Constitutional Law I under Atty.

Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola

Arellano University School of Law

Constitutional Law I Syllabus

v.4.1, Basic Version
Prof. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola
Arellano University School of Law

DAY 0
Introduction to standards

Constitutional Law I is a foundation subject and is a prerequisite for various Political Law subjects, to wit:
* Discussions on Articles VII, IX-B, and XI, among others, are preliminaries for Administrative Law and
Laws on Public Officers.
* Discussions on Articles V and IX-C, among others, are preliminaries for Election Laws.
* Discussions on Section 2, Article II; Section 21, Article VII, and Section 3, Article XVI, among others, are
preliminaries for Public International Law.
* Discussions on Article X, among others, are preliminaries for Laws on Public Corporations.
* Discussions on Articles II, and X-XVI, among others, are preliminaries for Police Power discussions on
Constitutional Law II.
* Constitutional Law I discussions in Political Review are usually or roughly half the readings and
discussions in that subject.

In light thereof, the required effort for this subject is substantial. If one expects law studies to be easy, bless your
soul.

For details of the requirements and standards, See Annexes “A” and “B” at the end of this document. The set
schedule shall be maintained, as much as possible, due to limits on time for sessions (No make-up classes planned to
be conducted).

On the contents of the case list below, for clarification of word markers for multiple cases with case reference codes
(which are in hexadecimal; totalling 385 entries):

(a) “See also” means the subsequent case are merely optional to be read. “Also” means that the decision and
resolution of the motion for reconsideration must be read. “Cf.” means that the first case must be read, and the
subsequent one(s) may be read optionally to provide background for the first case.
(b) Cases with supra. instead of case reference codes are cases previously discussed based on previous topic,
but should also be discussed under the new topic.

These word markers are not applicable to provision references.

For further clarifications, contact your beadles so that they may relay the query/queries to the professor.

DAY 1
General Considerations

I. The Constitution
A. Definition
A00 Manila Prince Hotel v. Government Service Insurance System, GR 122156, 3 February 1997, En
Banc, Bellosillo [J]
B. Parts
1. Heirarchy
A01 Neri v. Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers and Investigations, GR 180643, 25
March 2007, En Banc, Corona [J]
II. History
A. Organic Acts
1. 1902 Philippine Organic Act (Cooper Law)
2. 1916 Philippine Autonomy Act (Jones Law)
B. Philippine Constitutions
1. Legal
a. 1935 Constitution
(1) Amended in 1939, 1940, and 1947
(a) Parity amendment
A02 Republic of the Philippines v. Quasha, GR L-30299, 17 August 1972, En Banc,
Reyes JBL [J]
(2) Attempts to amend in 1967 and 1971
A03 Gonzales v. Commission on Elections, GR L-28196, 9 November 1967, En Banc,
Concepcion [CJ]
A04 Tolentino v. Commission on Elections, GR L-34150, 16 October 1971, En Banc,
Barredo [J]

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b. 1973 Constitution, original and as amended

(1) Effectivity, notwithstanding non-compliance with 1935 Constitution
A05 Planas v. Commission on Elections, GR L-35925, 22 January 1973, En Banc,
Concepcion [CJ]
A06 Javellana v. Executive Secretary, GR L-36142, 31 March 1973, En Banc,
Concepcion [CJ]
(2) Subsequent Amendments or Proposed Amendments; 1 Lack of Interim National Assembly
A07 Aquino v. Commission on Elections, GR L-40004, 31 January 1975, En Banc,
Makasiar [J]; See also Gonzales vs. Commission on Elections, L-40117, 22 February 1975.
A08 Sanidad v. Commission on Elections, GR L-44640, 12 October 1976, En Banc,
Martin [J]
A09 Hidalgo v. Marcos, GR L-47329, 9 December 1977, En Banc, Castro [CJ]
A0A Dela Llana v. Commission on Elections, GR L-47245, 9 December 1977, En Banc,
Castro [CJ]
A0B Occena v. Commission on Elections, GR L-56350, 2 April 1981, En Banc, Fernando
[CJ]; See also Mitra v. Commission on Elections, GR L-56503, 4 April 1981, En Banc,
Fernando [CJ]
c. 1986 Freedom Constitution
A0C De Leon v. Esguerra, GR 78059, 31 August 1987, En Banc, Melencio-Herrera [J]
A0D Kapatiran ng mga Naglilingkod sa Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas v. Tan, GR 81311, 30 June
1988, En Banc, Padilla [J]
A0E Municipality of San Juan, Metro Manila v. Court of Appeals, GR 125183, 29 September
1997, Third Division, Melo [J]
d. 1987 Constitution. See also Section 27, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
2. Historical/Non-bearing
a. 1898 Malolos Constitution
b. 1943 Philippine Constitution (under the Japanese)

III. Interpretation and Construction

A. Verba legis, Ratio legis, Ut magis valeam quam pereat
A0F Francisco v. House of Representatives, GR 160261, 10 November 2003, En Banc, Carpio Morales
[J]
B. Verba legis non est recedendum; Casus omissus
A10 Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR 202242, 17 July 2012, En Banc, Mendoza [J], also
Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR 202242, 16 April 2013, En Banc Resolution, Mendoza [J]

IV. Self-executing and non-self-executing provisions

Supra. Manila Prince Hotel v. Government Service Insurance System, GR 122156, 3 February 1997, En Banc,
Bellosillo [J]
A11 Oposa v. Factoran, GR 101083, 30 July 1993, En Banc, Davide Jr. [J]

V. Amendments or Revisions
1. Modes. Sections 1 and 3, Article XVII, 1987 Constitution
2. People's Initiative. Section 2, Article XVII, 1987 Constitution
a. Law. See also Section 5 (b) and (c), RA 6735 (1989)
A12 Defensor-Santiago v. Commission on Elections, GR 127325, 19 March 1997, En Banc,
Davide Jr. [J]
b. Amendment v. Revision, Tests; Proposal;
A13 Lambino v. Commission on Elections, GR 174153, 25 October 2006, En Banc, Carpio [J]
3. Plebiscite. Section 4, Article XVII, 1987 Constitution

[20]
DAYS 2-4
State
I. Elements
A. Territory
1. Article I, 1987 Constitution
a. Treaty of Paris of 10 December 1898, 2 Washington Treaty of 7 November 1900, 3 and The
Convention Between the United States and Great Britain of 2 January 1930.
b. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, 10 December 1982): (1)
Introduction, (2) Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, (3) Straits use for International Navigation, (4)
Archipelagic States, (5) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEC), (6) Continental Shelf, (7) High Seas, (8)
Regime of Islands, (9) Enclosed or Enclosed Seas, (10) Right of Access of Land-Locked States to and
from the Sea and Freedom of Transit, (11) The Area, (12) Protection and Preservation of the Marine
Environment, (13) Marine Scientific Research, (14) Development and Transfer of Marine Technology,
(15) Settlement of Disputes, (16) General Provisions (Read provisions of parts underlined; others
1 Actual amendments made in 1976, 1981, and 1984.
2 Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain
3 Treaty between the United States and Spain for the Cession to United States of any and all islands of the Philippine Archipelago lying outside
of the lines described in Article III of the treaty of peace of December 10, 1898

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suppletory)
2.Local laws and issuances in relation to territory
a. Baselines. RA 9522. See also RA 3046, and RA 5446.
B00 Magallona v. Ermita, GR 187167, 16 August 2011, En Banc, Carpio [J]
b. Kalayaan Island Group. See also PD 1596
c. Exclusive Economic Zone. See also PD 1599
d. Philippine (Benham) Rise. See also EO 154 (2013), and EO 25 (2017)
3. In relation to Sections 3 and 4, Article II, 1987 Constitution
B01 Esmero v. Duterte, GR 256288m 29 June 2021, En Banc, Zalameda [J]
B. Sovereignty
1. No associated state
B02 Province of North Cotabato v. GRP Peace Panel on Ancestral Domain, GR 183591, 14
October 2008, En Banc, Carpio-Morales [J]
2. Doctrine of Auto-limitation
B03 Dizon v. Commanding General of the Philippine Ryukus Command, US Army, GR L-2110,
22 July 1948, En Banc, Paras [J]
B04 Reagan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, GR L-26379, 27 December 1969, En Banc,
Fernando [J]
B05 People of the Philippines v. Gozo, GR L-36409, 26 October 1973, En Banc, Fernando [J]
C. Government
1. De Facto government
B06 Co Kim Cham v. Valdez Tan Keh, GR L-5, 17 September 1945, En Banc, Feria [J]; also Co
Kim Cham v. Valdez Tan Keh, GR L-5, 16 November 1945, En Banc Resolution, Feria [J]
D. People
1. As Inhabitants
2. As Electors
a. Qualifications. Section 1, Article V, 1987 Constitution. See also Sections 9 and 11, RA 8189.
B07 Kabataan Partylist vs Commission on Elections, GR 221318, 16 December 2015, En
Banc, Perlas-Bernabe [J]; See also Akbayan-Youth v. Commission on Elections, GR 147066, 26
March 2001, En Banc, Buena [J], and Kabataan Party-List Representative v. Commission on
Elections, GR 189868, 15 December 2009, En Banc, Carpio Morales [J]
B08 Tan v. Crisologo, GR 193993, 8 November 2017, Third Division, Martires [J]
b. Secrecy of ballots and absentee voting. Section 2, Article V, 1987 Constitution
(1) Secrecy of ballots
(a) Exit polls
B09 ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation v. Commission on Elections, GR 133486,
28 January 2000, En Banc, Panganiban [J]
(b) Invalidation due to marking
B0A Perman v. Commission on Elections, GR 174010, 8 February 2007, En Banc,
Tinga [J]; See also Locsin v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, GR 204123, 19
March 2013, En Banc, Leonen [J]
(c) Rule on misplaced votes; Neighborhood rule
B0B Velasco v. Commission on Elections, GR 166931, 22 February 2007, En Banc,
Carpio [J]
(2) Absentee voting
(a) Overseas. See RA 9189, as amended by RA 10590
B0C Macalintal v. Commission on Elections, GR 157013, 10 July 2003, En Banc,
Austria-Martinez [J]
B0D Nicolas-Lewis v. Commission on Elections, GR 162759, 4 August 2006, En
Banc, Garcia [J]
B0E Nicolas-Lewis v. Commission on Elections, GR 223705, 14 August 2019, En
Banc, Reyes J. Jr. [J]
(b) Local. See Section 12, RA 7166; and RA 10380
3. As Citizens
a. Who are deemed citizens. Section 1, Article IV, 1987 Constitution.
(1) Citizens at the adoption of the 1987 Constitution. (Citizens prior to 2 February 1987)
(a) Treaty, Prior Organic Acts and Constitutions
[1] Article 17, Spanish Civil Code of 1886 viz Article IX, Treaty of Paris of 10
December 1898 4
B0F In RE Bosque, GR 666, 24 January 1902, En Banc, Arellano [CJ]

4 Spanish subject, natives of the Peninsula, residing in the territory over which Spain by the present treaty relinquishes or cedes her
sovereignty, may remain in such territory or may remove therefrom, retaining in either event all their rights of property, including the rights
to sell or dispose of such property or of its proceeds; and they shall also have the right to carry on their industry, commerce, and professions,
being subject in respect thereof to such laws as are applicable to other foreigners. In case they remain in the territory they may preserve their
allegiance to the Crown of Spain by making, before a court of record, within a year from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this
treaty, a declaration of their decision to preserve such allegiance; in default of which declaration they shall be held to have renounced it and
to have adopted the nationality of the territory in which they may reside.

The civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby ceded to the United States shall be determined by
Congress.

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Arellano University School of Law

[2] Section 4, Philippine Organic Act of 1902 5

[a] Legal mode: Treaty of Paris of 1898
[b] Equitable modes
{1} Natural child of unmarried Filipina
{2} Filipina, married to a stateless person
B10 In RE Baldello, GR 45375, 12 April 1939, En Banc, Moran [J]
{3} Misapplication of jus soli principle in the Philippines, from Roa until Tan
Chong
B11 Tan Chong v. Secretary of Labor, GR 47616, 16 September 1947,
En Banc, Padilla [J]
[3] Section 2, 1916 Philippine Autonomy Act 6
[a] Treaty of Paris of 1898
[b] Naturalization under Act 2927 (26 March 1920), as amended by Act 3448
[4] Section 1, Article IV, 1935 Constitution (14 May 1935)
B12 Tecson v. Commission on Elections, GR 161434, 3 March 2004, En Banc,
Vitug [J]
[a] Caram Rule.
B13 Chiongbian v. De Leon, GR L-2007, 31 January 1949, En Banc, Moran
[CJ]
[b] Jus sanguinis for those born on and after 14 May 1935; differing effect
depending as to source parent
[c] Naturalization under Act Commonwealth Act 473 (17 June 1939), as amended
by RA 530 (16 June 1950)
B14 In RE petition to declare Zita Ngo to possess all qualifications and none
of the disqualifications for naturalization under Commonwealth Act 473 for the
purpose of cancelling her alien registry with the Bureau of Immigration. Burca
v. Republic of the Philippines, GR L-24252, 30 January 1967, En Banc, Sanchez
[J]
[5] Section 1, Article III, 1973 Constitution (17 January 1973)
(b) Foundlings
B15 David v. Poe-Llamanzares, GR 221538, 20 September 2016, En Banc, Leonen
[J]
B16 Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, GR 221697, 8 March 2016, En
Banc, Perez [J]; also Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, GR 221697, Minute
Resolution, 9 April 2016
(2) Jus sanguinis, for those born on or after 2 February 1987.
(3) Election allowance for those under Section 1(4), Article IV, 1935 Constitution.
B17 Republic of the Philippines v. Sagun, GR 187567, 15 February 2012, First Division,
Villarama Jr. [J]; cf. Co v. Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives, GRs 92191-92,
30 July 1991, En Banc, Gutierrez Jr. [J]
(4) Naturalization, subsequent to 2 February 1987
(a) Act of Congress
(b) Judicial: in general. See Commonwealth Act 473 (17 June 1939), as amended
B18 So v. Republic of the Philippines, GR 170603, 29 January 2007, Third Division,
Callejo Sr. [J]
[1] Qualifications
[2] Disqualifications
[3] Procedure
(c) Administrative. See RA 9139 (8 June 2001)
[1] Qualifications
[2] Disqualifications
[3] Procedure
(d) Judicial: refugees and asylum seekers. See AM 21-07-22 (16 March 2022)
[1] Qualifications
[2] Disqualifications
[3] Procedure
b. Natural-born citizens. Section 2, Article IV, 1987 Constitution.
B19 Kilosbayan Foundation v. Executive Secretary, GR 177721, 3 July 2007, En Banc,

5 That all inhabitants of the Philippine Islands continuing to reside therein who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, eighteen
hundred and ninety-nine, and then resided in said Islands, and their children born subsequent thereto, shall be deemed and held to be citizens
of the Philippine Islands and as such entitled to the protection of the United States, except such as shall have elected to preserve their
allegiance to the Crown of Spain in accordance with the Vol. 30, p. 1759.provisions of the treaty of peace between the United States and
Spain signed at Paris December tenth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight.
6 That all inhabitants of the Philippine Islands who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and
then resided in said Islands, and their children born subsequent thereto, shall be deemed and held to be citizens of the Philippine Islands,
except such as shall have elected to preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain in accordance with the provisions of the treaty of peace
between the United States and Spain, signed at Paris December tenth, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, and except such others as have
since become citizens of some other country: provided, that the Philippine Legislature, herein provided for, is hereby authorized to provide
by law for the acquisition of Philippine citizenship by those natives of the Philippine Islands who do not come within the foregoing
provisions, the natives of the insular possessions of the United States, and such other persons residing in the Philippine Islands who are
citizens of the United States, or who could become citizens of the United States under the laws of the United States if residing therein.

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Arellano University School of Law

Azcuna [J]
c. Renunciation, Loss, and Reacquisition. Sections 3 and 4, Article IV, 1987 Constitution.
(1) Loss. See Commonwealth Act 63, as amended by RA 160
B1A Aznar v. Commission on Elections, GR 83820, 25 May 1990, En Banc, Paras [J];
See also Valles v. Commission on Elections, GR 137000, 9 August 2000, En Banc, Purisima
[J]
(2) Reacquisition
(a) Repatriation
[1] Commonwealth Act 63 (21 October 1936)
[2] RA 2630 (18 June 1960)
B1B Bengson v. House of Representative Electoral Tribunal, GR 142840, 7 May
2001, En Banc, Kapunan [J]
[3] RA 2639 (18 June 1960), as amended by RA 3834 (22 June 1963)
[4] PD 725 (5 June 1975)
[5] RA 8171 (3 July 1995)
[6] RA 9225 (29 August 2003)
B1C Maquiling v. Commission on Elections, GR 195649, 16 April 2013, En
Banc, Sereno [CJ]; also Maquiling v. Commission on Elections, GR 195649, 2 July
2013, En Banc Resolution, Sereno [J]
(b) Naturalization
B1D Frivaldo v. Commission on Elections, GR 120295, 28 June 1996, En Banc,
Panganiban [J]; also Republic of the Philippines v. Judge De la Rosa, GR 104654, 6 June
1994, En Banc, Quiason [J] and Frivaldo v. Commission on Elections, GR 87193, 23
June 1989, En Banc, Cruz [J]
(c) Act of Congress
(3) Correction of entries
B1E Republic of the Philippines v. Lim, GR 153883, 13 January 2004, First Division,
Ynares-Santiago [J]
d. Dual citizenship v. dual allegiance
(1) Dual citizenship
(a) By birth
B1F Mercado v. Manzano, GR 135083, 26 May 1999, En Banc, Mendoza [J]
(b) RA 9225
B20 Advocates and Adherents of Social Justice for School Teachers and Allied
Workers (AASJS) v. Datumanong, GR 160869, 11 May 2007, En Banc, Quisumbing [J]
(2) Dual allegiance. Section 18, Article XI, 1987 Constitution
e. Benefits
(1) Run for office
(a) In relation to RA 9225
B21 Sobejana-Condon v. Commission on Elections, GR 198742, 10 August 2012, En
Banc, Reyes [J]
B22 Maquiling v. Commission on Elections, GR 195649, 16 April 2013, En Banc,
Sereno [CJ]
B23 Gana-Carait v. Commission on Elections, GR 257453, 9 August 2022, En Banc,
Rosario [J]
(2) Exercise profession, reserved to Filipinos
B24 In RE Petition of Garcia for admission to the Philippine Bar without taking the
examination, ____, 15 August 1961, En Banc Resolution, Barrera [J]
B25 RE: Application for Admission to the Philippine Bar, Ching, BM 914, 1 October
1999, En Banc Resolution, Kapunan [J]; See also In RE Mallare, AM 533, 29 April 1968, En
Banc, Reyes JBL [Acting CJ]
(a) In relation to RA 9225
B26 Petition for Leave to Resume Practice of Law, Dacanay. BM 1678, 17 December
2007, En Banc, Corona [J]
(3) Own land in the Philippines
B27 Lee v. Republic of the Philippines, GR 128195, 3 October 2001, First Division,
Pardo [J]
B28 Muller v. Muller, GR 149615, 29 August 2006, Ynares-Santiago [J]
B29 Matthews v. Taylor, GR 164584, 22 June 2009, Third Division, Nachura [J]
B2A Beumer v. Amores, GR 195670, 3 December 2012, Second Division, Perlas Bernabe
[J]
(a) In relation to RA 9225
B2B David v. Agbay, GR 199113, 18 March 2015, Third Division, Villarama Jr. [J]

II. State symbols

A. Flag. Section 1, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution.
B. Anthem and Seal. Section 2, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution.

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 Constitutional Law I under Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola
Arellano University School of Law

DAY 5
State Immunity

I. Cases involving pecuniary claims

A. Royal prerogative of dishonesty
C00 Department of Health v. Phil Pharma Wealth Inc., GR 182358, 20 February 2013, Second
Division, Del Castillo [J]
B. Rationale
C01 Providence Washington Insurance Co. v. Republic of the Philippines, GR L-26386, 30 September
1969, En Banc, Fernando [J]
II. Suability
A. Against Philippine government. Section 3, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution.
C02 Farolan v. Court of Tax Appeals, GR L-42204, 21 January 1993, Third Division, Romero [J]
1. Claimants which are not immune
a. Private agents of the National Government
C03 Shell Philippines Exploration BV v. Jalos, GR 179918, 8 September 2010, Second
Division, Abad [J]
b. Local government units
C04 Torio v. Fontanilla, GR L-29993, 23 October 1978, First Division, Munoz Palma [J]
c. GOCCs
C05 Rayo v. Court of First Instance of Bulacan, Branch V, Sta. Maria, GRs L-55273-83, 19
December 1981, Second Division, Abad Santos [J]
d. Instrumentalities with proprietory functions
2. Waiver
a. Express
(1) Legislative Act
(a) Article 2180, RA 386, as amended. Special Agent.
C06 Bank of the Philippine Islands v. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, GR 197593, 12
October 2020, Second Division, Hernando [J]
(2) Specific waiver to be made by authorized office or officer
C07 Republic of the Philippines v. Judge Purisima, GR L-36084, 31 August 1977, Second
Division, Fernando [Acting CJ]
b. Implied
(1) Counterclaim when State files suit
C08 Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping Co., GR L-6060, 30 September 1954, En Banc,
Paras [CJ]
(a) Intervention is not a counter-suit
C09 Republic of the Philippines v. Sandiganbayan, Third Division, GR 85284, 28
February 1990, En Banc, Padilla [J]
(b) Counterclaim against government counsel
C0A Chavez v. Sandiganbayan, First Division, GR 91391, 24 January 1991, En Banc,
Gutierrez Jr. [J]
(2) Entering into a contract
C0B Department of Agriculture v. National Labor Relations Commission, GR 104269, 11
November 1993, Third Division, Vitug [J]; viz Act 3083
C0C Department of Transportation and Communications v. Spouses Abecina, GR 206484,
29 June 2016, Second Division, Brion [J]
C0D Philippine Textile Research Institute v. Court of Appeals, GR 223319, 9 October
2019, Second Division, Caguiao [J]
[1] May be subject to procedural requirements
COE Sayson v. Singson, GR L-30044, 19 December 1973, Second Division,
Fernando [J]; viz Commonwealth Act 327
(3) Manifest injustice
C0F EPG Construction Co. v. Vigilar, GR 131544, 16 March 2001, Second Division,
Buena [J]; See also Santiago v. Government of the Republic of the Philippines, GR L-48214,
19 December 1978, Second Division, Fernando [J]; and Amigable v. Cuenca, GR L-26400,
29 February 1972, En Banc, Makalintal [J]
C10 Republic of the Philippines v. Hidalgo, GR 161657, 4 October 2007, First Division,
Garcia [J]
B. Against Foreign states
C11 United States of America v. Judge Ruiz, GR L-35645, 22 May 1985, En Banc, Abad Santos [J]
C12 The Holy See v. Judge Rosario, GR 101949, 1 December 1994, En Banc, Quiason [J]
C13 Republic of Indonesia v. Vinzon, GR 154705, 26 June 2003, En Banc, Azcuna [J]
1. Juri gestionis
C14 United States of America v. Judge Guinto, GR 76607, 26 February 1990, En Banc, Cruz [J]
2. Foreign state as principal
C15 Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Technische Zusammenarbeit v. Court of Appeals, GR 152318, 16
Aptil 2009, Second Division, Tinga [J]
C16 ATCI Overseas Corporation v. Echin, GR 178551, 11 October 2010, Third Division, Carpio

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Morales [J]
C. Against International Organizations
C17 Department of Foreign Affairs v. National Labor Relations Commission, GR 113191, 18
September 1996, First Division, Vitug [J]
D. Indirect suit against immune entities
1. Against Philippine government officials
C18 Lansang v. Court of Appeals, GR 102667, 23 February 2000, Second Division, Quisumbing
[J]
C19 Philippine Agila Satellite Inc. v. Trinidad-Lichauco, GR 142362, 3 May 2006, Third Division,
Tinga [J]
a. When officer(s) sued in personal capacity
C1A Animos v. Philippine Veterans Affair Office, GR 79156, 22 June 1989, En Banc,
Sarmiento [J]
C1B Republic of the Philippines v. Judge Sandoval, GR 84607, 19 March 1993, En Banc,
Campos Jr. [J]
C1C Department of Health v. Phil. Pharmawealth Inc., GR 169304, 13 March 2007, Second
Division, Carpio Morales [J]
2. Against Foreign officials
C1D Arigo v. Swift, GR 206510, 16 September 2014, En Banc, Villarama Jr. [J]
a. Different from Diplomatic Immunity
C1E Minucher v. Court of Appeals, GR 142396, 11 February 2003, First Division, Vitug [J]
b. When officer(s) sued in personal capacity
C1F Shauf v. Court of Appeals, GR 90314, 27 November 1990, Second Division, Regalado [J]
C20 United States of America v. Judge Reyes, GR 79253, 1 March 1993, En Banc, Davide Jr.
[J]
III. Liability. See Section 4, PD 1445
C21 University of the Philippines v. Judge Dizon, GR 171182, 23 August 2012, First Division, Bersamin [J]
C22 City of Caloocan v. Judge Allarde, GR 107271, 10 September 2003, Third Division, Corona [J]

[35]
DAY 6
Judicial Branch; Judicial Review

I. Powers. Section 1, Article VIII, 1987 Constitution.

D00 David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, GR 171396, 3 May 2006, En Banc, Sandoval-Gutierrez [J]
A. Judicial Review. Sections 1, 5(1), and 5(2), Article VIII, 1987 Constitution.
1. Role of Judiciary in Judicial Review
D01 Angara v. Electoral Commission, GR 45081, 15 July 1936, En Banc, Laurel [J]
D02 Araullo v. Aquino, GR 209287, 1 July 2014, En Banc, Bersamin [J]; also Araullo v. Aquino,
GR 209287, 3 February 2015, En Banc Resolution, Bersamin [J]
Supra. Province of North Cotabato v. Government of Republic of the Philippines Peace Panel on
Ancestral Domain, GR 183591, 14 October 2008, En Banc, Carpio Morales [J]
D03 Gutierrez v. House of Representative Committee on Justice, GR 193459, 15 February 2011,
En Banc, Carpio Morales [J]
D04 Macalintal v. Commission on Elections, GR 263590, 27 June 2023, En Banc, Kho Jr. [J]
2. Requisites
a. Substantive
(1) Actual case or controversy
D05 Belgica v. Ochoa, GR 208566, 19 November 2013, En Banc, Perlas-Bernabe [J]
D06 Imbong v. Ochoa, GR 204819, 8 April 2014, En Banc, Mendoza [J]
(a) Contrariety of legal rights
D07 Initiative for Dialogue and Empowerment through Alternative Legal Services
Inc. v. Senate of the Philippines, GRs 184735 and 195366, 13 June 2023, En Banc,
Leonen [Acting CJ]
(b) When not justiciable
[1] Political question
D08 Lozano v. Nograles, GR 187883, 16 June 2009, En Banc, Puno [CJ]
D09 Ocampo v. Enriquez, GR 225973, 8 November 2016, En Banc, Peralta [J]
[2] Premature
D0A Mariano v. Commission on Elections, GR 118577, 7 March 1995, Eh Banc,
Puno [J]
D0B Montesclaros v. Comelec, GR 152295, 9 July 2002, En Banc, Carpio [J]
D0C Pormento v. Estrada, GR 191988, 31 August 2010, En Banc Resolution,
Corona [CJ]
D0D Pangilinan v. Cayetano, GR 238875, 16 March 2021, En Banc, Leonen [J]
[3] Moot and academic; with exceptions
D0E Salonga v. Cruz Paño, , GR L-59524, 18 February 1985, En Banc, Gutierrez
[J]
D0F Javier v. Commission on Elections, GRs L-68379-81, 22 September 1986,

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En Banc, Cruz [J]

D10 Gonzales v. Narvasa, GR 140835, 14 August 2000, En Banc, Gonzaga-
Reyes [J]
D11 Lacson v. Perez, GR 147780, 10 May 2001, En Banc Resolution, Melo [J]
D12 International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications v.
Greenpeace Southeast Asia, GR 209271, 8 December 2015, En Banc, Villarama [J];
also International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications v.
Greenpeace Southeast Asia, GR 209271, 26 July 2016, En Banc Resolution, Perlas-
Bernabe [J]
D13 Marquez v. Commission on Elections, GR 244274, 3 September 2019, En
Banc, Jardeleza [J]
(2) Locus standi
(a) Direct injury test
D14 Planters Products Inc. v. Fertiphil Corporation, GR 166006, 14 March 2008,
Third Division, Reyes RT [J]
(b) Transcendental importance
D15 Diocese of Bacolod v. Commission on Elections, GR 205729, 21 January 2015,
En Banc, Leonen [J]
(c) Third-party standing
Supra. Francisco v. House of Representatives, GR 160261, 10 November 2003, En
Banc, Carpio Morales [J]
D16 Aguinaldo v. New Bilibid Prison, GR 221201, 29 March 2022, En Banc
Resolution, Lopez J. [J]
[1] Citizens' standing
D17 Kilosbayan v. Morato, GR 118910, 17 July 1995, En Banc, Mendoza [J];
also Kilosbayan v. Morato, GR 118910, 16 November 1995, En Banc Resolution,
Mendoza [J]
[a] In relation to Inter-generational rights
Supra. Oposa v. Factoran, GR 101083, 30 July 1993, En Banc, Davide Jr. [J]
Supra. Arigo v. Swift, GR 206510, 16 September 2014, En Banc, Villarama Jr.
[J]
[b] In relation to other satient beings
D18 Resident Marine Mammals of the Protected Seascape Tanon Strait v.
Reyes, GR 180771, 21 April 2015, En Banc, Leonardo-De Castro [J]
[2] Taxpayers' standing
D19 Information Technology Foundation v. Commission on Elections, GR
159139, 13 January 2004, En Banc, Panganiban [J]
D1A Uy v. Sandiganbayan, GR 111544, 6 July 2004, First Division, Ynares-
Santiago [J]
D1B Public Interest Center v. Judge Roxas, GR 125509, 31 January 2007,
Second Division, Carpio Morales [J]
[3] Voters' standing
D1C Tolentino v. Commission on Elections, GR 148334, 21 January 2004, En
Banc, Carpio [J]
[4] Legislators' standing
D1D Ople v. Torres, GR 127685, 23 July 1998, En Banc, Puno [J]
D1E Lagman v. Ochoa, GR 197422, 3 November 2020, En Banc, Leonen [J]
[5] Associational standing
D1F Kilusang Mayo Uno Labor Center v. Garcia, GR 115381, 23 December
1994, First Division, Kapunan [J]
D20 Integrated Bar of the Philippines v. Zamora, GR 141284, 15 August 2000,
En Banc, Kapunan [J]
D21 Association of Flood Victims v. Commission on Elections, GR 203775, 5
August 2014, En Banc, Carpio [ActingCJ]
D22 Bayyo Association Inc. v. Tugade, GR 254001, 11 July 2023, En Banc,
Singh [J]
(c) Applies also on instances for intervention
D23 Santos v. Gabaen, GR 195638, 22 March 2022, En Banc, Lopez J. [J]
(3) Earliest opportunity
D24 Robb v. People of the Philippines, GR 45866, 12 June 1939, En Banc, Laurel [J]
D25 Arceta v. Mangrobang, GR 152895, 15 June 2004, En Banc, Quisumbing [J]
D26 Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, GR 191618, 23 November 2010, En
Banc, Nachura [J]; Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, GR 191618, 7 June 2011, En
Banc Resolution, Nachura [J]
D27 Buella v. People of the Philippines, GR 244027, 11 April 2023, En Banc, Gesmundo
[CJ]
(4) Lis mota of the case
D28 Garcia v. Executive Secretary, GR 157584, 2 April 2009, En Banc, Brion [J]
D29 General v. Urro, GR 191560, 29 March 2011, En Banc, Brion [J]

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D2A Liban v. Gordon, GR 175352, 18 January 2011, En Banc Resolution, Leonardo-De

Castro [J]; cf. Liban v. Gordon, GR 175352, 15 July 2009, En Banc, Carpio [J]
b. Procedural
(1) Need to notify Solicitor General
D2B Mirasol v. Court of Appeals, GR 128448, 1 February 2001, Second Division,
Quisumbing [J]
3. Modes
a. Declaratory Relief with Regional Trial Court
[1] Constitutional question cannot be a collateral issue in another case
D2C Lozano v. Judge Martinez, GR L-63419, 18 December 1986, En Banc, Yap [J]
b. Certiorari, Prohibition, and Mandamus, when transcendal importance is present, among others.
D2D Kalipunan ng Damay ang Mahihirap Inc. v. Robredo, GR 200903, 22 July 2014, En
Banc, Brion [J]
(1) Facial viz as-applied challenge
D2E Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, GR 148560, 19 November 2001, En Banc, Bellosillo [J]
D2F Disini v. Secretary of Justice, GR 203335, 11 February 2014, En Banc, Abad [J];
also Disini v. Secretary of Justice, GR 203335, 22 April 2014, En Banc Resolution, Abad [J]
D30 Romualdez v. Commission on Elections, GR 167011, 30 April 2008, En Banc, Chico
Nazario [J]; also Romualdez v. Commission on Elections, GR 167011, 11 December 2008,
En Banc Resolution, Chico-Nazario [J]
D31 Southern Hemisphere Engagement Network v. Anti-Terrorism Council, GR 178552,
5 October 2010, En Banc, Carpio Morales [J]
Supra. Imbong v. Ochoa, GR 204819, 8 April 2014, En Banc, Mendoza [J]
D32 Madrilejos v. Gatdula, GR 184389, 24 September 2019, En Banc, Jardeleza [J]
D33 Calleja v. Executive Secretary, GR 252578, 7 December 2021, En Banc, Carandang
[J]
4. Effect of equal votes
D34 Cruz v. Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, GR 135385, 6 December 2000, En
Banc Resolution, Per Curiam
5. Effects of declaration of unconstitutionality
a. Operative Fact Doctrine
D35 Serrano de Agbayani v. Philippine National Bank, GR L-23127, 28 April 1971, En Banc,
Fernando [J]
D36 Republic of the Philippines v. Court of Appeals, GR 79732, 8 November 1993, Third
Division, Vitug [J]
Supra. Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR 202242, 17 July 2012, En Banc, Mendoza [J],
also Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR 202242, 16 April 2013, En Banc Resolution,
Mendoza [J]
D37 Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. San Roque Power Corporation, GR 187485, 8
October 2013, En Banc Resolution, Carpio [J]; cf. Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. San
Roque Power Corporation, GR 187485, 12 February 2013, En Banc, Carpio [J]
D38 Social Justice Society (SJS) Officers v. Lim, GR 187836, 10 March 2015, En Banc
Resolution, Perez [J]; cf. Social Justice Society (SJS) Officers v. Lim, GR 187836, 25 November
2014, En Banc Resolution, Perez [J]

[57] 7
DAY 7
Judicial Branch, continuation

B. Review of declaration of Martial Law. Third paragraph, Section 18, Article VII, 1987 Constitution
C. Adjudication
1. Jurisdiction. See also Section 10, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
a. Original. Section 5(1), Article VIII, 1987 Constitution
b. Appellate. Section 5(2), Article VIII, 1987 Constitution
c. Limitation on Congress on laws providing jurisdiction of courts. Section 2, Article VIII, 1987
Constitution; Section 30, Article VI, 1987 Constitution.
(1) Court of Appeals. See Section 9, BP 129, as amended. See amendments by RA 7902 (23
February 1995)
E00 Servo v. Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation, GR 234401, 5 December 2019,
First Division, Lazaro-Javier [J]
(2) Court of Tax Appeals. See Section 7, Republic Act 1125 (16 June 1954), as amended. See
amendments by RA 9282 (30 March 2004)
(3) Sandiganbayan. Section 4, Article XI, 1987 Constitution. See Section 4, PD 1606 (10
December 1978), as amended; See amendments by RA 10660 (16 April 2015)
E01 Nuñez v. Sandiganbayan, GR L-50581 to L-50617, 30 January 1982, En Banc,
Fernando [CJ]
E02 De Lima v. Judge Guerrero, GR 229781, 10 October 2017, En Banc, Velasco Jr. [J]
(4) Regional Trial Court. See Sections 19-23, BP 129 (14 August 1981), as amended. See also

7 See also Marbury v. Madison, 5 US 137; Defunis v. Odegard, 416 US 312 (1974)

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amendments by RA 11576 (30 July 2021).

(5) Municipal Trial Court, etc. See Section 32-35, BP 129 (14 August 1981), as amended. See
also amendments by RA 11576 (30 July 2021).
(6) Shari'ah Courts
(a) Shari'ah Circuit Courts. See Section 5, Article X, RA 11054 (27 July 2018)
(b) Shari'ah District Courts. See Section 6, Article X, RA 11054 (27 July 2018)
(c) Shari'ah High Court. See Section 7, Article X, RA 11054 (27 July 2018)
(7) In relation to Military tribunals
E03 Navales v. Abaya, GR 162318, 25 October 2004, En Banc, Callejo Sr. [J]
d. Continuing jurisdiction
E04 Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, GR 132601, 12 October 1998, En Banc, Per Curiam.
also Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, GR 132601, 19 January 1999, EN Banc Resolution, Puno
[J]
e. When case referred to lower courts for determination
E05 In RE Urgent Petition for the Release of Prisoners on Humanitarian Grounds in the midst
of the COVID-19 Pandemic, Almonte v. People of the Philippines, GR 252117, En Banc, Per
Curiam
2. Mode of sitting. Section 4, Article VIII, 1987 Constutution.
a. Decisions. Sections 13-15, Article VIII, 1987 Constitution; See also Sections 12 to 14, Article
XVIII, 1987 Constitution. Applicable also to lower courts, in light of procedural due process.
E06 RE Problem of Delays in Cases before the Sandiganbayan, AM 00-8-05-SC, 28
November 2001, En Banc, Pardo [J]
E07 RE Letters of Atty. Mendoza Regarding GR 178083 FASAP v PAL, AM 11-10-1-SC, En
Banc, 13 March 2012, En Banc Resolution, Brion [J], also Dissenting Opinion, Sereno [J].
b. Effect of decision of Court En Banc on doctrines
(1) Abandonment of a doctrine
E08 Carpio Morales v. Court of Appeals, GRs 217126-27, 10 November 2015, En Banc,
Perlas-Bernabe [J]
(2) Tempering of a doctrine
E09 CICL XXX v. People of the Philippines, GR 246146, 18 March 2021, First Division,
Peralta [CJ]; cf. People of the Philippines v. Amarela, GRs 225642-43, 17 January 2018, Third
Division, Martires [J]
3. Administrative jurisdiction over courts and personnel. Section 6, Article VIII, 1987 Constitution;
Section 5 (3) and (4), Article VIII, 1987 Constitution.
a. Discipline
(1) Judges
E0A RE Allegations made under oath at the Senate Blue Ribbon Committee Hearing held
on 25 September 2013 against Gregory S. Ong, Sandiganbayan, AM SB-14-21-J, 23
September 2014, Per Curiam
E0B Sison-Barias v. Judge Rubia, AM RTJ-14-2388, 10 June 2014, En Banc, Per Curiam
(2) Court personnel
(3) Lawyers (as officers of the court)
b. Clemency
E0C In RE Letter of Judge Diaz, AM 07-7-17-SC, 19 September 2007, En Banc Resolution,
Corona [J]
E0D RE Allegations made under oath at the Senate Blue Ribbon Committee Hearing held on
25 September 2013 against Gregory S. Ong, Sandiganbayan, AM SB-14-21-J, 19 January 2021,
En Banc, Leonen [J]
4. Rule-making. Section 5(5), Article VIII, 1987 Constitution.
E0E Baguio Market Vendors Multi-Purpose Cooperative v. Judge Cabato-Cortes, GR 165922, 26
February 2010, Second Division, Carpio [J]
E0F In RE Exemption of the NAPOCOR from Payment of Filing/Docket Fees, AM 05-10-20-SC,
10 March 2010, En Banc Resolution, Mendoza [J]
E10 Estipona v. Judge Lobrigo, GR 226679, 15 August 2017, En Banc, Peralta [J]; See also People
v. Montierro, GR 254564, 26 July 2022, En Banc, Caguioa [J]
E11 Gios-Samar Inc. v. Department of Transportation and Communications, GR 217158, 12
March 2019, En Banc, Jardaleza [J]
a. In relation to admission to the Bar
E12 Pimentel v. Legal Education Board, GR 230642, 10 September 2019, En Banc, Reyes J.
Jr. [J]; also Pimentel v. Legal Education Board, GR 230642, 9 November 2021, En Banc
Resolution, Zalameda [J]
D. Appointment of officers and employees. Section 5(6), Article VIII, 1987 Constitution.
E13 RE Request for Guidance/Clarification on Section 7, Rule III of RA 10154, AM 13-09-08-SC, 1
October 2013, En Banc Resolution, Perlas Bernabe [J]
E. Supervision of the Judicial and Bar Council. Section 8, Article VIII, 1987 Constitution
E14 De Castro v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR 191002, 20 April 2010, En Banc, Bersamin [J]
Supra. Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR 202242, 17 July 2012, En Banc, Mendoza [J], also
Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR 202242, 16 April 2013, En Banc Resolution, Mendoza [J]
E15 Jardaleza v. CJ Sereno, GR 213181, 19 August 2014, En Banc, Mendoza [J]

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E16 Villanueva v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR 211833, 7 April 2015, En Banc, Reyes [J]
E17 Aguinaldo v. Aquino, GR 224302, 29 November 2016, En Banc, Leonardo-De Castro [J]; also
Aguinaldo v. Aquino, GR 224302, 21 February 2017, En Banc Resolution, Leonardo-De Castro [J]
E18 Republic of the Philippines v. Sereno, GR 237428, 11 May 2018, En Banc, Tijam [J]; also
Republic of the Philippines v. Sereno, GR 237428, 19 June 2018, En Banc Resolution, Tijam [J]
F. Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET). Last paragraph, Section 4, Article VII, 1987 Constitution
Supra. Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, GR 191618, 23 November 2010, En Banc, Nachura
[J]; also Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, GR 191618, 7 June 2011, En Banc Resolution,
Nachura [J]
Supra. Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, GR 221697, 8 March 2016, En Banc, Perez [J];
also Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, GR 221697, Minute Resolution, 9 April 2016
G. Others
II. Organization
A. Judicial independence. Section 3, Article VIII, 1987 Constitution
E19 RE Commission on Audit Opinion on the Computation of the Appraised Value of the Properties
Purchased by the Retired Chief/Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, AM 11-7-10-SC, 31 July 2012, En
Banc, Per Curiam
E1A In RE Save the SC Judicial Independence and Fiscal Autonomy Movement v. Abolition of JDF
and Reduction of Fiscal Autonomy, UDK-15143, 21 January 2015, En Banc, Leonen [J]
E1B Re: Petition for recognition of the exemption of the GSIS from the payment of legal fees , AM 08-
2-01-0, 11 February 2010, En Banc Resolution, Corona [J]
B. Justices and judges
1. Supreme Court. Section 4, Article VIII, 1987 Constitution
a. Qualifications. Sections 7 and 11, Article VIII, 1987 Constitution
2. Lower courts
a. Qualifications
(1) Court of Appeals. See Section 7, BP 129, as amended.
(2) Court of Tax Appeals. See Section 1, Republic Act 1125 (16 June 1954), as amended. See
amendments by RA 9282 (30 March 2004)
(3) Sandiganbayan. See Section 1, PD 1606 (10 December 1978), as amended; See amendments
by RA 8249 (5 February 1997)
(4) Regional Trial Court. See Section 15, BP 129 (14 August 1981), as amended.
(5) Municipal Trial Court, etc. See Section 26, BP 129 (14 August 1981), as amended.
(6) Shari'ah Courts
(a) Shari'ah Circuit Courts. See Section 8(a), Article X, RA 11054 (27 July 2018)
(b) Shari'ah District Courts. See Section 8(b), Article X, RA 11054 (27 July 2018)
(c) Shari'ah High Court. See Section 8(c), Article X, RA 11054 (27 July 2018)
3. In common
a. Appointment. Section 9, Article VIII, 1987 Constitution
b. Term of office. See also Section 11, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
c. Prohibitions. Section 12, Article VIII, 1987 Constitution; Relate to Section 17, Article VI, 1987
Constitution
d. Salaries and emoluments. See Section 10, Article VIII, 1987 Constitution; See also Section 17,
Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
C. Reports. Section 16, Article VIII, 1987 Constitution

[28]
DAY 8
Legislative Branch

I. Powers. Section 1, Article VI, 1987 Constitution; Relate to Section 32, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
A. Legislation. Sections 24 to 31, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
1. Bills originating from the House of Representatives. See Section 24, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
a. Rules for appropriation and disbursement. See Sections 25 and 29, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
Supra. Belgica v. Ochoa, GR 208566, 19 November 2013, En Banc, Perlas-Bernabe [J]; cf.
Lawyers against Monopoly and Poverty v. Secretary of Budget and Management, GR 164987, 24
April 2012, En Banc, Mendoza [J]
F00 Belgica v. Executive Secretary, GR 210503, 8 October 2019, En Banc, Per Curiam [J]
F01 Araullo v. Aquino, GR 209287, 1 July 2014, En Banc, Bersamin [J]; also Araullo v.
Aquino, GR 209287, 3 February 2015, En Banc Resolution, Bersamin [J]
F02 Peralta v. Philippine Postal Corporation, GR 223395, 4 December 2018, En Banc, Tijam
[J]
b. Guides for taxation measures. Section 28, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
F03 Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, GR 115455, 25 August 1994, En Banc, Mendoza [J];
also Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, GR 115455, 30 October 1995, En Banc Resolution,
Mendoza [J]
2. Title, and Readings. Section 26, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
a. One-title, one-subject rule
F04 Cawaling v. Commission on Elections, GR 146319, 26 October 2001, En Banc,

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Sandoval-Gutierrez [J]
b. Three readings
Supra. Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, GR 115455, 30 October 1995, En Banc Resolution,
Mendoza [J]
c. Bicameral committee; Enrolled bill theory
F05 Arroyo v. De Venecia, GR 127255, 14 August 1997, En Banc, Mendoza [J]; also Arroyo
v. De Venecia, GR 127255, 26 June 1998, En Banc Resolution, Mendoza [J]
F06 Abakada Guro Party List v. Ermita, GR 168056, 1 September 2005, En Banc, Austria-
Martinez [J]; also Abakada Guro Party List v. Ermita, GR 168056, 18 October 2005, En Banc
Resolution.
d. Limitations on proposed bills
(1) Appelate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Section 30, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
(2) Prohibition on title of nobility. Section 31, Article VI, 1987 Constitution.
(3) Prohibition against incorporation of private corporations through special law. Section 16,
Article XII, 1987 Constitution
Supra. Liban v. Gordon, GR 175352, 15 July 2009, En Banc, Carpio [J]; also Liban v.
Gordon, GR 175352, 18 January 2011, En Banc Resolution, Leonardo-De Castro [J]
(4) No exemption from COA coverage. Section 3, Article IX-D, 1987 Constitution
3. Presentment, Signing and/or Veto. Section 27, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
F07 Bengzon v. Drilon, GR 103524, 15 April 1992, En Banc, Gutierrez Jr. [J]
4. Publication and Effectivity
F08 Tañada v. Tuvera, GR L-63915, 24 April 1985, En Banc, Escolin [J]; also Tañada v. Tuvera,
GR L-63915, 29 Decemer 1986, En Banc Resolution, Cruz [J]
F09 La Bugal-B'laan Tribal Association Inc. v. Ramos, GR 127882, 27 January 2004, En Banc,
Carpio Morales [J]
5. Initiative and Referendum. Section 32, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
B. Electoral Tribunals. Sections 17 and 19, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
F0A Abbas v. Senate Electoral Tribunal, GR 83767, 27 October 1988, En Banc, Gancayco [J]
F0B Bondoc v. Pineda, GR 97710, 26 September 1991, En Banc, Griño-Aquino [J]
F0C Ocampo v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, GR 158466, 15 June 2004, En Banc,
Sandoval-Gutierrez [J]
F0D Duenas v House of Representative Electoral Tribunal, GR 185401, 21 July 2009, En Banc, Corona
[J]
F0E Abayon v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, GR 1894766, 11 February 2010, En Banc,
Abad [J]
1. In relation to the decision of the COMELEC
F0F Reyes v. Commission on Elections, GR 207264, 25 June 2013, En Banc, Perez [J]; also Reyes
v. Commission on Elections, GR 207264, 22 October 2013, En Banc Resolution, Perez [J]
F10 Lico v. Commission on Elections, GR 205505, 29 September 2015, En Banc, Sereno [CJ]
F11 Velasco v. Belmonte, GR 211140, 12 January 2016, En Banc, Leonardo-De Castro [J]; cf.
Codilla v. De Venecia, GR 150605, 10 December 2002, En Banc, Puno [J]
C. Commission on Appointments. Sections 18 and 19, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
F12 Cunanan v. Tan, GR L-19721, 10 May 1962, En Banc, Per Curiam
D. Legislative Inquiry/Investigation. Section 21, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
F13 Romero v. Estrada, GR 174105, 2 April 2009, En Banc, Velasco Jr. [J]
1. In relation to “Executive privilege”
F14 Senate v. Ermita, GR 169777, 20 April 2006, En Banc, Carpio Morales [J]
F15 Neri v. Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers and Investigations, GR
180643, 25 March 2008, En Banc, Leonardo-De Castro [J]
2. When subject matter covers ongoing case
F16 Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, GR 89914, 20 November 1991, En Banc, Padilla
[J]
3. Claimed “right to counsel”
F17 Philcomsat Holdings Corporation v. Senate, GR 180308, 19 June 2012, En Banc Resolution,
Perlas Bernabe [J]
4. Contempt
F18 Arnault v. Nazareno, GR L-3820, 18 July 1950, En Banc, Ozaeta [J]
F19 Arnault v. Balagtas, GR L-6749, 30 July 1955, En Banc, Labrador [J]
F1A Balag v. Senate, GR 234608, 3 July 2018, En Banc, Gesmundo [J]
E. Question Hour. Section 22, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
F. Declaration of state of war, and delegation of powers to the President during national emergency. Section
23, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
G. Impeachment. Section 3, Article XI, 1987 Constitution
1. Impeachable officers and grounds. Section 2, Article XI, 1987 Constitution
F1B Gonzales v. Office of the President, GR 196231, 4 September 2012, En Banc, Perlas Bernabe
[J]; also Gonzales v. Office of the President, GR 196231, 28 January 2014, En Banc Resolution, Brion
[J]
2. Initiation
Supra. Gutierrez v. House of Representatives Committee on Justice, GR 193459, 15 February 2011,

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En Banc, Carpio Morales [J]

II. Organization
A. Composition
1. Senate. Section 2, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
2. House of Representatives. Section 5, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
a. Legislative districts
F1C Bagabuyo v. Commission on Elections, GR 176970, 8 December 2008, En Banc, Brion
[J]
F1D Aldaba v. Commission on Elections, GR 188078, 25 January 2010, En Banc, Carpio [J];
also Aldaba v. Commission on Elections, GR 188078, 25 March 2010, En Banc, Carpio [J]
F1E Aquino v. Commission on Elections, GR 189793, 7 April 2010, En Banc, Perez [J]
(1) Effect of apportionment on local government officials
F1F Naval v. Commission on Elections, GR 207851, 8 July 2014, En Banc, Reyes [J]
b. Party-list. See Section 6, RA 7941 (3 March 1995)
F20 Barangay Association for National Advancement and Transparency (BANAT) v.
Commission on Elections, GR 179271, 21 April 2009, En Banc, Carpio [J]; also Barangay
Association for National Advancement and Transparency (BANAT) v. Commission on Elections,
GR 179271, 8 July 2009, En Banc Resolution, Carpio [J]
F21 Ang Ladlad LGBT Party v. Commission on Elections, GR 190582, 8 April 2010, En
Banc, Del Castillo [J]
F22 Atong Paglaum v. Commission on Elections, GR 203766, 2 April 2013, En Banc, Carpio
[J]
F23 Abang Lingkod v. Commission on Elections, GR 206952, 22 October 2013, En Banc,
Reyes [J]
F24 Ang Partido ng Mga Pilipinong Marino Inc. v. Commission on Elections, GR 246816, 15
September 2020, En Banc, Lazaro-Javier [J]
B. Sessions, Officers, and Records
1. Session, when convened. Section 15, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
2. Selection of officers. Section 15(1), Article VI, 1987 Constitution
F25 Avelino v. Cuenco, GR L-2821, 4 March 1949, En Banc Resolution.
F26 Defensor Santiago v. Guingona, GR 134577, 18 November 1998, En Banc, Panganiban [J]
3. Quorum. Section 15(2), Article VI, 1987 Constitution
4. Rules of Proceedings. Section 15(3), Article VI, 1987 Constitution
a. Publication
F27 Garcillano v. House of Representatives Committees, GR 170338, 23 December 2008, En
Banc, Nachura [J]
F28 Pimentel v. Senate Committee of the Whole, GR 187714, 8 March 2011, En Banc, Carpio
[J]
b. Discipline
F29 Alejandrino v. Quezon, GR 22041, 11 September 1924, En Banc, Malcolm [J]
F2A De Venecia v. Sandiganbayan (First Division), GR 130240, 5 February 2002, En Banc
Minute Resolution
5. Journals and Records. Section 15(4), Article VI, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 20, Article VI,
1987 Constitution
6. Adjournment. Section 15(5), Article VI, 1987 Constitution
C. Senators and House Representatives
1. Qualifications
a. Senate. Section 3, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
Supra. David v. Poe-Llamanzares, GR 221538, 20 September 2016, En Banc, Leonen [J]
Supra. Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, GR 221697, 8 March 2016, En Banc,
Perez [J]; also Poe-Llamanzares v. Commission on Elections, GR 221697, Minute Resolution, 9
April 2016
b. House Representatives
(1) District representatives. Section 6, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
F2B Aquino v. Commission on Elections, GR 120265, 18 September 1995, En Banc,
Kapunan [J]; See also Romualdez-Marcos v. Commission on Elections, GR 119976, 18
September 1995, En Banc, Kapunan [J]
F2C Ty-Delgado v. House of Representative Electoral Tribunal, GR 219603, 26 January
2016, En Banc, Carpio [J]
(2) Party list. See Section 9, RA 7941 (3 March 1995); See also Section 7, Article XVIII, 1987
Constitution
F2D Amores v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, GR 189600, 29 June 2010,
En Banc, Carpio Morales [J]
F2E Bello v. Commission on Elections, GR 191998, 7 December 2010, En Banc, Brion
[J]
2. Terms of office
a. Senate. Section 4, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
b. House Representatives.
(1) District representatives. Section 7, Article VI, 1987 Constitution

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Arellano University School of Law

(2) Party list. Sections 14 and 16, RA 7941 (3 March 1995)

F2F Coalition of Associations of Senior Citizens in the Philippines v. Commission on
Elections, GRs 206844-45, 23 July 2013, En Banc, Leonardo-De Castro [J]
3. Election/Selection. See also Sections 1 and 2, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
a. Regular. Section 8, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
b. Special. Section 9, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
4. Salaries. Section 10, Article VI, 1987 Constitution; See also Section 17, Article XVIII, 1987
Constitution
F30 Philippine Constitution Association, Inc. v. Mathay, GR L-25554, 4 October 1966, En Banc,
Reyes JBL [J]
F31 Ligot v. Mathay, GR L-34676, 30 April 1974, First Division, Teehankee [J]
5. Immunities. Section 11, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
a. Parliamentary speech
F32 Pobre v. Defensor Santiago, AC 7399, 25 August 2009, Third Division, Velasco Jr. [J]
b. Freedom from Arrests
(1) Attendance in session, when already incarcerated
F33 People of the Philippines v. Jalosjos, GR 132875-76, 3 February 2000, En Banc
Resolution, Ynares-Santiago [J]; cf. People of the Philippines v. Jalosjos, GR 132875-76, 16
November 2001, En Banc, Ynares-Santiago [J]
F34 Trillanes v. Judge Pimentel, GR 179817, 27 June 2008, En Banc, Carpio Morales [J]
6. Duty to disclose. Section 12, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
7. Limitations/Prohibitions.
a. Incompatible and prohibited offices. See Section 13, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
F35 Adaza v. Pacana, GR L-68159, 18 March 1985, En Banc, Escolin [J]
b. Conflict of interest. See Section 14, Article VI, 1987 Constitution
F36 Puyat v. De Guzman, GR L-51122, 25 March 1982, En Banc, Melencio-Herrera [J]

[55] 8
DAY 8+
[Contingent, for spillover]

MIDTERMS

DAY 9
Executive Branch

I. Powers
A. Control and Take Care powers. Section 17, Article VII, 1987 Constitution
1. Control power
a. Ordinance power
Supra. David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, GR 171396, 3 May 2006, En Banc, Sandoval-Gutierrez [J]
G00 Zabal v. Duterte, GR 238467, 12 February 2019, En Banc, Del Castillo [J]
b. Reorganization. See also Sections 16 and 19, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
G01 Banda v. Ermita, GR 166620, 20 April 2010, En Banc, Leonardo-De Castro [J]
c. Office of the President Proper
G02 Domingo v. Zamora, GR 142283, 6 February 2003, First Division, Carpio [J]
G03 Biraogo v. Philippine Truth Commission, GR 192935, 7 December 2010, En Banc,
Mendoza [J]
2. Take care power. See also Section 3, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
G04 Almario v. Executive Secretary, GR 189028, 16 July 2013, En Banc, Leonardo-De Castro [J]
Supra. Ocampo v. Enriquez, GR 225973, 8 November 2016, En Banc, Peralta [J]
a. Budget and Disbursement
Supra. Araullo v. Aquino, GR 209287, 1 July 2014, En Banc, Bersamin [J]; also Araullo v.
Aquino, GR 209287, 3 February 2015, En Banc Resolution, Bersamin [J]
3. Qualified Political Agency
G05 Department of Environment and Natural Resources v. DENR Region 12 Employees, GR
149724, 19 August 2003, First Division, Ynares-Santiago [J]
G06 Hontiveros-Baraquel v. Toll Regulatory Board, GR 181293, 23 February 2015, First Division,
Sereno [CJ]
G07 National Power Corporation Board of Directors v. Commission on Audit, GR 242342, 10
March 2020, EN Banc, Reyes Jr. [J]
G08 Bayan Muna Party-List Representatives v. Macapagal-Arroyo, GR 182734, 10 January 2023,
En Banc, Gaerlan [J]
B. Appointment. Section 16, Article VII, 1987 Constitution
1. Other officers appointed, when concurrence of Commission on Appointment not needed
G09 Larin v. Executive Secretary, GR 112745, 16 October 1997, En Banc, Torres Jr. [J]
G0A Manalo v. Sistoza, GR 107369, 11 August 1999, En Banc, Purisima [J]

8 See also Powell v. McCormack, 395 US 486

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Arellano University School of Law

2. Appointment viz Designation

G0B Binamira v. Garrucho, GR 92008, 30 July 1990, En Banc, Cruz [J]
3. Temporary appointments
Supra. General v. Urro, GR 191560, 29 March 2011, En Banc, Brion [J]
G0C Pimentel v. Ermita, GR 164978, 13 October 2005, En Banc, Carpio [J]
3. Incompatible offices
G0D Funa v. Ermita, GR 184740, 11 February 2010, En Banc, Villarama [J]
G0E Funa v. Agra, GR 191644, 19 February 2013, En Banc, Bersamin [J]
G0F Funa v. Duque, GR 191672, 25 November 2014, En Banc, Bersamin [J]
4. Midnight appointment
Supra. De Castro v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR 191002, 20 April 2010, En Banc, Bersamin [J]
G10 Velicaria-Garafil v. Office of the President, GR 203372, 16 June 2015, En Banc, Carpio [J]
5. Removal
a. When power of appointment belongs to another authority
Supra. Gonzales v. Office of the President, GR 196231, 4 September 2012, En Banc, Perlas
Bernabe [J]; also Gonzales v. Office of the President, GR 196231, 28 January 2014, En Banc
Resolution, Brion [J]
6. Appointments of Acting President. Section 14, Article X, 1987 Constitution.
C. Power as Commander-in-Chief. Section 18, Article VII, 1987 Constitution
G11 Sanlakas v. Reyes, GR 159084, 3 February 2004, En Banc, Tinga [J]
G12 Ampatuan v. Puno, GR 190259, 7 June 2011, En Banc, Abad [J]; See also Fortun v. Macapagal-
Arroyo, GR 190293, 20 March 2012, En Banc, Abad [J]
G13 Kulayan v. Tan, GR 187298, 3 July 2012, En Banc, Sereno [J]
G14 Lagman v. Medialdea, GR 231658, 4 July 2017, En Banc, Del Castillo [J]
G15 Lagman v. Pimentel, GR 235935, 6 February 2018, En Banc, Tijam [J]
G16 Lagman v. Medialdea, GR 243522, 19 February 2019, En Banc, Carandang [J]
D. Power to grant reprieve, commutations, and pardon. Section 19, Article VII, 1987 Constitution
G17 Monsanto v. Factoran, GR 78239, 9 February 1989, En Banc, Fernan [CJ]
G18 Risos-Vidal v. Commission on Elections, GR 206666, 21 January 2015, En Banc, Leonardo-De
Castro [J]
1. Power to grant amnesty, with concurrence from Congress
2. Limitation on grant of pardon for election offenses. Section 4, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
E. Foreign Affairs; Treaty making power. Section 21, Article VII, 1987 Constitution. See also Sections 4 and
25, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
G19 Laurel v. Garcia, GR 92013, 25 July 1990, En Banc, Gutierrez Jr. [J]
G1A Bayan v. Executive Secretary, GR 138570, 10 October 2000, En Banc, Buena [J]
G1B Vinuya v. Romulo, GR 162230, 28 April 2010, En Banc, Del Castillo [J]; also Vinuya v. Romulo,
GR 162230, 13 August 2014, En Banc, Bersamin [J]
Supra. Resident Marine Mammals of the Protected Seascape Tanon Strait v. Reyes, GR 180771, 21 April
2015, En Banc, Leonardo-De Castro [J]
G1C Saguisag v. Ochoa, GR 212426, 12 January 2016, En Banc, Sereno [CJ]
G1D Pangilinan v. Cayetano, GR 238875, 16 March 2021, En Banc, Leonen [J]
Supra. Initiative for Dialogue and Empowerment through Alternative Legal Services Inc. v. Senate of the
Philippines, GRs 184735 and 195366, 13 June 2023, En Banc, Leonen [Acting CJ]
F. Power to contract loans, with concurrence of Monetary Board. Section 20, Article VII, 1987 Constitution
G1E Colmenares v. Duterte, GR 245981, 9 August 2022, En Banc, Lopez [J]
G. Supervision of local government units, including autonomous regions. Sections 4 and 16, Article X, 1987
Constitution.
G1F Bito-Onon v. Judge Fernandez, GR 139813, 31 January 2001, Third Division, Gonzaga-Reyes [J]
G20 League of Provinces of the Philippines v. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, GR
175368, 11 April 2013, En Banc, Peralta [J]
1. Regional development councils. Section 14, Article X, 1987 Constitution
H. Escheat
G21 Republic of the Philippines v. Sandiganbayan (Special First Division), GR 152154, 15 July 2003,
En Banc, Corona [J]; also Republic of the Philippines v. Sandiganbayan (Special First Division), GR
152154, 18 November 2003, En Banc Resolution, Corona [J]
I. Residual power
G22 Marcos v. Manglapus, GR 88211, 15 September 1989, En Banc, Cortes [J]; also Marcos v.
Manglapus, GR 88211, 27 October 1989, En Banc Resolution, Per Curiam
J. Others
1. Legislative power until Congress is convened. Section 6, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
II. Organization
A. Qualifications. Sections 2 and 3, Article X, 1987 Constitution.
B. Election/Selection, and term of office. Section 4, Article X, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 5, Article
XVIII, 1987 Constitution
G23 Pormento v. Estrada, GR 191988, 31 August 2010, En Banc Resolution, Corona [CJ]
C. Assumption of Office/Oath. Section 5, Article X, 1987 Constitution.
D. Residence and Emoluments. Section 6, Article X, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 17, Article XVIII,
1987 Constitution

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Arellano University School of Law

E. Succession. Sections 6 to 11, Article X, 1987 Constitution.

G24 Estrada v. Arroyo, GRs 146710-15, 2 March 2001, En Banc, Puno [J]
F. President's serious illness. Section 12, Article X, 1987 Constitution.
G. Limitations/Prohibitions. Section 13, Article X, 1987 Constitution.

[37]
DAY 10
Separation of Powers and Delegation of Powers

I. Separation of Powers
A. Concept
H00 United States v. Salaveria, GR 13678, 12 November 1918, En Banc, Malcolm [J]
H01 In RE Proceedings for Disciplinary Action against Atty. Laureta, and of Contempt Proceedings
against Maravilla-Ilustre, GR L-68635, 12 March 1987, En Banc Resolution, Per Curiam; also In RE
Proceedings for Disciplinary Action against Atty. Laureta, and of Contempt Proceedings against Maravilla-
Ilustre, GR L-68635, 14 May 1987, En Banc Resolution, Per Curiam
Supra. David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, GR 171396, 3 May 2006, En Banc, Sandoval-Gutierrez [J]
B. Illustrations
1. Congress
a. viz the Judiciary
Supra. Arnault v. Balagtas, GR L-6749, 30 July 1955, En Banc, Labrador [J]; See also Arnault v.
Nazareno, GR L-3820, 18 July 1950, En Banc, Ozaeta [J]
H02 Mendoza v. People of the Philippines, GR 183891, 19 October 2011, Special Third
Division, Brion [J]
H03 Garcia v. Judge Drilon, GR 179267, 25 June 2013, En Banc, Perlas Bernabe [J]
H04 Council of Teachers and Staff of Colleges and Universities of the Philippines
(CoTeSCUP) v. Secretary of Education, GR 216930, 9 October 2018, En Banc, Caguioa [J]
b. viz the Executive
H05 United States v. Ang Tang Ho, GR 17122, 27 February 1922, En Banc, Johns [J]
c. viz the Autonomous Region's legislative body
H06 Sema v. Commission on Elections, GR 177597, 16 July 2008, En Banc, Carpio [J]
2. Executive
a. viz Congress
Supra. Belgica v. Ochoa, GR 208566, 19 November 2013, En Banc, Perlas-Bernabe [J]
b. viz the Judiciary
Supra. Vinuya v. Romulo, GR 162230, 28 April 2010, En Banc, Del Castillo [J]; also Vinuya v.
Romulo, GR 162230, 13 August 2014, En Banc Resolution, Bersamin [J]
H07 Kilusang Mayo Uno v. Aquino, GR 210500, 2 April 2019, En Banc, Leonen [J]
3. Judiciary
a. viz the Executive
Supra. Disini v. Secretary of Justice, GR 203335, 11 February 2014, En Banc, Abad [J]; also
Disini v. Secretary of Justice, GR 203335, 22 April 2014, En Banc Resolution, Abad [J]
b. viz Congress
H08 People v. Moner, GR 202206, 5 March 2018, First Division, Leonardo-De Castro [J]
c. viz Ombudsman
H09 Information Technology Foundation of the Philippines v. Commission on Elections, GR
159139, 6 June 2017, En Banc, Jardeleza [J]
4. COMELEC
a. viz Congress
Supra. Angara v. Electoral Commission, GR 45081, 15 July 1936, En Banc, Laurel [J]
5. CSC and a Local Government unit, and the Judiciary
H0A Mamiscal v. Abdullah, AM SCC-13-18-J, 1 July 2015, Second Division, Mendoza [J]
II. Delegation of Powers
A. Concept
I00 Pelaez v. Auditor General, GR L-23825, 24 December 1965, En Banc, Concepcion [J]
I01 Abakada Guro Party List v. Purisima, GR 166715, 14 August 2008, En Banc, Corona [J]
I02 Lagman v. Ochoa, GR 197422, 3 November 2020, En Banc, Leonen [J]
B. Illustrations
I03 People of the Philippines v. Judge Dacuycuy, GR L-45127, 5 May 1989, En Banc, Regalado [J]
I04 Garcia v. Executive Secretary, GR 101273, 3 July 1992, En Banc, Feliciano [J]
I05 Rodrigo v. Sandiganbayan (First Division), GR 125498, 2 July 1999, First Division Resolution,
Kapunan [J]
I06 NPC Drivers and Mechanics Association v. National Power Corporation, GR 156208, 26
September 2006, First Division, Chico-Nazario [J]
I07 Fernando vs St. Scholastica’s College, GR 161107, 12 March 2013, En Banc, Mendoza [J]
I08 Province of Pampanga v. Romulo, GR 195987, 12 January 2021, En Banc, Leonen [J]

[11+9] 9

9 See also INS v. Chadha, 462 US 919 (1983)

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 Constitutional Law I under Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola
Arellano University School of Law

DAY 11
Constitutional Commissions

Part I
Constitutional Commissions

I. In General
A. Scope. Section 1, Article IX-A, 1987 Constitution
B. Powers.
1. Quasi-legislative power. Section 6, Article IX-A, 1987 Constitution
2. Quasi-judicial power. Section 7, Article IX-A, 1987 Constitution
3. Appointment of own employees. Section 4, Article IX-A, 1987 Constitution
4. Other functions. Section 8, Article IX-A, 1987 Constitution
C. Fiscal autonomy. Section 5, Article IX-A, 1987 Constitution
J00 Civil Service Commission v. Department of Budget and Management, GR 158791, 22 July 2005,
En Banc, Carpio Morales [J]; also Civil Service Commission v. Department of Budget and Management,
GR 158791, 10 February 2006, En Banc Resolution, Carpio Morales [J]
1. Specific to COMELEC. Section 11, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
D. Chairperson and Commissioners.
1. Term of office of prior officers. See also Section 15, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
2. Limitations/Prohibitions. Section 2, Article IX-A, 1987 Constitution
3. Emoluments. Section 3, Article IX-A, 1987 Constitution
a. Retirement
J01 Fetalino v. Commission on Elections, GR 191890, 4 December 2012, En Banc, Brion [J]
II. Commission on Audit
A. Powers. Section 2, Article IX-D, 1987 Constitution
J02 Bustamante v. Commissioner on Audit, GR 103309, 27 November 1992, En Banc, Campos Jr.
[J]
J03 Development Bank of the Philippines v. Commission on Audit, GR 107016, 11 March 1994,
En Banc, Bidin [J]
J04 Boy Scouts of the Philippines v. Commission on Audit, GR 177131, 7 June 2011, En Banc,
Leonardo-de Castro [J]
J05 Dela Llana v. Chairperson, Commission on Audit, GR 180989, 7 February 2012, En Banc,
Sereno [J]
J06 Development Bank of the Philippines v. Commission on Audit, GR 88435, 16 January 2002,
En Banc, Carpio [J]
J07 Madera v. Commission on Audit, GR 244128, 8 September 2020, En Banc, Caguioa [J]
1. Reports. Section 4, Article IX-D, 1987 Constitution
B. Organization, Qualification of Members, and their appointment. Section 1, Article IX-D, 1987 Constitution
J08 Funa v. Villar, GR 192791, 24 April 2012, En Banc, Velasco Jr. [J]
III. Commission on Elections
A. Powers. Sections 2 and 4, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
1. Primary. Section 2, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
a. Enforce election laws. Section 2(1), Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
Supra. Diocese of Bacolod v. Commission on Elections, GR 205729, 21 January 2015, En Banc,
Leonen [J]
(1) Recall
J09 Goh v. Bayron, GR 212584, 25 November 2014, En Banc, Carpio [J]
(2) Automated elections
J0A Brillantes v. Commission on Elections, GR 163193, 15 June 2004, En Banc, Callejo
Sr. [J]
J0B Roque v. Commission on Elections, GR 188456, 10 September 2009, En Banc,
Velasco Jr. [J]
J0C Bagumbayan-VPN Movement v. Commission on Elections, GR 222731, 8 March
2016, En Banc, Leonen [J]
J0D AES Watch v. Commission on Elections, GE 246332, 9 December 2020, En Banc,
Lopez [J]
J0E National Press Club of the Philippines v. Commission on Elections, GR 259354, 13
June 2023, En Banc, Rosario [J]
(3) Ban on dangerous weapons
J0F Orceo v. Commission on Elections, GR 190779, 26 March 2010, En Banc, Peralta [J]
J10 Buella v. People of the Philippines, GR 244027, 11 April 2023, En Banc, Gesmundo
[CJ]
(4) Constitutional Intention. Section 6, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
(5) Election period. Section 9, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
(6) Protection of candidates. Section 10, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
b. Jurisdiction. Section 2(2), Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
J11 Sandoval v. Commission on Elections, GR 133842, 26 January 2000, En Banc, Puno [J]
(1) Mode of sitting. Section 3, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution

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Arellano University School of Law

J12 Sarmiento v. Commission on Elections, GR 105628, 6 August 1992, En Banc,

Davide Jr. [J]
J13 Ambil v. Commission on Elections, GR 143398, 25 October 2000, En Banc, Pardo
[J]
c. Resolve election questions, including registration of voters (except right to vote). Section 2(3),
Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
J14 Cauntongan Al Haj v. Commission on Elections, GR 151046, 5 February 2002, En Banc
Minute Resolution
d. Deputize agencies. Section 2(4), Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
e. Register parties. Section 2(5), Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
(1) Vote on parties. Section 7, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
(2) Parties, no representation in boards. Section 8, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
f. File cases against violators of election laws. Section 2(6), Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
J15 Vistan v. Judge Nicolas, AM MTJ-87-79, 13 September 1991, En Banc, Per Curiam
(1) Joint investigatory committee
J16 Arroyo v. Department of Justice, GR 199082, 18 September 2012, En Banc, Peralta
[J]; also Arroyo v. Department of Justice, GR 199082, 23 July 2013, En Banc Resolution,
Peralta [J]
(2) Recommend pardon. Section 4, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
g. Recommend reduction of election expenses. Section 2(7), Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
h. Recommend sanction against deputized officer. Section 2(8), Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
i. Report. Section 2(9), Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
2. Supervision or regulate franchise during elections. Section 4, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
J17 Sanidad v. Commission on Elections, GR 90878, 29 January 1990, En Banc, Medialdea [J]
J18 National Press Club v. Commission on Elections, GR 102653, 5 March 1992, En Banc,
Feliciano [J]
B. Organization, Qualification of Members, and their appointment. Section 1, Article IX-C, 1987 Constitution
J19 Brillantes v. Yorac, GR 93867, 18 December 1990, En Banc, Cruz [J]
J1A Cayetano v. Monsod, GR 100113, 3 September 1991, Second Division, Paras [J]
IV. Civil Service Commission
A. Powers. Section 3, Article IX-B, 1987 Constitution
J1B Civil Service Commission v. Salas, GR 123708, 19 June 1997, En Banc, Regalado [J]
J1C General v. Roco, GR 143366, 29 January 2001, First Division, Ynares-Santiago [J]
J1D Ombudsman v. Civil Service Commission, GR 159940, 16 February 2005, En Banc, Carpio
Morales [J]
1. Coverage of Civil Service. Section 2, Article IX-B, 1987 Constitution
J1E Capablanca v. Civil Service Commission, GR 179370, 19 November 2009, En Banc, Del
Castillo [J]
2. Rules for civil servants. See also Section 16, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
a. Oath. Section 4, Article IX-B, 1987 Constitution
b. Salary standardization. Section 5, Article IX-B, 1987 Constitution; See also Section 18, Article
XVIII, 1987 Constitution
c. Limitations/Prohibitions.
J1F Social Security System Employees Association v. Court of Appeals, GR 85279. 28 July 1989,
Third Division, Cortez [J]
(1) Lame duck appointment. Section 6, Article IX-B, 1987 Constitution
(2) Incompatible offices. Section 7, Article IX-B, 1987 Constitution
(3) Double compensation. Section 8, Article IX-B, 1987 Constitution
B. Organization, Qualification of Members, and their appointment. Section 1, Article IX-B, 1987 Constitution
J20 Gaminde v. Commission on Audit, GR 140335, GR 140335, 13 December 2000, En Banc, Pardo
[J]

Part II
Other Constitutional Offices

I. Office of the Ombudsman

A. Organization
1. Composition. Section 5, Article XI, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 3, RA 6770 (17 November
1989)
a. Structure. Section 11, RA 6770
b. Official stations. Section 12, RA 6770
2. Powers.
a. Primary. Section 13, Article XI, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 15, RA 6770
K00 Roxas v. Vasquez, GR 114944, 19 June 2001, First Division, Ynares-Santiago [J]; also
Roxas v. Vasquez, GR 114944, 29 May 2002, First Division Resolution, Ynares-Santiago [J]
K01 Ledesma v. Court of Appeals, GR 161629, 29 July 2005, First Division, Ynares-Santiago
[J]; also Ledesma v. Court of Appeals, GR 161629, 8 November 2005, First Division Resolution,
Ynares-Santiago [J]
K02 Office of the President v. Buenaobra, GR 170021, 8 September 2006, First Division,

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Ynares-Santiago [J]
K03 Office of the Ombudsman v. Madriaga, GR 164316, 27 September 2006, Third Division,
Carpio-Morales [J]
(1) Mandate. Section 12, Article XI, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 13, RA 6770
(2) Scope. Section 16, RA 6770
(3) Procedural restrictions. Section 14, RA 6770
(4) Duty to render assistance. Section 33, RA 6770
b. Grant immunity from prosecution. Section 17, RA 6770
K04 Quarto v. Ombudsman, GR 169042, 5 October 2011, Second Division, Brion [J]
c. Rule-making (Procedure). Section 18, RA 6770
d. Disciplinary authority
(1) Administrative complaint. Section 19, RA 6770
(a) Exceptions. Section 20, RA 6770
(b) Subject official. Section 21, RA 6770
(2) Investigation and inquiries
(a) Investigatory power. Section 22, RA 6770
[1] Formal investigation. Section 23, RA 6770
[2] Preventive suspension. Section 24, RA 6770
Supra. Carpio Morales v. Court of Appeals, GRs 217126-27, 10 November 2015,
En Banc, Perlas-Bernabe [J]
K05 Gatchalian v. Office of the Ombudsman, GR 229288, 1 August 2018,
Caguioa [J]
(b) Inquiries. Section 26, RA 6770
(c) Designation of investigators and prosecutors. Section 31, RA 6770
(d) Investigations in municipalities, cities, and provinces. Section 28, RA 6770
(e) Rights and duties of witnesses. Section 32, RA 6770
(4) Decisions. Section 27, RA 6770
(a) Recommendation to change unjust laws. Section 29, RA 6770
(b) Transmittal of decisions. Section 30, RA 6770
K06 People of the Philippines v. Velez, GR 138093, 19 February 2003, Second
Division, Callejo Sr/ [J]
(5) Penalties. Section 25, RA 6770; See also PD 807
(a) Malicious prosecution. Section 35, RA 6770
(b) Obstruction. Section 36, RA 6770
(6) In relation to court personnel
K07 Caoibes v. Ombudsman, GR 132177, 19 July 2001, Second Division, Buena [J]
e. Appointment of own employees. Section 6, Article XI, 1987 Constitution
3. Fiscal autonomy. Section 14, Article XI, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 38, RA 6770
4. Franking privileges. Section 37, RA 6770
5. Report. Section 34, RA 6770
B. Ombudsman and deputies
1. Qualifications. Section 8, Article XI, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 5, RA 6770
2. Appointment. Section 9, Article XI, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 4, RA 6770
3. Equivalent rank and salary. Section 10, Article XI, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 6, RA 6770
4. Term of office. Section 11, Article XI, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 7, RA 6770
a. Removal. Section 8, RA 6770
Supra. Gonzales v. Office of the President, GR 196231, 4 September 2012, En Banc, Perlas
Bernabe [J]; also Gonzales v. Office of the President, GR 196231, 28 January 2014, En Banc
Resolution, Brion [J]
K08 Office of the Ombudsman v. Court of Appeals, GR 146486, 4 March 2005, Second
Division, Chico-Nazario [J]
5. Prohibitions and Disqualifications. Sections 9 and 10, RA 6770
II. Office of the Special Prosecutor. Section 7, Article XI, 1987 Constitution. See also Sections 3-5, 7-11, 33, and
36, RA 6770
K09 Orap v. Sandiganbayan, GRs 50508-11, 11 October 1985, En Banc, Escolin [J]
K0A Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, GRs 79690-707, 7 October 1988, En Banc, Per Curiam
III. Human Rights Commission (CHR)
A. Organization
1. Composition. Section 17, Article XIII, 1987 Constitution
2. Powers. Section 18, Article XIII, 1987 Constitution; See also Section 3, EO 163 (5 May 1987)
K0B Cariño v. Commission on Human Rights, GR 96681, 2 December 1991, En Banc, Narvasa [J]
K0C Simon v. Commission on Human Rights, GR 100150, 5 January 1994, En Banc, Vitug [J]
3. Subject scope. Section 19, Article XIII, 1987 Constitution
4. Annual appropriations. Section 5, EO 163, s.1987
B. Chairman and commissioners
1. Qualifications. Section 2(a), EO 163, s.1987
2. Appointment. Section 2(c), EO 163, s.1987
3. Limitations/Prohibitions. Section 2(b), EO 163, s.1987
4. Emoluments. Section 2(d), EO 163, s.1987

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 Constitutional Law I under Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola
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IV. National Economic and Development Authority. Section 9, Article XII, 1987 Constitution
V. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. Section 20, Article XII, 1987 Constitution
VI. National Language Commission. Section 9, Article XIV, 1987 Constitution
VII. National Police Commission. Section 6, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution
K0D Canonizado v. Aguirre, GR 133132, 25 January 2000, En Banc, Gonzaga-Reyes [J]
VIII. National Commission on Indigenous Peoples. Section 12, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution; See also RA 8371
(29 October 1997)

[33+13]
DAY 12

Part I
Local Government

I. General Provisions
A. Political subdivision. Section 1, Article X, 1987 Constitution; See also Section 9, Article XVIII, 1987
Constitution
1. Local Autonomy. Section 2, Article X, 1987 Constitution
Supra. League of Provinces of the Philippines v. Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
GR 175368, 11 April 2013, En Banc, Peralta [J]
2. Supervision of the President. Section 4, Article X, 1987 Constitution
3. Creation, abolition, merger, and splitting. Section 10, Article X, 1987 Constitution
B. Regulation
1. Local Government Code. Section 3, Article X, 1987 Constitution. See also RA 7160, as amended
a. Local officials' term of office. Section 8, Article X, 1987 Constitution
b. Sectoral representation in the Sanggunian. Section 9, Article X, 1987 Constitution
2. Create own revenue
a. Local taxes. Section 5, Article X, 1987 Constitution
L00 Manila International Airport Authority v. Court of Appeals, GR 155650, 20 July 2006, En
Banc, Carpio [J]
L01 League of Cities of the Philippines v. Commission on Elections, GR 176951, 12 April
2011, En Banc Resolution, Bersamin [J]
b. Internal revenue allocation. Section 6, Article X, 1987 Constitution
L02 Mandanas v. Ochoa, GR 199802, 3 July 2018, En Banc, Bersamin [J]; also Mandanas v.
Ochoa, GR 199802, 10 April 2019, En Banc Resolution, Bersamin [CJ]
c. Share in utilization of natural resources. Section 7, Article X, 1987 Constitution
L03 Republic of the Philippines v. Provincial Government of Palawan, GR 170867, 4
December 2018, En Banc, Tijam [J]
C. Aggrupation
1. Special metropolitan political subdivisions. Section 11, Article X, 1987 Constitution; See also Section
8, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
L04 Metropolitan Manila Development Authority v. Bel-Air Village Association Inc., GR 135962,
27 March 2000, First Division, Puno [J]
2. Cities independent of province. Section 12, Article X, 1987 Constitution
3. Association of local government units. Section 13, Article X, 1987 Constitution
4. Regional development councils. Section 14, Article X, 1987 Constitution
II. Autonomous Regions
A. Scope. Section 15, Article X, 1987 Constitution
B. Role of national government
1. President's supervision. Section 16, Article X, 1987 Constitution
2. Powers not delegated. Section 17, Article X, 1987 Constitution
3. Peace and order. Section 21, Article X, 1987 Constitution
C. Regulation
1. Organic Acts. Section 18, Article X, 1987 Constitution
a. When Congress duty exercised. Section 19, Article X, 1987 Constitution
2. Powers. Section 20, Article X, 1987 Constitution
3. Intended regions.
a. BARMM (formerly ARMM)
L05 Limbona v. Mangelin, GR 80391, 28 February 1989, En Banc, Sarmiento [J]
L06 Disomangcop v. Secretary of Department of Public Works and Highways, GR 149848, 25
November 2004, En Banc, Tinga [J]
Supra. Sema v. Commission on Elections, GR 177597, 16 July 2008, En Banc, Carpio [J]
Supra. Province of North Cotabato v. GRP Peace Panel on Ancestral Domain, GR 183591, 14
October 2008, En Banc, Carpio-Morales [J]
L07 Kida v. Senate of the Philippines, GR 196271, 18 October 2011, En Banc, Brion [J]; also
Kida v. Senate of the Philippines, GR 196271, 28 February 2012, En Banc Resolution, Brion [J]
L08 Sula v. Commission on Elections, GR 244587, 10 January 2023, En Banc, Leonen [SAJ]
b. Cordillera (not formed)
L09 Ordillo v. Commission on Elections, GR 93054, 4 December 1990, En Banc, Gutierrez Jr.

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 Constitutional Law I under Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola
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[J]; viz RA 6766

L0A Cordillera Broad Coalition v. Commission on Audit, GR 79956, 29 January 1990, En
Banc, Cortes [J]

Part II
Principles and Policies

I. Preamble
II. Principles
A. Democratic and Republican Government. Salus Populi. Section 1, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
Supra. Diocese of Bacolod v. Commission on Elections, GR 205728, 21 January 2015, En Banc, Leonen
[J]
Supra. Chavez v. Judicial and Bar Council, GR 202242, 16 April 2013, En Banc Resolution, Mendoza [J]
M00 Ching v. Bonachita-Ricablanca, GR 244828, 12 October 2020, Second Division, Delos Santos [J]
Supra. Initiative for Dialogue and Empowerment through Alternative Legal Services Inc. (IDEALs) v.
Senate of the Philippines, GRs 184735 and 195366, 13 June 2023, En Banc, Leonen [Acting CJ]
B. Renunciation of War; Adoption of General Principles of International Law. Section 2, Article II, 1987
Constitution.
M01 Agustin v. Edu, GR L-49112, 2 February 1979, En Banc, Fernando [J]
M02 Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association of the Philippines v. Duque, GR 173034, 9 October
2007, En Banc, Austria-Martinez [J]
Supra. Marcos v. Republic of the Philippines, GR 189434, 25 April 2012, Second Division, Sereno [J]
M03 Deutsche Bank AG Manila Branch v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, GR 188550, 19 August
2013, First Division, Sereno [CJ]
Supra. Initiative for Dialogue and Empowerment through Alternative Legal Services Inc. (IDEALs) v.
Senate of the Philippines, GRs 184735 and 195366, 13 June 2023, En Banc, Leonen [Acting CJ]
C. Civilian authority; Role of the AFP. Section 3, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
1. Civilian authority
Supra. Kulayan v. Tan, GR 187298, 3 July 2012, En Banc, Sereno [J]
2. AFP
a. Composition. Section 4, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution.
b. Duties. Section 5, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution.
3. Private armies. See also Section 24, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
M04 Gamboa v. Teves, GR 176579, 28 June 2011, En Banc, Carpio [J]; also Gamboa v. Teves, GR
176579, 9 October 2012, En Banc Resolution, Carpio [J]
D. Prime duty of the government. Section 4, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
1. Reserved force
M05 Lagman v. Zosa, GR 45892, 13 July 1938, En Banc, Avanceña
E. Essentials for the enjoyment of democracy. Section 5, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
1. Peace and Order, viz National Police. Section 6, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution.
2. Veterans and Retirement. Sections 7 and 8, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution.
F. Separation of Church and State. Section 6, Article II, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 5, Article III,
1987 Constitution.
M06 Estrada v. Escritor, AM P-02-1651, 22 June 2006, En Banc Resolution, Puno [J] cf. Estrada v.
Escritor, AM P-02-1651, 4 August 2003, En Banc, Puno [J]
III. Policies
A. Independent foreign policy. Section 7, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
M07 Colmenares v. Duterte, GR 245981, 9 August 2022, En Banc, Lopez [J]
B. Freedom from nuclear weapons. Section 8, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
C. Just and dynamic social order. Section 9, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
D. Social justice. Section 10, Article II, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 2, Article XIII, 1987 Constitution.
M08 Calalang v. Williams, GR 47800, 2 December 1940, First Division, Laurel [J]
E. Human Dignity and Human Rights. Section 11, Article II, 1987 Constitution. See also Sections 1, 17 to 19,
Article XIII, 1987 Constitution.
M09 Villavicencio v. Lukban, GR 14639, 25 March 1919, En Banc, Malcolm [J]
F. Family, Unborn child. Section 12, Article II, 1987 Constitution. See also Sections 1 to 4, Article XV, 1987
Constitution.
M0A Republic of the Philippines v. Albios, GR 198780, 16 October 2013, Third Division, Mendoza [J]
Supra. Imbong v. Ochoa, GR 204819, 8 April 2014, En Banc, Mendoza [J]
M0B Republic v. Manalo, GR 221029, 24 April 2018, En Banc, Peralta [J]
G. Youth. Section 13, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
H. Women. Section 14, Article II, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 14, Article XIII, 1987 Constitution.
M0C Philippine Association of Service Exporters Inc. v. Drilon, GR 81958, 30 June 1988, En Banc,
Sarmiento [J]
Supra. Garcia v. Judge Drilon, GR 179267, 25 June 2013, En Banc, Perlas Bernabe [J]
I. Public Health. Section 15, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
M0D University of San Agustin Inc. v. Court of Appeals, GR 100588, 7 March 1994, Second Division,
Nocon [J]
J. Healthful and Balance ecology. Section 16, Article II, 1987 Constitution.

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 Constitutional Law I under Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola
Arellano University School of Law

Supra. Oposa v. Factoran, GR 101083, 30 July 1993, En Banc, Davide Jr. [J]
M0E PTK2 H20 Corporation v. Court of Appeals, GR 218416, 16 November 2021, En Banc, Zalameda
[J]
K. Education, Science and Technology, Culture, and Sports. Section 17, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
1. Intellectual Property. See also Section 14, Article XII, 1987 Constitution. See also RA 8293, as
amended.
2. Education. See also Sections 1 to 5, Article XIV, 1987 Constitution; See also Section 20, Article XVIII,
1987 Constitution
M0F University of the Philippines Board of Regents v. Court of Appeals, GR 134625, 31 August
1999, Second Division, Mendoza [J]
M10 Miriam College Foundation Inc. v. Court of Appeals, GR 127930, 15 December 2000, First
Division, Kapunan [J]
M11 Camacho v. Coresis, GR 134372, 22 August 2002, Second Division, Quisumbing [J]
M12 Leus v. St. Scholastica's College Westgrove, GR 187226, 28 January 2015, Third Division,
Reyes [J]
M13 Cudia v. Superintendent of the Philippine Military Academy, GR 211362, 24 February 2015,
En Banc, Peralta [J]
Supra. Council of Teachers and Staff of Colleges and Universities of the Philippines (CoTeSCUP) v.
Secretary of Education, GR 216930, 9 October 2018, En Banc, Caguioa [J]
Supra. Pimentel v. Legal Education Board, GR 230642, 10 September 2019, En Banc, Reyes J. Jr.
[J]; also Pimentel v. Legal Education Board, GR 230642, 9 November 2021, En Banc Resolution,
Zalameda [J]
3. Language. See also Sections 6 to 9, Article XIV, 1987 Constitution.
4. Science and Technology. See also Sections 10 to 13, Article XIV, 1987 Constitution.
5. Arts and Culture. See also Sections 14 to 18, Article XIV, 1987 Constitution.
6. Sports. See also Section 19, Article XIV, 1987 Constitution.
L. Labor. Section 18, Article II, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 3, Article XIII, 1987 Constitution.
M14 Cabug-os v. Espina, GR 228719, 8 August 2022, Second Division, Leonen [J]
M. National economy and patrimony. Section 19, Article II, 1987 Constitution; See also Section 21, Article
XVIII, 1987 Constitution
1. Goals. Section 1, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
2. Land and resource use. Sections 2 to 4, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
M15 Narra Nickel Mining and Development Corporation v. Redmont Consolidated Mines
Corporation, GR 195580, 21 April 2014, Third Division, Velasco Jr. [J]; also Narra Nickel Mining and
Development Corporation v. Redmont Consolidated Mines Corporation, GR 195580, 28 January 2015,
Special Third Division Resolution, Velasco Jr. [J]
Supra. Resident Marine Mammals of the Protected Seascape Tanon Strait v. Reyes, GR 180771, 21
April 2015, En Banc, Leonardo-De Castro [J]
3. Social function of property. Section 6, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
4. NEDA. Section 9, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
5. Filipino first.
Supra. Manila Prince Hotel v. Government Service Insurance System, GR 122156, 3 February 1997,
En Banc, Bellosillo [J]
a. Private ownership of lands. Sections 7 and 8, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
Supra. Muller v. Muller, GR 149615, 29 August 2006, Ynares-Santiago [J]
M16 Hulst v. PR Builders, GR 156364, 3 September 2007, Third Division, Austria-Martinez
[J]; also Hulst v. PR Builders, GR 156364, 25 September 2008, Third Division Resolution,
Austria-Martinez [J]
b. Corporate equity. Section 10, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
c. Public utilities. Section 11, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
Supra. Initiatives for Dialogue and Empowerment through Alternative Legal Services Inc.
(IDEALS) v. Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation (PSALM), GR
192088, 9 October 2012, En Banc, Villarama [J]
(1) National emergencies. Section 17, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
d. Use of labor. Section 12, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
e. Mass media and advertising. Section 11, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution; See also Section 23,
Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
6. Trade policy. Section 13, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
M17 Ichong v. Hernandez, GR L-7995, 31 May 1957, En Banc, Labrador [J]
M18 Tañada v. Angara, GR 118295, 2 May 1997, En Banc, Panganiban [J]
M19 Southern Cross Cement Corporation v. Cement Manufacturers Association of the Philippines,
GR 158540, 8 July 2004, En Banc, Tinga [J]; and Southern Cross Cement Corporation v. Cement
Manufacturers Association of the Philippines, GR 158540, 3 August 2005, En Banc Resolution, Tinga
[J]
a. Consumer laws and Unfair trade practices. Section 9, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution.
7. Foreign loans. Section 21, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
8. Legal sanctions on acts inimical. Section 22, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
N. Private sector. Section 20, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
1. Cooperatives. Sections 14 and 15, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.

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 Constitutional Law I under Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola
Arellano University School of Law

2. Private corporations. Section 16, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.

a. Nationalization. Section 18, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
3. Regulation on monopolies; Prohibition on combinations in restraint of trade. Section 19, Article XII,
1987 Constitution.
4. Bangko Sentral. Section 20, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
O. Agrarian and Natural Resources Reform. Section 21, Article II, 1987 Constitution. See also Sections 4 to 8,
Article XIII, 1987 Constitution; and Section 22, Article XVIII, 1987 Constitution
P. Urban Land Reform. Sections 9 and 10, Article XIII, 1987 Constitution.
Q. Indigenous Cultural Communities. Section 22, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
1. Ancestral land. See also Section 5, Article XII, 1987 Constitution.
2. Consultative body. See also Section 12, Article XVI, 1987 Constitution.
R. Non-Government Organizations. Section 23, Article II, 1987 Constitution. See also Sections 15 and 16,
Article XIII, 1987 Constitution.
S. Communication and Information. Section 24, Article II, 1987 Constitution. See also Section 10, Article
XVI, 1987 Constitution.
T. Autonomy of Local Government. Section 25, Article II, 1987 Constitution. See also Article X, 1987
Constitution.
U. Equal Access to Public Service; Political dynasties. Section 26, Article II, 1987 Constitution
M1A Maquera v. Borra, GR L-24761, 7 September 1965, En Banc, Per curiam
M1B Pamatong v. Commission on Elections, GR 161872, 13 April 2004, En Banc Resolution, Tinga [J]
Supra. Marquez v. Commission on Elections, GR 244274, 3 September 2019, En Banc, Jardeleza [J]
V. Accountability in Public Service. Section 27, Article II, 1987 Constitution. See also Article XI, 1987
Constitution.
Supra. Gutierrez v. House of Representatives Committee on Justice, GR 193459, 15 February 2011, En
Banc, Carpio Morales [J], supra.
Supra. Gonzales v. Office of the President, GR 196231, 4 September 2012, En Banc, Perlas Bernabe [J];
also Gonzales v. Office of the President, GR 196231, 28 January 2014, En Banc Resolution, Brion [J]
Supra. Carpio Morales v. Court of Appeals (Sixth Division), GRs 217126-27, 10 November 2015, En
Banc, Perlas-Bernabe [J]
1. Public trust. Section 1, Article XI, 1987 Constitution
2. Recovery of ill-gotten wealth. Section 15, Article XI, 1987 Constitution; See also Section 26, Article
XVIII, 1987 Constitution
3. Behest loans. Section 16, Article XI, 1987 Constitution
M1C Valmonte v. Belmonte, GR 74930, 13 February 1989, En Banc, Cortes [J]
4. SALN. Section 17, Article XI, 1987 Constitution
W. Full Public Disclosure. Section 28, Article II, 1987 Constitution.
M1D Chavez v. Presidential Commission on Good Government, GR 130716, 9 December 1998, En
Banc, Panganiban [J]
M1E Chavez v. Public Estates Authority, GR 133250, 9 July 2002, En Banc, Carpio [J]
M1F Akbayan Citizens Action Party v. Aquino, GR 170516, 16 July 2008, En Banc, Carpio Morales [J]

[11+32] 10
[Total 385+]

DAY 12+
[Contingent, for spillover]

FINALS

Hate me now, thank me later.

10 See also Roe v. Wade, 410 US 113 viz Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, 597 U.S. 215

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 Constitutional Law I under Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola
Arellano University School of Law

Annex “A”
Homeroom Instructions
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I
4 units, 4 hours per week

Mode: Socratic
Coverage: 1987 Constitution, except for Article III
Materials: Codal provisions, and jurisprudence
(No book required. Annotations by authors optional)

Exams:
* No preliminary examinations.
* Midterms coverage is one dealing with topics covered from start to midterms. 13 questions each (no
subquestions) for two hours (scenarios and objective questions). Midterms is 40% of final grade.
* Finals coverage is one dealing with topics covered after midterms until finals. 13 questions each (no
subquestions) for two hours (scenarios and objective questions). Finals is 40% of final grade.
* No one is allowed to go outside during the exam, except after the submission of the student's exam booklet.
* All exams are handwritten, through school-procured booklets. This policy stays until there is a standard
application required by the school (which could prevent dishonest behavior). Questions are to be answered
chronologically. Each answer should be answered on the front face of each page. One answer per page. Marking
merits an automatic grade of 65. Marking includings (1) tearing a page of the booklet, (2) folding a page of the
booklet, (3) using correction tapes and fluids, (4) using an [x] or a [/] for erasures (a single-line strikethrough should
be the only allowed mechanism to delete parts or the whole of an answer), (5) providing statements which are not
legitimate answers to a question (e.g. “Sir, sorry....” “Hail Mary, full of grace...”), among others.
* Scenario questions are to be answered under the three-paragraph CLA (Conclusion-Legal Basis-Factual
Application) format; e.g.

Q.
AAA is an owner of a property in Bel-Air Village in Makati City. He leased his house and lot to the Republic of
XYZ, as its embassy, through BBB, XYZ Republic's Ambassador. Payment ceased on the ninth month of the
lease, covered by a five-year contract. Two months from the start of such non-payment, AAA sent a demand
letter, to vacate and to pay the arrears, to BBB, which was ignored by the latter. AAA filed a case for unlawful
detainer against BBB and the Republic of XYZ. Will the suit prosper? Why or why not?

A.
No. The suit will not prosper.

Under prevailing jurisprudence, the immunity of the sovereign is recognized only with regard to public acts or
acts jure imperii, but not with regard to private acts or acts jure gestionis. The establishment of a diplomatic
mission is an act jure imperii. Submission by a foreign state to local jurisdiction must be clear and unequivocal.
It must be given explicitly or by necessary implication. On the other hand, under treaties and conventions
entered by the Philippines, a diplomatic agent shall enjoy immunity from the criminal jurisidiction of the
receiving State. He shall also enjoy immunity from its civil and administrative jurisdiction, except in the case
of: (a) a real action relating to private immovable property situated in the territory of the receiving State, unless
he holds it on behalf of the sending State for the purposes of the mission; (b) an action relating to succession in
which the diplomatic agent is involved as executor, administrator, heir or legatee as a private person and not on
behalf of the sending State; (c) an action relating to any professional or commercial activity exercised by the
diplomatic agent in the receiving State outside his official functions.

Here, the Republic of XYZ has not waived its immunity from suit involving pecuniary claims. Its lease contract
involves a diplomatic mission of the Republic of XYZ, which is one of act jure imperii, and thus the Republic
of XYZ cannot be sued in Philippine Courts. On the other hand, BBB, the Ambassador, cannot be sued jointly
or independently of the Republic of XYZ, in relation to such pecuniary claims, as such diplomatic agent is
immune from suit and none of the exceptions for his suability for civil and administrative cases appear in the
facts above.

* Objective questions may be one dealing with True or False with legal basis, definitions, or enumerations.
Enumerations should be introduced prior to proving for a numbered list.
* Failure to abide with the required formats for the answer merits a two-point deduction to the midterms or final
exam grade, wherever the infraction occurs, after adjustment.
* Cheating on an exam shall merit an automatic grade of “65” in the subject, without prejudice to further and
separate administrative proceedings provided under the Students' Handbook.
* CONSIDERING THAT THERE ARE MULTIPLE SECTIONS UNDER CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I under
this Professor, a Consolidated Examination on the First Sunday of the Midterms and/or Finals week, at 4 to 6 p.m.
shall be pursued, to ensure uniformity of the standards for the subject for all affected classes.
* No special exams shall be given if a student is unavailable during midterms or finals. A midterm exam not taken
shall be graded by deducting 10 points from the final exam grade as adjusted. A final exam not taken shall merit a
grade notation of incomplete (INC). Incomplete grades may be completed within two semesters after the said grade
notation is entered. Completion exams are required to be cover-to-cover coverage, 20 questions in three hours.

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 Constitutional Law I under Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola
Arellano University School of Law

Recitations/Class Standing +Attendance:

* There shall be three volunteers for each meeting. Three other students – or more, if there are less than 3
volunteers – shall be called in same meeting, in addition to such volunteers.
* Recitations starts at a grade of 75. Each recitation warrants a grade of 0-4, to be added to the base rate; highest
being 4. (4, all questions answered correctly; 3, most questions answered correctly; 2, right and wrong answers
appear to be of almost equal proportions; 1, most questions answered incorrectly; 0, all questions answered
incorrectly.)
* A person, who is not a volunteer, who is called in class but was not there at that time, merits a point deduction
to the class standing.
* Reading from notes (paper or electronic), or using splitscreens, is prohibited.
* Coaching classmates is deemed cheating. Reciters should immediately answer the question proferred. Any delay
beyond 5 seconds after the question has been proferred, presumes no independent answer from reciter is
forthcoming.
* Recitations/Class Standing is 20% of final grade.
* 4 absences allowed. 5th absence merits FA grade (Failure due to absence). Not present in class for more than 45
minutes, at one time, is equivalent to an absence.
* Each absence merits a deduction of 2 points in class standing.
* Perfect attendance merit additional 4 points in class standing.
* NO digest submissions are expected in class. NO additional work, for additional class standing, are to be
granted in class.

F&B: Food allowed to be eaten during sessions, except those with strong smell or those which produces
loud sounds (if face-to-face sessions; no limiters if online). Non-alcoholic beverages are allowed.
Break: 15 minute break after two hours (Beadles should provide notice 10 minutes before break and 10
minutes prior to conclusion of session)

Beadles: There shall be two co-beadles. They shall be the conduit of announcements and class concerns
between the class and the professor. They shall maintain their individual attendance record (especially marking those
with tardiness as to the actual time they entered the room) separate from each other and from the professor. Their
attendance record (in digital spreadsheet) shall be submitted by email to the professor a day before the designated
final exam date.

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 Constitutional Law I under Atty. Michael Vernon Guerrero Mendiola
Arellano University School of Law

Annex “B”
Topics and Timing

Saturday Classes
Session 0 20 July 2024
Session 1 27 July 2024
Session 2 3 August 2024
Session 3 10 August 2024
Session 4 17 August 2024
Session 5 24 August 2024
Session 6 31 August 2024
Session 7 7 September 2024
Session 8 14 September 2024
Session 8+ 21 September 2024
Midterms 29 September 2024
No session [5 October remains to be within exam week]
Session 9 12 October 2024
Session 10 19 October 2024
Session 11 26 October 2024
Session, unless declared holiday 12 [2 November 2024]
Session 12+ 9 November 2024
Finals 17 November 2024

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