The radiotherapy machine that operates on the principle that an election accelerates in a circular orbit

in a changing magnetic field. - betatron

The occurrences that is refered to beta decay. - a positron and negatron are emitted from the nucleus

Thermoplastic immobilization devices in radiation therapy are used to immobilize the - head and neck

The photon interaction with matter that is most likely to occur with radiation therapy delivery via
orthovoltage -photoelectric effect

The prepartion that is essential when scheduling a patient for CT of the head and neck with contrast to
ensure accurate imaging and prevent complications. - determining no history of allergy to contrast
medium

What is evaluated through the measure of signal processing electronics, transducer Integrity, and
frequency dependent matching layers? -axial resolution

The instrument that is used to detect frequency shift - doppler

The group of patients that would likely be imaged using linear arrays rather than phased or curvilinear
arrays? -infants

The CT studies of the head that is typically performed without contrast medium - brain, to rule out
subdural hematoma

The process that is affected if the compression on some ultrasound equipment is adjusted - dynamic
range

The half-life of Au-198 in days - 2.7

The condition that primarily controls the profile of the ultrasound beam - diameter of piezo electric
crystals

What is the difference between the maximum value and equilibrium value of an acoustic variable? -
amplitude

The radionuclide that emits gamma-ray used as a radium substitute in both interstitial and intracavitary
brachytherapy - cesium-137

The artifact that results when sound waves encounter an abrupt change in tissue density, such as the
boundary between two organs? -edge

What is the distance traveled per unit time in ultrasound - propagation speed

What consideration is optical for optimizing image quality and ensuring the accurate assessment of the
vascular structures in a CT angiography procedure to visualize the coronary arteries? - administer a
bolus of contrast agent, with precise timing
The instrument that is used to determine the location of a Tc-99m spill - Geiger-Müller survey meter

Ultrasound waves in tissue are referred to as -longitudinal waves

The operation in a CT wherein windowing is an example -point processing

What does the voxel represent in a CT image? - slice thickness

The electromechanical device in a CT that is made up of rings and brushes that transmit electricity
across a rotating interface - slip

Used as the principal reconstruction algorithm in CT scan -filtered back projection

The major categories of reconstruction methods that exist in CT scan - analytical and iterative

The part of the brainstem that appears as heart-shaped or circular-shaped structure on axial CT scans of
the brain - midbrain

The patient position performed for routine head CT for the acquisition of a scout to set up the scans at
the appropriate angle. - lateral

The factor that measures slice thickness in CT -shallow angled slice ramp

Considered as significantly crucial determinant for early indicators of physiologic changes of the patient?
- vital signs

Axial resolution can be improved by using - higher-frequency transducer

The type of implantation therapy technique used wtien applicators containing radioactive sources can
be introduced into body cavities. - intracavitary

What is not commonly required in performing abdominal CT with contrast? - manual blood pressure cuff

The commonly placed material alongside the lower limbs to prevent motion that will degrade the CT
images? -bean bags

This is not included in the five points that should be considered for pediatric CT imaging -multiphase
scanning is indicated

The least common route of contrast agent administration fer a patient undergoing CT scan procedure -
intrathecal

What does not refer to the CT angiography design parameters for intravenous administration? -choice of
scan duration and collimation

The range of frequencies contained in an ultrasound pulse. - bandwidth

The finding that is most commonly associated with acute appendicitis in a CT of the abdomen -
appendiceal wall thickening with surrounding fat stranding

What determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two dissimilar materials? - specific acoustic
impedance

The abdominal scan routine protocol includes an anteroposterior scout from top of diaphragm down to
the - symphysis pubis

What refers to a CT examination of the vertebral column? -CT of cervical spine following trauma is
performed to rule out fractures of axis and atlas.

What magnet type is used in MRI requires liquid helium to reduce electrical resistance? -
superconductive

The two basic properties of a hydrogen nucleus that are important to MRI. - charge and spin

The factor that causes the change in resonant frequency for similar nuclei in a given molecule. -
molecular configuration

The technique that is referred to phase contrast -technique that generates vascular phase difference

The process by which the net magnetization vector loses energy. - relaxation

During MRI, slice selection requires a gradient magnetic field and - a shaped radiofrequency pulse

The signal received from the patient after a 90-degree radiofrequency pulse is - a free induction decay

The modality that is best for staging the extent of breast tumor. -magnetic resonance imaging

The required pre-examination protocol for all pelvic MRI studies aside from urogram MRI -empty the
bladder prior to examination

The typical route of administration for gadolinium-based contrast agents in MRI - Intravenous injection

A limitation in obtaining clear images in MRI examination of obese patients. -limited field of view

In MRI of the spine, which anatomical structure is susceptible to partial volume artifacts making it
challenging to differentiate individual segments? - spinal cord

The stricture that is often challenging to differentiate from adjacent soft its similar signal intensity on
many sequences in musculoskeletal MRI. tissues due to -articular cartilage

The region that is known for its complex neuroanatomy, often presenting achieving optimal image
resolution and contrast in MRI of the brain challenges in - hippocampus

The primary safety concern associated with exposure MRI to strong static magnetic fields is - attraction
of ferromagnetic objects
What safety measure is employed to prevent excessive tissue heating during an MRI. -controlling
specific absorption rate

A patient condition that is a contraindication for administration of a gadolinium-based contrast agent

during a MRI procedure. - history of allergy to Penicillin

The safety measure that is undertaken to minimize the potential for peripheral nerve stimulation during
radiofrequency exposure in MRI. - minimizing the strength of gradient magnetic fields

The development in radiological diagnostic procedure that has the greatest impact during the last two
decades -digital subtraction angiography

The purpose of the "mask" image acquired before contrast Injection in digital subtraction angiography. -
to serve as a reference from removed background structures

The most common percutaneous palliative procedure for unresectable malignant disease. - biliary
drainage

The statement that is attributed to interventional radiology. -it interferes with the course of a disease
process or other medical conditions

What is the process involved in a temporal subtraction technique? - normal x-ray beam filtration

What interventional radiology, procedure uses a multi-modality approach? -non-contrast abdominal

procedure

The technique used for percutaneous drainage of abscess and other fluid Collections under ultrasound
or computed tomography-guidance -seldinger

What is not included in the pathologic conditions that can be seen in angiography? digital subtraction -
myelogenesis

The condition that cannot be visualized in a digital subtraction angiography -stenosis

The specific property of a contrast medium essential for optimal imaging of small vessels and fine
vasculature in Neuro interventional procedures - high iodine concentration

The disadvantage of using high-osmolar iodinated contrast media in interventional radiography -risk of
allergic reactions

The reason for recommending to the patient to drink plenty of water after a contrast procedure -to help
eliminate the contrast medium from the body

The key component of pharmacokinetics. - absorption

The main purpose of using contrast agents in radiographic imaging - to visualize anatomical structures
more clearly
The primary therapeutic purpose of anticoagulant medications particularly in conditions such as atrial
fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis. - to prevent blood clot formation and reduce risk of thrombotic
events

A common side effect associated with iodine-based contrast agents, - allergic reactions

The imaging modality that primarily uses gadolinium-based contrast agent. - magnetic resonance
imaging

What is not one of the "Six Rights" of drug safety protocols that healthcare professionals must adhere to
when administering medications? - temperature

Pharmacodynamics primarily deals with -how drugs affect the body at the molecular level

The significance of the tourniquet test when choosing appropriate venous access for a contrast
procedure -it helps identify the optimal vein by assessing its elasticity and refill time.

The parameters that healthcare professionals measure as part of patient vital signs assessment - patient
body temperature

The situation that would warrant the use of contact precautions in addition to standard precautions -
caring for a patient with a known infectious skin condition

The most frequently considered as proper venipuncture site. - cubital and cephalic veins of arm

What is the consequence for warming intravenous contrast media to before administration? -
maintaining patient comfort and reducing the risk of adverse reactions

Referred to as effective half-life. - shorter than both physical and biological half-life

Referred to as the relationship of the total quantity of the radionuclide to the total quantity of the stable
isotope -specific activity

Type of detectors usually used as dose calibrators -ionization chambers

The purpose of a pulse height analyzer -keep electrical signal which resulted from scatter or background
from contributing to final image

In a 99m Tc Sulfur colloid scan, radiotracer a colloid shift is the abnormal biodistribution of a Eighteen-
fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (18FDG-PET) images will show in the body a map of -
glucose distribution.

What is boiled during preparation in nuclear medicine - sulfur colloid

What is not produced in a cyclotron? - indium 111

The condition that would best indicate a testicular scintigraphy procedure. -testicular torsion

What is the 'colloid shift in a nuclear medicine liver scanning? - increased uptake in spleen and bone
marrow relative to liver

The least likely metastatic malignancy that will be demonstrated as lesion or cold defect in a Tc-99m
MDP bone scintigraphy a photopenic -breast carcinoma

What Doppler technique is of key importance in the diagnosis of vascular stenosis? -spectral

The ultrasound display that is seen in splenomegaly? - increased echogenecity

Sonographically the condition that may be confused with "horseshoe" kidneys is -lymphadenopathy

What may best demonstrate hydronephrosis sonographically? -fluid-filled pelvo-calyceal collecting

system

The best way to decrease the radioactive dose to visitors if a post nuclear medicine procedure patient is
surveyed to emit 3 mR/hr at bedside -have the visitor sit or stand as far as possible from bedside

The scheduled periodic performance of linearity check for dose calibrator quality control in nuclear
medicine - quarterly

The photon interaction with matter that is most likely to occur with radiation therapy delivery via linear
accelerators, -compton effect

The important consideration when taking into account the contour of the patient in calculating an
isodose distribution -must be accurate because it has an effect on dose

The gross tumor volume as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Units - gross
palpable/visible/demonstrable tumor extent and location of malignant growth

What theory assumes that changes in DNA are induced by defects in parts of the cell? - epigenetic

Orthovoltage x-ray beams are generally more - penetrating than superficial beams

The concern for the critical structures in or near the treatment field during radiation therapy procedures
- organs at risk

The precaution undertaken to reduce the risks of ingestion of small fragments of cerrobend metal in a
block cutting room. - practice good hygiene: wash hands before eating, drinking, and smoking

What is not a purpose of quality assurance program in radiotherapy -ensure accurate delivery of
prescribed dose to the tumor

The pathology that is not seen on CT images - pleurisy

What controls the picture contrast in the control console of the CT scanner - window
The position in an ultrasound examination that shows the portal vein as a circular anechoic structure on
a sagittal scan - anterior of the inferior vena cava

The echo poor linear structure that is visualized anterior to the aorta above the level of the celiac artery
- crus of diaphragm

What is the least obstacle on the transmission of ultrasound -blood