lg0ff{os /fli6«o zlQm lgdf{0fsf] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf

kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfb -hah_n] cfkm\g]} df}lns

b[li6sf]0f cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . k|ltikwf{ / kxnsbdLsf cfwf/df >]i7tf xfl;n ub}{ zflGtk"0f{
/ j}wflgs af6f]af6 ;dfhjfbdf k'Ug ;lsg] hahsf] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . To;sf nflu
hahn] hgcfwfl/t sfo{stf{ kf6L{ lgdf{0fnfO{ ckl/xfo{ dfg]sf] 5 . kf6L{ lgdf{0fdf
hahsf] b[li6sf]0f, kf6L{ hLjgsf] nf]stflGqs/0fsf cEof; / cg'ej ;d]tsf cfwf/df
kf6L{sf] bzf}+ /fli6«o dxflwj]zgn] kf6L{ lgdf{0f / kl/rfngsf ;Gbe{df :ki6 lbzflgb]{z
u/]sf] 5 . kf6L{sf] bzf}+ /fli6«o dxflwj]zgaf6 lgwf{l/t d"n gf/f …blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfb /
;+u7gfTds c/fhstfnfO{ k/flht u/f}+, hahsf] dfu{bz{gdf ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ tof/
u/f}+Ú n] olta]nfsf] kf6L{sf] /fhgLlts sfo{lbzfnfO{ 7f];¿kdf cleJoQm ub{5 .
S
ES
PR

bzf}+ /fli6«o dxflwj]zgotf kf6L{ lgdf{0f / ;''b[9Ls/0fsf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ pknlAwx¿

AL
EP

xfl;n ePsf 5g\ . kf6L{ / g]t[Tjsf lj?4sf] rf}tkmL{ 3]/faGbL / cfqmd0fnfO{ l5rf]n]/
N

xfd|f] kf6L{ hgtfsf] /f]hfOsf] klxnf] kf6L{ aGg ;kmn 5 . t/ :yfgLo lgjf{rg /
cfdlgjf{rgdf xfd|f] kf6L{n] ck]Iff u/]cg'¿ksf] kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{ ;s]g . kf6L{sf]
cfGtl/s hLjgsf sltko ;d:ofsf sf/0f, kl/0ffddf klxnf] aGg] cj;/af6 kf6L{ al~rt
x'g'k¥of] . cfufdL lbgdf To;k|sf/sf] l:ylt l;h{gf gxf];\ eg]/ kf6L{ of]hgfj4 ¿kdf
cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . ljutdf kf6L{n] ;~rfng u/]sf] …ld;g u|f;?6Ú -kf6L{ ;'b[9Ls/0f
cleofg_, …;DaGw :yfgLo, ;Gb]z /fli6«oÚ eGg] dfGotfcg'¿k hg:t/df kf6L{nfO{ :yflkt
ug{sf nflu ;DkGg ul/Psf] …em'nf3f6–lrjfe~HofªM ;d[l4sf nflu ;+sNk ofqfÚ sf]
ljlzi6 cg'ej ;d]tsf cfwf/df kf6L{ lg0ff{os /fli6«o zlQmsf ¿kdf kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf]
of]hgf s]lGb|t ug{ nflu/x]sf] 5, h;sf] p2]Zo @)*$ ;fndf ;DkGg x'g] cfdlgjf{rgdf
g]skf -Pdfn]_ nfO{ ax'dt k|fKt klxnf] / alnof] zlQmsf ¿kdf :yflkt ug'{ xf] . ;f]xL
p2]Zocg'¿k ;lrjfnosf] #$cf}+ a}7saf6 s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox¿sf] gofF sfo{ljefhg ul/Psf]
5 . pQm sfo{ljefhgnfO{ p2]Zos]lGb|t ub}{ ;kmn agfpgsf nflu 7f]; sfo{of]hgf th'{df
ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;f]xLcg';f/ cfufdL Ps jif{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] jflif{s sfo{of]hgf
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

!= kf6L{ ;b:otf gjLs/0f, lj:tf/ tyf clen]vLs/0f

kf6L{ ljwfgn] jif{sf] clGtd b'O{ dlxgf kmfu'g / r}tnfO{ ;b:otf gjLs/0fsf] cjlw
dfg]sf] 5 . pQm ;dodf cfufdL jif{sf nflu ;b:otf gjLs/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . kf6L{ k|j]z
1
/ gofF ;b:otf lj:tf/sf] sfdsf nflu eg] ;do tf]lsPsf] 5}g . jif{e/L g} k|j]z /
lj:tf/sf] sfd u/L clen]vLs/0fsf] sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ ljwfgsf] ;f] Joj:yfsf]
sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . clwj]zgsf ;dodf k|ltlglwTj a9fpgsf nflu
gjLs/0f ug]{ / lagf s'g} dfkb08 ;b:otf a[l4 ug]{ sfd ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ cGo
;dodf ;b:otf gjLs/0fsf] sfd vf;} cl3 a9\g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .

bzf}+ dxflwj]zgkl5 ;b:otf gjLs/0f, lj:tf/ / clen]vLs/0fsf] sfdnfO{

of]hgfj4 ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg] k|of; hf/L 5 . uPsf] jif{ ef}lts pkl:yltdf ;b:otf
gjLs/0f ug]{ / k'/} z'Ns a'emfP/ dfq k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ of]hgf ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjogdf
nluPsf] lyof] . ;f]xLcg'¿k k|b]z / clwsf+z lhNnfsf clwj]zgx¿ ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .
kflnsf / j8fsf clwj]zgx¿ PsltxfO{ 7fpFdf ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . afFsL ;a} clwj]zgx¿
@)*! sf] ;b:otf k|df0fLs/0f u/L ;DkGg ug]{ of]hgf cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . ;b:otf
gjLs/0f, lj:tf/ / clen]vLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df lgDgcg';f/ ug]M{
S
ES
PR

▪ @)*! sf] kf6L{ ;b:otf gjLs/0fsf] ;dofjlw ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . efb|

AL
EP

d;fGtleq tf]lsPcg';f/sf] 9fFrfdf ;b:otf z'Ns, n]aL / ljz]if ;xof]u

N

a'emfO{ gjLs[t / gofF ;b:ox¿sf] ;"rL s]Gb|Lo ;+u7g ljefuaf6 k|df0fLs/0f

ug]{ .
▪ jif{ @)*@ sf] ;b:otf gjLs/0fsf] sfd j}wflgs Joj:yfcg'¿k ;dod} ;DkGg
ug]{ . To;sf nflu ;DalGwt ;a} sld6Ln] ;b:otf gjLs/0f / lj:tf/sf]
sfdnfO{ jflif{s sfo{of]hgfsf] c+u agfO{ nfu" ug]{ .
▪ jif{ @)*@ sf] gjLs/0f / lj:tf/df j8fdf dtbftf ;+Vofsf] slDtdf #
k|ltzt, kflnsf / lhNnfdf dtbftfsf] slDtdf ^ k|ltzt kf6L{ ;b:o k'¥ofpg]
k"j{lgwf{l/t nIo k"/f ug]{ u/L of]hgf agfP/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . kf6L{ ;b:otf
lj:tf/ ubf{ cfwf/e"t ju{af6 a9LeGbf a9L kf6L{ ;b:o lgdf{0f ug]{ ljifodf
ljz]if Wofg lbg] .
▪ kf6L{sf] !!cf}+ /fli6«o dxflwj]zg;Dd k|To]s kflnsf sld6Ln] s"n ;b:osf]
;+Vof ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;b:o k'¥ofpg] u/L of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
▪ ;b:otf lj:tf/ ubf{ dfkb08sf] kfngf ub}{ gofF ;b:ox¿sf] cfj]bg lng] /
To;dfly k|lqmofadf]lhd cfjZos lg0f{o ug]{ sfd lg/Gt/ hf/L /fVg] . gofF
;b:otf k|bfg ug'{cl3 clgjfo{ cfwf/e"t txsf] k|lzIf0f tyf k/LIff lng]
k|0ffnL Jojl:yt ug]{ .
▪ /fhgLlts w'|jLs/0fsf] gLltcg'¿k kf6L{ k|j]z u/]sfx¿sf] kf6L{ ;b:otfsf]
clen]vLs/0fsf] sfd k|j]z u/]sf] tLg dlxgfleq clgjfo{ ¿kdf ug]{ . gofF /
k|j]zaf6 ylkPsf ;b:ox¿af6 Ps jif{sf nflu tf]lsPcg';f/sf] z'Ns
;DalGwt sld6Ldf a'emfpg] .
2
 ▪ kf6L{sf] !!cf}+ dxflwj]zg;Dd kf6L{ ;b:otf !) nfv k'¥ofpg] nIo xfl;n ug{
;DalGwt txsf] kf6L{ sld6Lsf] of]hgfdf ljwfgsf] Joj:yfcg'?k hg;+u7gx¿
/ ;Dks{ d~rx¿ lqmofzLn JolQmx?nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ agfO{ gofF ;b:otf
lj:tf/sf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{ ;b:otf gjLs/0f / gofF ;b:ox¿sf] ljj/0f dflyNnf] sld6Ldf a'emfpFbf
z'Ns a'emfPsf] ef}r/ / sld6Laf6 k|dfl0ft u/L gfd, 7]ufgf / cGo ljj/0f
:ki6 v'Ng] u/L tf]lsPcg';f/sf] 9fFrfsf] ljj/0f;d]t a'emfpg] .
▪ ;b:otf gjLs/0f, lj:tf/ / clen]vLs/0f ubf{ sldsdhf]/L gxf];\ eGg]
s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg] . ;a} k|lqmofnfO{ ljlw;Ddt\ / kf/bzL{ agfpg] .
▪ cfufdL jif{b]lv clen]vLs/0fsf] sfd ;+u7g ljefusf] lgb]{zgcg'¿k
cgnfO{gdfkm{t\ ug]{÷u/fpg] . o; jif{sf] xsdf ;+u7g ljefusf] of]hgfcg'¿k
lhNnf sld6Ln] ljz]if l6d kl/rfng u/L ;DkGg ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{ k|j]zaf6 cfPsf / gofF ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf ;a} kf6L{ ;b:osf nflu
S
ES

clgjfo{ ¿kdf cfwf/e"t txsf] k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

PR

▪ lhNnf sld6Ln] ;b:ox?sf] dfusf cfwf/df tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf kf6L{ ;b:otf

AL

sf8{ d'b|0f u/L ljt/0f ug]{ .

EP
N

@= lgoldt ¿kdf clwj]zg cfof]hgf / Joj:yfkg

kf6L{ ljwfgn] ;a} txsf sfo{sf/L sld6Lsf clwj]zgsf] ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
5 . ljutdf clwj]zgsf] cfof]hgfdf plrt Wofg glbFbf nfdf] ;do;Dd sld6Lsf
clwj]zg ePgg\ . c;kmn kf6L{ Pstf / if8\oGqk"0f{ kf6L{ ljefhgn] ;d]t ;dod}
clwj]zg cfof]hgf ug]{ ljifonfO{ k|efljt u¥of] . kf6L{sf] k|yd ljwfg dxflwj]zgaf6
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfcg'¿k ;+u7g ;+/rgf;lxtsf] gofF ljwfg hf/L ePkl5
clwj]zgsf dfWodaf6 kf6L{ hLjgnfO{ Jojl:yt / ;'b[9 ug]{ k|lqmof cl3 a9]sf] 5 .
@)&* df Ps}lbg j8f, Ps}lbg kflnsf / Ps}lbgdf lhNnf clwj]zgsf] pb\3f6g u/L
clwj]zgaf6 sld6LnfO{ ;+:yfut ul/Psf] lyof] . uPsf] jif{ eg] ;b:otf gjLs/0fsf]
k|lqmofb]lv g} clwj]zgnfO{ cem a9L ljlw;Ddt / k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of; eof] . olt
x'Fbfx'Fb} klg sf]zL k|b]zdf # lhNnf -O{nfd, df]/ª / t]x|y'd_, dw]; k|b]zdf # lhNnf -
wg'iff, l;/xf / ;Kt/L_, u08sL k|b]zdf ! lhNnf -dgfª_, s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ! lhNnf -
8f]Nkf_ / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf tLg lhNnf -aemfª, 8f]6L / c5fd_ df tf]lsPsf] ;dodf
clwj]zg ;DkGg x'g ;s]gg\ . pkTosf ljz]ifcGtu{t o'jf–ljBfyL{ ljz]if lhNnf sld6Lsf]
clwj]zg klg afFsL 5 . oL clwj]zgx¿ jif{ @)*! sf] ;b:otf gjLs/0f k|dfl0ft u/L
cfufdL sflQs dlxgfleq cfof]hgf ug{ lgb]{zg ul/Psf] 5 . kflnsf / j8f clwj]zg

3
klg gjLs[t ;b:otfsf cfwf/df d+l;/ d;fGtleq} ul/;Sg' kg]{5 . 6f]n e]nfaf6 6f]n
sld6L agfpg] sfd klg o;} cjlwdf cleofgsf ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg' kg]{5 .

clwj]zgaf6 ;DalGwt txsf] sld6Ln] ljutdf u/]sf sfdsf] ;dLIff ug],{ tfTsflns
/fhgLlts zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] d"Nofª\sg ug],{ ld;g Ú*$nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb"df /fvL cfufdL
;dosf nflu gLlt / sfo{qmd tof/ ug]{ / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu of]Uo / ;Ifd g]t[Tj
rog ul/G5 . clwj]zgsf] cfof]hgf Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sbf sfdsf], gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdsf] lgdf{0fsf] / g]t[Tj rogsf] sfd ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g . clwj]zg pknlAwk"0f{ x'g
g;Sbf To;sf] c;/ kf6L{sf] /fhgLlts tyf ;ª\u7gfTds sfddf dfq xf]Og eljiodf
x'g] lgjf{rgnufot l;ª\uf] kf6L{sf] hLjgdf kb{5 . t;y{, ;a} txsf sld6Lx¿sf
clwj]zg cfof]hgf / Joj:yfkgsf] sfddf ;DalGwt txsf] kf6L{ g]t[Tj lhDd]jf/ /
hjfkmb]xL x'g} kb{5 . clwj]zgnfO{ cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug]{ ynf]df ;Lldt gu/L pT;jk"0f{ /
kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . ;a} txsf clwj]zgsf] cfof]hgf / Joj:yfkg
S
ES

lgDgfg';f/ ul/g'kb{5M
PR
AL

▪
EP

clwj]zgsf] cfof]hgfk"j{ s]Gb|Lo ;+u7g ljefuaf6 k|dfl0ft ul/Psf kf6L{

N

;b:ox¿sf] ;DalGwt If]qsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .

To;f] ubf{ kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/]sf, d[To' ePsf / sfo{If]q kl/jt{g u/]/ ;b:otf
:yfgfGt/0f u/]sfx¿sf] gfd clen]vaf6 x6fpg] .
▪ k|ltlglw 5gf]6sf] ;do tflnsf, k|ltlglw pd]b\jf/ btf{, 5gf]6sf] dfkb08 /
ljlw;d]t :k:6 v'nfP/ kf6L{ ;b:onfO{ kl/kq ug]{ .
▪ clwj]zgsf] pb\3f6g x'g'k"j{ slDtdf # lbgcufj} k|ltlglwsf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ .
sld6Laf6 x'g] dgf]gog klg ;f]xL cjlwdf 6'ª\Uofpg] .
▪ g]t[Tjn] ;s];Dd ;j{;Ddt g]t[Tj rog ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug],{ ;Dej geP :j:y
/ lgikIf ¿kdf lgjf{rg u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{rg sld6LnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ .
;DalGwt e"uf]ndf kl/eflift lhDd]jf/L gePsf of clwj]zgdf cfdlGqt ul/Psf
afx]s cGo g]tfx¿ pkl:yt eP/ clwj]zgnfO{ af]lemnf] gagfpg] .
▪ cWoIf d08n / ;DalGwt sfo{If]qsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf] g]t[Tjn] clwj]zgnfO{
:j:y, lgikIf / dof{lbt agfpg ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
▪ k|To]s pd]b\jf/n] cfk"mnfO{ JolQmut ¿kdf dtbftf;dIf k|:t't ug]{ . s;}n]
klg Kofgn agfP/ k|rf/–k|;f/ gug]{ .
▪ g]t[Tjn] clwj]zgaf6 /fhgLlts, ;f+u7flgs / cfly{s k|ltj]bgsf ;fy} cfufdL
sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{ ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf v]Ng] .
▪ s]Gb|Lo ;+u7g ljefun] agfPsf] g]t[Tj lgdf{0fsf] cjwf/0ff / ;"qnfO{ cfwf/
dfg]/ g]t[Tj lgdf{0f ug]{ .
4
 ▪ ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] cjlwleq clwj]zg ;DkGg gePsf sld6Lx¿ :jtM ;+u7g
sld6Ldf ¿kfGt/0f x'g] Joj:yf nfu" ug]{ .

#= kf6L{ k|j]z, kf6L{ clwj]zgaf6 aflxl/Psf÷labf ePsfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg

lgoldt ¿kdf clwj]zgsf] cfof]hgf eP;Fu} k'/fgf sfo{stf{sf] Pp6f kª\lQm
lhDd]jf/Laf6 aflxl/G5 . clwj]zgdf g]t[Tj rogsf nflu k|ltikwf{ ePsf] cj:yfdf
lqmofzLn sfo{stf{sf] 7"nf] kª\lQm lhDd]jf/Laf6 aflxl/g k'Ub5 . cGo kf6L{df nfdf] ;do
sfd u/]/ kf6L{ k|j]zsf] dfWodaf6 kf6L{df cfPsf sfo{stf{x¿sf nflu Ps k6ssf nflu
kf6L{sf tkm{af6 p;sf] of]Uotf / Ifdtf tyf kf6L{ sfdsf] cfjZostfsf cfwf/df lhDd]jf/L
tf]Sg] gLlt cjnDag ul/Psf] 5 . t/ clwj]zgaf6 aflxl/Psf÷labf ePsf / cGo kf6L{af6
cfPsfx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df b]lvg] u/]sf] pbfl;gtfn] Psk|sf/sf] cGof}n 5 .
lg0ff{os /fli6«o zlQm lgdf{0fsf] ;ª\sNk k'/f ug{sf nflu /fhgLlts w|'jLs/0fnfO{
S
ES

cleofgsf ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg k|j]z ug]{x¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . csf]{lt/ nfdf]
PR

/fhgLlts cg'ej ePsf / sfd ug]{ Ifdtf;d]t ePsf cu'jf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{

AL

lhDd]jf/LljxLg cj:yfdf /fVbf To;n] kf6L{ sfd / cleofgdf ;d]t gsf/fTds c;/
EP
N

k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . k|To]s kf6L{ ;b:onfO{ s'g} g s'g} txsf] kf6L{ sld6Ldf ;+ul7t
x'g kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fv]/ sfo{stf{sf] Joj:yfkgsf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{kb{5M

▪ lhDd]jf/L gkfPsf cu'jf sfo{stf{sf] /f]i6/ ;DalGwt txsf] sld6Ln] tof/ kfg]{
/ pgLx¿sf] of]Uotf / Ifdtfcg';f/ ;Dej ePsf] e"ldsfdf :yflkt
ug]{÷u/fpg] .
▪ clwj]zgaf6 aflxl/Psf / labf ePsf kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf]
lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt txsf] kf6L{ sld6Ln] lng] .
▪ clwj]zgaf6 lgjf{lrt s"n ;+Vofsf] !) k|ltzt dgf]lgt ug]{ clwsf/
sld6LnfO{ 5
▪ / k|j]zsf] Joj:yfkgcGtu{t yk !) k|ltzt dgf]gog ug]{ clwsf/ klg
sld6LnfO{ k|fKt 5 . To;/L dgf]gog ubf{ dfkb08 agfO{ ;f]xLcg';f/ ug]{ .
▪ ;lrjfnosf] #$cf}+ a}7sn] lgjf{rg ;dGjo sld6Lsf] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpgsf nflu kb]g ;+Vofsf] @) k|ltzteGbf a9L gx'g] u/L ;dGjo sld6Ldf
dgf]gog ug]{ Joj:yf yk u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf sfo{stf{
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] o;df /fd|f] 5nkmn, tof/L / tbg'¿ksf] lg0f{o
ug]{ .

5
 ▪ k|b]z, lhNnf / kflnsf÷O{nfsfdf s]Gb|df dfq /xg] egL tf]lsPsf afx]ssf
cGo ljefux¿ ;d]t yk u7g ug{ ;lsg] lg0f{o kf6L{n] u/]sf] 5 . ;fy},
tNnf sld6Lsf ;b:ox¿ dflyNnf] sld6Lsf] ljefudf /x]sf] eP labf ug{]
lg0f{o ;d]t ePsf] 5 . o;/L l;lh{t ljefuLo kbx¿nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL
sfo{stf{sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{n] ;~rfng ug]{ cleofgx¿df sld6Lut lhDd]jf/Ldf g/x]sf
sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ ;d]t ;DalGwt txsf] sld6Ln] lg0f{o u/L cfjlws ¿kdf
v6fpg ;S5 . sfdsf gofF If]qx¿ klxrfg u/L ;DalGwt If]qsf] ;+oGqsf]
;b:osf ¿kdf lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug{;d]t ;lsg] x'gfn] ;f]xLcg'¿k ug]{ .
▪ clwj]zg ePsf] / kf6L{ k|j]z u/]sf] ;dosf lx;fjn] # dlxgfleq}
Joj:yfkgsf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/;Sg] .

$= kf6L{ sld6L / sfo{stf{sf] sfdsf] d"Nofª\sg

S
ES

xfdLn] kf6L{ ;b:ox¿ sld6Lsf] dftxt, tNnf sld6Lx¿ dflyNnf] sld6Lsf] dftxt,
PR
AL

;a} txsf sld6Lx¿ s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] dftxt, s]Gb|Lo sld6L /fli6«o dxflwj]zgsf] dftxt
EP

/xg] ;+u7gfTds ljlw / k2ltnfO{ cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . /fli6«o dxflwj]zgsf
N

dfWodaf6 kf6L{ ;b:ox¿n] gLlt / g]t[Tj lgdf{0fdf lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ eg]
;DalGwt txsf clwj]zgx¿sf dfWodaf6 kf6L{ ;b:on] ;DalGwt txdf cfkm\gf] ;fj{ef}d
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ ub{5g\ . o;/L Pp6f hLjGt kf6L{ dxflwj]zgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] gLlt,
ljlw / g]t[Tjsf] dfu{bz{gdf kl/rflnt x'G5 / x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . dxflwj]zgsf lg0f{osf]
dfu{bz{gdf kl/l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg, of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / sld6L tyf JolQmsf]
d"Nofª\sg ;DalGwt sld6Ln] / ;du|tfdf s]Gb|Lo sld6Ln] ub{5 . dftxtsf sld6L /
;b:ox¿ s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] of]hgf / lgb]{zgsf cfwf/df kl/rflnt x'G5g\ . t/ xfdLn]
;+:yfut u/]sf ljlw / k2ltsf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L 9+un] x'g g;Sbf kf6L{ sfddf ck]Iff
u/]cg'¿ksf] kl/0ffd cfpg;s]sf] 5}g .

sld6Lsf] sfdsf] d"Nofª\sgsf nflu dxflwj]zg / cfjlws d""Nofª\sgsf nflu

dxflwj]zg÷clwj]zg k|ltlglw kl/ifbsf] a}7saf6 ug]{ / g]tf / sfo{stf{sf] d"Nofª\sg
sld6Ln] tf]s]sf] lhDd]jf/Lsf cfwf/df ;DalGwt txsf] sld6Ln] ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ :yflkt
ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . ljutdf oL sfd k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;Dkfbg x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . cab]lv
kf6L{ sld6L / sfo{stf{sf] d""Nofª\sgsf] sfdnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ cl3 a9fpg' kb{5M

▪ clwj]zg÷kl/ifb a}7sk"j{ ;DalGwt sld6Ln] ljutdf u/]sf] sfdsf] ;an /

b'a{n kIf;lxtsf] ;dLIff k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L sld6Ldf 5nkmn ug]{ /

6
 cfjZos c+znfO{ clwj]zg / kl/ifbsf] a}7sdf k|:t't ug]{ kl/kf6L :yflkt
ug]{ .
▪ sld6Lsf kbflwsf/L / ;b:o ;a}sf nflu kf6L{ sfdsf] ;':ki6 kl/eflift
lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] . tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ sfd ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu g]t[Tjn]
cfjZos 5nkmn / ;xhLs/0f ug]{ . cfjlws ¿kdf lnlvt k|ltj]bg k|fKt
ug]{ / To;dfly 5nkmn ug]{ ljlw :yflkt ug]{ .
▪ sld6Lsf] sfdsf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ jflif{s sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog eP÷gePsf]
s'/fdf hf]8 lbg] . To;}u/L kf6L{sf ljefux¿, hg;+u7gx¿ /
hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] sfdsf] klg ;dLIff ug]{ . ;b:otf gjLs/0f / lj:tf/, kf6L{
k|j]z / Joj:yfkg, cGt/lj/f]wsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfg tyf lgjf{rgnufot x/]s
If]qdf kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjsf/L e"ldsf :yflkt ug]{ s'/fdf k|fKt
;kmntf÷c;kmntfnfO{ ;d]t sfdsf] d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/ agfpg] .
S

▪ sld6Lsf kbflwsf/L / ;b:ox¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg

ES
PR

lbg]M
AL
EP

o sld6Lsf] a}7sdf ;DalGwt JolQmsf] pkl:ylt / e"ldsf,

N

o a}7ssf lg0f{o sfof{Gjogk|ltsf] k|ltj4tf / lqmofzLntf,

o kf6L{n] ;~rfng u/]sf cleofg / sfo{qmdx¿df pkl:ylt / ;lqmotf,
o kf6L{sf] gLlt / g]t[Tjk|ltsf] a'emfO / hjfkmb]xLtf,
o tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cj:yf,
o hLjgz}nL, cfr/0f / Jojxf/ .

%= ljlw;Ddt ¿kdf kf6L{ sld6Lsf] kl/rfng / cGt/lj/f]wsf] Joj:yfkg

ld;g u|f;?6 -;+u7g ;'b[9Ls/0f cleofg_n] sld6L kl/rfngdf /x]sf] ;d:of

pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . sltko sld6Ldf k"0f{ a}7ssf] cfof]hgf gx'g], a}7ssf] cfof]hgf
xF'bf sf]/dsf] ;d:of x'g], a}7snfO{ Ph]08fcfwfl/t agfpg] / ePsf lg0f{ox¿sf] ;dod}
a}7s–k'l:tsfdf pNn]v ug]{ / k|df0fLs/0f u/L dftxt sld6Ldf lgb]{zg hf/L ug]{h:tf
sfdx¿df klg ;d:of b]lvPsf lyP . lgjf{rgsf] ;dLIff l/kf]6{ / ld;g u|f;?6sf]
l/kf]6{df ;d]t :yfgLo txdf pTkGg cGt/lj/f]wsf sf/0f lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffddf / kf6L{
sfddf c;/ k/]sf] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf lyP .

ld;g Ú*$ sf] tof/Ldf kf6L{sf] Wofg oL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 .
kf6L{ sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/ sfo{ ug'{kb{5M

7
 ▪ k|To]s sld6Ln] ljwfgsf] Joj:yfcg'¿k ;lrjfno u7g ug]{ . k"0f{ a}7s
ga;]sf] cj:yfdf lg0f{o ug'{kbf{ ;lrjfnosf] a}7saf6 ug]{ .
▪ ;fdfGotof a}7s a:g'k"j{ a}7ssf] k|:tfljt Ph]08f ;b:ox¿nfO{ pknAw
u/fpg], a}7s a:bf pkl:yltsf] x:tfIf/, ax;gf]6 / dfOGo'6 n]vgh:tf
sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L a}7snfO{ ljlw;Ddt agfpg] .
▪ a}7ssf] lg0f{o k|:tfj lnlvt ?kdf tof/ u/]/ a}7s;dIf k|:t't u/]/ kfl/t
ug]{ / To;nfO{ dfOGo'6df clelnlvt ug]{ . dfOGo'6nfO{ cWoIfsf tkm{af6
clgjfo{¿kdf k|dfl0ft u/fpg] .
▪ k|b]z÷lhNnf / dftxt sld6Lsf kbflwsf/L / sfof{no ;lrj /x]sf] sfof{non]
a}7ssf nflu Ph]08f / k|:tfj tof/ ug]{ tyf sld6Lsf] a}7saf6 ul/Psf
lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . kf6L{ sfof{noaf6 b}lgs¿kdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg
ug]{ .
▪ a}7s a:g'k"j{ ;DalGwt sld6Lsf] O~rfh{n] ToxfF kl/eflift lhDd]jf/Ldf
S
ES

/xg'ePsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o tyf kl/eflift lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf ;f] sld6LeGbf

PR

dflyNnf] sld6Lsf O~rfh{x?;Fu a'emfO / sfddf Ps?ktf tyf ;xdlt

AL

h'6fpg cfjZos k/fdz{ ug]{ .

EP

▪
N

sld6Lleq / dftxtsf sld6Ldf pTkGg ePsf cGt/lj/f]w klxrfg u/L To;sf]

;dfwfg oyfzL3| ug'{kb{5 . cGt/lj/f]w ;dfwfgdf dflyNnf] sld6Lsf] ;xof]u
cfjZos eP ;f]xLcg';f/sf] kxnsbdL cl3 a9fpg] .
▪ a}7sdf nuftf/ tLgk6s lagf s'g} ;"rgf cg'kl:yt x'g] ;b:onfO{ labf ug]{
ljlwnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] nfu" ug]{ .

^= :yfoL kf6L{ :s'n ;~rfng / cleofgsf ¿kdf kf6L{ k|lzIf0f

kf6L{sf] bzf+} dxflwj]zgn] kf6L{ lgdf{0fdf blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfb / ;+u7gfTds
c/fhstf r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 . kf6L{sf] /fhgLlts sfo{lbzf
k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu kf6L{sf g]tf / sfo{stf{x¿ Pstfj4,
cg'zfl;t, ;Ifd / k|lta4 x'g'kb{5 .

g]skf sfndf kf6L{ k|lzIf0f / ;+u7gfTds sfd lgs} xb;Dd cj?4 eof] . tLa|
cGt/lj/f]wsf sf/0f kf6L{sf lgoldt sfdx¿df uDeL/ ¿kdf k|efljt lyP . pQm ;donfO{
kf6L{n] ;+u7gfTds z"Gotfsf] ;do eg]/ ljZn]if0f u/]sf] lyof] . bzf}+ /fli6«o
dxflwj]zgotf kf6L{kª\lQmsf] j}rfl/s /fhgLlts :t/ p7fpg / kf6L{ sld6Lx¿nfO{
ljlw;Ddt agfpg] s'/fdf lgs} w]/} sfdx¿ ePsf 5g\ . t/ klg kf6L{df :s'lnªsf]
sfdnfO{ cem} of]hgfcg'¿k lgoldt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . kf6L{kª\lQmnfO{ j}rfl/s /
;+u7gfTds ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm kfg{ / /fhgLlts sfo{lbzfcg'¿k kl/rflnt x'g] cj:yfdf
8
k'¥ofpgsf nflu j}rfl/s /fhgLlts k|lzIf0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . j}rfl/s /fhgLlts
k|lzIf0fsf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu s]Gb|Lo :s'n ljefun] kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts /
k|lzIfsx¿ tof/ ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . j}rfl/s /fhgLlts k|lzIf0fsf] of]hgf tof/
u/]sf] 5 . k|lzIf0fsf] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu k|To]s k|b]zdf s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf
tkm{af6 Pshgf ;+of]hgstf{ v6fpg] sfd;d]t ePsf] 5 . cab]lv j}rfl/s /fhg}lts
k|lzIf0fsf] sfdnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 M

▪ s]Gb|Lo kf6L{ :s'nsf] of]hgf / Joj:yfkgdf sf7df8f}Fdf :yfoL :s'n ;~rfng

ug]{ . k|b]z / lhNnf sld6Lsf] cfjZostf / g]t[Tj ljsf;sf] of]hgfcg'¿k
:yfoL :s'nsf dfWodaf6 j}rfl/s / /fhgLlts ¿kdf k|lzlIft bIf hgzlQm
tof/ ug]{ .
▪ k|b]ztxdf dfWolds txsf] kf7\qmddf cfwfl/t :yfoL kf6L{ :s'n ;~rfng
ug]{ . j}rfl/s / /fhgLlts ¿kn] k|lzlIft bIf sfo{stf{ kª\ltmsf] ljsf; ug]{
S
ES

s'/fdf hf]8 lbg] .

PR
AL

▪ lhNnf sld6Ln] cfwf/e"t txsf] k|lzIfs tof/ ug]{ / lhNnfdf /x]sf ;a}
EP

kf6L{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|lzlIft ug]{ of]hgf;lxt lhNnf kf6L{ :s'n
N

;~rfng ug]{ . kflnsf sld6Lsf] cfof]hgfdf k|To]s kf6L{ ;b:onfO{ jif{df

Psk6s clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|lzlIft ug]{ of]hgf agfpg] / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
▪ cGo kf6L{af6 g]skf -Pdfn]_ k|j]z u/]sfx¿nfO{ kf6L{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug'{k"j{
cfwf/e"t txsf] k|lzIf0f clgjfo{ ug]{ .
▪ gofF kf6L{ ;b:onfO{ kf6L{ ;b:osf] zkyu|x0f ;df/f]xk"j{ cfwf/e"t k|lzIf0f
k|bfg ug]{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
▪ ;DalGwt txsf sld6Ln] cfkm\gf] sfdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf ;Gbe{df a}7ssf]
;dodf g} ljz]if k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / sfddf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] .
▪ g]t[Tj ljsf;sf nflu ;DalGwt txsf] kf6L{ :s'nsf] d'Nofª\sgnfO{ ;d]t
cfwf/ agfpg] .
▪ lglZrt txsf] kf6L{ :s'naf6 ;DalGwt JolQm bLlIft ePsf] clen]v ;ª\u7g
ljefusf] clen]v;Fu cfa4 ug]{ . o;nfO{ kf6L{sf cfGtl/s tyf cGo
lgjf{rgsf] dfkb08sf ¿kdf :yflkt ug]{ .

&= ;/sf/ / hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng

olta]nf kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf s]Gb|df g]skf -Pdfn]_ / g]kfnL sf+u|]; aLrdf ePsf] & a'Fb]
;xdltsf cfwf/df gofF ;/sf/ u7g eO{ sfo{cf/De u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;ft} k|b]zdf
9
s]Gb|sf] ;dLs/0f cg'¿ksf ;/sf/ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo txdf ;d]t kf6L{sf]
k|efjsf/L pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . &%# dWo] @)^ kflnsfdf kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj 5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf kf6L{sf hgk|ltlglwx¿sf ;fy} ;/sf/df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ dGqLx¿sf] sfdnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg] s'/f kf6L{ lgdf{0f / ld;g Ú*$ sf] ;kmntfsf nflu ckl/xfo{ 5 . kf6L{
cWoIfsf] g]t[Tjdf jt{dfg ;/sf/ /fli6«o /fhgLltsf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ub}{ d'n'snfO{
;'/lIft nf]stflGqs eljiotkm{ 8f]¥ofpg cu|;/ 5 . jt{dfg ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf;Fu
kf6L{sf] /fhgLlts eljio / hgtfsf] eljio ;d]t ufFl;Psf] 5 . ;fy}, kf6L{af6 lgjf{lrt
hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] e"ldsfn] ;d]t ld;g Ú*$ nfO{ k|efljt ug]{ ePsf sf/0fn] klg
hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] kl/rfngdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . o; ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/ sfd
cl3 a9fpg] M

▪ g]skf -Pdfn]_ / g]kfnL sf+u|];sf aLrdf ePsf] & a'Fb] ;xdlt / ;Qf
;xsfo{sf] /fhgLlts p2]Zo / dxTjsf af/]df kf6L{kª\lQm / hg;d'bfonfO{
S
ES

:ki6 agfpg] .
PR

▪ hgtf / /fi6«sf] lxtsf kIfdf ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ePsf sfdnfO{ hg:t/df

AL
EP

nu]/ :yflkt ug]{ .

N

▪ ljleGg ljefux¿af6 k|fKt ;'emfjsf cfwf/df kf6L{n] @)*! ;fn ;fpg $ ut]
;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] Wofgfsif{0f tyf em'nf3f6–lrjfe~HofªM ;d[l4sf nflu
;ª\sNk ofqfsf qmddf k|fKt / tTsfnLg ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfOPsf ljifox¿sf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu lg/Gt/ kxn ug]{ . ;DalGwt ljefux?n] k|:t't ;'emfjx?
sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg ul//xg] / kf6L{nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj
lbg] .
▪ hgk|ltlglw / kf6L{ sld6Ldfkm{t :yfgLo hgtfsf] ck]Iff / hg;dy{g
lj:tf/sf] of]hgfcg'¿k tof/ ul/Psf d'2fx¿nfO{ ;"qa4 u/L /fHosf
lgsfodf k|:t't ug],{ o;df ;DalGwt ljefux?n] cfjZos u[xsfo{ / d'2f
klxrfg ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj /x]sf] -kflnsf / j8f;d]t_ :yfgdf pgLx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{
k|efjsf/L / nf]slk|o agfpgsf nflu cfjZos of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog
ug],{
▪ hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf] of]hgf agfpg] / sfof{Gjog ug],{
▪ ;ª\3Lo ;+;b / k|b]z;efdf ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ ljifox¿ klxrfg u/L
;f+;bx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg], o;df ;DalGwt ljefux?n] cu'jfO ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{ sld6L / hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] aLrdf ;do–;dodf cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug],{

10
 ▪ s]Gb|df ;+;bLo ljefu / ;+;bLo bnsf dfWodaf6 hgk|ltlglwsf] e"ldsfnfO{
k|efjsf/L agfpg] . k|b]zdf k|b]z;ef bnnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] / kflnsf
txdf kflnsf ;efbn / ;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] kl/rfngsf] of]hgf
agfpg],
▪ kf6L{ / hgk|ltlglwsf aLrdf, hgk|ltlglw–hgk|ltlglwsf aLrdf pTkGg ePsf
cGt/lj/f]wsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug]{ s'/fdf Wofg lbg],
▪ ;+o'Qm ;/sf/df /x]sf bnx?sf aLrdf hg;dy{g clej[l4 ug{ tyf
;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;+o'Qm a}7s a:g] .
▪ hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] sfdsf] d"Nofª\sg l/kf]6{ tof/ u/L s]Gb|Lo lgjf{rg ljefudf
k7fpg] .

*= kf6L{ sfof{nosf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng

S

xfd|f] kf6L{ cGo kf6L{x¿sf] t'ngfdf kf6L{ sfof{nosf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf cufl8
ES

b]lvG5 . t/ /fli6«o dxflwj]zg k|ltlglw kl/ifbsf] a}7sn] u/]sf] alnof] / lg0ff{os

PR
AL

/fli6«o zlQmsf ¿kdf kf6L{nfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ of]hgfcg'¿k kf6L{ sfof{no cfjZos tx;Dd
EP

lj:tf/ ug{ / ;~rfngdf /x]sf sfof{nox¿nfO{ kf6L{ sfdsf] cfjZostfcg'¿k Joj:yfkg

N

ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . clwsf+z kf6L{ sfof{nox¿ cem} klg cfw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwsf lx;fan]
lgs} sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . kf6L{ sfof{no kf6L{ sfdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu
cToGt ckl/xfo{ kIf xf] . kf6L{ sfof{no, kf6L{ / g]t[TjnfO{ sfo{stf{ / hgtfn] vf]Hbf
;xh¿kdf e]6\g ;lsg] 7fpF aGg'kb{5 . kf6L{ sfof{no kf6L{sf lgoldt a}7s /
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ynf] ;d]t aGg'kb{5 . kf6L{ sfof{nonfO{ kf6L{ sfd / hg;Dks{sf] d'Vo
ynf]sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] sfd ug'{kb{5 .

▪ k|b]z / lhNnf txdf cfkm\gf] sfof{no ejg 5}g eg] pko'Qm 7fpFdf sfof{no
ejg agfpg] of]hgf cljnDa tof/ ug]{ .
▪ kflnsf÷O{nfsf tx;Ddsf nflu sfof{no ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg clgjfo{ ug]{ .
kflnsfsf j8f sfof{nox¿ hgtf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] sfd;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf
hf]l8Psf xF'bf j8f kf6L{sf] sfof{nosf] Joj:yf geP;Dd j8ftxsf] hgtfsf]
sfdnfO{ kf6L{sf tkm{af6 ;xhLs/0f x'g]u/L pko'Qm 7fpFdf ;Dks{ ljGb'
:yfkgf ug]{ . eljiodf pko'Qm 7fpFdf sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf qmdzM
cl3 a9fpg] .
▪ k|b]z / lhNnf sfof{nonfO{ k|ljlwd}qL agfpg] . kf6L{ sfof{nodf sfof{no
;lrjsf cltl/Qm cfO{6L;DaGwL / n]vf;DaGwL sfd ug{;Sg] JolQm pknAw

11
 ug]{÷u/fpg] . kflnsf sfof{nonfO{ klg qmdzM ;f]xLcg';f/ Jojl:yt agfpg]
of]hgf cl3 a9fpg] .
▪ kf6L{ sfof{nodf kf6L{ sfo{stf{ / hgtfsf ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{;Sg] /
;xhLs/0f ug{;Sg] lhDd]jf/ JolQm -k|d'v kbflwsf/L_ clgjfo{ ¿kdf pkl:yt
x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
▪ kf6L{ sfof{nosf] ;/;kmfO{ / ;fh;Hhfdf ;d]t oyf]lrt Wofg lbg] . kf6L{
sfof{nonfO{ kf6L{n] :yflkt ug{ rfx]sf] gofF ;Eotf / ;F:s[ltsf] k|jt{ssf
¿kdf cuf8L a9fpg] .
▪ xfd|f] kf6L{ hgtfsf] kf6L{ ePsf]n] sfof{nodf hg;/f]sf/sf ljifo / k|zf;lgs
;dGjosf nflu hgtfn] ;lhn} ;Dks{, lgj]bg / hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{;Sg] u/L
;xhLs/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{ sfof{nodf jfO{kmfO{, O{G6/g]6sf] Joj:yf clgjfo{ ¿kdf ug]{ .
S

▪
ES

dflyNnf sld6Lsf cGt/kf6L{ lgb]{zg -ckflg_, lgb]{zg, kl/kqx¿ l8lh6n /

PR

ef}lts kmfOn agfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .

AL

▪
EP

cfkm\gf sld6Ln] u/]sf lg0f{o, lgb]{zg / lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljj/0f l8lh6n /

N

ef}lts b'j} ¿kdf Jojl:yt ug{] .

▪ kf6L{sf] em08f, r'gfj lrGx c+lst em08f, kf6L{ ljwfg, k|ltj]bg, lgodfjnL,
lgb]{lzsf, cfof]usf k|ltj]bg, ljleGg ;fGble{s k|sfzgx¿ / kf6L{;Da4
hg;+u7gsf ljwfg, s]Gb|Lo k|sfzg / k|ltj]bgx¿ Jojl:yt 9ª\un] ;+sng
u/L sfof{nodf /fVg] .
▪ cGo k7gLo ;fdu|Lx¿ ;ª\sng u/L k|To]s sfof{nodf Pp6f k':tsfnosf]
Joj:yf ug{] .
▪ dflyNnf sld6Laf6 dfu ePadf]lhdsf] hfgsf/L tTsfn lbg;Sg] u/L
sfof{nodf clen]vnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt agfpg] .

(= Jojl:yt k|rf/ sfo{ / k|rf/ ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/

/fd|f] sfd dfq u/]/ hgtfsf] ;dy{g / ljZjf; :jtM k|fKt xF'b}g, To;sf nflu
u/]sf /fd|f sfdx¿ hgtfsf aLrdf k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;Dk|]if0f ;d]t ul/g'kb{5 . ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} To;df cfddflg;x¿sf] kx'Fr klg a[l4 xF'b} uPsf] 5 / ;f]xLcg'¿k
To;sf] b'¿kof]u klg eO/x]sf] 5 . csf]{lt/ kf6L{lj/f]wL zlQmx¿af6 lgof]lht ¿kdf kf6L{
/ g]t[Tjsf lj?4 rl/qxTof ug]{ / k|lti7fdf cf3ft k'¥ofpg] vfnsf cjfl~5t / e|dk"0f{
ljifox¿ ;d]t ;fdflhs ;~hfndf ;Dk|]if0f eO/x]sf 5g\ . To;n] ;j{;fwf/0fdf

12
gsf/fTds k|efj lj:tf/ x'g] cj:yf 5 . kf6L{ sfdsf] of]hgfcGtu{t kf6L{ tyf kf6L{
g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] u/]sf sfdx¿sf] k|efjsf/L k|rf/ ug]{ / unt tyf e|dk"0f{ s'/fsf]
k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|ltjfb ug]{u/L k|rf/ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ljifonfO{ dxTjsf ;fy
;d]6\g' kb{5 . To;sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ sfo{ ug]M{

▪ k|To]s sld6Ln] cfk"mcGtu{tsf] sfdsf] ;+of]hg ug{;Sg] JolQmx¿ ;dfj]z

ePsf] k|rf/ ljefu u7g ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{ sfof{nodf k|rf/ sfo{nfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ¿kdf cl3 a9fpgsf
nflu cfd;~rf/ If]qdf sfd ug]{ xfd|f] kf6L{;Dj4 JolQmx¿ /x]sf] l8lh6n
k|rf/ 8]:s lgdf{0f ug]{ .
▪ k|rf/ 8]:sdfkm{t cfdk|rf/sf cltl/Qm ;fdflhs ;~hfnnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
kl/rfng ug]{ of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
▪
S

k|To]s Kff6L{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ Kff6L{sf] df]afO{n PK; clgjfo{ k|of]u ug{ k]|l/t ug],{
ES
PR

PK;df /x]sf] …Rof6 j6Ú sf] pkof]u u/L kf6L{sf kIfdf ;Gb]z k|jfx ug]{
AL

Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
EP

▪
N

kf6L{lj?4 km}nfOPsf e|d / ckmjfxx¿ cWoog u/L To;sf] Pstfj4 ¿kdf

k|lt/f]w / k|ltjfb ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{ / ;/sf/sf sfd / pknlJwx?nfO{ k|rf/ ug{ 5f]6f lel8of]x? nufot
k|efjsf/L k|rf/ ;fdu|L pTkfbg / k|;f/0f ug]{ .
▪ cfkm\gf ;b:ox¿sf aLrdf ;"rgf cfbfg–k|bfg ug{sf nflu k|To]s kf6L{
sld6Ln] k|ljlwcfwfl/t ;"rgf ;~hfn -g]6js{÷u|'k_ lgdf{0f / kl/rfng ug]{ .
▪ s]Gb|Lo k|rf/ tyf k|sfzg ljefusf] of]hgfcg'¿k e|dk"0f{ / unt s'/fsf]
;fd"lxs k|ltjfb ug]{ / kIfdf ePsf sfdsf] k|rf/ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|efjsf/L
;+k|]if0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
▪ k|rf/ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu ;DalGwt sld6Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] :t/sf]
k|rf/ sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf u/L k|rf/sf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{sf] j}rfl/s d'vkqsf ?kdf …gjo'uÚ sf] cfjlws k|sfzg / kf6L{sf
;"rgfx? Jojl:yt ?kdf ;Dk|]if0f ug{ l8lh6n Go'h n]6/ lgoldt k|sfzg
ug]{ .

!)= sfdsf gof“ If]qx¿sf] vf]hL / lhDd]jf/L gkfPsf sfo{stf{sf] kl/rfng

olta]nf kf6L{ sfdsf ¿kdf kf6L{ ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sld6L k|0ffnL, ljefux¿,
kf6L{;Da4 hg;+u7g / kf6L{af6 lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw / hgk|ltlglwd"ns lgsfoaLrsf]
13
sfdnfO{ kf6L{ sfdsf ¿kdf a'´\g] / tbg'¿k zlQm kl/rfng ug]{ sfd xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .
kf6L{ sfo{stf{x¿sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf /x]sf oL sfdafx]s klg /fhgLlts k|efj lj:tf/
ug]{ sfdsf cg]sf}+ If]qx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . tL sfdsf If]qx¿df lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] / tL If]qsf]
sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;Gbe{df lgoldt ¿kdf Wofg lbg] sfd x'g;s]sf] 5}g . To:tf
sfdsf If]qx¿dWo] s]xLdf dfq r'gfjsf] ;dodf ;DalGwt sld6Ln] pd]b\jf/ rogsf
l;nl;nfdf jf kf6L{;Da4 sfo{stf{x¿n] g]t[Tj u/]sf ;+:yfdf ljjfb pTkGg ePdf /
ph'/L k/]df dfq rf;f] /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cab]lv To;f] gu/L To:tf ;femf sfdsf
If]qdf ;d]t kf6L{ g]t[Tj :yflkt ug]{u/L of]hgfa4 sfd cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 . sfdsf gofF
If]qsf] kl/rfg ug{ ;lsof] eg] lhDd]jf/L gkfP/ al;/xg'ePsf w]/} sd/]8x?nfO{ kl/eflift
?kdf lhDd]jf/L ;d]t lbg ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug]{M

▪ ;DalGwt sld6Lsf] sfo{If]qcGtu{tsf sfdsf gofF If]qx¿ klxrfg ug{ Pp6f

sfo{bn u7g ug],{
S
ES

▪ klxrfg ePsf sfdsf gofF If]qx¿df kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] eP

PR

pgLx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL eP/ sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L kfpg g;s]sf cu'jfx¿sf]

AL
EP

g]t[Tjdf ;+oGq agfP/ kl/rfng ug]{ .

N

▪ kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf] pkl:ylt gePsf gofF sfdsf If]qx¿df kf6L{sf] ;Dks{ /

k|efj lj:tf/sf] of]hgf agfO{ sfd ug{sf nflu ;+oGq u7g u/L lhDd]jf/L
k|bfg ug]{ .
▪ tL ;+:yfaf6 ul/g] ;fdflhs tyf cGo sfo{x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;Dkfbg
ug{sf nflu kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 cu|;/tf lng] .
▪ hxfF g]kfnL ToxfF g]skf -Pdfn]_ eGg] dfGotfcg'¿k ;a} ;sf/fTds ;+:yfleq
;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]Ng]u/L cfkm\gf] k|efj lj:tf/sf] sfd cl3 a9fpg] .

!!= ah]6 lgdf{0f / ;|f]t kl/rfng

kf6L{ s]Gb|n] nfdf] ;dob]lv jflif{s ah]6 agfpg] / tbg'¿k ;|f]t / vr{ kl/rfng
ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . t/ tNnf sld6Lx¿df cfd¿kdf ah]6 agfpg] /
;f]xLcg';f/ ;|f]t h'6fpg] / vr{ ug]{ kl/kf6L ;'? x'g;s]sf] 5}g . sfdsf] k|s[ltcg';f/
;|f]t h'6fpg], vr{ ug]{ / To;sf] lx;fjlstfj /fVg] ;fdfGotof x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/
sltko sld6Lx¿df TolQ sfd klg vf;} ePsf] b]lvFb}g . lhNnfeGbf tnsf sld6Lx¿df
s]xL ckjfbafx]s lx;fjlstfj /fVg] ul/Psf] kfOFb}g . kl5Nnf] ;do kf6L{n] ;b:otf
z'Ns / n]aLsf] !) k|ltzt j8fn] /fVg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] ca j8f tx;Dd
lx;fjlstfj Jojl:yt ¿kdf /fVg'kb{5 . ah]6 lgdf{0f / ;|f]t kl/rfngsf ;Gbe{df
lgDgfg';f/ ug]{M
14
 ▪ ljutdf ePsf] vr{sf] lx;fjlstfjnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ zLif{scg';f/ vr{sf]
cg'dfg ug]{ / ;f]xLcg';f/ ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] of]hgf agfO{ jflif{s ah]6 tof/
ug]{ . pQm ah]6 ;DalGwt txsf] sld6L a}7saf6 kfl/t u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
▪ ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] of]hgflagf vr{ ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] s]xL sld6Lx¿ C0fdf 8'a]sf]
cj:yf 5 . Tof] cj:yf cfpg glbgsf nflu of]hgfj4 ¿kdf ;|f]t
kl/rfngsf] sfd ug]{ .
▪ sld6Lx¿n] ;Dej eP;Dd lgoldt cfDbfgL x'g] j}wflgs sfdsf If]qdf ;|f]t
kl/rfng ug]{ . ;b:otf z'Ns / n]aL p7fpg] sfdnfO{ lgoldt agfpg] .
▪ kf6L{ sld6Lsf] k"0f{ a}7sdf ;|f]t kl/rfng / vr{ Joj:yfkgdf cfwfl/t
cfly{s Ph]08f tof/ u/L 5nkmn ug]{ / tbg'¿k cfly{s of]hgf agfpg] .
▪ clwj]zgsf ;dodf ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] eljiosf] of]hgf;lxtsf] ljutsf]
cfDbfgL / vr{sf] n]vfk/LIf0f -cl86_ l/kf]6{;lxtsf] cfly{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{
S
ES

/ kfl/t ug]{ .
PR

▪ sld6Lsf] a}7s, kf6L{ sfof{nosf] sfd / kf6L{sf cGo dxTjk"0f{ sfdnfO{

AL
EP

k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

N

▪ ah]6 lgdf{0f, kl/rfng / n]vf k/LIf0fdf s]Gb|Lo n]vf cfof]usf] lgb]{zgnfO{

kfngf ug]{ .
▪ cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qdf /x]sf] kf6L{sf] l:y/ ;DklQsf] d"Nof+sg / Jojl:yt
clen]vLs/0f ug]{ / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L s]Gb|Lo n]vf cfof]unfO{ u/fpg] .

!@= kf6L{ hLjgsf] z'4Ls/0f

xfdLnfO{ a'h'{jf sfo{z}nL jf hLjgz}nL ckgfpg] 5'6 5}g . xfd|f] sfo{z}nL /
hLjgz}nL lgM;Gb]x ;j{xf/f >dhLjL ju{ kIfw/ x'g'k5{ . xfd|f] cfr/0f, Jojxf/ / hLjg
lhpg] sfObf d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfg, k|rlnt sfg'g / ;fdflhs g}ltstfsf] ;Ldfcg's"n
x'g'k5{ . hgtfn] plrt g7fGg] sfd sf/afxLaf6 xfdLx¿ hf]lug'k5{ . t/ kf6L{leq k|rlnt
sfg'g, ;fdflhs k|aGw / g}ltstfsf b[li6n] cg'lrt lqmofsnfk b]vfkg{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
cfkm"nfO{ c?eGbf ljz]if 7fGg] / cfkm\gf nflu ljz]if Joj:yfsf] ck]Iff ug]{ k|j[lQ
b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . k|rlnt sfg'g k|lts"n, g}lts b[li6n] cg'lrt / ckf/bzL{ cfly{s
lqmofsnfk;d]t b]vfkg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . cfly{s cfr/0f / of}g cfr/0fdf sfg'gL / g}lts
aGwg tf]8\g vf]Hg] ljs[lt x'ls{+b} 5g\ . o:tf] k|j[lQn] g]tf, sfo{stf{ / ;du| kf6L{nfO{
hgtfaf6 cnu ug]{ vt/f k}bf ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] cfly{s–;fdflhs lqmofsnfk, of}g
cfr/0f / g}lts b[li6n] uNtL ug]{x¿sf ;Gbe{df cgfjZos pbf/tf of pbfl;gtf

15
b]vfpFbf / o;nfO{ ;DalGwt sld6Ldf 5nkmnsf] sfo{;"rL / sf/afxLsf] ljifo gagfpFbf
To:tf] k|j[lQ k|f]T;flxt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . kf6L{ hLjgsf] z'4Ls/0fsf ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/ ug]M{

▪ cfly{s kf/blz{tfsf nflu jflif{s ah]6 k|0ffnLnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy nfu" ug]{ .
;a} sld6Lx¿n] cfly{s sf/f]af/ a}ª\lsª k|0ffnLdfkm{t\ ug]{ .
▪ cfly{s aSof}tf /x]sfx¿ s;}nfO{ klg clwj]zgx¿df / hglgjf{lrt
lgsfox¿df pd]b\jf/ aGg gkfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug]{ .
▪ cfly{s clgoldttf, e|i6frf/, g}lts cfr/0fsf cf/f]kL :jo+n] cfkm"dfly
nfu]sf] cf/f]ksf ;To–tYosf af/]df klxnf] hfgsf/L kf6L{nfO{ u/fpg] k|0ffnL
ljsf; ug]{ . /fhgLlts ¿kdf k|ltzf]w ;fFWg nufOg] em'¶f cf/f]k / ckmjfxsf]
kf6L{n] k|ltjfb ug]{ . d'2fsf] k|s[lt x]/L d'2f rnfOPsfx¿n] sfg'gadf]lhdsf]
5fgjLgdf /fHosf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ . km};nf geP;Dd axfn /x]sf]
S

kbaf6 lgnDag ug],{ bf]ifL 7xl/Pdf dfq kbd'Qm ug]{ .

ES

▪
PR

kf6L{ tyf hg;+u7gsf ljleGg txsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{, hgk|ltlglwx¿ /

AL

kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 /fhsLo tyf ;fj{hlgs cf]xf]bfdf /x]sf JolQmx¿sf ljifodf

EP
N

p7]sf cfly{s, g}lts / rfl/lqs k|Zgx¿df k|Zgsf] k|s[lt x]/L kf6L{sf] tkm{af6
tTsfn cWoog u/L ;f] ;DaGwL wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{ hLjgsf] ;'4Ls/0fsf ;DaGwL kf6L{ lg0f{o / hf/L cfrf/;+lxtfsf]
s8fOsf ;fy kfngf ug]{÷u/fpg] .

!#= cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f / hgrf;f]sf ljifo ;Daf]wg

;ftbzs nfdf] ;+3if{sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k /fhgLlts Joj:yf km]l/of] t/ hgtfsf]
cfly{s–;fdflhs cj:yfdf t'ngfTds ;'wf/ eP klg ck]Iffcg'?k u'0ffTds ?kdf km]l/g
;s]sf] 5}g . qmflGtsf] /fhgLlts sfo{ef/ k'/f eof] t/ cfly{s–;fdflhs sfo{ef/ k'/f
x'g;s]sf] 5}g . xfdLn] rfx]sf] qmflGt ;lsPsf] 5}g / xfdLnfO{ oyfl:yltdf /dfpg] 5'6
klg 5}g . lxhf] xfdLn] qmflGtsf] /fhgLlts sfo{ef/ k'/f ug]{ cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj u¥of}+ .
ca xfdLn] cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug'5 { . To;}n], lxhf]eGbf cfh
kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{;"rL ablnPsf] 5 . lxhf] Joj:yf kl/jt{gsf lglDt cg's"n,
Joj:yflj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf g]t[TjbfoL / lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Sg] kf6L{ rflxGYof] .
cfh hgtf / /fi6«sf] lxt tyf sNof0fsf] kIfdf v/f] 9ª\un] plqg] kf6L{ rflxPsf] 5 .
ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;'zf;g / ;d[l4sf] cu'jfO ug{;Sg] tyf k|efjsf/L 9+un] /fHo xfFSg;Sg]
kf6L{ rflxPsf] 5 . hg;/f]sf/sf sfddf s]lGb|t x'g], ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b / c;dfgtfsf]
cGTo / ;fdflhs Gofo Pjd\ ;dfgtfsf] kIfdf lg0ff{os of]ubfg ug{] kf6L{ rflxPsf] 5 .
16
lxhf] ;Qfaflx/ x'Fbf kf6L{df hgd'vL z}nL, :jR5tf / kf6L{leqsf] ;'zf;g sfod ug{
;xh lyof] . cfh xfdL s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ;Qfsf] g]t[Tj u/]/ jf ;Qfdf hf]l8P/ cufl8
al9/x]sf] x'gfn] kf6L{nfO{ lg/Gt/ :jR5, hgd'vL / ¿kfGt/0fsf/L agfO/fVg] gofF r'gf}tL
ylkPsf 5g\ .

oL r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ k/f:t ub}{ kf6L{nfO{ ef}lts / dfgjLo ljsf;sf] gfossf] e"ldsfdf

:yflkt ug{'5 . hg;ª\u7g tyf k]zfut ;ª\u7gx¿nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] ju{ jf ;d'bfosf
;d:of a'em\g] / ;dfwfg lbg] jf:tljs g]tfsf] e"ldsfdf :yflkt ug{'5 . hgtfn] cfkm\gf
juL{o jf ;fd'bflos ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu xfd|f] kf6L{nfO{ / kf6L{ tyf hg;ª\u7gsf
g]tf, sfo{stf{ tyf ;b:onfO{ vf]Hg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug'{5 . clgdfq xfdLn] cfhsf]
k|lt:kwf{df >]i7tf xfl;n ug{ ;S5f}+, ld;g Ú*$ k"/f ug{ ;S5f}+, g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] Psn
ax'dtsf] ;/sf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5f}+ / ;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLsf] /fli6«o cfsfª\Iff k"/f
ug{] lbzfdf b[9 kfOnf rfNg ;S5f}+ . t/ cfh xfdL hgtfsf] lxt / ;/f]sf/sf] dfu /
S
ES

d'2f;Fu /fd|f];Fu hf]l8g ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . juL{o jf ;fd'bflos dfu / d'2fdf hgkl/rfng jf
PR

bjfj cfGbf]ng cfof]hgf ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ . hgjuL{o tyf k]zfut ;ª\u7gx¿ cfkm\gf]
AL
EP

juL{o jf k]zfut lxtsf] cfGbf]ngdf k|efjsf/L aGg;s]sf 5}gg\ . hgtf /

N

hgk|ltlglwaLrsf] cfk;L ;DaGw cfjZos dfqfdf hLjGt / 3lgi6 x'g;s]sf] 5}g .

To;}n], cfly{s–;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f / hgrf;f]sf] ljifodf lgDgfg';f/ ug]M{

▪ hgk|ltlglwnfO{ ljsf; lgdf{0f / hgsfo{df s]lGb|t ug]{ / k|ltlglw;ef /

k|b]z;efsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ sfg'g / gLlt lgdf{0fdf e"ldsf v]Ng;Sg] u/L bIf
agfpg] . o;sf nflu ljz]if a}7s, k|lzIf0f / cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{ / tLg} txsf hgk|ltlglwaLrsf] sfdnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf ;+of]hg ug]{ .
▪ ;+;bLo ;ldltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljifout ;'emfj lbg;Sg] ljifo lj1x¿sf]
;"lr …/f]i6/Ú tof/ u/L xfd|f ;f+;b÷ljwfosx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t'df :ki6 /
hfgsf/ agfO{ k|efjsf/L k|:t'lt ug{;Sg] agfpg] . o;df ;Da4 ljefux?n]
kxnsbdL lng] .
▪ ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] cj:yf x]/L ;ª\3–k|b]z / :yfgLo
txsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;/sf/÷;ef ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sfg'g
lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjlws nIo tf]sL hgk|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;dGjofTds 9ª\un]
kl/rfng ug]{ .
▪ hg;/f]sf/sf d'2fx¿df / k|fs[lts ljklQ, dxfdf/L, ;fdflhs pTkL8g of
cGo ;d:ofn] hgtfnfO{ cfqmfGt t'NofPsf] a]nf xfd|f] kf6L{klª\Qm To:tf
17
 ljifox¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos k}/jL, hgbafa / ;ª\3if{sf nflu xd]zf
t}gfyL cj:yfdf /xg] . hgtfsf] kL8fdf dNxd nufpg, hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{ /
cGofosf] k|ltjfb ug{ s;}sf] cfb]z s'l//xg' gkg]{ dfGotf :yflkt ug]{ .
▪ hg;+u7gx¿nfO{ hghLljsf / hg;/f]sf/sf d'2fx¿df s]lGb|t /xg] u/L
k|efjsf/L 9+un] kl/rfng ug]{ .
▪ e|i6frf/sf] lj/f]w / ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ ljifonfO{ kf6L{n] pRr k|fyldstfdf
/fv]/ cfjZos lg0f{o lng] .
▪ ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f / ;d[l4sf] cBfjlws vfsf tof/ ug{ kf6L{sf]
cfof]hgfdf gLlt ;Dd]ng÷ of]hgf sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf ug]{ . o;df kf6L{sf
s]Gb|Lo ljefux? ;lqmo x'g] / o;sf] ;+of]hg gLlt cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg
k|lti7fgn] ug]{ .
▪ blnt d'lQm;Fu hf]8]/ hftLo 5'jf5"t lj?4sf] /fi6«JofkL cleofg ;~rfng
S
ES

ug]{ .
PR

▪ ;dfhdf pTkL8gdf k/]sf, lje]bsf] lzsf/ ePsf, cGofodf k/]sf JolQmx¿

AL
EP

klxrfg u/L Gofo lbnfpg] sfddf cu'jfO{ ug],{

N

▪ n}+lus lx+;f, hflto lje]b, s'/Llt / s';+:sf/sf lj?4df hgr]tgtf sfo{qmd

;~rfng ug],{ sfg'gn] ck/fwsf ?kdf ls6fg u/]sf ljifodf sf/afxL cufl8
a9fpg] .
▪ xfdLn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] / ;xefuL ePsf ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x¿n] hg;/f]sf/sf
d'2fx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg] .
▪ kf6L{ sld6Lx?n] cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs cfly{s
?kfGt/0fsf of]hgf agfpg], ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf nflu kxn ug],{ rfn"
cfof]hgfx?sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ / ;dod} ;DkGg ug]{ s'/fdf kxn ug]{ .
▪ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf dfux?df JolQmsf] :jfy{ of ?lr xfjL x'g gkfcf];\ eGgfsf
nflu ;+:yfut dfu ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
▪ xfd|f] kf6L{n] ljho xfl;n u/]sf kflnsfx?df 3f]if0ffkq÷k|lta4tfkq
sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltsf] cfjlws ;dLIff ug]{ . tbg'?k sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofdf
;+of]hg / ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .

!$= alnof] / lg0ff{os /fli6«o zlQmsf] lgdf{0f

…;d[4 g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnLÚsf] /fli6«o cfsf+Iff k'/f ug{sf nflu kf6L{nfO{ alnof] /
lg0ff{os /fli6«o zlQmsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{kb{5 . uPsf] lgjf{rgaf6 xfd|f] kf6L{ klxnf] kf6L{

18
aGg t ;kmn ePsf] 5 t/ ck]lIft dfqfdf hgcfwf/ lj:tf/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cfufdL
lgjf{rgdf hgcfwf/ lj:tf/ u/L To;nfO{ lbuf] agfO{ lg0ff{os txdf kf6L{nfO{ k'¥ofpg'
kb{5 . o;sf nflu lgDg s'/fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kb{5M

s= g]t[Tj ljsf;sf] of]hgf

▪ xfd|f] /fhgLlts sfo{lbzfcg's"n k|lt:kwf{df ;kmntf xfl;n ug{;Sg]

of]Uo, Ifdtfjfg\ / h'emf? sfo{stf{ kª\lQmsf] klxrfg ug]{ / pgLx¿sf]
of]hgfa4 ljsf; ug]{,
▪ k|To]s j8fdf PsltxfO{ dlxnf;lxt !) o'jfnfO{ klxrfg u/L g]t[Tj
ljsf;sf] sfo{of]hgf nfu" ug],{
▪ lg0ff{os /fli6«o zlQm lgdf{0fsf nflu ;DalGwt txdf sfo{bn g} agfP/
kf6L{ k|j]zsf] a[xQ/ / Jojl:yt of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
S
ES
PR

v= :yfgLo tx;Dd hg;+u7g ;'b[9Ls/0f / lj:tf/

AL
EP
N

▪ k|To]s hgjuL{o ;ª\u7gn] u}/kf6L{ ;b:onfO{ cfkm"lt/ cfslif{t ug]{u/L

cfkm\gf] ju{ / ;d'bfosf] xslxtsf d'2fdf l;h{gfTds / /rgfTds
ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{ .
▪ hg;+u7gsf k'/fgf ;b:ox¿nfO{ qmdzM kf6L{ ;b:odf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ /
hg;+u7gdf gofF JolQmx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug]{u/L ;+u7gfTds sfdnfO{ cl3
a9fpg],
▪ s]Gb|df h:t} k|b]z, lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txdf hg;+u7gx¿sf] lgdf{0f /
kl/rfng k|efjsf/L agfpg] u/L sfo{of]hgf agfpg] / sfof{Gjog ug],{
▪ k|b]z tyf lhNnf txdf hg;+u7g ;dGjo ;+oGqsf] cEof;nfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg],
▪ cfwf/e"t txsf hg;+u7gx¿nfO{ kflnsf / j8f tx;Dd lj:tf/ ug],{
▪ ld;g Ú*$nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ kflnsf hg;+u7g ;dGjo ;+oGqsf] of]hgfdf
k|To]s a'ydf÷k|To]s 6f]ndf @% hgf o'jfsf] l6d kl/rfng x'g] u/L of]hgf
agfpg] / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

u= gof“ k':tfdf kf6L{ sfd

▪ gofF k':tfdf kf6L{ sfd k'¥ofpg] / g]t[Tjdf ljsf;sf] of]hgf sfof{Gjog

ug{sf nflu k|b]z sld6Ldf !), lhNnfdf !%, kflnsfdf @) / j8f tyf

19
 6f]n txdf ## k|ltzt o'jf ;xeflutfsf] gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] nfu"
ug],{
▪ k|To]s ufpFkflnsfn] %), gu/kflnsfn] !)), pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] !%) /
dxfgu/kflnsfn] @%) o'jf klxrfg ub}{ g]t[Tj ljsf;sf] k|lzIf0f k|bfg
u/L kf6L{ sfddf hf]8\g,] pgLx¿nfO{ j}rfl/s /fhgLlts k|lzIf0fsf
cnfjf g]t[Tj ljsf; / pBdzLntfsf ljifodf ;d]t k|lzlIft ug]{ .
▪ gofF k':tfnfO{ kf6L{df cfslif{t ug{sf nflu pd]/ ;d'x cg';f/df d'2fx¿
to ug{] / gofF k':tfdf k'¥ofpg],
▪ hg;+u7g;Fusf] ;dGjodf gofF k':tfdf ;b:otf lj:tf/sf] of]hgf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
▪ o'jfx?df pBdzLntfsf] ljsf;, pTkfbg sfo{df ;xeflutf / pTkfbsTj
a[l4sf nflu ;f]xLcg'?kdf k/fdz{ sfo{qmd -sfplG;lnª_, k|lzIf0f /
tflnd, :6f6{ ck ;DaGwL hfgsf/L / ;xhLs/0f tyf pTkfbgsf]
S

ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu cfjZos ;dGjo ug]{ .

ES
PR

▪ …;d[4 g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnÚsf] /fli6«o cleofgdf o'jfsf] ;fy{s ;xeflutf /

AL

g]t[Tj :yflkt ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy rfnL; jif{ d'lgsf o'jfx?sf] lzv/
EP

;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug]{ . lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] cj;/df Jofks hgkl/rfng

N

;d]t ug]{ .

3= hg;DaGw lj:tf/sf] sfd

▪ ld;g Ú*$ nfO{ b[li6ut u/L kflnsf sld6Lsf] g]t[Tjdf 6f]n sld6Lsf]
Joj:yfkgdf 3/b}nf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug],{ o;sf] Jojl:yt of]hgf kf6L{
lhNnf sld6Ln] ug]{ .
▪ cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf; / ¿kfGt/0fsf] p2]Zocg'¿k of]hgfj4 ultljlw
;~rfng ug],{
▪ hg:t/af6 k|fKt ;'emfj / u'gf;f]x? ;+sng u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L
dflyNnf] sld6Ldf k7fpg] . c1fgtf / e|dnfO{ 3/b}nf] cleofgsf qmddf
d]6\g] .
▪ hg;DaGw lj:tf/af6 kf6L{;Fu hf]l8Psf JolQmnfO{ hg;+u7g / kf6L{
sld6Ldf cfj4 ub}{ n}hfg] .

20
 ª= k|jf;sf] kf6L{ sfdsf] lj:tf/

▪ 3/b}nf] sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 ljb]z hfg]x¿sf] ;"rL / ;Dks{ 7]ufgf

;ª\sng ug]{ tyf To;/L k|fKt ePsf ljj/0f ;DalGwt d'n'ssf d~r /
;+3x¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .
▪ k|jf;sf] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L / lj:tfl/t ug]{ of]hgfcg'¿k k|jf;sf]
sfdnfO{ $ efudf ljeQm u/L O~rfh{ v6fpg] sfd ePsf] 5 . pxfFx¿sf]
g]t[Tjdf k|jf;L g]kfnL ;+3 / k|jf;L g]kfnL d~rsf dfWodaf6 k|jf;sf]
sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg],
▪ k|jf;df /x]sf lhNnf:t/sf] dfGotfk|fKt /fli6«o sld6LcGtu{t o'jf, dlxnf,
ljBfyL{, a'l4lhjL, pBdLh:tf ToxfFsf] ljz]iftfcg';f/sf ljz]if d~rx¿
u7g u/L kl/rflnt ug]{,
S
ES

!%= s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f

PR
AL
EP

ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] aNv'l:yt kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ejg Ifltu|:t ePkl5 xfd|f]
N

kf6L{ ef8fdf ;~rfng xF'b} cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] h:tf] kf6L{sf nflu ef8fsf] ejg xfd|f]
cfjZostf cg';f/sf] x'g] cj:yf 5}g . kf6L{n] cfkm\g} sfof{no ejg agfpg] u/L kf6L{
;b:oaf6 Go"gtd ?= !)).– p7fpg] cleofg ;'? u/]sf] 5 . yk ;xof]u ug{ rfxg] /
;Sg] ;xof]uLx¿af6 ;xof]u lnP/ ;'ljwf;DkGg cfw'lgs kf6L{ sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f ug]{
kf6L{sf] of]hgf /x]sf] 5 . ca pQm of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ lgDgfg';f/ ug]{M

▪ kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ejg agfpgsf nflu pko'Qm hUufsf] klxrfg /

Joj:Yffkg cfufdL d+l;/leq ul/;Sg] .
▪ kf6L{sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu ;|f]t
;+sng ug]{ sfdnfO{ cleofgsf ¿kdf cl3 a9fpg],
▪ ;b:otf gjLs/0f / lj:tf/sf qmddf k|To]s ;b:oaf6 Go'gtd !)) ¿k}ofF
;+sng ug]{ sfdnfO{ oyfzL3| sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
▪ yk cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ kf6L{ sfo{stf{ / ;xof]u ug{;Sg] cGo ;xof]uLx¿sf]
/f]:6/ tof/ u/L kf6L{ s]Gb|df k7fpg] . kf6L{ s]Gb|sf] of]hgf / lgb]{zgcg';f/
yk ;xof]u ;+sng ug]{ .
▪ kf6L{ sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f / ;|f]t kl/rfngsf nflu s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfnon]
cfjZos ;ldlt u7g u/L oyfzL3| sfo{ cf/De ug]{ .

21
!^= g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ :yfkgfsf] &% cf}+ -xL/s_ jif{ ;df/f]xsf af“sL sfo{qmd ;DkGg
ug]{
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ :yfkgfsf] &% cf}+ -xL/s_ jif{ ;df/f]xnfO{ xfdLn] @)*) j}zfv
( b]lv @)*! j}zfv ( ;Dd_ ljz]if sfo{qmdsf ;fy dgfof}+ . t/ o; ;Gbe{df to
ul/Psf sltko sfo{qmdx¿ eg] ;DkGg x'g;s]sf 5}gg\ . &% jif{ ;df/f]xsf nflu
to ul/Psf b]xfoadf]lhdsf sfo{qmdx¿ o; jif{ ;DkGg ug]{÷cufl8 a9fpg]–

s= g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] cflwsfl/s Oltxf; n]vg

sd/]8 O{Zj/ kf]v/]nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf Oltxf; n]vg ;ldlt u7g u/]/ g]kfnL
sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] cflwsfl/s Oltxf; n]vg;DaGwL sfdsf] yfngL ul/Psf]
5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu ljZjljBfno, cflwsfl/s lyª\s 6\ofª\s /
cg';Gwfg ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . cfufdL b'O{ jif{leq
;DkGg ug]{ u/L Oltxf; n]vgsf] sfdnfO{ o; jif{ tLa|tf lbg] .
S
ES
PR

v= nf]stGq / ?kfGt/0fsf nflu ePsf ;+3if{

AL
EP
N

g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngn] ;f9] ;ft bzssf] Oltxf;sf k|To]s bzsdf

ePsf ;+3if{, ;ª\u7g, ljrf/ lgdf{0f, pknAwL / sl7gfOsf] …syfÚ ;d]6L
kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf ;~rflnt d'Vo–d'Vo ;ª\3if{x¿sf] ;lª\IfKt / cflwsfl/s
clen]v tof/ ug]{ sfd cf/De ePsf] 5 . dxf;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] o;
sfdnfO{ o;} jif{ ;DkGg ug]{ .

u= &% jif]{ ofqfsf] j[Qlrq lgdf{0f

g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf uf}/jk"0f{ &% jif{sf d'Vo–d'Vo r/0f, kl/36gf Pj+
pknAwL bzf{pg] j[Qlrq lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ cª\u|]hL ;a 6fO6n;d]t
/fvL clGtd ?k lbg] .

3= æz]N6/Æ k':ts k|sfzg

kf6L{n] to u/]sf] si6s/ e"ldut hLjgsf cfbz{af/] gofF k':tfnfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg …z]N6/Ú zLif{ssf] cg'e"lt ;ª\u|x k|sfzgsf] tof/L ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf
nflu si6k"0f{ e"ldut hLjg Joltt ug'{ePsf sd/]8x¿nfO{ cfkm"n] ef]u]sf
clj:d/0fLo 36gf;lxt ;+:d/0f n]lv/xg'ePsf] 5 . of] k':ts n]vgsf]
sfdnfO{ o;} jif{ ;DkGg u/L @)*@ j}zfv !) ut] ;fj{hlgs ug]{ . o;sf]
;+of]hg sd/]8 k|bLk 1jfnLn] ug]{ .

22
 ª= P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g
g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf ;Gbe{df P]ltxfl;s dxTj /fVg] zxLb
e"ldnufotsf :ynsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ qmddf kf6L{sf] rf}yf] dxflwj]zg
cfof]hgf ePsf] l;/fxfsf] ;/]{ cDaf;df kf6L{sf] &% jif]{ Oltxf; k|ltljlDat ug]{
:df/s lgdf{0f ug]{ u/L sfd cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . o; sfdnfO{ o; jif{ ;DkGg
ug]{ . k|b]z sld6Lx?sf] cu'jfOdf kf6L{sf P]ltxfl;s sfo{qmdx? ePsf :yn tyf
cfGbf]ng / alnbfgsf] Oltxf; hf]l8Psf O6x/f, Oefª, l5Gtfª, lk:s/, sfnfkfgL,
l;tfk'/ cflb 7fpFdf pko'Qm ;dodf pko'Qm sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf ug]{ .

r= cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf

kf6L{ :yfkgfsf] &%cf}+ jif{sf] ;Gbe{ kf/]/ dfS;{jfbsf] l;h{gfTds k|of]u /
;DalGwt d'n'ssf cg'ejx¿df s]lGb|t /x]/ efOrf/f sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, >lds
S

kf6L{ / jfdkGyLx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug]{ . @)@$ gf]e]Da/sf]

ES
PR

cGTo of @)@% dfr{ dlxgfsf] bf];|f] xKtfdWo] pko'Qm ;do 5gf]6 ug]{ .
AL
EP

!&= kf6L{ sfdsf] lgoldt l/kf]l6{ª / cg'udg

N

ld;g u|f;?6 -kf6L{ ;'b[9Ls/0f cleofg_ b]lv sfdsf] ;dLIff / l/kf]l6{ªsf]

k|0ffnLnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy :yflkt ug]{ sfd ul/Psf] 5 . To;otf kf6L{sf lgoldt sfdsf]
l/kf]l6{ª k|fKt ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . t/ ;dodf eg] cg';f/sf] l/kf]l6{ª eg] ;a}af6 k|fKt x'g
;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ld;g Ú*$ ;kmn agfpg] xf] eg] sfdsf] cfjlws ;dLIff ug]{ / To;sf]
l/kf]6{ tof/ ug]{ sfd ug'{kb{5 . sld6Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] l/kf]6{ Pstx dflyNnf] sld6Ldf
k7fpg] sfd ug'{kb{5 . s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox¿n] cfkm\gf] sfdsf] l/kf]6{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf
k7fpg' kg]{5 . l/kf]6{ k7fpFbf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{5M

 e]nf, a}7s, clwj]zg, sld6L u7g–k'gu{7g, cGtlqm{of, hgkl/rfng cflb

kf6L{ sfdsf] cj:yf,
 kf6L{ ;b:otf gjLs/0f / lj:tf/sf] cj:yf,
 kf6L{ k|j]z / Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yf -ljlzi7 JolQmx¿sf] k|j]z ePsf] eP gfd
;d]t_,
 kf6L{ :s'lnª / k|rf/fTds sfdsf] cj:yf,
 sfof{no Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf] cj:yf,
 cGt/lj/f]w ;dfwfgdf k|fKt pknAwL,
 /fhgLlts zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf,
23
  kf6L{ sfddf ;lqmo / g]t[Tj ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf ePsf $) jif{ d'lgsf
o'jfx¿sf] klxrfg / kl/rfng,
 k|jf;df uPsf JolQmx¿sf] ;Dks{;lxtsf] ljj/0f,
 /fhgLlts sfo{lbzf / sfo{of]hgfcg'¿ksf cGo dxTjk"0f{ ultljlwx¿,

 dflyNnf] sld6Ln] dftxt sld6Lsf sfdx?sf] lgoldt cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

 k|b]z / lhNnf sld6Ln] s]Gb|Lo ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb\ / s]Gb|Lo lgsfodf
/xg'ePsf sd/]8x?nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{If]qdf cfof]hgf ul/g] cleofgx?df
hf]8\g] / ;xefuL agfpg] .
-u}/ef}uf]lns If]qsf] sfd / k|jf;sf] sfdsf ;Gbe{df ToxfFsf] sfdsf] k|s[ltsf
cfwf/df lgoldt l/kf]l6{ª ug'k{ g]{5 ._
S

!*= ljljw
ES
PR
AL

 æ7Ls ;do Pdfn] ;doÆ eGg] dfGotf :yflkt ug]{ u/L a}7sx¿ tf]lsPsf]
EP

;dodf ;~rfng ug]{ .

N

 sfo{qmd tyf a}7sx¿df cltly cfzg / jQmfx¿sf] e2fz}nLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .

sfo{qmdx?sf] cfof]hgfdf ldtJolotf ckgfpg] .
 /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs If]qdf VoftL sdfPsf jf 5lj /fd|f] agfPsf kf6L{
;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 g]t[Tj lgdf{0f / dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] .
 kf6L{n] ;fta'Fb] ;xdltcg'?k /fhgLlts :yfloTjnfO{ s]Gb|laGb"df /fv]/
;+ljwfgsf] :jLsfo{tf a[l4 x'g]u/L ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] cu'jfO ug]{ / o;
ljifodf kf6L{ lg0f{o / lgb]{zgcg'?k kf6L{kª\lQmnfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{ .
 lg0ff{os /fli6«o zlQm lgdf{0fsf] o; sfo{of]hgfnfO{ dftxt sld6Ln] cfkm\gf]
sfo{If]qsf]] ljz]iftfcg'?ksf sfo{of]hgf yk u/L sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg] .
sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt sld6Ln] ;':ki6 lhDd]jf/L;lxtsf]
sfo{tflnsf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

– #! ebf} @)*!

z+s/ kf]v/]n
dxf;lrj

24