
-The caterpillar metamorphoses into a butterfly.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 188 ~

 From Gi e¨envi-
 mvaviYZ n‡Z eySv‡Z- from e‡m| GQvovI wb‡¤œv³ †ÿ‡ÎI from e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb:
 Kv‡iv evwo/ evmv wb‡`©k Ki‡Z- Avgvi evmv bIMvu| Sub + be verb/ come/ hail +from + ¯’vb e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgvi evmv bIMvu| -I am from Naogaon.
Or- I come from Naogaon. Or- I hail from Naogaon.
Zvi evmv h‡kv‡i| [BSMRSTU, F-Unit 14-15] -He comes from Jessore.
Zvi evwo ivRkvnx| [cÖv_wgK mnKvix wkÿK-98] -He hails from Rajshahi.
 ‡Kvb wKQz‡Z Kó cvIqv eySv‡Z Suffer from e‡m|
D`vniY: VvÛvq †jv‡Kiv Kó cv‡”Q| [RU 08-09] -People are suffering from cold.
Of Gi e¨envi-
 Avgiv Rvwb †Kv‡bv noun Gi †k‡l ÒiÓ _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †m noun wUi Av‡M of e¨envi
Ki‡Z nq|
D`vniY: XvKv †Kvb †`‡ki ivRavbx? -Which country is Dhaka the capital of?
Or- Of which country is Dhaka the capital?
bIMuv †Kvb wefv‡Mi †Rjv? -Which division is Noagaon the district of?
Or- Of which division is Noagaon the district?
D‡jøL¨ WH question Gi †ÿ‡Î preposition wU WH Gi Av‡M e¨envi Kiv hvq A_ev ev‡K¨i
†k‡lI e¨envi Kiv hvq|
D`vniY: In what country do you live? Or- What country do you live in?
 Z‡e wKQz wKQz ‡ÿ‡Î ÒiÓ bv _vK‡jI of e¨envi Kiv nq|
‡Kvb e¨w³/ wKQzi g‡a¨ fvj/ Lvivc/ adjective cÖKvk Ki‡Z of e‡m|
D`vniY: `yRb evj‡Ki g‡a¨ †m †ewk fvj|
Note: G evK¨¸‡jv‡Z g‡a¨ eySv‡Z- of e¨envi
-Of the two boys, he is the better. Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ comparative I
mKj evj‡Ki g‡a¨ †m †ewk fvj| superlative degree Gi †ÿ‡Î of- g‡a¨ A_©
cÖ`vb K‡i|
-Of all the boys, he is the best.
‡kK&ªwcqv‡ii bvUK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eo bvUK n‡jv n¨vg‡jU|
-Of all the plays of Shakespeare, Hamlet is the longest.
‡m Zv‡`i mevi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q `ªæZZg †L‡jvqvo|-She is the fastest player of them all.
`yB †ev‡bi g‡a¨ †ivRx eo| [Medical.97-98] -Rosy is the elder of the two sisters.
[N.B. Dc‡ii evK¨ `ywU‡Z better I best e¨env‡ii Grammar MZ cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z PvB‡j-
“Expert-Basic English” eBwU †_‡K Degree Aa¨vqwU we¯ÍvwiZ †`L‡Z cv‡ib]
 gvb/ kxj/ m¤úbœ/ evb BZ¨vw` †Kv‡bv e¨w³evPK noun Gi c‡i _vK‡j †hgb: PwiÎevb, eyw×m¤úbœ,
L¨vwZgvb BZ¨vw`; G‡ÿ‡Î †m ¸YevPK noun Gi Av‡M of e‡m|
Structure: (Article) --- + e¨w³evPK noun + of + ¸YevPK noun
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 189 ~
 D`vniY: †m GKRb PwiÎevb †jvK| -He is a man of character.
†m GKRb eyw×m¤úbœ †jvK| -He is a man of wisdom.
†m GKRb L¨vwZgvb MvqK| -He is a singer of fame/ repute.
cÖ‡Z¨‡KB PwiÎevb †jvK‡`i‡K kÖ×v K‡i| [Medical. 96-97]
-Everybody respects men of character.
 msL¨v + eQi + eq‡mi eySv‡Z †hgb: Qq eQi eq‡mi GKUv †QvU †g‡q/ cÂvk eQi eq‡mi GKRb e„×
†jvK, Giƒc eySv‡Z- a/ an + e¨w³evPK noun + of + eqm eySv‡Z e¨eüZ msL¨v e‡m|
D`vniY: Qq eQi eq‡mi GKUv †QvU †g‡q -A little girl of six
cÂvk eQi eq‡mi GKRb e„× †jvK -An old man of fifty
‡m mvZ eQi eq‡mi ‡Q‡j/ mvZ eQ‡ii †Q‡j| -He is a kid of seven.
‡m ‡lvj eQi eq‡mi ‡g‡q/ ‡lvj eQ‡ii ‡g‡q| -She is a kid of sixteen.
[Note: kid Øviv †Q‡j-†g‡q Dfq‡KB †evSvq]
 D”PZv eySv‡Z †hgb: Zvi D”PZv gvSvwi ai‡bi| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev` Ki‡Z- Subject + be + of +
medium/ average height e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi D”PZv gvSvwi ai‡bi| -He is of medium height.
Z‡e height Gi c~‡e© A½cÖZ½ _vK‡j subject+ be + at + A½cÖZ½ + height e‡m| ‡hgb: The
wall is at his shoulder/ chest/ waist + height. ‡`IqvjwU Zvi Kvua/ eyK/ †Kvgi mgvb DPz|
 ‡Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K DËi/ `wÿY/ c~e/© cwðg w`‡K eySv‡Z-
north of + ¯’vb south of + ¯’vb
east of + ¯’vb west of + ¯’vb
D`vniY: cÙv b`x ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K `wÿY w`‡K|
-The river Padma is south of Rajshahi university.
NB: G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ †_‡K + w`‡Ki bvg + w`‡K _vK‡e|
 ‡Kvb ¯’vb ‡_‡K + `yiæZ¡ + Dˇi/ `wÿ‡Y/ c~‡e©/ cwð‡g eySv‡Z Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq distance/
`yiæZ¡evPK kã (mile, kilometer, etc.) + DËi(north)/ `wÿY(south)/ c~e©(east)/
cwðg(west) + of + ¯’vb; ‡hgb: cvebv †_‡K 30 gvBj `wÿ‡Y- 30 miles south of Pabna.
D`vniY: GB †QvU kniwU cvebv †_‡K 30 gvBj `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z|
-This small city is located 30 miles south of Pabna.
Or-This small city is 30 miles south of Pabna.
Avgv‡`i MÖvg †_‡K bIMuv 60 gvBj c~‡e©|
-Naogaon is 60 miles east of our village.
 evsjv †Kv‡bv bv‡gi/we‡kl¨i †k‡l ÔiÕ _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq- The + noun + of e‡m|
D`vniY: cywj‡ki AvMgb MÖvgevmx‡`i g‡a¨ A‡bK AvZ¼ m„wó Ki‡jv|
-The arrival of the police created a lot of panic among the villagers.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 190 ~
 Avgv‡`i MÖv‡gi bvg cvwbkvBj| -The name of our village is Panishail.
Bs‡iwR wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ GK K_vq eY©bv Kiv hvq bv|
-The importance of learning English can’t be described in a word.
GLv‡b hw` †KD The ev` w`‡q ïay importance of learning English can’t be described
in a word wj‡L Zvn‡j fzj n‡e|
 evsjv ev Bs‡iwR †h‡Kvb gv‡mi wbw`©ó bvg †hgb: AvM÷ gvm, Avlvp gvm BZ¨vw` gv‡mi bv‡gi †ÿ‡Î
month kãwU e¨envi bv Ki‡jI P‡j|
D`vniY: gÄyiæj Bmjvg I Zvi ¯¿x wgwó Rvbyqvix gv‡m gywRebMi wM‡qwQj|
-Munzurul Islam and his wife Misty went to Mujibnagar in January.
Avlvp gv‡m e„wó nq| -It rains in Ashar.
evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ˆekvL gv‡m ‰ekvLx ‡gjv nq|
-Baishakhi fairs are held in many places of Bangladesh in Baishakh.
wKš‘ Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq gv‡mi bv‡gi c‡i month K_vwU †jL‡Z PvB‡j, wb¤œwjwLZ structure wU
AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡eÑ
Structure: The month of + wbw`©ó gv‡mi bvg
Rvbyqvix gvm- The month of January Avlvp gvm- The month of Ashar
D`vniY: gÄyiæj Bmjvg I Zvi ¯¿x wgwó Rvbyqvix gv‡m gywRebMi wM‡qwQj|
-Munzurul Islam and his wife Misty went to Mujibnagar in the month of January.
evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ˆekvL gv‡m ‰ekvLx ‡gjv nq|
-Baishakhi fairs are held in many places of Bangladesh in the month of
Baishakh.
Avlvp gv‡m e„wó nq| -It rains in the month of Ashar.
 wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi bvg+ ¯’vbevPK common noun _vK‡j †hgb: XvKv kni/ bIMuv †Rjv/ ivRkvnx
wek¦we`¨vjq Giƒc _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq- wbw`©ó ¯’v‡bi bvg + ¯’vbevPK common noun A_ev
the+ common noun+ of + ¯’v‡bi bvg e‡m|
D`vniY: XvKv kni- Dhaka city/ the city of Dhaka
bIMuv †Rjv- Naogaon district/ the district of Naogaon
ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq- Rajshahi university/ the university of Rajshahi
 ‡Kvb mgq/ ¯’vbevPK bv‡gi c~‡e© hw` †m wbw`©ó mgq/ ¯’v‡bi bvg _v‡K Zvn‡j In the + mgq/ ¯’vbevPK
common noun + of + mgq/ ¯’vbevPK proper noun e‡m|
D`vniY: †m bIMuv (proper noun) †Rjvq (common noun) Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQj|
-He was born in the district of Naogaon.
mvw`qv Ryb gv‡m we‡`k wM‡qwQj| -Sadia went overseas in the month of June.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 191 ~

 Adjective ‡K mivmwi e¨envi bv K‡i wb¤œwjwLZ structure Gi gva¨‡g of e¨envi K‡i noun Gi
A_© adjective Gi gZ cÖKvk Kiv hvq| Structure: Subject + be + of + adjective + noun;
‡hgb: GUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq- It is not important GB evK¨wU‡K Dc‡ii structure Abymv‡i- It is of
no importance. Gfv‡eI ‡jLv hv‡e|
D`vniY: GB eBwU me©¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ Lye mnvqK n‡e|
-This book will be very helpful for all level learners.
Or- This book will be of immense help for all level learners.

Note: very Gi ci Lye eySv‡Z memgq adjective e‡m, ZvB 1g ev‡K¨ very + helpful
(adjective) e‡m‡Q| wKš‘ c‡ii ev‡K¨ structure Abymv‡i of Gi c‡i adjective (immense) +
help(noun) nIqvi Kvi‡Y help Gi Av‡M very emv‡bv hv‡e bv| †mRb¨ very Gi cwie‡Z© very Gi
A_© cÖKvkK †h‡Kvb adjective emv‡Z n‡e|
Avevi evK¨wU‡K immense Gi cwie‡Z© great ØvivI †jLv hvq †m‡ÿ‡Î GKB A_© _vK‡e|-This book will
be of great help for all level learners.
]

 kZ kZ, nvRvi nvRvi, jÿ jÿ, †KvwU ‡KvwU eySv‡Z- Hundreds of(kZ kZ), thousands of
(nvRvi nvRvi), millions of(jÿ jÿ), lakhs/lacs of (jÿ jÿ), crores of(†KvwU ‡KvwU)
e‡m|
D`vniY: cÖwZw`b kZkZ †jvK wewfbœ ai‡bi `~l‡Yi Ke‡j c‡o|
-Everyday hundreds of people fall in the grip of various kinds of pollution.
weMZ mvjwfwËK cÖkœ-
we‡`‡k Kg©iZ jvL jvL evsjv‡`wk D`qv¯Í cwikÖg K‡i cÖwZeQi wecyj cwigvY ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv †`‡k cvVvq|
[Sonali Bank Ltd. (Officer) IT-2016] -Lakhs of Bangladeshi expatriates working abroad
send a huge amount of remittance to their country toiling hard.
sub
`ªæZZg Kw¤úDUvi adverbial K‡qK b¨v‡bv ‡m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ object jÿ jÿ mgm¨vi verb mgvavb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| [cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2004] -The fastest computer can solve millions of
problems within a few nano seconds.
 G ai‡bi/ GigZ e¨w³/ e¯‘ eySv‡Z- the likes of + e¨w³/ e¯‘evPK noun/ pronoun e‡m|
D`vniY: wgZz Kwe‡ii gZ †jv‡Ki mv‡_ wgk‡Z Pvq bv|
-Mitu does not want to mix with the likes of Kabir.
 Kv‡iv/ †Kvb wKQzi K_v Rvbv/ K_v ‡kvbv/ K_v ejv/ K_v Rvb‡Z cviv Giƒc †evSv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ Verb
¸‡jvi c‡i of/about e¨envi Kiv nq|

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 192 ~

 Know of-
Hear of-
Speak of-
Learn of + noun / pronoun
Think of-
Hear about-
Talk about-
D`vniY: Avwg Zvi Avmvi K_v GK Nwbô eÜzi KvQ †_‡K ‡R‡bwQjvg|
-I learnt of his arrival from a close friend.
Zvi K_v Avi e‡jvbv| -Don’t speak of him anymore.
Avwg Zvi evevi g„Zy¨i K_v ïbjvg| -I heard of his father’s death.
Avwg †mLv‡b hvIqvi K_v fvewQ| -I am thinking of going there.
wjgb Avi ‡gŠ‡qi K_v fve‡e bv| -Lemon will no longer think of Mou.
wcVvi K_v ï‡b †m ZvovZvwo Nyg †_‡K DV‡jv|
-Hearing about cake, he got up from sleep quickly.
Avgiv mvaviYZ †m‡K‡Ûi K_v ewj bv| -We usually do not talk about seconds. [¯^v¯’¨
I cwievi Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi Dc-mnKvix †givgZ cÖ‡KŠkjx cixÿv-2017]
 Regardless of/ irrespective of wbwe©‡k‡l/ evPwePvi bv K‡i/ ‡f`v‡f` bv K‡i|
D`vniY: eqm, wj½, ag© A_ev RvZxqZvi evPwePvi bv K‡i mKj cªv_©x‡`i K_v we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e|
-All applicants will be considered regardless of age, sex, religion or
nationality.
‡Q‡j-†g‡q wbwe©‡k‡l mevB GB gvbe e܇b Ask wb‡qwQj|
-Everybody attended this human chain irrespective/ regardless of boys
and girls.
Zvi Ávb hZB Aí †nvK bv †Kb ‡m PvKzwiUv cv‡e| [Islami Bank BD (SO/ PO) – 2010]
-He will get the job regardless of how poor his knowledge may be.
RvwZ, ag©, eY©, wbwe©‡k‡l Avcvgi RbmvaviY mevB AvR G‡K ÔAvgvi e¨vsKÕ e‡j ¯^xK„wZ
w`‡q‡Q| -Today people of all walks of life irrespective of race, religion,
caste have recognized it as ÔMy Bank’.
 Be of the view/ of the opinion- Kv‡iv gZvgZ n‡”Q †h eySv‡Z †hgb: Avgvi gZvgZ n‡”Q|
Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡`- Structure: Sub + be + of the opinion +that + sub + verb +
extension.
†hgb: Avgvi gZvgZ n‡”Q--- -I am of the opinion/ view---
Zvi gZvgZ n‡”Q--- -He is of the opinion/ view----
Zv‡`i gZvgZ n‡”Q--- -They are of the opinion/ view---
D`vniY: Avgvi gZvgZ n‡”Q †h Zv‡`i‡K Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨ Kiv DwPZ|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 193 ~
 -I am of the opinion that we should help them.
A_©bxwZwe`‡`i gZvgZ n‡”Q ‡h RbmsL¨v e„w×i BwZevPK I †bwZevPK Dfqw`K Av‡Q|
-Economists are of the view that the population growth has both positive
and negative effects.
 †Kvb w`‡Ki bv‡gi c~‡e© Ôme‡P‡q/ me© K_v D‡jøL _vK‡j †hgb me‡P‡q `wÿ‡Yi Giƒc eySv‡Z Bs‡iwR‡Z
†m w`‡Ki Av‡M most e‡m| structure: w`‡Ki bvg + ¯’vb + in/ of +¯’vb
Southernmost- me‡P‡q/ me© `wÿ‡Yi Westernmost- me‡P‡q cwð‡gi
Northernmost- me‡P‡q Dˇii Easternmost- me‡P‡q c~‡e©i
D`vniY: evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q Dˇii †Rjvi bvg wK?
-What is the name of the northernmost district of Bangladesh?
 Possessive (my, our, your, etc.) + knowledge of +fvlvi bvg/ wel‡qi bvg e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi Bs‡iwR Ávb Lye Kg|
-His knowledge of English is very poor.
 Outside the purview of- AvIZvi evB‡i; Within the purview of- AvIZvi wfZ‡i;
D`vniY: welqwU ¯^v¯’¨ Awa`߇ii AvIZvq|
-The matter is within the purview of the Department of Health.
 Kv‡iv KvQ †_‡K †Kvb wKQz PvIqv/ Aby‡iva Kiv eySv‡Z Ask/ beg + e¯‘ + of + e¨w³ e‡m| GLv‡b
†_‡K eySv‡Z of e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D`vniY: ‡m Avgvi KvQ †_‡K GKwU eB PvBj| -He asked a book of me.
‡jvKwU Avgvi KvQ †_‡K mnvqZv PvBj| -The man beg the favour of me.
 wb¤œwjwLZ mgq wb‡`©kK Phrase Gi †ÿ‡Î of Gi e¨envi gyL¯Í Kiv `iKvi|
The day of the moon- wZw_ The bright half of the month- cÿ
The dark half of the month- K…lœcÿ
ch©šÍ eySv‡Z till, until, up to Ges as of Gi e¨envi-
 ch©šÍ eySv‡Z Till Gi e¨envi: Till + N›Uv/ mgq/ eQi
D`vniY: gvP© gvm ch©šÍ G ms¯’vi mKj Kvh©Kjvc eÜ _vK‡e|
-All the activities of this organization will remain closed till March.
 cieZx© weÁwß bv †`Iqv ch©šÍ eySv‡Z- until further notice e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: G Awd‡mi mKj Kvh©Kjvc cieZx© wb‡`©k bv †`Iqv ch©šÍ eÜ _vK‡e|
-All the activities of this office will remain close until further notice.
[g‡b ivLyb: until evbv‡b GKwU “L” Avi till evbv‡b `yBUv “L”]
 ‡Kvb RvqMvq bv †cuŠQv ch©š/Í †cŠQvi AvM ch©šÍ eySv‡Z- until+ place Gi bvg e‡m|
D`vniY: ivwRe Lvb wbjdvgvixi RjXvKvq †cuŠQvi AvM ch©šÍ evmwU‡Z `uvwo‡q wQj|
-Rajib Khan was standing on the bus until Jaldhaka in Nilphamari.
 ch©šÍ eySv‡Z up to Gi e¨envi: up to + gvÎv/ noun/ msL¨v
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 194 ~
 D`vniY: ZvcgvÎv 35 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ch©šÍ †e‡o wM‡qwQj|
-The temperature increased up to 35° C.
cÂg †kÖwY ch©šÍ c‡o †m Avi ¯‹z‡j hvqwb|
-Studying up to class five, he left the school.
 Kv‡iv gZje wK eySv‡Z Interrogative ev‡K¨ up to e‡m|
‡Zvgvi gZje wK? -What are you up to?
 ch©šÍ eySv‡Z as of I e¨envi Kiv nq Ges Gi c‡i Aek¨B mgqevPK word _vK‡e| ‡hgb: MZKvj mܨv
ch©šÍ †m jywK‡q wQj| G‡ÿ‡Î structure n‡jv: as of + time word
D`vniY: MZKvj mܨv ch©šÍ †m jywK‡q wQj| -He went into hiding as of yesterday evening.
iweevi ch©šÍ †m †Kvb KvR K‡iwb| -He didn’t do any work as of Sunday.
After Gi e¨envi-
 mvaviYZ c‡i eySv‡Z after e‡m| Z‡e Kv‡iv bvg Abymv‡i eySv‡Z named after + noun/
pronoun e‡m|
D`vniY: Abb¨v mvnvi bvg Abymv‡i ¯‹zjwUi bvg ivLv nj|
-The school was named after Anannya Saha.
 mvaviYZ gZ eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î after e‡m|
D`vniY: †Q‡jwU Zvi wcZvi gZ| [ivtwet (E-even), 14-15] -The boy takes after his father.
‡m Avgvi g‡bi gZ †jvK| [ivtwet (E-odd), 14-15] -He is a man after my heart.
 ‡LuvRv eySv‡Z after e‡m|
D`vniY: Avcwb wK LyuR‡Qb? -What are you after?

Under Gi e¨envi-
 Pvwiw`K †_‡K †X‡K wb‡q Av‡Q Ggb ‡Kvb wKQzi wb‡P eySv‡Z under e¨envi Kiv nq|
weQvbvi wb‡P- under the bed Mv‡Qi wb‡P- under the tree
Rvbvjvi wb‡P- under the window Qv‡`i wb‡P- under the roof
AvKv‡ki wb‡P- under the sky Qwei wb‡P- under the picture
cvwbi wb‡P- under water ‡cvkv‡Ki wb‡P- under+ names of clothes
D`vniY: Avgiv AvKv‡ki wb‡P evm Kwi| -We live under the sky.
(‡Zvgvi) Qwei wb‡P †Zvgvi bvg wj‡Lv| -Write your name under your picture.
†m weQvbvi wb‡P ev·wU jywK‡q †i‡LwQj| - He hid the bag under the bed.
Avwg cvwbi wb‡P wKQz PKPK Ki‡Z †`Ljvg|
-I saw something glittering under the water.
†m Zvi †Kv‡Ui wb‡P GKUv R¨v‡KU c‡iwQj|
-The man was wearing a jacket under his coat.
 ‡Kvb wKQzi wbP w`‡q eySv‡Z MwZ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z under e‡m|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 195 ~
 ‡hgb: GKwU QuyPv `iRvi wbP w`‡q cvwj‡q †Mj| -A shrew ran away under the door.
GB febwUi wbP w`‡q nuvUv-nuvwU K‡ivbv| -Do not walk under this building.
 ‡Kvb wKQy cÖwµqvaxb/ Aax‡b Av‡Q Giƒc eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î under e‡m|
wbg©vbvaxb- under construction ch©v‡jvPbvaxb- under review
we‡ePbvaxb- under consideration Av‡jvPbvaxb- under negotiation
ms¯‹vivaxb- under repair Z`šÍvaxb- under investigation
M„ne›`x- under house arrest ch©‡eÿYvaxb- under observation
cixÿvaxb- under examination mvgwiK AvB‡bi Aax‡b- under martial law
cywjwk cvnvivq- under the police guard mk¯¿ cvnvivq- under the armed guard
Pv‡c- under pressure/ stress/ strain Rei `w¯Í K‡i/ Rei `w¯Íg~jK fv‡e- under duress
cÖfv‡e- under the influence of ‡bZ…‡Z¡- under the leadership of
ZË¡veav‡b- under the supervision of KZ©„Z¡vaxb/ wb‡`©kbvaxb- under the orders of
w`K wb‡`©kbvq- under the guidance of mk¯¿ cvnvivq/ wbivcËvq- under armed escort
¯^vfvweK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z- under normal circumstances
cywjwk cvnvivq/ wbivcËvq- under police escort
 cwiw¯’wZ‡Z eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ ‡ÿ‡Î- under e¨envi Kiv nq|
under different circumstances/ conditions- wewfbœ cwiw¯’‡Z
under the weight of- f‡i
 AvBb Abymv‡i/ Pzw³ Abymv‡i eySv‡Z under e‡m| under…law-AvBb Abymv‡i; under the
terms of agreement/ lease- Pzw³/ wj‡Ri aviv Abymv‡i; under the name/ pseudonym
of- cÖK…Z bvg e¨envi bv K‡i/ wfbœ †Kvb bvg e¨envi K‡i/ QÙ bv‡g
D`vniY: K‡qw`‡bi cywjwk wbivcËvq Avj‡Z wb‡q hvIqv n‡jv|
-Prisoners were taken to court under police escort.
mvjgvb I wgj‡bi mvwe©K ZË¡veav‡b AbyôvbwUi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡qwQj|
-The program was held under the overall supervision of Salman and Milon.
GKRb AwfÁ wkÿ‡Ki w`Kwb‡`©kbvq M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ n‡qwQj|
-The research was conducted under the guidance of an experienced teacher.
mš¿vmx‡`i cywjwk cvnvivq ivLv n‡jv|
-The terrorists were kept under the police guard.
mgvRweÁvb wefv‡Mi QvÎ †jgb I QvÎx †gŠ GKwU wbg©vYvaxb fe‡bi cv‡k `uvwo‡q GKB
wefv‡Mi QvÎ Avj Bgivb I †Lvi‡k` Avj‡gi mv‡_ †LvkMí Ki‡Q|
-Lemon, a male student, and Mou, a female student, of the Sociology
Department are gossiping with Al-Imran and Khorshed Alam, students of
the same department, standing beside an under construction building.
gv`Kvmw³i cÖfv‡e †m AcivawU K‡iwQj|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 196 ~
 -He committed the crime under the influence of drugs.
AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb Abymv‡i Zv‡`i weiæ‡× e¨e¯’v †bIqv n‡e|
-Action will be taken against them under international law.
BRviv/ cvÆvi kZ© Abymv‡i, evwowU‡K †Kvd©v/Dc fvov †`Iqvi AwaKvi Zvi †bB|
-Under the terms of the lease, he has no right to sublet the house.
GZ ‡ewk †jv‡Ki f‡i †eÂwU †f‡½ wM‡qwQj|
-The bench collapsed under the weight of so many people.
Avevi G‡`‡ki wkÿvi GKwU e„nËg Ask iv‡óªi wbqš¿Yvaxb cwiPvwjZ| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK GwW 2017]
-And a major part of education system of this country is under the control
of the state.
kniwU Kovfv‡e mvgwiK AvB‡bi Aax‡b Av‡Q| -The city remains firmly under Martial law.
welqwU GLbI Av‡jvPbvaxb| -The issue is still under negotiation.
m‡›`nfvRb e¨w³‡K cywjk KZ©„K ch©‡eÿYvaxb ivLv n‡”Q|
-The suspect is being kept under observation by the police.
ivRavbxi cvuPwU ms‡hvM¯’‡j d¬vBIfvi wbg©v‡Yi KvRI cÖwµqvaxb| [Bangladesh Bank (AD – 10]
-Construction of fly-over at the five junctions/ intersections of the capital is
also under process/ underway.
 Abyש eySv‡Z- Under e‡m| ‡hgb: Under nineteen- Abyש Ewbk
msL¨v +eQi/ gv‡mi eq‡mi wb‡P/ Kg eySv‡Z- Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq- e¨w³ + under + msL¨v/eqm e‡m|
cvuP eQ‡ii Kg eqmx wkï- children under five
D`vniY: cuvP eQ‡ii Kg eq‡mi wkï‡`i GB Qwe †`Lv DwPZ bq|
-Children under five should not watch this film.
 Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg mgq eySv‡Z- Under + minute/ hour e‡m|
D`vniY: KvRwU Ki‡Z mxgv I wnivi GK N›Uvi Kg †j‡MwQj|
-It took Sima and Hira under an hour to do the work.
 aviYv/ wek¦vm _vKv- Subject + be verb + under the impression that + sub + verb +
extension.
D`vniY: Zvi aviYv/ †m aviYv K‡i †h Zb¥q GUv K‡i‡Q|
-He is under the impression that Tonmoy has done it.
Below Gi e¨envi-
 †Kvb ¯’v‡bi wb‡P wKš‘ mivmwi wb‡P bq Giƒc eySv‡Z below e‡m| GUv Øviv MwZ eySvq bv †hgbUv
under Øviv cÖKvk cvq|
D`vniY: MÖvgwUi wb‡P GKwU b`x/ n«` Av‡Q| -There is a river/ lake below the village.
ivbœv NiwU Zvi †eW iæ‡gi wb‡P| -The kitchen is below his bed room.
 ‡Kvb msL¨v/ cwigvY/ eq‡m Kg eySv‡Z below e‡m|
D`vniY: `k eQ‡ii Kg eqmx †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i GB QwewU †`L‡Z †`Iqv nq bv|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 197 ~
 -Children below the age of ten are not allowed to watch the film.
RbmsL¨vi wZb fv‡Mi GK fvM `vwi`ª¨ mxgvi bx‡P evm K‡i|
-A third of the population lives/ live below the poverty line/ level.
 Kg eySv‡Z- sub + verb + below + eqm/ gvK©/ percent/ ‡¯‹vi e‡m|
D`vniY: kvwnb I mvwn‡`i eqm 25 eQ‡ii Kg| -Shahin and Sahid are below 25.
‡m 80 bv¤^v‡ii Kg †c‡q‡Q| -He has secured below 80 marks.
Rvbyqvix‡Z gy`vªùxwZi nvi cuvP kZvs‡ki wb‡P †b‡g G‡mwQj|
-In January, the rate of inflation fell below 5%.
 ‡Kvb wKQz †jLvi/ covi †ÿ‡Î wb‡P eySv‡Z mvaviYZ c„ôv/ page Gi †ÿ‡Î below e‡m|
‡hgb: GB c„ôvi wb‡P †jL| -Write below this page.
Zv‡`i bv‡gi ZvwjKv wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv| -The list of their names is given below.
[GLv‡b 2q D`vni‡Y below n‡jv Adverb]
Over Gi e¨envi-
 Dci w`‡q/ bv Quy‡q Dci w`‡q MwZ Ae¯’v eySv‡Z over e‡m|
D`vniY: GKUv G‡iv‡cøb Zvi gv_vi Dci w`‡q D‡o †Mj| -An aero plane flew over his head.
-†m †eovi Dci w`‡q jvdw`‡jv| -He jumped over the fence.
 ‡Kvb wKQzi Dc‡i †mZz _vKv eySv‡Z over e‡m|
D`vniY: hgybv b`x‡Z GKwU †mZz Av‡Q| -There is a bridge over the Jamuna.
 gv_vi Ici QvZv _vKv eySv‡Z over e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡m Zvi gv_vi Ic‡i GKwU QvZv a‡iwQj/ †m QvZv dzwU‡q wQj|
-He held an umbrella over his head.
 over the loudspeaker- jvDW w¯úKv‡i
‡m jvDW w¯úKv‡i †NvlYv w`‡jv| -He announced over the loudspeaker.
 ‡cwi‡q eySv‡Z- over+ time e‡m|
D`vniY: †m Avgv‡K ïµevi †cwi‡q kwbevi ch©šÍ _vK‡Z ejj|
-He asked me to stay over Friday.
 MZ/ m¤úªwZ/ cieZx© Øviv hy³ evsjv †Kvb mgqevPK k‡ãi †k‡l “G” _vK‡j ‡hgb: MZ cvuP eQ‡i/
mv¤úªwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z/ cieZ©x eQi¸‡jv‡Z- Giƒc eySv‡Z Over+ the last/ past(MZ)/ recent/
next/ a period of + time word e‡m|
D`vniY: MZ cvuP eQ‡i †mwjnvb Avjg kvwnb Zvi cov‡kvbvq A‡bK AMÖMwZ K‡i‡Q|
-Over the past five years Selihan Alam Shahin has made a lot of progress
in his studies.
cieZx© K‡qKw`‡bB ivRb I AwbZv kn‡ii me AwjMwj fvjfv‡e wP‡b †dj‡jv|
-Over the next few days Rajon and Anita got to know all the alleys of the
town well.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 198 ~
 mv¤úªwZK gvm¸‡jv‡Z e¨emvqxiv KZ…©c‡ÿi fzj wm×v‡šÍi Kvi‡Y e¨vcK jm †L‡q‡Q|
-Over the recent months businessmen have incurred huge loss due to the
wrong decision of the authority.
MZ K‡qK eQ‡i †gvevBj †dv‡bi `vg K‡g †M‡Q|
-Mobile phones have come down in price over the past few years.
MZ K‡qK eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k adverbial†gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g subUvKv †jb‡`‡bi cwigvY
verb
†e‡o‡Q| [Janata Bank LTD (EO- FO) 2015]
-Over the past few years transaction of money through the mobile phone
has increased.
 ‡Kvb wKQz‡K †K›`ª K‡i eySv‡Z over e¨envi Kiv nq- G‡ÿ‡Î over + verb +ing e‡m|
‡hgb: Avg Kzo‡bv‡K †K›`ª K‡i GKRb †jvK Zvi AvU eQi eqmx PvPv‡Zv fvB‡K Kzwc‡q nZ¨v Kij|
-A man hacked his eight-year-old cousin to death over collecting mango.
wbe©vP‡bi A‡bK Av‡MB eZ©gvb †gqi I Zvi Av‡Mi †gqi cÖPviYvi e¨vbvi Uv½v‡bv‡K †K›`ª K‡i
؇›Ø wjß n‡q‡Q|
-Much before the election, the incumbent mayor and his predecessor have got
involved in conflict over hanging campaign banners.
Adverb wn‡m‡e Over Gi e¨envi-
 msL¨vi AvwaK¨ eySv‡Z Adverb wn‡m‡e over + msL¨v e‡m|
D`vniY: wZbk R‡bi AwaK QvÎ-QvÎx cvk K‡i‡Q| -Over 300 students have passed.
 JLv‡b eySv‡Z- over there e‡m|
D`vniY: JLv‡b hvI| -Go over there.
 GBLv‡b eySv‡Z-over here e‡m|
D`vniY: Avcwb wK GBLvbUvq Avm‡eb? -Would you come over here?
Above Gi e¨envi-
 bv Quy‡q Dc‡i w¯’i Ae¯’v eySv‡Z Above e‡m|
D`vniY: AvKvk Avgv‡`i gv_vi Dc‡i| -The sky is above our head.
 D‡aŸ© eySv‡Z above e‡m|
fz‡ji D‡aŸ©- above mistakes m‡›`‡ni D‡aŸ©- above suspicion
e¨w³MZ ¯^v‡_©i D‡aŸ©- above personal interest
D`vniY: †cÖwRWvb&U&‡K `jxq ivRbxwZi D‡aŸ© _vKv DwPr|
-The president should stand above party politics.
 eqm, ZvcgvÎv, kZKiv ev IRb BZ¨vw`i †ewk cwigvY eySv‡Z Above e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi IRb 90 †KwRi Dc‡i| -His weight is above 90 kgs.
‡Q‡jwUi eqm `k eQ‡ii †ewk| -The boy is above 10.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 199 ~
 AviI Ab¨vb¨ e¨envi-
 cÖvq/ KvQvKvwQ/ †MvUv eySv‡Z Nearly/ about/ approximately/ almost/ roughly/ some/
around + msL¨v e‡m| [GLv‡b Giv adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i]
D`vniY: GLv‡b cÖvq c‡bi Rb/ †MvUv c‡biK †jvK Av‡Q|
-There are some fifteen people here.
‡MvUv cvu‡PK ‡Q‡j cvqPvwi Ki‡Q| -About five boys are strolling.
KvRwU ‡kl Ki‡Z cÖvq 30 w`b jvM‡e|
-It will take nearly/ about/ approximately/ almost/ roughly/ some/
around 30 days to finish the work.
Adverbial
MZ K‡qK eQi a‡i evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY subA_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× 7 kZvs‡ki KvQvKvwQ
verb
Av‡Q| [mvD_ Bó e¨vsK G I- 2017]
-The internal economic growth of Bangladesh has been around 7 per cent
over the last few years.
About Gi e¨envi-
 cÖvq + mgq evPK kã A_ev mKvj/ `ycyi/ mܨv/ ivZ/ †fvi nq nq eySv‡Z- It be verb +about +
time e‡m|
D`vniY: GLb cÖvq `ycyi/ `ycyi nq nq| -It is about noon.
GLb cÖvq mܨv/ mܨv nq nq| -It is about evening
ZLb cÖvq †fvi/ †fvi nq nq| -It was about dawn.
Around Gi e¨envi-
 Pvicv‡k eySv‡Z- around e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡PvL¸‡jv‡K Av‡iv my›`i Ki‡Z †Pv‡Li Pvicv‡k KvRj gvLv nq|
-Kohl is put around the eyes to make them more attractive.
 Av‡kcv‡k eySv‡Z- around e‡m|
D`vniY: Avwg jvB‡eªwii Av‡kcv‡k AvwQ| -I am around the library.
 mg‡qi w`‡K eySv‡Z- around + time e‡m|
‡hgb: `ycy‡ii w`‡K- around noon mܨvi w`‡K- around evening
D`vniY: iwb I Avkv mܨvi w`‡K GB RvqMvi Av‡kcv‡k Gw`K ‡mw`K †Nviv‡div KiwQj|
-Rony and Asha were moving to and fro around this place around evening.
 evsjv‡Z mg‡qi w`‡K eySv‡Z towards +time word I e¨envi Kiv nq|
Towards evening- mܨvi w`‡K Towards morning- mKv‡ji w`‡K
Towards the beginning- ïiæi/ †Mvovi w`‡K Towards the end- †k‡li w`‡K
D`vniY: mܨvi w`‡K ‡m Zvi Awd‡m _vK‡e|
-He will remain in his office towards evening.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 200 ~
 MZ kZvwãi †Mvovi w`‡K Avgv‡`i mgv‡Ri mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv Ggb wQj bv|
-Towards the beginning of the last century the social structure of our
society was not like this.
Out of Gi e¨envi-
 g‡a¨ eySv‡Z- out of + msL¨v/ marks/ grade e‡m|
D`vniY: †m GKki g‡a¨ 90 b¤^i †c‡q‡Q| -He has secured 90 marks out of 100.
AvwkRb Qv‡Îi g‡a¨ A‡a©K cvk K‡iwQj| -Out of eighty students, half passed.
5 Gi g‡a¨ Avwg GPA 4.8 †c‡qwQ| - [nvt‡gvt`vtwetcÖtwet B, 10-11]
-Out of 5 I have got GPA 4.8.
 g‡a¨ †_‡K eySv‡ZI- out of e‡m|
D`vniY: GKwU Wjwdb cvwbi g‡a¨ †_‡K jvwd‡q DV‡jv| -A dolphin leapt out of the water.
 cÖwZ--- `yB/ Pvi/ `k BZ¨vw`- R‡b GK/ `yB/ `k BZ¨vw`---- Rb+ noun eySv‡Z- ‡hgb: cÖwZ `kR‡b
wZbRb wkï| wb¤œwjwLZ structure Gi out of e¨envi nq| Structure: 2q msL¨v + out of +
1g msL¨v + noun
D`vniY: cÖwZ `kR‡b wZbRb wkï Acywó‡Z fz‡M|
-Three out of ten children suffer from malnutrition.
cÖwZ wZbR‡b `yBRb †jvK g‡b K‡ib ‡h e¨e¯’vc‡Ki c`wU †Q‡o †`Iqv DwPZ|
-Two out of three people think that the manager should resign the post.
 Rvbvjv/ `iRv w`‡q †ei nIqv/ wb‡ÿc Kiv eySv‡Z- out of the window/ door e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡ivjKj †kl nIqvi ci †Q‡jwU †cQ‡bi `iRv w`‡q P‡j †Mj|
-The boy went out of the back door after the roll call was over.
Rvbvjv w`‡q †Kvb wKQz †djbv| -Don’t throw anything out of the window.
‡m Rvbvjv w`‡q KvMRwU ‡d‡j w`j| -He threw the paper out of the window.
‡m Kvu`‡Z Kuv`‡Z Ni †_‡K †ei n‡q ‡Mj| -He ran screaming out of the room.
 iæg †_‡K †ei n‡q hvIqv eySv‡Z- go out of the room e¨envi nq|
D`vniY: ‡gvevBj †dv‡bi wis‡Uvb ï‡b Uwc Ni †_‡K †ei n‡q †Mj|
-Topy went out of the room hearing the ringtone of her mobile phone.
Along Gi e¨envi-
 iv¯Ív/b`x/‰mK‡Zi cvo w`‡q --- eySv‡Z- Along + road/ river bank/ beach e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡m GKUz GKUz Lywo‡q Lywo‡q iv¯Ív w`‡q nuvU‡Q|
-He is walking with a slight limp along the road.
b`xi DfqZx‡i A‡bK evwo M‡o D‡V‡Q/ wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
-Many houses have been built along both sides of the river.
Giƒc Av‡iv wKQz Expression:
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 201 ~
 Along the beach- ‰mK‡Zi cvo w`‡q; Along the river bank- b`xi cvo w`‡q;
Across Gi e¨envi-
 gvV ev †Lvjv ¯’vb/ b`x/ Rjvkq Gi Dci w`‡q hvIqv ev cÖevwnZ nIqv eySv‡Z- across e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡gw·‡Kv DcmvMi †_‡K BD‡ivc Awfgy‡L †h Dò cvwbi †m&ªvZ AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡ii Dci
w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq †mUv DcmvMixq †¯ªvZ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
-The current of warm water that flows across the Altantic Ocean from the
Gulf of Mexico towards Europe is known as Gulf Stream.
Zviv giæf~wgi Dci w`‡q †nu‡U †Mj| -They walked across the desert.
‡m muvZvi w`‡q b`x cvi n‡jv| [†gwWK¨vj Awdmvi kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvjq-03]
-He swam across the river.
Giƒc Av‡iv wKQz Expression:
Across the lake- n«‡`i Dci w`‡q Across the ice- ei‡di Dci w`‡q
Across the field- gvV w`‡q/ gv‡Vi Dci w`‡q Across the river- b`xi Dci w`‡q
Across the valley- DcZ¨vKv w`‡q/ DcZ¨vKv Dci w`‡q
Across the ocean- gnvmvMi w`‡q/ gnvmvM‡ii Dci w`‡q
 cÖv‡šÍ/ mxgv‡šÍ eySv‡Z- across the border e‡m|
D`vniY: Their house is across the border.
Through Gi e¨envi-
 ga¨ w`‡q eySv‡Z- Through e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: Zviv e‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q nuvU‡Q| -They are walking through a forest.
GB †MU w`‡q hvI| -Go through this gate.
Zviv wZbwU kn‡ii ga¨ w`‡q Mvwo Pvwj‡q †Mj| -They drove through three towns.
GB kn‡ii g‡a¨ w`‡q GKUv b`x cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q/ e‡q †M‡Q| -A river flows through this city.
Giƒc Av‡iv wKQz Expression:
through trees- MvQcvjvi ga¨ w`‡q through the window- Rvbvjv w`‡q
through the door- `iRv w`‡q through a pipe- cvBc w`‡q
through a tunnel- myo½ w`‡q through the village- MÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q
through the crowd- fx‡oi g‡a¨ w`‡q

Removing Confusion: Across VS Through-

 Pviw`‡K †Niv †Kvb wKQzi g‡a¨ w`‡q hvIqv eySv‡Z- through e‡m|
‡hgb: forest-eb/ town-kni/ crowd-RbZvi wfo BZ¨vw` Pviw`‡K MvQcvjv/ evwoNi/ gvbyl BZ¨vw`
w`‡q †Niv _v‡K ZvB Gi c~‡e© through e‡m| h_v: They are walking through a forest.
 Avi duvKv †Kvb wKQzi g‡a¨ w`‡q hvIqv eySv‡Z- across e‡m|

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 202 ~

 ‡hgb: giæf~wg/ mvMi/ gnvmvMi/ gvV/ b`x/ eid/ DcZ¨Kv/ n«` BZ¨vw` duvKv _v‡K ZvB Gi c~‡e© across
e‡m| h_v: Zviv giæf~wgi Dci w`‡q †n‡U †Mj| -They walked across the desert.
AviI Ab¨vb¨ wKQz preposition Gi mnR‡eva¨ e¨envi-
 e¨vcx/ Ry‡o eySv‡Z Throughout/ across/ around e‡m|
D`vniY: w`bwU mviv †`k e¨vcx cvwjZ n‡”Q|
-The day is being observed throughout/ across the country.
 Kvi‡Y eySv‡Z Thanks to e‡m| [Z‡e Thanks to Gi cwie‡Z© because of, due to, owing to
e¨envi Kiv hvq]
D`vniY: Zvi Amy¯’Zvi Kvi‡Y †m ¯‹z‡j †h‡Z cv‡iwb|
-Thanks to his illness, he could not go to school.
GKwU wiU Av‡e`‡bi Kvi‡Y cy‡iv welqwU cÖKvk †c‡q †Mj|
-Thanks to a writ petition, the whole matter came to light.
[Come to light- cÖKvk cvIqv]
wØZxqv‡a© mvjgv‡bi AmvaviY ‰bc~b¨Zvi Kvi‡Y `jwU `yB k~b¨‡Z wR‡Z †Mj|
-Thanks to Salman’s heroics in the second half, the team won 2-0.
 e¨ZxZ eySv‡Z save/ but/ other than e‡m|
D`vniY: Avwg e¨ZxZ †mLv‡b mevB wM‡qwQj|
-Everybody went there save/ but me.
e‡i›`ª Avwjg gv`ivmv e¨ZxZ †m Avi †Kv‡bv gv`ivmv‡Z c‡owb|
-He has not read in any other Madrasah other than Barendra Alim
Madrasah.
 cwie‡Z© eySv‡Z- rather than e‡m|
D`vniY: mevB Ab¨vb¨ eB‡qi cwie‡Z© GB eBwU Pvq|
-All want/ wants this book rather than other books.
 GKwU mgq n‡Z Av‡iKwU mg‡qi g‡a¨ eySv‡Z- between+ time + and + time e‡m| †m‡ÿ‡Î
n‡Z _vKv m‡Ë¡I and Gi ¯’‡j from n‡e bv|
D`vniY: gvmyg wejøvn 7Uv †_‡K 7.30 Uvi g‡a¨ bv¯Ív K‡i|
-Masum Billah has breakfast between 7 and 7.30.
mvZ †_‡K c‡bi eQi eqmx †Q‡j‡g‡qi Rb¨ wbqvgZcyi AvBwWqvj ¯‹zj ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
-Niamatpur Ideal School is set up for children between the ages of 7 and 15.
GUv‡Z Av‡iv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, 2/3 AskB n‡jv cyiæl hv‡`i eqm 18 †_‡K 45 Gi g‡a¨|
-It also shows that more than two-thirds of victims are males aged between
18 and 45.
[Note: Gai‡bi ev‡K¨ and Gi †Kvb A_© cÖKvk cvq bv]
 n‡Z/ †_‡K eySv‡Z-since + time/ month/ season/ year/ O’clock e‡m|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 203 ~
 D`vniY: g½jevi n‡Z- Since Tuesday 1999 mvj n‡Z- Since 1999
‡m †mvgevi n‡Z GKwU Dcb¨vm co‡Q|
-He has been reading a novel since Monday.
Note: Present Perfect/ Present Perfect Continuous Tense/ Past Perfect
Continuous Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î Òn‡Z/ ‡_‡KÓ eySv‡Z since e¨eüZ nq|
D`vniY: Avwg Zv‡K Rvbyqvwi gvm †_‡K wPwb| -I have known him since January.
Z‡e future tense Gi †ÿ‡Î Òn‡Z/ ‡_‡KÓ eySv‡Z Aek¨B from e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i cixÿv AvMvgxKvj †_‡K ïiæ n‡e| -Our exam will start from tomorrow.
-Our exam will start since tomorrow. [evK¨wU fzj]
myZivs ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq- Present Perfect/ Present Perfect Continuous Tense/ Past Perfect
Continuous Tense Gi †ÿ‡Î Òn‡Z/ ‡_‡KÓ eySv‡Z Aek¨B- since; future tense Gi †ÿ‡Î Òn‡Z/
‡_‡KÓ eySv‡Z Aek¨B from; Avi Ab¨vb¨ tense Gi †ÿ‡Î Òn‡Z/ ‡_‡KÓ eySv‡Z since/ from DfqB
em‡Z cv‡i|
 a‡i/ hver eySv‡Z- For+ number/ msL¨v e‡m|
‡hgb: `yB eQi a‡i -For two years
wZb gvm a‡i -For three months
D`vniY: ‡m `yB eQi a‡i GKUv PvKix LyuR‡Q|
-He has been searching for a job for two years.
nvRvi eQi a‡i Avwg c_ nuvwU‡ZwQ c„w_exi c‡_|
-I have been travelling the way of the world for thousand years.
 A‡bKw`b a‡i wPwb eySv‡Z Present Perfect Tense e¨eüZ nq|
D`vniY: Avwg Zv‡K A‡bKw`b a‡i wPwb|
-I have known him for a long time. -I know him for a long time.[evK¨wU fzj]
 Preposition wn‡m‡e given Gi e¨envi- †Kvb wKQzi w`K †_‡K we‡ePbvq/ we‡ePbv Ki‡j (GUv ejv
hvq †h), Giƒc eySv‡Z- given+… noun e‡m|
†hgb: Zv‡`i eq‡mi w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡j GUv ejv hvq †h wmbw_qv I ‡gvwnbx Lye †ewk cwikÖgx|
-Given their age, Synthia and Mohini are very industrious.
Bs‡iwRi cÖwZ Zvi AvMÖ‡ni K_v we‡ePbv Ki‡j/ Kiv n‡j GUv ejv hvq †h wek¦we`¨vj‡q Bs‡iwR‡Z cov
Zvi Rb¨ Lye fvj n‡e|
-Given his interest in English, it will be much better for him to study in English
at a University.
evsjv‡`‡ki Rxe-‰ewPΨ msiÿ‡Yi w`K †_‡K my›`ie‡bi ¸iæ‡Z¡i K_v we‡ePbv Ki‡j GUv ejv hvq †h,
GUv‡K iÿv Kivi weKí wKQz †bB|
Given the importance of the Sundarbans in preserving the bio-diversity of
Bangladesh, there is no alternative to protecting it.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 204 ~
 [Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jv‡Z- GUv ejv hvq †h- Gi Bs‡iwR it is said that ‡jLvi `iKvi †bB]
 Given Gi ci that/ the fact that _vK‡j- GB/ ‡mB K_v we‡ePbv Ki‡j ejv hvq †h---- Giƒc
A_© †`q- †hgb: Given the fact that/ Given that he took two hours to do the work, he
could not make so much progress.
KvRwU Ki‡Z †m ‡h 2 N›Uv mgq wb‡qwQj †mK_v we‡ePbv Ki‡j ejv hvq †h ‡m AZ‡ewk DbœwZ Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb| [G‡ÿ‡Î given the fact/ given that ev‡K¨ conjunction wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i, GLv‡b given that/
the fact that Gi ci subject+ verb---- +, + subject + verb-----e‡m;]
[Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jv‡Z- GUv ejv hvq †h- Gi Bs‡iwR it is said that ‡jLvi `iKvi †bB]
 wecix‡Z eySv‡Z- as opposed to e‡m|
D`vniY: MZ gv‡mi cuvPk R‡bi wecix‡Z GB gv‡m Pvik Rb Dcw¯’Z wQj|
-Four hundred attended in this month as opposed to 500 last month.
Outside Gi e¨envi-
 evsjv‡Z bvgevPK kã/ me©bv‡gi c‡i Òi + evB‡iÓ _vK‡j, †hgb: evwoi evB‡i Preposition
wn‡m‡e weªwUk Bs‡iwR‡Z Outside + noun/ pronoun e‡m| Avi Av‡gwiKvb Bs‡iwR‡Z Outside
+ of + noun/ pronoun e‡m|
evwoi evB‡i -outside home (BrE) outside of home (AmE)
D`vniY: wjUb Avjx cÖwZw`b weKv‡j nvIqv †L‡Z evwoi evB‡i †ei nq|
-Liton Ali goes for a stroll outside home every afternoon.
hLb †`vKvb wU‡Z Av¸b jv‡M ZLb mvwnb I kvwKj evRv‡ii evB‡i wQj|
-When the shop caught fire, Sahin and Shakil were outside the market.
Out Gi bvbvwea e¨envi-
 K©g ¯’‡ji evB‡i _vKv eySv‡Z Sub + be + out--- e‡m|
D`vniY: Gmwc Kg©¯’‡ji evB‡i Av‡Qi/ Awd‡m bvB| -The SP is out.
‡Rvqvi †_‡g †M‡Q| -The tide is out.
`jwU ÿgZvq †bB| -The party is out.
‡Mvcb K_v duvm n‡q ‡M‡Q| -The secret is out.
Av‡gi gyKzj a‡i‡Q| -The mango blossom is out.
eBwU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| -The book is out.
Av¸b wb‡f †M‡Q| -The fire is out.
wj‡Ri †gqv` ‡kl n‡q ‡M‡Q| -The lease is out.
`„p msKíe× nIqv| -Be out for.
‡m †Zvgv‡K AvµgY Ki‡Z `„p msKíe×| [ivtwet (E-odd), 14-15]
-He is out for your blood.
Zvi †Mvbvq fzj n‡qwQj| [Xvtwet (D) 16-17] -He was out in reckoning.
Unlike Gi e¨envi-
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 205 ~
 unlike – gZ bq/ Ab¨ iKg eySv‡Z e¨en„Z nq| unlike Gi c‡i negative evK¨ _vK‡j unlike
+ N/ P positive A_© cÖ`vb K‡i Avi positive A_© _vK‡j negative A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
D`vniY: Unlike Bangladesh, India is a developed country.
-evsjv‡`‡ki gZ fviZ GKwU AbybœZ †`k bq|
A_ev- evsjv‡`k GKwU DbœZ †`k bv n‡jI fviZ GKwU DbœZ †`k|
Av‡iKwU evK¨- Unlike his brother, he is not honest.
-‡m Zvi fvB Gi gZ mr bq| A_ev-Zvi fvB mr n‡jI †m mr bq|
 cÖwZ eySv‡Z per e‡m|
cÖwZ N›Uvq 60 gvBj- 60 miles per hour cÖwZ iv‡Z- per night
 †gvZv‡eK eySv‡Z as per e‡m|
D`vniY: wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK KvRwU Kiv n‡qwQj|
-The work was carried out as per instructions.
 GBfv‡e/ fv‡e eySv‡Z- way K_vwUi Av‡M Preposition “in” e¨envi Ki‡jI nq, bv Ki‡jI nq|
†hgb: †m KvRwU GBfv‡e K‡i‡Q| -He has done the work this way/ in this way.
Avgiv mnRfv‡e Bs‡iwR wkL‡Z PvB|
-We want to learn English the easy way/ in the easy way.
 evsjv‡Z Preposition wb‡`©kK kã hw` GK mv‡_ `yBevi Av‡m Bs‡iwR Kiv mgq wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î
Double Preposition e‡m| ga¨ n‡Z eySv‡Z Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq ga¨ Ges n‡Z eySv‡Z GKB mv‡_
from Ges among em‡e|
D`vniY: GB `‡ji m`m¨‡`i ga¨ n‡Z GKRb †bZv evQvB Kiv n‡e|
-A leader will be selected from among the members of this group.
Zvi mncvVx‡`i g‡a¨ n‡Z GKRb K¨v‡Þb evQvB Kiv n‡jv|
-A captain was selected from among his classmates.
 GKBfv‡e from in- wfZi †_‡K, from inside- wfZi †_‡K, from outside- evwni †_‡K e‡m|
G‡ÿ‡Î from Gi c‡i e¨eüZ in, inside, outside BZ¨vw` adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 At about+ N›Uv
D`vniY: ‡m weKvj PviUvi w`‡K †mLv‡b wM‡qwQj| -He went there at about 4 pm.
 cÖvq a‡i eySv‡Z For about+ msL¨v + noun e‡m|
D`vniY: cÖvq `yBw`b a‡i †jvKwU wb‡LvuR Av‡Q|
-The man has been missing for about two days.
Preposition wenxb verb-
 wb¤œwjwLZ verb mgy‡ni c‡i noun/we‡kl¨ _vK‡j Ges †m noun/we‡kl¨ ¸‡jvi c‡i G/ †Z/ i/ q
BZ¨vw` wefw³ _vKvi c‡iI Zv‡`i Av‡M †Kv‡bv preposition em‡e bv|
⌂ Answer – DËi †`Iqv
D`vniY: †m Avgvi cÖ‡kœi DËi w`j| -He answered my questions/ question.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 206 ~
 GLv‡b cÖkœ + i _vKv m‡Ë¡I preposition em‡e bv| KviY Gi c‡ii verb wU A_©vr Answer Gi c‡i
mivmwi noun e‡m|
⌂ Approach– Kv‡Q Avmv D`vniY: †m Avgvi Kv‡Q Avmj| -He approached me.
⌂ Await – A‡cÿv Kiv
D`vniY: mKj wkwÿZ I †eKvi e¨w³iv fv‡jv PvKzwii Rb¨ A‡cÿv K‡i|
-All educated and unemployed persons await good jobs.
⌂ Befriend – Kv‡iv mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ Kiv
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i Amr †jvK‡`i mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ Kiv DwPr bq|
-We should not befriend dishonest people.
⌂ Befall – NUv
D`vniY: Zvi `yf©vM¨ N‡U‡Q| -Misfortune has befallen him.
⌂ Contradict – wØgZ †cvlY Kiv
D`vniY: GB †ÿ‡Î Abb¨v mvnv myR‡bi mv‡_ wØgZ †cvlY Ki‡jv|
-Anannya Saha contradicted Sujon in this respect.
⌂ Contemplate – Mfxifv‡e wPšÍv Kiv/ cÖZ¨vkv Kiv
D`vniY: Mfxifv‡e †m Zvi AZx‡Zi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡jv| -He contemplated his past.
⌂ Concern – DwØMœ Kiv/ fvwe‡q †Zvjv
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i mgv‡R m¯¿vmx Kg©Kv‡Ûi e¨vcKZv me©`v Avgv‡`i‡K fvwe‡q Zy‡j|
-The expansion of the terrorist activities in our society always concerns us.
⌂ Discuss – Av‡jvPbv Kiv
D`vniY: †mwgbv‡i e³viv cÖevmx‡`i †cÖwiZ A‡_©i ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡jv|
-The speakers discussed the importance of remittance in the seminar.
[Discuss with + e¨w³Ñ †m Avgvi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Kij-He discussed with me.
⌂ Inhabit- †Kvb ¯’v‡b evm Kiv
D`vniY: Avgiv Av‡iv A‡bK eQi GB c„w_ex‡Z evm Ki‡Z PvB|
-We want to inhabit this earth many more years.
⌂ Enter – cÖ‡ek Kiv
D`vniY: †m K¬v‡m cÖ‡ek Kij| -He entered the classroom.
[Enter into an agreement/ a debate- †Kvb Pzw³‡Z AšÍf³ ©y nIqv/ ZK© weZK© ïiæ Kiv]
D`vniY: Zviv Ah_v weZ‡K© Rwo‡q coj| -They entered into a debate for nothing.
⌂ Join- †Kvb wKQz‡Z †hvM`vb Kiv
D`vniY: †m wWcvU©‡g‡›U †jKPvivi wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb Kij|
-He joined the department as a lecturer.
‡m ‡bŠ evwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb Ki‡jv| -He joined the navy.
⌂ Lack- Afve _vKv/ Av‡Q
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 207 ~
 D`vniY: Zvi Áv‡bi Afve Av‡Q| -He lacks knowledge.
⌂ Leave – Z¨vM Kiv/ P‡j hvIqv/ P‡j Avmv
D`vniY: K¬vm †kl n‡jB †m fvwm©wU †_‡K P‡j Av‡m|
-As soon as classes are over, he leaves the varsity.
[Leave + e¯‘ + with + e¨w³ Ñ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv wKQz †i‡L †`qv eySv‡Z Gfv‡e leave e¨envi
Ki‡Z nq|
D`vniY: MZKvj Avwg Zvi Kv‡Q eB †i‡L w`‡qwQjvg| -Yesterday, I left the book with him.
[Leave + e¯‘/ e¨w³ + in/ at + ¯’vb Ñ
D`vniY: ivRcy‡Îi mr fvB‡qiv Zv‡K R½‡j †d‡j †i‡L G‡mwQj|
-The step brothers of the prince left him in the jungle.
⌂ Meet – mvÿvr Kiv/ †`Lv nIqv
D`vniY: MZKvj Zvi mv‡_ Avgvi †`Lv n‡qwQj| -I met him yesterday.
[Meet + with + an accident- †Kvb `yN©Ubvi wkKvi nIqv/ m¤§yLxb nIqv|
D`vniY: They met with an accident yesterday.
⌂ Marry – KvD‡K we‡q Kiv
D`vniY: †h w`b iKwm †e‡nw¯Í‡K we‡q K‡iwQj †m w`b wQj e„n¯úwZevi|
-The day when Roxy married Behesti was Thursday.
⌂ [Get/ be verb + married + to + e¨w³- Kv‡iv mv‡_ we‡q nIqv/ †`Iqv
D`vniY: iKwm‡K kviwg‡bi mv‡_ we‡q †`qv n‡qwQj| -Roxy was married to Sharmin.
⌂ Marry off – we‡q †`Iqv
D`vniY: evev Zvi †g‡q‡K we‡q w`j|
-Father married off his daughter.
Or-Father married his daughter off.
‡bvU: cvwievwiK m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ eySv‡Z mvaviYZ wb¤œwjwLZ k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î h_v: father, mother, uncle BZ¨vw`i
Av‡M The e‡m bv| ZvB The father married off his daughter. GB evK¨wU the _vKvi Kvi‡Y fzj|
⌂ Regret- `ytL cÖKvk Kiv
D`vniY: Avgvi Awb”QvK…Z ÎæwUi Rb¨ Avwg `ytL cÖKvk KiwQ|
-I regret my inadvertent mistakes.
⌂ Remember- Kv‡iv/ ‡Kvb wKQzi K_v g‡b _vKv/ Av‡Q-
D`vniY: A‡b‡K Zv‡`i †QvU †ejvi gayi ¯§„wZi K_v Lye fv‡jv fv‡e g‡b K‡i|
-Many remember the sweet memories of their childhood very well.
⌂ Resemble- †`L‡Z GKB iKg nIqv/ mv`„k¨c~Y© nIqv
D`vniY: †g‡qwU †`L‡Z Zvi gv‡qi gZ|
-The girl resembles her mother. -The girl takes after her mother.
⌂ Resent – Kv‡iv Dci ivM Kiv
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 208 ~
 D`vniY: Abb¨v mvnv Kv‡iv Dci ivM K‡i bv| -Anannya Saha does not resent anybody.
⌂ Reach- †cuŠQv‡bv
D`vniY: †m †÷k‡b †cuŠQvj| -He reached the station.
⌂ Visit- Kv‡iv mv‡_ †`Lv Kiv
D`vniY: Awf‡bÎx I BDwb‡m‡di wkï AwaKvi welqK ï‡f”Qv `~Z wcÖqvsKv †Pvcov MZKvj K·evRv‡ii
GKwU kiYv_©x wkwe‡i ‡ivwn½v wkï‡`i mv‡_ mvÿvr K‡ib|
-Actor and Unicef Goodwill Ambassador for Child Rights, priyanka chopra visits
Rohinga children at a refugee camp in Cox’s Bazar yesterday.
 Dc‡ii k㸇jv hLb verb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq ZLb Zv‡`i c‡i †Kv‡bv preposition e‡mbv| Z‡e
Zv‡`i noun form Gi c‡i preposition e‡m|
⌂ Answer to – DËi/ Reve
D`vniY: Avgvi cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e †m GKwU Mí evbv‡jv|
-He concocted a story in an answer to my question.
⌂ Approach to – c×wZ
D`vniY: GUv Bs‡iwR †kLvi GKwU mnR c×wZ|
-It is an easy approach to learning English.
⌂ Concern for – D‡ØM
D`vniY: fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ Zvi †Kv‡bv D‡ØM †bB|
-He has no concern for his future.
⌂ Discussion on –
D`vniY: We had a discussion on gender disparity. (wj½ ˆelg¨)
⌂ Lack of- Afve
D`vniY: UvKvi Afv‡e †m GB Lvivc KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|
-Due to lack of money, he is compelled to do this evil act.
⌂ Z‡e Afve _vKv/ k~Y¨Zv _vKv eySv‡Z be verb + lacking + in + noun e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi Áv‡bi Afve Av‡Q| -He is lacking in knowledge.
GLv‡b lacking kãwU Adjective wn‡m‡e e‡m‡Q|
⌂ Reach- bvMvj
D`vniY: GB JlyawU wkï‡`i bvMv‡ji evB‡i ivLyb|
-Keep this medicine beyond the reach of children.
⌂ Remember Gi noun form n‡jv remembrance Ges Gi c‡i preposition e‡m| In
remembrance of- ¯§i‡Y
D`vniY: hy‡× wbnZ ˆmb¨‡`i ¯§i‡Y GKwU †`vqv gvnwdj AbywôZ n‡jv|
-A doa-mahfil was held in remembrance of the soldiers killed in the war.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 209 ~
 ⌂ Resemblance to- †Kvb wKQzi mv‡_/ Kv‡iv mv‡_ mv`„k¨
D`vniY: A‡bK L¨vZbvgv Ijx-AvIwjqvi mv‡_ Avgv‡`i wcÖq ivqnvb fvB‡qi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
-Our favourite Raihan vai has a lot of resemblance to many saints.
 Kv‡iv/ †Kvb wKQzi †P‡q fv‡jv Kiv/ AwaK msL¨K nIqv eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ k‡ãi c~‡e© out e‡m|
k㸇jv verb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i GB verb mg~‡ni c‡i †Kvb preposition e‡m bv ïay N/ P e‡m|
 Outdistance – cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq KvD‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j hvIqv
D`vniY: cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †m Ab¨vb¨ ivbvi †K †m †cQ‡b †d‡j|
-He outdistances the other runner in the race.
 Outdo – Kv‡iv †P‡q fv‡jv Kiv
D`vniY: ‡m Zvi cÖavb cÖwZ‡hvMxi †P‡q fv‡jv K‡i‡Q| -He has outdone his arch rival.
 Outgrow – Kv‡iv †P‡q `ªæZ †e‡o DVv
D`vniY: ‡m Zvi eo fvB Gi †P‡q `ªæZ †e‡o D‡V‡Q| -He has outgrown his elder brother.
 Outlive – Kv‡iv †P‡q †ewk w`b/mgq euvPv-
D`vniY: †m Zvi ¯¿xi †P‡q `yB eQi †ewk †eu‡PwQj| -He out lived his wife by two years.
evsjv‡`‡k bvixiv cyiæ‡li †P‡q †ewk w`b euv‡P| -In Bangladesh women outlive men.
 Outnumber – msL¨vq AwaK nIqv
D`vniY: GB K¬v‡m †Q‡j‡`i †P‡q †g‡q‡`i msL¨v †ewk| -Girls outnumber boys in this class.
 Outplay- Kv‡iv †P‡q fv‡jv †Ljv
D`vniY: GB g¨v‡P evsjv‡`k fvi‡Zi †P‡q fv‡jv †L‡j‡Q|
-Bangladesh have outplayed India in this match.
[Note: ‡`‡ki bvg Øviv †Kvb cÖwZ‡hvMx `j eySv‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î †`‡ki bv‡gi ci plural verb e¨envi Kiv hvq| G
Rb¨B GLv‡b Bangladesh Gi c‡i have e‡m‡Q]
 Outperform- Kv‡iv †P‡q fv‡jv Kiv/ mdj nIqv/ AwaKZi ˆbcyY¨ †`Lv‡bv
D`vniY: ‡m Zvi cÖwZc‡ÿi †P‡q AwaKZi ˆbcyY¨ ‡`wL‡q‡Q|
-He has outperformed his rival.
 Outrank – c`gh©v`vi w`K †_‡K A‡b¨i Dc‡i _vKv
D`vniY: cÖavb wkÿK nIqvq c`gh©v`vi w`K †_‡K wZwb Ab¨vb¨ wkÿK‡`i Ic‡i Av‡Qb|
-Being a headmaster, he outranks the other teachers.
 Outrun- ‡`Šwo‡q GwM‡q hvIqv
D`vniY: ‡jvKwUi cwiKíbv Zvi Avw_©K mvg_©¨‡K Qvwo‡q †Mj|
-The plan of the man outran his resources.
 Outsell- ‡ewk wewµ nIqv
D`vniY: GB eB GB ai‡bi Ab¨vb¨ eB Gi †P‡q †ewk wewµ nq|
-This book outsells the other books of this category.
 Outshine – D¾¡jZvq Qvwo‡q hvIqv/ A‡b¨i †P‡q fv‡jv Kiv
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 210 ~
 D`vniY: cÖ_g mvgwqK cixÿvq †m Zvi K¬v‡mi Ab¨vb¨ QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i †_‡K fv‡jv K‡i‡Q|
-He has outshone other students in his class in the 1st terminal exam.
 Outstrip – Kv‡iv †P‡q †ewk fv‡jv Kiv/ †`Š‡o KvD‡K †cQ‡b †d‡j hvIqv
D`vniY: wewµi w`K †_‡K Zviv Zv‡`i cÖwZ‡hvMx‡`i †P‡q fv‡jv K‡i‡Q|
-They have outstripped their competitors in sales.
 Outweigh- IR‡b/ `v‡g/ ¸iæ‡Z¡ AwaK nIqv
D`vniY: GB wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M Amyweavi †P‡q myweavi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK †ewk|
-In this enterprise the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
 wb¤œwjwLZ adverbial phrase Gi Av‡M KLbI †Kv‡bv preposition e‡mbv|
‡e`gfv‡e Ñ black and blue (wb`©qfv‡e)
cÖvY-c‡Y Ñ heart and soul ZwíZívmn Ñ bag and baggage
Dci Zjvq Ñ upstairs wbPZjvq- downstairs
D`vniY: Zviv KzKziwU‡K †e`gfv‡e cÖnvi Kij|
-They beat the dog black and blue.
-wmivRyg gywbiv DciZjvq †Mj| -Sirajum Munira went upstairs.
 Every/ that/ this/ next/ last/ All + time word _vK‡j G‡`i Av‡M on/ in/ at e‡m bv|
D`vniY: MZ iv‡Z †gnRvweb wZw_ †ewkÿY †R‡M wQj|
-Mehjabin Tithi stayed up late last night.
kvšÍbv I mxgv Avb‡›`i mv‡_ ej‡jv ‡h Zviv AvMvgx w`b P‡j hv‡”Q|
Santona and Sima announced with pleasure that they were leaving next
day.
MZ eyaev‡i †m eBwU Zvi eÜzi KvQ †_‡K avi wb‡qwQj|
-He borrowed the book from his friend last Wednesday.
AvMvgx gv‡m wbg©vYvaxb ‡mZzwU D‡`¦vab Kiv n‡e|
-The under construction bridge will be inaugurated next month.
†m w`b ‡gwibv Lvbg †cŠwl Av³vi Avgvi K¬vm K‡iwb|
-That day Marina Khanom Poushi did not attend my class.
cÖwZ ïµev‡i Avwid ¯’vbxq Rv`yN‡i †eov‡Z hvq|
-Arif pays a visit to the local museum every Friday.
cy‡iv mßvn †m evwo‡Z _v‡K| -He stayed at home all week.
⌂ Z‡e on+ time word + next/ last Gfv‡e e‡m|
D`vniY: †m AvMvgx †mvgev‡i Avm‡e|
-He will come on Monday next. Or- He will come next Monday.
MZ e„n¯úwZev‡i ‡Q‡jwU Zvi bZzb †g‡m D‡V‡Q|
-The boy put up in his new mess last Thursday.
Or-The boy put up in his new mess on Thursday last.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 211 ~
 Morning/ evening/ afternoon/ noon G‡`i Av‡M this em‡j Giv AvR A_© cÖ`vb K‡i Ges
G‡`i Av‡M ‡Kvb preposition(at, in, etc.) e‡m bv|
AvR mKv‡j- this morning AvR `ycy‡i- this noon
AvR weKv‡j- this afternoon AvR mܨvq- this evening
D`vniY: AvR mKv‡j AvbZvwm †`wi K‡i Nyg †_‡K D‡V‡Q|
-Antasi has got up from sleep late this morning.
AvR weKv‡j †m XvKv‡Z wQj| -He was in Dhaka this afternoon.
 Today-AvR/ tonight-AvR iv‡Z/ AvR ivZ/ tomorrow/ abroad/ overseas (we‡`k)
BZ¨vw`i Av‡M preposition (to/ on/ in/ at) e‡m bv|
D`vniY: CwkZv AvR‡K Ck¦i`x †_‡K ivRkvnx Avm‡Qb|
-Ishita is coming to Rajshahi from Ishwardi today.
A‡bK evsjv‡`kx we‡`‡k _v‡K|
-Many Bangladeshis live overseas.
wR‡K wkK`vi AvR iv‡Z Bfvi mv‡_ iv‡Zi Lvevi Lv‡e|
-GK Shikdar will have dinner with Eva tonight.
 Home Gi Av‡M to e‡mbv Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î home Gi Av‡M possessive em‡j Zvi Av‡M to e‡m|
D`vniY: He goes home. He goes to his home.
 Morning/ evening/ afternoon G‡`i Av‡M tomorrow em‡j Giv wb‡¤œv³ A_© cÖ`vb K‡i |
Tomorrow morning- AvMvwgKvj mKv‡j Tomorrow evening- AvMvwgKvj mܨvq
Tomorrow afternoon- AvMvwgKvj weKv‡j Tomorrow night- AvMvgxKvj iv‡Z
D`vniY: AvMvwgKvj mKv‡j Rmxg weDwUi mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡e|
-Jasim will see Beauty tomorrow morning.
 evsjv‡Z ‡Kvb GKw`b+iv‡Z/ mܨvq/ mKv‡j/ weKv‡j eySv‡Z-
GKw`b iv‡Z- one night GKw`b mKv‡j- one morning
GKw`b weKv‡j- one afternoon GKw`b mܨvq- one evening
D`vniY: GKw`b iv‡Î Zvi wccvmv ‡cj| -One night he got thirsty.
NB: Gai‡bi Expression G evsjv‡Z Ôw`bÕ K_vUvi D‡jøL _vKv m‡Z¡I Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq day
‡jLvi `iKvi bvB|
 wb¤œwjwLZ phrase ¸‡jvi Av‡M †Kvb preposition e‡m bv|
All day long- mviv w`b (a‡i) All night long- mviv ivZ (a‡i)
All week long- mviv mßvn (a‡i) All year long- mviv eQi (a‡i)
All day- mviv w`b All night- mviv ivZ All week- mviv mßvn
All year- mviv eQi All winter- cy‡iv kxZKvj All summer- cy‡iv MÖx®§Kvj

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 212 ~

 D”PZv/ IRb/ ˆ`N¨©/ mvBR/ shape/ eqm/ is BZ¨vw` evPK word hv mivmwi be verb Øviv
subject Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq ZLb GB word ¸‡jvi Av‡M †Kvb preposition e¨envi Ki‡Z nq bv
hw`I evsjv‡Z †m preposition Gi A_© cÖKvk cvq|
D`vniY: ‡m Avgvi eq‡mi| -He is the same age as me.
GLv‡b eq‡mi eySv‡Z the same Gi Av‡M of e¨envi Ki‡j fzj n‡e|
evi eQi Av‡M Avgvi IRb hZUzKz wQj GLbI ZZUzKy Av‡Q|
-I am the same weight as I was twelve years ago.
GLv‡b of the same weight e¨envi Ki‡j fzj n‡e|
Zvi D”PZv KZ?
-What height is he? GLv‡b of what e¨envi Ki‡j fzj n‡e|
‡Zvgvi †Pv‡Li is wK?
-What clour are your eyes?
GLv‡b of what e¨envi Ki‡j fzj n‡e|
Avwg hLb †Zvgvi eqmx wQjvg ZLb GLv‡b G‡mwQjvg|
When I was your age, I came here.
GLv‡b ‡Zvgvi eqmx eySv‡Z of/ in your age e¨envi Ki‡j fzj n‡e|
‡jgb I iwb GKB eq‡mi| -Lemon and Rony are the same age.
GLv‡b GKB eq‡mi eySv‡Z of the same age e¨envi Ki‡j fzj n‡e|
 Late A_© ‡`wi K‡i| GwU GKwU Adverb Ges Gi Av‡M Preposition e‡m bv| Subject +
verb (come, arrive, reach, etc.) + mgq + late.
D`vniY: AvKvB` I mywPZv `yB N›Uv †`wi K‡i †cuŠQv‡jv|
-Akaid and Suchita arrived two hours late.
‡cÖg nwi I mvjgvb wek wgwbU †`wi K‡i Avm‡e|
-Prem Hari and Salman will come 20 minutes late.
 Pass– cvk Kiv/ Fail- †dj Kiv eySv‡Z Exam kãwUi Av‡M Preposition (in) e¨envi Ki‡jI
nq, bv Ki‡jI nq|
D`vniY: †m cixÿv‡Z cvk Kij|
-He passed the exam. Or- He passed in the exam.
we‡kl K_v: GB Aa¨v‡q e¨eüZ preposition mg~n wewfbœ wbqg follow K‡i n‡q‡Q| Z‡e
appropriate preposition Gi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb wbqg Lv‡U bv| ZvB appropriate preposition hy³ Bs‡iwR
†Kv‡bv kã hw` evsjv‡Z †Kv‡bv Translation Gi †ÿ‡Î Av‡m Zvn‡j evsjv kã‡Z †h wefw³B _vKzK bv †Kb
Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq H Bs‡iwR Word Gi mv‡_ †h appropriate preposition e‡m Avgiv wVK †mB
preposition wU e¨envi Ki‡ev|
‡hgb: `yB‡qi mv‡_ Pvi †hvM Ki|

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 213 ~

 G ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR n‡e- Add four to two. GLv‡b evsjv‡Z mv‡_ K_vwU _vKvi Kvi‡Y †KD hw` to Gi
¯’‡j with †j‡L Zvn‡j †mwU fzj n‡e| KviY add Gi mv‡_ memgq appropriate preposition
wn‡m‡e to e‡m|
Av‡iv D`vniY-
Pv‡q wPwb `vI| -Add sugar to tea.
[Pv+G- GLv‡b “GÓ eySv‡Z to e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY add Gi ci memgq to e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b “GÓ
eySv‡Z Ab¨ †Kvb preposition emv‡j fyj n‡e]
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Dbœq‡b †cvkvK kÖwg‡Kiv Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
-Garments workers are contributing to the development of our country.
[Dbœqb+G- GLv‡b G wefw³ _vKvi Kvi‡Y preposition- e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q G‡ÿ‡Î “GÓ eySv‡Z to e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY contribute Gi ci memgq to e‡m]
Avgv‡`i cwievi Pvi Rb m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ|
-Our family consists of four members.
[GLv‡b wb‡q K_vwU _vKvi Kvi‡Y preposition- e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q G‡ÿ‡Î “wb‡qÓ eySv‡Z of e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY consist Gi ci MwVZ nIqv eySv‡Z memgq of e‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡q eySv‡Z consist
Gi c‡i with e¨envi Ki‡j fzj n‡e hw`I wb‡q eySv‡Z Avgiv with e¨envi Kwi]
 Translation Kivi †ÿ‡Î/ free hand writing Gi †ÿ‡Î appropriate preposition ¸‡jv
Gfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e, eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb wK?
◙ evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation Kiv GKwU creativity hv wbR¯^ wPšÍv I Technique Gi cÖ‡qvM
NUv‡bvi Ab¨Zg RvqMv| KviY GLv‡b Translation †K †h †Kv‡bv GKwU mvaviY wbq‡gi g‡a¨ †d‡j
†h‡Kvb fv‡e Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î Avcbvi Translation wU Av‡iKR‡bi Translation n‡Z wfbœ n‡Z
cv‡i| wKš‘ sense wVK _vK‡jB Pj‡e|
‡hgb: Avwg my‡hvMwU nvZQvov Ki‡Z PvBbv|
GLv‡b Translation wU sense Øviv Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b nv‡Zi Bs‡iwR Avb‡j KLbB Translation wU
Kiv hv‡ebv| Avi Translation Ki‡jI Zv wVK n‡ebv|
†`Lyb-Translation wU LyeB easy Ges Zv nj- -I do not want to miss the opportunity.
 Gevi Av‡iv GKwU Translation Kiv hvK| I miss you a lot. GLv‡b miss verb wU Av‡Mi gZ
A_© w`‡ebv| Av‡Mi D`vni‡Y miss gv‡b †Kv‡bv wKQz †c‡Z e¨_© nIqv/ nvZQvov Kiv eywS‡q‡Q| wKš‘ G
ev‡K¨ A_© n‡e g‡b cov| A_©vr- I miss you a lot Gi Translation n‡e- †Zvgv‡K Avgvi A‡bK
g‡b c‡o/ co‡Q|
 Giƒc AviI `ywU D`vniY †`Lv hvK-
‡hgb: Zzwg wK †Zvgvi g‡bi Abyf~wZ Ly‡j ej‡e? GLv‡bI Translation wU sense Øviv Ki‡Z n‡e|
-Will you share your feelings?
wKš‘ wb‡Pi evK¨wU‡Z Share wµqvwU Ab¨ A_© cÖKvk Ki‡e|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 214 ~
 ‡hgb: †`vjv Ges wkjv GKmv‡_/ GKiæ‡g _v‡K| -Dola shares the room with Shila.
[GLv‡b Share A_© GKmv‡_ _vKv]
‡m †Mj ‡Zv †Mj GgbB †Mj Avi Avmj bv|
A‡b‡K gRvi Q‡j GB evK¨wUi Bs‡iwR K‡ib Gfv‡e,-He go ‡Zv go GgbB go Avi did not come.
Z‡e GB evsjv ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq sense for sense translation/ fvevbyev` Ki‡Z n‡e| evK¨wUi
Abyev` n‡e- He went for ever/for good.
e¨vL¨v: ‡m †Mj ‡Zv †Mj GgbB †Mj Avi Avmj bv| evK¨wU‡Z evsjv‡Z bv †evaK _vK‡jI Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq G
ev‡K¨ †Kvb negative word e¨envi Kiv nqwb KviY GLv‡b negative word bv e¨envi Kiv m‡Ë¡I mwVK fve
cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|

Chapter Related Practice (Aa¨vq wfwËK Abykxjb)

evsjv evK¨mg~n: GB c„w_ex‡Z A‡bK †jvK evm K‡i ZeyI †KD Kv‡iv gZ bv| wKš‘ weRy †`L‡Z Zvi evevi
gZ(resemble)| †m `k eQi eq‡m GLv‡b G‡mwQj| Zvi K¬v‡mi QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i g‡a¨ †m me‡P‡q †ewk
†gavwe| †m GKwU fvj PvKzwii Rb¨ gv‡mi ci gvm(for months) A‡cÿv Ki‡Q| †Kvb wKQz eySvi †ÿ‡Î
†m me©`v mwµq _v‡K| †m cÂg ev‡ii gZ(for the fifth time) Zvi wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q G wel‡q Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡Z †Mj|
cÖ_‡g wb‡R wb‡R GKevi LvZvq wjLyb Zvici wgwj‡q wbb|
English Translation: Many people live in this earth. /Many people
inhabit this earth, yet nobody resembles each other. But Bizu resembles
his father. He came here at 10/ at the age of ten. Of the students in his
class, he is the most meritorious. He is waiting for a good job for
months./ He is awaiting a good job for months. In understanding
something, he always remains active. He went to his teacher to discuss
this matter for the fifth time.

cÖkœ‡evaK/ Interrogative evK¨‡K Abyev` Kivi wbqg-

Bs‡iwR‡Z cÖkœ Kivi wewfbœ c×wZ GLv‡b avivevwnKfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv hv AvqË Ki‡j cwiÿv_©x‡`i
Rb¨ English Comprehension ev passage mg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K †h questions _v‡K †m¸‡jv eyS‡Z
†Kv‡bv mgm¨v n‡e bv| GB Chapter wU Zv‡`i English conversation Gi †ÿ‡ÎI A‡bK mnvqZv
Ki‡e|
 WH Question (Who, Whom, Whose, What, Which, Where, Why, When, How,
etc. Gi Av‡jv‡K evK¨‡K cÖkœ‡evaK Kivi wbqg-
hw` †Kv‡bv WH question Gi c‡i else K_vwU D‡jøL _v‡K Zvn‡j †m else Uv ÒAviÓ A_© cÖKvk K‡i|

Who/ Whom/ Whose Gi bvbvwea ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨envi-

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 215 ~
 ‡K/ †K †K/ Kviv/ Kviv Kviv eySv‡Z Who Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡Z nq|
Rule-01: †K eySv‡Z Who+ Singular verb (is/ was/ has/ verb Gi base form Gi mv‡_
s/es + Extension?
D`vniY: †mLv‡b †K? -Who is there? ‡K ¯‹z‡j hvq? -Who goes to school?
‡K †Mj? -Who went? ‡K eBwU co‡e? -Who will read the book?
iv‡Zi Lvev‡i †K G‡mwQj? [wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK-01] -Who came to dinner?
Rule-02: †K †K/ Kviv Kviv eySv‡Z- Who+ plural verb (are/ were/ have/ verb Gi base
form/ past form tense Abymv‡i) + extension?
D`vniY: †mLv‡b †K †K/ Kviv Kviv Av‡Q? -Who are there?
‡K †K/ Kviv Kviv ¯‹z‡j hvq? -Who go to school?
‡K †K/ Kviv Kviv eBwU co‡e? -Who will read the book?
‡K †K/ Kviv Kviv †Mj? -Who went?
†Zviv †K †K Avgvi mv‡_ hy‡× hvweÓ? [35Zg wewmGm]
ÒWho among you will join the war with me?”
Rule-03: ‡Kvb cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨ Avi eySv‡Z WH Gi c‡i Else e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: †mLv‡b Avi †K Av‡Q? -Who else is there?
‡mLv‡b Avi †K †K/ Kviv Kviv Av‡Q? -Who else are there?
Avi †K ‡K †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z wQj| -Who else were present there?[JU (E) 15-16]
 evsjv †Kvb cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨ m¤§wZ cÖKvkK A‡_© †K bv _vK‡j †hgb: gvIjvbv fvmvbxi bvg †K bv
ï‡b‡Q? G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î- Who + tense Abymv‡i auxiliary verb(singular) +not +
verb + extension?
D`vniY: fvmvbxi bvg †K bv ï‡b‡Q? [MBSTU, D-Unit 14-15]
-Who has not heard the name of Mawlana Bhasani?
‡Kbv bv Rv‡b †h iwb ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AwZ cwiwPZ gyL?
-Who does not know that Rony is a very familiar figure in Rajshahi
University?
‡K bv ¯^xKvi Ki‡e †h e‡i›`ª Avwjg gv`ivmvi Aveyj Kv‡mg m¨vi GKRb wePÿY e¨w³|
-Who will not acknowledge that Kashem sir of Barendra Alim Madrasah is
a judicious person?
‡K bv PvKzwi ‡c‡Z Pvq? [gwš¿cwil` wefv‡Mi Awdm mnvqK cixÿv- 2017]
-Who doesn’t want to have a job?
Rule-04: Who ev‡` Ab¨vb¨ mKj WH Gi c‡ii Aux. verb wUi Singular/ plural nIqv wbf©i
K‡i Zvi c‡ii Noun/ Pronoun Abymv‡i|
Structure-
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 216 ~
a. WH+ singular auxiliary verb +singular Noun/ pronoun+ principal verb +
extension?
Whom is he calling? †m Kv‡K/ Kv‡`i‡K WvK‡Q?
b. WH+ plural auxiliary verb + plural Noun/ pronoun+ principal verb + extension?
Whom are they calling? Zviv Kv‡K/ Kv‡`i‡K WvK‡Q?
 n¨uv‡evaK ev‡K¨ ïay who Gi c‡i do/ does/ did em‡j Gi c‡i Ab¨ †Kvb verb e‡m bv| KviY
G‡ÿ‡Î do/ does/ did wb‡RB main verb Gi KvR K‡i|
Structure: Who + do/ does/ did + N/P + ?
 Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î- Who + ----verb + N/P + ?
D`vniY: Who does the work? (Correct) -Who does write the letter? (Incorrect)
-Who writes the letter? (Correct) - Who will write the letter? (Correct)
Whom Gi e¨envi-
Rule-05: Kv‡K/ Kv‡`i‡K eySv‡Z Whom Gi e¨envi-
D`vniY: Zzwg Kv‡K PvI? -Whom do you want?
‡Zvgiv Kv‡`i‡K PvI? -Whom do you want?
Rule-06: wbg&œ wjwLZ Structure G Kvi/Kv‡`i + mv‡_/ Rb¨ BZ¨vw` eySv‡Z Whom/ Who e‡m|
G‡ÿ‡Î ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ Verb wUi mv‡_ preposition _vK‡e|
D`vniY: Zywg Kvi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Qv? / Zywg Kv‡`i mv‡_ K_v ej‡Qv?
-To whom are you talking? A_ev-Who are you talking to?
Rule-07: Kvi/ Kv‡`i + mv‡_/ Rb¨ BZ¨vw` eySv‡Z Who----+ to A_ev Ab¨vb¨ preposition +
extension?
Or- Kvi/ Kv‡`i eySv‡Z ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z- Preposition +Whom---- + extension?
D`vniY: Avcwb Kvi Kv‡Q wPwV cvVv‡Z Pvb? -Who would you like to send the letter to?
Or -To whom would you like to send the letter?
GB eBwU Kvi?
-Who does this book belong to? Or -To whom does this book belong?
Kvi Rb¨ bRiæj PzqvWv½v wM‡qwQj| -Who did Nazrul go to Chuadanga for?
Or -For whom did Nazrul go to Chuadanga?
Whose Gi e¨envi-
Rule-08: G‡ÿ‡Î evsjv‡Z ÒKvi/ whoseÓ K_vwUi ci Aek¨B Noun _vK‡Z n‡e| Whose + noun
+ verb+ extension+?
D`vniY: GwU Kvi eB? -Whose book is this?

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 217 ~

 Dc‡ii D`vniYmg~‡n ÒKviÓ K_vwUi c‡i †Kv‡bv noun bv _vKvq Who/ preposition+ whom Øviv
evK¨¸‡jv ïiæ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ ÒKviÓ K_vwUi ci eB kãwU Noun nIqvi Kvi‡Y GLv‡b whose e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Kvi eySv‡Z who/ whom e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
What Gi bvbvwea ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨envi-
 wK eySv‡Z What Gi e¨envi-
D`vniY: †Zvgvi bvg wK? -What is your name?
 ‡ckv wK eySv‡Z- What+ be verb + noun/ you/ he/ she/ they +?
D`vniY: Zvi †ckv wK? -What is he?
 wK evi eySv‡Z- What day+ be verb+ it/ time+?
D`vniY: AvR wK evi? -What day is today?
MZKvj wK evi wQj? -What day was yesterday?
 wK gvm eySv‡Z- What month+ be verb+ it/ time+?
D`vniY: GUv wK gvm? -What month is it?
 wK Lei eySv‡Z- What about+ noun/ pronoun---?
D`vniY: †Zvgvi Lei wK? -What about you?
‡Zvgvi cwiev‡ii †jvKR‡bi Lei wK? -What about your family?
 Zv‡Z wK/ wK n‡Zv eySv‡Z- What if+ subject+ verb+ extension+?
D`vniY: Avwg AvR weKv‡j bv G‡m AvMvgxKvj Avm‡j wK n‡Zv?
-What if I came tomorrow instead of this afternoon?
 KZ eySv‡Z What Gi e¨envi-
 mgq KZ eySv‡Z- What time+ be verb+ it+?
D`vniY: GLb mgq KZ? -What time is it?
 KZ ZvwiL eySv‡Z- What+ be verb+ the date+ time+---- +?
D`vniY: AvR KZ ZvwiL? -What is the date today?
 msL¨v wb‡`©kK KZ eySv‡Z- What + be verb+ number+---?
D`vniY: †Zvgvi †ivj bv¤^vi KZ? -What is your roll number?
‡Zvgvi †gvevBj bv¤^vi KZ? -What is your mobile number?
 ZvcgvÎv KZ eySv‡Z- What temperature +be verb + it/ noun +?
D`vniY: ZvcgvÎv KZ? -What temperature is it?
 fvov KZ eySv‡Z- What+ be verb+ fare of+¯’vb------?
D`vniY: XvKv †_‡K ivRkvnxi fvov KZ? -What is the fare of Rajshahi from Dhaka?
 KLb eySv‡Z What Gi e¨envi-
 KLb eySv‡Z- What time+ auxiliary verb+ noun/ pronoun + g~j verb + extension?
D`vniY: †m KLb Avm‡e? -What time will he come?
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 218 ~
 KLb Zzwg ev‡m©‡jvbvq AeZiY K‡iwQ‡j? -What time did you land at Barcelona?
 ‡Kvb mgq/ w`b/ evi/ gvm/ eQi eySv‡Z What Gi e¨envi-
 ‡Kvb eySv‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ mgq evPK k‡ãi Av‡M What e‡m|
What day/ ‡Kvb w`b/ wK ev‡i + auxiliary verb + sub + verb + extension?
What month- †Kvb gv‡m What year- †Kvb eQi
‡m †Kvb eQi Avm‡e? -What year will he come?
 ‡Kvb + wefw³hy³ noun/ we‡kl¨ eySv‡Z- What+ noun+ auxiliary verb+ noun/
Pronoun+ principal verb + preposition + extension?
D`vniY: Zzwg †Kvb K¬v‡m co? -What class do you read in?
Zzwg ev †Zvgiv †Kvb fvlvq K_v e‡jv? -What language do you speak in?
Note: G‡ÿ‡Î preposition ‡K WH Gi Av‡MI Avbv hvq|
 ‡Kvb eySv‡Z Avgiv what/ which e¨w³/ e¯‘ Df‡qi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|
D`vniY: c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo kni †KvbwU? -Which/What is the largest city in the world?
Zzwg †Kvb †Uª‡b Avm‡j? -Which/ What train did you come on?
Zzwg †Kvb wkÿK †K me‡P‡q †ewk cQ›` Ki? -Which/ What teacher do you like best?
Zzwg †Kvb †Kvb †jLK‡`i cQ›` Ki? -Which/ What writers do you like?
‡Kvb †Q‡jiv b`x‡Z Rvj w`‡q gvQ ai‡Q?
-Which/ What boys are catching fish in the river with fishing nets?
Z‡e †Kvb e¨w³/ e¯‘i ga¨ n‡Z ‡K/ Kviv/ Kv‡K ev †Kvb¸‡jv eySv‡Z ‡hgb: ‡Zvgv‡`i †K ‡K AvR‡K
†gjvq hv‡e? G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq Which of Øviv interrogative evK¨ ïiæ n‡e |
KviY Bs‡iwR‡Z Who of/ what of nq bv|
Structure: Which of + Possessive (my, your, our, their, etc.)/ us/ you/ them/
determiner + verb+…extension +?
D`vniY: ‡Zvgv‡`i †K ‡K AvR‡K †gjvq hv‡e? -Which of you will go to the fair today?
GB Kjg ¸‡jvi †KvbwU †Zvgvi? -Which of these pens are yours?
‡Zvgvi wkÿK‡`i g‡a¨ Kv‡K Zzwg me‡P‡q †ewk cQ›` Ki?
-Which of your teachers do you like best?
 ‡Kvb ai‡bi ev cÖKv‡ii eySv‡Z- What kind of/ What sort of/ What type of + noun +
auxiliary verb+ N/ P+ principal verb+ extension +?
D`vniY: Avgiv †Kvb ai‡bi †`‡k evm Kwi? -What kind of country do we live in?
Zzwg †Kvb ai‡bi eB¸‡jv co? -What sort of books do you read?
Zzwg wK ai‡bi gvbyl? [nvt‡gvt`vtwetcÖtwet B, 10-11] -What kind of man are you?
 ‡Kb eySv‡Z What Gi e¨envi-
 ‡Kb eySv‡Z- What+ auxiliary verb+ noun/ Pronoun+----- + for+ extension?
D`vniY: ivRkvnx †Kb weL¨vZ? -What is Rajshahi famous for?
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 219 ~
 [GLv‡b What Gi cwie‡Z© why e¨envi Kiv hv‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î for em‡e bv]
 ‡KD ‡Kb ‡Kvb KvR K‡i Giƒc eySv‡Z †hgb: Avcwb †Kb mvwnZ¨ c‡owQ‡jb? G‡ÿ‡Î what +
make (tense Abymv‡i) + object + verb + extension + ?
D`vniY: Avcwb †Kb mvwnZ¨ c‡owQ‡jb? -What made you study literature?
Zzwg K¬v‡m GZ †ewk nv‡mv †Kb? -What makes you laugh so much in the class?
 ‡Kgb eySv‡Z What Gi e¨envi-
 ‡Kgb ai‡bi+ Noun/ pronoun _vK‡j-What+ be verb+ N/ P+ like + ?
D`vniY: †Zvgvi evev †Kgb/ wK ai‡bi †jvK? -What is your father like?
Zzwnb †Kgb/ wK ai‡bi †Q‡j? -What is Tuhin like?
Zvi ¯^vgx wK/ †Kgb ai‡bi †jvK? -What is her new man like?
QweUv wK ai‡bi wQj? -What was the film like?
 ‡`L‡Z †Kgb eySv‡Z- What+ aux. verb+ N/ P+ look like +?
D`vniY: †m †`L‡Z †Kgb? -What does he look like?
 ‡Kgb n‡Zv eySv‡Z- What about+ verb+ing +---?
D`vniY: GK Kvc Pv †L‡j †Kgb n‡Zv? -What about drinking/ taking a cup of tea?
wcKwb‡K †M‡j †Kgb n‡Zv? -What about going on a picnic?
 KZZg eySv‡Z What Gi e¨envi-
 KZZg eySv‡Z- ‡hgb: G›UwbI ¸‡Z‡im RvwZms‡Ni KZZg gnvmwPe? Giƒc evK¨‡K wb¤œwjwLZ
structure wU e¨envi Kiv nq|
Structure: What is the serial number of + e¨w³i bvg + as + the + post Gi bvg +
of + ‡`k/ ms¯’v +?
D`vniY: G›UwbI ¸‡Z‡im RvwZms‡Ni KZZg gnvmwPe?
-What is the serial number of Antonio Guterres as the Secretary
General of the United Nations?
‡Wvbvì Uªv¤ú hy³iv‡ói KZZg †cÖwm‡W›U?
-What is the serial number of Donald Trump as the president of the
United States of America?
Which Gi bvbvwea ¸iæZ¡cY~ © e¨envi-
 ‡KvbwU/ ‡Kvb¸‡jv eySv‡Z- Which Gi e¨envi-
D`vniY: †KvbwU †Zvgvi Kjg? -Which is your pen?
‡Kvb¸‡jv †Zvgvi Kjg? -Which are your pens?
 KZ Zg eySv‡Z- Which + noun-----?
D`vniY: Zzwg KZ Zg we wm Gm w`‡”Qv? -Which BCS are you appearing at?
 ‡Kvb GjvKvq/ †Kvb A‡j eySv‡Z which part of e‡m|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 220 ~
 D`vniY: evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb GjvKvq Avcbvi evmv?
-Which part of Bangladesh do you come from?
 ‡Kvb ¯’v‡bi (‡`‡ki/ †Rjvi) + ivRavbx/ gy`ªv/ †Rjv/ Dc‡Rjvi + bvg +? Giƒc
_vK‡j- ‡hgb: XvKv †Kvb †`‡ki ivRavbx? Giƒc ev‡K¨i-
Structure: Which+ country/ district/ ¯’v‡bi bvg+ be verb (is/ are/ was/ were) +
proper noun/¯’v‡bi bvg + the + ivRavbx/ gy`ªv/ †Rjv/ Dc‡Rjvi bvg BZ¨vw` + of +?
Or- Structure: Of which + country/ district/ ¯’v‡bi bvg + be verb (is/ are/ was/
were) + proper noun/ ¯’v‡bi bvg + the + ivRavbx/ gy`ªv/ †Rjv/ Dc‡Rjvi bvg BZ¨vw` +?
D`vniY: XvKv †Kvb †`‡ki ivRavbx? -Which country is Dhaka the capital of?
Or- Of which country is Dhaka the capital?
wbqvgZcyi †Kvb ‡Rjvi Dc‡Rjv? -Which district is Niamatpur the upazila of?
Or- Of which district is Niamatpur the upazila?
‡µvbv †Kvb †`‡ki gy`ªvi bvg? -Which country is Crona the currency of?
Or- Of which country is Crona the currency?
Where Gi bvbvwea ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨envi-
 ‡Kv_vq/ ‡Kvb ¯’v‡b eySv‡Z- Where e‡m|
D`vniY: †m †Kv_vq/ ‡Kvb ¯’v‡b _v‡K? -Where does he live?
 Kv‡iv evmv †Kv_vq eySv‡Z- Where +be verb + N/P + from + ? e‡m|
A_ev- Where +do/does + N/P + come/hail + from + ?
D`vniY: †Zvgvi evmv †Kv_vq?
-Where are you from? A_ev-Where do you come from/ hail from?
Why Gi bvbvwea ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨envi-
 ‡Kb/ wK Rb¨ eySv‡Z- Why e‡m, Gici for e‡m bv|
Structure: Why + auxiliary verb + subject + main verb --- + ?
D`vniY: †m †Kb G‡mwQj? -Why did he come/ what did he come for?
Avwbmvi wK R‡b¨ Zv‡`i‡K mg_©b Ki‡e?
-Why will Anisar support them?
 cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨ n‡j Bs‡iwR‡Z WH Gi c‡i auxiliary verb + sub + verb…..? e‡m|
D`vniY: †m †Kv_vq _v‡K? -Where does he live?
[GLv‡b -Where he lives? Gfv‡e wjL‡j fzj n‡e]
wKš‘ why Gi c‡i auxiliary verb + you + principal verb + extension +…? _vK‡j-
why + principal verb + extension…? Gfv‡eI wjLv hvq|
D`vniY: Zzwg †Kb †mLv‡b hvI?
-Why do you go there? Or- Why go there?
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 221 ~
 `uvwo‡q Av‡Qb †Kb? -Why stand up?
GKw`b QzwU wb‡”Qb bv †Kb? -Why not take a holiday?
How Gi bvbvwea ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨envi-
Rule-01: ‡Kgb eySv‡Z- how Gi e¨envi-
 †Kgb eySv‡Z- How + be verb+ subject?
D`vniY: Zzwg †Kgb Av‡Qv? -How are you?
 †Kgb n‡Zv eySv‡Z- How about+ verb+ ing/ noun--?
D`vniY: GK Kvc Pv †L‡j †Kgb n‡Zv? -How about/ What about taking a cup of tea?
weiwZ wb‡j †Kgb n‡Zv? -How about a break?
Rule-02: KZ eySv‡Z- how Gi e¨envi-
 eqm KZ eySv‡Z- How old+ be verb+ N/ P---?
A_ev- What age+ be verb+ N/ P---?
A_ev- What+ be verb+----+ age---?
D`vniY: Zvi eqm KZ? -How old is he?/ What age is he?/ What is his age?
Note: †Kvb e¨w³i eqm wb‡`©k Ki‡Z- e¨w³evPK subject + be verb + age e‡m| Zvi eqm 16
eQi- He is sixteen/ sixteen years old. wKš‘ gvbyl e¨ZxZ Ab¨ wKQzi eqm †evSv‡Z ïay years old
e‡m| †hgb: GB MvQwUi eqm 16 eQi- This tree is sixteen years old. [KL‡bvB ejv hv‡e bv-
This tree is sixteen.]
 `vg KZ eySv‡Z- How much+ be verb+ N/ P+--?
A_ev- How much+ do/ does/ did/ will BZ¨vw` + e¯‘evPK noun + cost+---?
D`vniY: RvgvwUi `vg KZ? -How much is the shirt?/ How much does the shirt cost?
Avjyi `vg KZ? -How much are potatoes?
GB Kjg¸‡jvi `vg KZ?-How much are these pens?/ How much do these pens cost?
 IRb KZ eySv‡Z- How heavy/ What weight+ be verb +N/ P+---?
What/ How much+ do/ does/ did/ Ab¨vb¨ aux. verb (be verb ev‡`) + N/ P+ weigh---?
D`vniY: GB e¨vMwUi IRb KZ? -How heavy/ What weight is the bag?
/ What does this box weigh?/ How much does this box weigh?
 AvKvi KZ eySv‡Z- How big/ What size+ be verb+ Noun/ Pronoun----?
D`vniY: GUvi AvKvi KZ? -How big/ What size is it?
 D”PZv KZ eySv‡Z- How high/ What height + be verb+ N/ P---?
A_ev- What+ be verb+ the height of+ N/ P---?
D`vniY: GB febwUi D”PZv KZ? -How high/ What height is this building?
/ What is the height of this building?
 ‰`N©¨ KZ eySv‡Z- How long/ What length+ be verb+ N/ P +--?
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 222 ~
 D`vniY: NiwUi ˆ`N©¨ KZ? -How long/ What length is the room?
Or-What is the length of the room?
 KZ `~i eySv‡Z- How far/ What distance+ be verb+ ¯’vbevPK word+ from+ ¯’vb---+?
D`vniY: †gvnbcyi †_‡K AvÎvB AMÖYx wWwMÖ K‡jR KZ `~i?
-How far/ What distance is Atrai Agrani Degree College from Mohanpur?
 KZÿY/ KZw`b a‡i eySv‡Z- How long+ Aux. verb+ N/ P+ verb--?
D`vniY: †gvRvd&di KZ w`b a‡i GB cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Q?
-How long has Mozaffor been working for this publication?
NB: How long + am/ is/ are +verb+ing fwel¨‡Zi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
D`vniY: Zzwg GLv‡b KZÿY _vK‡e? -How long are you staying here?
 How long +have/ has been + verb +ing (continuous) Gi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i-
D`vniY: Zzwg GLv‡b KZÿY a‡i Ae¯’vb KiQ?
-How long have you been staying here? -How long have been here?
NB: How long Gi c‡i for Dn¨ ivLv hvq|
 KZw`b/ KZÿY ci ci/ KZ Nb Nb eySv‡Z-How often/ frequently+ Aux. verb+ N/ P +
verb---?
D`vniY: jvjb Avjx KZw`b ci ci kvcjv‡K Kj K‡i?
-How often/ frequently does Lalon Ali call Shapla?
Rule-03: how Gi Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ e¨envi-
 Zv wK K‡i nq eySv‡Z how come e‡m|
D`vniY: Avgvi g‡b n‡”Q ‡Zvgvi Kv‡Q Avgvi wKQz UvKv cvIbv Av‡Q| Zv wK K‡i nq?
-I think you owe me some money. How come that?
 KqRb eySv‡Z How many of + us/ you/ them/ noun + auxiliary verb + main verb
+ extension e‡m|
D`vniY: ‡Zvgiv KqRb hv‡”Qv? -How many of you are going?
Zv‡`i KqRb my‡hvMwU cv‡e| -How many of them will get the opportunity?
NB: How many of hy³ ev‡K¨ Present/ Past Indefinite Tense G †Kvb auxiliary verb e‡m bv|
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i KqRb Zv wek¦vm Kwi? -How many of us believe that?
‡Zvgv‡`i KqRb my`k©b cjvk fvB‡qi mv‡_ ‡`Lv K‡iwQ‡j?
-How many of you met the handsome Palash Vai?
GLv‡b evK¨wU Present/ Past Indefinite Tense G _vKvq Gi c‡i †Kvb auxiliary verb e‡mwb|
mvaviYZ †Kvb e¨w³i bv‡gi Av‡M article e‡mbv| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ proper noun (cjvk) Gi Av‡M
adjective (my`k©b) emvi Kvi‡Y Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq ‡m‡ÿ‡Î- the + adj. + proper noun Gfv‡e †jLv
n‡q _v‡K|

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 223 ~

 evsjv‡Z †Kvb cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨‡K †Rvi cÖ`vb Kivi ‡ÿ‡Î Bs‡iwR‡Z WH Gi c‡i wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e
earth kãwU e¨eüZ nq|
Who on earth- ‡KBev What on earth- wKBev
Why on earth- ‡KbBev Where on earth- ‡Kv_vBev
How on earth- K¨vg‡bBev When on earth- KLbBev
D`vniY: ‡KBev KvRwU Ki‡Q? -Who on earth is doing the work?
Zviv †mLv‡b wKBev Ki‡Q? -What on earth are they doing there?
†KbBev †mLv‡b wM‡qwQ‡j? -Why on earth did you go there?
K¨vg‡bBev ‡m †mUv †hvMvo Ki‡Z cv‡i? -How on earth did he afford that?
KLbBev Zviv Avm‡e? -When on earth will they come?
 Avgiv Rvwb Bs‡iwR‡Z Interrogative sentence Gi ‡ÿ‡Î preposition ‡K WH Gi Av‡M/
c‡i B”QvgZ emv‡bv hvq|
‡hgb: Of which country is Dhaka the capital?
Or- Which country is Dhaka the capital of?
Z‡e Interrogative sentence Gi ‡ÿ‡Î During/ since(Preposition) ‡K WH Gi ‡_‡K
separate Kiv hvq bv, A_©vr Giv me©`v WH Gi c~‡e© em‡e|
‡hgb: ‡Kvb Avg‡j GUv N‡UwQj? -During which period did it happen?
GB evK¨wU‡K Which period did it happen during? wjL‡j fyj n‡e|
Zzwg KLb †_‡K KvR KiQ? -Since when have you been working?
GB evK¨wU‡K When have you been working since? wjL‡j fyj n‡e|
 wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î Preposition wU me`©v cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨i †k‡l em‡e|
Where-----to, What------like What-----for Gfv‡e em‡e|
G‡ÿ‡Î KLbB to, like I for ‡K Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ WH Gi Av‡M †jLv hv‡e bv|
‡hgb: Avwg GUv †Kv_vq ‡cÖiY Ki‡ev| -Where shall I send it to?
‡g‡qwU ‡`L‡Z †Kgb? -What does the girl look like?
ivRkvnx †Kb weL¨vZ? -What is Rajshahi famous for?
 What kind of
What sort of + singular noun?
What type of
‡bvU: G‡`i c‡ii singular countable noun Gi Av‡M a/ an e‡m bv|
D`vniY: ‡m †Kgb ai‡bi †jvK? -What kind of man is he?
 Confusing expressions
Kv‡iv mv‡_ cÖ_g cwiP‡q- How do you do ej‡Z nq| Gi DˇiI How do you do ej‡Z nq|
How do you do †Kvb cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨ bq| Gi c‡i interrogative mark/ full stop e¨envi Kiv
hvq| How do you do- Hello/ Hi Gi gZ A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
 Greeting/ m¤¢vlY: Kv‡iv mvÿv‡Z m‡¤^va‡bi †ÿ‡Î-
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 224 ~
 Good morning- `ycyi 12 Uvi Av‡M Good afternoon- `ycyi 12 Uv †_‡K weKvj 5Uv
Good evening- weKvj 5Uv †_‡K ivZ 12 Uv
 Welfare/ we`vq: KvD‡K we`vq Gi mgq f`ªfv‡e we`vq Rvbv‡Z-
Good night- iv‡Zi †ejv we`vq Rvbv‡Z Good bye- w`‡bi †ejvq we`vq Rvbv‡Z

Embedded Question-
 WH hy³ GKwU cÖkœ‡evaK ev‡K¨i `ywU Ask _vK‡j cÖavb Ask/ Main clause †K cÖ_‡g cÖkœ‡evaK
AvKv‡i wjL‡Z nq Ges g‡a¨ WH+ Subject+ verb …? e‡m|
D`vniY: Zzwg wK Rvb †m †Kv_vq _v‡K? -Do you know where he lives?
[GLv‡b hw` †KD Where Gi c‡i does he live wj‡L Zvn‡j fzj n‡e KviY Bs‡iwR Grammar Abymv‡i
ev‡K¨i `ywU Ask _vK‡j Subordinate clause/ WH hy³ evK¨vsk‡K KL‡bvB cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨ Kiv hvq bv,
cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B main clause †K interrogative structure-G wjL‡Z n‡e| ZvB main clause
h_v: you know †K interrogative structure G wjLv n‡q‡Q- Do you know…..]
 GK Ask/ mvaviY/ simple/ mij ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î WH Avm‡j Zvi c‡i Aek¨B cÖkœ Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr
Subject Gi Av‡M Auxiliary verb e‡m|
D`vniY: †m †Kv_vq _v‡K? -Where does he live?

Tag Question-
 Tag question Gi †ÿ‡Î- Aux. verb + not + subject + ?
A_ev- Aux verb + sub. +? ZvB bv/ ZvB bq wK A_© cÖ`vb K‡i|
D`vniY: GK&ªcvU© Avwjg eB‡qi RM‡Z GKRb weL¨vZ e¨w³, ZvB bq wK/ ZvB bv?
-Expert Alim is a famous person in the world of books, isn’t he?
†Mvjvc cÖwZ e„n¯úwZev‡i evwo †hZ, ZvB bq wK/ ZvB bv?
-Golap went home every Thursday, didn’t he?
gvQ Do‡Z cv‡ibv, cv‡i wK? [ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK officer – 2015]
-Fishes cannot fly, can they?
evsjv‡`k GKwU Rbeûj †`k, ZvB bv? [ weÁvb I cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡qi Awdm mnKvix Kvg-Kw¤úDUvi cixÿv-2017]
-Bangladesh is a populous country, isn’t she/ it?
‡m fvZ Lv‡ebv, Lv‡e Kx? [BMA52th 15-16] -He will not eat rice, will he?
wZwb GKRb mr ‡jvK wQ‡jb, ZvB bq wK? [JnU-08-09]
-He was an honest man, wasn’t he?

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 225 ~

 wµqvi Kvj/KZ©v/Kg© Abymv‡i Abyev`
(Tense I Voice Gi e¨envi)
Translation Kivi †ÿ‡Î Tense I Voice Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨ †h Avgiv
Tense †K hZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b Kwi voice †K ZZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b Kwibv| Z‡e Bs‡iwR
translation Kivi †ÿ‡Î Tense Gi gZ Voice-I A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
► KLb Tense e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e; Avi KLb Voice e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e?
⌂ †h †Kv‡bv Translation Kivi Rb¨ ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ wµqv‡K Ò‡KÓ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j hw` DËi cvIqv hvq
Zvn‡j †m evK¨wU Tense Gi wbqg e¨envi K‡i Ki‡Z n‡e|
‡hgb: miKvi wbiÿi †jvK‡`i Rb¨ GKwU cÖKí Pvjy K‡i‡Q|
cÖkœt †K Pvjy K‡i‡Q? DËi- miKvi
Gevi †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ hw` wµqv‡K Ò†KÓ Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi bv cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j ÒwKÓ ev ÒKv‡KÓ Øviv cÖkœ
K‡i hw` DËi cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e †h evK¨wU Passive Voice Gi wbqg e¨envi K‡i
Translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
‡hgb: wbiÿi †jvK‡`i Rb¨ GKwU cÖKí Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖkœt †K Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q? DËi- Zero cÖkœt wK Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q? DËi- GKwU cÖKí|
Zvn‡j eySv hv‡”Q †h evK¨wU Passive voice Gi wbqg e¨envi K‡i Bs‡iwR‡Z Translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
► Avgiv GLb Bs‡iwR‡Z Tense I Voice Gi cv_©K¨ †`L‡ev: D‡jøL¨ GLv‡b Tense ej‡Z
Active voice Ges Voice ej‡Z passive voice ‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

Voice G evK¨-
 Be Verb (am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ been/ being) BZ¨vw`i c‡i hw` v.p.p _v‡K Zvn‡j
eyS‡Z n‡e †m evK¨wU Passive voice G Av‡Q|
‡hgb: Rice is eaten. -The work has been done.
‡gvU K_v, Passive voice n‡Z n‡j evK¨wU‡Z Aek¨B be verb + g~j verb Gi past participle
form _vK‡Z n‡e|
Tense G evK¨-
Avi hw` †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ be verb (am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ been) BZ¨vw`i c‡i verb + ing hy³
_v‡K A_ev subject Gi c‡i g~j verb Gi present form ev past form _v‡K Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e †h
evK¨wU tense Gi wbqg Abymv‡i MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
‡hgb: They are eating. -He ate. -They eat. -They will eat.
► GLb cÖkœ nj †h Avgiv KLb be verb Gi c‡i v.p.p e¨envi Kie Avi KLb be verb Gi c‡i
Verb+ing e¨envi Kie|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 226 ~
 GKUy †Lqvj Kiæb: Be verb Gi Av‡Mi noun/ pronoun hw` Zvi c‡i e¨eüZ verb Gi KvR Ki‡Z
cv‡i Zvn‡j †m verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: †g‡qwU GKwU Qwe AvuK‡Q| -The girl is drawing a picture.
GLv‡b Be verb (is) Gi c‡ii verb (draw) Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY Be verb Gi
Av‡M †h noun wU h_v- “Girl”, hv Be verb Gi c‡ii verb (draw) Kivi KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi
†m Rb¨ evK¨wU continuous tense Gi rule follow K‡i Kiv n‡q‡Q|
⌂ wKš‘ be verb Gi Av‡Mi noun/ pronoun hw` be verb Gi c‡ii verb wUi KvR Ki‡Z bv cv‡i
Zvn‡j †m be verb Gi c‡ii verb wUi past participle form em‡e| A_©vr evK¨wU Passive voice
Gi wbqg e¨envi K‡i Translation Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: GKwU Qwe AvuKv nq| -A picture is drawn.
be verb Gi Av‡Mi noun nj picture hv Zvi c‡ii verb drawn Gi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB
GLv‡b draw Gi past participle e‡m‡Q|
► Tense I Voice e¨envi K‡i evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Kivi wbqg-
mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z †M‡j evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR A_ev Bs‡iwR †_‡K evsjv Abyev` Kivi Rb¨ A_ev Bs‡iwR‡Z
Free-hand writing G `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ tense ev voice Gi mKj wbqg mgvb fv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq| kyay
†hme wbqg¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq †m¸‡jv GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv nj:

Present Indefinite
Present Continuous Tense I Voice
Present Perfect
Past Indefinite
Past Continuous
Tense I Voice
Past Perfect

Future Indefinite
Tense I Voice
Future Perfect

Applied Section-
Present Indefinite Tense-
‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv KZ©vhy³ †Kv‡bv wµqvi †k‡l G/ A/ B/ b BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †mwU
Present indefinite tense Gi structure G Ki‡Z n‡e|
‡hgb: ‡m c‡o-(co + G) Zzwg co-(co + A)
Avwg cwo-(co + B ) wZwb c‡ob-(co + b)
Structure: Subject + verb + object/ extension.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 227 ~
 D`vniY: †m GKwU eB c‡o|
wµqv‡K KLb/†Kv_vq/wKfv‡e/†Kb Øviv
-He reads a book. cÖkœ Ki‡j extension cvIqv hvq|
Subject: †K c‡o? Ñ †m
Object: wK/ Kv‡K c‡o? Ñ eB
K…l‡Kiv avb Pvl K‡i| -Farmers grow paddy/ rice.
Dc‡ii `ywU evK¨‡K Avgiv wewfbœ element †hvM K‡i A‡bK eo sentence ‰Zwi Ki‡Z cvwi|
‡hgb: K…l‡Kiv avb Pvl K‡i| G evK¨wU Tense Gi wbq‡g n‡e| (†K Pvl K‡i?- K…l‡Kiv)
D`vniY: µgea©gvb Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z K…l‡Kiv avb Pvl K‡i|
-Farmers grow rice to meet the increasing food demand.
µgea©gvb Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z I A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x n‡Z K…l‡Kiv avb Pvl K‡i|
-Farmers grow rice to meet the increasing food demand and become economically
solvent.
µgea©gvb Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z I A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x n‡Z gv_vi Nvg cv‡q †d‡j K…l‡Kiv avb Pvl
K‡i|
-Farmers grow rice to meet the increasing food demand and become economically
solvent by the sweat of their brow.
µgea©gvb Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z I A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x n‡Z gv_vi Nvg cv‡q †d‡j AvaywbK K…wl c×wZi
mwVK e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g K…l‡Kiv avb Pvl K‡i|
-Farmers grow rice to meet the increasing food demand and become economically
solvent by the sweat of their brow through using the proper method of agriculture.
µgea©gvb Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z I A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x n‡Z gv_vi Nvg cv‡q †d‡j mKvj-mܨv cwikªg
K‡i I K…wl c×wZi mwVK e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g K…l‡Kiv avb Pvl K‡i|
-Farmers grow rice to meet the increasing food demand and become economically
solvent by the sweat of their brow working from dawn to dusk and through using
the proper method of agriculture.
► Present Indefinite Tense Gi Passive Voice:
‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Ònq/ hvqÓ _vK‡e|
Structure: wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + am/ is/ are + v.p.p +
extension
D`vniY: GKwU eB wjLv nq| -A book is written.
Dc‡i wjwLZ ev‡K¨i translation G wK wjLv nq? DËiÑ GKwU eB|
GLb Avgiv B”Qv Ki‡j G evK¨wU‡K Av‡iv eo K‡i wj‡L g‡bi fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi|
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR‡Z `ye©j QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU eB wjLv nq|
wK wjLv nq?Ñ GKwU eB
-A book is written to help the students weak in English.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 228 ~
 G‡ÿ‡Î evK¨ hZB eo †nvK bv †Kb Bs‡iwR‡Z translation Kivi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv
cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU Øviv translation wU ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Zvic‡i avivevwnK fv‡e Ab¨vb¨ Ask¸‡jv em‡e| Bs‡iwR‡Z translation Kivi mgq mvaviYZ evsjv
ev‡K¨i †kl w`K †_‡K translation K‡i 1g Gi w`‡K Avm‡Z nq|
D`vniY: QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ Av‡iv djcªm~ Kivi Rb¨ eBwU‡Z wKQz cwieZ©b Avbv nq| wK Avbv nq?ÑwKQz cwieZ©b
-Some changes are brought in the book to make it more effective for the
students.
Avgv‡`i my‡Li mgq A‡bK fvj eÜz †`Lv hvq|
-In time of our happiness, many goodfriends are seen.
GB Structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖkœ-
sub extension
Zviv gyw³hy× m¤úwK©Z eB to+ verb co‡Z verb cQ›` K‡i, gyw³hy× m¤ú‡K© to+ verb Rvbvi Rb¨
Zv‡`i passive verb jÿ Kiv hvq passive sub Mfxi AvMÖn| [36th BCS Written] -They like to read books
related to the Liberation War, and a profound eagerness to know about the
Liberation War is noticed among them.
Gi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq GKz‡ki eB‡gjv Ges ¯^vaxbZv I weRq w`e‡m| [36th BCS Written] -This is
reflected in Ekushey Boi Mela, the Independence Day and the Victory Day.
Ab¨ †Kvb fvlvq g‡bvfve cÖKvk K‡i cwic~Y© Avb›` cvIqv hvq bv| -Complete pleasure is not
derived expressing feelings in other languages.
c~evjxe¨vsK, SO wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2011
DËiv‡ji ivRkvnx, w`bvRcyi, iscyi, cvebv, e¸ov, VvKziMvuI QvovI †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j mvuIZvj‡`i †`Lv
hvq| -In addition to Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Pabna, Bogra, and Thakurgaon of
the Northern area, the Santal people are seen in the various regions of our country.
c~evjx e¨vsK, SO wb‡qvM cixÿv-2014
G†ÿ‡Î wfbœZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq †jvK Kwe‡`i †ejvq| -In this regard, a difference is noticed in
case of folk poets/ so far as folk poets are concerned.
Abv_ †Q‡jwU‡K Kv‡jf‡`ª †`Lv hvq| [CU (D) 10-11] -The orphan boy is seen once in a blue moon.
⌂ Gev‡i Avgiv GKwU evsjv evK¨ †`L‡ev hv µgvš^‡q †QvU †_‡K Present Indefinite Tense Gi
Passive voice Gi e¨envi K‡i Translation Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D`vniY: avb Pvl Kiv nq| -Rice is grown.
GLv‡b wµqv (Pvl Kiv) + nq K_vwUi D‡jøL Av‡Q| Avi †mRb¨ G evK¨wU Present Indefinite
Tense Gi Passive voice G n‡e|
µgea©gvb Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z avb Pvl Kiv nq|
-Rice is grown to meet the increasing food demand.
µgea©gvb Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z D”P djbkxj avb Pvl Kiv nq|
-High-yielding rice is grown to meet the increasing food demand.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 229 ~
 evsjv‡`‡k µgea©gvb Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z D”P djbkxj avb Pvl Kiv nq|
-In Bangladesh high-yielding rice is grown to meet the increasing food
demand.
evsjv‡`‡k µgea©gvb Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z AvaywbK cÖhyw³i m‡e©v”P e¨envi K‡i D”P djbkxj avb
Pvl Kiv nq|
-In Bangladesh high-yielding rice is grown to meet the increasing food
demand making the best use of modern technology.
evsjv‡`‡k Lv‡`¨ ¯^wbf©iZv AR©b Ki‡Z I µgea©gvb Lv`¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z AvaywbK cÖhyw³i m‡e©v”P
e¨envi K‡i D”P djbkxj avb Pvl Kiv nq|
-In Bangladesh high-yielding rice is grown to achieve self-sufficiency in food
and meet the increasing food demand making the best use of modern
technology.
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY:
Bs‡iwR cov nq| (wK cov nq?-Bs‡iwR) -English is read.
evsjv‡`‡k Bs‡iwR cov nq| -In Bangladesh English is read.
evsjv‡`‡k Bs‡iwR Avewk¨K welq wnmv‡e cov nq|
-In Bangladesh English is read as a compulsory subject.
evsjv‡`‡k K¬vm Iqvb †_‡K Abvm© ch©šÍ Bs‡iwR Avewk¨K welq wnmv‡e cov nq|
-In Bangladesh English is read from class one to honours level as a compulsory
subject.

wicv `vm‡K GKRb AvRxeb m`m¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
-Ripa Das is selected a life-time member.
wicv `vm‡K GB ms¯’vi AvRxeb m`m¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
-Ripa Das is selected a life-time member of this institution.
wicv `vm‡K Zvi Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ GB ms¯’vi AvRxeb m`m¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
-Ripa Das is selected a life-time member of this institution for her outstanding
contribution.
wicv `vm‡K wbiÿZv `~ixKi‡Y Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ GB ms¯’vi AvRxeb m`m¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
-Ripa Das is selected a life-time member of this institution for her outstanding
contribution to eliminating illiteracy.
wecyj mgv‡iv‡n GK eY©vX¨ Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g wicv `vm‡K wbiÿZv `~ixKi‡Y Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ GB
ms¯’vi AvRxeb m`m¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
-With much fanfare through a colourful programme Ripa Das is selected a life-time
member of this institution for her outstanding contribution to eliminating illiteracy.
Note: Appropriate preposition wn‡m‡e to em‡j Zvi c‡ii verb Gi ci ing †hvM Kiv hvq| ZvB contribution
to Gi c‡i eliminating e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 230 ~
 A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vjq‡K we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg ‡kªô wek¦we`¨vjq wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq/ aiv nq|
-Oxford University is considered as one of the best universities in the world.
[Superlative degree Gi †ÿ‡Î in+ ¯’vb e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b we‡k¦i K_vwUi ci “i” _vKv m‡Ë¡I of bv e‡m in e‡m‡Q]

GB Structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖkœ-

cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZi gvZ…fvlvi wbR¯^ GKUv ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q Ges gvZ…fvlvi m‡½ Ggb GKwU AvwZ¥K m¤c©K _v‡K †h,
sub
‡mB fvlvB AdverbialZvi g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki m‡e©v‡Ëvg evnb wn‡m‡e passive verb we‡ewPZ nq| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
K¨vk-2017] -Every nation has a distinctive characteristic of their mother tongue and has a

soul relation with the language which is considered as the best way of expressing
their feelings.
cwievi ch©v‡q hZ MvQcvjv passive verb †ivcb Kiv nq, Gi g‡a¨ adverbial emZ evwoi Av‡kcv‡kB passive sub

A‡a©‡Ki †ewk A_©vr 54 kZvsk MvQ passive verb jvMv‡bv nq| [Bangladesh Bank AD 2015] -More than 50
percent that means 54 per cent trees which are planted at the family levels are
planted around homesteads.
adverbial
`yÔk eQ‡ii Jcwb‡ewkK weªwUk kvm‡bi ci 1947 mv‡j passive sub evOvjx RvwZ Avevi cvwK¯Ívwb
kvmK‡`i passive verb k„sL‡j Ave× nq| [Agrani Bank (SO) 2013] -Bangali nation is bound to
Pakistani rulers` chains again in 1947 after two hundred years of the British colonial
rule.
‡gNbv e¨vsK MTO c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2014
mgvR I mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki avivq Avgiv AvR †h mg‡q G‡m DcbxZ n‡qwQ G‡K ejv nq wek¦vq‡bi hyM| -In
the course of evolution of society and civilization, we have come to an age which is
called the age of globalization.
Bmjvgx e¨vsK, cÖ‡ekbvix Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2013
RM‡Z Ggb A‡bK gvbyl wQ‡jb hviv Aí eq‡m gviv †M‡jI Zv‡`i gnr K‡g©i Rb¨ GLbI Zv‡`i Mfxi
kÖ×vi mv‡_ ¯§iY Kiv nq| -There were many such people in this world that although they
embraced a premature death, they are remembered even today with profound
respect for their noble deeds.
‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wb‡qvM cixÿv-2013
aviYv Kiv nq †h †dmeyK e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y †gvevBj ev Ab¨ †Kvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡gi e¨envi n«vm cv‡”Q| -
It is assumed that the use of mobile phone of other communicative media is
decreasing due to the use of Facebook.
RbZv e¨vsK, Teller: c‡`i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015
verb +ing
GKz‡ki gg©g~j aviY K‡iB adverbial cÖwZeQi passive verbcvwjZ nq passive sub Ôknx` w`emÕ| -
Holding the spirit of Ekhushey, the Martyred Day is observed every year.
Probashi kalan bank EO 2014
adverbial
1971 mv‡ji 2 gvP© adverbial XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kjvfeb cÖv½‡Y adverbial
GK HwZnvwmK mfvqsub
cÖ_g ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKv passive verb D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 231 ~
-The national flag of independent Bangladesh is hoisted for the first time in a
historical meeting at the arts Building premises of Dhaka University on March 2,
1971.
adverbial
3 gvP© we‡K‡j adverbial cëb gq`v‡bi GK wekvj Rbmfvq adverbial7 gvP© ch©šÍ passive sub
Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~wP passive verb †NvlYv Kiv nq| The schedule of movement till 7 March is
declared on the evening of March 3 in a big mass gathering at Platoon Square.
gaygwZ e¨vsK PO c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2016
adverbial
evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡qi ci †_‡K adverbial gnvb GKz‡k †deªæqvwi fvlv knx` w`e‡m passive verb †hvM
nq passive sub wfbœ gvÎv| -Since the emergence of Bangladesh, a different dimension is
added to the great 21st February, the Language Martyred Day.
c‡i passive verb hy³ nq Adverbial e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i †`bv- cvIbvi passive sub wnmve †gUv‡bv ev nvjLvZvi
welq| [gaygwZ e¨vsK wc I-2017] -Afterwards disposing arrears of business or opening new
account books is added to it.
Islami Bank BD [AO (G-3)]- 2011
Adverbial passive subject
GB w`‡b RvZxq cZvKv passive verbAa©bwgZ Kiv nq|
-This day national flag is hoisted half-mast.
passive subject
bvbv mfv-mwgwZ AbywôZ nq|
-Various seminars and symposia are held.
Adverbial
cÖwZwU knx` wgbvi passive subject dz‡j dz‡j passive verb †X‡K hvq|
-Every Shahid Minar is covered with flowers.
Bangladesh bank (AD)- 2012
Estimates show that annually as much as 16% of rice and 25% vegetables and pulses
produced in the country are lost due to pests- wnmve K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q †h, cÖwZ eQi 16% avb Ges
25% wmg I mewR †cvKgvK‡oi Avµg‡Y bó nq|
Bangladesh Bank (AD)- 2015
cwievi ch©v‡q hZ MvQcvjv †ivcb Kiv nq, Gi g‡a¨ ïay evmvevwoi Av‡kcv‡kB A‡a©‡Ki †ewk A_©vr 54
kZvsk MvQ jvMv‡bv nq| -More than 50% that means 54% of the trees which are planted
in the family level are planted behind the house.
cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015
adverbial passive sub
mviv we‡k¦B cÖwZ eQi 8 gvP© AvšÍR©vwZK bvix w`em passive verb cvwjZ nq| -Each year
International Women’s Day (IWD) is celebrated on March 8 all over the world.
bvix‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AR©b wPwýZ Ki‡Z ïay GB w`‡bB passive sub kZvwaK Kvh©µg passive
verb
M„wnZ nq bv eis mviv gvP© gvm Ry‡oB Pj‡Z _v‡K| -To mark the economic, political and
social achievements of women, more than hundreds of events are taken not just on
this day but also throughout March.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 232 ~
 cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2012
passive sub adverbial
d‡j A‡bK wkï wK‡kvi wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM †_‡K passive verb ewÂZ nq| -As a result,
many children and adolescents are deprived of the opportunity of receiving
education.
cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2008
adverbial
MZKvj kwbevi AbywôZ fwZ© KwgwUi mfv †_‡K passive sub G wm×všÍ passive verb †bqv nq| -This
decision is made in the admission committee’s meeting held on Saturday last.
cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2000
adverbial
1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© ga¨ iv‡Z cvwK¯Ívbx †mbvevwnbx KZ©„K passive sub ivRvievM cywjk jvBb passive
verb
AvµvšÍ nq| -Rajarbagh police line is attacked by the Pakistan Army in the mid-
night of 25 March, 1971.
wkÿv n‡jv GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwµqv- †h cÖwµqvi Øviv passive sub mgvR kw³i KZ©„Z¡ passive verb e¨³ nq|
[evsjv‡`k e¨vsK GwW 2017] -Education is a social process by which the dominance of social
power is expressed.
passive sub
gvbyl Zvnvi Rxe‡bi gvb adverbialDbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b I passive sub nZ`wi`ªiv RxweKv adverbial
wbe©v‡ni ev wbQK †Kvb µ‡g evuwPqv _vwKevi Rb¨B FY to +verb MÖn‡Y passive verb AvMÖnx I eva¨ nq|
[Bangladesh Bank AD- 2014] -People and the extreme poor are earnest and compelled to take
loan to improve the standard of their life and earn their livelihood or to survive
somehow.
Agrani Bank (SO) 2013
adverbial
fvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K av‡cav‡c gyw³i c_ verb + ing †cwi‡q adverbial 1971 G passive verb AwR©Z nq
passive subP~ovšÍ ¯^vaxbZv| -Ultimate independence is achieved in 1971 step by step

crossing the path of freedom from the Language Movement.

Rupali Bank (Officer) 2013
passive sub adverbial
GUv Avgv‡`i ‡`‡ki Z_¨cÖhyw³i Rb¨ GK eo gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e passive verb we‡ewPZ
nq| -It is considered as a big milestone for the Information Technology of our
country.
mgvR I mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki avivq Avgiv AvR †h mg‡q G‡m DcbxZ n‡qwQ G‡K ejv nq wek¦vq‡bi hyM| [‡gNbv
e¨vsK MTO c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv-2014] -In the course of evolution of society and civilization, we
have come to an age which is called the age of globalization.

Present Continuous Tense-

‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv KZ©vhy³ †Kv‡bv wµqvi †k‡l †Q/ Q/ †Qb BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
‡hgb: ‡m KvRwU Ki‡Q| Ki + †Q Zzwg KvR KiQ| Ki + Q wZwb KvRwU Ki‡Qb| Ki + †Qb
[NB: Continuous tense ‡K progressive tense I ejv nq]
Structure: Subject + am/ is/ are + verb + ing + object/ extension
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 233 ~
 D`vniY: †m KvRwU Ki‡Q| -He is doing the work.
Zviv GKwU Mí kyb‡Q| (†K kyb‡Q?-Zviv)
Zvn‡j GLv‡b Ô‡KÕ Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi cvIqvi Rb¨ evK¨wU Tense Gi wbq‡g n‡e|
-They are listening to a story. [kÖeY Kiv eySv‡Z/ ‡kvbv eySv‡Z Listen Gi ci to e‡m]
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY:
Zviv Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i Mí kyb‡Q| -They are listening to a story with rapt attention.
Zviv Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i GKwU eUMv‡Qi wb‡P e‡m Mí ïb‡Q|
-They are listening to a story with rapt attention sitting under a banyan tree.
Zviv mܨv †ejvq Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i GKwU eU Mv‡Qi wb‡P e‡m Mí kyb‡Q|
-They are listening to a story with rapt attention sitting under a banyan tree in the evening.
Zviv mܨv †ejvq Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i cvwbkvBj cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi gv‡Vi mvg‡bi eU Mv‡Qi wb‡P e‡m
GKwU Mí ïb‡Q|
-They are listening to a story with rapt attention sitting under a banyan tree in front
of Panishail Primary School field in the evening.
Aemi mg‡q we‡bv`b cvIqvi I K¬vwšÍ `~i Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zviv mܨv †ejvq Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i
cvwbkvBj cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi gv‡Vi mvg‡bi eU Mv‡Qi wb‡P e‡m GKwU Mí ïb‡Q|
-In the evening they are listening to a story with rapt attention sitting under a
banyan tree in front of Panishail Primary School with a view to getting
entertainment and removing tiredness during their leisure time.
Aemi mg‡q we‡bv`b cvIqvi I K¬vwšÍ `~i Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zviv mܨv †ejvq Mfxi g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i
cvwbkvBj cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi gv‡Vi mvg‡bi eU Mv‡Qi wb‡P e‡m Avi. †K bvivq‡Yi †jLv GKwU Mí
ïb‡Q|
-In the evening they are listening to a story written by R.K. Narayan with rapt
attention sitting under a banyan tree in front of Panishail Primary School with a
view to getting entertainment and removing tiredness during their leisure time.
Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jvi sequence jÿ Ki‡j GKwU welq my¯úó nq †h cÖ_‡g Subject (they) +verb
(are listening)+ wK Øviv cÖvß cÖ‡kœi DËi (a story) Zvi c‡i µgvš^‡q wKfv‡e, †Kv_vq, †Kb, KLb
Abymv‡i cieZ©x Optional element ¸‡jv mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î Adverb ¸‡jv‡K Ab¨fv‡e
mvwR‡q †h †KD Abyev` Ki‡Z cv‡i|

► Present Continuous Tense Gi Passive Voice:

‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Òn‡”QÓ _vK‡e|
Structure: wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + am/ is/ are + being +
v.p.p + extension
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR‡Z `ye©j QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU eB wjLv n‡”Q|
-A book is being written to help the students weak in English.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 234 ~
 QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ Av‡iv djcªm~ Kivi Rb¨ eBwU‡Z wKQz cwieZ©b Avbv n‡”Q| wK wjLv n‡”Q? Ñ GKwU eB
-Some changes are being brought in the book to make it more effective for the
students.
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY:
A‡bK MvQ KvUv n‡”Q| (wK KvUv n‡”Q?- A‡bK MvQ)
GLv‡b wµqv (KvUv) + n‡”Q K_vwUi D‡jøL Av‡Q| Avi †mRb¨ G evK¨wU Present continuous Tense
Gi Passive voice G n‡e| -Many trees are being cut down.
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY:
eZ©gv‡b wbwe©Pv‡i A‡bK MvQ KvUv n‡”Q|
-At present many trees are being cut down indiscriminately.
eZ©gv‡b AvmevecÎ I R¡vjvbx ‰Zwi Ki‡Z wbwe©Pv‡i A‡bK MvQ KvUv n‡”Q|
-At present many trees are being cut down indiscriminately to make furniture and
fire-wood.
A_ev, -At present to make furniture and fire-wood many trees are being cut down
indiscriminately.
Avgv‡`i cwi‡e‡ki K_v gv_vq bv †i‡L/ we‡ePbv bv K‡i eZ©gv‡b AvmevecÎ I R¡vjvbx ˆZwi Ki‡Z
wbwe©Pv‡i A‡bK MvQ KvUv n‡”Q|
-At present many trees are being cut down indiscriminately to make furniture and
fire-wood without considering our environment.
A_ev, -At present without considering our environment, many trees are being cut
down indiscriminately to make furniture and fire-wood.
Avgv‡`i ‰Re ˆewPΨ I cwi‡e‡ki Dci Gi weiƒc cÖfv‡ei K_v bv †f‡e/ gv_vq bv †i‡L eZ©gv‡b
AvmevecÎ I R¡vjvwb ˆZwi Ki‡Z wbwe©Pv‡i A‡bK MvQ KvUv n‡”Q|
-At present many trees are being cut down indiscriminately to make furniture and
fire-wood without considering its adverse/ negative impact on our bio-diversity and
environment.
Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi GB KwVb mwÜÿ‡Y ˆRe ˆewPΨ I cwi‡e‡ki Dci Gi weiƒc cÖfv‡ei K_v bv †f‡e/
gv_vq bv †i‡L eZ©gv‡b AvmevecÎ I R¡vjvwb ˆZwi Ki‡Z wbwe©Pv‡i A‡bK MvQ KvUv n‡”Q|
-At this critical juncture of climate change, at present, many trees are being cut
down indiscriminately to make furniture and fire-wood without considering its
adverse/ negative impact on our bio-diversity and environment.

GB structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖk-œ

evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK, wmwbqi Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2017
passive subject
cyb:ZdwmjK…Z FY adverbial AveviI passive verb
†Ljvwc n‡”Q| -Meanwhile, the
rescheduled loans are also being defaulted.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 235 ~
adverbial
Pviv MvQjvMv‡bv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i jvjb cvjb, c‡i KvV ‰Zwi †kl ch©šÍ ‡m KvV w`‡q AvmevecÎ
adverbial
‰Zwii cÖwZwU c‡` A_©bxwZ‡Z passive subg~j¨ passive verb ms‡hvRb n‡”Q| [Bangladesh Bank AD
2015] -Value is being added to the economy from every step of planting saplings,
nurturing them to making timber and furniture from them.
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gvb ißvwb bxwZ Abyhvqx K…wl I K…wlRvZ cY¨ ißvwbi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ mnvqZv
cÖ`vb Kiv n‡”Q| [MBM cixÿv- 2005] - At present, in Bangladesh different kinds of direct &
indirect assistance are being given for exporting agricultural products according to
the current exporting policy in Bangladesh.
wKš‘ GB aviv Ae¨vnZ _vKvi m¤¢vebv ÿxY| Gi cÖavb KviY n‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡R¨ we`¨gvb wewfbœ
cÖwZeÜKZv G‡K G‡K AcmvwiZ n‡”Q| [MBM cixÿv- 2005] -But the possibility of maintaining this
trend is low. The main reason of this is that various obstacles existing in the
international trade are being eliminated one after another.
United Commercial Bank wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2011
wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv ‡M‡Q, weÁvbPP©vi wewfbœ ch©v‡q bvbv cÖwZK~jZvi Kvi‡YB bvixiv weÁvb wegyL n‡Z eva¨
n‡”Q| -Various studies have shown that women are being compelled to become
reluctant to science due to different oppositions to various spheres of practices of
science.
United Commercial Bank wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2014
** e¨vsKmg~‡ni kni †Kw›`ªKZvi Kvi‡Y MÖvg evsjv D‡cwÿZ n‡”Q| -The rural areas are being
ignored for the centralization of banks in the urban areas.
AMÖYx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015
GQvov gy`ªvbxwZi avivevwnKZvq †emiKvix wewb‡qvM cwi‡ekI ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡”Q| -Moreover, congenial
environment of private sector investment is being hampered because of continuous
monetary-policy.
MTBL: 2016
Av½y‡ji Qv‡ci passive subZ_¨ adverbial
wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi RvZxq cwiPq c‡Îi Z_¨fvÛv‡i passive verb
msiwÿZ Kiv n‡”Q|-The information of fingerprints is being preserved in the national
ID card database of election commission.
Sonali, Janata, Agrani & Rupali Bank (SO) – 2018
adverbial
cÖvwZôvwbK cwieZ©‡bi cvkvcvwkadverbial wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‘, wkÿv`vb-c×wZ, g~j¨vqb I wkLb
mvgMÖxi †ÿ‡ÎI passive verb n‡”Q passive subcwieZ©b I cwiea©b| -Changes and development are
being made in the objective of education, contents, teaching method, evaluation and
learning materials along with institutional developments.
ms‡hvwRZ n‡”Q beZi aviv I a¨vb-aviYv| -New pace of development and thinking are being
added.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 236 ~
 Sonali, Janata, Agrani & Rupali Bank [officer (cash)] – 2008
my` gIKzd bxwZgvjv mnR Kiv n‡”Q| -Interest abolishing policy is being made easy.
cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2017
passive sub adverbial
we‡`kxiv Avgv‡`i †`‡k adverbial wewb‡qv‡M passive verb AvK…ó n‡”Q| -Foreigners are
being attracted in investing in our country.
Present Perfect Tense-
► Present indefinite tense I present perfect tense me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY Avgv‡`i
ˆ`bw›`b K‡_vcK_‡b Giv me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
‡Pbvi Dcvq: present perfect tense G evsjv KZ©vhy³ †Kv‡bv wµqvi †k‡l G‡Q/ GQ/ G†Qb _vK‡e|
‡hgb: wbcv KvRwU K‡i‡Q| Ki + G†Q Avgiv KvRwU K‡i‡wQ| Ki + GwQ
wZwb KvRwU K‡i‡Qb| Ki + G†Qb
Structure: Subject + have/ has + v.p.p + object/ extension
D`vniY: wbcv KvRwU K‡i‡Q| -Nipa has done the work.
Subject: ‡K K‡i‡Q? - wbcv Object: wK K‡i‡Q? ÑKvRwU
Avgiv KvRwU K‡iwQ| -We have done the work.
wZwb KvRwU K‡i‡Qb| -He has done the work.
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY:
evOvwjiv hy× K‡i‡Q| (‡K hy× K‡i‡Q?- evOvwjiv) -The Bangalees have fought.
evOvwjiv 1971 mv‡j hy× K‡i‡Q| -The Bangalees have fought in 1971.
evOvwjiv Zv‡`i †`k‡K ¯^vaxb Ki‡Z 1971 mv‡j hy× K‡i‡Q|
-The Bangalees have fought to free their country in 1971.
evOvwjiv Zv‡`i †`k‡K ¯^vaxb Ki‡Z `xN© bq gvm a‡i 1971 mv‡j hy× K‡i‡Q|
-The Bangalees have fought for long nine months to free their country in 1971.
evOvwjiv GMviwU †m±‡ii Aax‡b Zv‡`i †`k‡K ¯^vaxb Ki‡Z `xN© bq gvm a‡i 1971 mv‡j hy× K‡i‡Q|
-The Bangalees have fought under eleven sectors for long nine months to free their
country in 1971.
evOvwjiv GMviwU †m±‡ii Aax‡b Zv‡`i †`k‡K cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbx‡`i Kej †_‡K ¯^vaxb Ki‡Z `xN©
bq gvm a‡i 1971 mv‡j hy× K‡i‡Q|
-The Bangalees have fought under eleven sectors for long nine months to free their
country from the clutch of the Pakistani occupation forces in 1971.
mKj evav wecwË D‡cÿv K‡i Ges wb‡Ri Rxeb wemR©b w`‡q evOvwjiv GMviwU †m±‡ii Aax‡b Zv‡`i
†`k‡K cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbx‡`i Kej †_‡K ¯^vaxb Ki‡Z `xN© bq gvm a‡i 1971 mv‡j hy× K‡i‡Q|
-The Banglalees have fought under eleven sectors for long nine months to free their
country from the clutch of the Pakistani occupation forces braving all hurdles and
sacrificing their own lives in 1971.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 237 ~
 A_ev,
-Braving all hurdles and sacrificing their own lives, the Bangalees have fought
under eleven sectors for long nine months to free their country from the clutch of
the Pakistani occupation forces in 1971.
Note: `xN©+ msL¨v+ mgq- eySv‡Z Avgiv, Long+ number+ time e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi A_ev
Number+ long+ time e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|
‡hgb: `xN© bq gvm- long nine months/ nine long months
 evsjv ev‡K¨ †Kvb wµqvi †k‡l wb _vK‡j †mwU present perfect tense Gi negative structure
nq| ‡Pbvi Dcvq: wµqv +wb _vK‡e| †hgb: evsjv‡`k Pzw³wU ¯^vÿi K‡iwb| Structure: sub
+have/ has+ not +verb past participle + wK K‡iwb Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU+
extension.
D`vniY: evsjv‡`k Pzw³wU ¯^vÿi K‡iwb| Subject: ‡K ¯^vÿi K‡iwb?-evsjv‡`k
-Bangladesh has not signed the treaty. Object: wK ¯^vÿi K‡iwb? ÑPzw³wU
sub
(case in apposition)exiv½bv‡`i †mB cig mZx_© gyw³‡hv×v
¯^Y©jZv dwjqv extension/ adverbial wb‡Ri myL-
Avnjv` I AwaKvi wb‡q verbfv‡ewb| [35Zg wewmGm]
-Swarnata Falia, the dearest fellow freedom fighter of the war-heroines, has not
thought about her own happiness and rights.
► Present Perfect Tense Gi Passive Voice:
‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Òn‡q‡QÓ _vK‡e|
Structure: wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + have/ has + been +
v.p.p + extension
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR‡Z `ye©j QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU eB wjLv n‡q‡Q| wK wjLv n‡q‡Q? Ñ GKwU eB
-A book has been written to help the students weak in English.
QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ Av‡iv djcªm~ Kivi Rb¨ eBwU‡Z wKQz cwieZ©b Avbv n‡q‡Q|
-Some changes have been brought in the book to make it more effective for
the students.
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY:
evsjv‡`‡k‡K ¯^vaxb Kiv n‡q‡Q| wK/Kv‡K ¯^vaxb Kiv n‡q‡Q? D: evsjv‡`‡k‡K
-Bangladesh has been liberated.
evsjv‡`‡k‡K 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxb Kiv n‡q‡Q|-Bangladesh has been liberated in 1971.
evsjv‡`k‡K 1971 mv‡j GK mvMi i‡³i wewbg‡q ¯^vaxb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
-Bangladesh has been liberated in 1971 in exchange for a sea of blood.
Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z evsjv‡`k‡K 1971 mv‡j GK mvMi i‡³i wewbg‡q ¯^vaxb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
-Bangladesh situated in Asia has been liberated from Pakistan in 1971 in exchange
for a sea of blood.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 238 ~
 Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z evsjv‡`k‡K 1971 mv‡j GK mvMi i‡³i wewbg‡q cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvQ †_‡K ¯^vaxb
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
-Bangladesh situated in Asia has been liberated from Pakistan in 1971 in exchange
for a sea of blood.
GB Structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖkœ-
Adverbial
c„w_ex‡Z g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ passive sub AmsL¨ fvlvi passive verb m„wó n‡q‡Q| [evsjv‡`k K…wl
e¨vsK (SO) 2017] -Innumerable languages have been created to express feelings in the
world.
Adverbial
evsjv‡`‡k ˆZwi †cvkvK KviLvbvi Adverbial Kg© cwi‡e‡ki wbivcËvq passive sub D‡jøL‡hvM¨ passive
verbAMªMwZ n‡q‡Q| [mvD_ Bó e¨vsK G I- 2017] -Remarkable progress has been made in the

security of the working environment of the ready-made garments factories in

Bangladesh.
lô cÂevwl©K cwiKíbvi ¯^Zš¿ ‰ewkó¨ n‡”Q- GwU ‡KŠkjMZ Ges wb‡`©kbvg~jK cwiKíbv `wjj wn‡m‡e
cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| [c~evjx e¨vsK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 13] -The distinctive feature of the 6th five-year plan is that
it has been formulated as a strategic and instructive document of planning.
United Commercial Bank wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2014
exgv wk‡í k„•Ljv Avbvi j‡ÿ¨ BwZg‡a¨ †ek K‡qKwU wewa I cÖwewa cÖbqY Kiv n‡q‡Q| -Already a
number of rules and regulations have been enacted in order to bring discipline in
the insurance industry.
wewagvjvmg~n h_vh_fv‡e cÖwZcvj‡bi e¨cv‡i KZ©„c‡ÿi bRi`vwi e„w× Kiv n‡q‡Q|
-The supervision/ surveillance of the authority has been increased for the proper
observation of the rules.
Aciw`‡K AvšÍR©vwZK AwfÁZv wewbg‡qi j‡ÿ¨ BwZg‡a¨ K‡qKwU AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§j‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| -On the other hand, a few international conferences have been organized in
order to exchange the international experiences
mieivn †f‡½ covq ißvwb we‡klZ ‰Zwi †cvkv‡Ki ißvwb evavMÖ¯Í n‡q‡Q| [AMÖYx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv-
2015] -Exports, especially garments export have been hampered since supply has
collapsed.
GKz‡ki †PZbv verb +ing aviY K‡iB adverbialmvwn‡Z¨i bvbv gva¨‡g passive sub passive verbm~wPZ n‡q‡Q passive
sub
m„RbxcÖqvm Avi wkí ‡mŠK‡h©i wb`k©b| [RbZv e¨vsK, Teller: c‡`i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015] -Holding the spirit of
Ekushey, creative efforts and evidence of fine arts have been introduced in
various forms of literature.
wbivc` cvwbi AwaKvi‡K gvbevwaKvi wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| [Premier Bank Ltd. (MTO)- 2012] -The
right to fresh water has been declared as human right.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 239 ~
adverbial adverbial
KwgDwbwU cywjwks Gi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi mv‡_ cywj‡ki passive sub †mZzeÜb passive verb m„wó
n‡q‡Q| [cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2017] -Through community policing a chain between the
public and the police has been created.
adverbial
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Û we‡`wk F‡Yi Dci wbf©iZv verb + ing Kwg‡q ‡kqvi evRvi †K
Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi passive submy‡hvM passive verb‰Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| [Bangladesh Bank Ad 2011] -The
opportunity of utilizing share market has been created reducing dependence on
foreign loans in the development activities of the government of Bangladesh.
d‡j mvs¯‹„wZK cwieZ©b Z¡ivwš^Z n‡q‡Q| Meghana Bank Ltd. (MTO)- 2014
-As a result, cultural changes have been expedited/ accelerated.
wkï‡`i hZœ I Áv‡bi cwiwa‡K verb + ing we‡ePbvq †i‡L wkï‡`i Rb¨ GB passive subBs‡iwR †QvU Mí¸‡jv
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| [EXIM BANK: 2016] -These English short stories for children have been
prepared taking the care and knowledge of the children into consideration.
Zvi eBwU m¤úªwZ cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| [RU (E)16-17] -His book has recently been published.
 evsjv †Kvb wµqvi †k‡l nqwb _vK‡j †mwU present perfect tense Gi passive voice Gi
negative structure nq| ‡Pbvi Dcvq: wµqv + nq + wb _vK‡e| †hgb: Pzw³wU ¯^vÿi Kiv nqwb|
Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡`- Structure: wK Kiv nqwb Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + have/
has+ not+ been + verb Gi past participle + extension.
D`vniY: Pzw³wU ¯^vÿi Kiv nqwb| [wK ¯^vÿi Kiv nqwb? ÑPzw³wU]
-The treaty has not been signed.
Bangladesh Krishi Bank (SO)- 2011
Adverbial
Uvbv Pzivwk w`b †Kv‡bv passive subject gvQ passive verb aiv †`qwb Adverbial †R‡j‡`i
Rv‡j| -Continuously for eighty four days, no fish has been caught in the
nets of the fishermen.
GLbI wKQy wVK nq bvB| -Nothing has been settled as yet. [ivtwet 08-09]

Past Indefinite Tense-

‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv KZ©vhy³ †Kv‡bv wµqvi †k‡l j/ †j/ †jv/ †Zv/ jvg/ Z BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
‡hgb: k¤úv KvRwU Ki‡jv| Zzwg KvRwU Ki‡j|
Avgiv KvRwU Kijvg| k¨vgv KvRwU Ki‡Zv|
Structure: Subject + g~j verb Gi past form + object/ extension
D`vniY: k¤úv KvRwU Ki‡jv| -Shampa did the work.
k¨vgv KvRwU Ki‡Zv| -Shyama did the work.
Av‡M gwiqg, Uzwm, AvBwf I kvšÍbv mKv‡j nvU‡Z †ei nZ|
-Earlier Mariam, Tusi, Ivy and Shantana went for a walk in the morning.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 240 ~
 A_ev-Earlier Mariam, Tusi, Ivy and Shantana used to/ would go for a walk.
 D‡jøL¨ Modern English G Past indefinite tense G wµqvi †k‡l ÔZÕ _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq verb
Gi past form e¨envi Kiv hvq/ used to + g~j verb/ would + g~j verb Gi †h †KvbwU emv‡bv hvq|
nvdmv, gwbiv, myBwU, wjwc, iæ¤úv I wZw_ †mLv‡b †hZ|
-Hafsa, Monira, Sweety, Lipi, Rumpa and Tithi went/ used to/ would go there.
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY: Subject: ‡K/Kviv †Q‡owQj- D: jÿ jÿ †jvK
jÿ jÿ †jvK Zv‡`i evwo †Q‡owQj| Object: wK †Q‡owQj- D: Zv‡`i evwo

-Tens of thousands of people evacuated their homes.

eb¨v †_‡K †invB †c‡Z jÿ jÿ †jvK Zv‡`i evwo †Q‡owQj|
-Tens of thousands of people evacuated their homes to escape flood.
eb¨v †_‡K †invB †c‡Z jÿ jÿ †jvK Zv‡`i cwievi cwiRb I wcÖqRb‡`i wb‡q evwo †Q‡owQj|
-Tens of thousands of people with their family members and loved ones evacuated
their homes to escape flood.
‡mB eQ‡ii me‡P‡q eo cÖjqsKvix eb¨v †_‡K †invB †c‡Z jÿ jÿ †jvK Zv‡`i cwievi cwiRb I
wcÖqRb‡`i wb‡q evwo †Q‡owQj|
-Tens of thousands of people with their family members and loved ones evacuated
their homes to escape the most devastating flood of that year.
‡mB eQ‡ii me‡P‡q eo cÖjqsKvix eb¨v †_‡K †invB †c‡Z ÎvY mvgMÖx I wbivc` AvkÖ‡qi mÜv‡b jÿ jÿ
†jvK Zv‡`i cwievi cwiRb I wcÖqRb‡`i wb‡q evwo †Q‡owQj|
-Tens of thousands of people with their family members and loved ones evacuated
their homes in search of relief materials and safe shelters to escape the most
devastating flood of that year.
G evK¨wU‡K wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡eI Translation Kiv hvq-
-In search of relief materials and safe shelters, tens of thousands of people with their
family members and loved ones evacuated their homes to escape the most
devastating flood of that year.
A_ev, -To escape the most devastating flood of that year, tens of thousands of people
with their family members and loved ones evacuated their homes in search of relief
materials and safe shelters.
A_©vr, eySv hv‡”Q †h †Kvb evsjv evK¨‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Translation Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i‡K cÖ_‡g subject
Zvici verb Ges object †ei K‡i translation wU ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges µgvš^‡q Ab¨vb¨ Ask¸‡jv
GKUz wPšÍv K‡i mvRv‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j eo eo translation Ki‡Z Avi †Kv‡bv fq _vK‡ebv|
 evsjv ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ wµqv+ wb _vK‡j †hgb: evsjv‡`k Pzw³wU ¯^vÿi K‡iwb| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR Kivi
mgq Past Indefinite Tense Gi negative structure e¨eüZ nq| Structure: Sub + did
+ not + verb base form + wK K‡iwb Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU+ extension.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 241 ~
 ‡Pbvi Dcvq: wµqv +wb _vK‡e| Subject: ‡K ¯^vÿi K‡iwb?- evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`k Pzw³wU ¯^vÿi K‡iwb| Object: wK ¯^vÿi K‡iwb?Ñ Pzw³wU
-Bangladesh did not sign the treaty.
[NB: G ai‡bi negative evK¨ present perfect tense e¨envi K‡iI translation Kiv hvq]

► Past Indefinite Tense Gi Passive Voice:

‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l †hZ/ nZ/ nj/ n‡qwQj _vK‡e|
‡hgb: GLvb †_‡K Puv` †`Lv †hZ| GKwU eB wjLv nZ| GKwU eB wjLv n‡qwQj|
Structure: wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j- †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + was/ were + v.p.p
+ extension.
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR‡Z `ye©j QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU eB wjLv nj| wK wjLv n‡qwQj?Ñ GKwU eB
-A book was written to help the students weak in English.
QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ Av‡iv djcªm~ Kivi Rb¨ eBwU‡Z wKQz cwieZ©b Avbv nj| wK Avbv n‡qwQj?Ñ wKQz cwieZ©b
-Some changes were brought in the book to make it more effective for the
students.
GLvb †_‡K Puv` †`Lv †hZ| (wK †`Lv †hZ?Ñ Puv`) -The moon was seen from here.
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY:
GKRb fÐ mvay I Zvi `yB mn‡hvMx‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv n‡qwQj|
Kv‡K †MÖßvi Kiv n‡qwQj- D: GKRb fÐ mvay I Zvi `yB
x
-A fake shaman and his two accomplices were arrested.
GKRb fÐ mvay I Zvi `yB mn‡hvMx‡K GKRb QvÎx‡K al©Y Kivi Awf‡hv‡M †MÖdZvi Kiv n‡qwQj|
-A fake shaman and his two accomplices were arrested on charge of violating a
female student.
GKRb fÐ mvay I Zvi `yB mn‡hvMx‡K `kg †kÖwYi GKRb QvÎx‡K al©Y Kivi Awf‡hv‡M †MÖdZvi Kiv
n‡qwQj| -A fake shaman and his two accomplices were arrested on charge of
violating a female student of class ten.
GKRb fÐ mvay I Zvi `yB mn‡hvMx‡K `kg †kÖwYi GKRb QvÎx‡K al©Y Kivi Awf‡hv‡M MY wcUzwbi ci
†MÖdZvi Kiv n‡qwQj| -A fake shaman and his two accomplices were arrested after a
mob beating on charge of violating a female student of class ten.
GKRb fÐ mvay I Zvi `yB mn‡hvMx‡K `kg †kÖwYi GKRb QvÎx‡K al©Y Kivi Awf‡hv‡M MY wcUzwbi ci
Zv‡`i Av¯Ívbv †_‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv n‡qwQj|
-A fake shaman and his two accomplices were arrested from their den after a mob
beating on charge of violating a female student of class ten.
‡Mvcb msev‡`i wfwˇZ GKRb fÐ mvay I Zvi `yB mn‡hvMx‡K `kg †kÖwYi GKRb QvÎx‡K al©Y Kivi
Awf‡hv‡M MY wcUzwbi ci Zv‡`i Av¯Ívbv †_‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv n‡qwQj|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 242 ~
 -Acting on a tip off, a fake shaman and his two accomplices were arrested from
their den after a mob beating on charge of violating a female student of class ten.
[‡bvU: in charge of- `vwq‡Z¡; Avi on charge of- Awf‡hv‡M;]

GB Structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖkœ-

RKBL: 2014
adverbial
GB Ae¯’vq bevqb‡hvM¨ I cwi‡ekevÜe kw³i Drm I kw³i wewfbœ e¨envi wb‡q adverbialivRavbx‡Z
passive sub
ÒMÖxb GbvwR© G·‡cvU©Ó [titled] kxl©K GK cÖ`k©bxI passive verb n‡Z passive verb†`Lv †Mj| -
Against this backdrop, an exhibition on the source and different uses of renewable
and eco-friendly energy titled ÒGreen Energy Export” was also seen to be held in the
capital.
c~evjx e¨vsK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2016
adverbial
1952 m‡b Avgv‡`i fvwlK mËv A¯^xKvi Kivi m‡½ Avengvb Kvj a‡i PwP©Z Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ I
¯^Kxq Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K passive verbA¯^xKvi Kiv n‡qwQj| -Our culture practiced from time
immemorial and distinctiveness together with our language related identity was
denied in 1952.
c~evjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2013
ejv n‡qwQj, wmwU Ki‡cv‡ikb‡K DËi-`wÿ‡Y wef³ Kiv n‡j †mev-myweav evo‡e| -It was said if the
city corporation were divided into North-South, services and facilities would be
increased.

 evsjv †Kvb wµqvi †k‡l nq wb _vK‡j †mwU past indefinite tense Gi passive voice Gi
negative structure G nq|
‡Pbvi Dcvq: wµqv + nq + wb _vK‡e| †hgb: Pzw³wU ¯^vÿi Kiv nqwb| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡`-
Structure: wK Kiv nqwb Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + was/ were+ not + verb
past participle + extension.
D`vniY: Pzw³wU ¯^vÿi Kiv nqwb| -The treaty was not signed. wK ¯^vÿi Kiv nqwb? D: Pzw³wU
[NB: evsjv‡Z wµqv + nq + wb _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq †mwU nq present perfect A_ev past indefinite
tense Gi passive voice Gi negative structure G n‡e]
Bangladesh Krishi Bank (SO)- 2011
Adverbial
Uvbv Pzivwk w`b †Kv‡bv passive subject gvQ passive verb aiv †`qwb Adverbial †R‡j‡`i Rv‡j| -
Continuously for eighty four days, no fish was caught in the net of the fishermen.
Past Continuous Tense-
‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv KZ©vhy³ †Kv‡bv wµqvi †k‡l wQj/ wQ‡jb/ wQjvg BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
‡hgb: ‡m KvRwU KiwQj| Avgiv KvRwU KiwQjvg| wZwb KvRwU KiwQ‡jb|
Structure: Subject + was/ were + verb + ing + object + extension
D`vniY: †m KvRwU KiwQj| -He was doing the work.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 243 ~
► Past Continuous Tense Gi Passive Voice:
‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l nw”Qj _vK‡e|
Structure: wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + was/ were + being +
v.p.p + extension.
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR‡Z `ye©j QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU eB wjLv nw”Qj| wK wjLv nw”Qj?Ñ GKwU eB
-A book was being written to help the students weak in English.
QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ Av‡iv djcªm~ Kivi Rb¨ eBwU‡Z wKQz cwieZ©b Avbv nw”Qj| wK Avbv nw”Qj?Ñ wKQz cwieZ©b
-Some changes were being brought in the book to make it more effective for the
students.
Past Perfect Tense-
‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv KZ©vhy³ †Kv‡bv wµqvi †k‡l j/ †j/ jvg/ †jb BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
gRvi welq nj past indefinite tense Gi †ÿ‡ÎI wµqvi †k‡l j/ †j/ jvg/ †jb BZ¨vw` _v‡K| Zvn‡j
question nj G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨Uv †Kv_vq?
cv_©K¨ nj hw` †Kv‡bv evK¨ past perfect Øviv ˆZwi nq Zvn‡j Zv A‡bK w`b Av‡Mi †Kv‡bv KvR Kiv
eySv‡e| Avi past indefinite tense Øviv evK¨wU MVb Kiv n‡j †mUv wbKUeZ©x †Kv‡bv AZx‡Zi KvR Kiv
eySvq|
Structure: Subject + had + v.p.p + object/ extension
D`vniY: dvwinv KvRwU Kij| -Fariha had done the work.
GB evK¨wU past indefinite tense e¨envi K‡iI Kiv hvq, -Fariha did the work.
► Past Perfect Tense Gi Passive Voice:
‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l †hZ/ nZ/ nj/ n‡qwQj _vK‡e|
Structure: wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + had + been + v.p.p +
extension.
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR‡Z `ye©j QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU eB wjLv nj|
-A book had been written to help the students weak in English.
A_ev, GB evK¨wU past indefinite tense passive voice e¨envi K‡iI Kiv hvq,
-A book was written to help the students weak in English.

Future Indefinite Tense-

‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l †e/ e/ ev/ †eb BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
‡hgb: mvw`qv KvRwU Ki‡e| Avgiv KvRwU Kie|
wZwb KvRwU Ki‡eb| Zzwg KvRwU Kiev|
Structure: Subject + will/ shall + g~j verb + object/ extension
D`vniY: mvw`qv KvRwU Ki‡e| Subject: ‡K Ki‡e? D: mvw`qv
-Sadia will do the work. Object: wK Ki‡e? D: KvRwU
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 244 ~
 Avgiv KvRwU Kie| -We will do the work.
wZwb KvRwU Ki‡eb| -He will do the work.
Zzwg KvRwU Kiev| -You will do the work.
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY:
Avgiv KLbI wg_¨v ejebv| -We will never tell a lie.
Avgiv Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi †h †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z KLbI wg_¨v eje bv|
-We will never tell a lie under any circumstances of our life.
Avgiv Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi †h †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z eo †Kv‡bv ¯^v_© AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ KLbI wg_¨v eje bv|
-We will never tell a lie under any circumstances of our life with a view to
achieving any greater interest.
Avgiv Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi †h †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z eo †Kv‡bv ¯^v_© AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Amvay †jvK‡`i cÖ‡ivPbvq
c‡o KLbI wg_¨v eje bv|
-We will never tell a lie under any circumstances of our life being induced by the
unscrupulous people with a view to achieving any greater interest.
hZw`b Avgiv c„w_ex‡Z †eu‡P AvwQ ZZw`b Avgiv Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi †h †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z eo †Kv‡bv ¯^v_©
AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Amvay †jvK‡`i cÖ‡ivPbvq c‡o KLbI wg_¨v eje bv|
-We will never tell a lie under any circumstances of our life being induced by the
unscrupulous people with a view to achieving any greater interest so long as we
survive the earth.
► Future Indefinite Tense Gi Passive Voice:
‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Òn‡eÓ _vK‡e| Structure: wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi
cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + will be + v.p.p + extension
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR‡Z `ye©j QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU eB wjLv n‡e| wK wjLv n‡e? Ñ GKwU eB
-A book will be written to help the students weak in English.
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY:
Avgv‡`i ¯^cœ ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e| wK ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e? D: Avgv‡`i ¯^cœ
-Our dreams will be materialized.
Avgv‡`i mvd‡j¨i m‡e©v”P P~ovq †cuŠQv‡bvi ¯^cœ ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e|
-Our dreams of reaching the highest peak of success will be materialized.
e¨_©Zvi Møvwb KvwU‡q Avgv‡`i mvd‡j¨i m‡e©v”P P~ovq †cuŠQv‡bvi ¯^cœ ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e|
-Our dreams of reaching the highest peak of success removing the stigma of failure
will be materialized.
nvofv½v cwikÖ‡gi gva¨‡g e¨_©Zvi Møvwb KvwU‡q Avgv‡`i mvd‡j¨i m‡e©v”P P~ovq †cuŠQv‡bvi ¯^cœ ev¯ÍevwqZ
n‡e| -Our dreams of reaching the highest peak of success removing the stigma of
failure will be materialized through our bone breaking labour.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 245 ~
 GB structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖkœ-
passive sub
¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi m¦v_©KZv ZLbB passive verb cÖwZcbœ n‡e| [Sonali Bank SO 2010] -Only
mwZ¨Kv‡ii
then the real accomplishment of achieving liberty will be confirmed.
RvZxq cwiPqcÎ †`Iqv n‡e| [Sonali, Janata, Agrani & Rupali Bank (officer)- 2008]
-National identity cards will be provided.
G wel‡q gvV ch©vq †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡e| [Sonali, Janata, Agrani & Rupali Bank [officer (cash)] – 2008]
-In this context the data will be collected from the field level.
G‡Z e¨vs‡Ki wecyj cwigvY Ajm UvKvi wewb‡qvM n‡e, Kg©ms¯’vbI evo‡e|-[Standard Bank Ltd. (TAO)- 2016]
-Thus a huge amount of idle money of banks will be invested and employment
opportunities will also increase.
Agrani Bank Ltd. (Officer) – 2011
Adverbial Adverbial
PjwZ 2011-12 A_©eQ‡i m‡ev©”P Ki cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ I K‡cv©‡iU Dfq Ki passive
subject
cÖ`vbKvix‡K Adverbialeûj cÖwZÿxZ ivR¯^ KvW© cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g passive verbm¤§vbbv Rvbv‡bv n‡e|
-Both individuals and corporate income tax payers will be honored through
giving the much awaited tax card for paying the highest tax in the current fiscal year
2011-12.
adverbial adverbial
‡KejgvÎ ZLbB knx`‡`i cÖwZ passive sub h_v‡hvM¨ m¤§vb passive verb †`Lv‡bv n‡e| [cywjk
mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2010] -Only then due honour will be shown to the martyrs.

Future Perfect Tense-

‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv KZ©vhy³ †Kv‡bv wµqvi †k‡l ÒG _vKe/ G _vK‡eÓ BZ¨vw` _vK‡e| Structure:
Subject + will/ shall + have + v.p.p + object/ extension
D`vniY: Avgvi eÜz dinv` KvRwU K‡i _vK‡e| -My friend Farhad will have done the work.
byiRvgvj I iwZ mKvj bqUv bvMv` jvB‡eªwi‡Z †cuŠ‡Q _vK‡e|
-Nurjamal and Rati will have reached the library by 9 o’clock in the
morning.
► Future Perfect Tense Gi Passive Voice:
‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Òn‡q _vK‡e/_vK‡ebÓ _vK‡e|
Structure: wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + will have been + v.p.p
+ extension
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR‡Z `ye©j QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU eB wjLv n‡q _vK‡e|
-A book will have been written to help the students weak in English.
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY: wK Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _vK‡e?
Dcb¨vmwUi g~j welqe¯‘ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _vK‡e| D: Dcb¨vmwUi g~j welqe¯‘
-The main theme of the novel will have been discussed.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 246 ~
 AvMvgx K¬v‡m Dcb¨vmwUi g~j welqe¯‘ wel`fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _vK‡e|
-The main theme of the novel will have been discussed explicitly in the next class.
AvMvgx K¬v‡m Gulliver’s Travels Dcb¨vmwUi g~j welqe¯‘ wel`fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _vK‡e|
-The main theme of the novel Gulliver’s Travels will have been discussed explicitly
in the next class.
AvMvgx K¬v‡m Jonathan swift Gi †jLv Gulliver’s Travels Dcb¨vmwUi g~j welqe¯‘ wel`fv‡e
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _vK‡e| -The main theme of the novel Gulliver’s Travels written by
Jonathan swift will have been discussed explicitly in the next class.
AvMvgx K¬v‡m Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i me‡P‡q eo e¨½ †jLK Jonathan swift Gi †jLv Gulliver’s
Travels Dcb¨vmwUi g~j welqe¯‘ wel`fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _vK‡e|
-The main theme of the novel Gulliver’s Travels written by Jonathan swift, the
greatest satirist in English literature, will have been discussed explicitly in the next
class.
Modal Verb Gi †ÿ‡Î Passive Voice:
► Modal auxiliary verb – can/ could/ may/ might/ must/ will/ would/ shall/ should/
need/ / have to/ has to/ used to + g~j verb + object hy³ evK¨‡K passive voice G Ki‡Z n‡j
G‡`i c‡i ïay be + v.p.p e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖkœ nj Avgiv wKfv‡e eyS‡ev †h Dc‡ii verb ¸‡jv‡K
passive structure G use K‡i †m¸‡jvi translation Kie|
Av‡Mi gZB wµqv‡K †K Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi cvIqv †M‡j, †m evK¨wU modal verb Gi active voice ev
tense Abymv‡i Abyev` Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Structure: Subject + modal verb + g~j verb Gi
base form + object/ extension e‡m|
D`vniY: wbkv KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i| †K cv‡i? Ñ wbkv -Nisha can do the work.
Avi wµqv‡K †K Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi cvIqv bv †M‡j wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi cvIqv †M‡j, ‡m‡ÿ‡Î-
wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + modal verb + be + v.p.p +
extension e‡m|
D`vniY: KvRwU Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| -The work can be done.
[‡bvU: ‡K Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i? D: bvB| wKš‘ wK Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i? D: KvRwU
GLv‡b wK Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi cvIqv hvq ZvB evK¨‡K passive Kiv n‡q‡Q]
Passive voice Gi †ÿ‡Î can Gi e¨envi-
evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Av + ‡h‡Z cv‡i _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq ‡m evK¨wU modal verb- can Øviv
passive voice G translation Ki‡Z nq| ‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Av+‡h‡Z cv‡i _vK‡e
†hgb: GUv D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡` structure n‡e- wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ
K‡i †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e ‡mwU + can be + vpp + Extension.
D`vniY: GUv D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| -It can be mentioned.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 247 ~
 wkï g„Zy¨i nvi †iv‡a evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMwZ jÿ¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
-The progress of Bangladesh in reducing child mortality rate can be
noticed.
GB structure Gi Av‡jv‡K weMZ mv‡ji cÖk-œ
my›`ieb msjMœ †Rjv¸‡jv RjR †SvcSvo eûj wej-wSj-nvIimn †h †Kvb Rjvk‡q †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i GB
cvwLwU| [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK, Asst. Director wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2012] -This bird can be seen in any water body
including beel-jhill-haor full of aquatic bushes and plants of the districts adjacent to
the Sundarbans.
Sonali, Janata, Agrani & Rupali Bank (SO) – 2018
eZ©gvb hyM‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii hyM| -Present era can be called the epoch of
computer.
Passive Voice Gi †ÿ‡Î may Gi e¨envi:
evsjv wµqvi †k‡l n‡Z cv‡i _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq ‡m evK¨wU modal verb- may Øviv passive
voice G translation Ki‡Z nq| ‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l n‡Z cv‡i _vK‡e †hgb: GUv Kiv n‡Z
cv‡i| Giƒc ev‡K¨i Abyev‡` structure n‡e- wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ K‡i †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e ‡mwU +
may be + vpp + extension.
D`vniY: GUv Kiv n‡Z cv‡i| -It may be done.
NB: May/ might ‡K GB wbq‡gi passive voice Kiv hvq|

Tense Gi wbq‡g Should Gi e¨envi:

‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv ev‡K¨ KZ©v wn‡m‡e Avgvi/ Avgv‡`i/ †Zvgvi/ †Zvgv‡`i/ Zvi Zv‡`i A_ev noun/ bvg +
i ...Ges wµqvi †k‡l ÒDwPr/ DwPr n‡eÓ K_vwUi D‡jøL _vK‡e| G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ wµqv‡K Kvi/ Kv‡`i Øviv
cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: Subject + should + g~j verb + object/ extension
D`vniY: Avgvi KvRwU Kiv DwPZ| Kvi KvRwU Kiv DwPr? DËi- Avgvi -I should do the work.
-Zv‡`i ‡Kvb ai‡bi wek„sLj cwiw¯’wZ m„wó Kiv DwPr bq| Kv‡`i DwPr bq? ÑZv‡`i
-They should not create any kind of anarchic situation.
wbkv‡Zi Wbv I c~Y©vi mv‡_ †`Lv Kiv DwPr| -Nishat should see Dona and Purna.
Voice Gi wbq‡g should Gi e¨envi-
‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv ev‡K¨ KZ©v wn‡m‡e Avgv‡K/ Avgv‡`i‡K/ †Zvgv‡K/ †Zvgv‡`i‡K/ Zv‡K/ Zv‡`i‡K A_ev
noun/ bvg +wU/ ¸‡jv Ges wµqvi †k‡l ÒDwPr/ DwPr n‡eÓ K_vwUi D‡jøL _vK‡e| Gai‡bi ev‡K¨ wµqv‡K
Kv‡K/ Kv‡`i ‡K wK Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e| Structure: wµqv‡K wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv
hv‡e †mwU + should + be + v.p.p + extension
D`vniY: KvRwU Kiv DwPZ| [wK Kiv DwPr? DËi KvRwU] -The work should be done.
Zv‡K G wel‡q wRÁvmv Kiv DwPr| -He should be asked about this matter.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 248 ~
Gme Kvi‡Y b`x Lb‡bi KvRwU GKwU Acwinvh© welq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ| [NBL wb‡qvM cixÿv-2015]
-For these reasons, dredging rivers should be considered as an essential matter.

eû jvB‡mÝwenxb hvbevnb i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv wbqš¿Y Kiv DwPZ| [Karmashongsthan Bank Ltd. (SO)- 2013]
-There are many unlicensed vehicles which should be controlled.

Tense Gi wbq‡g need Gi e¨envi-

‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv ev‡K¨ KZ©v wn‡m‡e Avgvi/ Avgv‡`i/ †Zvgvi/ †Zvgv‡`i/ Zvi/ Zv‡`i A_ev noun/ bvg
+ i...Ges wµqvi †k‡l Ò`iKvi/ cÖ‡qvRbÓ K_vwUi D‡jøL _vK‡e| G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ wµqv‡K Kvi/ Kv‡`i Øviv
cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e [NB: Need Gi c‡i noun/ pronoun/ to + verb Gi base form em‡j need n‡e principal verb
Avi ZvB need GLv‡b modal auxiliary bq]
Structure: Subject + need + object/ extension
D`vniY: Avgvi KvRwU Kiv `iKvi| Kvi KvRwU Kiv `iKvi? DËi Avgvi
-I need to do the work.
kkxi †jg‡bi mv‡_ †`Lv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb/ `iKvi| -Shashi needs to meet lemon.

Voice Gi wbq‡g need Gi e¨envi:

‡Pbvi Dcvq: evsjv ev‡K¨ KZ©v wn‡m‡e Avgv‡K/ Avgv‡`i‡K/ †Zvgv‡K/ †Zvgv‡`i‡K/ Zv‡K/ Zv‡`i‡K A_ev
noun/ bvg +wU/ ¸‡jv Ges wµqvi †k‡l Av + Ò`iKviÓ K_vwUi D‡jøL _vK‡e| ‡hgb: KvRwU Kiv `iKvi|
wK Kiv `iKvi? Ñ KvRwU G ai‡bi ev‡K¨ wµqv‡K ÔwK Õ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Structure: wµqv‡K wK Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hv‡e †mwU + should + be + v.p.p +
extension.
D`vniY: KvRwU Kiv `iKvi| -The work needs to be done.
KvRwU Kiv `iKvi wQj| -The work needed to be done.
adverbial
wg_¨v Z_¨ I RvwjqvwZi gva¨‡g e¨vsK FY †bevi ci Zv passive subject †Ljvwc F‡Y cwiYZ Kivi
cÖeYZv ïiæ‡ZB passive verb †iva Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| [AMÖYx e¨vsK Gm I-2017] -The tendency of turning
default loans after taking loans from banks through false statement and forgery needs
to be nipped in the bud/ prevented at the beginning.
 Z‡e Giƒc ev‡K¨i †ÿ‡Î- wµqv + Av + cÖ‡qvRb K_vwU bv _vK‡j ev ïay cÖ‡qvRb K_vwU _vK‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î
be verb + needed e‡m|
D`vniY: Z‡e mZ¨‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ gvbwmK `„pZv cÖ‡qvRb|
-But determination is needed to save the truth. [c~evjx e¨vsK Gm I -17]
Have to/ has to Gi passive voice:
► KvD‡K †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z nq/ n‡e eySv‡Z Avgiv Subject + have/ has to + g~j verb Gi base
form + object/ extension e¨envi Kwi| Kv‡K KvRwU Ki‡Z nq? D: Ry‡qj‡K
D`vniY: Ry‡qj‡K cÖwZw`b KvRwU Ki‡Z nq|
-Jewell has to do the work every day.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 249 ~
 evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b Avgv‡`i‡K GK‡hv‡M KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| Kv‡K KvRwU Ki‡Z nq? Ñ Avgv‡`i‡K
-We have to work in a body in the development of Bangladesh.
verb + ing
G welqwU gv_vq †i‡L submiKvi‡K object UªvwdK e¨e¯’v verbM‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|
[Bangladesh Bank Ad -2010] -The government has to build traffic system
considering this issue.
Dc‡ii evK¨¸‡jv tense G MwVZ KviY, GLv‡b have/ has to + g~j verb Øviv MwVZ ev‡K¨ ÒKv‡KÓ Øviv cÖkœ
K‡i DËi cvIqv †M‡j †mwU tense Gi wbqg Abymv‡i nq|
⌂ Avi hw` wµqv‡K ÒwKÓ Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î passive voice Gi wbqg Abymv‡i
A_©vr have/ has to be + v.p.p em‡e|
D`vniY: KvRwU cÖwZw`b Ki‡Z n‡e/ nq| wK Ki‡Z nq? Ñ KvRwU
-The work has to be done every day.
evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb Ki‡Z n‡e| wK we‡gvPb Ki‡Z n‡e? Ñ `vwi`ª
-Poverty has to be eliminated for the development of Bangladesh.
‡UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î jvMmB cÖhyw³i e¨envi evov‡Z n‡e| [Midland Bank Ltd.
MTO wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2014] -Use of suitable technology in the applicable sectors has to be
increased to ensure sustainable development.
ga¨cÖv‡P¨ Rbkw³ evov‡Z n‡j K~U‰bwZK ZrciZv †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z n‡e| -To increase manpower
export to the middle east, diplomatic activities have to be intensified.
evsjv‡`k †_‡K ¯^íZg mg‡q AwZ`vwi`ª¨ wbg~‡© ji Rb¨ GKwU RvZxq Kg©m~wP cÖYqb I Zv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z
n‡e| -A national program has to be formulated and implemented to alleviate
extreme poverty from Bangladesh within shortest period.
we‡`kx cÖZ¨ÿ wewb‡qvM AvK„ó Ki‡Z n‡j M¨vm I we`y¨‡Zi mieivn evov‡Z n‡e| [e¨vsK Gwkqv wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015]
-The supply of gas and electricity has to be increased to attract direct foreign
investment.
ZvB †eKvi mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z †`‡k wewb‡qvM evov‡Z n‡e| [Standard Bank Ltd. (TAO)- 2016]
-So, investment has to be increased to remove the unemployment problem.
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h cwikªg mvd‡j¨i PvweKvwV| [Islami Bank BD [AO(G-3)]- 2004]
- It has to be remembered that industry is the key to success.
ZvB passive subject Zv‡`i‡K extensionˆelwqK I ˆbwZK Áv‡bi mv‡_ mwVKfv‡e passive verb cwiwPZ K‡i Zzj‡Z
n‡e| [Islami Bank BD [AO (G-3)]-2012] -So they have to be introduced to worldly and
ethical/ moral knowledge.
we‡k¦i m‡½ cwiwPZ n‡Z n‡j MÖvgM‡ÄI B›Uvi‡bU Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e| [Premier Bank Ltd. [TJO (cash)]- 2013]
-To be introduced to the world the Internet has to be spread in remote villages too.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 250 ~

 Mutual Bank Ltd. (MTO)- 2014
‡UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î jvMmB cÖhyw³i e¨envi evov‡Z n‡e| -Use of suitable
technology in the applicable sectors has to be increased to ensure sustainable
development.
object
GB RoZv Ges kªgwegyLZv passive verb Svwoqv †dwj‡Z nB‡e| [cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2002] -This
inertia and laziness have to be given up.
Avj Avivdv Bmjvgx e¨vsK wb‡qvM cixÿv-2013
GUv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e evRvi g~‡j¨i mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© gRyix kÖwgK‡`i Drcv`bkxjZv eis e„w× K‡i| -It has
to be kept in mind that the salary which is compatible with the market price will
rather increase the productivity of the workers.

► ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ GLbI ---- + Òwµqv+wbÓ _vK‡j †hgb: †m GLbI eBwU c‡owb| Giƒc eySv‡Z Subject+
am, is, are, have, has+ yet to+ g~j verb Gi base form + object e‡m|
D`vniY: †m GLbI eBwU c‡owb| -He has/ is yet to read the book.
[evK¨wU tense/ active voice Gi wbqgvbymv‡i MwVZ KviY GLv‡b has/ is yet to + g~j verb Øviv
MwVZ Ges GLv‡b †K Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi cvIqv hvq †hgb: †K GLbI eBwU c‡owb? DËi= †m|
wKš‘ †K Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi cvIqv bv †M‡j ÒwK/ Kv‡KÓ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e| †m‡ÿ‡Î G evK¨‡K passive
voice Gi wbqg A_©vr wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖvß cÖ‡kœi DËi+ am, is, are, have, has+ yet to+ be+
vpp+ extension. GB wbqg AbymiY K‡i Abyev` Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: GLbI KvRwU Kiv nqwb| [wK Kiv nqwb? DËi= KvRwU] -The work has/ is yet to be done.
Rbmvavi‡Yi e„nËi ¯^v‡_© GLbI KvRwU Kiv nqwb|
-The work has/ is yet to be done for the greater interest of the common people.
GK eQi AwZevwnZ n‡jI Rbmvavi‡Yi e„nËi ¯^v‡_© GLbI KvRwU Kiv nqwb|
-Although one year has passed, the work has/ is yet to be done for the greater
interest of the common people.
`yb©xwZevR ‡Pqvig¨v‡bi MvwdjwZi Kvi‡Y GK eQi AwZevwnZ n‡jI Rbmvavi‡Yi e„nËi ¯^v‡_© GLbI
KvRwU Kiv nqwb| -Although one year has passed, the work has/ is yet to be done for
the greater interest of the common people due to the indifference of the corrupt
chairman.
RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ `yb©xwZevR ‡Pqvig¨v‡bi MvwdjwZi Kvi‡Y GK eQi AwZevwnZ n‡jI
Rbmvavi‡Yi e„nËi ¯^v‡_© GLbI KvRwU Kiv nqwb|
-Although one year has passed, the work has/ is yet to be done for the greater
interest of the common people due to the indifference of the corrupt chairman
elected through the direct votes of the people.
► †Kv‡bv wKQz Kivi K_v Av‡Q/ wQj eySv‡Z- be+ supposed to+ g~j verb Gi base form A_ev-
m¤¢vebv Av‡Q eySv‡Z be+ likely to+ g~j verb Gi base form; mvaviYZ Active voice/ tense Gi
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 251 ~
wbqgvbymv‡i/ Passive voice Gi wbqgvbymv‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î evsjv wµqv‡K Kvi Øviv cÖkœ K‡i
DËi cvIqv †M‡j G‡`i‡K Active voice/Tense Gi wbqgvbymv‡i Abyev` Ki‡Z nq|
D`vniY: Zv‡`i KvRwU Kivi K_v Av‡Q| -They are supposed to do the work.
[Kvi K_v Av‡Q? DËi- Zv‡`i, Avi GB Kvi‡Y GUv Active voice/ tense Gi wbqgvbymv‡i n‡e]
 wKš‘ wµqv‡K- Kvi Øviv cÖkœ K‡i DËi bv cvIqv †M‡j “wKÓ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e| ZLb †m †ÿ‡Î
Bs‡iwR‡Z Translation Kivi mgq wK/ Kv‡K Øviv cÖ‡kœi cÖvß DËi+ am/ is/ are/ was/ were +
supposed to/ likely to+ be+ vpp---- extension e‡m|
D`vniY: KvRwU Kivi K_v Av‡Q|
Kvi Kivi K_v Av‡Q? DËi= Zero
wK Kivi K_v Av‡Q? DËi= KvRwU
Zvn‡j eySv hv‡”Q GB evK¨wU passive voice Gi wbq‡g Ki‡Z n‡e|
-The work is supposed to be done.
Zv‡`i `wi`ª‡`i mnvqZv Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q| [Kvi mnvqZv Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q? DËi = Zv‡`i]
-They are likely to help the poor.
`wi`ª‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q|
Kvi mnvqZv Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q? DËi = Zero
Kv‡K mnvqZv Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q? DËi = `wi`ª‡`i‡K
-The poor are likely to be helped.
GB Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g `wi`ª‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q|
-The poor are likely to be helped through this programme.
miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ GB Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g `wi`ª‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q|
-The poor are likely to be helped through this programme taken by the government.
me©m¤§wZµ‡g gwš¿cwil‡` Aby‡gvw`Z miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ GB Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g `wi`ª‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi
m¤¢vebv Av‡Q|
-The poor are likely to be helped through this programme taken by the
government approved unanimously in the cabinet.
`vwi`ªZv we‡gvP‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e me©m¤§wZµ‡g gwš¿cwil‡` Aby‡gvw`Z miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ GB Kg©m~wPi
gva¨‡g `wi`ª‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q|
-As part of poverty alleviation the poor are likely to be helped through this
programme taken by the government approved unanimously in the cabinet.
Z…Yg~j chv©q †_‡K `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e me©m¤§wZµ‡g gwš¿cwil‡` Aby‡gvw`Z miKvi KZ©„K
M„nxZ GB Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g `wi`ª‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q|
-As part of poverty alleviation from the grass roots level the poor are likely to be
helped through this programme taken by the government approved unanimously
in the cabinet.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 252 ~
 GKwesk kZvwãi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq Z…Yg~j ch©vq †_‡K `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e me©m¤§wZµ‡g
gwš¿cwil‡` Aby‡gvw`Z miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ GB Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g `wi`ª‡`i‡K mnvqZv Kivi m¤¢vebv
Av‡Q|
-To tackle/ face the challenge of the 21st century as part of poverty alleviation
from the grass roots level the poor are likely to be helped through this programme
taken by the government approved unanimously in the cabinet.
[‡bvU: government Gi Av‡M the e‡m]
⌂ evsjv ev‡K¨ ïay wµqv + hvq/ nq/ n‡”Q/ n‡q‡Q/ nj/ n‡e/ †Z n‡e/ DwPZ + †h _vK‡j- wb‡¤œv³ Passive
style G Abyev` Ki‡Z n‡e|
It + auxiliary verb (passive voice Gi rule Abymv‡i) + v.p.p + that...
D`vniY: ejv n‡q _v‡K †h Ñ It is said that ‡`Lv hvq †hÑ It is seen that
¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e †hÑ It has to be admitted that
¯^xKvi Kiv DwPr †hÑ It should be admitted that
(GUv) g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e evRvi g~‡j¨i mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© gRyix kÖwgK‡`i Drcv`bkxjZv eis e„w× K‡i| [Avj
Avivdv Bmjvgx e¨vsK wb‡qvM cixÿv-2013] -It has to be kept in mind that the wages compatible with
the market price will rather increase the productivity of the workers.
ejv n‡qwQj, wmwU Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi DËi-`wÿY wef³ Kiv n‡j †mev-myweav evo‡e| [Pubali Bank Ltd. (SO)-
2013] -It was said if City Corporation were divided into North-South, services and
facilities would be increased.
 KvD‡K/ †KvbwKQz‡K g‡b Kiv/ wek¦vm Kiv/ we‡ePbv Kiv/ Rvbv/ nq/ n‡q‡Q/ nj/ nZ/ n‡e/ †Z n‡e
Giƒc eySv‡Z †hgb: Zv‡`i‡K fqsKi e‡j wek¦vm Kiv nq| wb‡¤œv³ Passive style G Ki‡Z n‡e|
Passive subject (NP) +be verb+ thought/ believed/ considered to be/ have +
adj./ noun/ preposition/ noun/ v.p.p.
Zv‡`i‡K wec`RbK e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| -They are believed to be dangerous.
‡m ¯‹zjwU cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| -He is thought to have established the school.

⌂ Get Gi c‡i v.p.p _vK‡j †m evK¨wU passive Gi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i| GLv‡b get verb wU be verb
Gi gZ KvR K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î get ‡K passive auxiliary verb ejv nq|
D`vniY: Zv‡K kvw¯Í †`Iqv nj| -He got punished.
G evK¨wU‡K He was punished Gfv‡eI translation Kiv hv‡e|
Pywi Kivi mgq Zv‡K nv‡Zbv‡Z aiv n‡qwQj|
-He got caught red handed while stealing.
Or-He was caught red handed while stealing.
Avgv‡K AbyôvbwU‡Z `vIqvZ †`Iqv nq|
-I get invited to the party. Or-I am invited to the party.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 253 ~
 QwewUi †kl w`‡K Lvivc †Q‡jwU‡K ¸wj Kiv nq|
-At the end of the film, the bad boy gets shot.
Or- At the end of the film, the bad boy is shot.
⌂ Intransitive verb: †hgb: go, come, happen, die, occur, take place (NUv/ AbywôZ
nIqv), belong, consist, exist mind- c‡ivqv have, fit, suit, lack, resemble, result-NUv‡bv,
wonder- Ges Linking Verb †hgb: appear, seem, become, stay, remain BZ¨vw` A_©
cÖKvkK evsjv †Kv‡bv wµqv hw` †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ _v‡K Zvn‡j †mUv Active voice/ tense Gi wbqg Abymv‡i
Translation Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡`i Passive voice nq bv|
D`vniY: GLv‡b GKUv `yN©Ubv N‡U‡Q|
-An accident has taken place here.
hw` G evK¨wU Gfv‡e translation Kiv nZ, An accident has been taken place here Zvn‡j
evK¨wU fzj n‡e| KviY be verb (been) Gi c‡i v.p.p (taken place) e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| hvi
Kvi‡Y evK¨wU passive voice G n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Dc‡ii verb Gi list †_‡K Avgiv eyS‡Z cvwi †h GB
verb wU passive voice G e¨eüZ nq bv|
cieZ©x mfvwU kwbev‡ii AbywôZ n‡e| -The next meeting will take place on Saturday.
Avwg kxZ‡K c‡ivqv Kwi bv| -I do not mind the cold.
► Die (giv) verb wU me mgq Active voice G nq|
D`vniY: Avgv‡`i gyw³hy‡×i mgq A‡bK exi ˆmwbK G‡`‡ki Rb¨ g„Zy¨eiY K‡i‡Q|
-Many valiant soldiers died for this country during our Liberation War.
GLv‡b Many valiant soldiers were died for this country during our Liberation War.
evK¨wU fzj|
► Rb¥MÖnY Kiv A‡_© me mgq passive voice nq|
D`vniY: Avãyj Avwjg ivRevox †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Q/ K‡i|
-Abdul Alim was born in Rajbari district.
[‡bvU: ‡Kvb e¨w³ Rb¥ MÖnY Kiv A‡_© evsjvq evK¨wU Present tense G _vKv m‡Ë¡I Bs‡iwR‡Z
me©`v past indefinite tense Gi passive voice G translation Kiv nq| A_©vr was/
were+ born e‡m| ZvB GLv‡b-Abdul Alim is born/ has been born in Rajbari
district. Gfv‡e wjL‡j evK¨wU fzj n‡e|
 Z‡e mvaviYfv‡e A‡b‡K Rb¥MÖnY Kiv eySv‡Z- Present indefinite tense Gi passive voice
e¨envi Kiv nq|
†hgb: we‡k¦ cªwZw`b nvRvi nvRvi wkï Rb¥MÖnY K‡i|
-In the world, thousands of children are born every day.
wZwb 1933 mv‡ji 23 wW‡m¤^‡i Rb¥MªnY K‡ib| [gwš¿cwil` wefv‡Mi Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡iUi-2017]
-He was born on December 23, 1993.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 254 ~
 Chapter Related Practice (Aa¨vq wfwËK Abykxjb)
evsjv evK¨mg~n: AvR‡K GKwU wgwUs Kiv n‡q‡Q| †m wgwUs G bZzb wKQz wbqg Rvwi Kiv nq|
Avkv Kwi †h Gici †_‡K Avgv‡`i Awd‡m †Kvb wek„•Ljv †`Lv hv‡e bv| Av‡M A‡b‡K
e¨w³MZ ¯^v‡_© Zv‡`i Kv‡R duvwK w`‡q‡Q| ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e †h wbqgvbyewZ©Zv AbymiY bv K‡i
†Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©Kjvc djcÖm~fv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv hvq bv|
cÖ_‡g wb‡R wb‡R GKevi LvZvq wjLyb Zvici wgwj‡q wbb|
English Translation: A meeting has been held today. In that meeting some
new rules are imposed. We hope/ I hope/ hope that no anarchy will be found in
our office from this moment onwards/ on. Many have evaded their duty for
their personal interest. It has to be acknowledged/ admitted that the activities of
any institution cannot be performed effectively without following discipline.
[Avkv Kwi eySv‡Z ïay hope-I e¨envi Kiv hvq †hgb: Avkv Kwi Zzwg fvj AvQ|-Hope that you are
good./ I hope (that) you are good. Hope/ See/ Thank/ Welcome/ Miss Gi †ÿ‡Î
subject e¨envi bv Ki‡jI P‡j|
†hgb: I thank you./ Thank you./ Thanks. We welcome you/ Welcome you.
I miss you a lot./ Miss you a lot. I will see you soon./ See you soon.]

‰ØZ evsjv A_©‡evaK wµqv/ Inchoative Verb Gi e¨envi

 wb¤œwjwLZ verb mg~n `yB ai‡bi A_© cÖKvk K‡i- KviY Giv nIqv/ Kiv A_ev Kiv‡bv A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Avi †m Rb¨ Giv Active I Passive Gi `yB ai‡bi A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z mÿg| ZvB G‡`i‡K
Inchoative verb Ges wKQy wKQz †ÿ‡Î Quasi-passive verb I ejv hvq|
Accelerate- Zivwš^Z Kiv ev nIqv Harden- k³ Kiv ev nIqv
Apply- Av‡e`b Kiv/ cÖ‡qvM Kiv/ cÖ‡hvR¨ nIqv Improve- DbœwZ Kiv ev nIqv
Assemble- mg‡eZ Kiv ev nIqv Increase- e„w× nIqv/ e„w× Kiv
Begin- Avi¤¢ Kiv ev nIqv Intensify- ZxeªZi Kiv/ nIqv
Bend- euvKv Kiv/ euvKv nIqv Intermingle- wgwkZ Kiv ev nIqv
Boil- wm× Kiv/ wm× nIqv| Join- mshy³ Kiv ev nIqv
Break- †f‡½ hvIqv/ †f‡½ †djv Kindle- cÖ¾¡wjZ Kiv ev nIqv
Brighten- D¾¡j Kiv/ nIqv Lessen- Kgv ev Kgv‡bv
Build- wbgv©Y Kiv/ nIqv Lighten- Av‡jvwKZ Kiv ev nIqv
Burn- †cvov/ †cvov‡bv
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 255 ~
Change- cwieZ©b nIqv ev Kiv Measure- gvc Kiv/ ‰`N©¨ nIqv
Commence- ïiæ Kiv ev nIqv Merge- ‡KvbwKQyi mv‡_ GwKf~Z Kiv/ nIqv
Conclude- ‡kl Kiv/ nIqv Milk- `ya `nb nIqv/ `ya †`vnv
Conclude- ‡kl Kiv ev nIqv Mingle- wgwkÖZ Kiv/ nIqv
Congeal- RgvU evuav/ evauv‡bv Mix- ‡gkv ev †gkv‡bv/ wgwkÖZ nIqv
Congregate- mg‡eZ nIqv/ Kiv Moist- Av`ª© Kiv/ nIqv
Continue- Pvwj‡q hvIqv ev Pj‡Z _vKv Move- bov/ bov‡bv
Convert- cwieZ©b Kiv/ nIqv Narrow- msKxY© Kiv/ nIqv
Cook- ivbœv Kiv ev wm× nIqv Narrow- msKxY© Kiv/ nIqv
Decrease- Kgv ev Kgv‡bv Open- †Lvjv, Ly‡j hvIqv ev ïiæ nIqv
Delay/ defer- wejw¤^Z Kiv/ ‡cQv‡bv Originate- DrcwË nIqv/ D™¢veb Kiv
Disperse- QÎ f½ Kiv ev nIqv Oscillate- Av‡›`vwjZ Kiv/ nIqv/ ‡`vjv/ †`vjv‡bv
Double- wظY Kiv ev nIqv Ossify- nv‡oi gZ k³ Kiv/ nIqv
Dress- ‡cvkvK civ/ civ‡bv Pass- cvi K‡i †`Iqv/ cvi nIqv
Drift- fvmv/ fvmv‡bv Pass- cvk Kiv ev Kiv‡bv/ K…ZKvh© Kiv ev nIqv
Drive- Pjv/ Pvjv‡bv Play- evRv ev evRv‡bv
Drop- ‡d‡j †`Iqv/ c‡o hvIqv/ L‡m cov Poll- ‡fvU cvIqv/ †`Iqv
End- ‡kl Kiv ev nIqv Print- wcÖ›U Kiv/ nIqv
Escalate- µgš^‡q e„w× nIqv/ Kiv Puncture- wQ`ª Kiv/ nIqv
Evaporate- ev‡®ú cwibZ Kiv/ nIqv Quadruple- Pvi¸Y ewa©Z nIqv/ Pvi¸Y ewa©Z Kiv
Evolve- weKwkZ Kiv ev nIqv Quiet- kvšÍ Kiv/ nIqv
Exceed- cwigv‡Y AwZwi³ Kiv/ nIqv Quintuple- cvuP¸Y Kiv/ nIqv
Expand- we¯Í…Z Kiv ev nIqv Quiver- Kuvcv/ Kvucv‡bv
Explode- we‡ùvwiZ Kiv ev nIqv Radiate- wewKiY Kiv/ weKxY© nIqv
Fail- †dj Kiv ev Kiv‡bv Reach- †cuŠQv ev †cuŠQv‡bv
Fill- cwic~Y© Kiv/ nIqv Read- cov/ cov nq/ ejv n‡q‡Q
Fill- cwic~Y© Kiv ev nIqv Relocate- bZzb GjvKvq cÖwZôv Kiv ev nIqv
Finish- ‡kl Kiv ev nIqv Rot- cuPv ev cuPv‡bv
Flatten- P¨vÞv Kiv ev nIqv Sell- wewµ Kiv/ nIqv
Float- fvmv ev fvmv‡bv Sink- Wz‡e hvIqv/ Wzwe‡q †`Iqv
Flood- cøvweZ Kiv/ ‡Q‡q hvIqv Spread- Qov‡bv ev Qwo‡q hvIqv
Flunk- ‡dj Kiv/ Kiv‡bv Start- ïiæ Kiv ev nIqv
Fly- Dov/ Dov‡bv Stop- _vgv ev _vgv‡bv

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 256 ~

Fracture- fv½v/ †f‡½ hvIqv Thicken- Nb Kiv/ nIqv
Gather- GKwÎZ Kiv ev nIqv Turn into- cwiYZ nIqv/ cwiYZ Kiv
Graduate- MÖ¨vRyGBU& nIqv/ MÖ¨vRyGBU& wWwMÖ †`Iqv Unite- HK¨e× Kiv/ nIqv
Group- `je× Kiv ev nIqv Wake- RvMv/ RvMv‡bv
Grow- e„w× Kiv ev nIqv Wake up- RvMv/ RvMv‡bv
Grow- Rb¥v ev Rb¥v‡bv Walk- nuvUv/ nuvUv‡bv
Halt- _vgv ev ¯’wei n‡q cov/ _vgv‡bv Worry- DwØMœ Kiv ev DwØMœ nIqv

D`vniY: evsjv‡`‡k cÖPzi avb R‡b¥| -Rice grows in plenty in Bangladesh.

Zviv avb Pvl K‡i/Rb¥vq| -They grow rice.
jwZd‡K †`‡L gvgyb `iRv Lyj‡jv| -Mamun opened the door seeing Latif.
`iRvwU Avcbv Avcwb Ly‡j †Mj| -The door opened automatically.
‡jvKwU iv¯Ívq Mvwo _vgv‡jv| -The man stopped the car on the way.
MvwowUi †Zj †kl nIqvq Zv cw_g‡a¨ †_‡g wM‡qwQj|
-As the oil of the car ran out, it stopped on the way.
GKwU cvwL AvKv‡k D‡o| -A bird flies in the sky.
evj‡Kiv AvKv‡k Nywo Dov‡”Q| -The boys are flying kites in the sky.
Zviv evwowU wbg©vY Ki‡Q| -They are building the house.
evwowU wbg©vY Kiv n‡”Q| -The house is building.
AwbK eBwU c‡o| -Anik reads the book.
eBwU co‡Z fvj| -The book reads fine.
wee„wZ‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q, ‡bZv Ges Zvi Kg©xiv cvwj‡q ‡M‡Q|
-The leader and his activists ran away, the statement reads.
Avgv‡`i †eZb e„w× cv‡e| -Our wages(gRywi) will increase.
gy`ªvùxwZi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L evrmwiK †eZb e„w× cv‡e|
-The annual pay will increase in line with inflation.
Avcwb wK Avgv‡K jeYUv GwM‡q w`‡eb? -Would you pass/reach me the salt?
Zviv ¯^v¯’¨ †mev‡K mvaviY †jvK‡`i †`vi‡Mvovq †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Q|
-They are working to reach the health service to the doorstep of commoners.
wkÿK Zv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z cvk Kwi‡q w`j| -The teacher passed him in English.
‡Kvb Av`k© wkÿK wnsmvi e‡k fvj Qv·K †dj Kivb bv|
-No ideal teacher fails a good student out of jealousy.
GKUv KvM‡Ri †bŠKv b`x‡Z fvm‡Q| -A paper boat is floating in the river.
bRiæj I eyjeyj A‡bK KvM‡Ri †bŠKv b`x‡Z fvwm‡q w`j|
-Nazrul and Bulbul floated many paper boats in the river.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 257 ~
MvbwU evRvI| -Play the song.
GKB Mvb evi evi evR‡Q| -The same song is playing time and again.
m¯Ív Avg`vwbK„Z c‡Y¨ evRvi †Q‡q †M‡Q|
-Cheap imported products have flooded the market.
‡m `yBUv †evgv we‡ùvwiZ K‡i‡Q/‡evgv dzwU‡q‡Q| -He has exploded two bombs.
`vjvbwUi cv‡k `yBwU †evg we‡ùvwiZ n‡q‡Q|
-Two bombs have exploded beside the building.
knx`yjøvn Kjv fe‡bi mvg‡b A‡bK QvÎ QvÎx R‡ov/GKÎ n‡jv|
-Many students gathered in front of Shahidulla Arts Building.
GKwU mwgwZ Movi j‡ÿ¨ Zviv wKQz †jvK R‡ov Ki‡jv|
-They gathered some people with a view to forming an association.
‡m Zvi Avq‡K wظY K‡i‡Q| -He has doubled his income.
Zvi Avq wظY n‡q‡Q| -His income has doubled.
Zviv wgwQj †ei Kivi Rb¨ Awd‡mi mvg‡b `je× n‡jv|
They grouped in front of the office to take out a procession.
Avjy ZvovZvwo wm× nq hw` Avgiv †m¸‡jv A‡a©K K‡i KvwU|
-Potatoes cook quickly if we halve them.
h‡_ó `ÿ kÖg kw³i Afv‡e KviLvbvwUi Drcv`b ¯’wei n‡q c‡o‡Q|
-The production of the factory has halted due to the lack of enough labour force.
Zviv Zv‡`i kÎæ‡`i Ici nvgjv Av‡iv ZxeªZi Kij|
-They intensified their attack on their enemies.
iv‡Zi †ejv mwnsmZv Av‡iv e„w× †cj| -Violence intensified more during the night.
kãwU Kg‡Z jvMj| -The noise began to lessen.
GUv Jly‡ai cvk^©cÖwZwµqv Kgvq| -It lessens the side effects of drugs.
As‡K Avwg `ye©j, ZvB Avwg Avgvi cÖvq mKj G¨vKv‡WwgK cixÿvq As‡K aiv †L‡qwQ/†dj K‡iwQ|
-Mathematics is my Achilles heel, so I have flunked math in almost all my
academic exams.
wkÿK wek Rb QvÎ-QvÎxi g‡a¨ †Zi Rb‡K ‡dj Kiv‡jv|
-The teacher has flunked 13 of the twenty students.
wicvewjKvb `j MZ wbev©P‡b 501 wU †fvU †c‡q‡Q|
-The Republican polled 501 of the vote in the last election.
‡m Zvi IRb gvc‡Z Pvq| -He wants to measure his weight.
AvovAvwofv‡e cyKziwUi ˆ`N©¨ `yB wgUvi| -The pond measures about 2 metres across.
e¨vsK `yBwU AvMvgx eQi GwKf~Z n‡e| -The two banks will merge next year.
Zviv Zv‡`i A_©‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc‡K Av‡iv mg„× Kivi Rb¨ `BwU †QvU e¨emv cÖwZôvb‡K GKwÎZ K‡i‡Q|
-They have merged two smaller firms to boost (mg„× Kiv) their economic activities.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 258 ~
 ‡Zj I cvwb wg‡kbv| -Oil and water do no mix.
GB me Dcv`vb wVKVvKfv‡e †gkvI| -Mix all these ingredients properly.
mvcwU bovPov Ki‡Q| -The snake is moving.
WvjwU bovBIbv| -Don’t move the branch.
GLv‡bB b`xwU †QvU n‡q ‡M‡Q| -This is where the river narrows.
`yB `‡ji g‡a¨ e¨eavb wZb c‡q‡›U †b‡g G‡m‡Q|
-The gap between the two teams has narrowed to three points.
MÖx®§gÛjxq A‡j GB †ivMwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| -The disease has originated in the tropics.
evsjv‡`wk GKRb wkíx GB cÖKvk ‰kjxi D™¢veb K‡ib|
-A Bangladeshi artist originates this technique.
hy‡×i D‡ËRbv av‡c av‡c e„w× cv‡”Q| -The excitement of the war is escalating.
Pv‡ji `vg µgvš^‡q e„w× cv‡”Q| -The price of rice is escalating.
AwaKvsk cvwb ev®úvwqZ nq| -Most of the water evaporates.
m~h© AweiZfv‡e c„w_exi Av`©ªZv‡K ev®úvwqZ K‡i|
-The sun constantly evaporates the earth’s moisture.
Zvi Kvh©`ÿZv Avgv‡`i cÖZ¨vkv‡K Qvwo‡q ‡M‡Q|
-His performance has exceeded our expectation.
MwZmxgv AwZµg Ki bv| -Don’t exceed the speed limit.
iv‡Z Avwg wZbevi Nyg ‡_‡K †R‡M D‡VwQjvg|-I woke up three times in the night.
Avcwb wK Avgv‡K mv‡o QqUvq Nyg †_‡K RvwM‡q w`‡Z cvi‡eb?
-Could you wake me up at half past six?
‡m ZvovZvwo K‡i †cvkvK c‡i wbj| -He dressed quickly.
†m Zv‡`i‡K me‡P‡q fv‡jv †cvkvK cwi‡q w`j|
-He dressed them in best clothes.
MvQ †_‡K Av‡cj¸‡jv co‡Z †j‡M‡Q|
-The apples are beginning to drop from the trees.
 Drop- nvZ dzmKv c‡o hvIqv / †d‡j †`Iqv
D`vniY: †m †PuwP‡q DV‡jv Ges _vjv¸‡jv †d‡j w`j/Zvi nvZ dm‡K c‡o †Mj|
-He screamed and dropped the plates.
†m msev`wU ej‡Z †`wi Kij| -He delayed telling the news.
Zvi †PvL AkÖæ‡Z cwic~Y© n‡qwQj| -His eyes filled with tears.
‡auvqv NiwU‡K cwic~Y© K‡i †i‡LwQj| -Smoke filled the room.
†Q‡jwU Uvqvi wQ`ª K‡iwQj| -The boy punctured the tyre.
iv¯Ívq mvg‡bi Uvqvi wQ`ª n‡q wM‡qwQj| -The front tyre punctured on the way.
Zviv GB cvwb wm× K‡i‡Q| -They have boiled this water.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 259 ~
 c„w_ex GKwU ‰ewk¦K MÖv‡g cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| -The world has turned into a global village.
hv`yKi †jvKwU‡K e¨v‡O cwiYZ Kij| -The magician turned the man into a frog.
‡KUwji cvwb dzU‡Z/ wm× n‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| -The water in the kettle has started to boil.
adverbial
Gi GKwU‡Z cvKevwnbxiobject †ek K‡qKwU j verb
Wzwe‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| [35 Zg wewmGm] -In one
of the two, she /they sunk several launches of Pakistani Forces in one of that
operation.
gyw³‡hv×v ¯^Y©jZv dwjqvi subject hy× GL‡bv verb _v‡gwb| [35Zg wewmGm] -The war of the freedom
fighter Swarnalata Falia has not ended yet.
Zvn‡j eySv †Mj †h Dc‡ii verb ¸‡jvi Øviv Avgiv Tense I Voice Gi †h‡Kvb wbq‡g
evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Ki‡Z cvwi|
mij/ RwUj ev‡K¨ Abyev‡`i MVb- (Use of Simple-Complex)
Due to notebook constraints(LvZv ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y) nqZev Avwg Avi †ewk wKQz wjLvi my‡hvM
cvebv| Zvi c‡iI Translation Gi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR sentence Gi structure we‡kl K‡i simple Ges
complex sentence we‡kølY Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb e‡j g‡b KiwQ| Avgvi `xN© w`‡bi QvÎ-QvÎx cov‡bvi
AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Avwg GwU guess Ki‡Z cvwi †h Zviv simple sentence Gi A_© eyS‡Z GKUz
weo¤^bvi wkKvi nq|
GLv‡b Simple I Complex Sentence Gi Basic cv_©K¨ †`qv nj:
Simple sentence Complex Sentence
Simple sentence G GKwU gvÎ principal Complex Sentence G A‡bK¸‡jv finite verb
verb _vK‡e| G ev‡K¨ principal verb/ finite _vK‡Z cv‡i| Giv maviYZ wh word/ since/
verb e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †h †Kvb verb Avm‡j Zvi mv‡_ as/ though/ although/ till/ until BZ¨vw`
nq ing hy³ _vK‡e A_ev verb Gi past conjunction Øviv hy³ _v‡K| G‡`i c‡i Aek¨B
participle form Gi Av‡M noun/ pronoun Sub+ finite verb _vK‡e|
_vK‡e A_ev duvKv _vK‡e| Preposition I (Avi V.P.P A_ev verb+ing _vK‡j Zv‡`i Av‡M
_vK‡Z cv‡i, (Z‡e G verb ¸‡jvi c~‡e© †Kv‡bv Aux. Aek¨B Auxiliary verb _vK‡Z n‡e)
verb _vK‡e bv) Example: I know the man Example: I know the man who is comming
coming here. here.
Dc‡ii evK¨wU hw` Gfv‡e †jLv nZ Zvn‡j fyj nZ- I Dc‡ii evK¨wU hw` Gfv‡e †jLv nZ Zvn‡j fyj nZ- I
know the man is coming. GB evK¨ fzj KviY know the man who coming here. G evK¨ fzj
GLv‡b ing hy³ verb (coming) Gi Av‡M is e‡m‡Q| KviY GLv‡b Aux. verb QvovB ing hy³ verb e‡m‡Q|
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY- Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY-
Incorrect: I have read the book is written Incorrect: I have read the book which written
for the junior students. for the junior students.
Correct: I have read the book written for Correct: I have read the book which was written
the junior students. for the junior students.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 260 ~
 GLb question nj KLb Avgiv simple sentence G N/ P Gi c‡i verb+ing hy³ Ki‡ev Ges KLb
Avgiv V.P.P e¨envi Ki‡ev| Avevi complex sentence Gi †ÿ‡ÎI KLb Avgiv be verb+ing hy³
verb e¨envi Ki‡ev| Answer LyeB easy! LyeB easy!
Simple sentence G g~j verb Gi Av‡Mi Noun/ pronoun hw` †m verb Gi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i
Zvn‡j †m verb Gi mv‡_ ing †hvM Ki‡Z nq Avi hw` †m Noun/ pronoun Zvi c‡ii verb wUi KvR
Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j †m verb Gi past participle form e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
D`vniY: gv‡V wel wQUv‡bv †jvKwU GKRb K…lK|
-The man spraying insecticide in the field is a farmer.
GLv‡b spraying e¨envi n‡q‡Q KviY ‡jvKwU Zvi c‡i e¨eüZ verb h_v (spray) Gi KvR wU Ki‡Z
cv‡i| The boy reading the book is a good student. (eB cov †Q‡jwU GKRb fvj QvÎ) cÿvšÍ‡i-
The book (write) for us is really effective.
GLv‡b Written n‡e KviY eB †Zv Avi Zvi c‡ii verb (write) Gi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Gevi Complex Sentence Gi †ÿ‡Î (WH) Gi c‡i †hgb who, which BZ¨vw` c‡ii verb Gi
Present form/ past form/ future tense Gi form em‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wh Gi Av‡Mi N/ P wU
Zvi c‡ii verb wUi KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡j †m verb wUi nq g~j form em‡e ev tense Abymv‡i Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv
tense Gi structure G co‡e|
‡hgb: Dc‡ii Simple sentence †K complex Kiv wb‡Pi style G-
-This man who works in the field is a farmer. correct
-This man who is working in the field is a farmer. correct
 wKš‘ WH Gi Av‡Mi N/ P hw` Zvi c‡ii verb wUi KvR bv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j complex Kivi
mgq †m N/ P Gi c‡i WH + be verb + v.p.p em‡e|
-The book (write) for us is really effective.
-The book which is written for us is really effective.
GLv‡b WH h_v which Gi c‡ii auxiliary verb (is)+V.P.P e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY which
Gi Av‡Mi noun h_v, book †Zv Avi (write) verb wUi KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 wb¤œwjwLZ evK¨mg~n †`Lyb Avi fveyb- †`L‡eb KZ mn‡RB Avcwb mewKQz eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb!
D`vniY: Bs‡iwR fvlv‡Z fvj `ÿZv m¤úbœ cÖv_x©‡`i‡K Expert cÖKvkbx‡Z wb‡qvM †`Iqv n‡e|
-Candidates having a good command over the English language will be employed
in Expert Publications. [GLv‡b having Gi g‡a¨ who have K_vwU jywK‡q Av‡Q]
G evK¨wU wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡eI †jLv †h‡Z cv‡i-
-Candidates who have a good command over the English language will be
employed in Expert Publications.
1991 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ e‡i›`ª Avwjg gv`ªvmv wbqvgZcyi Dc‡Rjvi AbybœZ I cvovMuv‡qi †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î AMÖYx fzwgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 261 ~
 -Barendra Alim Madrasah established in 1991 is playing a pioneering role in
imparting a time suiting education to the boys and girls of the backward and rural
areas of Niamatpur Upazila.
G evK¨wU‡K wb¤œwjwLZ fv‡eI †jLv †h‡Z cv‡i-
-Barendra Alim Madrasah which is/ was established in 1991 is playing a
pioneering role in imparting a time suiting education to the boys and girls of the
backward and rural areas of Niamatpur Upazila.
Avcbviv hviv Avgvi GB eBwU co‡Qb Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Avgvi Av‡e`b n‡”Q Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv †Kv‡bv passage
hLb co‡eb ZLb †mUv hw` simple sentence G _v‡K Zvn‡j †mUv GKUz we‡kølY K‡i complex ev‡K¨
cwiYZ K‡i A_© Ki‡eb| Zvn‡j passage wUi AšÍwb©wnZ A_© eyS‡Z A‡bK mnR jvM‡e| KviY simple
sentence G g~j verb Gi mv‡_ ïay ing/ vpp _vKvi KviY A‡b‡K GUv eyS‡Z GKUz K‡ói g‡a¨ c‡ob,
eyS‡jb †Zv?
Sentence we‡kølY wb‡q hLb wjLv ïiæ Kijvg ZLb Av‡iKUz we‡kølY Ki‡j Lye Lvivc nqbv| Avi Gi
†_‡K hw` Avcbviv DcK…Z nb Zv‡Z ÿwZ wK?
wb¤œwjwLZ evK¨¸‡jv‡K Avgiv Gfv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvwi-
hLb †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ noun + preposition + ¯’vb _v‡K ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e †h †mLv‡b WH + be verb
Dn¨ Av‡Q|
D`vniY: kn‡ii †jv‡Kiv A‡bK my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i|
-The people in the urban areas enjoy a lot of facilities.
GLv‡b evK¨Uv Gfv‡eI †jLv hvq,
-The people who are in the urban areas enjoy a lot of facilities.
Gfv‡e Avcbviv †h †Kv‡bv evK¨ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 Avevi †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ The + Noun+ adjective/ preposition Gfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡j eyS‡eb †h
†mLv‡b noun I preposition/ adjective Gi g‡a¨ WH+ be verb Dn¨ Av‡Q|
‡hgb- The books on the table are worn-out. (worn-out- cyivZb)
†Uwe‡ji eB¸‡jv cyivZb|
G evK¨wU Gfv‡eI wjLv hvq- -The books which are on the table are worn-out.
Av‡iKwU D`vniY-
†h QvÎ-QvÎxiv Bs‡iwR‡Z `ye©j Zv‡`i Av‡iv Bs‡iwR cov DwPZ|
-The students weak in English should read English more.
G evK¨wU Gfv‡eI wjLv hvq-
-The students who are weak in English should read English more.
GB eBwU Bs‡iwR‡Z `ye©j QvÎQvÎx‡`i Rb¨ djcÖmy n‡e|
-This book will be effective for the students weak in English.
Or-This book will be effective for the students who are weak in English.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 262 ~
► g~j verb Gi past participle I verb + ing or to + verb Gi base form †Kvb ev‡K¨
verb wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Giv verb wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B G‡`i Av‡M Auxiliary
verb _vK‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: He done the work. -He doing the work.
Dc‡ii `ywU sentence B fzj|
wKš‘ He has done the work. He is doing the work. evK¨ `ywUB mwVK|
► Subject Gi c‡i ïay be †Kv‡bv verb Gi c~Y©v½ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
D`vniY: He be there. evK¨wU fzj| -He is there. wjL‡j evK¨wU mwVK n‡e|
-Be active. correct
► GKwU Clause G GKwU Finite verb _vKv eva¨Zvg~jK| A_v©r WH (who/ whom/ which/
where/ when/ how/ why/ that/ since/ as/ if/ though/ although/ because/ till/ until
BZ¨vw`i c‡i sub + verb + extension _vK‡e|
D`vniY: I know how he did it. wKš‘ Who Gi c‡i ïay Finite verb + extension e‡m|
-I know the man who going there. GB evK¨wU fzj| KviY GLv‡b WH (who) Gi
c‡i GKwU verb _vK‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ Who Gi c‡i GKwU ing hy³ verb Av‡Q| hv KLbB verb wnmv‡e
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB G evK¨wU mwVK n‡Z n‡j-wb‡¤œv³ fv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e-
-I know the man who goes there.
Or-I know the man who is going there. Or-I know the man who went there.

► If/ when/ while/ until/ though/ although/ as+ v.p.p Gi e¨envi:

Avgiv Rvwb If/ when/ while/ until + sub + verb Gfv‡e e¨eüZ nq| wKš‘ G‡`i c‡i hw` sub + be
verb _v‡K Ges Zvi c‡ii subject hw` GKB nq Zvn‡j †m sub + be verb †K ev` †`Iqv hvq|
D`vniY: hLb Avwg ivRkvnx‡Z wQjvg ZLb Avwg A‡bK RvqMv ågY KiZvg|
-While/ when I was in Rajshahi, I visited many places.
GLv‡b while/ when Gi c‡i sub +be verb _vKvi Kvi‡Y Dc‡ii evK¨‡K Avgiv Gfv‡e wjL‡Z cvwi-
-While/ when in Rajshahi, I visited many places.
Zv‡K hLb wRÁvmv Kiv nj ZLb †m GB cÖ‡kœi DËi w`j| A_ev wRÁvmv Kiv n‡j †m GB
cÖ‡kœi DËi w`j|
-When he was asked, he answered this question.
Or-When asked, he answered this question.
-Asked, he answered this question.
[Note: Wh + N/ P + be verb + v.p.p Øviv Dc‡ii gZ evK¨ ïiæ n‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î wh + N/ P +
be verb ‡K ev` w`‡q ïay v.p.p w`‡qI evK¨ wjLv hvq]
cÖ¯‘Z n‡q _vK‡j ïiæ Ki/ †h mgq cÖ¯‘Z n‡e †m mgq ïiæ Ki‡e|
-Start when you are ready. Or- Start when ready.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 263 ~
 ‡kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ eBwU co‡Z _vK|
-Keep reading the book until it is finished.
Or-Keep reading the book until finished.
GKevi aŸsm n‡j †eª‡bi/ gw¯Í‡¯‹i †Kvl¸‡jv cybivq Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i bv|
-Once they are destroyed, brain cells do not regenerate.
Or-Once destroyed, brain cells do not regenerate.
Note: If a book is read properly, we can learn many things. GB evK¨wU‡K KLbB if +
v.p.p Gfv‡e wjLv hv‡e bv| KviY if Gi c‡ii subject nj book Ges Zvi c‡ii subject nj we.
GLv‡b `yBwU subject B Avjv`v| wKš‘ hw` evK¨wU Gfv‡e _v‡K-
-If a book is read properly, it can give us a lot of knowledge.
G evK¨wU Gfv‡eI wjLv hvq-
-If read properly, a book can give us a lot of knowledge.
Note: If+ it+ be verb + adj./ vpp---+, + sub +--- Gfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡j c‡ii Subject wK
Av‡Q bv Av‡Q Zv †`Lvi `iKvi †bB|
GLv‡b Avgiv B”Qv Ki‡j- If+ It+ be verb + adj./ vpp---+, + sub +-- e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|
A_ev-If+ adj./ vpp--+, + sub+--e¨envi Ki‡Z cvwi|
‡hgb: cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Avwg †Zvgv‡K WvK‡ev| -If it is necessary, I will call you.
A_ev- cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Avwg †Zvgv‡K WvK‡ev| -If necessary, I will call you.
Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY:
hw`I †m wkwÿZ ZeyI †m b¤ª bq|/ wkwÿZ n‡jI †m b¤ª bq|
-Although he is educated, he is not polite.
Or -Although educated, he is not polite.
 ms‡ÿ‡c ej‡Z †M‡j G ai‡bi ev‡K¨i structure n‡jv–If/ when/ while/ until+ v.p.p/
adjective+, + sub+ verb+ extension.
D`vniY: †Lvjv RvqMv †_‡K c~wY©gv iv‡Z hLb Puv`‡K †`Lv nq ZLb GUv Zvi cÖK…Z †mŠ›`h© wb‡q
`k©K‡`i Kv‡Q Avwef©~Z nq|
-When the moon is seen at a full moon night from an open space, it appears
before onlookers/ beholders/ spectators with its/ her real beauty.
or
-When seen at a full moon night from an open space, the moon appears before
onlookers/ beholders/ spectators with its/ her real beauty.
Note- GLv‡b 2q ev‡K¨ Kgv(,) Gi c‡i it(pronoun) Gi cwie‡Z© the moon e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q
KviY GLv‡b the moon K_vwU bv wjL‡j Kv‡K †`Lv nq †mUv eySv hv‡e bv| Avi ZLb G evK¨wU native
reader †`i Kv‡Q A¯úó †_‡K hv‡e|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 264 ~
 ev‡K¨ Aby‡jøwLZ wb‡`©kK/ Dangling Modifier Gi e¨envi:
Avgiv Rvwb, Adjective/ vpp/ verb+ing †h noun/ pronoun †K eySvq wVK Zvi ci ci ev Zvi
cv‡k e‡m| wKš‘ hLb Adjective/ vpp/ verb+ing †h noun/ pronoun †K eySvq wVK Zvi ci ci
bv e‡m Zv‡`i c~‡e© Ab¨ †Kv_vI e‡m/ ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z e‡m ZLb Giv nq vpp A_ev verb+ing form
G e‡m| ZLb G‡ÿ‡Î †m ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ Kgv(,) Gi c‡ii noun/ pronoun hw` †m verb Gi KvR
Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j verb+ ing Avi KvR Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j vpp nq|
D`vniY: 1953 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq evsjv‡`‡ki 2q me©e„nr wek¦we`¨vjq|
-Rajshai University established in 1953 is the second largest university in
Bangladesh.
hw` Avgiv dangling modifier e¨envi K‡i GB evK¨wU wjwL Zvn‡j n‡e-
-Established in 1953, Rajshai University is the second largest university in
Bangladesh.
cov‡jLv Pvwj‡q hvIqvi B”Qv †cvlY bv K‡i Wvwjg eB‡qi †`vKvb Ki‡Z jvM‡jv|
-Dalim started to maintain a bookshop not wishing to continue his studies.
hw` Avgiv dangling modifier e¨envi K‡i GB evK¨wU wjwL Zvn‡j n‡e-
-Not wishing to continue his studies, Dalim started to maintain a book shop.
Note: 1g ev‡K¨ established/ vpp e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q KviY †m ev‡K¨i Kgv(,) Gi c‡ii noun wU
h_v- Rajshai University †Zv Avi establish/ cÖwZôv Kivi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ZvB established
wjLv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b hw` †KD establishing wj‡L Z‡e †mUv fzj n‡e|
cÿvšÍ‡i, 2q ev‡K¨i D`vni‡Y wishing/ verb+ing e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q KviY †m ev‡K¨i Kgv (,) Gi
c‡ii noun wU h_v- Dalim †Zv wishing/ B”Qv †cvlY Kivi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i ZvB wishing wjLv
n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b hw` †KD wished wj‡L Z‡e †mUv fzj n‡e|
More Examples:
`wi`ª cwiev‡i †e‡o IVv GB cªwZfvevb †Q‡jwU Zvi MÖv‡gi Rb¨ L¨vwZ e‡q wb‡q G‡m‡Q|
-This talented boy brought up in a poor family has brought fame for his village.
hw` Avgiv dangling modifier e¨envi K‡i GB evK¨wU wjwL Zvn‡j n‡e-
-Brought up in a poor family, this talented boy has brought fame for his village.
G ev‡K¨i D`vni‡Y Brought up/ vpp e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q KviY †m ev‡K¨i Kgv(,) Gi c‡ii noun wU h_v-
this talented boy †Zv Bring up/ jvjb cvjb Kivi/ eo Kivi KvR †Zv Avi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ZvB
Brought up wjLv n‡q‡Q| KviY evjKwU Ab¨ Kv‡iv gva¨‡g eo n‡q‡Q/ ‡e‡o D‡V‡Q| ZvB GLv‡b hw` †KD
bringing up wj‡L Z‡e †mUv fzj n‡e|
Some more examples (Av‡iv wKQz D`vniY):
MZiv‡Z †ewk K¬všÍ nIqvq Avwg ZvovZvwo Nywg‡q c‡owQjvg|
-Last night I went to bed early being very tired.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 265 ~
 hw` Avgiv dangling modifier e¨envi K‡i GB evK¨wU wjwL Zvn‡j n‡e-
-Being very tired, last night I went to bed early.
G‡ÿ‡Î being+vpp/ adjective _vK‡j being ev` w`‡jI P‡j| ZvB evK¨wU‡K Gfv‡eI wjLv hvq-
-Very tired, last night I went to bed early.
¯úófv‡e K_v bv ej‡Z †c‡i/ mÿg bv n‡q †m Kuv`‡Z jvM‡jv|
-He began to cry being unable to speak clearly.
hw` Avgiv dangling modifier e¨envi K‡i GB evK¨wU wjwL Zvn‡j n‡e-
-Being unable to speak clearly, he began to cry.
A_ev-Unable to speak clearly, he began to cry.
MÖx®§ gÛjxq S‡oi e¨vcv‡i mZ©K _vKvq Avwg evB‡i bv hvIqvi wm×všÍ wbjvg|
-Being mindful of the danger of tropical storms, I decided not to go out.
A_ev -Mindful of the danger of tropical storms, I decided not to go out.

 Infinitive ‘to’ eR©b: ‡Kvb evK¨ What/ all + Subject + verb (do, does, did) + be
verb(mvaviYZ- is/ was) + to + verb Gi base form + extension Gfv‡e em‡j ‡m‡ÿ‡Î is/
was Gi c‡ii to ev` †`Iqv hv‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î to n‡PQ optional|
†hgb: Avgv‡K GLb hv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡”Q bZyb c×wZ †LuvRv|
-What I have to do now is to find a new method.
G evK¨wU‡K to eR©b K‡i Gfv‡e wjLv hvq-
-What I have to do now is find a new method.
wb¤œwjwLZ structure Gi ‡ÿ‡Î need Gi c‡i to e¨envi Kiv hv‡ebv |
All +subject + need + verb Gi base +…+verb + extension.
All you need bring are some books.
‡Zvgvi hv hv Avbv cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡”Q wKQz eB|
 hLb (and, or, except, but, than, like, as) G¸‡jvi Av‡M to+ verb Gi base form _v‡K
ZLb G‡`i c‡i ïay verb Gi base form e‡m|
Structure: Subject+ verb (mvaviYZ be/ have ‡ewk jÿ¨Yxq) + ----- + to +verb Gi base
form+ (and, or, except, but, than, like(gZ), as)+ verb Gi base form+ extension.
‡bvU: GLv‡b except I but e¨ZxZ/ Qvov A_© cÖ`vb K‡i; G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ do Gi e¨envi †ewk jÿ¨Yxq|
D`vniY: mKvj †_‡K mܨv ch©šÍ KvR Kiv Qvov Zvi †Kvb wKQz Kivi wQj bv|
-He had nothing to do except/ but work from morning to evening.
Kvbb I Uwc †mLv‡b hvIqv Qvov †h †Kvb wKQz Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z|
-Kanon and Topy are ready to do anything but/ except go there.
‡Kvb wKQz Ab¨‡`i Kv‡Q e¨vL¨v Kivi †P‡q ‡mUv wb‡R c‡o eySv Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q mnR|
-It is easier to us to read something on our own than explain it to others.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 266 ~
 Zzwg bZzb bZzb eB covi gZ fv‡jv KvR †Kb Kibv?
-Why don’t you do something useful like read new books.
LvIqvi gZ ivbœv Kiv AZUv mnR bq| -It not so easy to cook as eat.
 Rather than- A_© cwie‡Z© Ges Gi c‡i verb Gi base form/ verb+ing e‡m|
‡hgb: jwZ‡di Rb¨ A‡cÿv Kivi cwie‡Z© Zviv evwo hvIqvi wm×všÍ wbj|
-Rather than wait/ waiting for Latif, they decided to go home.
[‡bvU: rather than hy³ ev‡K¨ subject Gi c‡i to+verb hy³ Ask _vK‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î rather than
Gi c‡i verb+ing/ to+ verb Gi base form emv‡bv hvq]

†Rvi cÖ`vbKvix kãhy³ ev‡K¨i Abyev`

(Intensifying-noun/verb/adj./pronoun)
[

► †Kvb ev‡K¨ we‡kl †Kv‡bv noun Gi Dci †Rvi cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ hw` †m noun Gi c‡i ÔÔBÕÕ e¨eüZ
nq Zvn‡j †m noun Gi Av‡M very em‡e|
D`vniY: GB Z_¨UvB Avgvi Rb¨ GKvšÍ Avek¨K| -This very information is required for me.
► Preposition+ ¯’vbevPK word/ ¯’vb wb‡`©kK noun + be verb + sub.
D`vniY: †Uwe‡ji wb‡PB GKwU weovj Av‡Q| -Under the table is a cat.
UvBUvwbKwU Wz‡eB †Mj| -Down went the Titanic. GLv‡b down n‡jv adverb
GQvovI must hy³ ev‡K¨ verb ‡K †Rvi †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z- g~j Verb Gi base form +
N/ P(Sub) + must--- e‡m|
Avwg hveB hve| [RU (A3, Even)12-13] -Go I must.

► evsjv‡Z GZUvB + adjective + †h _vK‡j †hgb: †m GZUvB fv‡jv †h Kv‡iv g‡b †m Kó †`q bv|
Giƒc ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq- so+ adjective+ be verb+ sub+ that+ verb+ extension GB
structure wU e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: †m GZUvB fv‡jv †h Kv‡iv g‡b Kó †`q bv|
-So good is he that he does not hurt anybody.
► †Kvb evK¨ hw` not/ never/ only/ hardly/ rarely/ barely/ scarcely/ seldom/ much
nowhere BZ¨vw` Øviv ïiæ nq Zvn‡j G‡`i c‡i auxiliary verb + sub + principal verb +
extension Gfv‡e em‡e| evsjv‡Z mvaviYZ ev‡K¨ †Rvi cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ inversion e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY: Avwg KLbI fvwewb †h †m Avgv‡K †Q‡o P‡j hv‡e|
-I have never thought that he will leave me.
G ev‡K¨ †Kv‡bv inversion Gi `iKvi n‡e bv|
wKš‘ hw` evK¨wU Gfv‡e wjLv nq- G‡ÿ‡Î inversion n‡e|
Avwg KLbB fvwewb †h †m Avgv‡K †Q‡o P‡j hv‡e|
-Never have I thought that he will leave me.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 267 ~
 Giƒc Av‡iv K‡qKwU D`vniY-
Avwg ¯^Y© iv‡R¨ A‡bK eviB Ny‡iwQ| -Much have I travelled in the realm of gold.
†m †mLv‡b hvq bv ej‡j P‡j| -He seldom goes there.
†m †mLv‡b hvq bv ej‡jB P‡j| -Seldom does he go there.
Ggb †`kwU †Kv_vI Luy‡R cv‡e bv‡Kv Zzwg| [KU (Kjv I gvbweK ¯‹zj) 09-10]
-Nowhere will you find such a country.
► GgbB †h eySv‡Z- such that e‡m|
D`vniY: Zvi AvPiY GgbB †h †KD Zv‡K fv‡jvev‡mbv|
-His behavior is such that nobody loves her.
[Dc‡ii GB Aa¨vqwU‡K Grammar Gi fvlvq Inversion ejv nq Avi G m¤ú©‡K we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z-
evsjv‡`‡k Av‡jvob m„wóKvix- Alim’s Expert- Basic English eBwU co‡Z cv‡ib hv Avcbvi
mviv Rxe‡bi Grammar †kLvi m¤^j wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e]

DjU cvjU evsjv Bs‡iwR- Quixotic Bangla and English

 K‡_vcK_‡bi mgq Avgiv wewfbœ mgRvZxq I wecixZevPK kã e¨envi Kwi- wb‡P G‡`i wKQz D`vniY
†`Iqv n‡jv-
Kg †ewk- More or less cï cÿx- Birds and beasts
cvc c~Y¨- Vice and virtue Kvwj Kjg/ KvMR Kjg- Pen and paper
Rj ¯’j- Land and water ‡`vl ¸Y- Merits and demerits
i³ gvsm- Flesh and blood P›`ª m~h©- The sun and the moon
ab Rb- Men and money ‡Rvqvi fvUv- Ebb and flow
gv evc- Father and Mother
D`vniY: Kg †ewk meviB Bs‡iwR fvlv fxwZ Av‡Q|
-More or less everybody has English language phobia.
ïay KvM‡R Kj‡g AvBbwU ejer Av‡Q| -The law is in force only on pen and paper.
cÖ‡Z¨K wRwb‡miB †`vl ¸Y Av‡Q| -Everything has its merits and demerits.
 `yB GK + mgq eySv‡Z- A+ Time word+ or+ two
D`vniY: †m GLv‡b `yB GK w`b _vK‡e| -He will stay here a day or two.

A_©bxwZ msµvšÍ wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Phrase-

Accounting Unit- wnmv‡ei GKK Accrued interest- RgvK…Z my`
Actual reserve of Bank- e¨vs‡Ki cÖK…Z Rgv Administrative lag- cÖkvmwbK e¨_©Zv/ cðvrMvwgZv
Advertisement cost- weÁvc‡bi LiP Annual budget- evwl©K ev‡RU
Annual Coordination- evwl©K mgš^q Annual growth rate- evwl©K cÖe„w×i nvi
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 268 ~
Annual inflation- evwl©K g~j¨ùxwZ Annual planning- evwl©K cwiKíbv
Annual prospectus- evwl©K weeiYx Arrears- e‡Kqv Asset- m¤ú`
Capital- cyuwR Audit- bxwiÿv Auditor- bxwiÿK
Authorized capital- Aby‡gvw`Z g~jab Authorized Dealer- Aby‡gvw`Z e¨emvqx/ cwi‡ekK
Autonomous Consumption- mq¤¢~Z e¨q Induced Consumption- cÖ‡ivwPZ e¨q
Bad debt- Acwi‡kvwaZ FY Balance Sheet- DØ„ËcÎ
Balance Budget- mylg ev‡RU Bank debt- e¨vsK FY
Bank Money- e¨vsK gy`ªv Bank Rate- e¨vsK nvi
Bankrupt- †`Dwjqv Bankruptcy- ‡`Dwjqv Ae¯’v
Bear Market- cowZ evRvi/ `iciZb Bill of exchange- wewbgq wej
Bill of landing- enbcÎ/ Rvnv‡R †evSvB Kiv gv‡ji ZvwjKv
Black Money- Kv‡jv UvKv Blank cheque- duvKv †PK
Bonded goods- ïévaxb cY¨ Borrowing- FY MÖnY
Broker -`vjvj Brokerage- `vjv‡ji Kwgkb
Budget Constraint- ev‡RU mxgv Burgeoning development- DˇivËi AMÖMwZ
Call Money- Zjwe UvKv Called up capital- ZjeK…Z g~jab
Capital- cyuwR/ g~jab Capital budget- g~jabx ev‡RU
Capital gain- g~jabx Avq Capital goods- g~jabx cY¨
Capital loss- g~jabx †jvKmvb Capital market- cyuwR evRvi
Capitalist economy- cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZ Caretaker of coffer- ivR‡Kv‡li ZZ¡veavqK
Case of forgery- RvwjqvwZi gvgjv Cash flow- bM` cÖevn
Cash held in vault- f‡ë iwÿZ bM` A_© Cash money/ Ready money- bM` A_©
Cash price- bM` g~j¨ Caveat emptor- †µZv mveavb
Central bank- †K›`ªxq e¨vsK Chamber of commerce- ewYK mwgwZ
Changed money- fvswZ UvKv Clearing house- wbKvk Ni
Collateral free- RvgvbZ gy³ Commercial Bank- evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
Commission agent- Avor`vi Commodity- cY¨
Conglomerate- †Kv¤úvwbcyÄ Consumer equilibrium- †fv³vi fvimvg¨
Producer’s equilibrium- Drcv`‡Ki fvimvg¨ Consumer income- †fv³vi Avq
Expenditure- e¨q Consumption and saving- †fvM I mÂq
Credit- FY Conventional tariff- cÖPwjZ ïé
Coordination meeting- mgš^q mfv
Corporate social responsibilities (CSR)- e¨emvwqK mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv
Cost price- µqg~j¨ Creation of employment- Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó
Credit control- FY wbqš¿Y Credit paper- FY cÎ
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 269 ~
Credit risk- F‡Yi SuywK Creditor- cvIbv`vi
Currency- gy`ªv Current account- PjwZ wnmve
Current fiscal year- PjwZ A_©eQi Dead weight loss- g„Zfvi ÿwZ
Dear money- `yj©f A_© Debenture- FYcÎ
Debt excuse- FY gIKzd Default- FY †Ljvwc
Deficit budget- NvUwZ ev‡RU Deficit financing- Avw_©K NvUwZ
Deflation- gy`vª ms‡KvPb Denial of loan- FY A¯^xKvi
Depleting trend- n«v‡mi cÖeYZv Credit creation- AvgvbZ m„wó
Depreciate- evRvi `i K‡g hvIqv Deregulation- wewbqš¿Y
Determination- wbY©q Tax multiplier- Ki¸YK
Devaluation of money- gy`ªvi Aeg~j¨vqb Discount rate- evÆvi nvi
Disposable income- e¨q‡hvM¨ Avq Dividend warrant- jf¨vsk cÎ
Dole- †eKvi fvZv Down payment- AMÖxg wKw¯Í
Demand curve- Pvwn`v †iLv Duty- ïé Econometrics- A_©wgwZ
Quota free- †KvUvgy³ Access- cÖ‡ekvwaKvi
Economic depression/ shutdown/ slump recession- A_©‰bwZK g›`v
Economic emancipation- A_©‰bwZK gyw³ Economic hurdle- A_©‰bwZK evav
Economic infrastructure-A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‡gv Economic sanctions- A_©‰bwZK wb‡lavÁv
Economic stability- A_©‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv Economic stagnation- A_©‰bwZK ¯’weiZv
Economic system- A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Economic transaction- A_©‰bwZK ‡jb‡`b
Economizing process- e¨vq ms‡KvPb cÖwµqv
Embezzlement of public grants- miKvix Aby`vb AvZ¥mvr
Emergence of bank- e¨vs‡Ki D™¢e Emergency goods- Riæix cY¨
Entrepreneurship- D‡`¨vM Evaluation of market value- evRvi g~‡ji g~j¨vqb
Monopoly power- GK‡PwUqv kw³ Excess supply- AwZwi³ †hvMvb
Excise duty- AveMvwi ïé Exponential growth- m~PKxq e„w×
Factors of production- Drcv`b DcKiY Fancy goods- ‡mŠwLb cY¨
Financial aid- Avw_©K mnvqZv Financial irregularity- Avw_©K Am½wZ
Financial risk- Avw_©K SuywK Financially troubled- A_©‰bwZK fv‡e wech©¯Í
First payment- cª_g wKw¯Í Fiscal policy- ivR¯^ bxwZ
Fiscal year- A_© eQi Fixed deposit- ¯’vqx AvgvbZ
Foreign exchange policy- ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvbxwZ Formation of savings- mÂq MVb
Free trade- gy³ evwYR¨ Funding- A_©vqb
Galloping inflation- Zxeª gy`ªvùxwZ Garment village- †cvkvK cjøx
Gold standard- ¯^©Y gvb Gross profit- †gvU gybvdv
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 270 ~
Hard currency- avZe gy`ªv Gross national product- †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b
Income tax- AvqKi Gross domestic product- †gvU †`kR Drcv`b
Hot money- Avw_©K wbivcËv I my‡`i Rb¨ GK RvqMvq ¯’vbvšÍwiZ A_©
Impecunious- A_©ïb¨/ wbt¯^ Import oriented- ißvwbgyLx
Increasing/ burgeoning demand- µgea©gvb Pvwn`v
Increasing/ burgeoning price- µgea©gvb `vg
Incumbent personnel- `vwqZ¡kxj Kg©KZ©v Interim dividend- AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb jf¨vsk
Economic zone- A_©‰bwZK AÂj Indifference curve- wbi‡cÿ‡iLv
Budget line- ev‡RU †iLv Inferior goods- wbK…ó cY¨
Inflation- gy`ªvùxwZ Insurance money- exgvK…Z A_©
Investment- wewb‡qvM Islamic economy- Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ
Issuing money- gy`ªv cÖPjb Low inflation rate- gy`ªvùxwZi wb¤œnvi
Legal money- wewnZ gy`ªv Legitimacy crisis- ˆeaZvi msKU
Lender- FY`vZv; Borrower- FY MÖnxZv Letter of credit- cÖZ¨q cÎ
Levy- Ki/ Ki Av‡ivc Kiv; Liability- `vq/ FY Liquidity trap- Zvij¨ dvu`
Liabilities of customer- MÖvnK‡`i †`bv Lucrative business- jvfRbK e¨emv
Liabilities side- `vq‡`bvi w`K Liquidity crisis- Zvij¨ msKU
Loan defaulting- FY‡Ljvwc Long run- `xN©‡gqvw`
Equilibrium- fvimvg¨ Macro economics- mvgwóK A_©bxwZ
Luxury goods- wejvm cY¨ Macro economics- mvgwóK A_©e¨e¯’v
Optimum flow- Kvg¨cÖevn Marginal efficiency- cÖvwšÍK `ÿZv
Marginal utility- cÖvwšÍK Dc‡hvwMZv Market value- evRvig~j¨
Marketing process- evRviRvZKiY cÖwµqv Logistical challenge- mieivn cÖwZeÜKZv
Mercantile meeting- e¨emv msµvšÍ mfv Micro and small enterprise- ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí
Micro economics- ÿy`ª A_©bxwZ Microcredit project- ÿz`ªFY cÖKí
Mixed economy- wgkÖ A_©bxwZ Monetary policy- gy`ªvbxwZ
Money laundering- A_© cvPvi Money multiplier- gy`ªvMy¸YK
Money market- gy`vª evRvi Mutual fund- ‡hŠ_ Znwej
Monopoly market- GK‡PwUqv evRvi Mortgage- eÜK
Mortgage market- eÜK evRvi National debt- RvZxq FY
Open market economy- gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ Open market operation- †LvjvevRvi bxwZ
Operational business- Kvievwi e¨emv Outsourcing business- ewn Drcv`‡bi e¨emv
Operational lag- cÖ‡qvwMK e¨_©Zv Optional money- Hw”QKgy`ªv
Paid up capital- cwi‡kvwaZ g~jab Par value- AwfwnZ g~j¨
Payee- cÖvcK Per capita income- gv_vwcQz Avq
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 271 ~
 Prerequisite- Dcwi cvIbv Perspective plan- ‡cªwÿZ cwiKíbv
Of medium term- ga¨eZ©x mg‡qi Pittance- cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Ach©vß †eZb
Portfolio- gš¿xi `ßi Potential loss- m¤¢ve¨ ÿwZ
Bank liquidation- e¨vsK AejywßKiY Profit maximization- gybvdv m‡e©v”P KiY
Price hike- g~j¨ e„w× Deterioration- g~j¨ Aebgb
Kitchen market- KvuPv evRvi Essential goods- cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨
Primary market- g~L¨ evRvi Production cost- Drcv`b LiP
Proletarian- me©nviv Promissory letter- cÖwZkÖywZ cÎ
Public fund- miKvwi Znwej Required reserve ratio- msiwÿZ Rgv AbycvZ
Ready money- bM` UvKv Readymade garments- ˆZwi †cvkvK
Reserve fund- msiwÿZ Znwej Retail seller- LyPiv we‡µZv
Retained earnings- Aew›UZ gybvdv Revenue- ivR¯^; Tariff- ïé
Savings sheet- mÂq cÎ Scarcity of wealth- m¤ú‡`i `y®úÖvc¨Zv
Scheduled bank- Zdwmwj e¨vsK Secondary market- †MŠY evRvi
Securities- RvgvbZ Selling price- weµqg~j¨
Shareholder- †kqvi gvwjK Socialist economy- mgvRZvwš¿K
Specialized bank- we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK Speculation- dUKvevwR
Speculative business- dUKv Kvievi Surplus cost- DØ„Ë e¨q
Stagflation- †mªvZnxb gy`ªvùxwZ Store of value- m‡qi g~j¨ wbav©iK
Subscribed capital- wewjK…Z g~jab Subsidy- fZz©wK
Substitution effect- weKí cÖfveb Surplus budget- DØ„Ë ev‡RU
Two-sector economy- `yB LvZ wewkó A_©bxwZ Tariff avoidance- ïé Ki Gov‡bv
Tax evasion- Ki duvwK Tax holiday- Ki AeKvk
Taxable income- Ki‡hvM¨ Avq Time deposit- †gqvw` AvgvbZ
Time deposit money-AvgvbwZ gy`ªv Trade block- evwYR¨ †Mvôx
Trade fair- evwYR¨ †gjv Trade gap- evwYR¨ NvUwZ
Trade imbalance- evwYR¨ ˆelg¨ Transaction accounts- †jb‡`‡bi wnmve
Unbanked bucolic area- e¨vswKs †mev ewÂZ MÖvgvÂj
Unscrupulous traders- Amr e¨emvqx gRyix Economic aggrandizement- A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ
Wholesaler- cvBKvix we‡µZv Yardstick- gvcKvwV

fvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy× wfwËK wKQz Bs‡iwR Vocabulary-

 wb‡P fvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy× wfwËK wKQz Bs‡iwR Vocabulary ‡`Iqv n‡jv hv gyL¯Í
Ki‡j cixÿv_x©‡`i translation Kivi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK Kv‡R jvM‡e|
‡mv”Pvi nIqv- raise one’s voice RbgZ MVb Kiv- create public opinion
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 272 ~
RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi ùziY Kiv- ignite nationalist consciousness
wewa wb‡la cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv- lift restrictions ‡MŠi‡ev¾¡j f~wgKv cvjb Kiv- Play a glorious role
RbgZ MVb Kiv- create public opinion GK”QÎ f~wgKv cvjb Kiv- play invincible role
mk¯¿ Avµg‡Y Svwc‡q cov- launch crackdown ‡ivlvb‡j cov- become the target of wrath
wek¦ we‡eK‡K bvov †`Iqv- stir the world conscience
ïiæ K‡i- starting from exR ecb Kiv- sow the seed of
jvwV PvR© Kiv- batton Kuv`v‡b M¨vm e¨envi Kiv/ ‡Qvov- lobby tears shell
wcwQ‡q †`Iqv- postpone/ defer cy®úvN©¨ wb‡e`b Kiv- lay flowers and bouquets
‰elg¨g~jK kvmb- rule of disparity ¯^qs m¤úbœ- self sufficient
gwš¿mfv †f‡½ †`Iqv- dissolve cabinet g~j PvwjKv kw³- key force
m‡ev©”P AvBb- supreme law kvmb e¨e¯’v- government system
kvmbKvj- regime mvgwiK kvmb/ AvBb- martial law
‡mbv Afy¨Ìvb- coup ‡gŠwjK MYZš¿- basic democracy
ivóª‡`ªvnx- traitor RvZxq cwil`- National assembly
ag©©wbi‡cÿZv- secularism mgevq- co-operative
GiB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z- resultantly 21 `dv Bk‡Znvi- the 21 point charter
6 `dv `vwe- six point demand ‡`vmi- alliance
Z¨vMx †bZv- dedicated leader ms¯‹vicš’x- reformative
‡mv”Pvi- vocal AvnŸvqK- convener
we‡ÿvf- agitation knx` nIqv/kvnv`vr eiY Kiv- embrace martyrdom
Amgmvnmx- uncommonly brave DËvj- turbulent
‡kl chv©‡q- towards the end of mk¯¿ msMÖvg- armed struggle
jyUZivR- ransacking AwMœms‡hvM- burning/ blazing
nZ¨vhÁ- extermination wek¦RbgZ- global mandate
eyw×Rxex mgvR- intellectuals K„lK mgvR- farmers
kÖwgK mgvR- workers Qq`dv Kg©m~Px- six point program
mk¯¿ wecøe- armed revolution jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve- Lahore resolution
R‡jv”Q¡vm- tidal bore ¯§„wZ ¯Í¤¢- memorial
iƒc‡iLv- outline my¯úó w`K wb‡`©kbv- obvious guideline
eRªKÉ- thunder voice. weÿz× RbZv- the agitated mob
Mb¨gvb¨ e¨w³- dignitary c`Z¨vM Kiv- step down
cvkvcvwk- along with Acwimxg- boundless/ unending
ZZ¡veav‡b- under the supervision of ‡`kvZ¡‡evaK Mvb- patriotic song
exiZ¡ Mv_v- heroic tale. iYv½b- battle field
gyLcvÎ- spokesman ag©xq Abyf~wZ- religious sentimental
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 273 ~
kvmK †Mvôx- ruling class AwMœSiv gv‡P©- in the burning March
cÖfvekvjx †bZv- influential leader wkwÿZ mgvR- educated society
msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v- parliamentary form of government
GB nZ¨vi cÖwZev‡`- in protest of this killing AwaK m¤ú„³Zv- large scale attachment
Awemsevw`Z †bZv- unparallel leader/ undisputed leader
MY AfzrÌvb- the mass upsurge/ mass uprising
GK‡ivLv g‡bvfve- obstinate attitude ‡`k‡`ªvnx/ loh‡š¿i Awf‡hvM- sedition charge
Av‡cvlnxb †bZv- uncompromising leader we`¨gvb mvgwiK AvBb- prevailing martial law
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb- non-cooperation movement cÖ‡Z¨K gnjøvq/cvovq- in every neighborhood
me©¯Í‡ii RbMY- people of all walks of life wkíx-KvwiMi- artist-technician
cÖZ¨šÍ/ ¯’vb- remote/ far off place cÖv‡`wkK cwil`- provincial assembly
‡gvKv‡ejv Kiv- face A¯¿ Ges †Mvjveviæ`- arms and ammunition
g~j wbqvgK- the key driving force gyw³hy× wfwËK Mvb- liberation war based songs
HKvwšÍK AvKv•Lv- sincere craving cÖ_g cÖn‡i- in the early hour
¯^vaxbZvi gnvbvqK- great leader of freedom ¯^vaxbZvi ¯’cwZ- architect of independence
wek¦ RbgZ- people’s mandate across the globe
AvšÍR©vwZK gn‡j cwiwPZ- draw the attention of the international community
bvix wbh©vZb/ wbMÖn- molestation of women Zvrch© c~Y© NUbv- significant account
msMÖvgx gvbyl/ RbZv- the struggling humanity GB NUbvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z- as a result of this
i³ÿqx gnvb gyw³hy×- sanguinary great liberation war
Aciv‡Rq evsjv- unconquerable Bengal cÖwZev`x g‡bvfve- protesting attitude
cÖej Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L- in face of severe protest cÖfvZ ‡dixi Mvb- procession at the dawn
AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b- the international arena ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv- political activities
Amv¤úª`vwqK †PZbv- non- communal philosophy
wecøex mvg¨ev`x aviv- the revolted societal philosophy
AvÁven †`vmi- submissive associates ms¯‹vicš’x ‡bZv- leader of reformative group
GiB avivevwnKZvq- in continuation to this Kg©x m‡¤§jb- worker/ activist summit
kxl© ch©v‡qi †bZv- top level leader ïiæ †_‡KB- from the very beginning
m~Pbv jMœ †_‡KB- from the very inception bvbv Uvj evnvbvq- on vague grounds
Aeva Ges mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi- unrestrained and universal voting right
Av‡eM cÖeY e³e¨- sentimental speech avive‡j- on the basis of section
‡gŠwjK MYZš¿x- basic democratic ‡`k we‡ivax lohš¿- anti- state conspiracy
gyLv‡cÿx nIqv- be dependent on msm` †f‡½ †`Iqv- dissolve parliament
kxl© ¯’vbxq Kg©KZ©v- high ranking official gy`ªv e¨e¯’vcbv- currency management
m¤úªwZ †Zvjv cvm‡cvU© mvB‡Ri Qwe- recent passport sized photograph
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 274 ~
 Question- Solution (BCS, Bank, SI, BJSC, etc.)
ïay PvKzwi cÖZ¨vwk QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ GB question-solution Aa¨vqwU †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e
PvKzwimn mKj cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq Translation, Grammar, Free Hand Writing
I Spoken English Gi Rb¨ GB eB‡qi g‡a¨ Av‡jvwPZ Aa¨vqmg~n I D`vniY¸‡jv QvÎ-
QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ AKíbxq mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
Avm‡j eBwU mKj ch©v‡qi QvÎ-QvÎx I wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Ges Bs‡iwR †_‡K evsjv
Abyev` Kivi `ÿZv AR©‡b mnvqK MÖš’ wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e|
cÖkœ mgvav‡bi ‡ÿ‡Î jÿYxq welqmg~n:
ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Accounting and Information Systems Department Gi wkÿK †mv‡nj
†g‡nw` m¨vi g‡b K‡ib, ÒBs‡iwR †Kvb Ávb bq, eis Ávb AR©‡bi gva¨gÓ| Avi †m Rb¨ wZwb G fvlvi
cÖv‡qvwMK w`‡Ki Dci ¸iZ¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| wb¤œwjwLZ weMZ mv‡ji question mg~‡ni gva¨‡g GB eB‡Z
hZ¸‡jv rule wjLv n‡q‡Q ‡m¸‡jvi applied ev cÖv‡qvwMK w`Kmg~n translation Kivi †ÿ‡Î Kv‡R jvM‡e,
Bb&kvAvjøvn|
GB Aa¨v‡q cÖkœ mgvav‡bi †ÿ‡Î evsjv ev‡K¨i mv‡_ Ae¯’vb †f‡` subject, apposition, verb,
object, complement, conjunction, Passive subject/verb I adverbial BZ¨vw` wPwýZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q| hv‡Z cvVKiv mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡i †h wKfv‡e evK¨¸‡jvi translation Kiv n‡q‡Q| D`vniY
wn‡m‡e- weMZ mv‡ji BCS wjwLZ cixÿvq Avmv Translation Gi K‡qKwU jvBb †_‡K grammatical
element ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
Apposition, Subject, Verb Ges Non Finite verb Gi e¨envi:
 35 Zg wewmGm wjwLZ cixÿvq Avmv translation Gi 1g jvBbwU n‡jv:
lv‡UvaŸ© gyw³‡hv×v ¯^Y©jZv dwjqv KvR Ki‡Qb exiv½bv‡`i msMwVZ I cybev©m‡bi|
 ‡`Lyb GB jvBbwU‡K wKfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q:
apposition
lv‡UvaŸ© gyw³‡hv×v subject¯^Y©jZv dwjqv verbKvR Ki‡Qb exiv½bv‡`i msMwVZ I cybev©m‡bi|
-Swarnalata Falia, a freedom fighter of above 60 years old, is working to organize
and rehabilitate the war-heroines.
1. e¨vL¨v: Apposition: Apposition =sub ev object m¤ú©‡K AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vbKvix phrase hv
evsjv ev‡K¨ _v‡K KZ©v/K‡©gi Av‡M, Avi Bs‡iwR‡Z subject/ object Gi c‡i e‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î subject/
object Gi c‡i Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ comma Øviv apposition e¨eüZ nq| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ apposition
n‡jv- Òlv‡UvaŸ© gyw³‡hv×v- a freedom fighter of above 60 years oldÓ
2. e¨vL¨v: Subject: ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ wµqv‡K Ò†KÓ Øviv cÖkœ Ki‡j cÖvß DËi n‡jv- Subject hv noun /
pronoun n‡Z cv‡i| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ subject n‡jv- Ò¯^Y©jZv dwjqv- Swarnalata Falia” hv GKwU
noun|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 275 ~
3. e¨vL¨v: Verb: ‡Kvb ev‡K¨ ‡Kvb KvR/wKQz Kiv eySv‡Z g~j kãwU n‡jv- verb/ main verb/ finite
verb| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ verb n‡jv- ÒKvR Ki‡Qb- is working”

4. e¨vL¨v: Non Finite verb: evsjv‡Z †h wµqvi †k‡l G/ †Z/ i hy³ _vK‡e †m wµqvi †ÿ‡Î Non
finite verb e¨eüZ nq| Bs‡iwR‡Z Non finite verb = auxiliary verb wenxb Verb+ing/ V3
A_ev to+verb| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ Non finite verb n‡jv- ÒmsMwVZ I cybev©m‡bi- to organize and
rehabilitateÓ| Z‡e †Kvb we‡klY/ wµqvi †k‡l ÒBZÓ _vK‡j- non finite verb wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR‡Z
ÒBZÓ hy³ As‡ki Verb Gi PP nq| †hgb: M„nxZ= accepted;

Adverbial Gi e¨envi:
 35 Zg wewmGm wjwLZ cixÿvq Avmv translation Gi 2q jvBbwU n‡jv:
8 bs †m±‡ii GB gyw³‡hv×v †ngv‡qZ evwnbxi Aax‡b hy× K‡i‡Qb|
 ‡`Lyb GB jvBbwU‡K wKfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q:
adverbial subject adverbial verb
8 bs †m±‡ii GB gyw³‡hv×v †ngv‡qZ evwnbxi Aax‡b hy× K‡i‡Qb| -This
freedom fighter of sector no. 8 has fought under Hemayet Battalion.

5. e¨vL¨v: Adverbial: evsjv‡Z ‡Kvb KvR Kivi aib/ ‡Kvb KvR Kivi ¯’vb/ ‡Kvb KvR Kivi mgqevPK
kãmg~n‡K adverbial ejv nq| G¸‡jv mvaviYZ main verb Gi c‡i KvR Kivi aib+ ¯’vb+ mgq
Gfv‡e wmwiqv‡j emv‡bv nq| Z‡e ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z/ †k‡l/ Ab¨vb¨ Ae¯’v‡bI B”QvgZ emv‡bv hvq|
mvaviYZ wewfbœ adverb A_ev preposition + noun ev‡K¨ adverbial wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Dc‡ii
ev‡K¨ adverbial n‡jv- Ò8 bs †m±‡ii- of sector no. 8Ó / Ò†ngv‡qZ evwnbxi Aax‡b- under
Hemayet Battalion”

Complement Gi e¨envi:
 36 Zg wewmGm wjwLZ cixÿvq Avmv translation Gi 1g jvBbwU n‡jv:
gnvb gyw³hy×B Avgv‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wVKvbv|
 ‡`Lyb GB jvBbwU‡K wKfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q:
sub
gnvb gyw³hy×B comlementAvgv‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wVKvbv|
-The great Liberation war is the root / identity of our existence.

6. e¨vL¨v: Complement: ev‡K¨ subject ev object Gi cwiPqevPK noun/adjective ¸‡jvB

n‡jv complement| Giv mvaviY Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ linking verb h_v- am, is, are, was, were,
become, feel, appear, smell, stay, sound, seem, look, taste, remain BZ¨vw`i Øviv hy³
_v‡K|
evsjv‡Z mvaviYZ †h ev‡K¨ †Kvb wµqvi D‡jøL _v‡K bv †m‡ÿ‡Î am/ is /are Gi c‡ii As‡k
noun/adjective ¸‡jv complement wn‡m‡e e‡m| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ complement n‡jv- ÒAvgv‡`i
Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wVKvbv- the root / identity of our existence.Ó
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 276 ~
 Conjunction Ges Object Gi e¨envi:
 35 Zg wewmGm wjwLZ cixÿvq Avmv translation Gi 4_© jvBbwU n‡jv:
Gici †`k ¯^vaxb n‡j exiv½bv‡`i cybev©m‡bi Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡ib|
 ‡`Lyb GB jvBbwU‡K wKfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q:
Gici sub†`k verb¯^vaxb n‡j exiv½bv‡`i objectcybe©vm‡bi Kvh©µg verbïiæ K‡ib| -Later when the
country becomes independent, she starts the rehabilitation activities for the war-
heroines.
7. e¨vL¨v: Conjunction: evsjv †Kvb ev‡K¨ wµqvi †k‡l- qvB/ †jI /‡j /†jB _vK‡j †m ev‡K¨i
translation Kivi †ÿ‡Î Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ `yBwU subject I `yBwU main verb _vK‡e| G ai‡bi
ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z/ g‡a¨- since/ as/ though/ although/ if/ once/ when BZ¨vw` ewm‡q Abyev`
Ki‡Z nq| Giv conjunction wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ Òn‡jÓ _vKvi Kvi‡Y Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨
conjunction wn‡m‡e- when e‡m‡Q| Avi †mR‡b¨ ev‡K¨ `ywU subject I `ywU verb e‡m‡Q| [Note:
KL‡bv KL‡bv subject Dn¨ _vK‡j evK¨vbymv‡i subject a‡i wb‡q emv‡Z nq]
wcÖq cvVK, G msµvšÍ wel‡q c~Yv©½/ ¯^”Q aviYv †c‡Z GB eB‡qi wµqv/Verb Gi Ae¯’v †`‡L
Abyev`- chapter-wU we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e c‡o wb‡Z cv‡ib|
8. e¨vL¨v: Object: ev‡K¨ KZ©v hv/hv‡K ‡K›`ª K‡i Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i Zv‡K object / Kg© e‡j| ev‡K¨i
wµqv‡K wK/Kv‡K Øviv cÖkœ K‡i cÖvß noun/pronoun-B n‡jv object / Kg©| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨ object
n‡jv- Òcybev©m‡bi Kvh©µg- the rehabilitation activities”| Giƒc object Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨
main/finite verb Gi c‡i e‡m|

Passive Subject I Passive Verb Gi e¨envi:

 36 Zg wewmGm wjwLZ cixÿvq Avmv translation Gi 11Zg jvBbwU n‡jv:
Zviv gyw³hy× m¤úwK©Z eB co‡Z cQ›` K‡i, gyw³hy× m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i jÿ Kiv hvq Mfxi AvMÖn|
 ‡`Lyb GB jvBbwU‡K wKfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q:
sub
Zviv extensiongyw³hy× m¤úwK©Z eB to+ verbco‡Z verbcQ›` K‡i, gyw³hy× m¤ú‡K© to+ verbRvbvi Rb¨
Zv‡`i passive verbjÿ Kiv hvq passive subMfxi AvMÖn| -They like to read books related to the
Liberation War, and a profound eagerness to know about the Liberation War is
noticed among them.
9. e¨vL¨v: Passive Subject I Passive Verb: evsjv wµqvi †k‡l- nq, n‡”Q, n‡q‡Q, n‡qwQj,
n‡jv, n‡Z cv‡i, n‡e BZ¨vw` _vK‡j Bs‡iwR Kivi mgq passive subject I passive verb e¨envi
Kiv nq| passive subject ej‡Z be + vpp hy³ As‡ki Av‡Mi N/P ‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avi
passive verb ej‡Z be + vpp ‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Dc‡ii ev‡K¨- passive subMfxi AvMÖn- a
profound eagerness; passive verbjÿ Kiv hvq- is noticed;
wcÖq cvVK, G msµvšÍ wel‡q c~Yv©½/ ¯^”Q aviYv †c‡Z GB eB‡qi Tense & Voice Aa¨vqwU
we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e c‡o wb‡Z cv‡ib|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 277 ~
 ‡h‡Kvb Bs‡iwR evK¨‡K mvRv‡bvi g~j Structure ¸‡jv n‡jv:
1. Subject + main verb/ finite verb.
2. Subject + main verb/ finite verb + object/ complement/ adverbial.
3. Subject + main verb/ finite verb + object/complement + Non-finite verb + adverbial.
Or- Non-finite verb + adverbial + Subject + main verb/ finite verb + object/ complement.
Note: Dc‡ii GB sentence pattern Gi gva¨‡g cÖvq mKj Bs‡iwR evK¨ †jLv nq|

Dc‡ii mvwe©K Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ GUv ejv hvq †h, wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jv mn mKj evsjv
ev‡K¨i Bs‡iwR translation Kivi †ÿ‡Î Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ structure Ges Av‡jvwPZ
welq¸‡jv gv_vq ivL‡j mn‡RB evsjv ‡_‡K Bs‡iwR translation Kiv hv‡e|
ZvB †h‡Kvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvq translation/ Free hand writing -G
fv‡jv Kivi Rb¨ GB eB‡Z Av‡jvwPZ welq mg~n evievi ey‡S ey‡S covi Ges wb‡¤œv³
cÖkœ¸‡jv mgvavb Kivi civgk© †`Iqv n‡jv| Pjyb Gevi cÖkœ mgvavb ïiæ Kiv hvK-
wb‡¤œ wewfbœ PvKzwii cixÿvq Avmv evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR translation As‡ki
mgvavb †`Iqv n‡jvÑ
35 Zg wewmGm- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK vocabulary:
exiv½bv- war-heroine AwaKvi Av`vq Kiv- realize the rights
cvkvcvwk- alongside Abœ- food
†¯øvMvb ‡`Iqv- chant a/ the slogan e¯¿-evm¯’vb- clothing and shelter
Wzwe‡q ‡`Iqv- sink GK K_vq- instantly/with one voice
A¯¿ aiv- hold arms cybev©mb †K›`ª¸‡jv- rehabilitation centers
†e‡R D‡V- ring c½y gyw³‡hv×v- crippled freedom fighter
G K_v ï‡b- Hearing this myL-Avnjv`- happiness
ew¯Í- slum wNwÄ GK N‡i- in a congested house
Aej¤^b- resort AvR Aewa- to date
¯^vaxbZv- cieZx© mg‡q- In the post liberation period
A¯¿ Pvjv‡bvi cÖwkÿY- training on the use of arms
A‡íi Rb¨ cÖv‡Y †eu‡P hvIqv- survive narrowly
lv‡UvaŸ© gyw³‡hv×v- a freedom fighter of above 60 years old
cybev©m‡bi Kvh©µg- rehabilitation activities
hy‡×i `vgvgv- the trumpet of war/ war trumpet
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 278 ~
 Translate the following text into English:
apposition
lv‡UvaŸ© gyw³‡hv×v subject¯^Y©jZv dwjqv verbKvR Ki‡Qb exiv½bv‡`i msMwVZ I cybev©m‡bi)| -
Swarnalata Falia, a freedom fighter of above 60 years old, is working to organize and
rehabilitate the war-heroines.
adverbial
8 bs †m±‡ii subjectGB gyw³‡hv×v adverbial†ngv‡qZ evwnbxi Aax‡b verbhy× K‡i‡Qb| -This
freedom fighter of sector no. 8 has fought under Hemayet Battalion.
adverbial
bvwi‡Kjevwo K¨v¤ú †_‡K verb + ing cÖwkÿY wb‡q adverbial gwnjv gyw³‡hv×v msMÖ‡ni cvkvcvwk
subject
wb‡RI adverbialA‡bK mk¯¿ hy‡× verbAsk †bb| -Receiving training from Narkel Bari
Camp she herself also takes part in many armed battles along with/ alongside
collecting women freedom fighters.
Gici †`k ¯^vaxb n‡j exiv½bv‡`i object cybev©m‡bi Kvh©µg verb ïiæ K‡ib| -Later when the country
becomes independent, she starts the rehabilitation activities for the war-heroines.
adverbial
†mB †_‡K †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡ji 36 Rb exiv½bv‡K verb + ingGKÎ K‡i adverbialZv‡`i wPwKrmv,
PvKzwi Ges AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Kv‡R object wb‡R‡K verb wb‡qvwRZ †i‡L‡Qb subject¯^Y©jZv| -Since then /from
that time Swarnalata has engaged herself in realizing the rights to medical care and
jobs uniting 36 war-heroines from different regions of the country.
Passive subject
¯^Y©jZvi Passive verbRb¥ adverbial1954 mv‡ji 6 A‡±veiadverbial †MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi †KvUvjxcvov
Dc‡Rjvi †mvbvBjevox MÖv‡g| -Swarnalata was born on October 6 in 1954 in the village of
Sonailbari of Kotalipara Upazila under Gopalganj district.
adverbial
K…lK evev wbwkKvšÍ dwjqv I gv gvwiqv dwjqvi mvZ mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨ subject wZwb coplementcÂg| -
She is fifth among seven children of her farmer father Nishikanto Falia and mother
Mara Falia.
adverbial
†KvUvjxcvov Dc‡Rjvi bvwi‡Kjevox wgkbvix ¯‹z‡ji beg †kªwY‡Z verbcovi mgq adverbial †`‡k
verb
†e‡R D‡V subjecthy‡×i `vgvgv| -While she was studying in class 9 in Narikelbari
Missionary School of Kotalipara Upazila, the trumpet of war rang in the country.
adverbial
GKw`b subjectAvkvjZv ˆe`¨ verbG‡m verb ej‡jb, adverbial Ò‡`‡k subject hy× verb ïiæ n‡”Q, subject
Avwg †Zv verb hy× Ki‡ev| -One day Ashlota Boidya came and told, ÒWar is going to start/
break out in the country, I will also fight”.
†Zviv †K †K Avgvi mv‡_ hy‡× hvweÓ? -ÒWho among you will join the war with me?”
Verb +ing subject verb
G K_v ï‡b ¯^Y©jZv Pzc _vK‡Z cv‡iwb| -Hearing this, Swarnalata could not
remain silent.
adverbial
GK K_vq verb ivwR n‡q †M‡jb| -She agreed instantly.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 279 ~
adverbial
AvkvjZv ˆe‡`¨i mv‡_ hy‡×i †Uªwbs †bqvi Av‡M subject mncvVx eÜziv wg‡j adverbial GjvKvq verb
Nyi‡Zb Avi objectgwnjv gyw³‡hv×v verb†RvMvo Ki‡Zb| -Before receiving training of the war with
Ashalota Boidya, she together with her comrades used to go from place to place in
the locality and collect female freedom fighters.
adverbial
Avi my‡hvM verb †c‡jB adverbial eÜz‡`i mv‡_ N‡ii gvчevb‡`i wb‡q ÒA¯¿ a‡iv, ¯^vaxb evsjv iÿv
K‡ivÓ verb †¯øvMvb w`‡Zb| -And once she got chance, she with her friends and mothers-
sisters of the houses would chant the slogan, ÒTake arms, save the Independent
Bangla”.
adverbial
cieZ©x mg‡q Av‡iv 30 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q subwZwb adverbial†ngv‡qZ evwnbxi KvQ †_‡K A¯¿ Pvjv‡bvi
object
cÖwkÿY verbMÖnY K‡ib| -Later on, she along with 30 members receives training from
Hemayet Battalion about the use of weapons.
adverbial
hy‡× †ek K‡qKwU Acv‡ik‡b Ask verb wb‡jI sub`ywU Acv‡ikb verbwQj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| -Although
she participated in several operations in the war, two operations were remarkable.
adverbial
Gi GKwU‡Z cvKevwnbxi object †ek K‡qKwU j verb Wzwe‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| -In one of the two,
she/ they sunk several launches of the Pakistani Forces in one of that operation.
object verb adverbial
Avi GKwU Acv‡ikb K‡iwQ‡jb b`x‡Z| -She/They did another operation in the
river.
adverbial
†mB Acv‡ik‡b Zvi cv‡k _vKv sub`yB gyw³‡hv×v verbknx` nb, adverbial exiweµg †ngv‡qZDwχbi
Mv‡j verb ¸wj jv‡M| -In that operation, two of her fellow freedom fighters embrace
martyrdom, one bullet hits Bir Bikrom Hemayet’s cheek.
A‡íi Rb¨ †mw`b cÖv‡Y †eu‡P verb ‡M‡jI Passive verbAvnZ n‡qwQ‡jb Passive subject
¯^Y©jZv| -Though
Swarnalata narrowly survived, she was wounded.
adverbial
¯^vaxbZv-cieZx© mg‡q adverbial Avw_©K Afve-AbU‡bi Kvi‡Y adverbialXvKv †gwW‡K‡ji KvQvKvwQ
object
Kv‡Ri mÜvb verbKi‡Z _v‡Kb| -In the post liberation period, she continued to seek a
job near Dhaka Medical due to her financial crisis.
adverbial
NUbvP‡µ c½y gyw³‡hv×v I Amy¯’ exiv½bv‡`i mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Kvi‡Y ‡gwW‡K‡jB adverbial `yÔ‡ejv
`yÔgy‡Vv verb Lvev‡ii verb e¨e¯’v n‡q hvq| -By chance she could feed herself twice a day in
Medical only for assisting the crippled freedom fighters and sick war heroines.
subject
e½eÜz hLb objectexiv½bv‡`i verbcybev©m‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡ib, subject¯^Y©jZv ZLb adverbial iv¯Ív I Ab¨vb¨
RvqMv †_‡K object exiv½bv‡`i verb wb‡q Avm‡Zb adverbial XvKv I bvivqbM‡Äi cybev©mb †K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z| -
When Bangabandhu rehabilitated the war-heroines, Swarnalata brought the war-
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 280 ~
heroines/them to the rehabilitation centers of Dhaka and Narayanganj from streets
and other places of the country.
adverbial
cieZ©x mg‡q hLb subjectexiv½bvMY objectcybev©mb †K›`ª verbZ¨vM K‡ib, ZL‡bv subjecwZwb object
Zv‡`i to +verb mvnvh¨ Kivi verb †Póv K‡i‡Qb| -Later on, when the war heroines leave the
centres, still she has tried to help them.
adverbial
wewfbœ Awdm-Av`vjZ I gš¿bvj‡q verb+ing ‡NvivNywi K‡i to +verb exiv½bv‡`i PvKzwii verb †Póv As
†hgb K‡i‡Qb, so †Zgb verb K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i wPwKrmvmn Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi to +verb Av`v‡qi j‡ÿ KvR| -As
she has attempted to arrange the employment for the war-heroines visiting different
offices, courts and ministries, so she has tried to realize other rights including their
treatment.
exiv½bv‡`i †mB cig mZx_© gyw³‡hv×v sub¯^Y©jZv dwjqv extension/ adverbial wb‡Ri myL-
(case in apposition)

Avnjv` I AwaKvi wb‡q verbfv‡ewb| -Swarnata Falia, the dearest fellow freedom fighter of
the war -heroines, has not thought about her own happiness and rights.
A‡b¨i Kó‡K whwb wb‡Ri Kó g‡b K‡i adverbialZv‡`i cv‡k verb`uvwo‡q‡Qb, object Abœ, e¯¿-evm¯’v‡bi
verb
e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb| -Rather she has stood beside them considering their sufferings as her
own sufferings and managed food, clothing and shelters for them.
object
GKgvÎ †g‡q‡K verb MÖ¨vRy‡qU Kwi‡q‡Qb hv‡Z subject Zvi †g‡q extension wb‡Ri I Ac‡ii Aej¤^b
verb
n‡Z cv‡ib| She has made her only daughter graduate so that she can be a support
for herself and for others.
AvR Aewa †Kvb miKvwi ¯^xK…wZ bv-cvIqv subject¯^Y©jZv verbevm K‡ibadverbial †ZRMvuI ew¯Íi wNwÄ GK
N‡i| -Swarnalata having no government recognition to date is living in a congested
house in the slum of Tejgaon.
gyw³‡hv×v ¯^Y©jZv dwjqvi subjecthy× GL‡bv verb
_v‡gwb| -The war of the freedom fighter
Swarnalata Falia has not ended yet.
36 Zg wewmGm- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
ewn:cÖKvk- manifestation GK AbšÍ ewýwkLv- an endless flame
†PZbv- spirit fxlYfv‡e AvcøyZ K‡i- overwhelm greatly
Av‡jvKewZ©Kv- beacon Awb:‡kl †cÖiYv- inexhaustible inspiration
AvZ¥cwiPq- self-identity myMfxi ‡`k‡cÖg- profound patriotism
RvwZmˡv- nationalism
ev½vjxi ‡MŠie Avi Me©- the glory and pride of Banglees
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 281 ~
 B¯úvZ KwVb `„pZv- steel like strong determination
hveZxq cÖvwß, ¯^cœ-mva, cwiKíbv- All achievements, dreams, desires and plans
bZz‡bi cv‡b Qz‡U Pjv- go for new things/ look for new things
†`‡ki Avbv‡P Kvbv‡P n‡Z- from every nook and corner of the country
Zv‡`i Kcv‡j I ey‡K-wc‡V RvZxq cZvKvmn- wearing national flags around their
foreheads and chests- backs
cZvKv‡kvwfZ †cvkv‡K- along with dresses being adorned with the national flags

 Translate the Following Text into English:

sub
gnvb gyw³hy×B comlementAvgv‡`i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i wVKvbv| -The great Liberation war is the root /
identity of our existence.
adverbial
Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b subgyw³hy× ïaygvÎ comlementGKwU kãB bq| -In our life the Liberation War
is not merely a term.
sub
gyw³hy× adverbialcªwZwU ev½vjxi AšÍ‡ii complementGK AbšÍ ewý wkLvi bvg| -The Liberation War
is the name of an endless flame in the heart of every Bangalee.
sub
gyw³hy× comlementev½vjxi ‡MŠie Avi Me©, comlementev½vjxi †PZbv, comlement ev½vjxi B¯úvZ KwVb
`„pZv| -The liberation war is the glory and pride of Banglees, the spirit of Bangalees,
and their steel like strong determination.
evOvwji Aby‡cªiYv comlement ev½vjxi kvwbZ nIqvi comlementAci bvg| -It is the other name of
inspiration and sharpening of Bangalees.
sub
gyw³hy×B comlementAvgv‡`i AZxZ, eZ©gvb Ges fwel¨Z| -It is the Liberation War which is our
past, present and future.
sub
Avgv‡`i verbGwM‡q †h‡Z n‡e GB gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv‡K adverbialAv‡jvKewZ©Kv wn‡m‡e verb+ing MÖnY K‡i|
-We have to go ahead accepting this spirit of the Liberation War as a beacon.
sub
Avgv‡`i Rxe‡bi hveZxq cÖvwß, ¯^c-œ mva, cwiKíbv me wKQy passive verb n‡Z n‡e adverbial gyw³hy‡×i
†PZbv †Kw›`ªK| -All achievements, dreams, desires and plans of our life will have to be
concerted on the spirit of the Liberation War.
†Kbbv subgyw³hy×B comlementAvgv‡`i RvwZmË¡vi wfwË, comlementAvgv‡`i †eu‡P _vKvi Ges GwM‡q Pjvi
Aej¤^b| -Because only the Liberation War is the foundation of our nationalism and the
only resort for us to survive and go ahead.
sub
gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvm objectAvgv‡`i bZzb cÖRb¥‡K fxlYfv‡e verbAvcøyZ K‡i Ges Zv‡`i Pjvi c‡_
verb
Aby‡cÖiYv †RvMvq, objectZv‡`i RvZxqZv‡eva I AvZ¥cwiPq verb `vb K‡i| -The history of the
Liberation War greatly overwhelms our new generation and gives them inspiration in
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 282 ~
the way of their going ahead, raises their sense of nationalism and gives them a self-
identity.
sub
Zviv extensiongyw³hy× m¤úwK©Z eB to+ verbco‡Z verbcQ›` K‡i, gyw³hy× m¤ú‡K© to+ verbRvbvi Rb¨
Zv‡`i passive verbjÿ Kiv hvq passive subMfxi AvMÖn| -They like to read books related to the
Liberation War, and a profound eagerness to know about the Liberation War is
noticed among them.
sub
gyw³hy× G cÖR‡b¥i †`k‡cÖ‡gi comlementGK Awb:‡kl †cÖiYv I Drmv‡ni bvg|- The Liberation War
is the name of an inexhaustible inspiration and encouragement of patriotism for this
generation.
ZiæY cÖR‡b¥i subag©B verbn‡jv adverbialbZz‡bi cv‡b to+ verb
Qz‡U Pjv| -The motto/ nature of the
young generation is only to go for new things.
sub
†m to+ verbRvb‡Z verbPvq objectRvwZmË¡vi cwiPq; sub†m to+ verb‡h‡Z verbPvq adverbial Avcb wkK‡oi
g~‡j| -He wants to know the identity of his nation; he wants to go to the root of his
own origin.
adverbial
Avi GB Pjvi c‡_ objectZv‡K verbDØy× K‡i subwbR RvwZi BwZnvm, HwZn¨, †jŠwKKZ¡ Ges mvs¯‹„wZK
†PZbv Avi cwiPq| -History, tradition, folklore and cultural spirits and identity of his
nation motivate him in this journey.
sub
†m verbG‡m `vuovq adverbial71 Gi mvg‡b; sub†m verbRvb‡Z cv‡i extensionKZ Z¨vM, wZwZÿv I i‡³i
wewbg‡q subG RvwZ object¯^vaxbZv verbAR©b K‡i‡Q| -He stands before 1971; he can know in
exchange for how much sacrifice, forbearance and blood this nation has achieved
independence.
AvR‡Ki subZiæY cÖRb¥ verbM‡o D‡V‡Q adverbialgyw³hy×Kvjxb B¯úvZKwVb `„pZv, †PZbv I †`k‡cÖg wb‡q|
-Today’s young generation has grown up with the steel like determination, spirit and
patriotism existing during the liberation War.
passive sub
Gi passive verbcÖgvY cvIqv hvq adverbialGKz‡ki eB‡gjv Ges ¯^vaxbZv I weRq w`e‡m| -This is
reflected in Ekushey Boi Mela, the Independence Day and the Victory Day.
adverbial
†`‡ki Avbv‡P Kvbv‡P passive subZiæY cÖR‡b¥I cªwZwU m`m¨‡K adverbial Zv‡`i Kcv‡j I ey‡K-wc‡V
RvZxq cZvKvmn I cZvKv‡kvwfZ †cvkv‡K adverbial knx` wgbvi I weRq¯Í‡¤¢I passive verbDcw¯’Z †`Lv hvq|
-Every member of our young generation from every nook and corner of the country is
seen to appear before the Shaheed Minar and Victory Monument wearing national
flags around their foreheads and chests- backs along with dresses being adorned with
the national flags.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 283 ~

sub complement
GwU Zv‡`i myMfxi ‡`k‡cÖgiB ewn:cÖKvk| -This is a manifestation of their
profound patriotism.
Extension
71 Gi Aby‡cÖiYv, †PZbv I †`k‡cÖg subAvgv‡`i verbAv‡Q, _vK‡e Ges AbšÍKvj _vK‡e| -We
have the inspiration, spirit and patriotism of 71 and we will have them forever.
37 Zg wewmGm- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
†ek k³mg_© quite strong Pviw`‡K around
ivLvj †Q‡j a cow boy Iur †c‡Z Av‡Q lie in ambush/wait
‡`k †cÖwgK wK‡kvi patriotic youth ivRvKvi collaborator
AZ¨šÍ wbwf©K very dauntless nv‡Z Bkviv †`qv beckon
mZK© `„wó‡Z bRi ivLv keep a watchful look Bkviv signal

 Translate the Following Text into English:

GKgvÎ nvbœvb Qvov subAvgv‡`i mevi Kv‡Q A¯¿ verbwQj| -Only except Hannan, we all had arms.
sub
gvÎ 14 eQi eqm nvbœv‡bi| -He/Hannan was only 14. verb†`L‡ZI comlement
‡QvULv‡Uv, wKš‘ †ek
k³mg_©| -He was also small to look at but quite strong.
sub
Avwg objectZv‡K GKUv gqjv †MwÄ I GKUv nvd-c¨v›U causative verb / verb+ing cwi‡q wVK ivLvj †Q‡ji gZ
causative verb
Kwi| -I make him look just like a cow boy making him wear a dirty T-shirt
and a half-pant.
adverbial
¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g sub†mI ‡h comlementGKRb ‡hv×v Zv‡K verb+ing†`‡L wek¦vm Kivi Dcvq iB‡jv
bv| -There was no way of believing that he was also a fighter in the Liberation War.
comlement
AZ¨šÍ wbf©xK subG †`k †cÖwgK wK‡kvi| -This patriotic youth is very dauntless.
Avgv‡`i 300/400 MR mvg‡b object Zv‡K to + verbPj‡Z verb ejjvg, KviY passive subject Zv‡K Ô¯‹vD‡UiÕ
`vwqZ¡ passive verb ‡`qv n‡q‡Q| -We ordered him to walk ahead keeping 300/400 gauge
distance away from us because he was given the responsibility of ÒScout.”
sub
‡m mvg‡b verb + ingGwM‡q ‡h‡Z †h‡Z adverbial Pviw`‡K mZK© `„wó‡Z verb bRi ivL‡jv| -While
going forward, he kept a watchful look around.
adverbial
GK wbg©g kÎæi m‡½ subAvgv‡`i jovB, ZvB mvgvb¨ AmZK© verbn‡jB wbôziZg nZ¨vi wkKvi verb
n‡Z n‡e| -Our fight was with a cruel enemy, and so if we became a little bit careless
for a while, we would be victims of the most merciless killing.
myZivs sub nvbœv‡bi KvR n‡jv sub †m ‡Lqvj verb ivL‡e †Kv_vI sub cvÄvex ‰mb¨ ev sub ivRvKviiv verb Iur
†c‡Z Av‡Q wKbv| -Therefore, the duty of Hannan was that he would watch whether there
were any Panjabi soldiers or collaborators lying in ambush anywhere else.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 284 ~
_vK‡j sub †m †hb adverbial mv‡_ mv‡_ verb+ing ms‡KZ w`‡q object Avgv‡`i verb
Rvwb‡q †`q| -If there
was any enemy, his duty was to give us signal immediately.
sub
†m adverbialZvi mvg‡b Ges `y cv‡k fv‡jvg‡Zv verb+ing †`‡L hLb verb eyS‡Z cv‡i †h ‡mLv‡b †Kvb kÎæ
†bB, ZLb object Avgv‡`i to +verbGwM‡q †h‡Z verb nv‡Z Bkviv †`q| -Looking well ahead and at
both sides of him, when he perceives that there is no enemy, he beckons us to go
forward waving his hand.
Avi subAvgiv Zvi Bkvivq verbAMÖmi nB| -And we move forward following his signal.
adverbial
Gfv‡e 3 N›Uvq sub Avgiv object gvÎ ‡`o gvBj c_ verb
AwZµg Kwi| - Thus, in 3 hours we
cross only one and a half miles.
adverbial
KL‡bv KL‡bv sub †m object MÖvgevmx A_ev †QvU †QvU †Q‡j‡K verb wRÁvmv K‡i †mLv‡b †Kvb
object
ivRvKvi wKsev cvÄvex ˆmb¨ verb†`‡L‡Q wKbv| - Sometimes he asks the villagers or small
boys whether they have seen any collaborators or Panjabi soldiers.
34 Zg wewmGm- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
gnvgvix- epidemic; `ywf©ÿ- starvation AZ¨vaywbK- ultra-modern world
‡MvP‡i Av‡m- come to our sight evwm›`v- inhabitant
‰ewk¦K MÖvg- a global village c~e© cyiæl- ancestor
cÖZ¨šÍ AÂjmg~n- inaccessible regions m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v- totally different;
D‡b¥vwPZ Kiv- unveil ci¯úi m¤úw©©K©Z- mutually related
cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i- influence NUbvewj- event
Kvh©Kix f~wgKv cvjb Kiv- play effective roles gvbweK wech©q- humanitarian catastrophe
‡Pv‡Li wbwg‡l- in the twinkling of an eye DËi I `wÿY †giæ- North Pole and south pole
Mfxi k¦vc` m¼j AiY¨- deep forests infested ARvbv in‡m¨ †Niv HwZnvwmK NUbv- historical
with ferocious beasts events of unknown mystery
 Translate the Following Text into English:
Avgiv †h AZ¨vaywbK c„w_exi evwm›`v ‡m c„w_exi Avw`g mgvR I Avgv‡`i c~e© cyiæl‡`i c„w_ex †_‡K m¤ú~Y©
Avjv`v| -The ultra-modern world of which we are inhabitants is totally different from
the world of ancient society and our ancestors.
Sub
GwU GKwU complementci¯úi m¤úw©©K©Z c„w_ex †hLv‡b SubGK ‡`‡ki NUbvejx adverbial mn‡RB adverbial
Ab¨ †`‡ki NUbvewji Dci verb cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| -It is a mutually related world where the
events of one country influence the events/ those of other countries.
†Kvb †`‡k passive sub eb¨v, `ywf©ÿ, gnvgvix ev gvbweK wech©q passive verb†`Lv w`‡j sub Zv adverbial mv‡_
mv‡_ Avgv‡`i verb ‡MvP‡i Av‡m, ejv hvq -‡Pv‡Li wbwg‡l| -If flood, starvation, epidemic or
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 285 ~
humanitarian catastrophe / disaster are seen in any country, it comes to our sight
instantly, so to say - in the twinkling of an eye.
adverbial
G e¨vcv‡i me‡P‡q objectKvh©Kix f~wgKv verbcvjb K‡i subB›Uvi‡bU, DcMÖn P¨v‡bj¸‡jv I
msev`cÎ| -In this respect/ in this regard, the internet, satellite channels and newspapers
play the most effective roles.
adverbial
G‡`i Kj¨v‡Y submg¯Í c„w_ex adverbialGKwU ‰ewk¦K MÖv‡g verbcwiYZ n‡q‡Q| -Because of their
blessing, the whole world has turned into a global village.
‡nvK †m adverbialc„w_exi AMg¨ cÖZ¨šÍ AÂjmg~n †hgb DËi I `wÿY †giæ, Mfxi k¦vc` m¼j AiY¨ †hgb
AvgvRb I Avwd«KvI ARvbv in‡m¨ †Niv HwZnvwmK NUbv †hgb wgk‡ii wcivwgW A_ev UvBUvwb‡Ki mwjj
mgvwa, †kl ch©šÍ submewKQzB adverbialAvgv‡`i Kv‡Q verbD‡b¥vwPZ nq| -At last everything is
unveiled to us, be it(‡nvK †m) the inaccessible regions of the world such as North Pole
and south Pole, deep forests infested with ferocious beasts such as Amazon and
Africa, historical events of unknown mystery such as Pyramids of Egypt or the
sinking of the Titanic.

33 Zg wewmGm- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK vocabulary:
ZrKvjxb ev½vjx mgvR- the then Bengali society Amv¤úª`vwqK- non-communal
weij- rare wZi¯‹vi- scolding Zvui mgKv‡j- during her time
mvwnZ¨ Kg©- literary work D`vi- liberal
A`g¨ mvnm- indomitable courage bvix wkÿv- female education
eyw×`xß- witty evwo evwo- from door to door
B¯úvZ-KwVb g‡bvej- iron-hard morale wcQz nUv- retreat

 Translate the Following Text into English:

sub
‡eMg †iv‡Kqv adverbialZvui mvwnZ¨ Kg© iPbvi Rb¨ adverbialZrKvjxb ev½vjx mgv‡R to + verb cwiwPwZ
ARb© Ki‡Z verb mÿg n‡qwQ‡jb| -Begum Rokeya was able to achieve an identity in the
then Bengali society for literary works.
adverbial
Zvui mgKv‡j adverbial ïay bvix mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ bq, adverbial A‡bK cÖwZwôZ cyiæl †jLK‡`i g‡a¨I
adverbial
†iv‡Kqvi b¨vq sub eyw×`xß, Amv¤úª`vwqK I D`vi †jLK wQ‡jb weij| -During her time, a
witty, non-communal and liberal writer like Rokeya was rare not only among the
women folk but also among many established male writers.
sub adverbial
†iv‡Kqv evwo evwo verb Nyi‡Zb Ges adverbial bvix wkÿvi Zvrch© m¤ú‡K© object AwffveK‡`i
causative verb
eySv‡Zb| -She used to move from door to door and make the guardians
understand the importance of female education.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 286 ~
G Rb¨ sub Zuv‡K objectA‡bK mgv‡jvPbv, wZi¯‹vi verb
mn¨ Ki‡Z n‡qwQj| -For this, she had to
tolerate a lot of criticism and scolding.
wKš‘ adverbialA`g¨ mvnm I B¯úvZ-KwVb g‡bve‡ji Rb¨ sub wZwb KLbI verb wcQz n‡Ubwb| -But due to
her indomitable courage and iron-hard morale, she never retreated.

32 Zg wewmGm- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
weï× cvwbq R‡ji e¨e¯’v- RxevYy- germ
supply of pure drinking water
cvwbevwnZ †iv‡Mi- waterborne disease MÖvgevmx- villager
‡Lvjv b`©gvi gZ †K¬`v³- ¯œvb Kiv- bathe
as muddy as an open drain
gqjv Kvco-‡Pvco- dirty clothes K~c- well

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwaKvsk †jv‡Ki Rb¨ weï× cvwbq subR‡ji e¨e¯’v bv _vKvq subZvnv‡`i †Kvb
wbivcËv bvB| -As there is no supply of pure drinking water for most of the people of
our country, they have no safety.
KviY subZvnv‡`i AwaKvskB adverbialMÖv‡g verbevm K‡i Ges mivmwi K~c, cyKzi I b`x nB‡Z objectcvwb
verb
msMÖn K‡i| -Because most of them live in villages and collect water from wells,
ponds and rivers.
sub
MÖvgevmxiv adverbialRxevYy m¤ú©‡K objectwKQzB verbRv‡b bv ewjqv adverbialK‡jiv, Avgvkq I Ab¨v‡bv
cvwbevwnZ †iv‡Mi verb wkKv‡i cwiYZ nq| -Since villagers know anything about germs, they
fall victim to cholera, dysentery and other waterborne diseases.
†h mKj subMÖvgevmx adverbialb`xi Zx‡i verbevm K‡i Zvnviv adverbialb`x‡Z †h †Kej verb¯œvb K‡i I
object
gqjv Kvco-‡Pvco verb†avq ZvnvB b‡n eis adverbial Bnvi g‡a¨ me objectiK‡gi AveR©bv I gqjv
verb
wb‡ÿc K‡i| -The villagers who live on the banks of the rivers not only bathe and
wash their dirty clothes in the rivers but also throw all sorts of waste and garbage into
them.
†kl ch©šÍ subb`x complementGKwU ‡Lvjv b`©gvi gZ †K¬`v³ verbn‡q D‡V| -Finally, the rivers become
as muddy as an open drain.
sub
GB cvwb †h complementmKj iKg gvivZ¥K RxevYy‡Z c~Y© Zvnv verb+ingbv RvwbqvB subZvnviv objectGB
`~wlZ cvwb verbcvb Kwiqv _v‡K| -They drink this polluted water without knowing that this
water is full of all kinds of fatal germs.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 287 ~
 31 Zg wewmGm- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK vocabulary:
cÖavbZg- one of the leading cÖ_g Rxe‡b- in his early life
mycwiwPZ- well known GKLvbv KweZvMÖš’- a book of poems
GKRb wewkó AbyivMx f³- hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b- epoch-making change
votary/ passionate fan m~Pbv Kiv- introduce

 Translate the Following Text into English:

sub
DBwjqvg IqvW©mIqv_© adverbialEbwesk kZ‡Ki complementBs‡iR †ivgvw›UK Kwe‡`i cÖavbZg| -
William Wordsworth is one of the leading romantic poets of the 18th century.
wZwb K¨vgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡q wkÿv jvf K‡ib| -He receives his education from Cambridge
University.
adverbial
cÖ_g Rxe‡b subwZwb complement divmx wecø‡ei GKRb wewkó AbyivMx f³ wQ‡jb| -In his
early life, he was votary of / passionate fan of the French Revolution.
sub
wZwb adverbial 1798 wLª÷v‡ã Zvi eÜz m¨vgy‡qj †UBji †Kvjwi‡Ri mv‡_ GK‡hv‡M object ÔwjwiK¨vj
evjvWRÕ bv‡g GKLvbv KweZvMÖš’ verbcÖKvk K‡ib| -He in collaboration with his friend Samuel
Taylor Coleridge publish a book of poems named ‘Lyrical Ballads’ in 1798.
sub
GwU adverbial Bs‡iwR KweZvi BwZnv‡m object hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©‡bi verb m~Pbv K‡i| -It introduces an
epoch-making change in the history of English poetry.
sub
IqvW©mIqv‡_©i cÖK…wZ welqK KweZvmg~n adverbialAvgv‡`i †`‡k complement mycwiwPZ| -The poems of
wordsworth related to nature are very well known in our country.
Ôw` †cÖwjDWÕ bv‡gi c‡`¨ iwPZ AvZ¥Rxebxi wZwb cÖ‡YZv| -He is the author of the autobiography
titled ‘The Prelude’ written in verse.
30 Zg wewmGm- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
i~c- form †meb- inhalation gy³- free
Avgiv bMievmxiv- we city dwellrs IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e- inseparably kªeY kw³- hearing
Awb`ªv- insomnia fvimvg¨ iÿvi ÿgZv- balancing power
kvixwiK I gvbwmK MVb- physical and mental growth
hvbevnbRwbZ cwi‡ek `~lY- vehicular environmental pollution
kã `~l‡Yi welqwU- The issue of sound pollution
 Translate the Following Text into English:
`~l‡Yi †h i~cwU †_‡K subAvgiv bMievmxiv †KD gy³ bB Zv verb n‡”Q complement evqy `~lY I kã `~lY| -
The form of pollution from which we city dwellers are not free is air pollution and
sound pollution.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 288 ~
verb
`~wlZ evqy †meb adverbial A‡bK ‡ewk msL¨K †ivMe¨vwai Rb¨ complement
`vqx| -The inhalation of
polluted air is responsible for many diseases.
adverbial
hvbevnbRwbZ cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi m‡½ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e passive verb Rwo‡q Av‡Q passive sub kã `~l‡Yi
welqwU| -The issue of sound pollution is inseparably connected with vehicular
environmental pollution.
sub
GwU objectwkky‡`i kvixwiK I gvbwmK MVb verb evavMÖ¯Í K‡i, verbKwg‡q †`q objectkªeY kw³| -It
hampers the physical and mental growth of children, decreases their hearing.
adverbial
Gi c‡ivÿ cÖfv‡e passive subZv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‹i fvimvg¨ iÿvi ÿgZvi passive verb¯’vqx ÿwZ nq| -
Because of its indirect effects, the balancing power of their brain is permanently
harmed/affected.
adverbial
cÖvßeq¯‹ bvMwi‡Ki Awb`ªv, weiw³, `ywðšÍv I ü`‡iv‡Mi †cQ‡b verbi‡q‡Q subkã `~l‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ
cÖfve| -The direct influence of sound pollution is behind insomnia, boredom, anxiety
and heart disease of the adult people.
wecyj Rb‡Mvôxi m‡PZbZv Ges miKvwi D‡`¨vM I myôy Z`viwK _vK‡j Avgv‡`i Avkvev`x n‡Z †`vl †bB| -
Ther is no fault in being hopeful for us if there are awareness of vast population and
the initiative of the government and proper super vision.
29 Zg wewmGm- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK vocabulary:
AdzišÍ m¤¢vebv- unlimited potential AvšÍwiK cÖ‡Póv- sincere effort
AbyK~j cwi‡ek- favourable environment agK ‡`Iqv- snub AwfcÖvq- desire
AbyK~j cwi‡ek- congenial environment myß cÖwZfv- latent talent

 Translate the Following Text into English:

cÖ‡Z¨K wkïi g‡a¨B wbwnZ i‡q‡Q AdzišÍ m¤¢vebv|
-There is an unlimited potential in every child.
GKwU wkïi g‡a¨ †h myß cÖwZfv, †gav verbi‡q‡Q Zv weKv‡ki Rb¨ subAbyK~j cwi‡ek complementAcwinvh©|
-A favourable environment is essential for the development of the latent talent and
merit which a child has inside itself.
A‡bK evev -gv i‡q‡Qb, hviv wkï‡`i cÖwZfv weKv‡ki Rb¨ AbyK~j cwi‡ek ‰Zwi Kivi wel‡q Av‡`Š m‡PZb
bb| -There are many parents who are not at all conscious of creating congenial
environment for developing the talent of their children.
adverbial
mvgvb¨ Kvi‡Y sub Avgiv objectwkï‡`i‡K verbagK w`‡q _vwK; GgbwK verb
cÖnviI K‡i _vwK| -We
snub and even beat children for some flimsy reason.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 289 ~
wKš‘ Avgiv wK KL‡bv †f‡e †`‡LwQ †h, GKwU wkï‡K Ah_v agK w`‡j ev cÖnvi Ki‡j Zvi KZ eo ÿwZ n‡q
_v‡K? -But have we ever thought how much harm is done to them if we snub or beat
them for nothing?
evev-gv‡qi AwfcÖvq Abyhvqx wkï‡`i‡K M‡o Zzj‡Z PvB‡j †QvU‡`i †QvU †QvU mgm¨v¸‡jv‡K mwVKfv‡e
wPwš’Z Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †mme mgm¨v `~i Kivi Rb¨ AvšÍwiKfv‡e cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡e| -If the parents
want to bring up their children according to their desire, they have to identify the
small problems of the children and continue their sincere efforts to solve those
problems.
sub
evev-gv‡K verb g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, ch©vß sub AbyK~j cwi‡ekB adverbial GKwU wkïi myß cÖwZfv weKv‡k
object
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb verb ivL‡Z cv‡i| -Parents have to keep in mind that only an adequate
and favourable environment can play a vital role in developing the latent talent of a
child.
28 Zg wewmGm- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK vocabulary:
AvBbvbyM e¨e¯’v- legal action B‡”Q Ki‡jB- at one’s sweet will
A¯^xKvi Kiv- deny `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb- conjugal life
I msmvi ag©- family life mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v- social systems
we‡qi mZ¨Zv- the fact of marriage AvBb m½Z Pzw³- a legal contract
 Translate the Following Text into English:
sub
weevn objectbvix‡`i mvgvwRK verbwbivcËv †`q| -Marriage ensures the social security of
women.
adverbial
wKš‘ mvgvwRK e¨e¯’vi Kvi‡Y subbvix objectZvi AwaKvi verbmsiÿY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| -But
because of social systems, a woman cannot preserve her rights.
sub
¯^vgx we‡qi ci adverbialB‡”Q Ki‡jB object¯¿x‡K verb†Q‡o P‡j hv‡”Q ev verb ZvjvK w`‡Z cvi‡Qb| -
After marriage a husband can leave or divorce his wife at his sweet will.
adverbial
Gme ‡ÿ‡Î A‡bK mgq subbvixiv objectAvBbvbyM e¨e¯’v verbMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv adverbial
cªgv‡Yi Afv‡e| -In these cases, women are not being able to take legal actions due to
lack of evidence.
adverbial
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î subcyiæl objectwe‡qi mZ¨Zv verbA¯^xKvi K‡i| -In many case, the male partner
denies the fact of marriage.
d‡j sub bvix adverbial AviI Amnvq Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ verb
cwZZ nq| -As a result, women falls in a
more helpless condition.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 290 ~

adverbial
G Ae¯’v †_‡K bvix‡`i mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ sub weevn †iwR‡÷ªkb object ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv verbcvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| -Registration of marriages can play an important role to help the women from
this situation.
sub
weevn adverbial bvix I cyiæ‡li GK‡Î emevm Kivi complement AvBb m½Z Pzw³; mvgwRK I ag©xq e¨e¯’v|
-Marriage is a legal contract between a man and a woman to live together; it is a
social and religious system.
`v¤úZ¨ Rxeb I msmvi ag©‡K mvwe©K to +verb myiÿv w`‡ZB passive sub weevn cÖ_vi passive verb m„wó n‡q‡Q| -
The custom of marriage has been created to protect the conjugal and family life
completely.
27 Zg wewmGm- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK vocabulary:
¯œvqy †`Še©j¨- nervous AvšÍwiK cÖZ¨q- earnest determination
gnvcyiæl‡`i Rxebx- the life story of great men
 Translate the Following Text into English:
Avg‡`i Rxe‡b Avgiv A‡bK wRwbm‡KB KwVb I Am¤¢e g‡b K‡i cwiZ¨vM Kwi| -In our life we avoid /
leave many things considering them difficult and impossible.
KL‡bv KL‡bv Avgiv wKQzUv mvnm cÖ`k©b K‡i †Kvb KvR Kwi| -Sometimes, we start working by
showing courage to some extent.
wKš‘ mvgvb¨Zg Amyweav Avgv‡`i ¯œvqy †`Še©j¨ G‡b †`q Ges Avgiv †m Ae¯’v‡ZB Zv cwiZ¨vM Kwi| -But a
little bit difficulty makes us nervous and in that situation we leave it.
gnvcyiæl‡`i Rxebx Avgv‡`i‡K GB wkÿvB †`q †h, c„w_ex‡Z Am¤¢e ej‡Z wKQzB ‡bB| -The life story of
great men teaches us that there is nothing called impossible in the world.
‡b‡cvwjqvb Ggb K_vI e‡j‡Qb †h, Am¤¢e K_vwU Zvi Awfav‡b †bB| -Even Nepolean has said that
the term ‘impossible’ is not in his dictionary.
GUv mZ¨ †h, GgbwK †h KvR‡K AvcvZfv‡e Am¤¢e e‡j g‡b n‡”Q Zv `„p I AvšÍwiK cÖZ¨q Øviv Kiv hvq| -
Even it is true that the work which seems to impossible can be done with firm and
earnest determination.
SI-cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2017- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK vocabulary:
c~e©kZ©- precondition A½xKvive×- committed †mZzeÜb- chain
RbevÜe- public friendly Aciva `g‡b- in curbing crimes
AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ- †ckv`vwiZ¡ I mybv‡gi m¦vÿi ivLv- keep the
law and order situation sign of professionalism and goodwill
Af¨šÍixY kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv- internal peace and discipline
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 291 ~
 Translate the Following Text into English:
GKwU †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© n‡jv †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv| -One of the preconditions
of a country’s development is its internal peace and discipline.
sub
evsjv‡`k cywjk adverbial†`‡ki AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ verb +ing¯^vfvweK †i‡L adverbial †`‡ki Dbœqb I
AMÖMwZ‡Z verbKvR Ki‡Q| -Keeping the law and order situation normal, Bangladesh police
are working in the development and progress of the country.
passive sub
we‡`kxiv adverbial Avgv‡`i †`‡k adverbial wewb‡qv‡M passive verb
AvK…ó n‡”Q| -Foreigners are
being attracted in investing in our country.
adverbial
‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY wbivcËv weav‡bi cvkvcvwk adverbial RvwZmsN kvwšÍiÿv wgk‡b subevsjv‡`k cywjk
object
†ckv`vwiZ¡ I mybv‡gi m¦vÿi verbivL‡Q| - Bangladesh police are keeping the sign of
professionalism and goodwill in UN peace keeping mission along with ensuring
internal security of the country.
sub
bvix cywjk m`m¨MYI adverbial kvwšÍiÿv wgk‡b mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ object ØvwqZ¡ verb cvjb Ki‡Q| -The
female police members are also playing roles in peace keeping missions with success.
adverbial
KwgDwbwU cywjwks Gi gva¨‡g adverbial RbM‡Yi mv‡_ cywj‡ki passive sub †mZzeÜb passive verb m„wó
n‡q‡Q| -Through community policing a chain between public and the police has been
created.
adverbial
Aciva `g‡b subcywjk I RbMY adverbial GKmv‡_ verb
KvR Ki‡Q| -The Police and the
public are working together in curbing crimes.
adverbial
cywj‡ki mKj Kv‡R subcÖhwy ³i e¨envi object cÖwZôvbwU‡K adverbial Av‡iv RbevÜe verb K‡i
Zz‡j‡Q| -The use of technology in all activities of the police has made the institution
more public friendly.
sub
evsjv‡`k cywjk adverbial eZ©gv‡b ¯’vbxq I AvšÍR©vwZK †h †Kvb P¨v‡jÄ to +verb †gvKvwejvq adj
[complement]
mÿg| -At present, Bangladesh police are able to face any national or
international challenges,.
adverbial
RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨vkv c~i‡Y adj [complement] A½xKvive× AvR subevsjv‡`k cywjk| -At present,
Bangladesh police are committed to fulfilling the expectation of the public.
SI-cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2015- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
mviv we‡k¦B- all over the world gvP© gvm Ry‡oB- throughout March
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e- formally kÖgRxex bvix- working women
Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AR©b- socio- economic and political achievements
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 292 ~
 Translate the Following Text into English:
adverbial
mviv we‡k¦B cÖwZ eQi 8 gvP© passive sub AvšÍR©vwZK bvix w`em passive verb cvwjZ nq| -Each year
International Women’s Day (IWD) is celebrated on March 8 all over the world.
bvix‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AR©b wPwýZ Ki‡Z ïay GB w`‡bB passive sub kZvwaK Kvh©µg passive
verb
M„nxZ nq bv eis mviv gvP© gvm Ry‡oB Pj‡Z _v‡K|
-To mark the socio- economic and political achievements of women, more than
hundreds of events are taken up not just on this day but also throughout March.
adverbial
1908 mvj †_‡K passive sub AvBWweøDwW-i Abyf~wZ adverbial m¤§v‡bi mv‡_ passive verb †`Lv n‡”Q| -
The sentiment of IWD has been honoured since 1908.
wKš‘ passive sub GwU adverbial AvbyôvwbKfv‡e passive verb cÖwZwôZ nqwb hZÿY bv adverbial 1910 mv‡j
†Kv‡cb‡n‡M‡b kÖgRxex bvix‡`i m‡¤§j‡b passive sub G wm×všÍ passive verb M„nxZ nq| -But it wasn’t
formally established until this decision had been made at the 1910 International
Conference of working women in Copenhagen.
SI-cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2012- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK vocabulary:
Av`gïgvix- population census mvÿiZvi nvi- the rate of literacy
mxwgZ m¤ú`- limited wealth †gvU RbmsL¨v- total population
ZvQvov- besides

 Translate the Following Text into English:

sub
wkwÿZ RbmsL¨v [complement] †`‡ki m¤ú`| -An educated population is an asset to a
country.
2001 mv‡ji Av`gïgvix Abyhvqx G †`‡ki mvÿiZvi nvi 45.3%, hv †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi A‡a©‡Ki Kg|
-According to the population census of 2001, the rate of literacy of this country is
45.3%, which is less than half of the total population.
sub
RbmsL¨vi `ªæZ e„w× G Ae¯’vi Rb¨ complementcÖavbZ `vqx| -Rapid increase of population is
mainly responsible for this situation.
‡`‡ki mxwgZ m¤ú` w`‡q mK‡ji Rb¨ wkÿvi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv KwVb| -It is difficult to create the
opportunity of education for all with limited wealth of the country.
adverbial
ZvQvov `vwi‡`ªi Kvi‡Y subA‡bK AwffveK object †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i adverbial we`¨vj‡q verbcvVv‡Z cv‡ib
bv| -Besides, many guardians cannot send their children to school owing to poverty.
d‡j passive sub A‡bK wkï -wK‡kvi adverbialwkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM †_‡K passive verb ewÂZ nq| -As a result,
many children and youth are deprived of the opportunity of receiving education.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 293 ~
 SI-cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2010- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
¯§iYxq w`b- memorable day me©¯Í‡i- everywhere/ in every sphere
bwRi- example/ precedent fvlvi Rb¨- for the sake of language
‡KejgvÎ ZLbB- Only then h_v‡hvM¨ m¤§vb- due honour
 Translate the Following Text into English:
sub
GKz‡k †d«eªæqvix adverbialAvgv‡`i RvZxq BwZnv‡mi [complement]GKwU ¯§iYxq w`b| -21st February is
a memorable day/ red letter day in our national history.
adverbial
H w`b subA‡bK evOvwj adverbialgvZ…fvlvi Rb¨ Rxeb verbDrmM© K‡iwQ‡jb| -That day many
Bangalees sacrificed their life for their mother tongue.
object
‡mB knx`‡`i subAvgiv adverbial
cÖwZ eQi verb
¯§iY Kwi| -We remember the martyrs every
year.
sub
Zv‡`i ¯^cœ wQj complement] gnr| -Their vision/ dream was great.
eZ©gv‡b subGKz‡k †deªæqvwi adverbial AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`e‡mi objectgh©v`v verb †c‡q‡Q| -At present,
21st February has achieved the dignity of International Mother Language Day.
fvlvi Rb¨ Rxeb DrmM© K‡i‡Q Ggb bwRi c„w_ex‡Z Avi †bB| -There is no such example/
precedent of sacrificing life for the sake of language in the world.
sub
Avgv‡`i DwPr object gvZ…fvlv adverbial me©¯Í‡i verb
e¨envi Kiv| -We should use mother
language everywhere/ at all levels.
adverbial
‡KejgvÎ ZLbB adverbialknx`‡`i cÖwZ passive sub h_v‡hvM¨ m¤§vb passive verb
†`Lv‡bv n‡e| -Only
then due honour will be shown to the martyrs.

SI-cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2009- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
Pzwi-WvKvwZ-wQbZvB- theft-robbery-hijacking gnvbMi¸wj‡Z- in the metropolitan cities
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ‡ewk- comparatively much wbqš¿‡Yi evwn‡i Pwjqv hvIqv- go beyond control
cvi cvIqv- escape cywj‡ki bRi`vwi- supervision of the police
miKv‡ii `„pZv- the strictness of the government QzwUqv Avmv- rush

 Translate the Following Text into English:

sub
Aciva adverbial we‡k¦ cÖvq me †`‡kB verbAv‡Q| -Crime exists almost in every country of the
world.
Pzwi-WvKvwZ-wQbZvB we‡`‡kI nq| -Theft-robbery-hijacking take place even in foreign
countries as well.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 294 ~
adverbial
we‡k¦i me©ÎB adverbialgnvbMi¸wj‡Z subAciv‡ai gvÎvI complement Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ‡ewk| -The
rate of crimes is comparatively much in the metropolitan cities throughout the world.
Bnvi ciI adverbial †mBme †`‡k subAvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ adverbialKLbB verbwbqš¿‡Yi evwn‡i Pwjqv hvB‡Z
cv‡i bv| -In spite of it, the law and order situation of those countries can never go
beyond control.
KviY †mLv‡b verb+ ing Aciva Kwiqv to + verb
cvi cvIqv KwVb| -Because it is difficult to escape
committing crime there.
object
cywj‡ki bRi`vwi, object †bUIqvK© I adverbialAciva `g‡b object miKv‡ii `„pZv‡K sub Acivaxiv
verb
fq cvq| -The criminals fear the supervision of the police, network and the
strictness of the government in curbing crime.
sub
‡Kn wec‡` verbcov gvÎB adverbial †mBLv‡b sub
cywjk verb QzwUqv Av‡m| -As soon as anyone falls
in danger, the police rush there.
SI-cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2008- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK vocabulary:
Avmb msL¨v- Seat capacity P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ- final decision D‡`¨vM- initiative

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
‡`‡ki K‡qKwU cvewjK wek¦we`¨vj‡q passive subAvmb msL¨v passive verb evov‡bv n‡”Q| -Seat
capacity is being extended in some public universities of the country.
D”P gva¨wgK cv‡mi nvi e„w× Ges Avmb msKU verb+ ing we‡ePbv K‡i subcvewjK wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv Avmb
msL¨v e„w×i wel‡q verbD‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| -Considering the increasing passing/pass rate in
Higher Secondary examination and the limitation of seat capacity, the public
universities take the initiative to increase the seat capacity.
sub
wek¦we`¨vjq gÄywi Kwgkb (BDwRwm) objectwewfbœ cvewjK wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kv‡Q Avmb msL¨v e„w×i Aby‡iva
Rvbv‡j subwek¦we`¨vjq KZ©„cÿ G wel‡q wm×všÍ verb MÖnY K‡i| -The university authority takes this
decision since University Grant Commission (UGC) has requested public universities
for increasing seat capacity.
sub
PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb wek¦we`¨vjq GL‡bv object †Kvb P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ verb †bqwb| -No
other universities except Chittagong University has taken the final decision.
extension
AeKvVv‡gv myweav Av‡Q Ggb wefv‡M 10 fvM Avmb evov‡bv object D‡`¨vM verbwb‡q‡Q sub PÆMÖvg
wek¦we`¨vjq| -Chittagong University has taken the initiative to extend 10 percent seat
capacity in those departments which have infrastructural capacity.
Z‡e adverbial XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q passive sub Avmb passive verb evov‡bv n‡”Q bv| -But seat capacity is
not being increased in Dhaka University.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 295 ~
adverbial
MZKvj kwbevi AbywôZ fwZ© KwgwUi mfv †_‡K passive sub G wm×všÍ passive verb†bqv nq| -This
decision is taken in the admission committee’s meeting held on Saturday last.
SI-cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2006- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
A_©Kvix dmj- cash crop cwi‡ek evÜe- environment friendly
aviv- trend ‡mvbvjx Avu‡ki ‡mvbvjx AZxZ
Ae¨vnZ _vKv- continue -the past glory of the golden fibre
gy‡L nvwm †dvUv‡bv- bring smiles on the faces
 Translate the Following Text into English:
object
‡mvbvjx Avu‡ki ‡mvbvjx AZxZ subK„lK cÖvq verbfzj‡ZB e‡m‡Q|-The farmers are about to
forget the past glory of the golden fibre.
adverbial
weMZ GK `kK subGB A_©Kvix dmjwU objectK…lK‡K †Zgb †Kvb gybvdv verb w`‡Z cviwQj bv| -
This cash crop was not being able to give so much profit to the farmers in the last one
decade.
adverbial
wKš‘ m¤úªwZ cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ÿwZKi cwjw_‡bi e¨envi I Drcv`b eÜ Kivq adverbial nVvr K‡iB
verb
†e‡o hvq sub cv‡Ui Pvwn`v| -But recently due to the banning of uses and production of
polythene harmful for environment, the demand of jute has suddenly increased.
sub
cwi‡ek evÜe cvU Avevi adverbial K…l‡Ki gy‡L verb nvwm †dvUv‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| - Environment
friendly jute has again brought smiles on the faces of the farmers.
G aviv Ae¨vnZ _vK‡j cvU Avevi A_©Kvix dmj wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q DV‡e| -If this trend continues,
jute will again become important as a cash crop.
SI-cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2004- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
e¨emv cwiPvjbv Kiv- run business GK AZ¨vek¨Kxq wRwbm- an essential part
`vev †Ljv- play chess `ªæZZg Kw¤úDUvi- The fastest computer
m½xZ iPbv Kiv- compose music jÿ jÿ mgm¨v- millions of problems
 Translate the Following Text into English:
Kw¤úDUvi AvaywbK weÁv‡bi †kÖô Avwe®‹v‡ii GKwU -Computer is one of the greatest inventions
of modern science.
eZ©gv‡b Bnv AvaywbK Rxe‡bi GK AZ¨vek¨Kxq wRwb‡m cwiYZ n‡q‡Q -It has now become an
essential part of modern life.
hv nvRvi gvby‡li Ki‡Z `xN© mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq Kw¤úDUvi Zv mswÿß mg‡qi g‡a¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i -In a
short time, a computer can perform the things for which thousands of people need a
long time.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 296 ~
sub
`ªæZZg Kw¤úDUvi adverbial K‡qK b¨v‡bv ‡m‡Ûi g‡a¨ objectjÿ jÿ mgm¨vi verb mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| -
The fastest computer can solve millions of problems within a few nano seconds.
sub
Bnv objecte¨emv verbcwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i, verb`vev †Lj‡Z cv‡i, GKvKx verbm½xZ iPbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| -It
can run business, play chess and even compose music itself.
sub
Kw¤úDUvi adverbialgvby‡li Rxe‡b objectGK ˆecøweK verb
cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| - Computer has brought
a revolutionary change in human life.
wKš‘ Avgv‡`i subKw¤úDUvi wkÿvi my‡hvM complementmxwgZ| -But we have a limited opportunity of
computer education.
d‡j passive sub
bvbv RwUjZvi passive verb m„wó n‡”Q- adverbial cÖK…Z wkÿvi gva¨‡g passive sub GB mgm¨v
passive verb
`~i Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| -As a result, different difficulties are being created - these
problems need to be removed by proper education.
SI-cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2002- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
eo mgm¨v- a major problem RoZv- inertia Awfm¤úvZ Kiv- curse
kªgwegyLZv- laziness/ idleness ‡kvPbxq Ae¯’v- this miserable condition
wbg©vZv- architect jvfRbK e¨emv- profitable business
wPim½x- constant companion nv-ûZvk Kiv- repent
 Translate the Following Text into English:
adverbial
Avgv‡`i †`‡k sub`vwi`ª¨ GKwU complementeo mgm¨v| -Poverty is a major problem in our
country.
wKš‘ passive subGB ‡kvPbxq Ae¯’v †h Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ØvivB passive verb m„ó Zvnv subAvgiv cÖvq verbeywS‡ZB
cvwi bv| -But we cannot perceive that this miserable condition is created by ourselves.
sub
A‡b‡K adverbialKwVb cwikÖg Ges jvfRbK e¨emvi Øviv wb‡R‡`i Ae¯’vi to +verb DbœwZ Kivi verb †Póv
K‡i bv| -Many do not try to improve their condition by hard labour and profitable
business.
sub
Zvnviv adverbial wb‡R‡`i `yie¯’vi Rb¨ †Kej verbnv-ûZvk K‡i Ges object fvM¨‡K verb Awfm¤úvZ K‡i|
-They only repent of their miserable condition and curse their fate.
object passive verb
GB RoZv Ges kªgwegyLZv Svwoqv †dwj‡Z nB‡e| -This inertia and idleness have
to be given up/ shed.
gvbyl wb‡RB wb‡Ri fvM¨ wbg©vZv- GB gnvRb evK¨ ¯§iY Kwiqv `„p c`‡ÿ‡c Rxeb c‡_ AMÖmi nB‡j `vwi`ª¨
I `ytL `~i nB‡e Ges myL I kvwšÍ Avgv‡`i wPim½x nB‡e|
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 297 ~
-If we firmly proceed on the way of life remembering the virtuous saying- Man is the
architect of his own life, poverty and misery will be removed and happiness and
peace will be our constant companion.
SI-cywjk mve-B݇c±i wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2000- (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
¸wj el©Y ïiæ Kiv- begin to fire e¨vcK AvµgY
cÖwZnZ Kiv- defend -intensive/massive attack
kvnv`vZ eiY Kiv- embrace martyrdom ga¨ iv‡Z- in the mid-night of
cÖwZ‡iva hy‡× AeZxY© nIqv- appear/ †ec‡ivqv ¸wj-
participate in a defensive war indiscriminate/reckless firing
]

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© ga¨ iv‡Z cvwK¯Ívbx †mbvevwnbx KZ©„K passive sub ivRvievM cywjk jvBb passive
verb
AvµvšÍ nq| -Rajarbagh police line is attacked by the Pakistan Army in the mid-
night of 25 March, 1971.
sub
cywjk evwnbxi m`m¨MY Zv to + verb cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ adverbial cÖwZ‡iva hy‡× verbAeZxY© nb| -
Members of the police force appear in a defensive war to defend the aggression/that.
adverbial
GB e¨vcK Avµg‡b subcvK †mbviv adverbial cÖ_‡g verb_g‡K †M‡jI adverbial cieZ©x‡Z U¨vsK, gU©vi
Ges †nfx ‡gwkbMvb w`‡q verb ¸wj el©Y ïiæ K‡i| -
Though the Pak Army stop at the beginning at this intensive/massive attack,
afterwards they begin to fire with Tanks, Mortar and heavy Machine-guns.
adverbial
cvK evwnbxi ¸wj‡Z adverbial †K›`ªxq wiRvf© †dv‡m©i PviwU e¨viv‡K sub
Av¸b verb
a‡i hvq| -Fire
broke out in the four barracks of the central reserve force.
sub
cywjk m`m¨MY adverbial †ec‡ivqv ¸wj †_‡K to + verb iÿv cvIqvi Rb¨ to + verb †QvUQzwU verb ïiæ
K‡ib| -Members of the police force began to run to and fro in order to get rid of
indiscriminate/reckless firing.
adverbial
‡m mg‡q subcvK evwnbxi U¨vsK eni adverbial cywjk jvB‡bi c¨v‡iW MÖvD‡Û verbcÖ‡ek K‡i| -
Tanks of the Pak Army entered the police line parade ground at the meantime.
adverbial
cvK evwnbxi weiæ‡× adverbial GB hy‡× sub A‡bK cywjk m`m¨ verb kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib| -Many
police members embrace martyrdom in this battle against Pak Army.

ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ0000000ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 298 ~

 weMZ mv‡ji e¨vsK wb‡qvM cixÿvq Avmv Abyev`-
[Bangladesh Bank (AD) -2017] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
GKwU e„nËg Ask- a major part of MwZgq n‡q DVv- gain momentum
wkÿvMZ cwieZ©b cÖwµqv- cÖ‡qvMev`x wkÿv- `vk©wbK-
educational changing process pragmatist education philosopher
wkÿv DcKiY- reading material AvaywbK c×wZZË¡- modern methodology
cÖwZwU ch©v‡q- in every sphere iv‡óªi wbqš¿Yvaxb- under the control of the state
wkÿvbxwZ- education policy wbiwew”Qbœ- uninterrupted
wfwËnxb cÖwµqv- unfounded mgvR kw³i KZ©„Z¡- the dominance of social power
/baseless device/process
cwieZ©bkxj- changeable mvgvwRK cUf~wg- social background/context
cybM©Vb Kiv- reconstruct

 Translate into English:

adverbial
AvaywbK we‡k¦ sub wkÿvMZ cwieZ©b cÖwµqv adverbial bvbv Kvi‡Y verb MwZgq n‡q D‡V‡Q| -In the
modern world, educational changing process has gained momentum due to many
reasons.
†hvMv‡hvM I Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi sub bZzb bZzb gva¨g, AvaywbK c×wZZË¡, me©vaywbK wkÿv DcKiY I wkÿv
adverbial
mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU chv©‡q `ªæZ cwieZ©b to+verb Avb‡Z verb mÿg n‡q‡Q| -New technological
medium of communication, modern methodology, highly modern reading materials
and education have been able to bring about changes in every sphere of the society.
wkÿv n‡jv GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwµqv- †h cÖwµqvi Øviv passive sub mgvR kw³i KZ©„Z¡ passive verb e¨³ nq| -
Education is a social process by which the dominance of social power is expressed.
Adverbial
Avgv‡`i mgv‡R subGB kw³ object ivóª‡KI verb
cÖfvweZ K‡i| -This power also influences
the state in our society.
Avevi G‡`‡ki wkÿvi subGKwU e„nËg Ask iv‡óªi wbqš¿Yvaxb cwiPvwjZ| -And a major part of the
education system of this country is under the control of the state.
ZvB sub miKvi †h wkÿvbxwZ verb avh© K‡ib †mB bxwZ ¯^vfvweKfv‡e object mgvR e¨e¯’vi iæcvšÍi to+verb
NUv‡Z verbmÿg nq| -So the education policy which the government takes is able to bring
about changes in the social systems normally.
Adverbial
mvgvwRK cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e mgvR cwieZ©‡b object wkÿvi f~wgKvi ¯^xK…wZ sub
Avgiv
Adverbial verb
Av‡gwiKvb cÖ‡qvMev`x wkÿv -`vk©wbK Rb wWDB‡qi Av‡jvPbv‡ZI jÿ Kwi| -We also notice
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 299 ~
the recognition of the roles of education in social change as a social process in the
discussion /theory of American pragmatist education philosopher, John Dwe
wZwb e‡jb, wkÿv ïay GKwU wfwËnxb cÖwµqv bq, GwU mvgvwRK cÖwµqv| -He says, education is not
merely a unfounded /baseless device/process; rather it is a social process.
cÖwµqv n‡jv GKwU Avw` AšÍnxb MwZ| -Process is a limitless speed .
GB MwZ wbiwew”Qbœ,m`v cwieZ©bkxj| -This speed is uninterrupted and always changeable.
wkÿv ‡Kvb K…wÎg MwZ bq| -Education is not an artificial motion
GwU gvbe Rxe‡bi ¯^vfvweK MwZ -cÖwµqv| -It is a normal process of speed in human life
Adverbial
GB cÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨ mvgvwRK cUf~wgKvq sub gvbyl object Zvi Rxeb‡K verb cybM©Vb K‡i| -
Through this process /with the help of this process, man reconstructs his life in this
social background.

[Bangladesh Krishi Bank (SO)-2017] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
FY RvwjqvwZ- credit forgery FY Ae‡jvcb- writing off loans
weivR Kiv- prevail Akwb ms‡KZ- ominous signal
cyb:ZcwmjK…Z FY- Rescheduled loans Avwe©f~Z nIqv- emerge / appear
eQi e¨vwc- throughout the year AvgvbZ- deposit
mxgvnxb `yb©xwZ- infinite/boundless/unbounded corruption
†Ljvwc F†Yi †evSv- burden of defaulted loan
wek„•Lj Ae¯’v- haphazard / anarchic situation
e¨qe„w×i Pv‡ci AvwaK¨- excessive pressure of increased cost
jvMvgnxb `yb©xwZ- uncontrolled/unbridled corruption
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡`i Mjvi dvum- a noose for the entrepreneurs

 Translate into English:

Adverbial
mxgvnxb `yb©xwZ, FY RvwjqvwZ, †Ljvwc F†Yi †evSv m‡e©vcwi FY Ae‡jvc‡bi Kvi‡Y Adverbial
†`‡ki e¨vswKs Lv‡Z sub GK wek„•Lj Ae¯’v verb weivR Ki‡Q| -Due to infinite/ boundless/
unbounded corruption, credit forgery, burden of defaulted loan and writing off loans,
a haphazard/ anarchic situation prevails in the banking sector of the country.
A_ev- A haphazard/ anarchic situation prevails in the banking sector of the country
due to infinite/ boundless/unbounded corruption, credit forgery, burden of defaulted
loan and writing off loans.
passive sub
cyb:ZcwmjK…Z FY Avev‡iv passive verb †Ljvwc n‡”Q| -Rescheduled loans are also being
defaulted.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 300 ~
GwU e¨vswKs Lv‡Zi Rb¨ Akwb ms‡KZ| -It is an ominious signal for the banking sector.
Adverbial
AvgvbZ msMÖ‡n e¨qe„w×i Pv‡ci AvwaK¨ I jvMvgnxb `yb©xwZi Kvi‡Y sub e¨vsK ¸‡jv Adverbialmy‡`i
D”P nvi †_‡K verb†ewi‡q Avm‡Z cvi‡Q bv| -The banks cannot come out from the high interest
rate due to excessive pressure of increased cost in collecting deposits and
uncontrolled/ unbridled corruption.
Adverbial
eQi e¨vwc sub D”P my‡`i nvi Adverbial wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡`i Mjvi dvum wn‡m‡e verb Avwe©f~Z n‡q‡Q| -
The high rate of interest has emerged / appeared as a noose for the entrepreneurs
throughout the year.

[Bangladesh Bank Cash -2017] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
me‡P‡q wcÖq- dearest me‡P‡q Avcb- closest g‡bvfve- feelings gvsm- flesh
g¾vq- marrow ¯^v”Q›`¨- comfort cwic~Y© Avb›`- Complete pleasure
wbR¯^ GKUv ˆewkó¨- a distinctive me‡P‡q †ewk- most suitable
characteristic Avb›` cvIqv- derive pleasure
m‡e©v‡Ëvg evnb- the best means/vehicle GKwU AvwZ¥K m¤c©K- a soul relation

 Translate into English:

gvZ…fvlv gvby‡li me‡P‡q wcÖq Ges Zv g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk Dc‡hvMx| -Mother tongue is
the dearest to man and it is the most suitable means of expressing feelings.
Ab¨ †Kvb fvlvq g‡bvfve VerbcÖKvk K‡i passive subcwic~Y© Avb›` passive subcvIqv hvq bv| -Complete
pleasure is not derived expressing feelings in other languages.
Adverbial
c„w_ex‡Z g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ passive sub AmsL¨ fvlvi passive verb m„wó n‡q‡Q| -
Innumerable languages have been created to express feelings in the world.
sub
cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZi gvZ…fvlvi wbR¯^ GKUv ˆewkó¨ verb Av‡Q Ges gvZ…fvlvi m‡½ Ggb GKwU AvwZ¥K m¤cK©
verb
_v‡K †h, sub ‡mB fvlvB AdverbialZvi g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki m‡e©v‡Ëvg evnb wn‡m‡e passive verb we‡ewPZ nq|
-Every nation has a distinctive characteristic of their mother tongue and has a soul
relation with the language which is considered as the best means/vehicle of
expressing their feelings.
sub passive
we‡`kx fvlv K‡ó passive verb AvqË Kiv †M‡jI passive sub Zvi gg© h_v_© passive verb Dcjwä Kiv
hvq bv Ges Zv‡Z g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki h‡_ó AšÍivq _v‡K|
-Though foreign languages are mastered with difficulty, their inner meanings are not
understood / cannot be understood properly and there remain/ lie/ are obstacles in
expressing feelings.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 301 ~
Adverbial
ZvB c„w_ex‡Z AmsL¨ fvlvi g‡a¨ subgvZ…fvlvB complement me‡P‡q Avcb Ges g‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki
complement
†kÖô cš’v| -So of the various/ innumerable languages in the world, mother
language /tongue is the closest and the best medium of conveying thoughts.
evOvwj‡`i Kv‡Q subevsjv fvlvB complementg‡bvfve cÖKv‡ki †kÖô gva¨g| -It is the Bangla language
which is the best means of expressing ideas for the Bengalese.
KviY GwU evOvwji gvZ…fvlv| -Because it is the mother tongue of the Bangalees.
Adverbial
evOvwji i‡³ gvs‡m g¾vq sub evsjv fvlv passive verb wg‡k Av‡Q| -The Bangla language is
mixed in the blood, flesh and marrow of the Bangalees.
sub
evOvwjiv object cifvlv verbPP©v K‡i e‡U, Adverbial wKš‘ evsjv‡Z subZvi hZ ¯^v”Q›`¨| -The
Bangalees study the language of other peoples /foreign languages but their all comfort
is /lies in Bangla/ in using Bangla.
[South East Bank (AO) - 2017] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
D‡jøL‡hvM¨- Remarkable A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×- economic growth
KvQvKvwQ- around A`ÿ e¨e¯’vcbv-
mgq Ávb- time sense unskilled management
Akwb ms‡KZ- Kg© cwi‡e‡ki wbivcËv- security of
ominous sign/ signal the working environment
 Translate into English:
a) Adverbialevsjv‡`‡k ˆZwi †cvkvK KviLvbvi AdverbialKg© cwi‡e‡ki wbivcËvq passive sub D‡jøL†hvM¨
passive verb
AMªMwZ n‡q‡Q| -Remarkable progress has been made in the security of the
working environment of the ready-made garments factories in Bangladesh.
b) Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwaKvsk ‡jv‡Ki mgq Ávb bvB| -Most of the people of our country has no
time sense.
c) AdverbialMZ K‡qK eQi a‡i evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY subA_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× 7 kZvs‡ki KvQvKvwQ verbAv‡Q| -
The internal economic growth of Bangladesh has been around 7 per cent over the
last few years.
d) evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z GLb subA‡bK †`kB AvMÖnx n‡e| -Many a country will be interested
to invest in Bangladesh
e) mykvm‡bi Afve, A`ÿ e¨e¯’vcbv Ges †Ljvwc F‡Yi e„w× e¨vswKs Lv‡Zi Rb¨ GLb Akwb ms‡KZ| -
Lack of good governance, unskilled management and the rise of default loans are an
ominous sign for the banking sector now.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 302 ~
 [South East Bank (T C O) - 2017] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the Following Text into English:
Avwg cv‡q ‡nu‡U cixÿv w`‡Z G‡mwQ| -I have come to sit for / appear at the exam on foot.
Zzwg wK Kvj ¯‹z‡j wMqv‡Qv? -Did you go to school yesterday?
Avwg Pv‡qi †P‡q Kwd cQ›` Kwi| -I prefer tea to coffee.
mKvj 7.00 NwUKv †_‡K e„wó n‡”Q| -It has been raining since 7.oo a.m.
hw` Avwg Kwe nZvg Zvn‡j my›`i my›`i KweZv wjLZvg| -If I were a poet, I would write
beautiful/ nice poems.
[Modhumoti Bank (PO)-2017] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
bZzb cÖZ¨q- new determination AmvaviY- outstanding
me©RwbbZv- universality el©cywÄi- calendar
cÖPwjZ- existing †Kvb bv ‡Kvb- somehow or other
m~PxZ- introduced LvRbv msMÖn- tax collection
†K›`ª K‡i- centering round we`vq Rvbv‡bv/ †`Iqv- Say goodbye to
K…wlKvR- agricultural activities ag©xq Abym½- religious correlation
nvjLvZv- new account book †`bv- cvIbvi wnmve †gUv‡bv- dispose arrears
RxY©-cy‡iv‡bv- dilapidated and outdated things DrcwË- origin
evsjvi N‡i N‡i- preposition +every house of Bangla
ag©- m¤úª`vq wbwe©‡k‡l- irrespective of castes and creeds
evOvwji AvZ¥cwiP‡qi Av‡›`vjb msMÖvg- the movement of Bangalees’ self
revelation/ identity

 Translate into English:

RxY©-cy‡iv‡bv‡K verb +ing we`vq Rvwb‡q Adverbial evsjvi N‡i N‡i subevsjv beel© verb Av‡m AdverbialbZzb
Avkv, bZzb ¯^cœ, bZzb cÖZ¨q wb‡q| -Saying goodbye to the dilapidated and outdated things,
the Bangla New Year comes to every house of Bangla with new hopes, new dreams
and new determination.
G Drm‡ei me©RwbbZv AmvaviY| -The universality of this occasion is outstanding.
c„w_ex‡Z cÖPwjZ AwaKvsk el©cywÄi DrcwË †Kvb bv ‡Kvb a‡g©i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z, wKš‘ evsjv bee‡l©i mv‡_ †Kvb
ag©xq Abym½ †bB| -The origin of most of the calendars existing in the world is related to
religions somehow or other but Bangla New Year has no correlation with any
religion.
K…wlKvR I LvRbv msMÖ‡ni e¨e¯’v‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Gi cÖPjb| -It is introduced centering round
agricultural activities and tax collection.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 303 ~
c‡i passive verb hy³ nq Adverbial e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i †`bv- cvIbvi passive sub wnmve †gUv‡bv ev nvjLvZvi
welq| -Afterwards disposing arrears of business or opening new account books is
added to it.
GLb c‡njv ˆekvL me evOvwji me©Rbxb mvs¯‹w… ZK Avb›` Drme| -Now Pahela Baishakh/the first
day of Baishakh is a universal cultural festival of all Bangalees.
Adverbial
ag©- m¤úª`vq wbwe©‡k‡l evsjv f~L‡Ûi complement me gvby‡li cªv‡Yi Drme sub evsjv beel©| -
Bangla New Year is the festival of soul of all the people in the land/territory of
Bangla irrespective of castes and creeds.
Adverbial
lv‡Ui `k‡K igbv eU g~‡j m~PxZ subQvqv b‡Ui el©eiY Drme object evOvwji AvZ¥cwiP‡qi
Av‡›`vjb msMÖvg †K verb†eMevb K‡i‡Q| -New year reception festival of Chhayanat
introduced at Ramna Botmul in the sixties has accelerated the movement of
Bangalees’ self revelation.
[One Bank Ltd. (SCO)-2017] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
GKwU Av‡jvwPZ welq- a hot topic m~wPwšÍZ cwiKíbv- well thought- out plan
gv_v DuPz K‡i `vuov‡bv- stand upright A‡bK †ewk cÖe„w×- Much more growth
KvwqK- corporal; D‡ëv- opposite iƒcKí- vision; ev¯Íevqb Kiv- implement
Rbeûj †`k- populated country GUv ejv evûj¨- It goes without saying
Ávb wfwËK mgvR- knowledge based society
Z_¨ ÁvbwfwËK A_©bxwZ- information–knowledge based economy
Drcv`bkxj Rbkw³- productive manpower/work force
 Translate into English:
sub
Ávb wfwËK mgvR MVb I Z_¨ ÁvbwfwËK A_©bxwZ AdverbialGB mg‡qi complementGKwU Av‡jvwPZ welq|
-Establishment of knowledge based society and information–knowledge based
economy are a hot topic of this time.
Adverbial
Ávb wfwËK A_©bxwZ‡Z KvwqK ev kvixwiK cwikÖ‡gi †P‡q passive sub †gav ev Áv‡bi e¨envi †ewk
passive verb
n‡q _v‡K| -The use of merit or knowledge is made more than corporal or
physical labour in the knowledge based economy.
K…wl I kÖwgK wbf©i †cÖvWvKkb BK‡bvwg Gi wVK D‡ëv| -Agriculture and labour dependent
production economy is just opposite to it.
Ávb wfwËK A_©bxwZ‡Z A‡bK †ewk cÖe„w× m¤¢e| -Much more growth is possible in the
knowledge based economy/in this economy.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 304 ~

GUv ejv evûj¨ †h, GK wesk kZvwãi GB c„w_ex‡Z gv_v DuPz K‡i wek¦ `iev‡i `vuov‡Z PvB‡j Ávb wfwËK
mgvR MVb Z_¨ A_©bxwZi †Kvb weKí †bB| -It goes without saying, there is no alternative to
establishing knowledge based
society and information- knowledge based economy if we want /one wants to stand
upright in the world.
evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv GKwU Rbeûj †`‡ki Rb¨ GwU Av‡iv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| -It is more important for a
populated country like Bangladesh.
†Kbbv Áv‡bi wfwˇZB †Kej GB wecyj Rb ‡Mvwô‡K GKwU Drcv`bkxj Rbkw³‡Z icvšÍwiZ Kiv m¤¢e| -
Because only based on knowledge/ with the application of knowledge, it is possible to
transform this huge population into productive manpower/work force.
ÔwWwRUvj evsjv‡`kÕ Gi †h ¯^cœ Zv Avm‡j Ávb wfwËK mgvR MV‡biB icKí| -The vision of digital
Bangladesh is nothing but the vision of establishing a knowledge based society.
m~wPwšÍZ cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g mevB‡K m‡½ wb‡q Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi ga¨ w`‡q †`k‡K `ªæZ MwZ‡Z GwM‡q wb‡q
hvIqv m¤¢e| -It is possible to take the country ahead rapidly through well thought -out
plans and implementing them with all.
[One Bank Ltd. (SO)-2017] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
Rxeb cÖevn- life cycle Rxeb mZ¨- truth of life gvbwmK `„pZv- determination
MwZkxj- dynamic Aÿzbœ- unhurt/intact Q›` cZb- fall of rhythm
wbwð‡šÍ- for sure AuvK‡o aiv- grasp, cwieZ©bkxj- changeable
`„p- stringent cÖeZ©K- pioneer cÖK…Z MšÍe¨- real destination
wbwð‡šÍ- for sure wbiwew”Qbœ myL- Uninterrupted happiness
gy‡LvgywL `uvov‡bv- stand face to face with wbôzi wbh©vZb- cruel oppression
gvbweKZvi D‡b¥‡li m~ÎcvU- introduction to the revelation of humanity,

 Translate into English:

gvvby‡li Rxeb cÖevn MwZkxj I cwieZ©bkxj| -The life cycle of man is dynamic and
changeable.
gvbe mgv‡R wbiwew”Qbœ myL ev wbiwew”Qbœ `ytL weivRgvb bq| -Uninterrupted happiness or
uninterrupted sorrows do not prevail in the human society.
A_P subgvbyl hLb AdverbialmyL mvM‡i verbAeMvnb K‡i AK¯§vr sub`ytL G‡m Adverbial verb nvbv †`q, sub
gvbyl verb Amnvq I nZvk n‡q c‡o| -But all of a sudden sorrows come to/ invade the happy
life of man and he (man) becomes helpless and disappointed.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 305 ~

wKš‘ Rxe‡bi GB Q›` cZb mnRfv‡e †g‡b wb‡Z ComplementAf¨¯Í verbn‡j Complement Av‡iv mnR I my›`i
verb
n‡q DV‡e subgvby‡li Rxeb| -The life of man will be much easier and more beautiful if
he is accustomed to accepting this fall of rhythm of life.
Rxeb m‡Z¨i gy‡LvgywL `uvov‡Z n‡e Abvqv‡m| -We have to stand face to face with this truth of
life normally.
Adverbial
g›` wKsev fv‡jv hvB †nvKbv †Kb mZ¨‡K wbwð‡šÍ MÖnY Kivi g‡a¨B sub gvbweKZvi D‡b¥‡li m~ÎcvU
verb
N‡U| -The introduction to the revelation of humanity takes place only through
accepting the truth for sure, be it good or bad.
e¯yÍZ mZ¨ ev¯Íe n‡jI Zv `„p I wbg©g| -In fact, though truth is real, it is stringent and
ruthless. Zey mZ¨B Rxe‡bi jÿ¨ nIqv DwPZ| -However, it is the truth which should be the
aim of life. Z‡e mZ¨‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨ gvbwmK `„pZv cÖ‡qvRb| -But determination is needed to
save the truth.
`„p gbe‡ji g‡a¨ w`‡q Av`k© I bxwZ Aÿzbœ verb+ing †i‡L wbLv` mr n‡q DV‡Z cvi‡jB cÖK…Z MšÍ‡e¨ ‡cŠuQv
m¤¢e| -It is possible to reach the real destination through determination maintaining
the morality and ethics unhurt.
wKš‘ mZ¨ cÖwZôv I cÖK…Z MšÍ‡e¨ DcbxZ nIqvi msMÖvg LyeB KwVb| -Establishing truth and
struggling to arrive at the real destination are very tough.
†hme gbxlx c„w_ex‡Z Agi n‡q‡Qb, Zuviv wbôzi wbh©vZ‡bi gy‡LvgywL n‡qI mZ¨‡K eR©b Z¨vM K‡ibwb, eis
Av‡iv AuvK‡o a‡i‡Qb|
-The intellectuals/ scholars who are immortal in this earth have never quit or
abandoned the truth despite facing cruel oppression, rather they have grasped it
strictly.
Bmjvg a‡gi© cÖeZ©K gnvbex nhiZ gynv¤§` (m:) Gi †kÖôZg D`vniY| -Hazrat Mohammd (sm),the
pioneer of Islam, is the best example of it.
[Pubali Bank Ltd (TAT)- 2017] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
iv‡Zi AÜKvi- Darkness of night †fZ‡ii gvbyl- internal conscience
`~i Kiv- expel Pvi cv‡ki RMr- Surroundings
AÁZvi AÜKvi- darkness of ignorance
 Translate into English:
m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z passive sub iv‡Zi AÜKvi passive verb †K‡U hvq|
-The Darkness of night is removed by the light of the sun.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 306 ~
sub
wkÿvi Av‡jv objectAvgv‡`i AÁZvi AÜKvi verb
`~i K‡i| -The Light of education expels the
darkness of our ignorance.
Adverbial sub verb
Avgv‡`i `„wó‡Z Pvi cv‡ki RMr Av‡iv my›`i n‡q D‡V| -Surroundings become
prettier in our sight.
sub
Avgiv Rxe‡bi bZzb A_© verb Luy‡R cvB; wkÿvi Av‡jv verb + ing †c‡q sub Avgv‡`i †fZ‡ii gvbylwU
verb
†R‡M D‡V| -We discover new meanings of life; getting the light of education our
internal conscience wakes up.
Avgiv eo n‡Z PvB, eo nIqvi Rb¨ †Póv Kwi| -We want to be great and try to achieve
greatness. Avgiv my›`i K‡i evuP‡Z PvB, euvPvi gZ evuP‡Z PvB| -We want to live prettily and
want to live as life goes.
Avi my›`i K‡i evuP‡Z n‡j PvB Ávb| -And knowledge is needed if we want to live prettily.
†mB Ávb †K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv PvB| -We should use that knowledge / one should use that
knowledge.
wkÿvi d‡j Avgv‡`i †fZ‡i sub †h kw³ verb jyKv‡bv _v‡K Zv ax‡i ax‡i verb †R‡M I‡V| -As a result
of education, the strength/ talent which remains /is hidden /latent wakes up gradually/
slowly.
Avgiv gvbyl n‡q DwV| -We turn into human beings.

[Agrani Bank Ltd.(SO) 2017] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
`yó aviv- vicious trend Av¯’v- reliability
jyU cvU- plundering cÖeYZv- tendency
Ae¨vnZ _vKv- be rampant wg_¨v Z_¨- false statement
Ae¨e¯’vcbv- mismanagement RvwjqvwZ- forgery
A_© AvZ¥mvr- money embezzlement gybvdv AR©b Kiv- make profit
Kz FY- bad loans ïiæ‡ZB †iva Kiv- nip in the bud/
prevent at the beginning

 Translate into English:

adverbial
e¨vswKs Lv‡Z sub XvjvI jyU cv‡Ui `yó aviv verbAe¨nZ _vKvq sub †Ljvwc FY, Ae¨e¯’vcbv, Awbqg,
RvwjqvwZ I A_© AvZ¥mv‡Zi NUbv verbµ‡gB evo‡Q| -As the uninterrupted vicious trend of
plundering is rampant in the banking sector, the phenomena of default loans,
mismanagement, irregularities, forgery and money embezzlement are on the increase.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 307 ~

sub
†`‡ki e¨vswKs LvZ objectgvby‡li Av¯’v I wek¦vm to +verb AR©‡b verbe¨_© n‡j subZv A_©bxwZi Rb¨ ïf
verb
n‡e bv| -If the banking sector of the country fails to gain reliability and belief of
people, it will not be favourable for the economy.
adverbial
wg_¨v Z_¨ I RvwjqvwZi gva¨‡g e¨vsK FY †bevi ci Zv passive subject †Ljvwc F‡Y cwiYZ Kivi
cÖeYZv ïiæ‡ZB passive verb †iva Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| -The tendency of turning default loans after
taking loans from banks through false statement and forgery needs to be nipped in
the bud / prevented at the beginning.
sub
e¨vsK mg~n adverbial mvaviYZ AvgvbZ msMª‡ni gva¨‡g verb FY cÖ`vb K‡i Ges Zv †_‡K object gybvdv
verb
AR©b K‡i| -Banks usually provide loans through collecting deposits and then makes
profits from it.
e¨vsK Aek¨B FY w`‡e| -Banks must give loans.
passive subject
Z‡e †m FY hv‡Z Kz-F‡Y passive verb cwiYZ bv nq, †m e¨vcv‡i mZK© verb_vK‡Z n‡e
sub
e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K| -But banks have to be cautious so that given loans are not turned into
bad loans/ bad ones.

[Bangladesh Bank (AD)-2017] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
GKUv cðvrf~wg- a backward area Rwg`vwi- land lordship
wkÿv-`xÿv- education- initiation eÂbvi BwZnvm- history of deprivation
†KvjKvZv †Kw›`ªK- Kolkata centric Rwg`vi- landlord
¯^vZš¿¨- uniqueness/ distinctiveness mwZ¨ mwZ¨B- truly; †R‡M DVv- revive
Av‡iKwU eo Afve- another big shortage cÖv‡`wkK ivRavbx- provincial capital
c~e© e‡½i RvMiY- the awakening of East Bengal
GKUv Avjv`v Rxeb- a unique/ different way of life
mvgwMÖK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K- from overall perspective
cÖej Av‡›`vjb- strong/ massive demonstration
Kyuwo kZ‡Ki ‡Mvovi w`‡K- towards the beginning of the twentieth century
 Translate into English:
AvVv‡iv/Dwbk kZ‡K XvKvi GKUv Avjv`v Rxeb wQj| -Dhaka had a unique/ different way of life
in the eighteenth or nineteenth century.
wKš‘ sub mg¯Í c~e© e½ wQj complementGKUv cðvrf~wg| -But the whole of East- Bengal was a
backward area.
complement
evsjvi ivRavbx sub KjKvZv verb _vKvq adverbial†mLv‡bB wQj sub mg¯Í wkÿv-`xÿv, e¨emv-
evwYR¨ Ges mg„w×| -Since Kolkata remained the capital of Bangla, all sorts of education–
initiation, trade-commerce and prosperity were there.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 308 ~
c~e© evsjv †_‡K passive sub mg¯Í m¤ú` passive verb P‡j ‡hZ adverbial †KvjKvZv †Kw›`ªK Rwg`vi‡`i nv‡Z, sub
hv‡`i A‡b‡KiB Rwg`vwi verbwQj adverbialevsjv‡`‡k| -All wealth was transferred from East
Bengal to Kolkata centric landlords, many of whom had land lordships in
Bangladesh.
adverbial
GB eÂbvi BwZnvm `xN© n‡Z n‡Z adverbial Kyuwo kZ‡Ki ‡Mvovi w`‡K sub XvKv †Kw›`ªK GKUv cÖej
Av‡›`vjb verb ïiæ n‡jv adverbial wbR¯^ ¯^vZ‡š¿¨i Rb¨|
-After a prolonged history of this deprivation, towards the beginning of the twentieth
century Dhaka centric strong/ massive demonstration started for its own uniqueness
/distinctiveness
adverbial
mvgwMÖK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K subBs‡iR kvmKivI verbeyS‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb †h passive sub c~e©e½
adverbial
mwZ¨ mwZ¨B passive verbeÂbvi wkKvi n‡”Q| -From overall perspective, the British rulers
too realized that the people of East- Bengal were being truly deprived.
sub
Zviv GI verbeyS‡Z †c‡iwQj ‡h GLv‡b †m A‡_© adverbial †Kvb ga¨weË †kwYI bvB sub hviv objectZv‡`i
wbR¯^ e¨emv -evwYR¨ verbweKwkZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| -Moreover, they perceived that there were no
such middle-classes who could develop their own trade and commerce.
object
Av‡iKwU eo Afve subZviv verb wPwýZ K‡iwQj|
-They also pointed out/indicated/ another big shortage.
†mUv wQj wkÿvi Afve| -That was the lack of education.
Gici 1905 mv‡j hLb e½ f½ n‡jv ZLb XvKv GKwU cÖv‡`wkK ivRavbxi ghv©`v †cj| -After that
when the partition of Bengal took place in1905, Dhaka received the prestige of
provincial capital .
ZLbB mwZ¨Kvi A_© †R‡M D‡V XvKv| - Only then Dhaka revives in a true sense.
ZLb †hmg¯Í ev½vjx XvKvi evB‡i wQj Zv‡`i `„wó co‡Z ïiæ Kij XvKvi w`‡K| -Then the Bengalis
who were outside Dhaka started keeping an eye on Dhaka.
†mB mg‡qB Avm‡j c~e© e‡½i RvMiY ïiæ nq| -And, actually during that time the awakening
of East Bengal starts.
[Bangladesh Bank (AD)-2015] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
k‡Li MvQB- trees planted out of hobby nq‡Zv- Perhaps
kL K‡i- out of hobby mg„× Kiv- boost
A‡bK mgq- sometimes KvV- timber
A_©vr- that is to say Gfv‡e- this way/ in this way
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 309 ~
 jvKwo- fire wood MvQMvQvwj- Trees and plants
emZ evwoi- homestead Pjgvb cÖ‡Póv- continuous effort
msµvšÍ- relating to mvgvwRK ebvqb- social forestation
A‡a©‡Ki †ewk- more than 50 percent Pviv MvQ- sapling
eQi †k‡l- at the end of the year cwievi chv©‡q- at the family level
Ah‡Zœ Ae‡njvq- in carelessness and negligence

 Translate into English:

adverbial
Avcbvi evwoi cv‡kB Ah‡Zœ- Ae‡njvq sub MvQMvQvwj verb +Ing gv_v Zz‡j verb `vuwo‡q _v‡K|
Trees and plants stand raising their heads up next to your home in carelessness and
negligence.
adverbial
A‡bK mgq subAvcwb wb‡RB adverbialnq‡Zv kL K‡i wKQz verb
MvQ jvMvb| -Perhaps sometimes
you plant some trees out of hobby.
Avcwb wK Rv‡bb, G MvQ ‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡K mg„× Ki‡Q? -Do you know that these trees are
enriching the economy of the country?
adverbial
Pviv MvQ jvMv‡bv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i jvjb cvjb, c‡i KvV ‰Zwi †kl ch©šÍ ‡m KvV w`‡q Avmeve ‰Zwii
adverbial
cÖwZwU c‡` A_©bxwZ‡Z subg~j¨ passive verb ms‡hvRb n‡”Q| -Value is being added in the
economy from every step of planting saplings, nurturing them to making timber and
furniture from them
sub
G k‡Li MvQB adverbial eQi †k‡l †`kR Drcv`‡bi(wRwWwc)m‡½ verb + ing hy³ n‡q object A_©bxwZ‡K
verb
mg„× K‡i‡Q| -At the end of the year, these trees planted out of hobby are boosting
the economy being added to the gross domestic products(GDP).
wRwWwc‡Z Mv‡Qi Ae`vb †Kgb G msµvšÍ mgxÿvq passive verb †`Lv †M‡Q, cwievi ch©v‡q A_©vr adverbial
evwoi Av‡kcv‡k passive sub ‡h MvQ passive verb jvMv‡bv nq, Zv ‡_‡K A_©bxwZ‡Z eQ‡i passive sub12 nvRvi
390 †KvwU UvKvi g~j¨ passive verb ms‡hvRb nq| -It has been found in a survey relating to the
contribution of the trees in the GDP that the value of 12 thousand and 12 lakh is
added to the economy from the trees which are planted at the family levels, that is to
say, beside our house.
adverbial
eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki sub20 jvL 59 nvRvi 608 wU cwievi adverbial Gfv‡e verb + ing MvQ jvwM‡q
object
A_©bxwZ‡K verbmg„× K‡i‡Q| -At present, 20 lakh 59 thousand 6 hundred and 8 families
are boosting the economy planting trees this way.
adverbial
g~jZ MvQ ‡_‡K passive sub KvV, jvKwo I ivevi passive verb nq, c‡i Zv verb + ing wewµ K‡i object
A_© verb DcvR©b K‡i subGme cwievi| -Basically, timber, fire wood and rubber are produced
from trees and afterwards these families earn money selling them.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 310 ~
adverbial
Avi Drcv`b †_‡K wewµ ch©šÍ passive sub‡h g~j¨ passive verb ms‡hvRb nq, ZvB wRwWwc‡Z
verb
Ae`vb iv‡L| -All the earnings from the production to selling which are added to
GDP contribute to the economy.
cwievi ch©v‡q hZ MvQcvjv passive verb †ivcb Kiv nq, Gi g‡a¨ adverbial emZ evwoi Av‡kcv‡kB passive sub
A‡a©‡Ki †ewk A_©vr 54 kZvsk MvQ passive verb jvMv‡bv nq|
-More than 50 percent that means 54 per cent trees which are planted at the family
levels are planted around homesteads
adverbial
cwievi ch©v‡q e„ÿ‡ivcb, cwiPh©vmn wewfbœ Kv‡R passive sub wecyj msL¨K Kg© ms¯’vcbI passive verb
nq| -A great number of people are employed at family levels in various activities
including tree plantation and nurturing these trees .
ZvB †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb‡K to + verbZivwš^Z Kivi Rb¨ adverbial mvgvwRK ebvqb I e„ÿ‡ivcb Av‡›`vj‡b
sub
Avgv‡`i mK‡ji AskMÖnY complementGKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| -That`s why, to accelerate the
development of the economy, the participation of all of us in these social forestation
and tree plantation movements is essential.
adverbial
G wel‡q Rbm‡PZbZv to + verb‰Zwii Rb¨ subMYgva¨g Zv‡`i Pjgvb cÖ‡Póv‡K Av‡iv verb +ing †eMevb
K‡i objectAMÖYx f~wgKv verbcvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
-To create public awareness about this, the mass media can play a significant/pivotal
/pioneering role accelerating their continuous efforts.
[Bangladesh Bank Officer -2015] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i- economic growth mvgwóK A_©bxwZ- macro economics
D”P gvÎvi A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×- Avq AmgZv- income inequality
economic growth of high rate ‡Rviv‡jv- strong
Rxeb hvÎvi gvb- e¨eavb- difference
standards of life style we`¨gvb- existing
gv_v wcQz Avq- per capita income Kvjvby&µwgK e„w×i- gradual increase
mgZv weavb Kiv- equalize AvcvZ`„wó‡Z- apparently
kû‡i Rxeb- urban life hZLvwb m¤¢e- as much as possible
`~‡ii Rbc`- remote area
cÖK…wZi †Quvqv †`Iqv- offer the touch of nature
Kvw•ÿZ mylg Dbœqb-expected/desired balanced development
RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb- standard of people’s life style
bMi `~ie©Zx A‡j _vKv gvbyl- people living in the areas away from cities
AvKl©Yxq I ¯^w¯Í`vqK- attractive and comfortable
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 311 ~
 fxlYfv‡e Uv‡b- attract heavily/ vehemently
MÖvgxY GjvKvi cÖK…wZ‡Nlv †Kvjvnj I `~lYgy³ cwi‡ek- noise and pollution free
natural environment of rural areas
 Translate into English:
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i mv‡_ passive sub ‰elg¨ `~ixKiYI adverbialmvgwóK A_©bxwZi jÿ¨ wn‡m‡e passive
verb
we‡ewPZ n‡q _v‡K| -The removal of discrimination along with economic growth is
also considered as the objective of macro economics.
D”P gvÎvi A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡bi mv‡_ subAvq AmgZvi m¤úK© complement ‡Rviv‡jv bq e‡j adverbial
‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq verb cÖZxqgvb nq| -Sometimes the relationship of income inequality
with/ alongside achieving economic growth of high rate does not seem to be strong.
wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, ‡hvMv‡hvM I Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK Lv‡Z MÖvg I kn‡ii g‡a¨ sub we`¨gvb e¨eavbB cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
adverbial
G `y‡qi Rxeb hvÎvi gv‡b object e¨eavb verb ˆZwi K‡i †`q| -The existing discrimination
between villages and towns in education, health, communication and other social
sectors actually makes differences in these two standards of life style.

GUv mwZ¨ †h adverbial gv_v wcQz Av‡qi Kvjvby&µwgK e„w×i d‡j sub RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb adverbial
c~‡e©Kvi Zzjbvq complement A‡bKLvwb †ewk| -It is true that the standard of people`s life style
is much better than before as a result of the gradual increase of per capita income.
GLb passive sub g‡bv‡hvM passive verb w`‡Z n‡e adverbial bMi `~ieZ©x A‡j _vKv gvby‡li g‡a¨ my‡hvM
myweavi To + verb mgZv weavb Kiv| -Now attention has to be paid to equalize the privileges
among the people living in the areas away from cities.
AvcvZ`„wó‡Z subkû‡i Rxeb‡K complement AwaK AvKl©Yxq I ¯^w¯Í`vqK linking verb g‡b n‡jI MÖgxY GjvKvi
cÖK…wZ‡Nlv sub†Kvjvnj I `~lYgy³ cwi‡ekI object Avgv‡`i‡K fxlYfv‡e verb Uv‡b| -Though/ although
apparently urban life seems to be more attractive and comfortable, noise and pollution
free natural environment of rural areas attracts us heavily/ vehemently.
myZivs submgq verbG‡m‡Q kni ¸‡jv‡Z hZLvwb m¤¢e cÖK…wZi to + verb †Quvqv †`Iqv I adverbial `~‡ii Rbc`
¸‡jv‡Z AvaywbK myweav to + verb wb‡q hvIqv -ïay Gfv‡eB verb Avm‡e subKvwOÿZ mylg verbDbœqb| -So it is
the time to offer the touch of nature to the towns as much as possible and spread the
modern facilities in the remote areas, and only thus the expected/desired balanced
development will come/ will be materialised.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 312 ~

 [Bangladesh Bank AD -2014] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
GK A_©kv¯¿we`- an economist LvBevi civgk© ‡`Iqv- suggest eating
FY Kwiqv- borrowing nBqv `vuov‡bv- become
g~wZ©gvb cÖKvk- clear manifestation Pj- tendency FY- credit
cÖPwjZ _vKv- prevail BqvËv- reckoning
nZ`wi`ªiv- the extreme poor wbQK †Kvb µ‡g- somehow
`vi¯’ nIqv- be dependent
†Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e- somehow or other
`v`b cÖ_v- Advanced payment system
FYP‡µi AveZ©‡b N~Yvqgvb- revolving round the cycle of debt
AvaywbK A_©e¨e¯’vq- In modern economic system
gnvRbx my`cÖ_v- money lending system with interest,
Kveyjx Iqvjv‡`i myw` Kvievi- the usury of kabuliwala
BZ¨vKvi bvbvb ai‡bi FY e¨e¯’v- various kinds of credit system like these
bM` A_©en‡bi cwie‡Z©- instead of carrying cash money
avi-Kh© Kwievi cÖeYZv- borrowing tendency
FY MÖn‡Yi mnRZi e¨e¯’v- Easier loan taking system
DbœZ †`‡k‡Zv e‡U- not only in developed countries
AwZ¯^vfvweK GK Abyl½- a very common phenomenon/ matter
 Translate into English:
adverbial
cÖvPxbKv‡j fvi‡Zi subGK A_©kv¯¿we` FY Kwiqv wN verb + ing LvBevi verb civgk© w`qvwQ‡jb| -In
the ancient period, an economist of India suggested eating ghee borrowing.
AvaywbK Kv‡ji bvMwiK wKsev cjøx Rxe‡bi sub EfqB adverbial †Kvb bv †Kvb fv‡e adverbial FYP‡µi
AveZ©‡b verb +ing N~Y©vqgvb| -Both the citizens of modern era and the people of country life
are revolving round the cycle of debt somehow or other.
adverbial
AvaywbK A_©e¨e¯’vq subFY complementAwZ¯^vfvweK GK Abyl½ verbnBqv `vuovBqv‡Q| -In modern
economic system, credit has become a very common phenomenon/ matter.
Avi BnviB complementg~wZ©gvb cÖKvk nBj sube¨vsK e¨e¯’v| -And banking system is a clear
manifestation of it.
DbœZ adverbial†`‡k‡Zv e‡U, GgbwK adverbial Dbœqbkxj ‡`‡kI GLb adverbial AvaywbK bvbvb cÖhyw³i ga¨
w`qv e¨vsK nB‡Z passive subFY MÖn‡Yi mnRZi e¨e¯’v passive verbPvjy nBqv‡Q| -Not only in
developed countries but also in the developing countries/ones, easier system of
taking loan from banks has been introduced through the use of various modern
technologies.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 313 ~
adverbial
bM` A_©en‡bi cwie‡Z© adverbial‡µwWU Kv‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ cøvw÷K gvwb e¨env‡ii subPj& verbe„w×
cvB‡Z‡Q| -The tendency of using plastic money with the help of credit cards is
increasing instead of carrying cash money.
adverbial
gbyl¨ mgv‡R subavi-Kh© Kwievi cÖeYZv †mB adverbialcÖvPxb Kv‡jI verbcÖPwjZ wQj| -In the
human society, borrowing tendency also prevailed in the ancient time.
adverbial
Avi Dnvwi avivevwnKZvq adverbial bvbvb cixÿv- wbixÿvi gva¨‡g KZ iK‡gi †h passive subFY e¨e¯’v
to be + vpp
Pvjy nB‡Z passive verb †`Lv wMqv‡Q Zvnvi BqvËv bvB| -With its continuation, there is no
reckoning of how many loan systems have been found to exist in the society through
various trials and experiments.
adverbial
cjøx mgv‡R passive sub`v`b cÖ_v, gnvRbx my`cÖ_v, GK mg‡qi Kveyjx Iqvjv‡`i myw` Kvievi
BZ¨vKvi bvbvb ai‡bi FY e¨e¯’v adverbial weªwUk Avg‡j Ges Dnvi Av‡M I c‡iI adverbialAvgv‡`i mgv‡R
to+verb
Pvjy _vK‡Z passive verb †`Lv wM‡q‡Q| -Advanced payment system/ earnest money
system, money lending system with interest, the usury of kabuliwala and various
kinds of credit systems like these have seen to prevail during, before and after the
British period.
passive sub
gvbyl Zvnvi Rxe‡bi gvb adverbialDbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b I passive sub nZ`wi`ªiv RxweKv adverbial
wbe©v‡ni ev wbQK †Kvb µ‡g evuwPqv _vwKevi Rb¨B FY to +verb MÖn‡Y passive verb AvMÖnx I eva¨ nq| -
People and the extreme poor are earnest and compelled to take loan to improve the
standard of their life and earn their livelihood or to survive somehow.
adverbial
AvaywbK A_© e¨e¯’vcbvq sube¨vsK¸wj adverbialFY cÖ`v‡bi wbf©i‡hvM¨ cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e verbMwoqv
DVvq subgvbyl Dnv‡`i verb`vi¯’ nB‡Z‡Q| -Since banks have developed as reliable institutions
for offering loans in modern financial system, people are being dependent on them.
[Bangladesh Bank AD -2011] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
we‡`wk FY- foreign loan R¡vjvwb- fuel
mswkøóiv- the people concerned AeKvVv‡gv LvZ- infrastructural sector
cuywRevRvi- capital market wew”Qbœ RvqMv- isolated place
AeKvVv‡gv cÖKí- infrastructural project
A_©bxwZi g~javiv- mainstream of the economy
cuywRevRv‡i R‡g DVv g~jab- the capital accumulated in the capital market
‡kqvi evRvi †K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi my‡hvM -The opportunity of utilizing share market
 Translate into English:
adverbial
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Û we‡`wk F‡Yi Dci wbf©iZv verb + ing Kwg‡q ‡kqvi evRvi‡K
Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi passive submy‡hvM passive verb ‰Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| -The opportunity of utilizing share
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 314 ~
market has been created reducing the dependence of development programmes of the
government on foreign loan.
adverbial
cuywRevRv‡i R‡g DVv g~jab ‡_‡K A_© verb + ing msMÖn K‡i adverbial R¡vjvwb, we`¨yr, ‡ij, †mZzmn eo
AeKvVv‡gv cÖKí¸‡jv‡Z to +verb wewb‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e| -It is possible to invest in large
infrastructural projects including fuel, electricity, rail way and bridge collecting
money from the capital accumulated in the capital market.
AeKvVv‡gv Lv‡Zi eo cÖKí¸‡jv‡K adverbial†kqvi evRv‡i verb + ing ZvwjKvfz³ K‡i G mg‡q Kg c‡ÿ 30
nvRvi †KvwU UvKv to +verb msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e e‡j submswkøóiv verb g‡b K‡ib| -The people concerned
think that at present it is possible to collect at least BDT 30,000 crore enlisting large
projects of infrastructural sector in the share market
sub
cuywRevRvi adverbial†`‡ki A_©bxwZi g~javiv †_‡K complement wew”Qbœ †Kvb RvqMv bq| -Capital
market is not a separate/isolated place from the mainstream of the economy of the
country.
sub
A_©bxwZ fv‡jv Ae¯’vq verb _vK‡j adverbial ‡kqvi evRv‡iI passive sub Gi passive verb cÖwZdjb NU‡e|
-If the economy is in good condition, it will also be reflected in the share market.
[Bangladesh Bank AD (Research) -2011] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
bxwZev`xZv- ethicalism mvsNwl©K Ae¯’v- confrontational situation
eûgvwÎK- multi-dimensional mngg©w©Zv- sympathy/fellow-feeling
gybvdvev`x- profiteering FYMÖnxZv- loanee
m¤£g- dignity/prestige ‡mŠnv`©¨c~Y©- cordial/smooth
cvi¯úwiK kÖ×v- mutual respect `vwi`ª wb‡®úlY- repression of the poor
e¨vsK Kg©KZ©v- bank official gvwjK kÖwg‡Ki m¤ú©K- Owner–worker
we‡klvwqZ FY- specialsed loan relation/ relation between owners and
†ek wbweo- very deep/close workers
gvbeZvev`x- humanistic/ humanitarian `vwi`ª¨i `yóP‡µ- vicious circle of poverty
g‡bve„wËi- mentality/attitude `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb- poverty alleviation
 Translate into English:
e¨emvi mv‡_ subbxwZev`xZvi m¤ú©K complement†ek wbweo I eûgvwÎK| -The relation of ethicalism
with business is very deep/close and multi-dimensional.
adverbial
Avgv‡`i †cvkvK wk‡í subgvwjK kÖwg‡Ki m¤ú©K complement gvbeZvev`x verb n‡q I‡Vwb adverbial
gybvdvev`x g‡bve„wËi Kvi‡Y| -Owner–worker relation in our garments industry has not
become humanistic because of profiteering mentality/ attitude.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 315 ~

m¤ú` msiÿ‡Yi ØvwqZ¡ Aek¨B gvwj‡Ki Av‡Q wKš‘ kÖwg‡Ki m¤£g iÿv KivI wK Zvi ØvwqZ¡ bq? -Of
course, the owners have the responsibility of preserving assets but is not it the duty of
the owners also to protect the dignity of the workers?
kÖwgK gvwj‡Ki m¤úK© cvi¯úwiK kÖ×v I mngwg©Zv bv n‡j ‡h passive sub mvsNwl©K Ae¯’vi passive verb m„wó
nq Zv Av_© mvgvwRK object bxwZev`‡K verb webó K‡i|
-The confrontational situation that is created if owner- worker relation is not of
mutual respect and sympathy destroys socio-economicalism.
adverbial
Avgv‡`i ÿz`ª F‡Yi I we‡klvwqZ F‡Yi ‡ÿ‡Î passive sube¨vsK Kg©KZ©v I FYMÖnxZvi m¤úK©
‡mŠnv`©¨c~Y© passive verbejv hvq bv| -Relations of bank officials with loanees in the field of /in
the case of our micro credit and specialsed loan cannot be said to be cordial/smooth.
adverbial
`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi PvB‡Z sub`vwi`ª wb‡®úlY A‡bK mgqB object`vwi`ª¨i `yóP‡µi mZ¨Zv evievi
verb
cÖgvY K‡i w`‡q‡Q| -Repression of the poor instead of poverty alleviation has proved
time and again the truth of vicious circle of poverty.

[Bangladesh Bank AD -2010] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
bMievmx- city dweller f~Mf©¯’ †ijjvBb- subway
ms‡hvM ¯’j- intersection Qvwo‡q hvIqv- exceed
‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvjq- communications ministry gv_vq ivLv / g‡b ivLv- keep in mind
cÖkvmwbK we‡K›`ªxKiY- administrative decentralization ‰`wbK Kg© N›Uv- daily working hours
B‡Zvg‡a¨- In the meantime wbim‡b- to remove
cÖwµqvaxb- underway ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvjq- home ministry
cwiYZ nIqv- turn into mgš^q- reconciliation
MYcwienY e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb- development of public transportation system

 Translate into English:

adverbial
ivRavbx‡Z hvbR‡Ui Kvi‡Y evwl©K passive subÿwZ passive verbnq cÖvq 20,000 †KvwU UvKv| -In the
capital around taka 20.000 crore loss is incurred due to traffic jam.
sub
GB ÿwZ RvZxq ev‡R‡Ui cÖvq `yB-Z…Zxqvsk| -This loss is two- thirds of the national budget.
sub
hvbRU †`o adverbial‡KvwU bMievmxi ‰`wbK Kg© N›Uv †_‡K object 80 jvL NÈv verb bó K‡i‡Q| -
Traffic jam is killing/ spoiling 80 lakh hours from the daily working hours of one and
a half crore city dwellers.
sub
GwU GLb GKwU RvZxq mgm¨vq verbcwiYZ n‡q‡Q| -It has turned into a national problem.
adverbial
2030 mvj bvMv` XvKv kn‡ii subRbmsL¨v 2 †KvwU verb
Qvwo‡q hv‡e| -By 2030 the
population of Dhaka city will exceed two crore.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 316 ~
G welqwU verb + inggv_vq †i‡L submiKvi‡K object UªvwdK e¨e¯’v verbM‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| -The government
has to build traffic system considering this issue.
sub
miKvi adverbialB‡Zvg‡a¨ object 32 wK‡jvwgUvi Gwj‡f‡UW GKª‡cªmI‡q I f~Mf©¯’ †ijjvBb
to+verb
wbgv©‡Yi verbwm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q| -In the meantime, the government has decided to build 32
kilometre elevated express way and subway.
ivRavbxi cuvPwU ms‡hvM ¯’‡j d¬vB Ifvi subwbgv©‡Yi KvRI cÖwµqvaxb -The construction work of
flyovers in five intersections is underway.
to+verb
hvbRU wbim‡b adverbial¯^ivóª gš¿Yvjq, ‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿YvjqI wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi g‡a¨ submgš^q
complement
Avek¨K| -Reconciliation among home ministry, communications ministry and
city corporation is mandatory to remove traffic jam.
passive sub
MYcwienY e¨e¯’vi DbœqbI cÖkvmwbK we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi welq passive verb gv_vq ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| -
Development of public transportation system and administrative decentralisation need
to be kept in mind.

[Sonali Bank IT officer 2016] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
we‡`‡k- abroad jvL jvL- millions of/lakhs of
Kg©iZ- working D`qv¯Í- from dawn to dusk
cwikÖg Kiv- toil KóvwR©Z A_©- hard earned money
`ye„Ë©- miscreant D`vmxbZv- indifference/callousness
Ae‡njv- negligence
gy`ªcvPv‡ii myo½ c_- the means of money laundering
wecyj cwigvY ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv- a huge amount of foreign currency/exchange
GZ GZ bRi`vix cÖwZôvb- so many supervisory organizations

 Translate into English:

adverbial
we‡`‡k Kg©iZ subjvL jvL evsjv‡`wk D`qv¯Í verb + ing cwikÖg K‡i cÖwZeQi objectwecyj cwigvY
ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv adverbial†`‡k verbcvVvq| -Every year millions of Bangladeshis working abroad
send a huge amount of foreign currency to the country toiling hard from dawn to
dusk.
Avi GKwU `ye©„Ë †kÖwY †mB KóvwR©Z A_© we‡`‡k cvPvi K‡i †`q| -But a section of miscreants
smuggle that hard earned money abroad / into some foreign countries.
adverbial
miKv‡ii Aax‡b subGZ GZ bRi`vix cÖwZôvb verb
_vK‡ZI passive verb
cvPvi n‡q hv‡”Q passive sub

‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv, ‡Kb `vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njv, GB D`vmxbZv?

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 317 ~
-Although there are so many supervisory organizations under the government, foreign
currency is being trafficked. Why is such negligence and indifference in performing
duty?.
†`k‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z n‡j gy`ªcvPv‡ii myo½ c_ mg~n Aek¨B eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| -To take the country
forward, the means of money laundering must be stopped.

[Sonali Bank SO 2014] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 Translate into English:
‡gngvb Avmvi Av‡MB ivbœv n‡q wM‡qwQj| -Cooking had been finished before the guest came.
†jvKwU Ah_v wPrKvi K‡i hv‡”Q| -The man is shouting for nothing. Mwieiv Ae‡nwjZ †_‡KB hv‡e|
-The poor will remain neglected. KzqvKvUv GKmgq wbR©b wQj| -Once kuakata was desolate.
Mig G‡j gkvi DrcvZ ev‡o| -The nuisance of mosquitoes increases in summer.

[Sonali Bank SO 2013] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
GKvMÖZv- devotion/sincererity c~e©kZ©- prerequisite/precondition
D‡`¨v³v- entrepreneur gy`ªvùxwZ- Inflation
mxwgZ Av‡qi gvbyl- A_©‰bwZK †evSv- economic burden
limited income people DØ„Ë Drcbœ- surplus product
Afve- want Ab¨ ‡Kvb †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g- any other
wgwU‡q _vKv/ †gUv‡bv- meet communication medium

 Translate into English:

K‡Vvi cwikÖg Ges GKvMÖZv GK Rb D‡`¨v³vi mvd‡j¨i c~e©kZ©| -Hard work and devotion/
sincerity are the prerequisite for the success of an entrepreneur.
passive verb
aviYv Kiv nq ‡h †dmeyK e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y ‡gvevBj ev Ab¨ ‡Kvb †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi e¨envi n«vm
cv‡”Q| -It is assumed that because of the use of facebook the use of mobile or any
other communication media is decreasing.
gy`ªvùxwZ mxwgZ Av‡qi gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU A_©‰bwZK †evSv| -Inflation is an economic burden for
the limited income people.
wkÿv RvZxi †giæ`Û I wkÿv Qvov †Kvb RvwZ DbœwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| -Education is the backbone of
a nation and no nation can proper without it.
sub
evwYR¨ object Avwe®‹v‡i verb Drmvn †`q, objecweÁv‡bi verb Dbœ&qb mvab K‡i Ges object GK ‡`‡ki Afve
adverbial
Ab¨ ‡`‡ki DØ„Ë Drcbœ Øviv verb wgwU‡q _v‡K| -Business inspires invention, develops
science and meets the want of a country by the surplus products of another country.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 318 ~
 [Sonali Bank SO- 2010] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
K‡qK `kK- several decades AwZevwnZ nIqv- pass
wn‡m‡e- as cvjb Kiv- carry out
cwiYwZ‡Z- As a result mvgwóK iƒc- collective form
Kg©¯ú„nv- work spirit cwiYZx‡Z- As a result
cÖwZcbœ nIqv- be confirmed Dbœqb Pµ- development cycle
m~Pbv Kiv- begin /introduce A_©vr- That is to say
h_vh_ bvMwiK `vwqZ¡- proper civic responsibilities
mvgwMÖK Dbœqb KvR- total/ overall development work
mxgvnxb `yb©xwZ- uncurbed / boundless corruption
g~j cÖwZeÜK- main impediments/ obstacles
KviY hv †nvK- Whatever the reasons are
Av‡iv GwM‡q hvIqv- go much more ahead/ progress more
bvMwiK‡`i mvgwMÖK Kg©dj- all the deeds performed by citizens
mwZ¨Kv‡ii mv_©KZv- real accomplishment
mwZ¨Kv‡ii bvMwiK myweav- real civic amenities
GB PµvKvi Dbœqb hvÎv- the journey to this cyclical/cyclic development
programme
 Translate into English:
adverbial
¯^vaxbZvi subK‡qK `kK verb AwZevwnZ n‡jI †`k wn‡m‡e subAvgiv AvRI objectAvgv‡`i KvwOÿZ
j‡ÿ¨ verb†cŠuQv‡Z cvwiwb| -Though several decades have passed after the Liberation War,
we have not been able to reach our desired destination/ goal as a country.
†`‡ki cÖwZ h_vh_ passive sub bvMwiK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b NvUwZ, mvgwMÖK Dbœqb Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ passive sub
mgš^qnxbZv I mxgvnxb `yb©xwZ‡KB adverbial g~j cÖwZeÜK iƒ‡c passive verbD‡jøL Kiv hvq| -Lack of
carrying out proper civic responsibilities, imbalance in total/ overall development
work and uncurbed/ boundless corruption can be mentioned as the main
impediments/ obstacles.
KviY hv †nvK, object mgvavb G‡`‡ki sub bvMwiK‡`i ‡KB verb Ki‡Z n‡e| -Whatever the reasons
are, the citizens of this country themselves have to find solutions.
Avg‡`i †`‡ki subcÖwZwU bvMwiK, †h Kg©¯’‡jB wb‡qvwRZ _vKzK bv ‡Kb, hw` Zvi Dci objectAwc©Z ØvwqË¡
adverbial
mZZv I wbôvi mv‡_ verbcvjb K‡ib, ïaygvÎ Zvn‡jB passive sube¨w³ I †`k DfqB passive verb
jvfevb n‡e| -If every citizen of this country does his/her jobs honestly and sincerely
wherever he / she works, only then both individuals and the country will be benefited.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 319 ~

object
mwZ¨Kv‡ii bvMwiK myweav †Kej ZLbB sub‡`‡ki bvMwiKiv to+verb†fvM Ki‡Z verb ïiæ Ki‡e hv
Zv‡`i objectKg©¯ú„nv‡K AviI verb RvwM‡q Zzj‡e| -The citizens of this country will start to
enjoy the real civic amenities which will inspire their work spirit.
cwiYwZ‡Z †`k Av‡iv GwM‡q hv‡e| -As a result, the country will go much more ahead.
¯^axbZv AR©‡bi passive submwZ¨Kv‡ii mv_©KZv ZLbB passive verbcÖwZcbœ n‡e| -Only then real
accomplishment of achieving liberty will be confirmed.
Z‡e GB PµvKvi complementDbœqb hvÎvi †K›`ª verbn‡Z n‡e sub†`‡ki bvMwiK‡`i‡KB A_v©r subZv‡`i‡KB
GB object Dbœqb P‡µi verbm~Pbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
-However, the citizens of of the country will have to be the centre in the journey of
this cyclical/cyclic development programme, that is to say they have to begin this
development cycle.
adverbial
KviY wek¦ `iev‡i subGKwU †`‡ki cwiwPwZ Zvi bvMwiK‡`i mvgwMÖK Kg©d‡jiB complement mvgwóK
iƒc| -Because the identity of a country in the world community is a collective form of
all the deeds performed by citizens of that country.
[Sonali Bank Officer- 2010] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
mvgwMªK Dbœqb- total development B`vwbs- nowadays
¯^í my‡`- at a lower interest rate wewfbœ wb‡`©kbv- different instructions
wewfbœ mg‡q- at different times K…wlLv‡Z- in agriculture sector
cÖ‡qvRbxq Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv- required economic aid/financial aid
GB wZ‡bi mgš^‡q- with the combination of these three
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivLv/ cvjb Kiv- play an important role
K…wl F‡Yi myweav ‡`Iqv- offer agricultural loans
AvaywbK K…wl DcKiY- modern agro materials
g~j PvwjKv kw³- key /main driving force
exR, mvi I KxUbv‡kKi mnRjf¨Zv- availability of seeds, fertilizer and pesticide

 Translate into English:

sub
K…wl evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi complement g~j PvwjKv kw³| -Agriculture is the main driving force
of the economy of Bangladesh.
evsjv‡`‡ki sub AwaKvsk gvbyl adverbial Zv‡`i RxweKvi Rb¨ cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e K…wli Dci verbwbf©i
K‡i _v‡K| -Most of the people of Bangladesh depend on agriculture directly or
indirectly for their livelihood.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 320 ~

adverbial
ZvB K…l‡Ki Dbœqb e¨ZxZ subG‡`‡ki mvgwMªK Dbœqb complement m¤¢e bq| -So total
development of this country is not possible without development of farmers.
AvaywbK K…wl DcKiY, exR, mvi I KxUbvk‡Ki mnRjf¨Zv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv -GB wZ‡bi
mgš^‡q K…wli mvwe©K Dbœqb to +verbwbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e| -It is possible to ensure overall
development of agriculture with the combination of these three, namely modern agro
materials, availability of seeds, fertilizer, pesticide and required economic aid.
adverbial
mwVK mg‡q Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv for+verb+ing cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ sub evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vsKMy‡jv object ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv verb ivL‡Z cv‡i| -The banks of Bangladesh can play an important role for
providing financial assistance at the right time.
GRb¨ sub A‡bK e¨vsK adverbial B`vwbs ¯^í my‡` object K…wl F‡Yi myweav verb w`‡”Q|
-For this reason, nowadays many banks are offering agricultural loans at a lower
interest rate.
adverbial
K…wlLv‡Z e¨vswKs mnvqZv to +verbe„w×i Rb¨ subevsjv‡`k e¨vsKI adverbial wewfbœ mg‡q objectwewfbœ
wb‡`©kbv verbcÖ`vb Ki‡Q| -Bangladesh bank is also giving different instructions at different
times to enrich banking aid in the agriculture sector.
[Sonali Bank Officer (Cash)- 2010] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
AvqZb- area Zzjbvq- compared to
ebfzwg- forest land AwZ Aí- very meager
AwaK RbmsL¨v- over population evm‡hvM¨f~wg- habitable land
K…wl Rwg- agricultural land BZ¨vw` `y‡hv©M- various calamities
ÿiv- drought GRb¨- That’s is why
c`‡ÿc ‡bIqv- take measures e„ÿwbab- deforestation
wbwe©Pv‡i- indiscriminately evm‡hvM¨- liveable
Dcnvi †`qv- present mvgvwRK ebvqY- social afforestation
Kg©m~wP- programme wgwjZ cÖ‡Póvq- through combined effort
GB Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z- to meet this demand ÿqÿwZi cwigvY- the extent of loss and damage
weiæc cÖfve- devastating/adverse effect e„ÿwbab- cutting down /felling trees
 Translate into English:
evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq subebfzwgi cwigvY complement
AwZ Aí| -Forest land is very meager
compared to the area of Bangladesh.
adverbial
ZvQvov AwaK RbmsL¨vi Kvi‡Y subevm‡hvM¨f~wg I K…wl Rwgi Pvwn`v verb evo‡Q|
In addition, demand of habitable land and agricultural land is increasing due to over
population.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 321 ~
GB Pvwn`v to +verb †gUv‡Z adverbiale„ÿwba‡bi gva¨‡g passive subebf~wg passive verb aŸsm K‡i †djv n‡”Q| -
To meet this demand, forest land is being destroyed through cutting down /felling
trees.
Gi weiæc cÖfve verbco‡Q adverbial Rjevqyi Dc‡i| -Its devastating /adverse effects are falling
on climate.
adverbial
ÿiv, eb¨v BZ¨vw` `y‡hv©M I Gi d‡j subÿqÿwZi cwigvY verb e„w× cv‡”Q| -The extent of loss
and damage caused as a result of various calamities like drought and flood is
increasing.
GRb¨ Avgv‡`i ebf~wg iÿvq GLbB c`‡ÿc wb‡Z n‡e| -That’s is why, we have to take
measures to protect our forest land immediately.
adverbial
miKvi I RbM‡Yi wgwjZ cÖ‡Póvq adverbialwbwe©Pv‡i e„ÿwbab †iva I mvgvwRK ebvqY Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g
object
fwel¨r cÖRb¥‡K object GKwU evm‡hvM¨ evsjv‡`k to +verb Dcnvi †`qv m¤¢e| -It is possible to
present the next generation with a liveable Bangladesh by preventing deforestation
indiscriminately and implementing social afforestation programme through combined
efforts of the government and people
[Janata Bank Ltd.Asst. (EO) TELLER- 2015] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
aviY Kiv- hold mygnvb- glorious
†PZbv- spirit m„Rbkxj- creative
¯§„wZevnx e¯‘- monuments, cÖZxK - symbols
ee©‡ivwPZ nvgjv- brutal attack fvlvwfwËK-language based
Aw¯’i- restless Avcb ms¯‹…wZ- own culture
¸wjel©Y- shooting RvZxqZv- nationality
AvZs‡K- in panic, ¯§viK- token
mvwn‡Z¨i bvbv gva¨‡g- through many branches of literature
m„Rbx cªqvm- creative expression
wkí †mŠK‡h©i wb`k©b- symbols of art –aestheticism
AvZ¥kw³ we‡ùvi‡Yi Kvj-a time for the explosion of self power
cvK kvmK †kÖwY- the Pakistani ruling class
GKz‡ki gg©g~j- the significance of Ekushey
fvlvi Aw¯ÍZ-¡ existence of the language

 Translate into English:

GKz‡ki mygnvb †PZbv‡K verb+ingaviY K‡iB G‡`‡k m„Rbkxj A‡bK passive sub ¯§„wZevnx e¯‘ I cÖZxK
passive verb
M‡o D‡V‡Q| -Many creative monuments and symbols have been constructed
holding the great/glorious spirit of Ekushey.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 322 ~
GKz‡ki †PZbv verb+ing aviY K‡iB adverbial mvwn‡Z¨i bvbv gva¨‡g passive verb m~wPZ n‡q‡Q passive sub m„Rbx
cªqvm Avi wkí †mŠK‡h©i wb`k©b| -Holding the spirit of Ekushey, creative expression and
symbols of art –aestheticism have been introduced through many branches of
literature.
sub
52 Gi GKz‡k †deªæqvwi wQj evOvwji Rb¨ complement cÖwZev‡` †d‡U covi w`b, complement AvZ¥kw³
we‡ùvi‡Yi Kvj| -Twenty first February of 52 was a day for Bangalees to burst into
protest, a time for the explosion of self power.
cvK kvmK †kÖwYi Rb¨ sub G w`bwU wQj complement ee©‡ivwPZ nvgjv I ¸wjel©‡Yi w`b, AvZs‡K Aw¯’i _vKvi
w`b| -For the Pakistani ruling class it was a day of brutal attack and shooting, a day of
remaining restless in panic.
sub
evOvwjiv adverbialfvlvwfwËK RvZxqZv cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g adverbialAvcb ms¯‹…wZ I fvlvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ msiÿ‡Yi
¯§viK wn‡m‡e verb MY¨ K‡i objectGKzk‡K| -The Bangalees consider Ekushey as a token of
conserving their own culture and existence of the language through establishing
language based nationality.
GKz‡ki gg©g~j verb+ing aviY K‡iB adverbial cÖwZ eQi passive verb cvwjZ nq passive subknx` w`em| -
Every year Martyr Day is celebrated holding the significance of Ekushey.
passive verb
M‡o D‡V passive sub¯§„wZ¯§¤¢ Avi AvšÍ©RvwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em| -Monuments and international
mother Language day are established.
[Janata Bank EO- 2015] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
BnRvMwZK wnsmv- worldly envy D”Pwkÿv- higher education
we‡Øl- malice evnb- vehicle
nvbvnvwb- clash mgmvgwqK- contemporary
i³ ÿiY- bloodshed cÖgvY †`Iqv- give evidence
gvbweK ¸Yvejx- human qualities e„wËg~jK- vocational
me©Rb¯^xK…Z- universally acknowledged ‡UKmB- sustainable
AvaywbK cÖhyw³ mgnvwiK D”PwkÿvB- higher education wmsn`yqvi- the main entrance
with modern technology/
AvaywbK cÖhyw³ mgnvwiK D”PwkÿvB- modern A_P- but
technology enriched higher education
`ªæZj‡qi A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×- fast economic growth weÁvbm¤§Z- science- oriented/science based
`ªæZ A_©‰bwZK mg„w× AR©‡bi mÿgZv- the capability Kvh©Ki cÖ‡qvM- effective application
of achieving fast
A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ- economic progress Zrm„ó Dbœqb- development created thus
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 323 ~
 `ªæZj‡q A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×- speedy economic growth Áv‡bi m„wó- the creation of knowledge
Kj¨Ygq evmbv- benevolent intention ev¯Íeag©x wewb‡qvM- Pragmatic investment

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ sub Bnv complement me©Rb¯^xK…Z †h D”Pwkÿv we‡kl K‡i sub AvaywbK cÖhyw³ mgnvwiK
D”PwkÿvB complement `ªæZj‡qi A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i evnb verb n‡Z cv‡i| -In the present world, it is
universally acknowledged that higher education, particularly higher education with
modern technology/modern technology enriched higher education can be the vehicle
for fast economic growth.
adverbial
mgmvgwqK Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦ wmsMvcyi, ZvBIqvb, `wÿY †Kvwiqv, gvj‡qwkqv, wdwjwcbm Gi
sub
AwfÁZv adverbialcÖhyw³ wbf©i D”P wkÿvi gva¨‡g object`ªæZ A_©‰bwZK mg„w× AR©‡bi mÿgZvi verbcÖgvY
†`q| -In the contemporary developing world, the experiences of Singapur Taiwan,
South Korea, Malayasia and the Philippines give evidence for the capability of
achieving fast economic progress through the technology based higher education.
ejv cÖ‡qvRb †h adverbial gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi sub cov‡jLv hZ DbœZgv‡bi n‡e Ges hZ †ewk e„wËg~jK n‡e,
sub
D”P wkÿvi gvb complement ZZB AvaywbK weÁvbm¤§Z Ges cÖhyw³ mg„× n‡e, verbLy‡j hv‡e ‡UKmB A_P
`ªæZj‡q A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i sub wmsn`yqvi -It needs to be said that the more developed and
vocational the education at secondary level becomes, the more the standard of
higher education will be science -oriented and technology -enriched, and thus the
main entrance of sustainable but speedy economic growth will open.
adverbial
D”P wkÿvq subÁv‡bi m„wóB m¤¢eZ: A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i complement cÖavb Drm| -The creation of
knowledge in higher education is probably the main source of economic growth.
adverbial
Áv‡bi weZiY I Kvh©Ki cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡gB passive verb D™¢vweZ nq A_©bxwZi †ÿ‡Î GwM‡q hvIqvi
passive sub
ev¯Íeag©x wewb‡qvM I Zrm„ó Dbœqb| -Pragmatic investment and development created
thus for progressing in the economy are invented through the distribution of
knowledge and effective application
gvbyl m„wói †kªô Rxe| -Human is the best creature of all creations.
gvby‡li AvZ¥vi myß mKj Kj¨vYgq evmbv I gvbweK passive sub ¸Yvejx‡K wkÿvi gva¨‡g passive verbRvwMqv
Zzj‡Z cvi‡jB BnRvMwZK passive sub wnsmv, we‡Øl, nvbvnvwb I i³ ÿiY passive verb eÜ n‡Z cv‡i|

-Worldly envy, malice, clash and bloodshed can be stopped once all hidden
benevolent intention and human qualities of human soul can be roused through
education.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 324 ~

 [Janata Bank LTD(EO- FO)- 2015] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
UvKv †jb‡`‡bi cwigvY- transaction of money ¯^”QZv- transparency
MZ K‡qK eQ‡i- Over the past few years KvQvKvwQ- around
MZ GK `kK a‡i- For the last one decade D”Pvwfjvlx- ambitious
ev¯Íevqb‡hvM¨- worthy of implementation

 Translate the Following Text into English:

MZ K‡qK eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k adverbial†gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g sub UvKv †jb‡`‡bi cwigvY verb†e‡o‡Q| -Over
the past few years, transaction of money through the mobile phone has been increased
in Bangladesh.
e¨vswKs Lv‡Z ¯^”QZv bv _vK‡j gvbyl m‡q AvMÖnx n‡e bv | -People would not be interested in
saving if there is no transparency in the banking sector.
adverbial
MZ GK `kK a‡i evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY sub A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× complement 6 kZvs‡ki KvQvKvwQ
Av‡Q| -For the last one decade the internal economic growth of Bangladesh has been
around 6 percent.
adverbial
evsjv‡`‡k to +verbwewb‡qvM Ki‡Z GLb subA‡bK †`kB complement
AvMÖnx n‡e| -Many countries
now will be interested to invest in Bangladesh.
m¤úªwZ †NvwlZ objectev‡RU‡K subA‡b‡KB D”Pvwfjvlx verbg‡b Ki‡jI subGwU complementev¯Íevqb‡hvM¨| -
Though many consider the recently announced budget to be ambitious, it is worthy
of implementation.

[Janata Bank EO- 2012] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
msL¨vMwiô- majority bvixi ¯^v¯’¨‡mev- health service for women
KgwkwÿZ- less educated nZ`wi`ª- extremely poor people
`yMg© GjvKv- remote area ew¯Íevmx- slum dweller
bvgK- called ZiæY- youth myjf- cheap/available
Rb¥wbqš¿Y- birth control Rb¥wbqš¿Y mvgMªx- Contraceptive materials,
`yM©g GjvKvq emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôx- the inhabitants wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix- adolescent boys and
living in the remote areas girls/teenagers
evwo evwo wM‡q DØy× Kivi Kg©m~wP- The campaign of inspiration from door to door

 Translate the Following Text into English:

‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b sub ZiæY Rb‡MvwôB GKKfv‡e msL¨vMwiô| -At present, it is the young generation
who is in the majority in the country.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 325 ~

adverbial
wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i g‡a¨ adverbial RbmsL¨v wel‡q m‡PZbv to +verb evov‡bvi Rb¨ verb KvR Ki‡Z
n‡e sub ZiæY‡`i| -The youth have to work to raise awareness of population among the
adolescent boys and girls.
adverbial
KgwkwÿZ, nZ`wi`ª, `yM©g GjvKvq emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôx Ges ivRavbxmn eo eo kn‡ii ew¯Íevmxi
w`‡KI passive sub we‡kl bRi passive verb w`‡Z n‡e| -Special care has to be taken for the less
educated, extremely poor people, the inhabitants living in the remote areas and to the
slum dwellers of big cities including the capital.
sub
hvuiv object mšÍvb verb Pvb bv, Zuv‡`i Rb¨ passive sub Rb¥wbqš¿Y mvgMªx myjf passive verb Ki‡Z n‡e| -
Contraceptive materials have to be made available for those who do not want
children.
adverbial
evwo evwo wM‡q passive sub DØy× Kivi Kg©m~wP passive verb
evov‡Z n‡e| -The campaign of
inspiration from door to door should be increased.
passive sub
bvixi ¯^v¯’¨‡mev myjf Kiv `iKvi Ges sub GUvB Gev‡ii RbmsL¨v w`e‡mi complement †¯øvMvb| -
Health service for women is needed to be cheap/available and it is the slogan of
Population Day of this year.
adverbial
RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y I bvixi ¯^v¯’‡mevq passive sub AwaK eivÏ passive verb w`‡Z n‡e adverbial Riæix
wfwˇZ| -More funds have to be allocated urgently in controlling population and in
women health care.
sub
‡`k ‡h‡nZz verb evo‡Qbv, †m‡nZz passive sub RbmsL¨v passive verb Kgv‡Z n‡e| -Since the country
is not expanding in terms of land/area, the growth of population has to be reduced.
sub
miKvimn mevB‡K verb eyS‡Z n‡e, sub evsjv‡`k RbmsL¨v bvgK adverbial GKwU UvBg †evgvi Ici verb
e‡m Av‡Q| -Everybody including the government has to realize that Bangladesh is
sitting on a time bomb called population.
Ges GB UvBg †evgvi we‡ùvi‡Yi av°v of + verb + ing Kwg‡q Avbvi sub mgqI `ªæZ verb dzwi‡q hv‡”Q| -And
the time of reducing the impact of explosion of this time bomb is also ending quickly
ZvB RbmsL¨v Kgv‡bvq Rb¥wbqš¿Y Qvov Avi ‡Kvb Dcvq ‡bB| -So there is no other way of
reducing population growth without birth control.
[Agrani Bank SO- 2015] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
‡f‡½ cov- break/collapse gy`&ªvbxwZ- monetary policy
‰Zwi †cvkv‡Ki ißvwb- wek¦ e¨vsK g‡b Ki‡Q- according to World
ready- made garments exports Bank/ World Bank thinks/ believes
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 326 ~
 evavMÖ¯’ nIqv- be hampered ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv- political instability
G‡Z- as a result ÿqÿwZi wnmve- the amount of loss
evwYR¨ NvUwZ- trade deficit wZb gvm ¯’vqx- the three month long
Kgv-decline avivevwnK- consecutive mieivn- supply
†emiKvix wewb‡qvM cwi‡ek- the environment of private sector investment
wewfbœ e¨emvqx msMVb- different trade organizations, Dc¯’vcb Kiv-present
e¨w³ Lv‡Zi †fvM e¨q- consumer spending/consumption in the private sector

 Translate the Following Text into English:

wek¦ e¨vsK g‡b Ki‡Q, sub cwiw¯’wZ ¯^vfvweK verb _vK‡j adverbial Avgv‡`i †`‡k adverbial 2014- 2015 A_©
eQ‡i 6 `kwgK 4 kZvsk passive sub cÖe„w× passive verb AwR©Z n‡Zv| -According to World Bank, if
the situation of the country was normal, it would achieve 6.4 % growth in 2014-15
fiscal year.
Z‡e adverbial ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvq passive sube¨w³ Lv‡Zi †fvM e¨q passive verb cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q| -But
consumer spending has been influenced by political instability.
adverbial
eQ‡ii ïiæ‡Z adverbial cÖvq wZb gvm ¯’vqx ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvq object ÿqÿwZi wnmve sub wewfbœ
e¨emvqx msMVb c„_Kfv‡e verb Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| -Different trade organisations have presented
the amount of loss caused by the three month long political instability at the
beginning of the year.
passive sub
mieivn passive verb ‡f‡½ covq sub icÍvwb we‡klZ ‰Zwi †cvkv‡Ki ißvwb passive verbevavMÖ¯’
n‡”Q| -Since supply has collapsed, exports, especially ready -made garments exports
are being hampered.
G‡Z verb†e‡o‡Q subevwYR¨ NvUwZ| -As a result, trade deficit has increased.
K…wl‡Z sub cÖe„w× verb K‡g‡Q| -Growth has declined in agriculture.
adverbial
GQvov gy`&ªvbxwZi avivevwnKZvq passive sub †emiKvix wewb‡qvM cwi‡ekI passive verb ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q|
-Moreover, the environment of private sector investment is also being hampered
because of the consecutive monetary policy.
[Agrani Bank SO- 2015] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
cÖhyw³ †Kw›`ªK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g- technology GZ me myweavi m‡½ m‡½- with
centric communication media so many facilities
†h ‡Kvb g~û‡Z©- any time Amxg- unlimited
†h KviI m‡½- with anybody msÁv- definition

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 327 ~

 Translate the Following Text into English:
GLbKvi cÖhyw³ †Kw›`ªK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g¸‡jvi sub ÿgZv complement Amxg| -The power of the
present technology centric communication media is unlimited.
Gi gva¨‡g †h ‡Kvb g~û‡Z© c„„w_exi †h KviI m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hv‡”Q| -It is being possible to
communicate any time with anybody in the world through them.

wKš‘ adverbial †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GZ me myweavi m‡½ m‡½ passive verb e`‡j †M‡Q Avgv‡`i e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK
m¤ú‡K©i passive submsÁv¸‡jvI| -But the definitions of our personal and social relationships
have been changed with so many facilities of communication.
adverbial
bZzb msÁv wb‡q GLb sub Avgv‡`i M‡o IVv m¤úK©¸‡jv hš¿wbf©i n‡q D‡V‡Q|
-With these new definitios, our newly built relations have now been dependent on the
(communication) technology.
GgbwK wkí mvwn‡Z¨I †j‡M‡Q Zvi †Quvqv| -Even the art and culture have been influenced by
it.

[Agrani Bank (Cash) 2015] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
G‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg- some of them h‡_ó cwikªgx- industrious enough
Lv`¨ mgm¨v- food problem ‰eÁvwbK c×wZ- scientific method
‡eKviZ¡- unemployment `vwi‡`ª¨i Awfkvc- the curse of poverty
ev¯Íe c`‡ÿc- practical steps bZzb Kg© ms¯’vb- new employment
ev¯Íe c`‡ÿc- practical steps KjKviLvbv- industries / mills and factories

 Translate the Following Text into English:

Avgv‡`i †`‡k A‡bK mgm¨v Av‡Q| -There are many problems in our country.
sub
Lv`¨ mgm¨v, `vwi`ª¨ I ‡eKviZ¡ G‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| -Food problem, poverty and
unemployment are some of them.
G mg¯Í mgm¨v to +verb mgvav‡bi Rb¨ sub Avgv‡`i object ev¯Íe c`‡ÿc verb
MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| -We have
to take practical steps to solve these problems.
Lv`¨ mgm¨v to +verb mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ‰eÁvwbK c×wZ verb+ing cÖ‡qvM K‡i passive sub Drcv`b passive verb e„w×
Ki‡Z n‡e| -Production has to be increased applying scientific methods to solve the
food problem.
`vwi‡`ª¨i Awfkvc †_‡K to +verb gyw³ †c‡Z n‡j subAvgv‡`i h‡_ó cwikªgx n‡Z n‡e| -We have to be
industrious enough to escape the curse of poverty.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 328 ~
ZvQvov KjKviLvbv verb+ing ¯’vcb K‡i passive sub bZzb Kg© ms¯’vb passive verb m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| -Besides,
new employment has to be created establishing industries.

[Agrani Bank (SO) 2013] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-

 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
gnËg NUbv- the greatest event k„sL‡j Ave× nIqv- be bound to the chains
Jcwb‡ewkK weªwUk kvmb- the British colonial gyw³i c_ †cwi‡q- crossing the path of
rule freedom
PyovšÍ ¯^vaxbZv- ultimate independence AvšÍwiK c`‡ÿc- sincere steps
A‡bK eo eo AR©b- many big achievements we`¨gvb- existing
Zxeª ‰elg¨- severe discrimination we‡eK- conscience
cxov ‡`Iqv- pain RvMÖZ Kiv- awaken
gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv- spirit of the Liberation War ˆelg¨gy³- discrimination free
KY©avi- leaders GKB m‡½- At the same time
msNe× cÖqvm- concerted effort mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©- in a true sense of the term,
†`k‡cÖwgK MYZvwš¿K kw³- patriotic democratic GK‡hv‡M- in a body
power av‡cav‡c- step by step

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
Avgv‡`i RvZxq Rxe‡bi sub gnËg NUbv complement 1971 Gi gyw³hy×| -The greatest event of
our national life is the Liberation War of 1971.
adverbial
`yÔk eQ‡ii Jcwb‡ewkK weªwUk kvm‡bi ci 1947 mv‡j passive sub evOvjx RvwZ Avevi cvwK¯Ívwb
kvmK‡`i passive verb k„sL‡j Ave× nq| -Bangali nation is bound to the chains of Pakistani
rulers again in 1947 after two hundred years of the British colonial rule.
adverbial
fvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K av‡cav‡c gyw³i c_ verb + ing †cwi‡q adverbial 1971 G passive verb AwR©Z nq
passive sub
PyovšÍ ¯^vaxbZv| -Ultimate independence is achieved in 1971 step by step crossing
the path of freedom from the Language Movement.

wKš‘ †h m¦cœ^ I ¯^vaxbZv wb‡q submgMÖ RvwZ adverbial gyw³ hy‡× verb Suvwc‡q c‡owQj, Zv wK sub Avgiv verb
AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ? -But, have we been able to achieve the dreams and goals with which
the whole nation participated in the Liberation War?
adverbial
¯^vaxbZvi ci A‡bK eo eo AR©‡bi ciI mgv‡R we`¨gvb subZxeª ‰elg¨ objectAvgv‡`i verbcxov
‡`q I objectwe‡eK‡K verb`» K‡i|
-Severe discrimination existing in society pains us and burns our conscience even
after many big achievements after the Liberation War.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 329 ~

gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv verb + ing RvMÖZ K‡i ˆelg¨gy³ mgvR to +verb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ sub Avgv‡`i GK‡hv‡M verb j‡o
†h‡Z n‡e ‡h jovB‡q sub hyeK‡`i n‡Z n‡e complement KY©avi| -Awakening the spirit of the
Liberation War, we have to fight in a body to establish a discrimination free society
where the young will have to be leaders.
GKB m‡½ gyw³ hy‡×i †PZbv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© to +verb cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb passive sub †`k‡cÖwgK
MYZvwš¿K kw³i msNe× cÖqvm I ivwóªq †ÿ‡Î passive sub AvšÍwiK c`‡ÿc| -At the same time, the
concerted effort of patriotic democratic power and sincere steps in the case of the
state affair are needed to establish the spirit of the Liberation War in a true sense of
the term.
[Rupali Bank (Officer) 2013] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
LvZ- field cÖwZkÖæwZkxj- promising
mymsMwVZ- well-organized gvBjdjK- milestone
Amvgvb¨ f~wgKv cvjb Kiv- play an B›Uvi‡b‡Ui axiMwZ- the slow
outstanding role speed of internet
‡`‡ki Avbv‡P Kvbv‡P- in every Qwo‡q ‡`Iqv- spread
nook and corner of the country Av‡iv ewjô- stronger

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
evsjv‡`‡ki Z_¨cÖhyw³ Lv‡Z sub Ab¨Zg cÖwZkÖæwZkxj I mymsMwVZ cÖwZôvb n‡”Q complement
evsjv‡`k G¨v‡mvwm‡qkb Ae md&UIq¨vi A¨vÛ Bbdi‡gkb mvwf©‡mm (†ewmm)| -In the field of
Bangladesh’s Information Technology, Bangladesh Association of Software and
Information Services (BASIS) is one of the most promising and well-organized
institutions.
adverbial
w`b w`b Avgv‡`i †`‡ki sub B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvixi msL¨v verb †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| -The number of
Internet users in our country is increasing day by day.
object
GB B›Uvi‡bU submevB hv‡Z adverbialBwZevPK wn‡m‡e verbe¨envi K‡i, ‡m‡ÿ‡Î sub ‡ewmm
object
Amvgvb¨ f~wgKv verb cvjb K‡i|
-In this context, BASIS plays an outstanding role so that all can use this internet
positively.
adverbial
m¤úªwZ †`‡ki sub †gvevBj ‡dvb Acv‡iUi¸‡jv objectw_wRi jvB‡mÝ verb †c‡q‡Q| -Recently the
mobile phone operators of the country have got the 3G license.
passive sub
GUv adverbialAvgv‡`i ‡`‡ki Z_¨cÖhyw³i Rb¨ GK eo gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e passive verb we‡ewPZ nq|
-It is considered as a big milestone for the Information Technology of our country.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 330 ~

KviY sub B›Uvi‡b‡Ui axiMwZ GUv to +verb e¨envi Ki‡Z object A‡bK mgm¨vi verb m„wó KiZ| -Because
the slow speed of internet used to create many problems to use it.
adverbial
‡`‡ki Avbv‡P Kvbv‡P mevi g‡a¨ Z_¨ cÖhyw³i Av‡jv to +verb Qwo‡q w`‡Z adverbialGKwU mymsMVb
wn‡m‡e sub†ewmm †K Av‡iv object ewjô f~wgKv verb ivL‡Z n‡e| -To spread the light of Information
Technology in every nook and corner of the country, BASIS has to play a stronger
role as a well organised organization.
[Rupali Bank (Senior Officer) 2013] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
evwYR¨-Askx`vi- business partner `yB †`kB- Both the countries
BwZg‡a¨- In the meantime mg‡MvÎxq- of the same category
cY¨ ißvwbi bZzb evRvi wn‡m‡e- as a new market we‡k¦i lô e„nËg A_©bxwZi †`k- the sixth largest
of export economic country in the world
AvovB¸Y-2.5 times cÖe„w×- growth AviI `yB ‡`‡k- in two other countries
evsjv‡`‡k ‰Zwi cY¨- Bangladeshi goods /goods Av‡jvPbvq Avmv- come to the limelight/to the
made in Bangladesh fore,
Av‡iKwU †Rvb wn‡m‡e- as another zone †RvU- alliance
cwimsL¨vb ch©v‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq- Statistics show fv‡jv mvdj¨- remarkable success
cÖ_vMZ evRvi- traditional market cvkvcvwk- alongside
D`xqgvb A_©bxwZi †`k¸‡jv- rising economic GRb¨- That is why
countries A_© eQi- fiscal year
jÿ¨gvÎv- target cY¨ ißvwb‡Z- in exporting goods

 Translate the Following Text into English:

sub
Pxb I fvi‡Zi evRvi evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ complement bZzb bq| -The markets of china and India
are not new for Bangladesh.
sub
`yB †`kB evsjv‡`‡ki complement ¸iæZ¡c~©Y evwYR¨-Askx`vi| -Both the countries are important
business partners of Bangladesh
adverbial
cY¨ ißvwbi bZzb evRvi wn‡m‡e G‡`iB mg‡MvÎxq adverbialAMÖmi Dbœqbkxj Ab¨ ‡`k¸‡jv‡Z
verb
ax‡i ax‡i RvqMv K‡i wb‡”Q subevsjv‡`kx cY¨| -But as a new market of export, Bangladeshi
goods are slowly making place in other developing countries of the same category.
adverbial
BwZg‡a¨ appositionwe‡k¦i lô e„nËg A_©bxwZi †`k adverbialeªvwR‡j adverbial MZ cvuP eQ‡i
sub
evsjv‡`‡ki ißvvwb adverbial AvovB¸Y verb ‡e‡o‡Q| -In the meantime, export of Bangladesh in
Brazil, the sixth largest economic country in the world in the last five years has
increased to 2.5 times.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 331 ~

adverbial
weª· †Rv‡Ui AviI `yB‡`k ivwkqv I `wÿY Avwd«KvqI sub evsjv‡`‡k ‰Zwi cY¨ objectRvqMv verbK‡i
wb‡”Q| -Bangladeshi goods /goods made in Bangladesh are also making place /
occupying markets in two other countries of the BRICS association, namely Russia
and South Africa.
adverbial
weªK‡mi g‡Zv Av‡iKwU †Rvb wn‡m‡e GLb verb Av‡jvPbvq G‡m‡Q sub wgb‡Ui bvg| -As another
zone like BRICS, the name of MINT has come to the limelight/to the fore.
sub
†gwK&ª‡Kv, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, bvB‡Rwiqv I Zzi¯‹ verbn‡jv adverbial GB wgb&U †RvU fz³| -Mexico,
Indonesia, Nigeria and Turky are in this alliance of MINT .
passive sub
GivI adverbial D`xqgvb A_©bxwZi †`k wn‡m‡e passive verb cwiwPwZ †c‡q‡Q| -They have also
been recognised as the rising economies.
cwimsL¨vb ch©‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq, adverbial eªvwRj, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, ‡gwKª‡Kv, gvj‡qwkqv ivwkqv, Zzi¯‹ `wÿY
AvwdKv I Av‡R©w›Ubvi evRv‡i adverbial K‡qK eQi a‡i fv‡jv verb mvdj¨ cv‡”Q sub evsjv‡`k| -Statistics
show that Bangladeshi goods have been achieving remarkable success for several
years in the markets of Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Malayasia, Russia, Turky, South
Africa and Argentina.
adverbial
Gfv‡eB cÖ_vMZ evRv‡ii cvkvcvwk adverbial bZzb I D`xqgvb A_©bxwZi †`k¸‡jvi evRv‡i
evsjv‡`‡ki sub cY¨-ißvwb chv©qµ‡g verb evo‡Q| -Thus the export of Bangladeshi goods is
gradually increasing in the markets of new and rising economic countries alongside
traditional markets.
GRb¨ adverbial MZ A_© eQ‡i passive sub jÿ¨gvÎv passive verb AwR©Z bv n‡jI cY¨ ißvwb‡Z passive sub 11
`kwgK 18 kZvsk cÖe„w× passive verb n‡q‡Q| -That is why, though the target was not achieved
in the last fiscal year, there has been 11.18 percent growth in exporting goods.
[Rajshahi krishi unnayan bank – officer -2014] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
wKQz wKQz gvbyl- Some people AvZ¥ghv©`v- self- respect
‡MŠie- pride/glory BwZnv‡mi c_- the road of history
cvi nIqv- cross GKvMÖ- fixed

 Translate the Following Text into English:

sub
wKQz wKQz gvbyl adverbial RvwZ wn‡m‡e object Avgv‡`i verb w`‡q‡Qb object
m¤§vb, ‡MŠie, AvZ¥ghv©`v| -
Some people have given us hohour, Pride, self -respect as a nation.
sub
Zv‡`i †KD BwZnv‡mi c_ to +verb cvi n‡Z verb mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb object
Avgv‡`i| -Some of them
have helped us to cross the road of history.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 332 ~
adverbial
mviv we‡k¦ sub †KD †KD verb Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Qb object
†`‡ki mybvg| -Some have spread the
good name of the country worldwide.
‡KD M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb Avgv‡`i gb| -Some have made our minds.
Zuviv Avgv‡`i bvqK| -They are our heroes.
Zv‡`i GwM‡q Pjvi c_ wQj KwVb, wKš‘ jÿ¨ wQj GKvMÖ| -Their path to progress was hard but
their target was fixed

[Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank, Senior Officer -2014] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
‡mŠi we`¨r- solar energy miKvix gvwjKvbvaxb- government owned,
evwo wfwËK- per house Kv‡R jvMv‡bv- make use of
bevqb‡hvM¨- renewable cwi‡ek evÜe- environment friendly
kx©lK- titled

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
‡mŠi we`y¨r e¨env‡i adverbial MZ GK `k‡K adverbial evsjv‡`‡k sub ˆecøweK cwieZ©b verb
N‡U‡Q| -In the last one decade a revolutionary change has occurred in using solar
energy in Bangladesh.
‡`‡ki sub cÖvq `yB †KvwU gvbyl adverbial eZ©gv‡b adverbial ‡mŠiwe`y¨r e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g object we`y¨r myweav
verb
cv‡”Q| -About two crore people are now getting the benefits of electricity by using
solar energy.
miKvix gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvb Bbd«v÷vKPvi †W‡fjc‡g›U †Kv¤úvwb wj-Gi wn‡me Abyhvqx, †`‡k eZ©gv‡b
evwo wfwËK †mŠiwe`y¨r c¨v‡b‡ji msL¨v 35 jvL| -According to the government owned
organization Infrastructure Development Company Ltd, now the number of solar
panel is 35 lakh per house..
kyay ‡mŠiwe`¨yr bq, bevqb‡hvM¨ wewfbœ cÖvK„wZK Drm‡K verb + ing Kv‡R jvwM‡q sub R¡vjvwb e¨enviI adverbial
Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK verb ‡e‡o‡Q| -Besides solar energy, the use of energy making use of
various natural resources of renewable energy has increased more than before.
w`b w`b verb†e‡oB P‡j‡Q subGi Pvwn`v| -Its demand is increasing everyday.
adverbial
GB Ae¯’vq bevqb‡hvM¨ I cwi‡ek evÜe kw³i Drm I kw³i wewfbœ e¨envi wb‡q adverbial
ivRavbx‡Z passive sub ÒMÖxb GbvwR© GKª‡cv©UÓ kxl©K GK cÖ`k©bxI to be+vpp n‡Z passive verb †`Lv †Mj| In
this situation an exhibition titled Green Energy Export emphasizing the use of
renewable and environment friendly various sources of energy and power was seen to
be held in the capital.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 333 ~
 [Karmasangsthan Bank SO 2012] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
GKwU wbZ¨ ‰bwgwËK NUbv- a daily affair/an g~‡j- at the root of
everyday matter
Nb emwZc~Y© GjvKv- densely populated area, LyeB miæ- very narrow
iv¯Ív- NvU- roads and streets Abycv‡Z- in proportion to

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
bMi I kni ¸‡jv‡Z sub hvbRU complement GKwU wbZ¨ ‰bwgwËK NUbv| -Traffic jam is a daily
affair in the cities and towns.
adverbial
G ai‡bi mgm¨vi g~‡j adverbial i‡q‡Q sub `ªæZ RbmsL¨v I hvbevnb e„w×|
-Rapid growth of population and vehicles is at the root of this kind of problem.
adverbial
AwaKvsk ‡ÿ‡ÎB passive sub G ai‡bi mgm¨v passive verb m„wó nq adverbial Nb emwZc~Y© GjvKvq
†hLv‡b sub iv¯Ív¸‡jv complement LyeB miæ n‡q _v‡K| -In most cases problems of this kind are
created in the densely populated areas where the roads and streets are very narrow.
adverbial
Avgv‡`i RbmsL¨v Abycv‡Z sub iv¯Ív NvU verb evo‡Qbv| -Our roads and streets are not
increasing in proportion to our population.
GLv‡b eû jvB‡mÝ wenxb hvbevnb i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv wbqš¿Y Kiv DwPZ| -There are many unlincesed
vehicles here which should be controlled.
[Karmasangsthan Bank AO (Cash )- 2011] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
†kl wVKvbv- final destination ‡mw`b- that day knx`- martyr
dz‡ji †Zvov- bouquet mvwnwZ¨K- litterateurs

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
‡mw`b adverbial ivRavbxi me iv¯Ívi sub †kl wVKvbv complement ‡K›`ªxq knx` wgbvi| -That day
the final destination of all the roads of the capital was central Shahid Minar.
knx`‡`i cÖwZ kÖ×v to +verb Rvbv‡bv sub mK‡ji D‡Ïk¨| -The purpose of all was to pay respect to
the martyrs.
sub
gvby‡li Dcw¯’wZ wQj complement ¯^vfvweK| -The presence of people was normal.
sub
Avgiv dz‡ji †Zvov w`‡q object kÖ×v verbRvbvB| -We pay respect with bouquets.
Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K, wkíx, MvqK wQj cÖPzi| -Poets, litterateurs, artists and singers were in plenty.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 334 ~

 [Karmasangsthan Bank Officer - 2011] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the Following Text into English:
GZÿ‡Y- by this time
GwU GKwU PgrKvi `„k¨| -It is indeed wonderful scenery.
‡Zvgvi hv Lywk Ki‡Z cvi| -You can do anything as you like.
Avgvi fvB Avgvi †P‡q `yB eQ‡ii eo| -My brother is two years older than I /me. Or- My
brother is senior to me by two years.
GLb mgq mKvj `kUv †e‡R `k wgwbU| -It is ten past ten a.m.
wZwb GZÿ‡Y XvKv ‡cuŠ‡Q _vK‡eb| -He might have reached Dhaka by this time.
[Bangladesh Development Bank EO 2014] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
cÖ¯ÍvweZ- proposed †K›`ª K‡i- centering round
`wÿY cwðg A‡ji A_©bxwZ- the economy of †mZz msjMœ GjvKvq- in the area adjacent to the
south- west region bridge
†mZz cÖKí GjvKv KvQvKvwQ- close to ayg cov- increase to a great extent
fwel¨‡Zi K_v g‡b †i‡L- thinking of future wkí ¯’vcb Kiv- set up industries
ÿz`ªwkí cÖwZôvb- small industries PvjwPÎ- life-style
†Zvo‡Rvo- arrangement/preparation cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv- withdraw
wbR¯^ A_v©q‡b- with its own fund ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b- gross domestic product

 Translate the Following Text into English:

cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÙv †mZz‡K verb + ing †K›`ª K‡i verb cv‡ë hv‡”Q sub `wÿY cwðg A‡ji A_©bxwZ| -The
econmy of south- west region is changing centring round the proposed Padma bridge
sub
e¨emvqxiv fwel¨‡Zi K_v verb + ing g‡b †i‡L adverbial †mZz cÖKí GjvKvi KvQvKvwQ object Rwg verb
wKb‡Qb| -The businessmen are buying land close to the bridge project area thinking of
future.
adverbial
cÖKí msjMœ GjvKv ¸‡jv‡Z B‡Zvg‡a¨ †ek wKQz passive sub ÿz`ªwkí cÖwZôvb passive verb M‡o D‡V‡Q|
-Already a number of small industries have been established in the areas adjacent to
the project.
e¨emvqx‡`i aviYv, passive sub c`¥v †mZz wbgv©Y Ges M¨vm ms‡hvM passive verb wbwðZ n‡j †mZz adverbial msjMœ
GjvKvq sub wkí ¯’vc‡bi verb ayg c‡o hv‡e| -It is the belief of the businessmen that if the
Padma bridge project and gas connection are ensured, the setting up of industries will
increase to a great extent in the area adjacent to the bridge.
adverbial
cÙv cv‡oi PvjwP‡Î verb NU‡e sub BwZevPK cwieZ©b| -Positive changes will occur in the
life-styles on the bank of the Padma.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 335 ~
cÙv †mZzi K_v verb + ing g‡b †i‡L adverbial cvuP eQi Av‡M ‡_‡KB adverbial †`‡ki `wÿY cwðgv‡ji
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b sub wkí ¯’vc‡bi †Zvo‡Rvo verb ïiæ nq| -The arrangements for setting up
industries in different places of the south – west regions of the country start since five
years ago thinking of Padma bridge.
sub
wek¦ e¨vsK G cÖKí †_‡K object wb‡R‡`i verb cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡j cÙv‡mZz wbgv©Y Av‡`Š m¤¢e n‡e Whether
wKÑbv †m passive sub mskq passive verb m„wó nq| -The uncertainty of whether the construction of
the Padma bridge will at all be possible or not is created when the World bank
withdraws itself from the project.
wKš‘sub miKvi adverbial wbR¯^ A_v©q‡b cÙv †mZz to + verb wbg©v‡Yi verb cwiKíbv †bqvq sub †m nZvkv to +
verb
KvU‡Z verb ïiæ K‡i‡Q| -But disappointment has started to abate since the government
plans to construct the Padma bridge with its own fund.
cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÙv †mZzi m¤¢vebv ‡K verb + ing mvg‡b †i‡L `wÿY -cwðgv‡j B‡Zvg‡a¨ passive sub ‡hme wkí
passive verb
¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q Zvi e‡`Šj‡Z sub ‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b adverbial 1.2 kZvsk verb evo‡Z cv‡i e‡j
passive verb
Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q| -It is hoped/ expected that the gross domestic product may
increase by 1.2% because of the industries that have already been set up considering
the possibility of the proposed Padma Bridge.

[Rajshahi krishi Unnayan Bank –SO 2015] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the Following Text into English:
evsjv‡`‡ki passive sub†gvU †`kR Drcv`b cÖe„w×I 7 kZvsk passive verb bó n‡”Q adverbial ïay XvKv kn‡ii
hvbR‡Ui Kvi‡Y| -7 percent growth of gross domestic product in Bangladesh is being
spoilt due to traffic jam in the city of Dhaka.
kyay passive sub GB kni‡K adverbial hvbRU passive verb gy³ Kiv †M‡j evsjv‡`‡ki sub gv_v wcQz Avq verb
evoZ adverbial 78 Wjvi ev 6 nvRvi 280 UvKv|
-If only this city was made congestion free, the per capita income would increase by
78 dollars or 6280 taka
passive sub
Ggb Z_¨B passive verb D‡V G‡m‡Q XvKv wewb‡qvM †ev‡W©i XvKv kn‡ii hvbRU I Gi A_©‰bwZK
cÖfve kx©lK GK M‡elYvq| -Such information has been found in a research conducted by
the Investment Board titled Traffic Congestion in Dhaka city and its Impact on the
Economy.
adverbial
hvbR‡Ui Kvi‡Y passive sub †h mgq passive verbbó nq, Zvi Avw_©K ÿwZ eQ‡i 561 †KvwU Wjvi
wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q| -The time that is wasted due to the traffic congestion has been
calculated 561 crore dollars a year as financial loss.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 336 ~
 [Probashi Kallyan Bank EO- 2014] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
Kjvfeb cÖv½‡Y- at the Arts Building premises cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv- hoist flag
GK HwZnvwmK mfvq- in a historical meeting ZrKvjxb- the then me© cÖ_g- for the first time
jvjmeyR Rgx‡bi cUf~wg‡Z jvj m~‡h©i e„‡Ëi- in red cëb gq`v‡bi mgv‡e‡k- in a grand mass
colour circle on the background of red- green gathering
mKvj ‡cŠ‡b `kUvq- at 9.45 a.m. RvZxq m½xZ- national anthem,
†NvlYv c‡Î- manifesto Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~wP- schedule of movement
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb-Non-cooperation Movement †mvbvi evsjvi gvbwPÎ msewjZ- with a map of
sonar Bangla

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
1971 mv‡ji 2 gvP© adverbial XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kjvfeb cÖv½‡Y adverbial GK HwZnvwmK mfvq sub
cÖ_g ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKv passive verbD‡Ëvjb Kiv nq| -The national flag of independent
Bangladesh is hoisted for the first time in a historical meeting at the Arts Building
premises of Dhaka university on March 2, 1971.
adverbial
mKvj ‡cŠ‡b `kUvq subZrKvjxb WvKmy wfwc Av. m. g. Avãyi ie adverbialme© cÖ_g adverbial jvjmeyR
Rgx‡bi cUf~wg‡Z jvj m~‡h©i e„‡Ëi †mvbvi evsjvi gvbwPÎ msewjZ objectevsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv verb
D‡Ëvjb K‡ib| -The then DUCSO VP A.S.M Abdur Rob for the first time hoisted the
national flag of Bangladesh with a map of sonar Bangla in red colour circle on the
background of red -green at 9.45 a.m.
adverbial
wZb gvP© we‡K‡j cëb gq`v‡bi adverbialGK wekvj Rbmfvq 7 gvP© ch©šÍ passive subAv‡›`vj‡bi
Kg©m~wP passive verb†NvlYv Kiv nq| -The schedule of movement up to March 7 is declared on
the evening of March 3 in a grand mass gathering at Paltron Moydan.
adverbial
G w`b adverbialcëb gq`v‡bi mgv‡e‡k adverbial¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` KZ…©K cÖPvwiZ
†NvlYv c‡Î iex›`ªbv‡_i passive sub ÒAvgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwmÓ MvbwU‡K
adverbial
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq m½xZ passive verb †NvlYv Kiv nq| -That day in the mass meeting of
Palton Sqare, the song “Amar sonar Bangla, Ami tomai valobasi” by Rabindranath is
declared as the national anthem of independent Bangladesh in the manifesto
published by Chhatra Songram Parishad of independent Bangladesh
adverbial
7 gv‡P© adverbial †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b adverbial Rbmgy‡`ª e½eÜzi fvl‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q adverbial mgMÖ
evsjv‡`‡k passive verb ïiæ nq passive sub Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb|
-The Non-cooperation Movement is started through the speech of Bangabondhu
before a huge gathering in Race Course Maydan on 7th March.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 337 ~

 [ICB SO 2014] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
fvlvfvlx gvbyl- language speaking people RvMiY- awakening
mvs¯‹…wZK A½Y- cultural arena ‰ewPÎgq- diversified
†Nvi †Uv‡ci inm¨- mystery of boundaries cÖwZwbqZ- constantly
be beiƒc- New forms wewfbœ‡Mvwô- different communities
¯§„wZ-we¯§„wZi AšÍiv‡j- behind our memory and ¸YxRb- talented people, scholars,
forgetfulness intellectuals
ZiæY- ZiæYx young generation Abe`¨ iPbvi- splendid writing
gvBj djK- milestone gbb- creativity RvMiY- consciousness

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
Avgv‡`i ¯§„wZ-we¯§„wZi AšÍiv‡j passive verb jywK‡q Av‡Q passive sub ‰ewPÎgq mvs¯‹…wZK A½‡Yi
RvMiY| -The awakening of diversified cultural arenas is concealed / hidden behind our
memory and forgetfulness.
mvgvwRK wewa-wb‡la Avi †Nvi †Uv‡ci inm¨ verb+ing wQbœ K‡i adverbial cÖwZwbqZ verb †ewi‡q Av‡m mvs¯‹…wZK
RM‡Zi sub be beiƒc| -New forms of cultural world are constantly coming out breaking
the social restrictions and the mystery of boundaries.
wVK †ZgbB sub G †`‡ki ms¯‹…wZI verb aviY K‡i P‡j‡Q wewfbœ ‡Mvwô Ges fvlvfvlx gvby‡li object ˆewPΨgq
iƒc| -Just like this, the culture of this country has contained diversified forms of
different communities and language speaking people.
object
GB ˆewPÎgq ms¯‹…wZ‡Z adverbial wbR wbR gbb I cÖwZfv w`‡q adverbial wewfbœ mgq sub ¸YxRbiv verb
mg„× K‡i‡Qb| -At different times, talented people have enriched this diversified culture
with their creativity and flair/genius.
sub
Zv‡`iB GKRb wQ‡jb wek¦ Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| -World poet Rabindrdanath Tagore is one
of them.
wZwb ev½vwji gy‡L RywM‡q‡Qb fvlv Avi cÖv‡Y G‡b‡Qb AvZ¡wek¦vm| -He has provided language in the
mouths of the Bangalees and brought self -confidence in their hearts.
†mB mgq e‡m sub wZwb eZ©gvb AvaywbK c„w_exi verb¯^cœ †`‡LwQ‡jb Avi verbRb¥ w`‡qwQ‡jb object wKQz
Abe`¨ iPbvi hv wKbv adverbial G mg‡qi ZiæY -ZiæYxi wPšÍv I m„wó‡Z, Kíbvq I RvMi‡Y gvBj djK verb
n‡q Av‡Q| -Even at that time, he dreamt of the present modern world and created some
splendid writings which have been a milestone in the thought and creation,
imagination and consciousness of the young generation of this age.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 338 ~

 [Biman Bangladesh Airlines G S A 2016] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
Acwimxg- immense/ boundless cÖwZeÜKZv- obstacle
cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ- advancement of every work e¨vnZ Kiv- disrupt
AvKvk c‡_ wegvb- aircrafts in in the sky mgy`ªMvgx RvnvR- ships in the sea
‡eZvi hš¿- wireless device

 Translate the Following Text into English:

adverbial
‡h‡Kvb †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi ‡ÿ‡Î sub†hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi ¸iæZ¡ complement Acwimxg -The importance
of communication system is immense for the development of any country.
‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZeÜKZv _vK‡j passive sub cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri AMÖMwZ passive verbe¨vnZ n‡e| -If there is
any obstacle in communication, advancement of every work will be disrupted.
adverbial
eZ©gv‡b DbœZwe‡k¦ Kw¤úDUvi adverbial†bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g passive sub †hvMv‡hvM passive verb wbqwš¿Z
n‡”Q| -At present in the developed countries of the world, communication is being
controlled through computer network.
we‡kl K‡i AvKvk c‡_ wegvb Avi mgy`ªMvgx RvnvR Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© I ‡eZvi hš¿ Qvov wbqš¿‡Yi Dcvq
†bB| -Particularly there is no other way of controlling aircrafts in in the sky and ships
in the sea without computer and wireless device.
GK †`‡ki mv‡_ Av‡iK ‡`‡ki `ªæZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g B›Uvi‡bU| -The medium of fast
communication from one country to another is internet.
passive sub
wWwRUvj c×wZ passive verbev¯ÍevwqZ n‡j G‡ÿ‡Î eo ai‡bi mvdj¨ Avm‡Z cv‡i| -If digital
system is implemented, a huge success may come in this field.
Gfv‡e mgMÖ wek¦‡K nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq wb‡q Avmv m¤¢e| -It is possible to bring the whole world in the
grip this way.
[Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation – 2014] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the Following Text into English:
adverbial
cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡ji cÖvq PweŸk eQ‡ii object c~e©cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi m¤ú‡K© sub ev½vwj ivóª weÁvbx‡`i
†KD †KD adverbialAf¨šÍixY Dcwb‡ekev` e‡j verbAwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| -Some of the Bengali political
scientists have termed the twenty–four -year relationship between East and West
Pakistan during the reign of Pakistan as Internal Colonialism.
adverbial
Dcwb‡ewkK kvmb KvVv‡gv‡Z sub †Kvb GK we‡`kx kw³ †Rvi c~e©KGKwU f~LÛ ev m¤úª`v‡qi Dci
ivR‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î object K‡Vvi `gb bxwZ, adverbial ¯’vbxq‡`i ÿgZv †_‡K verb+ing wew”Qbœ †i‡L adverbial
A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î me©‡”Pv †kvl‡Yi gva¨‡g adverbial ‡mB f~LÛ ev m¤úª`vq‡K Dbœqb Kg© KvÛ †_‡K to + verb
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 339 ~
`~‡i mwi‡q ivLvi object bxwZ verb MªnY K‡i| -In the colonial system of government, any
foreign power forcefully adopts the hard repression policy on a state or a community
in the case of politics and takes the policy to keep away that state and community
from development activities through ultimate exploitation in economy detaching the
natives from power.
m‡ev©cwi †`kR ms¯‹…wZ aŸs‡mi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i †kvlY I kvmb †kl ch©šÍ Af¨vnZ iv‡L| -Overall, its
own exploitation and domination continue up to the last time through the annihilation
of native culture.
adverbial
GKB cÖwµqvq adverbial Af¨šÍixY Dcwb‡ekev‡` adverbial GKB iv‡óªi g‡a¨ verb M‡o D‡V sub GKwU
cÖfzZ¡Kvix I ‡kvlK ‡Mvwô| -In the same internal colonialism process, an authoritative and
exploiting class rises in the same state.
sub
Dcwb‡ewkK kw³ †`kxq g~j¨‡eva, BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‹…wZmn ¯^KxqZv verb+ing aŸsm K‡i object
wb‡R‡`i wkÿv, fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ verb Pvwc‡q †`q| -The colonial power imposes its own education,
language and culture destroying their distinctiveness including values, history and
tradition.
adverbial
m‡e©vcwi, wb‡R‡`i ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK †kvlY to + verb Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z verb M‡o Zy‡j
object
Rb wew”Qbœ ÿgZv †fvMKvix m¤úª`vq| -In addition, it builds up a desolate power enjoying
community to continuue its own political, economic and cultural exploitation.
[Bangladesh Tariff Commission (BTC) RO -2010] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the Following Text into English:
Avgiv mvaviYZ gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ e¨emv Kwi| -We usually do business to earn profit.
Z‡e m¤ú` AvniY I cyuwR ˆZix KivI e¨emvi jÿ¨ nIqv DwPr| -Yet accumulation of resources
and making capital should also be the goal of business.
e¨emvi Øviv wKQz †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb nq| - Some people are employed thorugh business.
wKQz wkí cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZ mvab K‡i| -Some industries cause harm to the environment.
ZvB passive subwkí eR©¨ adverbialmwVK c×wZ‡Z passive verbAcmviY Kiv DwPr| -So it is necessary to
remove industrial waste in right system.
mZZv I `ÿZvi mv‡_ e¨emv cwiPvjbv Kiv Avek¨K| -It is essential to run business with honesty
and skill.
¯’vbxq KvuPvgvj w`‡q cY¨ Drcv`b Kiæb| -Manufacture products with local raw materials.
G‡Z ißwb e„w× cv‡e| -In this way, export will increase.
wkí D‡`¨v³v‡`i wKQz mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv i‡q‡Q| -Industrial entrepreneurs have some social
obligations.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 340 ~
†`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z G¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg | -The importance of these to the economy of the
country is unlimited.
[10g we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR)wjwLZ cixÿv 2016] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the following passage into English
iZb Avi †Kvb K_v wRÁvmv Kwij bv| -Ratan did not ask anything.
†cv÷gv÷vi AvcwbB Zv‡K ewj‡jb, wZwb e`wji Rb¨ `iLv¯Í KwiqvwQ‡jb, `iLv¯Í bvgÄyi nBqv‡Q| -The
post master himself told him that he applied for transfer but his application had been
rejected.
ZvB sub wZwb Kv‡R verb + ing Reve w`qv adverbial evwo verbhvB‡Z‡Qb| -So he is going home
submitting resignation. A‡bÿY †KD †Kvb K_v Kwnj bv| -Nobody talked for long.
to +verb
wgUwgU Kwiqv subcÖ`xc verbR¡wj‡Z jvwMj Ges adverbial GK ¯’v‡b object N‡ii RxY© Pvj verb + ing †f`
Kwiqv adverbial GKwU gvwUi mivi Dci to +verb UcUc Kwiqv sub e„wói R¡j verb cwo‡Z jvwMj| -The lamp
began to twinkle/ flicker and the rain water started to drip onto an earthen pot / plate
at one corner penetrating the dilapidated thatch of the room.
adverbial
wKQzÿY ci sub iZb adverbial Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í verb + ing DwVqv adverbial ivbœvN‡i iæwU to +verb Mwo‡Z
verb
‡Mj| -After a while rising slowly, Ratan went to the kitchen to make bread.
Ab¨w`‡bi gZ †Zgb PUcU nBjbv| -He did not become so prompt like other days.
sub verb
†evaKwi g‡a¨g‡a¨ gv_vq A‡bK fvebv D`q nBqvwQj| -Perhaps sometimes many thoughts
dawn on him.
‡cv÷gv÷v‡ii Avnvi †kl nB‡j evwjKv nVvr Zv‡K wRÁvmv Kwij, `v`vevey, Avgv‡K †Zvgvi evwo‡Z wb‡q
hv‡e? -After the post master had finished eating, the girl asked him, brother, will you
take me to your home?
[9g we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR) wjwLZ cixÿv 2014] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the following passage into English.
adverbial
GKw`b sub Zvcmx iv‡eqv cÖK…wZi †kvfv to +verb `k©b Kivi Rb¨ verb ce©ZvniY K‡iwQ‡jb| -Once
the saint Rabeya climbed a hill to see the beauty of nature.
adverbial
‡m mgq sub A‡bK cï- cvwL adverbial Pviw`K n‡Z G‡m object Zuv‡K adverbial cigvZ¥x‡qi gZ verb
wN‡i `uvwo‡q wQj| -At that time, many birds and beasts surrounded him like intimate
friends from all around.
adverbial
ZLb adverbial Av‡iK c_ w`‡q sub cÖwm× Zvcm nvmvb adverbial †mLv‡b verb Dcw¯’Z n‡ZB, sub Zviv
`~‡i verb m‡i coj|. -Then, as soon as the famous saint Hasan arrived along the other
way, they moved away.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 341 ~

 Zv †`‡L Zvcm nvmvb ej‡jb, iv‡eqv, subZviv adverbial†Kgb wbfx©K wP‡Ë object †Zvgv‡K verb + ingwN‡i verb
`uvwo‡qwQj, Avi subAvwg verb Avm‡ZB verb`uvwo‡q cvjvj| -Seeing that the saint Hasan said,
“Rabeya, they were standing surrounding you undauntedly but ran away as soon as I
came.”
iv‡eqv wRÁvmv Ki‡jb, AvR Avcwb wK †L‡q‡Qb? ÒwZwb ej‡jb, gvsm I iæwU|Ó
-Rabeya asked, What have you eaten today?. “He said, meat and bread ”.
ZLb iv‡eqv ej‡jb, ÒG †Zv g›` K_v bq, Avcwb Zv‡`i gvs‡m D`i c~Y© Ki‡eb, Avi Zviv wbf©‡q Avcbvi
Kv‡Q Avm‡e? -Then Rabeya said, “that is not bad, you will eat their meat to your heart’s
content but will they come to you fearlessly.”

Ggb wK KLbI nq?Ó -Does it ever happen?/ Do things like this ever happen?
[9g we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR)wjwLZ cixÿv 2013] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the following passage into English.
fviZel© I Pxb `yÔ‡Uv †`‡kB cÖvPxb hy‡M KZK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU ivR¨ wQj|
Both in india and china there were some small states.
G `yÔ‡Uv †`‡ki †KvbwUB †Kvb mg‡q GKRb kvmbKZv©i Aax‡b wQj bv|
-Neither of these two countries was under the rule of a single ruler at any time.
sub
cÖ‡Z¨KwU bMi Avi Zvi Av‡kcv‡ki MÖvg gvV¸‡jv adverbial GKwU kvmb wbq‡gi Aax‡b verb wQj| -All
the cities and villages –fields around them were under a single system of
government.
GMy‡jv‡K Avgiv ewj bvMwiK ivóª| -We term these as city states.
adverbial
†mB cÖvPxb Kv‡jI wKš‘ adverbial Gme bvMwiK- iv‡óªi A‡bKMy‡jv‡ZB sub MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v
verb
cÖPwjZ wQj| -Even at that ancient time in many of these city states democratic
system of government prevailed.
†Kvb ivRv wQj bv| -There was no king.
Rb mvavi‡Yi g‡bvbxZ GKRb cÂv‡qZ kvmbKv©h Pvjv‡Zb| -A village council/panchayat
nominated by the common people used to run the administrative activities.
†Kvb †Kvb iv‡óªi Aek¨ ivRvI wQ‡jv| -In some states there were kings also.
cÖ‡Z¨KwU iv‡óªi wbR wbR kvmb wbqg _vK‡jI ci¯úi‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi ixwZI wQj| -Though each of
the states had its own system of government, the trend of helping each other existed
there.
A‡bK mgq GK GKwU eo ivóª‡K KZK¸‡jv †QvU iv‡óªi †bZ…¯’vbxq e‡j ‡g‡b †bIqv n‡Zv| -Often
each of the big states was accepted as the leading state of the small ones.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 342 ~
 [7g we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR)wjwLZ cixÿv 2012] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the following passage into English.
RbM‡Yi AwfcÖv‡qi cig Awfe¨w³iæ‡c msweavb cÖRvZ‡š¿i m‡ev”P© AvBb Ges Ab¨ †K‡bv AvBb hw`
msweav‡bi mwnZ AmvgÄm¨ nq| Zvnv nB‡jB ‡m AvB‡bi hZLvwb AmvgÄm¨c~Y©, ZZLvwb evwZj nB‡e| -
The Constitution, as the solemn expression of the will of people, the supreme law of
the Republic, and if any other law is inconsistent with this Constitution that other law
shall, to the extent of inconsistency, be void.
adverbial
msweav‡b passive subgyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I gnvb Av`k© passive verbcÖwZdwjZ nBqv‡Q| -The spirit
and great ideals of the Liberation War have been reflected in the Constitution.
adverbial
Bnv‡ZB passive verbmwbœ‡ewkZ nBqv‡Q passive sub ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ, RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi
mg~n Ges iv‡óªi wbev©nx wefvM, AvBb mfv I wePvi wefv‡Mi Kvh©cwiwamn mvsweavwbK cÖwZôvb mg~‡ni wbqvgK
weavbejx| -Fundamental principles of state policy, people’s fundamental rights, the
functions of the executive of the country, the legislature, the Judiciary including
provisions of constitutional organisations have been enshrined in the Constitution.
myZivs msweav‡bi Drm Ges weavbejx m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K AewnZ Kiv iv‡óªi KZe¨©| -So it is the duty of
the state to apprise the people of the source and provisions of the Constitution.
adverbial
evOvjx RvwZi msMÖv‡gi BwZnv‡m sub 1970 Gi mvaiY wbev©Pb complement GKwU gvBjdjK| -
The general election of 1970 is a milestone in the history of the struggle of the
Bangalees.
adverbial
Z`vwbšÍb passive sub cvwK¯Ívbx mvgwiK RvšÍv RbM‡Yi GB g¨v‡Û‡Ui cÖwZ kª×vkxj nBevi cwie©‡Z
Dnv‡K verb + ing e¨_© Kwievi lohš¿ passive verb wjß nq|
-Instead of becoming respectful to this mandate of people, the then Pakistani military
junta is involved in the conspiracy of thwarting that.
[6ô we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR) wjwLZ cixÿv 2011] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the following passage into English
A‡bK¸‡jv Ab¨vq Kv‡R mgv‡Ri hZ bv ÿwZ nq, GKwU gvÎ Ab¨vq iv‡qi cwiYv‡g Zvi †P‡q A‡bK ¸Y
†ewk ÿwZ n‡q _v‡K|
The harm that is done to the society as a result of a single unlawful verdict is many
times higher than that caused by many unjust activities.
Ab¨vq Am½Z KvR mgv‡Ri cÖevn‡K `~wlZ K‡i, Avi Ab¨vq ivq mgv‡Ri cÖevn‡K `~wlZ K‡i, Avi Ab¨vq
ivq mgv‡Ri Drmg~j‡KB KjywlZ K‡i †d‡j| -Unjust and unlawful activities pollute the flow
of the society but an unlawful verdict pollutes the very root of the society.
Ávbx m‡jvgvb h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, passive sub b¨vqcivqY gvbyl `yóz gvby‡li Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡j adverbial Zuvi
AatcwZZ Ae¯’v‡K `~wlZ cÖ¯ªeY A_ev KjywlZ †¯ªvZ avivi mv‡_ passive verb Zzjbv Kiv P‡j| -The wise
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 343 ~
Saloman has properly said, if a righteous man is influenced by the wicked people of
the society, his degenerate condition may be compared to a polluted spring or stream.
sub
GKRb wePviK‡K adverbialwbi‡cÿ bxwZ‡Z verb + ing `vuwo‡q adverbialGKwU b¨vq m½Z iv‡qi Rb¨ adverbial
gvbwmK `„pZv wb‡q verb AMÖmi n‡Z nq| -A judge is to proceed with strong determination for
a rightful verdict standing on the principle of neutrality.
‡Kvbfv‡e ivq‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi cÖ‡Póv hw` we`¨gvb _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mLv‡bB wePvi‡Ki Rb¨ Zvui KZ©e¨
civqYZv Ges wbi‡cÿZv cÖgv‡Yi AeKvk _v‡K| -If there exists any effort to influence the
verdict somehow, there lies a gap for the judge to prove his sincerity in his duty and
neutrality.

[5g we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR) wjwLZ cixÿv 2010] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the following passage into English
Avgv‡`i eB‡qi RM‡Z sub MZvbyMwZK †Pbv †PŠnwÏwU e`jv‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| -The traditional boundary
line in the world of our books has started to change.
w`MšÍ eo n‡”Q| -The horizon is expanding.
GKwU RxešÍ fvlvi †ejvq ‡mUvB nq| -This is what happens in the case of a living language.
Avm‡j RxešÍ fvlv Avi RxešÍ mgvR GKB K_v| -Actually a living language and a living
society are the same.
RxešÍ fvlv e‡j weg~Z© wKQz bvB| -There is nothing abstract called a living language.
†`‡ki g‡bvRMZ, Kg© RM‡Zi MwZ, m„wókxjZv, fvlvq iæcvšÍwiZ n‡j †mUvB RxešÍ fvlvi cÖwZg~w©Z©| -If the
realm of the mind of the country, the speed of the domain of work, creativity are
translated into a language, that is the model of a living language.
evsjvv‡`‡ki eB‡qi RM‡Z msL¨vq, welq ˆewP‡Î¨, m„RbkxjZvq RxešÍ fvlvi bvbvg~Lx ewntcÖKvk my¯úó| -
In the world of books of Bangladesh, various manifestations of living languages are
conspicuous in number, variety of subjects and creativity.
bvbv wel‡q GLv‡b †jLv n‡”Q| -Books are being written on many issues here.
bvbv †kÖYx I ‡ckvi gvbyl wjL‡Qb| -People of various classes and professions are writing.
mgvR, ivóª, gvbyl RxešÍ _vK‡j, fvlv RxešÍ _vK‡j, ‡Zgb nIqviB K_v| -If society, state, people
and language are alive, it is supposed to happen such.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 344 ~

 [4_© we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR) wjwLZ cixÿv 2009] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the following passage into English
wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmc‡Îi `vg mvaviY gvby‡li µq ÿgZvi g‡a¨ _vKv DwPr| -The price of
essentials should be kept under the purchasing capacity of common people.
†mŠfvM¨µ‡g AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `vg A‡bK K‡g ‡M‡Q; we‡klZ M‡gi djb PjwZ eQ‡i †iKW©
AwZµg K‡i †M‡Q| -Fortunately, the price of food products has decreased to a great
extent in the international market, especially the yield of wheat in the current year has
crossed the record.

G Ae¯’vq Avgv‡`i †`‡ki `wi`ª RbMY †Kb wظY `v‡g AvUv gq`v wK‡b Rxeb aviY Ki‡Z n‡e? -In this
situation, why have the poor people of our country to live their life buying flour at
double price?
Lv`¨c‡Y¨i `vg Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ evRv‡i ¯^vfvweK AvPiY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e? -To reduce the price of
food normal practice in the market has to be ensured.
G †ÿ‡Î e¨emvqx m¤úª`v‡qi f~wgKvI AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| -In this case, the role of the business
community is very important.
b¨vh¨ c‡_ gybvdv AR©‡b Kv‡iviB evav †bB| -Nobody is impeded in making profits legally.
wKš‘ Ab¨vh¨ cš’vq AwZwi³ gybvdv jv‡fi cÖeYZv Aek¨B `gb Ki‡Z n‡e| -But the tendency of
making excessive profits illegally must be controlled.
[1g we‡RGmwm (mnKvix RR) wjwLZ cixÿv 2007] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate the following passage into English-
Dbœqb AMÖMwZi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z i‡q‡Q †h cY¨, ‡mwU wb:m‡›`‡n R¡vjvwb †Zj| -The product which is in
the centre of development is undoubtedly fuel oil.
wKš‘ Gi `vg AvKv‡k DVvq ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡”Q DbœZ I AbybœZ mKj †`k| -As its price has become
exorbitantly high, developed and undeveloped countries are being affected.
†KD †KD e‡j‡Qb G‡Z me‡P‡q ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡”Q hy³ivóªmn DbœZ wek¦ hv‡`i R¡vjvwb A‡bKvs‡k Avg`vwbi Dci
wbf©ikxj| -Some say, as a result of it the developed countries of the world including
the USA whose energy is greatly dependent on import are being affected most.
Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Mwie †`k¸‡jvI Kg ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡”Q bv| -The poor countries like Bangladesh
are also not being affected less.
Gme †`‡ki R¡vjvwbi mv‡_ Av‡ó c„‡ôRwoZ wbZ¨ e¨envh© c‡Y¨i `vg| -The price of daily necessities
is inseparably connected with that of energy.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 345 ~

Avevi miKv‡ii ivR‡¯^i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU Ask P‡j hv‡”Q R¡vjvwb Avg`vwb‡Z| -Again an important /
major part of the revenue of the government is being used for importing energy.
d‡j Awbev©hfv‡e evavMÖ¯’ n‡”Q Dbœqb| -As a consequence, developments are being hampered
unavoidably.
ev¯ÍeZv n‡”Q Avgv‡`i †Zj m¤ú‡`i cÖgvwYZ †Zgb †Kvb gRy` ‡bB ej‡jB P‡j|
-Reality is that we have hardly any substantiated store/ reserve of energy resources.
G †cÖÿvc‡U DbœZ we‡k¦i g‡Zv Avgv‡`iI fve‡Z n‡e weKí R¡vjvwbi K_v, hvi Acwinvh© c~e©kZ© n‡”Q M‡elYv
I jvMmB cÖhyw³| -In this respect/in this perspective, we have to think of alternative
sources of energy like the developed countries of the world, the precondition of which
is research and suitable technology.

 2018 mv‡j AbywôZ 38 Zg wewmGm wjwLZ mn wewfbœ e¨vs‡Ki cixÿvq

Avmv evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation GLv‡b †`Iqv n‡jv-
[38th BCS (Written)] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
DrKl©- excellence BwZnv‡mi MwZ- course of history
Awe‡”Q`¨- inextricable msjMœ- close to
Avcwb‡ZB- on …+ possessive+ own ‡hŠ_ cÖqvm- collective /combined efforts
/automatically weeZ©b- evolution
KZ©v- all in all; wkíKjv- fine arts AwaKvix- owner
ms¯‹…wZ‡PZbv- cultural spirit ˆRweK mvg‡_©¨- biological capability
cvivKvôv- climax/ highest excellence mvab Kiv- achieve/attain
Rxeb c×wZ- life style ms¯‹…wZi g‡g©- in the core of culture

 Translate the Following Text into English:

Sub
ms¯‹„wZ n‡jv Rxe‡bi I cwi‡e‡ki DrKl© mva‡bi I DbœwZweav‡bi Ges B”Qv Abyhvqx BwZnv‡mi MwZ
wbav©i‡Yi complementwPšÍv I †Póv| -Culture implies thoughts and efforts of upgrading and
developing the excellence of life and environment as well as determining /fixing the
course of history according to desire.
Sub
Rxeb I cwi‡ek Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤ú‡K© hy³| -Life and environment are connected with an
inextricable relationship.
Sub
Rxeb adverbial cwi‡ek †_‡KB verbD™¢~Z Ges cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ msjMœ I cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj| -Life
originates from environment and it is associated with and dependent on it.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 346 ~

G `yB‡qi GKwUi SubDbœwZ Ab¨wUi DbœwZi Dci complementwbf©ikxj| -The progress of one of these
two is dependent on that/ the progress of the other.
Sub
DbœwZ Avcwb‡ZB verbN‡U bv, passive verbmvab Ki‡Z nq| -Progress does not happen on its
own /automatically, rather it is to be achieved.
adverbial
DbœwZi cÖwµqvq Subgvbyl complementKZ©v| -Man is all in all in the process of
development.
GKgvÎ Subgvby‡liB ms¯‹…wZ Av‡Q, Ab¨ cÖvYxi †bB| -No other animal but man has culture.
Sub
gvbyl †mB ˆRweK mvg‡_©¨i complementAwaKvix hvi e‡j Sub†m adverbiale¨w³MZ I ‡hŠ_ cÖqv‡m ms¯‹…wZi
verb
cwiPq w`‡Z cv‡i| -Man possesses that biological capability by dint of which he can
reveal his culture with individual and collective /combined efforts.
A_ev/ or
-Man is the owner of that biological capability by dint of which he can reveal his
culture with individual and collective efforts.
weeZ©‡bi †h ch©v‡q G‡m Subgvbyl ms¯‹…wZ to + verbm„wó Ki‡Z verbmÿg n‡q‡Q Zvi c~e© ch©šÍ Ab¨ cÖvYxi m‡½
gvby‡li cv_©K¨ wQjbv| -There was no difference between man and other animals before
the stage of evolution at which man was able to create culture.
adverbial
RxebhvÎvi ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li wb‡R‡K Ges wb‡Ri m‡½ cwi‡ek‡K my›`i, mg„× I DbœZ Kivi †h
passive Sub
cÖeYZv, wPšÍv I †Póv passive verbjÿ Kiv hvq, ZviB g‡a¨ verbwbwnZ _v‡K Zvi Subms¯‹…wZ| -
Man’s culture consists in his tendency, thoughts and efforts of beatifying, enriching
and improving himself and his surroundings/environment which are noticed through
his life-style.
adverbial
e¨w³i Rxe‡b †hgb, mgwói Rxe‡bI †Zgwb Subms¯‹…wZ‡PZbv I ms¯‹…wZ verb
Av‡Q| -Cultural
spirit and culture exist both in personal and collective life.
`kb©, weÁvb I wkíKjv m„wói ga¨ w`‡q DbœwZkxj ivóªe¨e¯’v, mgvR e¨e¯’v I Rxeb c×wZ cÖeZ©‡bi ga¨
w`‡q Subgvbyl objectZvi mvs¯‹…wZK cvivKvôv verbcÖ`k©b K‡i _v‡K| -Man exhibits the climax/
highest excellence of his cultural capabilities through creating philosophy, science,
fine arts, introducing prosperous states, social systems and life styles.
adverbial
ms¯‹…wZi g‡g© verbAv‡Q DbœZ nIqvi I DbœZ Kivi Ges mg„× I mg„× Kivi SubcÖeYZv, B”Qv,
AvKvOÿv I †Póv| -The essence of culture includes tendency, wish, desire and efforts of
being developed and developing, being enriched and enriching. Or- The tendency,
wish, desire and efforts of being developed and developing, being enriched and
enriching are in the core of culture.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 347 ~

ms¯‹…wZi mv‡_ m¤úK© Av‡Q iæwP, cQ›`, mgvR‡eva, Avnvh©, e¨envh©, cwicvk¦©, wePviÿgZv, MÖnY-eR©b I
cÖqvm- cÖ‡Póvi| -Culture has relation with taste, liking, social ties/social understanding,
food habit, behavior, surroundings, judgement, acceptance -rejection and effort-
endeavour.
[Bangladesh Bank- AD (General)-2018] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 GKbR‡i cÖkœwU mgvav‡b mnvqK Vocabulary:
Mgwó- collectivity bvbv n‡q DVv- be all-rounder/ the emergence of ability to be different
gZcÖKv‡ki AwaKvi- bvbv Kv‡R- AšÍivq- obstacle
freedom of expression in various activities eÂbv- deprivation
g‡bvRMZ- the realm of mind I e¨vcKZi- wider mPjZv- mobilisation
Av‡cwÿK- relative AwaKvi-right ˆewPÎZv-diversity
wb‡`©k Kiv- indicate g~j¨gvb- ms‡hvRb- value addition niY- violation
Kzms¯‹v‡i Av”QbœZv- cÖZ¨‡ÿi cwigv‡c- in the ev¯Íe wµqv Kg©- practical
pervasiveness of superstition measurement of reality activities
m~PK- index/ indicator kZ©- condition ALywk Kiv- dissatisfy
APj- out of date cwiYv‡g- as a result evavMÖ¯’ Kiv- impede/hinder
mÿgZvi gvb- AvIZvi evB‡i- outside the mÿgZvi weKvkB- development
standard of capability purview of of capability
mg„×Zi- flourishing gyw³- emancipation Dc‡hvM- utility
RvZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l- irrespective of caste and creed

 Translate into English:

e¨w³ ev mgwói Dc‡hvM bq, Avq ev m¤ú` bq, eis bvbv Kv‡R bvbv n‡q DVvq Zvi SubmÿgZvi weKvkB
object
gvby‡li Av‡cwÿK AwaKvi verbwb‡`©k K‡i| -Not the utility of individuality or collectivity,
not income or wealth, rather the development of his capability of being all-rounder in
diverse activities indicate the relative rights of man.
g‡bvRM‡Zi Lei †bIqvi G‡Z cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| -It is not necessary to know about the realm of
mind in it.
adverbial
Zvi ev¯Íe wµqv K‡g© g~j¨gvb- ms‡hvR‡bi †hvM¨Zvi Ici SubZv verbwbf©i K‡i| -It depends on
the eligibility of attributing value to his practical activities.
cÖZ¨‡ÿi cwigv‡c passive SubZv‡K Avbv hvq| -It can be brought to the measurement of
perception.
me wgwj‡q m~P‡Ki wbgv©‡Y Kg‡ewkI Zzjbv Kiv hvq| -More or less it can be compared in terms
of indicators as a whole.
Z‡e mgv‡Ri b¨vq mevi †ejvq wbi‡cÿ, GB kZ© APj n‡q c‡o| -This neutral condition becomes
out of date/dysfunctional in the case of all like the society.

Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 348 ~

Aÿg †K mÿg K‡i †Zvjv, Zvi mÿgZv evov‡bv AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡ cvq| -Much more emphasis is
given on enabling the disabled or enhancing their capability.
KviY cwiYv‡g G‡Z †MvUv mgv‡RiB mÿgZvi gvb ev‡o| -Because, as a result the standard of
capability of the whole society increases.
gvby‡li Kiv Ges nIqvi †ÿ‡Î ˆewPÎZv Av‡m| -Diversity occurs between the dream and reality
of man. Zv cÖmvwiZ nq| -It expands.
gvby‡li GB mg„×Zi I e¨vcKZi weKvkB Dbœqb|
-This flourishing and wider development of human beings is progress.
Ges GB DbœqbB Zvi e¯‘RM‡Z gyw³i Dcvq| -And this very development is the means of
getting rid of his material life.
mÿgZv‡K e¯‘MÖvn¨ Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRb MY gvby‡li cywó I my¯^v¯’¨| -The nutrition and good health of
mass people are needed to materialize capability.
AviI cÖ‡qvRb RvZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mgZv I wbivcËv, PvB wµqvK‡g© mPjZv I gZcÖKv‡ki AwaKvi| -
Equality and safety for all irrespective of caste, creed and religion, mobilisation of
activities and right to freedom of expression are also needed.
`vwi`ª¨ ev eÂbv, mgv‡R bvixi AwaKvi niY, wbiÿiZv ev Kzms¯‹v‡i Av”QbœZv -G¸‡jv meB mÿgZvi c‡_
AšÍivq| -Poverty or deprivation, violating the rights of women in the society, illiteracy
or pervasiveness of superstition- all these are obstacles in the way of capability.
gvby‡li Kj¨vY Zviv evavMÖ¯’ K‡i| -They impede/hinder the welfare of human beings.
AviI ejevi, GmeB cÖZ¨ÿ RM‡Zi welq Ges G‡`i msL¨v MYbvq Avbv m¤¢e| -It can also be said
that all these are issues of materialistic world and their figures can be counted.

KvD‡K ALywk K‡i eûR‡bi DcKvi mvgvwRK b¨vqwePv‡ii AvIZvi evB‡i _v‡K bv| -
Doing good to many dissatisfying someone does not remain outside the
purview of social justice.
e¨w³i m‡½ mgwói Av‡cwÿK mÿgZv Ges †mB m‡½ mgv‡R wµqv K‡g© Zv‡`i g~j¨
ms‡hvR‡bi my‡hvM msL¨vq I ¸YMZ gv‡b evo‡jv, wK evo‡jv bv - †mUvB g~j we‡ePbv| -
Whether the relative capability of an individual with the collectivity and
at the same time their opportunity of adding value to the activities in the
society have increased in number or in the standard of quality or not is
the main consideration.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 349 ~
 [Bangladesh Bank Officer (General)-2018] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate into English:
mgvR mvaviYfv‡e gvbyl‡K m„wó K‡i, gvbyl Avevi wb‡R‡K M‡o †Zv‡j wkÿv`xÿv I †mŠ›`h© mvabvi
mnvqZvq| -Generally society grows man, man develops himself with the help of
education-initiation and quest for beauty.
GB †h wb‡RK we‡klfv‡e M‡o †Zvjv, GiB bvg KvjPvi| -This particular way of being
developed is labelled as culture.

ZvB KvjPvW© gvbyl ¯^Zš¿mZ¡v, Avjv`v gvbyl| -So, a cultured man is an individual
/independent being and unique.

wb‡Ri wPšÍv, wb‡Ri fvebv, wb‡Ri Kíbvi weKvk bv n‡j KvjPvW© nIqv hvqbv| -None can be
cultured if his /her own thoughts, way of thinking and imagination do not
develop.

wPšÍv I wek¦v‡mi e¨vcv‡i mgZv ¯’vcb K‡i gvby‡li ¯^vZš¿ jyß Ki‡Z Pvq e‡j mvgvwRK wewa-weavb
A‡bK mgq KvjPv‡ii cwicwš’| -Sometimes social norms are contrary to culture as it
wants to abolish individuality through establishing equality in thought and
belief.

wb‡R‡K evuPvI, wb‡R‡K gnvb K‡iv, my›`i K‡iv wewPÎ K‡iv G-B KvjPv‡ii Av‡`k| -Save
yourself, glorify yourself, beautify yourself and diversify yourself, these are
the instructions of culture.

KvjPvi e¨w³Zvwš¿K GK_v ej‡j G eySvq bv †h, KvjPvW© gvbyl mgv‡Ri avi av‡i bv, †m `jQvov
†MvÎ Qvov Rxe| -The term individualistic culture does not mean that a cultured
man does not care about society or he is a recluse.
Zv bq, mgv‡Ri avi †m LyeB av‡i| -It is not like that, rather he does care about
society.

bB‡j cÖvY cv‡e †Kv‡Ì‡K? -Otherwise where will he get life?

myZivs wb‡Ri ¯^v‡_i© w`‡K bRi †i‡L KvjPvW© gvbyl mgv‡Ri K_v fv‡e, -So a cultured man
thinks of society keeping an eye to his own interest.
Ggb wK `iKvi n‡j mgv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖvY ch©šÍ w`‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K| - If necessary, he is prepared
to sacrifice his life for society.
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 350 ~
ms¯‹…wZevb gvbyl e¨w³Zvwš¿K GB A‡_© †h mgvR ev A_©bxwZi K_v †f‡e †m wb‡Ri A‡mŠ›`h©‡K ÿgv
K‡i| -So a cultured man is individualistic in this sense that he does not forgive
his ugliness thinking of society and economy.
[Sonali Bank SO-2018] (evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR Translation)-
 Translate into English:
ÒAvgvi evsjvi mf¨Zv, Avgvi evOvwj RvwZ- G wb‡q n‡jv evOvwj RvZxqZvev`| -Bangalee
nationalism is comprised of my Bangla civilization along with my Bangalee
nation.
evsjvi K…wó, evsjvi HwZn¨, evsjvi AvKvk- evZvm, evOvwji i³ w`‡q Mov evsjvi RvZxqZvev`| -
The nationalism of Bangla is made up of the culture of Bangla, the tradition of
Bangla, the air and sky of Bangla the blood of Bangalees.
Avwg MYZ‡š¿ wek¦vmx, Rbmvavi‡Yi †fv‡Ui AwaKvi‡K wek¦vm Kwi| -I believe in democracy
and the voting rights of the common people.
Avgiv wek¦vm Kwi mgvRZ‡š¿, †hLv‡b †kvlYnxY mgvR _vK‡e| -We believe in socialism
where an exploitation free society will exist.
†kvlK‡kÖYx Avi †Kvbw`b †`‡ki gvbyl‡K †kvlY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv, †mB Rb¨B A_©bxwZ n‡e
mgvRZvwš¿K| -The tyrants will never be able to exploit the countrymen and that’s
why economy will be socialistic.
Avi n‡e ag©-wbi‡cÿZv ag© wbi‡cÿZv gv‡b ag©nxbZv bq| -And there will exist
secularism, but secularism does not mean atheism.
wn›`y Zvi ag© cvjb Ki‡e, gymjgvb Zvi ag© cvjb Ki‡e, L„÷vb -‡eŠ× †h hvi ag© cvjb Ki‡e| -
Hindus, Muslims, Christians and Buddhists will perform their respective
religions.
†KD Kv‡iv ag© n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv, evsjvi gvbyl GUv Pvq bv| ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y ag©‡K e¨envi
Kiv hv‡e bv| -The follower of one religion will not interfere in the religions of
others, the people of Bangla do not want it. Religion cannot be used for the
sake of politics.
hw` †KD K‡i Zvn‡j evsjvi gvbyl Zv‡K cÖZ¨vNvZ Ki‡e, G wek¦vm Avwg Kwi| -If someone does
this, the people of Bangla will reject him. I believe this.
GLv‡b a‡g©i bv‡g e¨emv Pj‡ebv Ó -Here no business will run in the name of religion.
-----------000000----****************----000000---------
Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 351 ~
 †jL‡Ki Kjg †_‡K-
c„w_ex‡Z wKQz wKQz wRwb‡mi ÿq †bB Avi †m¸‡jv g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jv m¤§vb cÖ`k©b| KvD‡K m¤§vb w`‡j
A_ev Kv‡iv m¤§vb iÿv Ki‡j †`L‡eb AvcwbI †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv fv‡e m¤§vwbZ n‡”Qb| Avi ZvB Avmyb
Avgiv cvi¯úwiK m¤§vb I kª×v‡ev‡ai Af¨vm M‡o Zzwj Ges mr, mZ¨ev`x, webqx I cwikÖgx nB|
From the writer’s pen-
There are several things in the world which do not diminish and one of them is
showing respect. If you respect someone or preserve his/her honour, you will also see
yourself being honoured in one way or the other. So let us cultivate the habit of
mutual respect and become honest, truthful, polite and industrious.

Nobody is above mistake, neither am I. While writing this book, I have taken
intense care to make it as much correct as possible. Despite that some mistakes may
occur so far as typing is concerned. Other than the Holy Quran no other books in
the world can claim their hundred per cent correctness. So, I apologise to my
beloved readers for any inadvertent mistakes found anywhere in this book. Any
comments and criticism are cordially welcome for the further improvement of my
efforts contained in this small piece of work. You all can voice your opinions on
01746640588.

civgk©: wcÖq cvVK, Translation G `ÿZv AR©b Kivi Rb¨ Vocabulary I

D`vniYmn Sentence Structure mg‡Ü Rvbv AZxe Riæix| Avi Gme welq‡K
nvBjvBU K‡iB †jLv n‡q‡Q GB- Expert- Rules of Translation eBwU| Z‡e GB
eBwU‡Z DwjøwLZ Sentence Structure mg~n cÖwZwbqZ Abykxjb Kivi Rb¨ mv¤úªwZK
mg‡q N‡U hvIqv A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I Pjgvb wek¦ cwiw¯’wZ wb‡q Bs‡iwR cwÎKvi
News Ges Editorial Page ¸‡jv cov Avek¨K| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î m¤úv`Kxq As‡ki
Bs‡iwR-evsjv Abyev` wb‡q wjwLZ- Ògwn`Õm m¤úv`Kxq mgvPviÓ bvgK gvwmK msKjbwU
A‡bK mnvqK n‡e e‡j g‡b KiwQ|

eBwU cÖKvk I cwi‡ekbvq

Alim’s
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Expert- Rules of Translation Page No. ~ 352 ~