BIOMECHANICS & KINESIOLOGY

S. No. Content Page No.

1 Introduction of Sports Biomechanics 4
1.1 Uses of Biomechanics 4
1.2 Identify axis and plane in different movements 5
2 Conceptual understanding of movement in sports 8
2.1 Application of Newton’s law of Motion in physical activities 8
and sports
2.2 Application of friction in different sports conditions 10
3 Exploring centre of Gravity in sports 13
3.1 Analyse conditions for maintaining equilibrium in sports 13
4 Structure of Motor Actions 15
4.1 Differentiate cyclic action, acyclic action, and movement 15
combination
4.2 Use of lever in physical activities and sports 18
5 Activity Zone 20
6 Glossary 27
7 References 28

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 Objectives of the Unit
In this chapter students will be able to learn about following things:
 Identify different Axis & Plan
 Apply Newton’s law of motion
 Understand the concept Friction
 Describe Centre of Gravity and Equilibrium
 Distinguish between different Motor Actions
 Relationship of kinesiology and biomechanics with sports
 Distinguish between the different movements at different axis and plane.
 Importance of lever in sports movement
 Explain the conditions for maintaining equilibrium

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 INTRODUCTION
The human body is capable of many things in terms of movement. Since the
beginning of the 20th century sport scientists have been studying human movements and
trying to minimize the wastage of movements in terms to achieve maximum output in the
field. This chapter deals with the concepts related to the human body and its movements.
These components apply on everyone as they are universal in nature. The concepts of
movement are broadly divided into two parts i.e., Biomechanics and kinesiology. These both
are the base of every principle that applies on the human body and helps a person to move
effectively.
In kinesiology and biomechanics, we study about the bones, muscles, and joints
involved in different movements and after that we analyze the angle and sequence of the
movement. So, if we want to differentiate between biomechanics and kinesiology, we can say
that first one is about the different body parts involved in the movement and the other is
about angle and sequence of the movement.
Different authors’ defined biomechanics in their own way such as James G. Hay
defined biomechanics as “The science that examines the internal and external forces acting
on a human body and the effects produced by these forces.”Biomechanics studies the
impact of forces on the human body, and it also helps us to get the information regarding
safest movement patterns. While on the other hand Burke defines kinesiology as “The study
of the movement behavior of all living organisms” so in simple words we can say that
kinesiology helps us understand our movement.

1.1 Uses of Biomechanics.

Biomechanics is important as it helps an athlete to bring preciseness in the sports
movement, to understand its importance, suppose there are ten world class athletes
participating in the final round of 100m race in Olympics and they are equal in all aspects,
then at that point of time these insignificant things can impact in a big way. So, the
biomechanics has different uses in sports, let’s see some more uses:
1. Improvement in technique: Biomechanics helps in improvement in technique of an
athlete by rectifying the mistakes in the movement. Suppose a volleyball spiker
hitting the ball but unable to control the body after smashing then the coach
understands that there is a problem with the follow through of the athlete.
2. Inventing and upgrading technique: If a coach or an athlete understands the
movement and motion and the forces acting upon the movement minutely then they

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 can invent or discover their own technique or can upgrade the already existing
techniques. For example, in the beginning high jumpers used to perform doing side
roll technique but then a player invent the Fosbury flop technique and won the gold
medal in 1968 Olympics.
3. Inventing and upgrading sports equipment: With the help of biomechanics,
scientist invents and upgrades new equipment to protect the athlete and to help them
enhance their sports performance. Same way biomechanics also used in the daily life
also when the pharma companies manufacture equipment which helps general
population to easily move when they are injured such as knee cap.
4. Prevention from injury: We get injuries, but we don’t know their causes but with
the help of biomechanics, we get the idea about the forces exerted which caused the
injury and by understanding the cause, it is easier to prevent it from happening. It
provides with the necessary information to make changes in the technique and
equipment.
5. Improvement in training: Understanding of the movement analysis of an athlete,
changes can be made by the coaches/trainers in the training program, which can lead
to the better training methods. Suppose an athlete may be lacking in endurance, so by
understanding the deficiency trainer can made the necessary changes in the training
schedule and method and can work on the endurance of an athlete.
6. Improvement in sports performance: Every coach and athlete has a single goal and
that is to improve the performance of the athlete. By understanding the movement and
applying the principles of movement, they can achieve their goal. It also helps in
preventing injuries which results in regular training that helps in maintaining the
momentum.

1.2 Identify axis and plane in different movements.

Every human doe’s body movement, scientist believes that the first movement done
by a human being is in the womb of the mother, when the child kicks. These movements
changes and gets improved as we grow, you may have noticed that an infant first walks on his
hands and knee, and as he grows older, he walks on his two feet then start running. These
movements are done on an axis and a plane.

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AXIS: It is an imaginary line or point around which movement takes place and these axes are
of three types

1.Sagittal 1.frontal
Axis Axis

Vertical
Axis

PLANE: It is an imaginary surface through which a movement takes place, and these are of
three types

Frontal plane Horizontal/Tran

sverse plane

Sagittal plane

Relation between Axis and Plane: When we say that plane is a surface than we mean that it
is a horizontal or vertical floor on which any movement is going to take place and axis is that
pen which is going to stick at that point around which movement is going to take place. These
planes and axis divide the body into parts so we can see or analyze the body movement.
Every plane has a combination with an axis and according to their relationship the movement
takes place. Every plane and axis makes a 90-degreeangle so the movement can take place.
Let us see which plane and axis combine and which movement takes place at that
combination.

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 1. Frontal Plane and Sagittal Axis:
Frontal plane divides the body into front and back half as shown in the picture
below. As you can in the picture that sagittal axis is the imaginary line which
passes through the body from the front making a 90 degree or perpendicular
angle at the point of intersection? The movements that can takes place at that
point are abduction, adduction, inversion, and eversion. For example, if you
bend you head sideways or your body sideways.

2. Sagittal Plane and Frontal Axis

Sagittal plane divides the body into right and left half whereas frontal axis is the
imaginary line that spike the body from one side to the another making the plane
and axis perpendicular to each other. The movements that can takes place at this
point are Flexion, Extension, dorsi flexion, and plantar flexion. For example,
bicep curls or simple squats or bending you head forward or backward.

3. Transverse/Horizontal Plane and Vertical Axis

Transverse or horizontal plane divides the body into upper and lower half and
vertical axis is the imaginary line that spikes the body from top to bottom into
left and right half making plane and axis perpendicular to each other. The
movements that can take place at this point are spine rotation, limb rotation.
For example, pushups pivot in basketball.

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 2.1 Application of Newton’s law of Motion in physical activities and sports.

When an object changes its position, it is said to be in motion and when it is not
changing its movement than it is in rest position. We change our position in every scenario every
day, whether we eat, walk or even sleep, we change our position. Newton gave three laws of
motion which we use in everyday lifestyle, and they are universal in nature that means that they
will stay same irrespective of the situation. The three laws of motion are as follows:

Law of
Inertia

Law of
Motion

Law of Law of
Momentum Reaction

Law of Inertia: The first law of motion has two parts, first is that if any object is
in rest position than it will stay in rest position until some external force is applied on it. For
example, there is a car standing, it will not move until you press the accelerator or manually
push the car, same way in sports, a javelin will stay in an athlete’s hand until he throws the
javelin. The second part of the law states that if an object is in motion than it will stay in
motion in the absence of an applied force for example, the same car moving at 80 km/h will
stay in speed until the breaks applied on the car, you might say that but still the speed off the
car will reduce and that is because of the other factors like friction, same in sports the javelin
thrown will land at certain point because of the external force acting upon it and that is
friction and gravity.
 Law of momentum: The second law of motion is the mixture of mass and
velocity. The acceleration of the object is directly proportional to the force acting on the
object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. Suppose you have a piece of
paper in one hand and a rubber ball in the other hand, when you drop both the things at the
same height the ball will touch the ground first because of its mass. Same way when you
throw a cricket ball and a basketball with the same force than the cricket ball will go further
because it has less mass. You must have noticed when players catch the ball in cricket, they
try to lower their hands so they can change the rate of momentum and avoid getting hurt with
the force of the ball.

Law of Reaction: The third law of motion shows the relationship between
different movements and how these movements work in pair. The law states that every action
has an equal and opposite reaction. For understanding of this law, you require two objects,
suppose there is a pen on your desk and it is in rest position, the pen is exerting pressure on

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 the desk that pressure is action while the desk is producing an upward force to balance the
pen that is called reaction. If we remove the desk the pen will fall on the ground and if the
pressure is not enough then the pen will move. In sports, suppose you are bowling in cricket
so, the amount of force you will exert on the ball, the ball will also move with the same
speed.

2.2 Application of friction in different sports conditions.

Friction is a force that resists or opposes the movement of one body over the other. It
is believed that friction is the force which acts as a barrier in any movement, but it also helps in
the efficient movement of an object. For example, use of spike shoes in running, it increases the
grip of a runner. Friction gives the necessary balance to the body for steady movement, if the
friction increases then the motion will be uncontrolled and if the friction decreases then there is a
chance of falling or gripping. There are four types of friction:

STATIC
FRICTION

SLIDING/KINE ROLLING
TIC FRICTION FRICTION FRICTION

FLUID
FRICTION

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 Static Friction: Static friction acts between two objects at the rest position. For
example, a ball resting on the table, the smallest amount of force needed to move that ball is
known as static friction. Static friction exists in starting of any movement such as serving in
badminton.

Sliding/Kinetic friction: When an object starts to slide or move then the sliding friction
is created. It is a drag between two surfaces sliding over one another and relates to the roughness
of the surface. For example, skinning on the ice, when an athlete jumps in the air, the resistance
they experience is known as drag force. The athlete tries to increase the friction in many sports
for example, grip on the handle of cricket bat or badminton or tennis racquet. But there are
examples where athletes try to reduce the friction such as using of magnesium chalk in
gymnastics. The athletes increase or decrease the grip according to the need of sport. Sliding
force can be seen in everyday life, for example sliding a sofa or table.

Rolling Friction: Rolling friction is produced when two surface rolls over one another.
Rolling friction also depends upon the surface also, if the surface is smooth then the friction will
be less whereas rolling friction increases on the smooth surface. You have experienced rolling
friction when you cycle, or roller skate or you push a chair or suitcase with small wheels on
them. In sports also rolling of football or rolling of ball in hockey depends upon the surface of
the field.

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 Fluid Friction This friction occurs when objects move through fluid. Suppose a
swimmer is swimming so the waves produced by the swimmer acts as a resistance and known as
fluid friction. This movement occurs due to displacement of water in the swimming pool but in
general life also when you see waves in the ocean or in a river, it is very hard to swim opposite to
the waves when there is huge displacement of the water, or you can see the ships displace water
as the ship moves, the frictional force in these cases usually proportional to the speed of the
moving object.

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 3.1 Analyze conditions for maintaining equilibrium in sports.
Equilibrium is the position when your body is in balance, it can be in motion or at rest.
Suppose you are standing and you are not falling, or you are cycling, and you are complete
balance than you are in equilibrium. It can be defined as the sum of the forces and sum of the
movements action upon a body are equal to zero, the body is said to be in equilibrium. But
before understanding equilibrium lets learn about its most key factor i.e., centre of gravity.

Centre of Gravity: Centre of gravity is that point in the human body where the body weight is
distributed equally. It is the intersection of all the three planes of the body i.e., sagittal, frontal,
and transverse plane. This is the point where body can freely rotate in all directions. The centre
of gravity is different in male and female because of the body structure, female’s centre of
gravity is lower than in male. Centre of gravity in children is higher than in adults. Whenever
there is a structural change in the human body, the centre of gravity will deviate from the normal.
Centre of gravity changes with every movement because we want to be in a balanced position. It
is an imaginary point that represents the weight centre of the body.

There is a connection between centre of gravity and equilibrium as they both are
responsible for balance of the body both is rest and movement.
Equilibrium is divided into two parts:
1. Static Equilibrium
2. Dynamic equilibrium

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 Static Dynamic
Equilibrium
Equilibrium Equilibrium

Static Equilibrium: When the body is in rest or stationary position than it is known as
static equilibrium. It is directly proportional to its base which means the greater the base of the
object greater the stability. It is also directly proportional to the weight of the body because the
centre of gravity lies in the base of the body that is the reason it is indirectly proportional to the
height of the centre of gravity from the base. As you have noticed in wrestling, wrestlers spread
their legs to increase the area of the base and try to lower their centre of gravity so they cannot be
moved.Also, when we try to stop while running, we need our body so that we can lower our
centre of gravity and can maintain our balance and can stop.

Dynamic Equilibrium: It is the ability of the body to stay in balance while performing
different body movements such as walking, jumping, and running. Whenever you running you
try to balance your body by quickly stepping that is because it helps your body to stay in balance
and not fall. It is mainly depending on the physiological factors such as maintenance of posture.
There is a definite pattern in the sports movements which helps athletes to stay in the balance for
example in making a layup shot, their body suspends properly in the air to maintain the
equilibrium. We might have noticed whenever we try to jump or leap forward our hands and
feet’s move forward while our hips move downwards.

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 4.1 Differentiate cyclic action, acyclic action, and movement combination.

Athlete uses complex body movements in numerous scenarios of the sports. Some
movements are repeated, and some are unique with respect to the sport. These movements can be
fundamental, or it can be complicated in nature. These movement can be classified into two
broader categories i.e., cyclic, and acyclic. Then these movement can also be used in different
combination which we going to learn in this chapter.
Cyclic Movement: These movements are continuous in nature and endurance is the
dominating factor in this kind of movement and it requires a lot of coordination between
different body parts. For example, when you run then it is a cycling movement because you are
continuously doing it and the rhythm does not break. In cyclic movements a single movement is
repeated and again. In sports the example of cyclic movement is marathon running, rowing,
cycling, or swimming or dribbling in basketball.

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 Acyclic movement: Acyclic movements are those which is not happening continuously or
in a cycle. These movements are extraordinarily complex. Suppose switching on the TV, you do
it once and then you watch the program. Variety of sports uses these situations such as shooting a
basketball, kicking a football, punching an opponent in boxing.
Athletes use cyclic and acyclic movements in different combinations in majority of
sports. There are three type of combination movements i.e., cyclic, and cyclic movement, acyclic
and acyclic movement, and cyclic and acyclic movement.

Cyclic and Cyclic Movement: In this combination, an athlete does two cyclic
movements simultaneously in a repeated manner. For example, running and dribbling in
basketball is one example of this combination. In this player is running continuously and at the
same time dribbling continuously, we can also observe the same in handball as well where
players dribble the ball and run simultaneously.

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 Acyclic and Acyclic Movement: It is the combination where the movements are of
acyclic in nature. Let us understand this with an example, suppose you are a fielder in cricket and
a ball comes towards you and You catch the ball and throws back to the keeper, then you
performed two movement that is catching and throwing, both the movements are acyclic in
nature.

Cyclic and Acyclic Movement: Athletes extensively use Cyclic and acyclic
combination type of movements in many sports where one movement is cyclic and other is
acyclic in nature. For example, javelin throw where an athlete run which is a cyclic movement
and then throws the javelin which is an acyclic movement. Athletes extensively use Cyclic and
acyclic combination type of movement in high jump, long jump, hammer throw.

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 4.2 Use of lever in physical activities and sports.

We use our body to lift, pull, and push heavy objects, ever wonder we can do such
things. It is difficult to visualize an individual’s body as a system of levers. Our body has several
types of anatomical levers which cannot be changed but if we understand there functioning then
we can use it very wisely. A lever is nothing but a rigid bar that turns above an axis. It has three
points i.e., force point, resistance point and the fulcrum. And with the combination and
arrangements of these three points, we get three types of levers i.e.,
1. First class lever
2. Second class lever
3. Third class lever
First Class Lever: The first-class lever is the used to produce balanced movement when
the fulcrum is midway between the force and resistance. these levers are very general in nature
for example you must have seen a seesaw in the park, or a scale used by local vegetable vendors,
where the put weight on one side and the commodity on the other while holding the scale from
the middle. Athletes use this lever in many sports actions such as lifting heavy weight in flexion
and extension movement, where weight in hand acts as the resistance, your elbow as a fulcrum
and your biceps as a force.

Second Class Lever: In the second-class lever, the fulcrum is on one end and force on
the other, while resistance is in between the two. In this a small force can move the large objects
easily. You see second class lever used in various places everyday such as doors, or stapler in
where resistance is between the fulcrum and the force. In human body we use many movements

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where second-class lever is required such as standing on the toes, where your toes are the
fulcrum, the articulation of your tibia is resistence with the foot is resistence and the pull of
planter flexion is the force applied.

Third Class Lever: In this type of lever, we have fulcrum and resistance is on the either
side, with force in between. Speed and range of motion is produced in large amount in Third
class lever. Majority of the lever in human body are of third type. There are many examples of
third-class lever in day-to-day life such as a broom, tong, or a fishing road. In sports also we use
this type of lever in many places like hitting a ball with a bat or throwing a hammer in hammer
throw.

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 Activity-1
Multiple choice questions

Q.1 Identify the type of lever in the above shown picture

A) Class 1 Lever B) Class 2 Lever
C) Class 3 Lever D) None of the above

Q.2 Identify the type of lever in the above shown picture

A) Class 1 Lever B) Class 2 Lever
C) Class 3 Lever D) None of the above

Q.3 Identify the type of lever in the above shown picture

A) Class 1 Lever B) Class 2 Lever
C) Class 3 Lever D) None of the above

Q.4 Class 1 Lever can be seen in

A) Seesaw B) Scissors
C) Running D) Jumping

Q.5 Second class Lever can be seen in

A) Pushups B) Kicking a football
C) Bicep curls D) All of these

Short answer question

Q.1 Briefly explain about class 1 Lever. Give examples from sports.

Long answer question

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Q.1 Give examples of each type of lever which our body uses during various activities?
 Activity-2
Multiple choice questions

Q1. The study of human body and its forces acting on it

A) Biology B) Physiology
C) Biomechanics D) Anatomy

Q2. Biomechanics help in which of the following

A) In improving performance` B) In improving technique
C) In improving equipment D) All of these

Short answer question

Q1. State any two uses of biomechanics.

Long answer question

Q1.Biomechanics is important as it helps an athlete to bring preciseness in the sport movement.

Give reason to support your answer?

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 Activity-3
Multiple choice questions

Q.1 Frontal plane divides the body into

A) Right and left half` B) Upper and lower half
C) Front and back half D) None of these

Q.2 The body is divided into upper and lower half in

A) Horizontal plane and vertical axis B) Sagittal plane and frontal axis
C) Frontal plane and sagittal axis D) None of these

Q3. Sagittal plane and frontal Axis divide the body into
A) Right and left half ` B) Front and back half
C) Upper and lower half D) All of these

Q4. Movement in the above picture can be performed in

A) Sagittal plane and frontal axis` B) Upper and lower half
C) Right and left half D) Frontal plane and sagittal axis

Q.5 Movement in the above picture can be performed in

A)Horizontal plane and vertical axis B) Upper and lower half
C) Frontal plane and sagittal axis D) None of these

Short answer question

Q.1 What are axis and planes in connection with biomechanics?

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 Activity-4
Multiple choice questions
Q.1 Which of the following Laws of Motion given by Sir Isaac Newton is also known as” Law
of Inertia”?
A) Second law of motion B) First law of motion
C) Third law of motion D) None of these

Q.2 In which game we See the application of Law of Inertia

A) Football B) Basketball
C) Softball D) All of these

Q.3 Law of acceleration is also known as

A) Law of Inertia B) Law of force
C) Law of momentum D) Law of action and reaction

Q.4 During the take-off Movement in long jump which law of motion is applied
A) Law of action and reaction` B) Law of readiness
C) Law of acceleration D) Law of Inertia

Q.5 A batsman hits a spin ball with force to get six runs. Mention the law of motion applied
here.
A) Law of continuity B) Law of readiness
C) Law of acceleration D) Law of Acceleration

Q.6 In swimming, a swimmer gets propelled faster in the forward direction if she pushes the
water faster in the backward direction. This is an application of which law of motion
A) First law of motion B) Second law of motion
C) Third law of motion D) None of these

Short answer questions

Q.1 Write a short note on the Law of Inertia give two examples from sports
Q.2 Give a free brief introduction of the second law of motion.
Q.3 State any four examples of law action and reaction in sports

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 Activity-5
Multiple choice questions

Q.1 The above shown equipment’s are used to reduced friction

A) Rolling friction` B) Sliding friction
C) Static friction D) All of these

Q.2 What kind of friction is used in the above activity

A) Sliding friction` B) Rolling friction
C) Static friction D) All of these

Q.3 What kind of friction is used in the above activity

A) Sliding friction` B) Rolling friction
C) Static friction D) All of these

Q.4 What kind of friction is used in the above activity

A) Sliding friction` B) Rolling friction
C) Static friction D) Fluid friction

Long answer question

Q1. Friction is a necessary evil in sports. State two advantages and disadvantages of friction in
sports?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

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 Activity-6
Multiple choice questions

Q.1 Which of the following is an acyclic movement?

A) A single movement is repeated B) Two single movement are repeated simultaneously
C) Movement is not continuing D) None of these

Q.2 When a single action is repeated it is called as -

A) Cyclic movement B) Acyclic movement
C) Cyclic and Cyclic movement D) Acyclic and acyclic movement

Q.3 When an action is repeated, and the other action is performed only once then it is called as
A) Cyclic and cyclic movement B) Cyclic and acyclic movement
C) Acyclic and cyclic movement D) None of these

Q.4 Football goalkeeper collects the ball and throws it towards the defender. This is a
combination of-
A) Cyclic and Cyclic movement B) Cyclic and Acyclic movement
C) Acyclic and Acyclic movement D) Acyclic and Cyclic movement

Short answer questions

Q.1 Briefly explain about cyclic movement with examples from your favorite sports and game.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Q.2 Briefly explain about a cyclic movement with examples from your favorite sports and game.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Q.3 Differentiate between cyclic and acyclic movements

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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 Acyclic Movement: Acyclic movements are those which are not happening
continuously. These movements are extraordinarily complex. Variety of sports uses these
situations such as shooting a basketball, kicking a football, punching an opponent in
boxing etc.
 Axis: It is an imaginary line or point around which movement takes place.
 Biomechanics: The science that examines the internal and external forces acting on a
human body and the effects produced by these forces.
 Centre of Gravity: Centre of gravity is that point in the human body where the body
weight is distributed equally.
 Cyclic Movement: Cyclic movements a single movement is repeated again and again. In
sports the example of cyclic movement is marathon running, rowing, cycling, swimming,
dribbling in basketball etc.
 Dynamic Equilibrium: It is the ability of the body to stay in balance while performing
different body movements such as walking, jumping, running.
 Equilibrium: It can be defined as the sum of the forces and sum of the movements action
upon a body are equal to zero, the body is said to be in equilibrium.
 Fluid Friction: Fluid friction is the force that opposes a motion that takes place within
fluids.
 Frontal Axis: It is the imaginary line that spike the body from one side to the another
(right to left or left to right).
 Frontal Plane: Frontal plane is perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into
anterior (front) and posterior (back). It is also known as coronal plane.
 Horizontal Plane: It is an anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and
inferior sections. It is also known as the transverse plane.
 Inertia: Inertia is defined as a property of matter by which it remains at the state of rest
or in uniform motion in the same straight line unless acted upon by some external force.
 Kinesiology: It is the scientific study of human body movement.
 Lever: A lever is a simple machine made of a rigid beam and a fulcrum. The effort (input
force) and load (output force) are applied to either end of the beam. The fulcrum is the
point on which the beam pivots.
 Momentum: It is the product of the mass and velocity of an object.
 Movement: Movement is the change in the position of a body part with respect to the
whole body.
 Plane: It is an imaginary surface through which a movement takes place.
 Rolling Friction: Rolling friction occurs when a wheel, ball, or cylinder rolls freely over
a surface.
 Sagittal Axis: It is an imaginary line passes through the body from front to back.
 Sagittal Plane: It is an imaginary surface which divides the body into right and left half.

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 Sliding Friction: It is a frictional force that appears when two bodies come into sliding
contact. This friction can also be referred to as kinetic friction.
 Sports Movement: Sports movement skills are basic movements such as throwing,
kicking, running, jumping, hopping and catching these movement skills applied to a sport
situation for example, kicking a soccer ball, running a sprint, jumping up for a basketball
rebound, catching a baseball.
 Static Equilibrium: It refers to the physical state of the object, in which the components
of the object are at rest and the net force acting on an object should be zero.
 Static Friction: Static friction is a force that keeps an object at rest.
 Vertical Axis: It is the imaginary line that spikes the body from top to bottom and
perpendicular to the ground.

 Pedagogic Kinesiology by Dr Dhananjoy Shaw

 Biomechanics and Kinesiology of Human Motion by Dr Dhananjoy Shaw
 Mechanical Basis of Biomechanics by Dr Dhananjoy Shaw
 Wiki page: Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_plane (Topic: Anatomical
Plane)
 You tube video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Grh4y0puw0k (Topic: Bio
Mechanics- Planes & Axes Of Human Body)

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