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Numeracy Skills

numeracy skills

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19 views10 pages

Numeracy Skills

numeracy skills

Uploaded by

manenoisaiah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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APPLY A WIDE RANGE OF MATHEMATIC CALCULATIONS FOR WORK

Introduction
The learning outcome uses and estimate decimals, fractions, percentages, powers and roots to
calculate range of mathematical and problem solving in real life situations. It also entails
addition and subtraction of integers.
Definition of key terms
Fraction: A fraction is a number that represents part of the whole.
Decimal: A decimal is number whose whole number part and the fractional part are separated by
a decimal.
Percentages: A percentage is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.
Types of Fractions
A fraction is a numeric quantity which is expressed such that it is not a whole number. There are
three types of fractions

fraction. e.g. 4 7 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 4 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 7 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. The value


i. Proper fractions the numerator of the fraction is smaller than the denominator of the

of a proper fraction is always less than 1.

to as improper fraction. e.g. 11 6 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 11 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑖𝑔𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 6 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠


ii. Improper fractions. A fraction where numerator is larger than the denominator is referred

𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. The value of an improper fraction is always equal to or greater than 1.


iii. Mixed fractions comprise of a whole number and a fractional part. e.g. 3 1 3
(combination of a proper fraction and a whole number) the improper fractions can be
converted into mixed fractions and vice versa. An improper fraction is first a fraction
where top number (numerator) is greater than or equal to the bottom number, the
denominator
Steps involved in converting an improper fraction to proper fractions are;
 Divide the numerator by the denominator
 Write down the whole number answer
 Write down any remainder above the denominator.
Comparing fractions
Decimals
A decimal is a fraction which is expressed such that it has a denominator as a power of multiples
of ten and whose numerator is expressed by numbers placed to the right of a decimal point.
There are two types of Decimal
i. Terminating decimals: these are decimals which stop at a given number of decimal
places e.g. 0.7 (1decimal place), 0.85 (2 decimal place) and so on.
ii. Recurring/non terminating decimals: these are decimals which do not stop at a given
number of decimal place but which may have a repeating digit or repeating set of
digits after the decimal point e.g. (a) 0.33333333 … … . = 0. 3̇ (b)0.463463 … . . = 0.
4̇63̇ . Recurring decimals can also be converted in fractions.
Converting Recurring Decimals to Fractions

Percentages
This is simply a part of 100.
The meaning of the word percentage is per hundred. This is a way to represent parts of one
whole. In percent one whole is considered to be 100%. Percentages can be converted into
fractions and decimals or vice versa.
Working with percentages
Percentages are mentioned with regards to the base value, which is also known as whole or
reference value. The percentage amount is a portion of the base value.
Converting percentages to fractions.
Procedure:
i. Write down the percentage divided by 100,
ii. If the percentage is not a whole number, then multiply both top and bottom by 10 for
every number after a decimal point,
iii. Simplify.

as exponentials, indices or Logarithms e.g. 𝑎ᵐ where 𝑚 is the power.


Powers: These are numbers into which a given number is raised to. They are also referred to

Root: The root of a number 𝑦 is another number, which when multiplied by it gives itself a
given number of times equal to 𝑦.
1.5 Calculations performed with positive and negative number
Numbers below zero are called negative numbers. Numbers above zero are called positive
numbers. There are rules that are used when adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing
positive and negative numbers. A number line is used to help illustrate how to add and
subtract positive and negative numbers. When adding positive numbers, we count to the
right. When subtracting positive numbers, we count to the left. Using a number line to
illustrate 5 − 3=2.

Here we imagine of moving up and down a number line to get the answer. Starting from zero we
count up to5. Then subtract by moving six 6 steps to the left then subtract 4 to get -4.
Numbers are expressed as powers and roots are used in calculations Powers are used when we
want to multiply a number by itself repeatedly or we use powers (indices) to multiply a number
by itself. E.g. 8 × 8 × 8 × 8 is written as 8 4, 4 tells use the numbers of 8 (eights) to be multiplied
together. Here the index (power) is 4.
Square roots When 7 is squared we get 49. This means that 7 2 = 49. The reverse of this process
is called finding a square root. The square root of 49 is 7 which is written as √49=7. The square
root of a perfect square has two roots e.g. √64=±8. Generally, the square root of a member is a
number which when squared give the original number. NOTE: Negative numbers do not have
square roots.
Self-Assessment
2. USE AND APPLY RATIOS, RATES AND PROPORTIONS FOR WORK
Rate: a rate is the ratio between rated quantities in different units.
Ratio: ratio is the relationship between two numbers indicating how many times the first number
contains the second.
Proportion: this is a part share or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.
Ratio
A good way of comparing quantities is by use of a ratio. Suppose that in a youth club there are
60 boys and 25 girls. The ratio of boys to the number of girls is spoken as
’60 to 25’ and can be written as
60: 25 If you divide each part by 5, you get the simplified ratio. 12: 5
This means that for every 12 boys there are 5 girls.
NOTE: You can only compare quantities using ratios if each quantity is measured in the same
units.
Equivalent ratios and rates are simplified
No matter how a ration is written, it is important that it be simplified down to its simplest form
possible, just as with any fraction. This is done by finding the greatest common factor between
the numbers and dividing accordingly. With a ratio comparing 16 to 24, for example, you find
that both 16 and 24 can be divided by 8 which is the greatest common factor between the two
numbers. This simplifies this ratio into 2 to 3 by dividing each by 8.
Which is written as 2: 3 or 2 3 or 0.75
Note that a decimal is sometimes permissible, though less commonly used.
Graphs, charts or tables are constructed to represent ratios, rates and proportions
Rates, ratios and proportions can be represented on tables and graphs. The proportionality on a
graph means that as x increases, y increases and as x decreases, y decrease and the ratios
between them remains the same.
The outcome reviewed and checked.
The number of pupils in a class increases from 30 to 36. We say that increase is in the ratio 36:
30 = 6: 5
This means that the fraction

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