EXTRA POINTS AND CORRECTIONS FOR VOLUME: 3

CORRECTIONS
1. BUILDING MATERIALS

CHAPTER – 1

BRICKS

FIRE BRICKS (Pg No.:357)

ERROR

● Compressive strength = 200 to 220 N/mm2

CORRECTION

● Compressive strength = 200 to 220 kg/cm2

TEST FOR BRICKS - Crushing strength (Pg No.: 353)

ERROR
• As per IS 1077 – 1970, minimum crushing or compressive strength of
brick is 3.5 N/mm2

CORRECTION
• As per IS 1077 – 1992, minimum crushing or compressive strength of
brick is 3.5 N/mm2

CHAPTER – 2

STONES

Freezing and Thawing

Error

• Specimen of stone immerse in water for 24 hours --> freezing

mixture at 12oC for 24hrs --> warmed at atmospheric temperature.
Correction

• Specimen of stone immerse in water for 24 hours --> freezing

mixture at -12oC for 24hrs --> warmed at atmospheric temperature.
 CHAPTER - 8

FERROUS METALS

IMPORTANT VARIETIES OF IRON ORES (Pg. No. 451)

ERROR

SPECIFIC
ORES COLOUR AVAILABILITY
GRAVITY

Brown, yellowish Jamshedpur, England,

LIMONITE 5 - 5.5
brown, yellow Spain

CORRECTION

SPECIFIC
ORES COLOUR AVAILABILITY
GRAVITY

Brown, yellowish Jamshedpur, England,

LIMONITE 3.6 – 4.0
brown, yellow Spain

2. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

CHAPTER – 3

SCAFFOLDING, SHORING AND UNDERPINNING

Single scaffolding (Pg No.: 531)

ERROR

• Single scaffolding consists of only one row of standards which is placed

at a distance of about 1.2 from the wall
• Ledgers connect the standards. The ledgers are placed at vertical
interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m
• Putlogs are taken out from the hole left in the wall to one end of the
ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m
CORRECTION

• Single scaffolding consists of only one row of standards which is placed

at a distance of about 1.2 m from the wall
• Ledgers connect the standards. The ledgers are placed at vertical
interval of 1.2 to 1.8 m
• Putlogs are taken out from the hole left in the wall to one end of the
ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an interval of 1.2 to 1.8 m

CHAPTER – 7

STAIRS

Half turn stairs (Pg No.: 572)

ERROR

Open newel type

Dog-legged stairs

CORRECTION

Dog-legged stairs
Open newel type
3. ESTIMATION AND VALUATION

CHAPTER – 2

MEASURING UNITS AND STANDARD UNITS

MEASURING UNITS (Pg. No.: 237)

ERROR

Measuring unit of well sinking: m2

CORRECTION

Measuring unit of well sinking: m

4. ENGINEERING DRAWING

CHAPTER – 1

BASIC ENGINEERING DRAWING

LETTERING (Pg No.: 689)

ERROR:

A type B type
Characteristic Notation
(d = h/14) (d=h/10)

Lettering height
14 𝟏𝟎
h h h
14 𝟏𝟒
(Height of capitals)

CORRECTION:

A type B type
Characteristic Notation
(d = h/14) (d=h/10)

Lettering height
14 𝟏𝟎
h 14
h h
𝟏𝟎
(Height of capitals)
5. BUILDING BYELAWS
CHAPTER - 1
PLANNING OF BUILDING AND ORIENTATION
OBJECT USE AND IMPORTANCE KEPT IN MIND WHILE PLANNING (Pg. No. : 174)
ERROR:
● A square plan makes a house compact. It makes the house cooler in
summer season and warmer in window season. Since fewer walls are
exposed. Hence a sequence plan is always preferred.

CORRECTION:
● A square plan makes a house compact. It makes the house cooler in
summer season and warmer in winter season. Since fewer walls are
exposed. Hence a sequence plan is always preferred.
 EXTRA POINTS
1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

CHAPTER – 2

STONE MASONRY

Tools used in Stone masonry

Lewis = Used to lift stone

Boaster = Used to cut soft stones

Wood handled chisel = To dress soft stones

Claw chisel = To dress hard stone

Tooth chisel = To dress hard stone

CHAPTER – 7

STAIRS

Bifurcated stairs

• These stairs are so arranged that there is a wide flight at the start
which is subdivided into narrow flights at the mid- landing.
• The two narrow flights start
from either side of the mid-
landing. Generally, these
stairs are more suitable for
public buildings
CHAPTER – 9

DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS

Technical terms

Intermediate rails or Cross rails

• The additional horizontal rails fixed between the top and bottom rails
of a shutter.

Frieze rail

• A rail which is fixed between the top rail and lock rail.

Holdfast

• This is generally in the form of a mild steel flat bar of section 30 mm x

6 mm and of length 200 mm.
• They keep frame in position.
• No. of holdfasts provided on each side of the door frame = 3 (6 on
both sides)
• No. of holdfasts provided on each side of the window frame = 2 (4 on
both sides).

Horn

• Horizontal projection of head or sill beyond the face of the frame.

• It facilitates the fixing of the frame on the wall opening and its length
is about 100 mm to 150 mm.

Sash

• This is a special type of frame, made of light sections and designed

to carry glass.
• A sash consists of two vertical styles, a top rail and a bottom rail.
• A sash can be divided vertically or horizontally by providing bars.
• These bars are known as sash bars or glazing bars.

Architrave

• This is a strip of wood, usually moulded or splayed, which is fixed

around the sides and head of openings.
• It thus helps in giving a decent appearance to the joint of frame with
the masonry.
 • It is used only when doors and windows are placed flush with the
face of masonry.

Types of Doors

Framed and Panelled Doors

● This type of door consists of vertical members, called styles and

horizontal members called Rails .
● The styles and rails are suitably grooved to receive panels
● The panels may be of wood, A.C. sheet, glasses etc.
● The panels may be flat or of raised type to get good appearance
● These are very commonly used doors
● They may be of single shutter or of double shutter
● If glass panels are used, they may be called as glazed doors
● Type of door which can resist maximum swell and shrinkage

Glazed or Sash Doors

• In order to admit more light, in addition to that coming from

windows, the fully glazed or partly panelled and partly glazed doors
are used.
• Ratio of glazed portion to the panelled portion = 2 : 1.
• The glass is received into the rebates provided in the wooden sash
bars and secured by nails and putty or by wooden beads fixed to the
frame.
• In order to increase the area of the glazed portion, the width of styles
above lock rail is decreases. These are known as the Diminished
styles or Gunstock styles.
• Glazed or sash doors are useful for hospitals, offices, libraries, show
rooms, banks, shopping units etc.

Flush doors

• A flush door consists of a framework of rails and styles and it is

covered with plywood or hard board.
• The thickness of plywood facing is about 6 mm on either side.
• Total thickness of a flush door varies from 25 mm to 40 mm.
• There are two varieties of flush door: Framed flush door and
Laminated flush door.
 • A framed flush door consists of styles, rails, horizontal and vertical
ribs and plywood.
• The holes in horizontal ribs are provided for ventilation.
• The vertical ribs rest on rails.
• The hollow space, instead of being kept empty, is sometimes filled
up with granulated cork or any other light material.
• A laminated flush door consists of styles, rails, laminated core and
plywood.
• The laminae of wood are glued together under great pressure.
• The plywood sheets on either side are also glued to the laminated
core under great pressure.
• Thus, a laminated flush door is heavy and requires more material for
construction.
• Glues usually adopted for the manufacture of flush doors are:
i. PF type
o Phenol formaldehyde
o Brownish in colour
o Most common
o Costly
o Gives durable and satisfactory flush doors for all situations
o Requires high pressure and temperature.
o Best for water proofing qualities.

ii. UF type

o Urea formaldehyde
o Whitish in colour
o Requires room temperature and high pressure.
o Cannot stand prolonged exposure to water.

iii. MF type

o Melamine urea formaldehyde

o Intermediate qualities between PF and UF types.

Types of Windows

Double hung windows

• These windows consist of a pair of shutters which can slide within

the grooves provided in the frame.
 • A pair of metal weights connected by cord or chain over pulleys
is provided for each sash.
• It is so arranged that the upper sash moves in the downward
direction, thus opening at the top and the lower sash moves in
the upward direction, thus opening at the bottom.
• The cord or chain is fixed to the style.
• The weights, when pulled, open the shutter to the required level.
• Thus, the ventilation can be controlled and cleaning of shutters
can be carried out easily.

Sash or Glazed window

• These are fully glazed casement windows.

• The sashes are rebated to receive glass panels.
• The width and depth of rebates are about 15 mm and 5 mm
respectively.
• The glass is secured in position either by putty or by small fillets,
known as the glazing beads.

Fixtures and Fastenings

Hinges

Parliamentary hinge

• To avoid obstructions due to shutters which lie along the wall when
this hinge is used.

Pin hinge

• To hang heavy doors.

• The centre pin can be removed and two leaves of the hinge can be
fixed separately to frame and shutter of the door.
2. BUILDING MATERIALS

CHAPTER - 1

BRICKS

Classification of bricks

1. Unburnt or Sun-dried bricks

• Dried with the help of heat received from sun after the process
of moulding.

• Used only in the construction of temporary and cheap

structures.

• Should not be used at places exposed to heavy rains.

2. Burnt bricks

• Classified into four categories:

i. First class bricks

ii. Second class bricks

iii. Third class bricks

iv. Fourth class bricks

Classes of Common Burnt Clay Bricks

Class Designation Average Compressive Strength not less than (N/mm2)

35 35.0
30 30.0
25 25.0
20 20.0
17.5 17.5
15 15.0
12.5 12.5
10 10.0
7.5 7.5
5 5.0
3.5 3.5
Frog

As per IS 1077 : 1992,

• Hand-moulded bricks of 90 mm or 70 mm height shall be moulded

with a frog 10 to 20 mm deep on one of its flat sides.
• Bricks of 40 mm height as well as those made by extrusion process
may not be provided with frogs.

Test for bricks

Water absorption test

• As per IS 3495 (Part 2) : 1992, in water absorption test after immersion

in cold water for 24 hours, water absorption shall not be more than
20% by weight up to class 12.5 and 15 % by weight for higher classes.

CHAPTER - 2

STONES

Blasting

Line of Least Resistance (L.L.R.)

● Rock contains fissures, cracks, faults, on bedding planes.

● When explosion occurs, the gases are formed.
● If blast holes is tamped sufficiently hard., it will not be possible for the
gases to come out through blast
hole. In such a case, the gases
will follow the line of path which
offers least resistance. Such a
line is known as Least Line of
Resistance (L.L.R.).
● In practice, it is taken as the
shortest distance between the
centre of charge and nearest
rock surface.
● Length of L.L.R. plays an important part in determining the quantity of
explosive required in the process of blasting.
 CHAPTER – 3

TIMBER

Exogenous trees

● Trees grow faster in spring season because in this season trees get
appropriate conditions for their survival and growth.
● They get showery weather which gives them required water.
● In this season days are longer which means in spring, trees get more
sunlight which is essential for their growth.

Endogenous trees

● Grow inward
● Fibrous mass is seen in longitudinal section
● Very limited engineering purposes
● E.g.: Bamboo, Palm, Cane

3. ENGINEERING DRAWING
CHAPTER – 1
BASIC ENGINEERING DRAWING
● IS Code for Drawing Sheet Size and Layout – IS 10711 (2001)
● SIZE OF DRAWING SHEET

Trimmed Size Untrimmed Size

Size
(in mm) (in mm)

A0 841 x 1189 880 x 1230

A1 594 x 841 625 x 880

A2 420 x 594 450 x 625

A3 297 X 420 330 X 450

A4 210 X 297 240 X 330

A5 147 X 210 165 X 240

 ● SIZE OF T – SQUARE

Trimmed Size
Size
(in mm)

T0 1500 ± 10 mm

T1 1000 ± 10 mm

T2 700 ± 5 mm

T3 500 ± 5 mm

4. AUTOCAD AND COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

CHAPTER – 1

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

1.10 OPERATING SYSTEM

● An Operating System is a system software that acts as an interface

between a user and hardware of a computer.
● Modern operating systems usually feature a graphical user interface
which uses a pointing device such as mouse or keyboard for input.
● Operating Systems are viewed as resource managers that manage
the resources of a computer.
● The main resource is the computer hardware which is in the form of
processors, storage, input/output devices, communication devices,
and data.
● A good operating system should be efficient, reliable, take short time
in execution of programs, and occupy as small memory as possible.
 5. ESTIMATION AND VALUATION

CHAPTER – 2

MEASURING UNITS AND STANDARD UNITS

Particulars of
Measuring units Standard units
items

Site clearing m2 100 m2

Felling of trees Each/ Number Each/ Number

Same unit of items/ work Same unit of items/ work

Dismantling &
which is being dismantled/ which is being dismantled/
Demolishing
demolished demolished
Earthwork
m3 10 m3
excavation
Plain cement
m3 m3
concrete (PCC)
Reinforced cement
m3 10 dm3
concrete (RCC)

Brickwork m3 m3

Half brick work m2 m2

Brickwork in soling
m2 m2
coat
Honey comb
m2 m2
brickwork

Thin partition wall m2 m2

Reinforced brick
m3 m3
work

Laterite masonry m3 m3

Stone masonry m3 m3

Damp proof
m2 m2
course
 Measuring Standard
Particulars of items
units units

Skirting m m

Roofing m2 10 m2

Plastering & pointing m2 10 m2

Flooring m2 m2

White washing, Painting & Varnishing m2 10 m2

Frames for doors, windows and ventilators

m3 10 dm3
including cupboards & shelves
Shutters for doors, windows and ventilators
m2 10 dm2
including cupboards & shelves

Steel works Quintal Quintal

Damp proof course m2 m2

Flooring m2 m2
MEASURING UNITS

Particulars of items Measuring units

Earth filling m3

Sand filling m3

Quarrying of stone or boulder m3

Foundation concrete m3

Slab, Beam, Lintel, Column m3

C. C. or R. C. C. chajja, sun shade m3

Precast C. C. or R. C. C. m3

Staircases Number of steps

i. Half landing 4 steps
ii. Quarter landing 2 steps

Formwork, Centering & Shuttering m2

Concrete Jeffries m2

String course, drip course, weather course,

m
coping etc.

Cornice m

Stone slab in roof, shelves, kitchen slabs etc.,

m2
stone chajjas, stone sunshade etc.

Timbering, Boarding m2

Sawing of timber m2

Wooden cornices and rails m

Grill works, rolling shutters, steel doors,

m2
windows, ventilators and gates
Rolled steel joists, channels, angles, flats,
quintal
squares, T-irons, rounds etc.

Steel reinforcement bars quintal

Particulars of items Measuring units

Threading in iron cm

Barbed wire fencing m

Expansion, contraction or construction joint m

Ornamental cornice m

Pipe – rainwater, sanitary, water pipe etc. m

Glass panes m2

Cleaning and fixing of glass panels number

Grouting of cracks, joints etc. m

Bituminous road surfacing m2

Turfing of bunds in a canal m2

Well sinking m
Particulars of items Measuring units

Galvanized iron pipes and Cast-iron pipes

m
including bends
Water closet, Wash hand basin, Manhole,
valves, meter boards, stop cock, manhole Each/Number
covers etc.

Explosives for blasting Kilogram

Sills of windows Number

Supply of bricks % no.s

Supply of sand, surkhi, timber, brick ballast,

m3
stone ballast, aggregate etc.

Supply of cement Bag of 50 kg

Supply of lime, steel etc. Quintal

Supply of paint ready mix litre

Supply of stiff paint kilogram

Supply of varnish, oil etc. litre

Supply of pipe, C. I. pipe, A. C. pipe, G. I. pipe

m
etc. (Diameter specified)

Supply of water closet, wash hand basin number

Supply of bare and insulated electric wire quintal

Supply of G. I. sheets quintal

Supply of A. C. sheets m2

Supply of Bitumen, Tar, Coal tonne