1 India Skills Report 2025

2 India Skills Report 2025

3 India Skills Report 2025
4 India Skills Report 2025
 GLOBAL TALENT MOBILITY: INDIA’S DECADE

INDIA SKILLS REPORT 2025

India Skills Report 2025
About the Team 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements 8
The Journey of India Skills Report 10
Foreword 12

Unveiling of India Skills Report 2025 202

Global Talent Mobility: Unlocking Indian Skills for the World 17
The Dynamics of Global Skills Mobility: India’s Decade 21
Global Skills Cartography 24
Key Drivers of Skills Mobility Across Top 10 Countries 59
Talent Demand Across Top 10 Countries 65
Mapping India’s Talent to the World’s Needs 71

Summary of Key Findings 75

Supply Story asdfghjkl

Talent Supply Side Study 78

Academia Speaks 92

India Hiring Intent Early Career Edition 2025 India Hiring

Talent Demand Side Study 95

2024 Hum
Partners Speak
Address from AICTE Chairperson 106
Address from AIU Secretary General 107
Address from CII 108

Our State Partners Our State

Additional Skill Acquisition Programme Kerala (ASAP Kerala) 110
Industrial Training Institute Gujarat (ITI Gujarat) 112
Andhra Pradesh Sector Skill Development Council (APSSDC) 114
Pioneering Skilling and Employability - Tripura 116

Appendix 117

Bibliography 120

5 India Skills Report 2025

ABOUT
THE TEAM
Wheebox - An ETS Company
Wheebox - An ETS company continues to lead the charge
in remote proctored assessments and is now a global
leader in online talent assessments. As we enter 2025,
Wheebox ETS remains at the forefront, with over 12 million
active users globally, conducting 17 million assessments
last year, of which 15 million were proctored. Our commit-
ment to building strategies for talent acquisition, retention,
and upskilling through standardized assessments is more
critical than ever, as businesses, educational institutions,
This year, CII’s skill development initiatives, impacting
and governments globally seek to navigate the demands
over 1.5 million youth annually, emphasize mobility across
of a borderless workforce.
sectors and geographies. Programs such as Multi-Skill In-
stitutes, Model Career Centres, and internationally recog-
The Global Employability Test (G.E.T) remains a vital tool
nized certifications are equipping India’s workforce with
for assessing the employability of final-year students and
the capabilities required to meet the demands of a glo-
postgraduates. Developed with continuous input from
balized economy. As the world enters an era of increased
academic and industry leaders, the G.E.T ensures that
talent movement and borderless workforces, CII is com-
India’s young professionals are equipped with the skills
mitted to ensuring that India is at the forefront of this shift,
needed to compete on a global scale. In line with this
building the next generation of globally competitive pro-
year’s theme, our focus is on fostering a globally mobile
fessionals.
talent pool, ready to seize international opportunities.

Through collaborations with Fortune 500 corporations All India Council for Technical
and small businesses alike, Wheebox ETS continues to
Education (AICTE) - Institutional
lead skill development initiatives that align India’s work-
force with international standards. Our partnerships with
Partner
central and state governments, along with our global alli- The All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
ances, ensure that the skill development landscape is fu- continues to be a vital player in the global education land-
ture-proofed for a globally mobile talent economy. scape, shaping the future of technical education in India.
AICTE’s mission to promote and harmonize technical ed-
The Confederation of Indian ucation across the nation has taken on new significance,
Industry (CII) - India Partner as India positions itself as a hub for globally competitive
talent.
As we transition into 2025, the Confederation of Indian In-
dustry (CII) has a renewed focus on global skills mobility. This year, AICTE focuses on cross-border educational
For over 130 years, CII has been a catalyst for Indian in collaboration, ensuring that Indian institutions are aligned
dustry’s transformation, ensuring that businesses remain with global standards. Initiatives such as international ex-
competitive, not just within India, but across international change programs and global certifications are empower-
borders. With a membership of 10,000 enterprises, includ- ing students to pursue opportunities abroad while con-
ing SMEs and multinational corporations, CII’s efforts are tributing to India’s growing influence in the global skills
now geared toward preparing Indian talent for global roles. market. AICTE remains committed to democratizing

6 India Skills Report 2025

access to high-quality technical education, ensuring that Skills Report 2025” highlights the shifting dynamics of
India’s youth are equipped with the skills necessary to employment, with an emphasis on preparing India’s work-
succeed globally. force for roles across industries worldwide. With pro-
grams targeting emerging technologies and globally rel-
Association of Indian Universities evant skills, ASAP Kerala ensures that the state’s talent
pool is aligned with global standards, helping Indian pro-
(AIU) - Research Partner
fessionals access international job markets.
The Association of Indian Universities (AIU) is playing a
pivotal role in fostering global academic collaboration and
Tripura - State Partner
equipping India’s talent economy for the seismic shifts in
global job markets. With a network of over 650 member The Tripura government is actively fostering skill develop-

universities across India, AIU’s efforts are now directed ment through programs aimed at youth empowerment in

toward increasing India’s academic footprint internation- sectors such as agriculture, handicrafts, and tourism. The

ally. Tripura Skill Development Mission, along with initiatives

like Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana
AIU’s focus is on building bridges between Indian institu- (DDU-GKY), plays a key role in improving employability in
tions and their counterparts globally, enabling knowledge rural areas. Private sector contributions, particularly from
exchange and joint research programs. AIU’s partnerships NGOs like Sankalp, further support these efforts by offer-
with international universities ensure that Indian degrees ing vocational training to marginalized communities.
are recognized worldwide, facilitating the mobility of stu-
dents and researchers. As India’s education system con- Gujarat - State Partner
tinues to evolve, AIU remains at the forefront of ensuring
As a prominent participant in national skilling initiatives,
that Indian talent is prepared for the global stage.
Gujarat has established a strong network of training
centers under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yoja-
Taggd - Knowledge Partner na (PMKVY) and state schemes under the Gujarat Skill
Taggd continues to redefine the talent acquisition land- Development mission (GSDM) Mukhyamantri Bhavishya
scape, with a mission to place 1 million individuals in Lakshi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (MBKVY) and Saksham (KVK
meaningful jobs by 2025. As the global job market be- 2.0) ,Local Institute for Vocational Education (LIVE) pro-
comes more fluid, Taggd’s ability to match talent with op- viding localized training, the state focuses on sectors like
portunities has never been more relevant. IT, hospitality, Drone technology, Media and Entertain-
ment, Manufacturing, Service and Banking & Finance etc.
Taggd’s platform, combining human expertise with da- Private partnerships, industries partners and government
ta-driven insights, is ensuring that Indian talent is ready training providers are pivotal in enhancing vocational
for global roles across sectors such as technology, training quality and addressing industry-specific needs.
healthcare, and finance. As the Knowledge Partner for
this year’s “India Skills Report,” Taggd provides unparal-
Andhra Pradesh - State Partner
leled insights into hiring trends and emerging job markets,
particularly as global companies increasingly look to India Andhra Pradesh is pioneering a first-of-its-kind initiative

for skilled professionals. In a world where skills mobili- in India with the launch of its Skill Census, aimed at en-

ty is key to economic success, Taggd is helping connect hancing the state’s workforce capabilities. Central to this

Indian talent with international opportunities, shaping the initiative is the NAIPUNYAM portal, an innovative end-to-

workforce of the future. end digital solution designed to streamline citizen servic-
es through three key features: assess, learn, and apply.
This comprehensive approach not only facilitates skill
Additional Skill Acquisition Program
assessment and training but also enables individuals to
(ASAP) Kerala - Skilling & State Partner effectively apply their skills in the job market. Addition-
The Additional Skill Acquisition Programme (ASAP) Kerala ally, Andhra Pradesh is implementing a cascading skill
continues to lead in skilling initiatives, as Kerala positions system that incorporates skill hubs, skill colleges, and
itself as a talent hub for global opportunities. As India em- skill spokes, creating a robust framework for skill devel-
braces the next decade of skills mobility, ASAP Kerala’s opment and vocational training. This initiative reflects the
focus on equipping youth with industry-relevant skills has state’s commitment to fostering a skilled workforce and
never been more crucial. promoting economic growth through targeted education
and training programs.
Wheebox’s collaboration with ASAP Kerala for the “India

7 India Skills Report 2025

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The India Skills Report 2025

Global Skills Mobility – India’s Decade marks a critical
step in understanding India’s potential to lead the global
talent landscape. This edition captures a comprehensive
assessment of India’s growing role in international talent
mobility, backed by data from over 6.5 lakh candidates
who participated in the Global Employability Test (G.E.T.)
across India and select regions of the globe, alongside
insights from over 1000 corporations across 15 diverse in-
dustries through the Early Career Edition of the India Hir-
ing Intent Survey 2025. preparing students for global opportunities in engineer-
ing, manufacturing, and digital sectors. We also extend
As global demand for talent continues to rise, transcending our sincere thanks to the Association of Indian Univer-
borders and sectors, the theme of this year’s India Skills sities (AIU) for fostering international collaborations that
Report, “Global Skills Mobility - India’s Decade,” highlights provide Indian students with globally recognized creden-
how India is uniquely positioned to meet the world’s work- tials, further strengthening India’s position in the global
force needs. With a deep dive into global skills mobility, talent market.
candidate preferences, emerging job opportunities, and
future skilling requirements, this report examines how In- We also acknowledge the outstanding contributions of
dia can fill the global skills gap. By assessing data from ASAP Kerala for their skill development programs, which
key regions in India and across the globe, the report aims have equipped thousands of young Indians with indus-
to provide insights into the dynamic shifts in job opportu- try-relevant skills, making them sought-after profession-
nities, skills and talent. als in global industries. We express immense gratitude to
the State Governments of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tri-
We are grateful for the contribution of our esteemed pura and Kerala for their invaluable support in partnering
knowledge partner, Taggd, who’s hiring forecasts have with our shared mission of nurturing the talent landscape
provided valuable insights into the evolving job landscape of India.
and emerging competencies shaping global employment
trends. We extend our gratitude to the Confederation of Finally, we extend our heartfelt thanks to the educational
Indian Industry (CII) for their continued support of the institutions, businesses, state and central governments,
G.E.T. and the India Hiring Intent Survey 2025. Their com- and industry leaders who have contributed to the success
mitment to skill development initiatives has been instru- of this report. Your support has allowed us to explore
mental in bridging the gap between industry needs and the evolving global talent ecosystem and India’s critical
India’s vast talent pool. role within it. As we examine the global skills mobility
landscape, we are excited to highlight India’s emerging
A special acknowledgement is owed to the All India Coun- leadership in sectors like cloud computing, cybersecu-
cil for Technical Education (AICTE) for its tireless efforts rity, renewable energy, biotechnology, and healthcare.
in enhancing technical education across the country. This year’s report provides readers with evidence of the
AICTE’s initiatives, particularly in onboarding institutions far-reaching transformations at the roots of India’s job
from key states such as Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Ker- market, industry, academia, and public infrastructure.
ala, have expanded India’s skill-building framework,

8 India Skills Report 2025

The India Skills Report 2025 offers an in-depth analysis We expect that this report will inspire industry leaders,
of India’s talent landscape, within the global skills mobil- policymakers, and academic institutions to harness the
ity context, identifying key technical and non-technical opportunities presented by global skills mobility, ensur-
skills in demand globally. By understanding the economic ing that India remains at the forefront of the world’s tal-
trends, industrial shifts, and academic efforts driving this ent economy. Thank you for your continued support and
transformation, readers will gain critical insights into how commitment to shaping the future of employment and
India can continue to strengthen its position as a global employability in India and the world.
talent hub.

9 India Skills Report 2025

THE JOURNEY OF
INDIA SKILLS
REPORT

The India Skills Report 2025: Global Talent Mobility – In-

dia’s Decade marks a transformative moment in recogniz-
ing India’s potential as a global talent leader. This 12th edi-
tion provides a comprehensive analysis of India’s growing
influence in global talent mobility, based on data from
over 6.5 lakh candidates who participated in the Global
Employability Test (G.E.T.) across India and select re-
gions globally. Complementing this are insights from over
1,000 corporations spanning 15 diverse industries, gath-
ered through the Early Career Edition of the India Hiring
Intent Survey 2025.
The 2025 edition comes at a pivotal time, as econom-
ic realignments, technological innovations, and shifting
A Transformative Journey: Insights, workforce dynamics drive the global demand for agile and
Trends, and Transformation skilled talent. The report spotlights how India’s youthful,
Since its inception, the India Skills Report has evolved educated workforce is not only capable of bridging global
as a critical resource for academia, policymakers, and skill gaps but is poised to lead in transformative industries
industries, offering a data-driven lens on employability like AI, digital transformation, renewable energy, and
trends and workforce readiness. Now in its 12th year, the healthcare.
report’s theme, Global Talent Mobility – India’s Decade,
It further explores how regions such as the Gulf Nations,
underscores India’s readiness to meet global demands for
Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, and Europe, grappling
skilled professionals in a borderless world. The report also
with aging populations and skill shortages, can benefit
provides actionable insights to align the educational eco-
from India’s expertise. This year’s findings emphasize
system and industry practices with evolving global op-
the critical role of AI, automation, and digital innovation
portunities, while addressing challenges in talent mobility
in reshaping the future of work, with India’s talent pool
and workforce adaptability. Last year’s report centered on
uniquely positioned to thrive.
“Bridging the Talent Gap in India with AI.” This year, the
India Skills Report expands its scope to the global stage,
with a sharp focus on global talent mobility across key
The Emergence of a Global
regions. It explores how the influx of talent into emerging Workforce
job roles, new markets, and evolving industry practices is The global labor market is evolving rapidly due to eco-
reshaping the global talent landscape. The report delves nomic diversification, sustainability demands, and tech-
into India’s position in this dynamic scenario, analyzing nological progress. Countries across the Gulf, Southeast
talent demand and supply trends while mapping the glob- Asia, Africa, Australia, and Europe face acute shortages
al skills cartography across key target regions, highlight- of skilled professionals in high-demand sectors like tech-
ing opportunities for India to thrive in an interconnected nology, healthcare, finance, and green energy. India’s
world. vast and evolving talent pool in fields like IT, engineer-
ing, healthcare, and emerging domains like AI and digi-
A Transformative Journey: Insights, tal commerce, provides a timely and strategic solution to
Trends, and Transformation these challenges.

10 India Skills Report 2025

• Gulf Nations are diversifying their economies through By 2025, over 50% of India’s secondary and tertiary stu-
initiatives like Saudi Vision 2030, creating high demand dents are expected to gain vocational training, aligning
for technology, healthcare, and energy professionals. with global industry standards.

• Southeast Asia sees a booming digital economy, with

countries like Indonesia and the Philippines seeking ex-
pertise in IT, e-commerce, and manufacturing.

• Africa faces youth unemployment challenges, but sec-

tors like telecommunications, financial services, and re-
newable energy offer opportunities for Indian talent.

• Australia is driving initiatives in healthcare and renewa-

ble energy, relying heavily on international professionals.

• Europe’s aging population and green economy goals are

creating demand for workforce transformation in digital
technologies and sustainability.

In this year’s report, we delve into various factors influ-

encing global skills mobility, dissecting job market trends
across these regions and identifying key industries driv-
ing the demand for talent across borders. The report also
highlights India’s tech-savvy youth, positioned to take ad-
vantage of global job markets in the coming years.

Sectoral Focus: India’s High-Growth

Areas
The report highlights sectors driving India’s economic and
employment growth:

• Information Technology: Leading advancements in AI,

ML, cloud computing, and cybersecurity.

• Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals: Driving roles in biotech-

nology and healthcare analytics.

• Renewable Energy: Supporting sustainability goals with

expertise in solar energy and environmental management.

• E-commerce & Digital Economy: Expanding digital mar-

keting and data-driven operations.

• Manufacturing & Infrastructure: Leveraging Industry

4.0 for robotics and automation.

• FinTech and EdTech: Pioneering in blockchain, cyber-

security, and digital learning innovations.

As technology takes center stage, India is strategically

aligned to meet the rising global demand for AI and au-
tomation-driven skills. Government initiatives like the
Skill India Mission, National Education Policy (NEP), and
Digital India, alongside private sector investments, have
made India’s talent highly employable on a global scale.

11 India Skills Report 2025

FOREWORD

India at the Threshold of Transfor-

mation: A Skilled Workforce for a
Global Future
A skilled workforce is the cornerstone of industrial growth
and economic prosperity. Globally, industries are grap-
pling with an ever-widening talent gap, as the shortage
of skilled professionals continues to impede business
expansion, curtail economic development, and constrain
individual potential. This challenge transcends borders,
highlighting the urgent need for innovative and targeted
approaches to skill development.
Mr. Aditya Ghosh
The rapid advancement of technologies such as artificial Chairman, CII National Committee on Skill
Development & Livelihood | Co-Founder, Akasa
intelligence, automation, and digitalization is reshaping in-
Airlines | Founder, Homage & Chairperson,
dustries worldwide. Projections indicate that nearly 25%
Social Enterprise Central of SEWA
of all jobs will undergo significant changes within the next
five years, necessitating a workforce equipped with ad-
aptable, future-ready skills.
India’s demographic dividend, with 10–12 million youth en-
A recent global skill gap study conducted by CII, which tering the workforce annually, is a beacon of hope. This
covered 23 countries, revealed an alarming shortfall of youthful energy, coupled with strategic skill development,
83 million workers, underlining the scale of the challenge. positions India as not just a driver of its own economic
Closing this gap could inject an extraordinary $11.5 trillion growth but also a pivotal contributor to the global work-
into the global GDP by 2028. force.

Skill development initiatives have become an imperative, India’s vast pool of talent, characterized by its creativi-
rather than a choice, as they hold the key to unlocking ty, resilience, and diverse skillsets, serves as a powerful
new opportunities, and are crucial for ensuring compet- engine for progress and global mobility. To unlock its full
itiveness, fostering innovation, and driving sustainable potential, India must reinvent the skill training ecosystem,
growth in the future. fostering a workforce that is multi-skilled, globally agile,
and deployment-ready.
Skill development initiatives, therefore, are no longer op-
tional; they are imperative. These initiatives hold the key The India Skills Report 2025: Global Talent Mobility – In-
to unlocking new opportunities, enhancing global com- dia’s Decade arrives at this critical juncture. Now in its
petitiveness, fostering innovation, and driving sustainable 12th edition, the report outlines a visionary roadmap for
growth. Moreover, with regions like Europe, Japan, and leveraging India’s immense talent pool. It emphasizes col-
South Korea experiencing aging populations, India stands lective action among stakeholders to navigate a rapidly
in a unique position. evolving job market and capitalize on emerging opportu-
nities.
India is on a rapid trajectory toward becoming a global
economic and industrial leader. However, the country’s India’s moment is here. By investing strategically in skill
ability to achieve its ambitious goal of a $7 trillion econo- development, the nation can chart a transformative path
my by 2030 hinges on its capacity to develop and sustain toward global leadership, innovation, and impact, solidify-
a future-ready, highly skilled talent pool that meets the ing its position as the world’s hub for skilled talent.
demands of an evolving global economy.

12 India Skills Report 2025

 U N V E I L I N G THE 12TH EDITION OF

INDIA SKILLS REPORT

GLOBAL TALENT MOBILITY – INDIA’S DECADE

13 India Skills Report 2025

14 India Skills Report 2025
 Domain Wise Employability

States with Highest Employability

15 India Skills Report 2025

 Men vs Women Employability

16 India Skills Report 2025

GLOBAL TALENT MOBILITY
UNLOCKING INDIAN
SKILLS FOR THE
WORLD

India’s Talent Mobility – India’s

Decade
The 12th edition of the India Skills Report, themed “Global
Talent Mobility – India’s Decade,” arrives at a pivotal mo-
ment as India cements its position as a global talent hub.
With over 65% of its workforce under the age of 35, India
is uniquely positioned to capitalize on economic shifts,
evolving workforce expectations, and rapid technological
advancements shaping today’s global economy. The re-
port delves into how India’s skilled and adaptable profes- Mr. Nirmal Singh
sionals are driving the next era of global growth, meeting Chief Convenor of India Skills Report,
the rising demand for talent across regions like the Gulf CEO, Wheebox | An ETS Company
Nations, Southeast Asia, Africa, Europe, and Australia, all
of which face critical skill shortages. For instance, Europe
is projected to need more than 2 million technology pro- reserves, and drives domestic economic growth through
fessionals by 2030, while the Gulf Cooperation Council increased consumer spending, investment, and entrepre-
(GCC) nations are witnessing accelerated demand in con- neurship.
struction, healthcare, and IT.
Moreover, the rise of digital nomadism and hybrid work
India’s workforce is not only abundant but also increasing- models has unlocked unprecedented opportunities for
ly aligned with the evolving demands of the global econo- Indian talent to contribute globally without geographical
my. According to the report, over 50% of Indian graduates constraints. The report underscores how cross-border
are now employable, a significant increase from 33% a talent mobility could add USD 500 billion to the glob-
decade ago. This 17% increase over a decade reflects al economy by 2030, with India playing a central role in
India’s commitment to building a future-ready workforce bridging these gaps.
capable of meeting the needs of a rapidly evolving global
economy. This shift is further amplified by India’s focus As India embraces this transformative decade, Glob-
on emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), al Talent Mobility emerges not just as a theme but as a
cloud computing, and automation, reshaping traditional clarion call for businesses, policymakers, and educators
job roles and creating new opportunities. to harness the full potential of the nation’s demographic
dividend. The collective impact of India’s skilled profes-
Beyond addressing global skill shortages, India’s skilled sionals—both at home and abroad—will shape not only
workforce plays a vital role in its economy through foreign the country’s GDP growth but also the trajectory of the
income transfers. In 2022, India retained its position as global talent economy.
the world’s largest recipient of such transfers, receiving
$111 billion, according to the World Bank. By 2030, this The Dawn of A Borderless Workforce
figure is projected to surpass USD 150 billion, with much
The global labor market is undergoing a profound trans-
of it fueled by a growing population of skilled profession-
formation driven by economic diversification, geopolitical
als working abroad. This influx of foreign currency bol-
shifts, and the urgent need for sustainable development.
sters India’s GDP strengthens its foreign exchange
These forces are breaking traditional barriers and

17 India Skills Report 2025

making skills mobility more crucial than ever. Across the digitally skilled professionals, and manufacturing is
Gulf Nations, Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Aus- expanding in green technologies and automation, creat-
tralia, the demand for skilled professionals in technology, ing opportunities for engineers and sustainability experts.
healthcare, renewable energy, finance, construction, and
manufacturing is reshaping workforce trends—and India The Gulf Nations, driven by Vision 2030, are experi-

stands out as a pivotal player. encing rapid growth, with sectors like construction, fi-
nance, healthcare, IT, and manufacturing seeing a
significant demand for skilled professionals. The con-
struction market, valued at USD 1.4 trillion, is fueled by
megaprojects such as Saudi Arabia’s NEOM city, while
healthcare spending is set to reach USD 243 billion by
2030, creating demand for medical experts. With USD
50 billion in financial sector contributions and 340,000
IT jobs projected by 2030, the Gulf is emerging as a key
hub for talent in finance, technology, and engineering.

Africa, with a youth unemployment rate surpassing 60%

in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, is investing heavily
in vocational training and education to address work-
force gaps in agriculture, infrastructure, and fintech.
The continent’s growing USD 115 billion agritech and fin-
tech markets are driving demand for skilled workers, with
Indian experts playing a key role in facilitating knowledge
sharing and driving innovation. As Africa’s workforce
evolves, partnerships with Indian professionals in sectors
like agritech, IT, and infrastructure are crucial to bridging
skills gaps and unlocking economic potential.

Preparing India’s Talent for the

AI-led Economic Renaissance
India is strategically positioning itself for a global talent
revolution, with key initiatives like the National Education
Policy (NEP), Skill India Mission, and Digital India driving
its commitment to vocational training and skill develop-
ment. By 2025, over 50% of India’s secondary and ter-
tiary students will have access to vocational training, en-
suring they are aligned with global industry standards. As
With a vast and diverse talent pool, India has emerged
sectors like AI, cybersecurity, data science, and e-com-
as a global leader in sectors like IT, engineering, and
merce transform industries worldwide, India’s emphasis
healthcare, while rapidly growing expertise in green
on digital readiness ensures its workforce can seamless-
energy, artificial intelligence (AI), and robotics. For in-
ly integrate into the interconnected job market.
stance, India’s IT industry, valued at USD 245 bil-
lion in 2023, has been at the forefront of provid-
India’s economic trajectory continues to impress, with a
ing talent for digital transformation across the world.
projected growth rate of 7.8% for FY 2024-25, creating an
environment ripe for innovation and talent development.
Europe is facing an aging population and skill shortages
Key sectors such as the IT industry—set to hit USD 350
across critical sectors, driving demand for international
billion by 2025—are at the forefront, alongside thriving
talent. The construction sector, valued at USD 2.5 tril-
industries in healthcare, renewable energy, and e-com-
lion, requires engineers and planners for housing and
merce, each contributing to a dynamic, future-ready
infrastructure projects, while the financial sector needs
workforce. As India gears up to lead in these areas, its
400,000 professionals by 2030 for fintech and green fi-
skilled professionals are poised to meet the demands of a
nance roles. Additionally, Europe’s healthcare sector faces
rapidly evolving global economy.
a 1.6 million-worker deficit, its IT industry needs 20 million

18 India Skills Report 2025

The Power of AI and Automation in of an increasingly interconnected global economy. In-
dustry partnerships with academic institutions allow
Skills Mobility for the development of curriculum aligned with mar-
At the core of India’s transformative decade is the AI rev- ket needs, ensuring graduates are equipped with rele-
olution, reshaping how individuals learn, work, and con- vant, cutting-edge skills. Government initiatives, such as
nect in a globalized economy. With the global AI market Skill India, act as a catalyst by facilitating industry-aca-
projected to reach a staggering USD 190 billion by 2025, demia collaborations that bridge the gap between edu-
the demand for expertise in machine learning, data sci- cation and employment. Moreover, collaborations be-
ence, AI, and digital solutions is surging, creating vast tween academic institutions—both within India and
opportunities for countries like India. globally—enhance research innovation and knowledge
exchange, enabling students and researchers to con-
India is strategically positioned to meet this demand, with
tribute to global challenges in fields like AI, renewable
over 416,000 AI-ready professionals in 2023—a figure ex-
energy, and healthcare. By aligning the expertise and
pected to grow to 1 million by 2026, reflecting the coun-
resources of industry, academia, and government, India
try’s burgeoning tech talent pool. Leveraging AI-powered
is building a robust, future-ready workforce, capable of
learning platforms, edtech innovations, and online skilling
driving economic growth and global competitiveness.
programs, Indian professionals are actively upskilling in
emerging technologies, ensuring they are equipped for
an increasingly AI-driven workforce. This commitment to India’s Strategic Opportunity: A
continuous learning positions India as a global leader in Confluence of Demand, Skills, and
the fast-evolving tech landscape, ready to power the fu-
ture of work.
Mobility
India’s skilled workforce is uniquely positioned to address
Fostering a Future-Ready Work- the growing global demand for professionals in fields
force Through Strategic Partner- like IT, healthcare, and engineering, especially in regions
facing aging populations and labor shortages, including
ships
Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Middle East. With Europe’s
India’s future-ready workforce is being shaped by stra- healthcare workforce projected to face a 1.6 million short-
tegic collaborations between organizations like Whee- age by 2030, India’s medical professionals, along with its
box, CII, AICTE, Taggd, and ASAP Kerala, aligning skill burgeoning IT sector—set to reach USD 350 billion by
development efforts with global industry demands. Pro- 2025—are stepping in to fill the gap. Emerging markets in
grams such as Wheebox’s Global Employability Test Southeast Asia and Africa also benefit from India’s deep
(GET) and Taggd’s talent insights provide critical data expertise in software development, digital marketing, and
on hiring trends, skill gaps, and emerging competencies, fintech, supporting the USD 115 billion fintech boom in Af-
helping bridge the gap between education and employ- rica and Southeast Asia’s drive to build digital economies.
ment. CII’s skill development initiatives now impact over
1.5 million youth annually, ensuring that India’s work-
force is equipped to thrive in a globalized economy.

In parallel, AICTE’s focus on international educational

collaboration and ASAP Kerala’s industry-aligned skill-
ing programs ensure that India’s youth are prepared
for global opportunities, while state initiatives in Gu-
jarat, Tripura, and Andhra Pradesh are breaking new
ground in delivering critical skills and resources. With
India’s youth population—the largest in the world at over
600 million under the age of 25—this thriving skilling
ecosystem will empower India to play a dominant role
in global trade, economy, jobs, and international policy.

Collaboration across industries and between aca-

demia, government, and industry is crucial for fos-
tering a workforce ready to meet the challenges

19 India Skills Report 2025

India’s role in these regions reflects a strategic skills de- force, with industries like IT, healthcare, and green
velopment approach, positioning its workforce as a criti- energy benefiting from India’s growing talent pool.
cal asset in a rapidly globalizing economy. This movement
is further supported by government initiatives that ease The findings of this year’s report highlight the power of

emigration barriers, align certifications with international India’s talent on the global stage, emphasizing that Indi-

standards, and safeguard the interests of Indian migrant an professionals are increasingly sought after for their

workers, ensuring they have the support needed to suc- skills in AI, cybersecurity, engineering, and renewable

ceed on the global stage. With over 600 million youth energy. This transformative decade offers a unique op-

under 25, India is leveraging its demographic advantage portunity for policymakers, educators, and industry lead-

to strengthen its position as a global talent hub, ready to ers to collaborate in shaping a workforce that is glob-

meet the evolving needs of the international job market. ally mobile and future-ready. Let us seize this moment
to build a future where India’s skills know no borders,
fostering a world that is inclusive, innovative, and inter-
A Vision for Inclusive Growth and
connected. With India’s youth—over 600 million under
Global Impact the age of 25—at the heart of this movement, we are on
As economies become increasingly interconnected, di- the verge of a new era of global workforce leadership.
versity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) are no longer optional
but essential for a thriving global workforce. India is at the
forefront of this transformation, with Indian organizations
leading by example in fostering inclusive workplace cul-
tures that embrace diversity. With remote work demand
soaring globally, India is emerging as a hub for flexible
work arrangements, aligning with global DEI expectations
while promoting inclusive growth. In fact, India is project-
ed to have over 30 million remote workers by 2025, a tes-
tament to its growing role in the global workforce.

Digital platforms and edtech solutions are democratizing

access to education and skilling, enabling Indian profes-
sionals to engage in the global economy without relocat-
ing. India’s gig economy, which is expected to reach USD
455 billion by 2023, and its booming startup ecosystem—
which saw 7,000+ startups in 2023—are reshaping the
workforce landscape, offering flexibility and opportunities
for continuous learning. This dynamic environment allows
Indian talent to thrive globally, bringing innovation and
skills to industries ranging from technology to sustaina-
bility, and empowering individuals to shape the future of
work on their own terms.

Embracing the Decade of Talent

Mobility
The India Skills Report 2025 is not just a snapshot of
employability metrics; it’s a strategic roadmap for India’s
dominance in the global talent market. As India contin-
ues its rise as a global talent powerhouse, this report
envisions a future where Indian professionals are not
just participants, but leaders driving innovation, sus-
tainable development, and contributing to a resilient
global economy. By 2025, India’s workforce is expect-
ed to account for over 40% of the global skilled work

20 India Skills Report 2025

 T H E DY N A M I C S O F
GLOBAL TALENT MOBILITY FOR 2030
21 India Skills Report 2025
INDIA’S
YOUNG TALENT
India’s large, youthful, and increasingly skilled workforce
positions the country as a pivotal player in the global tal-
ent ecosystem. With a median age of 32, the employabili-
ty of India’s talent is also on the rise, successively emerg-
ing as a top destination for recruiters across industries. As
countries worldwide grapple with labor shortages, tech-
nological disruption, and evolving workplace demands,
India has the opportunity to solidify its role as a leading
exporter of talent and a hub for innovation. By continuing
to invest in education, technology, and workforce devel-
opment, India can harness the full potential of its human
India’s Growing Role in Meeting
capital, address critical global skill shortages, and play a
central role in shaping the future of work.
Global Skilled Workforce Demands
India is a leading source of global talent, especially in
technology and healthcare, with a 60% increase in job
searches from abroad to India since June 2021, driv-
en primarily by the technology, engineering, and digital
services sectors. The country’s strong economic growth,
projected by the International Monetary Fund at 7% for FY
2024-25, is boosting employment opportunities across
sectors. The IT industry, which contributed 7.4% to India’s
GDP in FY2022, is expected to reach 10% by 2025. Addi-
tionally, more than half of secondary and tertiary students
are anticipated to engage in vocational training by 2025,
ensuring a steady supply of skilled professionals ready to
meet global demand.

Reinvigorating India’s Dynamic

Talent Ecosystem
India’s focus on skill development and education ensures
that its workforce remains competitive and ready to meet
global demands The government’s focus on driving wide-
spread skilling programs, in technical and industrial ex-
pertise is instrumental in this journey. Entities like the CII
and AICTE have successfully driven widespread industry
standard skilling initiatives to prepare India’s talent with
the technical skills in-demand. By leveraging its strengths
in technology, engineering, healthcare, and other key
sectors, India can effectively address labor shortages in

22 India Skills Report 2025

diverse regions. The strategic migration of Indian talent
High-Growth Areas: Industry Spot-
not only helps other countries overcome their skill gaps
but also fosters international collaborations and innova-
light for India in 2025
tion. As India moves towards a more technologically advanced
and sustainable economy, several sectors stand out
Moreover, India’s proactive approach in vocational train- for their growth potential and ability to drive job crea-
ing and higher education aligns with global market needs, tion through 2025 and beyond. Key areas like Informa-
ensuring that its professionals are well-equipped with tion Technology (IT), Renewable Energy, Healthcare and
the necessary skills. By the Government of India partner- Pharmaceuticals, and E-commerce and Digital Economy
ing with every state across the nation to build a robust are expected to lead the job market, presenting promis-
skilling ecosystem over the past, the rise of India’s talent ing opportunities for both new graduates and experienced
is strategically positioned to meet the evolving industry professionals.
needs. Generating prospective future-ready candidates
to quench the global talent demand across industries and
specializations, there is also a heavy focus on expanding A Confluence of Opportunity
the manufacturing and trade sectors to capitalize on an and Talent
increasingly borderless world. This alignment enhances
Across these regions, a common thread emerges: a re-
job prospects for Indian talent globally and strengthens
lentless pursuit of growth and innovation, underpinned by
India’s position as a key player in the international job
a demand for specialized skills. Industries like technology,
market.
healthcare, renewable energy, and e-commerce are not
just thriving—they’re reshaping economies.
India’s vast talent pool can significantly address skill
shortages in numerous countries across different regions.
For India, this global landscape presents a unique oppor-
While our primary focus in this year’s India Skills Report
tunity. With a deep reservoir of skilled professionals, India
2025 is on the dynamic regions of the Gulf Nations, South-
is poised to meet this surging demand. The synergy be-
east Asia, Africa, Australia, and Europe, we also keep a
tween India’s talent pool and the needs of these dynamic
vigilant eye on emerging economies and talent demands
regions creates a confluence of opportunity, promising
across other parts of the world. Our narrowed focus on
mutual growth and prosperity.
the target regions is intentional, driven by factors such as
skill alignment, economic shifts, emerging opportunities, As we ride the wave of economic disruptions, it’s clear
ease of migration, geopolitical alliances, and familiarity that the global job market is not merely recovering—it’s
among Indian youth. evolving. The demand for talent is not confined by bor-
ders; it’s a global call to action. For professionals ready to
These countries actively are seeking skilled profession-
seize these opportunities, the future isn’t just bright—it’s
als to drive growth in key industries. Indian professionals,
here.
renowned for their expertise in technology, engineering,
healthcare, and finance, are finding unprecedented op-
portunities worldwide.

Work policies are becoming more favorable, immigra-

tion processes are being streamlined, and sectors are
expanding due to technological advancements and eco-
nomic diversification. From the Gulf Nations to Southeast
Asia, Africa, Australia, and Europe, the demand for
Indian talent is surging.

These trends not only offer promising career prospects

for Indian professionals but also contribute significantly
to the economies of the host countries. The convergence
of industry growth, technology adoption, and supportive
work policies is creating a fertile ground for global skills
mobility, positioning Indian professionals at the forefront
of this global movement.

23 India Skills Report 2025

 GLOBAL SKILLS CARTOGRAPHY

24 India Skills Report 2025

IN-DEMAND
SKILLS
By analyzing the fastest-growing skills globally and re-
gionally, India can strategically focus on sectors like
E-Commerce, Customer Success, cybersecurity, and ad-
vanced data analytics to enhance its competitive edge.
With a strong tech talent pool, India has the opportunity to
lead in fields like AI, cybersecurity, and web development,
positioning itself as a global hub for talent and innovation.
Moreover, investing in upskilling programs in Power BI,
Tableau, and React, among other key technologies, can
prepare its workforce to meet the growing global demand
for these competencies.
For India, understanding and investing in these high-de-

Synergy of Tech & Human Skills: A mand skills is essential not only to satisfy domestic in-
dustry needs but also to establish itself as a global leader
Snapshot in talent mobility. With its robust tech-savvy workforce,
Key skill categories—like Data Science and Analytics, AI India can significantly contribute to meeting these global
and Automation, Cloud Computing, and Cybersecurity— demands, enhancing both its economic growth and inter-
are reshaping how businesses operate and thrive. For in- national competitiveness. This section delves deeper into
stance: the growth of industry, demand for skills, and economic
changes, analyzing how India’s workforce can align to fill
Generative AI Modeling is emerging as a game-changing
skill gaps and address the needs of high-priority regions
tool across industries, unlocking creativity and automa-
like South Africa, Gulf nations (Saudi Arabia, Oman, UAE,
tion.
Qatar, Kuwait), and Southeast Asia (Philippines, Malaysia,
Indonesia).
Cloud Computing is not only a cornerstone for business
scalability but a burgeoning market set to grow to nearly
$2.5 trillion by 2030.

Cybersecurity has transitioned from being a specialized

need to a universal imperative in today’s digital-first world.

These skills have been on the rise, and paired with en-
during human-centric abilities like customer service,
empathy, communication, ethics, and cognitive skills
demonstrate how technology and human interaction will
continue to coexist and complement one another.

Meanwhile, tech skills focusing on cybersecurity, React

web frameworks, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are cru-
cial as digital infrastructure and interconnected systems
continue to expand.

25 India Skills Report 2025

26 India Skills Report 2025
UNITED ARAB
EMIRATES (UAE)

Job Market Overview

Economic Diversification: The UAE is actively diversify-
ing its economy away from oil dependency towards sec-
tors such as finance, technology, and tourism, creating
new job opportunities.

Growing Workforce: The workforce is increasingly com-

posed of expatriates, particularly skilled workers from In-
dia and other countries, contributing significantly to vari-
ous industries.

Technological Integration: Rapid advancements in tech- various industries.

nology are reshaping industries and leading to increased
Technological Advancements: Automation and AI are
demand for tech-savvy professionals.
transforming sectors such as finance, healthcare, and
tourism, leading to new job roles that require advanced
Employment Trends skills.
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector continues to
expand, with approximately 80% of employment in formal Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in oil prices
jobs due to government initiatives aimed at economic di- and global economic trends can impact job creation and
versification. demand for skilled workers.

Informal Sector Presence: While the informal sector ex- In-Demand Industries and
ists, it is less significant compared to formal employment;
efforts are underway to formalize more jobs.
Occupations
Analysis of Industries Experiencing
Urbanization: Major cities like Dubai and Abu Dhabi are
experiencing rapid growth, with more job opportunities Growth
emerging in various sectors. Finance: The financial services sector is expanding rap-
idly due to fintech innovations; projected growth rate is
Youth Employment Challenges: Youth unemployment re-
about 6%
mains a concern, with rates around 11%, highlighting the
need for targeted skill development programs. Technology: The tech sector is booming with a project-
ed growth rate of 8%, focusing on AI, cybersecurity, and
Influencing Factors of software development.

Employment Outlook Healthcare: Expected to grow significantly due to in-

Economic Growth Rates: The UAE’s GDP growth rate is creased investment; projected market size could reach
projected at around 3.5% in 2024, driven by diversifica- approximately USD 50 billion by 2025.
tion efforts and increased investment in non-oil sectors.
Tourism & Hospitality: With major events like Expo 2020
Government Policies: Initiatives like the UAE Vision 2021 (Dubai) and ongoing tourism initiatives, the UAE hospital-
emphasize job creation and skill development across ity market is expected to reach USD 50.57 billion in 2024

27 India Skills Report 2025

and grow at a CAGR of 5.46% to reach USD 65.96 billion
by 2029., creating jobs in management and customer ser-
vice.

Construction: Driven by infrastructure projects across

the region; expected growth of around 4% annually.

Skills in Demand for Jobs Required

Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber-
Analysis of Occupations security protocols.
Experiencing Growth
Soft Skills: Communication skills, teamwork abilities,
Software Engineers: High demand for software engi-
problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability are in-
neers specializing in cloud computing and cybersecurity;
creasingly valued by employers.
salaries can exceed USD 54,450 annually.

Data Scientists/Analysts: Increasing reliance on data an- Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge related to specific in-
alytics across sectors; demand for data professionals is dustries such as healthcare regulations or financial com-
growing rapidly. pliance standards.

Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors,

nurses, and allied health professionals due to population Government Policies and
growth and healthcare reforms. Prerequisites
UAE Vision 2021: Aims to create a competitive knowledge
Financial Analysts: Strong demand in banking and fintech
economy by enhancing education and training programs;
sectors as the region embraces digital finance solutions.
emphasizes innovation and entrepreneurship while aim-
ing for sustainable economic growth.
Average Salaries
Oil & Gas Sector: Competitive salaries for engineers; av- National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031: Focus-
erage salaries range from USD 32,700 to USD 68,450 de- es on positioning the UAE as a global leader in AI adoption
pending on experience. across various sectors.

Technology Sector: Software developers earn between

Challenges for Job Seekers
USD 51,293 to USD 114,000 annually based on special-
Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
ization.
jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
earn upwards of USD 109,450 per year. able locally.

Tourism & Hospitality: Salaries range from USD 16,350 Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated
for entry-level positions to USD 49,050 for managerial in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
roles. rates due to limited opportunities.

28 India Skills Report 2025

OMAN

Job Market Overview

Economic Diversification: Oman is actively diversifying
its economy away from oil dependency towards sectors
such as tourism, renewable energy, and technology. This
shift is creating new job opportunities across various in-
dustries.

Growing Workforce: The workforce increasingly com-

prises expatriates, particularly skilled workers from India
and other countries, contributing significantly to various
sectors. growth rates of around 4.5% in 2024, driven by diversifica-
Technological Integration: Rapid advancements in tech- tion efforts and increased investment in non-oil sectors.
nology are reshaping industries, leading to increased de-
Government Policies: Initiatives like the Tanfeedh Pro-
mand for tech-savvy professionals.
gram emphasize job creation and skill development
across various industries.
Employment Trends
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector is expanding Technological Advancements: Automation and AI are
due to government initiatives aimed at economic diversi- beginning to transform sectors such as oil & gas, health-
fication. The Omani government has introduced policies care, and finance, leading to new job roles that require
to promote local employment while allowing skilled expa- advanced skills.
triates in critical sectors.
Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in oil prices
Informal Sector Presence: The informal sector remains and global economic trends can impact job creation and
significant, particularly in labor-intensive jobs; however, demand for skilled workers.
there are efforts to formalize more employment through
regulatory reforms. In-Demand Industries and
Urbanization: Urban areas like Muscat are experiencing
Occupations
rapid growth, with more job opportunities emerging in Analysis of Industries Experiencing
various sectors.
Growth
Youth Employment Challenges: Youth unemployment re- Oil & Gas: While still dominant, this sector is evolving with
mains a concern, with rates increasing to around 4.70%, technology integration; Oman’s oil and gas exports surged
highlighting the need for targeted skill development pro- by 8% by the end of July 2024, reaching RO 8.569 billion,
grams. compared to RO 7.931 billion in the same period the previous
year.
Influencing Factors of
Tourism: With initiatives to boost tourism as part of economic
Employment Outlook diversification plans, this sector is anticipated to grow by over
Economic Growth Rates: Oman is projected to see GDP 5%, creating jobs in management and customer service.

29 India Skills Report 2025

Renewable Energy: The renewable energy sector is gain-
ing traction due to government incentives; growth is ex-
pected at around 4% annually with the country aiming
to achieve 30% of its power generation from renewable
sources by 2030

Construction: Driven by infrastructure projects across

the region; expected growth of around 3.30% annually.

Analysis of Occupations
Experiencing Growth
Software Engineers: High demand for software engi-
neers specializing in cloud computing and cybersecurity;
salaries can exceed USD 52,000 annually.

Data Scientists/Analysts: Increasing reliance on data an-

alytics across sectors; demand for data professionals is
Skills in Demand for Jobs Required
growing rapidly. Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors, works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber-
nurses, and allied health professionals due to population security protocols.
growth and healthcare reforms.
Soft Skills: Communication skills, teamwork abilities,
Financial Analysts: Strong demand in banking and fintech problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability are in-
sectors as the region embraces digital finance solutions. creasingly valued by employers.

Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge related to specific in-

dustries such as healthcare regulations or financial com-
pliance standards.

Government Policies and

Prerequisites
Tanfeedh Program: Aims to enhance economic diversifi-
cation through job creation initiatives across various sec-
tors while promoting local talent development.

Omanization Policy: Focuses on increasing local employ-

ment while allowing skilled expatriates in critical sectors;
Average Salaries encourages training programs for Omanis.

Oil & Gas Sector: Competitive salaries for engineers; av-

erage salaries range from USD 39,000 to USD 78,000 de-
Challenges for Job Seekers
pending on experience. Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
Technology Sector: Software developers earn between require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
USD 26,000 to USD 52,000 annually based on able locally.
specialization.
Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated
Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
earn upwards of USD 65,000 per year. rates due to limited opportunities.

Tourism & Hospitality: Salaries range from USD 13,000 Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-
for entry-level positions to USD 39,000 for managerial able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
roles. governments promote nationalization policies.

30 India Skills Report 2025

THE KINGDOM OF
SAUDI ARABIA

Job Market Overview

Economic Diversification: Saudi Arabia is actively mov-
ing away from oil dependency towards a more diversified
economy, creating new job opportunities across various
sectors.

Growing Workforce: The workforce is increasingly com-

posed of expatriates, particularly skilled workers from In-
dia and other countries, contributing significantly to vari-
ous industries.

Technological Integration: Rapid advancements in tech- Government Policies: Initiatives like Vision 2030 empha-
nology are reshaping industries, leading to increased de- size job creation and skill development across various in-
mand for tech-savvy professionals. dustries.

Technological Advancements: Automation and AI are

Employment Trends transforming sectors such as oil & gas, healthcare, and
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector is expanding finance, leading to new job roles that require advanced
due to government initiatives aimed at economic diversi- skills.
fication. Vision 2030 aims to increase the private sector’s
contribution to GDP significantly. Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in oil prices
and global economic trends can impact job creation and
Informal Sector Presence: While the informal sector re- demand for skilled workers.
mains significant, particularly in labor-intensive jobs, there
is a concerted effort to formalize employment through In-Demand Industries and
regulatory reforms.
Occupations
Urbanization: Urban areas like Riyadh and Jeddah are
Analysis of Industries Experiencing
experiencing rapid growth, with more job opportunities
emerging in various sectors. Growth
Oil & Gas: While still dominant, this sector is evolving with
Youth Employment Challenges: The youth unemploy-
technology integration; expected growth of around 3%
ment rate remains a concern, with many young individuals
annually as companies adopt digital solutions.
seeking jobs in rapidly growing sectors.
Technology: The tech sector is booming with a project-
Influencing Factors of ed growth rate of 8%, focusing on AI, cybersecurity, and

Employment Outlook software development.

Economic Growth Rates: Saudi Arabia is projected to see Healthcare: Expected to grow significantly due to in-
positive GDP growth rates of around 3.5% to 4% through- creased investment; projected market size could reach
out 2024, driven by diversification efforts and increased approximately USD 100 billion by 2025.
investment in non-oil sectors.

31 India Skills Report 2025

Tourism & Hospitality: With major events like the Riyadh Average Salaries
Season and ongoing infrastructure projects, Saudi Ara-
Oil & Gas Sector: Competitive salaries for engineers; av-
bia’s hospitality revenue is expected to see a compound
erage salaries range from USD 40,000 to USD 80,000
annual growth rate of 7.5 percent from 2023 to 2028, cre-
depending on experience.
ating more jobs in management and customer service.
Technology Sector: Software developers earn between
Construction: Driven by infrastructure projects across USD 32,000 to USD 66,500 annually based on speciali-
the region; expected growth of around 4% annually. zation.

Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can

earn upwards of USD 106,500 per year.

Tourism & Hospitality: Salaries range from USD 16,000

for entry-level positions to USD 48,000 for managerial
roles.

Analysis of Occupations
Experiencing Growth
Software Engineers: High demand for software engi-
neers specializing in cloud computing and cybersecurity;
salaries can exceed USD 53,300 annually.

Data Scientists/Analysts: Increasing reliance on data an-

alytics across sectors; demand for data professionals is
growing rapidly. Government Policies and
Prerequisites
Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors,
Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030: Aims to create a more di-
nurses, and allied health professionals due to population
verse economy with job creation across various sectors;
growth and healthcare reforms.
focuses on localizing jobs while attracting foreign talent
Financial Analysts: Strong demand in banking and fintech through streamlined visa processes and incentives for
sectors as the region embraces digital finance solutions. skilled workers.

Skills in Demand for Jobs Required Challenges for Job Seekers

Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame- jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber- require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
security protocols. able locally.

Soft Skills: Communication skills, teamwork abilities, Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated
problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability are in- in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
creasingly valued by employers. rates due to limited opportunities.

Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge related to specific in- Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-
dustries such as healthcare regulations or financial com- able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
pliance standards. governments promote nationalization policies.

32 India Skills Report 2025

KUWAIT

Job Market Overview

Economic Diversification: Kuwait is actively diversifying
its economy away from oil dependency towards sectors
such as technology, tourism, and renewable energy. This
shift is creating new job opportunities across various in-
dustries.

Growing Workforce: The workforce increasingly com-

prises expatriates, particularly skilled workers from India
and other countries, contributing significantly to various
sectors. diversification efforts and increased investment in non-oil
Technological Integration: Rapid advancements in tech- sectors.
nology are reshaping industries and leading to increased
Government Policies: Initiatives like the New Kuwait Vi-
demand for tech-savvy professionals.
sion 2035 emphasize job creation and skill development
across various industries.
Employment Trends
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector is expanding Technological Advancements: Automation and AI are
due to government initiatives aimed at economic diversi- beginning to transform sectors such as oil & gas, health-
fication. The Kuwaiti government has introduced policies care, and finance, leading to new job roles that require
to promote local employment while allowing skilled expa- advanced skills.
triates in critical sectors.
Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in oil prices
Informal Sector Presence: The informal sector remains and global economic trends can impact job creation and
significant, particularly in labor-intensive jobs; however, demand for skilled workers.
there are efforts to formalize more employment through
regulatory reforms. In-Demand Industries and
Urbanization: Urban areas like Kuwait City are experienc-
Occupations
ing rapid growth, with more job opportunities emerging in Analysis of Industries Experiencing
various sectors.
Growth
Youth Employment Challenges: Youth unemployment re- Oil & Gas: While still dominant, this sector is evolving with
mains a concern, with rates around 15%, highlighting the technology integration; expected growth of around 3%
need for targeted skill development programs. annually as companies adopt digital solutions.

Influencing Factors of Technology: The tech sector is increasingly adopting in-

novations with a projected growth rate of 9.84%, focusing
Employment Outlook on IT solutions and cybersecurity.
Economic Growth Rates: Kuwait is projected to see GDP
growth rates of around 2.5% in 2024, driven by Healthcare: The Kuwait market is expected to grow at a

33 India Skills Report 2025

CAGR of 6% from 2025 to 2030. Expected to grow signifi- Tourism & Hospitality: Salaries range from USD 16,500
cantly due to increased investment; projected market size for entry-level positions to USD 49,000 for managerial
could reach approximately USD 10 billion by 2025. roles.

Tourism & Hospitality: With initiatives to boost tourism as

part of economic diversification plans, this sector is an-
ticipated to contribute to over 5% of the country’s GDP,
creating jobs in management and customer service.

Construction: Driven by infrastructure projects across

the region; expected growth of around 5% annually.

Skills in Demand for Jobs Required

Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber-
security protocols.

Soft Skills: Communication skills, teamwork abilities,

problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability are in-
creasingly valued by employers.

Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge related to specific in-

Analysis of Occupations dustries such as healthcare regulations or financial com-

pliance standards.
Experiencing Growth
Software Engineers: High demand for software engi- Government Policies and
neers specializing in cloud computing and cybersecurity;
salaries can exceed USD 49,000 annually.
Prerequisites
New Kuwait Vision 2035: Aims to create a competitive
Data Scientists/Analysts: Increasing reliance on data an-
economy by enhancing education and training programs;
alytics across sectors; demand for data professionals is
emphasizes innovation and entrepreneurship while aim-
growing rapidly.
ing for sustainable economic growth.
Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors,
nurses, and allied health professionals due to population Kuwaitization Policy: Focuses on increasing local em-
growth and healthcare reforms. ployment while allowing skilled expatriates in critical sec-
tors; encourages training programs for Kuwaitis.
Financial Analysts: Strong demand in banking and fintech
sectors as the region embraces digital finance solutions.
Challenges for Job Seekers
Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
Average Salaries
jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
Oil & Gas Sector: Competitive salaries for engineers; av- require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
erage salaries range from USD 39,000 to USD 81,000 de- able locally.
pending on experience.
Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated
Technology Sector: Software developers earn between in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
USD 33,000 to USD 66,000 annually based on speciali- rates due to limited opportunities.
zation.
Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-
Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
earn upwards of USD 81,000 per year. governments promote nationalization policies.

34 India Skills Report 2025

QATAR

Job Market Overview

Economic Diversification: Qatar is actively diversifying
its economy away from oil dependency towards sectors
such as construction, hospitality, and technology. This
shift is creating new job opportunities across various in-
dustries. The IMF estimated that Qatar will achieve 2%
real GDP growth in 2024; below the Gulf Cooperation
Council average forecast of 2.8%. The World Bank pro-
jects that real GDP growth will average 2.4% in 2024-25,
and jump to 5.5% in 2026.
people in Qatar is forecast to 2.43k in 2024. The employ-
Growing Workforce: The workforce increasingly com- ment rate in Qatar is forecasted to 87.38% in 2024, indi-
prises expatriates, particularly skilled workers from India cating employment opportunities.
and other countries, contributing significantly to various
sectors. Influencing Factors of
Technological Integration: Rapid advancements in tech- Employment Outlook
nology are reshaping industries and leading to increased
Economic Growth Rates: Qatar is projected to see GDP
demand for tech-savvy professionals. The country’s In-
growth rates of around 2.4% to 3% in 2024, driven by
formation and Communication Technology (ICT) sector
diversification efforts and increased investment in non-oil
spending is expected to amount to USD 9bn (QR32.8bn)
sectors.
by the end of 2024, with a compounded annual growth
rate of 9.2%. Government Policies: Initiatives like the Qatar National
Vision 2030 emphasize job creation and skill develop-
Employment Trends ment across various industries.
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector is expanding
Technological Advancements: Automation and AI are
due to government initiatives aimed at economic diversi-
beginning to transform sectors such as construction and
fication. The Qatari government has introduced policies to
healthcare, leading to new job roles that require advanced
promote local employment while allowing skilled expatri-
skills.
ates in critical sectors.
Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in oil prices
Informal Sector Presence: While the informal sector ex-
and global economic trends can impact job creation and
ists, it is less significant compared to formal employment;
demand for skilled workers.
efforts are underway to formalize more jobs.

Urbanization: Urban areas like Doha are experiencing

rapid growth, with more job opportunities emerging in
various sectors.

Youth Employment Challenges: The unemployment rate

in Qatar is forecast to 0.12% in 2024. The unemployed

35 India Skills Report 2025

In-Demand Industries and Software Engineers: Increasing demand for software
engineers specializing in cloud computing and cyberse-
Occupations curity; average salaries range from USD 32,900 to USD
68,100 annually.
Analysis of Industries Experiencing
Growth Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors,
Construction: Driven by major infrastructure projects nurses, and allied health professionals due to popula-
such as the FIFA World Cup 2022 legacy developments, tion growth and healthcare reforms; salaries vary widely
Qatar is advancing its infrastructure and industrial pro- based on specialization.
jects as part of its national strategy and preparations for
Financial Analysts: Strong demand in banking and fintech
the Asian Games 2030; expected growth of around 5%
sectors as the region embraces digital finance solutions.
annually.

Hospitality: The hotel market is expected to see a sub-

stantial revenue surge, with projections indicating a rise
to USD 0.53bn by the end of 2024. With ongoing tourism
initiatives and events, this sector is anticipated to grow
by over 2.97%, creating more jobs in management and
customer service.

Technology: The tech sector is increasingly adopting in-

novations with a projected growth rate of 8%, focusing
on IT solutions and cybersecurity. The technology market
in Qatar is forecasted to grow by USD 2.02 billion during
2023-2028.

Healthcare: Expected to grow significantly due to in-

creased investment; projected market size could reach
approximately USD 12 billion by 2025. The launch of Qa-
tar’s 2024-2030 Health Strategy will drive growth in med-
ical devices in several categories as well as digital health
devices.

Average Salaries
Construction Sector: Competitive salaries for construc-
tion managers; average salaries range from USD 49,400
to USD 98,700 depending on experience.

Technology Sector: Software developers earn between

USD 32,900 to USD 68,100 annually based on speciali-
zation.

Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can

earn upwards of USD 109,400 per year.

Analysis of Occupations
Experiencing Growth
Construction Managers: High demand for construction
managers overseeing large-scale projects; salaries can
exceed USD 54,900 annually.

36 India Skills Report 2025

Skills in Demand for Jobs Required
Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber-
security protocols.

Soft Skills: Communication skills, teamwork abilities,

problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability are in-
creasingly valued by employers.

Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge related to specific in-

dustries such as healthcare regulations or financial com-
pliance standards.

Government Policies and

Prerequisites
Qatar National Vision 2030: Aims to create a competitive
economy by enhancing education and training programs;
emphasizes innovation and entrepreneurship while aim-
ing for sustainable economic growth.

Qatarization Policy: Focuses on increasing local employ-

ment while allowing skilled expatriates in critical sectors;
encourages training programs for Qataris.

Challenges for Job Seekers

Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
able locally.

Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated

in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
rates due to limited opportunities.

Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-

able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
governments promote nationalization policies.

37 India Skills Report 2025

38 India Skills Report 2025
PHILIPPINES

Job Market Overview

Economic Growth: The Philippines is experiencing steady
economic growth, projected at around 6% in 2024, which
is driving job creation across various sectors.

Diverse Workforce: The workforce is characterized by a

significant presence of expatriates and skilled profession-
als, particularly in the BPO (Business Process Outsourc-
ing) and healthcare sectors.

Technological Integration: Rapid advancements in tech- jobs; this has led to significant employment opportunities
nology are reshaping industries, leading to increased de- in construction and engineering.
mand for tech-savvy professionals.
Technological Advancements: Automation and digital
transformation are expected to displace some jobs while
Employment Trends
creating new roles that require advanced skills; it is esti-
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector continues to mated that around 30% of jobs may undergo significant
expand, with approximately 40% of employment now in changes due to technology.
formal jobs due to government initiatives and private sec-
tor investments. Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in global mar-
kets can impact domestic job creation, particularly in ex-
Informal Sector Presence: The informal sector remains port-driven industries.
significant, employing about 60% of the workforce, par-
ticularly in rural areas and low-skilled jobs.
In-Demand Industries and
Urbanization: Urban centers like Metro Manila are wit- Occupations
nessing rapid growth, with more job opportunities emerg-
ing in various sectors.
Analysis of Industries Experiencing
Growth
Youth Employment Challenges: Youth unemployment re-
BPO (Business Process Outsourcing): This sector con-
mains a concern, with rates around 15%, emphasizing the
tinues to be a major job creator, projected to reach ap-
need for targeted skill development programs.
proximately $40 billion by 2024 with a CAGR of around
5.5%. In 2024, the industry is expected to generate reve-
Influencing Factors of nue of approximately $37.87 billion.
Employment Outlook
Healthcare: According to the latest report by IMARC
Economic Growth Rates: The economy is projected to
Group, The Philippines-connected healthcare market is
grow at around 5.4%, driven by strong consumer spend-
projected to exhibit a growth rate (CAGR) of 14.70% dur-
ing and investment in infrastructure.
ing 2024-2032.

Government Policies: Initiatives such as the Build Build Technology: The tech sector is experiencing rapid
Build Program aim to improve infrastructure and create growth, focusing on software development and

39 India Skills Report 2025

cybersecurity; projected growth rate is about 8%.

Construction: Driven by infrastructure projects under the

Build Build Build program; expected growth of around 3%
annually.

Skills in Demand for Jobs Required

Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
works (TensorFlow), and cybersecurity protocols.

Soft Skills: Strong communication abilities, teamwork ori-

entation, problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability
are increasingly valued by employers.

Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge related to specific in-

dustries such as healthcare regulations or financial com-

Analysis of Occupations pliance standards.

Experiencing Growth Government Policies and

Customer Service Representatives: High demand for
Prerequisites
customer service experts in the BPO sector.
Build Build Build Program: Aims to improve infrastruc-
Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors,
ture across the country while generating jobs; focuses on
nurses, and allied health professionals due to population
construction and engineering roles.
growth.

Software Developers: Increasing demand for software Philippine Development Plan (PDP): Emphasizes inclu-
engineers specializing in mobile app development and sive growth through job creation initiatives and skill de-
cybersecurity; average salaries range from USD 700 to velopment programs.
USD 1,400 monthly.
Challenges for Job Seekers
Data Analysts/Scientists: Growing reliance on data ana-
Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
lytics across sectors; salaries can range from USD 875 to
jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
USD 1,750 monthly.
require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
able locally.
Average Salaries
BPO Sector: Average salaries for entry-level positions Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated
range from USD 440 to USD 700 monthly; experienced in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
roles can command higher pay. rates due to limited opportunities.

Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-
earn upwards of USD 1,750 per month depending on their able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
field. governments promote nationalization policies.

Technology Sector: Software developers earn between

USD 700 to USD 1400 monthly based on specialization.

40 India Skills Report 2025

MALAYSIA

Job Market Overview

Economic Growth: Malaysia’s economy is projected to
grow at around 4.5% in 2024, driven by strong domestic
demand and investments in infrastructure and technology.

Diverse Workforce: The workforce is characterized by

a significant presence of expatriates, particularly skilled
workers from India and other countries.

Technological Integration: Rapid advancements in tech-

nology are reshaping industries, leading to increased de- on Industry 4.0 aim to enhance manufacturing capabilities
mand for tech-savvy professionals. through technology adoption and skill development.

Technological Advancements: Automation and digital

Employment Trends
transformation are expected to displace some jobs while
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector is expanding creating new roles that require advanced skills; it is esti-
due to government initiatives aimed at economic diver- mated that around 30% of jobs may undergo significant
sification. Approximately 60% of employment is now in changes due to technology.
formal jobs.
Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in global mar-
Informal Sector Presence: The informal sector remains kets can impact domestic job creation, particularly in ex-
significant, employing about 40% of the workforce, par- port-driven industries.
ticularly in low-skilled jobs and rural areas.

Urbanization: Urban centers like Kuala Lumpur are expe-

In-Demand Industries and
riencing rapid growth, with more job opportunities emerg- Occupations
ing in various sectors.
Analysis of Industries Experiencing
Youth Employment Challenges: Youth unemployment re- Growth
mains a concern, with rates around 11%, emphasizing the
Manufacturing: Expected growth of around 5%, support-
need for targeted skill development programs.
ed by foreign direct investment (FDI) and government in-
itiatives.
Influencing Factors of
Employment Outlook Technology: The tech sector is booming with a project-
ed growth rate of 8%, focusing on software development,
Economic Growth Rates: According to the Malaysian gov-
cybersecurity, and data analytics.
ernment’s Budget 2025, the projected economic growth
rate for Malaysia in 2025 is between 4.5% and 5.5%, driv- Healthcare: Expected to grow significantly due to increas-
en by strong consumer spending and investment in tech- ing healthcare needs; the healthcare market is currently
nology and infrastructure. equal to around 5% of national GDP, and is expected to
grow steadily between 8 to 9% year-on-year until 2025.
Government Policies: Initiatives like the National Policy

41 India Skills Report 2025

E-commerce: Rapid growth anticipated as online shop-
ping becomes more prevalent; The Malaysia E-commerce
Market size is estimated at USD 10.72 billion in 2024, and
is expected to reach USD 20.93 billion by 2029, growing
at a CAGR of 14.32%.

Skills in Demand for Jobs Required

Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber-
security protocols.

Analysis of Occupations Soft Skills: Strong communication abilities, teamwork ori-

entation, problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability
Experiencing Growth
are increasingly valued by employers.
Software Developers: High demand for software engi-
neers specializing in mobile app development and cyber- Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge related to specific in-
security. It is anticipated that the Software market will ex- dustries such as healthcare regulations or financial com-
perience a steady annual growth rate of 7.02% from 2024 pliance standards.
to 2029, resulting in a market volume of approximately
USD 3.48bn by 2029. Government Policies and
Data Scientists/Analysts: Increasing reliance on data an- Prerequisites
alytics across sectors; with the big data analytics market
National Policy on Industry 4.0: Aims to enhance man-
projected to reach USD $1.9 billion by 2025.
ufacturing capabilities through technology adoption; en-
Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors, courages upskilling of the workforce.
nurses, and allied health professionals due to population
growth; average salaries for nurses range from USD 6,300 Malaysia Vision 2020/2030: Focuses on achieving
to USD 14,700 annually. high-income status through economic diversification and
innovation while promoting inclusive growth.
Digital Marketers: Growing need for digital marketing
professionals as businesses shift online; with digital in- Challenges for Job Seekers
vestments showing a strong upward trajectory, driven
Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
by investor confidence and a projected overall economic
jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
growth between 4% and 5% for the year.
require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
able locally.
Average Salaries
Manufacturing Sector: Average salaries range from USD Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated
8,400 to USD 16,800 depending on experience and spe- in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
cialization. rates due to limited opportunities.

Technology Sector: Software developers earn between Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-
USD 12,600 to USD 25,200 annually based on speciali- able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
zation. governments promote nationalization policies.

Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can

earn upwards of USD 21,000 per year.

42 India Skills Report 2025

INDONESIA

Job Market Overview

Economic Growth: Indonesia’s economy is projected to
grow at around 5.5% in 2025, driven by strong domestic
consumption and investment in infrastructure and tech-
nology.

Diverse Workforce: The workforce is characterized by

a significant presence of expatriates and skilled profes-
sionals, particularly in the technology and e-commerce
sectors.
grow at around 5.5%, with the digital economy being a
Technological Integration: Rapid advancements in tech- major driver, projected to reach over $130 billion by then,
nology are reshaping industries, leading to increased de- fueled by e-commerce, fintech, and digital services; this
mand for tech-savvy professionals. The country’s rapid growth is considered one of the fastest in Southeast Asia.
internet penetration—currently at 79.5% per APJII 2024
Government Policies: Initiatives like the National Me-
survey and a young, tech-savvy population are key driv-
dium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) aim to improve
ers of this growth.
infrastructure and create jobs; this has led to significant
employment opportunities in construction and engineer-
Employment Trends
ing.
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector is expanding
due to government initiatives aimed at economic diver- Technological Advancements: Automation and digital
sification. Approximately 40% of employment is now in transformation are expected to displace some jobs while
formal jobs. creating new roles that require advanced skills; it is esti-
mated that around 30% of jobs may undergo significant
Informal Sector Presence: The informal sector remains changes due to technology.
significant, employing about 60% of the workforce, par-
ticularly in low-skilled jobs and rural areas. Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in global mar-
kets can impact domestic job creation, particularly in ex-
Urbanization: Urban centers like Jakarta are experienc- port-driven industries.
ing rapid growth, with more job opportunities emerging in
various sectors.
In-Demand Industries and
Youth Employment Challenges: Youth unemployment re- Occupations
mains a concern, with rates around 14%, emphasizing the
need for targeted skill development programs.
Analysis of Industries Experiencing
Growth
Influencing Factors of E-commerce: The e-commerce sector is booming, and
Employment Outlook revenue is expected to show an annual growth rate (CAGR
2024-2029) of 9.57%, resulting in a projected market vol-
Economic Growth Rates: The economy is projected to
ume of US$79.30bn by 2029.

43 India Skills Report 2025

Technology: The tech sector is experiencing rapid growth
focusing on software development and cybersecurity;
projected growth rate is about 8.6%.

Healthcare: Expected to grow significantly due to in-

creasing healthcare needs; projected market size could
reach around USD 50 billion by 2025.

Renewable Energy: The renewable energy sector is gain-

ing traction due to government incentives; growth is ex-
pected at around 5% annually, with the country’s electric-
ity demand forecasted to grow between 4.8% and 5.2%
annually, indicating a significant push towards renewable
energy sources like solar, geothermal, and hydro power.
Skills in Demand for Jobs Required
Analysis of Occupations Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
Experiencing Growth
works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber-
Digital Marketers: High demand for digital marketing security protocols.
professionals as businesses shift online; with the digital
Soft Skills: Strong communication abilities, teamwork ori-
advertising market expected to reach a size of around
entation, problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability
US$3.05 billion, driven by increasing internet penetration,
are increasingly valued by employers.
high mobile usage, and a thriving e-commerce sector,
with platforms like TikTok, YouTube, and WhatsApp play- Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge related to specif-
ing a key role in this expansion. ic industries such as healthcare regulations or financial
compliance standards.
Software Developers: Increasing demand for software
engineers specializing in mobile app development and Government Policies and
cybersecurity; average salaries range from USD 945 to Prerequisites
USD 1,890 monthly.
National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN):

Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors, Aims to improve infrastructure across the country while

nurses, and allied health professionals due to population generating jobs; focuses on construction and engineering

growth; average salaries for nurses range from USD 504 roles.

to USD 1,260 monthly. Job Creation Law: Introduced to streamline regulations

to attract foreign investment and create jobs; emphasizes
Data Analysts/Scientists: Growing reliance on data ana- vocational training programs. Changes were requested to
lytics across sectors; salaries can range from USD 756 to at least 70 articles of this law, which focuses on various
USD 1,890 monthly. aspects of employment. On 31 October 2024.

Challenges for Job Seekers

Average Salaries
Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
E-commerce Sector: Average salaries for entry-level po-
jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
sitions range from USD 504 to USD 945 monthly; experi-
require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
enced roles can command higher pay.
able locally.

Technology Sector: Software developers earn between Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated
USD 945 to USD 1,890 monthly based on specialization. in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
rates due to limited opportunities. However, due to the
Healthcare Sector: Expected to grow significantly due push for technology innovation, the Unemployment Rate
to increasing healthcare needs; Healthcare spending in in Indonesia decreased to 4.82 percent in the first quarter
Indonesia is expected to increase by 183.52% between of 2024 from 5.32 percent in the third quarter of 2023.
2024 and 2040. The spending is estimated to reach USD
Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-
138.1 billion in 2040.
able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
governments promote nationalization policies.

44 India Skills Report 2025

45 India Skills Report 2025
SOUTH AFRICA

South Africa’s Job Market is

Characterized by
Economic Challenges and Opportunities: The country
faces economic challenges, including high unemploy-
ment rates, but is also seeing growth in key sectors driven
by technological advancements and foreign investment.

Diverse Workforce: South Africa has a diverse work-

force, with a significant number of expatriates, including
skilled workers from India.
is projected at around 1.1% for 2024, with specific sectors
like technology and renewable energy driving job creation.
Technological Integration: The integration of technology
across various industries is reshaping job roles and creat-
Government Policies: Initiatives such as the Economic
ing new opportunities.
Reconstruction and Recovery Plan aim to stimulate job
creation and economic growth. As reported per another
Employment Trends policy, through the Presidential Employment Stimulus,
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector is gradually ex- more than 1.7 million work and livelihood opportunities
panding, with approximately 50% of employment now in have been created. Through the stimulus, more than 1 mil-
formal jobs, driven by government initiatives and private lion school assistants have been placed 23,000 schools.
sector investments.
Technological Advancements: Automation and digital
Informal Sector Presence: The informal sector remains transformation are expected to displace some jobs while
significant, employing about 30% of the workforce, par- creating new roles that require advanced skills; it is esti-
ticularly in urban areas. South Africa’s informal sector in- mated that about 40% of jobs may be affected by auto-
cludes an estimated 3.3 million micro and informal busi- mation in the coming years.
nesses.
Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in global mar-
Urban-Rural Divide: Urban areas like Johannesburg and kets can impact South Africa’s job creation, particularly in
Cape Town offer more diverse employment opportunities export-driven sectors like mining.
compared to rural regions, which are heavily reliant on
agriculture. In-Demand Industries and
Youth Unemployment: Youth unemployment remains a
Occupations
critical issue, with rates as high as 45.5% in 2024, high-
Analysis of Industries Experiencing
lighting the need for targeted skill development programs.
Growth
Influencing Factors of Mining: The mining sector remains a cornerstone of the
economy, with growth projected at around 1%, driven by
Employment Outlook
demand for minerals and metals. Mining production in
Economic Growth Rates: South Africa’s GDP growth rate South Africa increased 4.70 percent in September of

46 India Skills Report 2025

2024 over the same month in the previous year.
Average Salaries
Technology: The tech sector is expected to grow at a rate
Mining Sector: Competitive salaries for engineers; av-
of approximately 8%, focusing on software development,
erage salaries for top level engineers can exceed USD
cybersecurity, and data analytics.
60,970.92 per year depending on experience.

Healthcare: With increasing healthcare needs, this sector

Technology Sector: Software developers average sala-
is projected to grow significantly; the market size is ex-
ries range from USD 21,000 to USD 41,000 annually de-
pected to grow up 2.4% annually.
pending on the company and experience.

Renewable Energy: The renewable energy sector is gain-

Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can
ing traction due to government incentives; growth is ex-
earn significantly more than general practitioners; aver-
pected at around 5% annually as South Africa aims to in-
age salaries for nurses range from USD 16,000 to USD
crease its renewable energy capacity.
41,000 annually depending on experience and speciali-
zation.

Analysis of Occupations
Experiencing Growth
Data Scientists/Analysts: High demand for data pro-
fessionals due to increased reliance on data-driven de- Skills in Demand for Jobs Required
cision-making across industries; salaries can range from Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
USD 26,000 to USD 46,000 annually. (Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber-
Mining Engineers: Continued demand for mining engi-
security protocols.
neers as the sector seeks to improve efficiency and sus-
tainability practices; average salaries range from USD Soft Skills: Strong communication abilities, teamwork ori-
31,000 to USD 52,000 annually. entation, problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability
are increasingly valued by employers.
Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors,
nurses, and allied health professionals due to population Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge tailored to specific
growth and healthcare reforms. The hospital market in industries such as healthcare regulations or mining safety
South Africa is expected to grow, with revenue reaching standards.
US$8.02 billion in 2024. This growth is expected to con-
tinue at an annual rate of 2.43% from 2024 to 2029. Government Policies and
IT Specialists: Growing need for IT professionals special- Prerequisites
izing in cybersecurity and software development; The IT Economic Reconstruction and Recovery Plan: Aims to
services market is projected to reach US$6.16 billion in stimulate economic growth through job creation initiatives
2024, with an annual growth rate of 4.95% from 2024 to across various sectors.
2029.

47 India Skills Report 2025

National Development Plan (NDP): Focuses on reduc-
ing unemployment through targeted skills development
programs and infrastructure investment. The NDP 2030
outlines several key objectives to be achieved by 2030,
including: Eliminating Poverty: Reducing the proportion of
South Africans living below the poverty line to zero. Re-
ducing Inequality: Lowering the Gini coefficient from 0.69
to 0.6.

Challenges for Job Seekers

Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
able locally.

Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated

in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
rates due to limited opportunities.

Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-

able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
governments promote nationalization policies.

48 India Skills Report 2025

49 India Skills Report 2025
AUSTRALIA

Job Market Overview

Australia’s job market is characterized by:
Strong Economic Performance: The Australian economy
grew at around 1.5% in 2024, driven by robust consum-
er spending and investment in infrastructure, while the
terms of trade fell 3.0%

Diverse Workforce: Australia boasts a diverse work-

force with a significant number of expatriates, particularly
skilled professionals from India. Government Policies: Initiatives like the JobMaker Plan
aim to stimulate employment growth by providing incen-
Technological Integration: The adoption of advanced tives for businesses to hire young workers, addressing
technologies across industries is creating new job oppor- skills shortages, forecasting labor market trends, and
tunities and reshaping existing roles. prioritizing workforce participation and employment
pathways for key groups, with a particular emphasis on
Employment Trends emerging industries like digital technology and generative
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector continues to artificial intelligence.
expand, with approximately 65% of the workforce em-
Technological Advancements: Automation and digital
ployed in formal jobs, supported by government policies
transformation are expected to displace some jobs while
promoting job creation.
creating new roles; it is estimated that around 30% of jobs
Informal Sector Presence: The informal sector remains may undergo significant changes due to technology.
relatively small but significant in certain areas, particularly
Global Economic Conditions: Trade agreements and
in hospitality and agriculture.
global economic trends can significantly impact job crea-
Urban-Rural Divide: Urban centers like Sydney and Mel- tion in export-driven sectors.
bourne offer more diverse employment opportunities
compared to rural regions, which are often reliant on ag- In-Demand Industries and
riculture and mining. Occupations
Youth Unemployment: Youth unemployment rates are Analysis of Industries Experiencing
around 10%, indicating ongoing challenges in integrating Growth
young people into the workforce.
Healthcare: The healthcare sector is expected to drive
significant job growth.The Australian healthcare market is
Influencing Factors of expected to be worth USD 150 billion in 2024. The indus-
Employment Outlook try has grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR)
Economic Growth Rates: With GDP growth projected at of 1.8% between 2019 and 2024. According to the Aus-
1.5%, sectors such as healthcare, technology, and con- tralian Government, the total health spending in Australia
struction are expected to drive job creation. is projected to reach USD 169.7 billion by 2025.

50 India Skills Report 2025

Technology: The tech sector is booming, with growth Construction Sector: Competitive salaries for construc-
projected at about 6.5%, focusing on software develop- tion managers; average salaries range from USD 64,000
ment, cybersecurity, and data analytics. to USD 96,000 depending on experience.

Renewable Energy: As Australia aims to increase its re-

newable energy capacity, this sector is expected to grow
significantly. Renewable generation increased 11%, ac-
counting for 34% of Australia’s electricity generation.

Construction: Driven by infrastructure projects, the con-

struction industry is projected to grow by 6.9% increase
in market size. According to Mordor Intelligence, the Aus-
tralian construction market size is estimated to be around
USD 172.29 billion in 2024.

Skills in Demand for Jobs Required

Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber-
security protocols.

Soft Skills: Strong communication abilities, teamwork ori-

Analysis of Occupations entation, problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability
are increasingly valued by employers.
Experiencing Growth
Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors, Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge tailored to specific
nurses, and allied health professionals due to popula- industries such as healthcare regulations or construction
tion growth; average salaries for nurses range from USD safety standards.
44,000 to USD 63,000 annually.

Data Analysts/Scientists: High demand for data profes-

Government Policies and
sionals due to increased reliance on data-driven deci- Prerequisites
sion-making; salaries can range from USD 57,000 to USD JobMaker Plan: Aims to stimulate job creation by provid-
82,000 annually. ing incentives for businesses that hire young workers; fo-
Software Developers: Continued demand for software cuses on skill development and training programs.
engineers specializing in cloud computing and cyberse-
Skilled Migration Program: Encourages skilled workers
curity; Australia’s software engineering industry is boom-
from overseas to fill labor shortages in key industries; of-
ing, with a growing need for skilled software engineers
fers pathways for permanent residency.
across different sectors due to increasing reliance on dig-
ital solutions.
Challenges for Job Seekers
Construction Managers: With ongoing infrastructure
Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
projects, there is a growing need for skilled construction
jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
managers; salaries can exceed USD 76,000 annually.
require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
able locally.
Average Salaries
Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated
earn significantly more than general practitioners; aver- in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
age salaries for doctors range from USD 96,000 to USD rates due to limited opportunities.
160,000 annually.
Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-
Technology Sector: Software developers earn between able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
USD 51,000 to USD 77,000 annually based on specialization. governments promote nationalization policies.

51 India Skills Report 2025

52 India Skills Report 2025
FRANCE

Job Market Overview

Economic Stability: France’s economy is projected to
grow at around 2.2% in 2024, driven by recovery in con-
sumer spending and investment in infrastructure and
technology.

Diverse Workforce: The workforce is characterized by a

significant presence of skilled expatriates, particularly in
sectors like technology, engineering, and healthcare.

Technological Integration: Rapid advancements in tech- exports have been driving GDP growth since 2023-Q4,
nology are reshaping industries, leading to increased de- thanks to the momentum in transport equipment exports.
mand for tech-savvy professionals.
Government Policies: Initiatives such as the $537 bil-
lion France 2030 Plan aim to enhance economic growth
Employment Trends
through innovation and job creation.
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector continues to
expand, with approximately 80% of employment now in Technological Advancements: Automation and digital
formal jobs due to government initiatives and private sec- transformation are expected to displace some jobs while
tor investments. creating new roles that require advanced skills; it is esti-
mated that around 25% of jobs may undergo significant
Informal Sector Presence: The informal sector remains changes due to technology.
significant but is less pronounced than in some other re-
gions; it employs about 10% of the workforce. According Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in global mar-
to World Economics, France’s informal economy is esti- kets can impact domestic job creation, particularly in ex-
mated to be 13.2% of the country’s GDP, which is roughly port-driven industries.
equivalent to $498 billion.
In-Demand Industries and
Urbanization: Major urban centers like Paris and Lyon are
experiencing rapid growth, with more job opportunities
Occupations
emerging across various sectors. Analysis of Industries Experiencing Growth
Technology: The tech sector is projected to grow at a rate
Youth Employment Challenges: Youth unemployment re-
of approximately 8%, focusing on software development,
mains a concern, with rates around 19%, highlighting the
AI, cybersecurity, and data analytics.
need for targeted skill development programs.

Healthcare: In 2024, the projected revenue in the Hospi-

Influencing Factors of tals market in France is expected to reach US$134.10bn.
Employment Outlook This revenue is anticipated to show an annual growth rate
(CAGR 2024-2029) of 2.37%, resulting in a market volume
Economic Growth Rates: The economy is projected to
of US$150.80bn by 2029. Expected to grow significantly
grow at around 2.2%, supported by strong domestic con-
due to increasing healthcare needs; projected market size
sumption and government spending on infrastructure. Net

53 India Skills Report 2025

could reach approximately USD 217.2 billion by 2025.

Renewable Energy: As France aims to transition to sus-

tainable energy sources, this sector is expected to grow
by about 6% annually.

Tourism & Hospitality: With ongoing tourism initiatives

and events, this sector is anticipated to grow by over 5%,
creating jobs in management and customer service.

Skills in Demand for Jobs Required

Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber-
security protocols.

Soft Skills: Strong communication abilities, teamwork ori-

entation, problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability
are increasingly valued by employers.
Analysis of Occupations
Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge related to specific
Experiencing Growth industries such as healthcare regulations or renewable
Software Developers: High demand for software engi- energy standards.
neers specializing in cloud computing and cybersecurity;
salaries can exceed USD 54,000 annually. Government Policies and
Data Scientists/Analysts: Increasing reliance on data Prerequisites
analytics across sectors; salaries can range from USD
France 2030 Plan: Aims to enhance economic growth
43,000 to USD 76,000 annually.
through innovation and job creation initiatives across var-
Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors ious sectors. The plan focuses on strategic sectors such
and nurses due to an aging population; average salaries as energy, digital technology, health, agriculture, automo-
for nurses range from USD 32,000 to USD 59,000 annu- tive, aeronautics, and space.
ally.
Skills Development Programs: Focuses on upskilling the
Renewable Energy Specialists: Growing need for profes- workforce through vocational training and partnerships
sionals in solar and wind energy; salaries can range from with educational institutions.
USD 38,000 to USD 71,000 annually.
Challenges for Job Seekers
Average Salaries Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
Technology Sector: Software developers earn between jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
USD 43,000 to USD 76,000 annually based on speciali- require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
zation. able locally.

Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated

Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can
in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
earn upwards of USD 108,000 per year depending on
rates due to limited opportunities.
their field.
Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-
Renewable Energy Sector: Average salaries for renew- able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
able energy engineers range from USD 38,000 to USD governments promote nationalization policies.
71,000 annually.

54 India Skills Report 2025

UNITED
KINGDOM (UK)

Job Market Overview

Economic Recovery: The UK economy is projected to
grow at around 1.1% in 2024, supported by recovery in
consumer spending and investment in key sectors.

Diverse Workforce: The workforce is characterized by a

significant presence of skilled expatriates, particularly in
technology, healthcare, and finance sectors.

Technological Integration: Rapid advancements in tech-

nology are reshaping industries, leading to increased de- consecutive period but are still above pre-coronavirus
mand for tech-savvy professionals. (COVID-19) pandemic levels.

Government Policies: Initiatives such as the UK Skills

Employment Trends
Strategy aim to enhance workforce skills and address la-
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector continues to bor shortages in key industries.
expand, with approximately 75% of employment now in
Technological Advancements: Automation and digital
formal jobs due to government initiatives and private sec-
transformation are expected to displace some jobs while
tor investments.
creating new roles that require advanced skills; it is esti-
Informal Sector Presence: The informal sector remains mated that approximately 30% of jobs may undergo sig-
less significant compared to other regions but still exists nificant changes due to technology.
in certain areas, particularly in hospitality and gig econo- Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in global mar-
my roles. kets can impact domestic job creation, particularly in ex-
port-driven industries.
Urbanization: Major urban centers like London, Manches-
ter, and Birmingham are experiencing rapid growth, with
more job opportunities emerging across various sectors.
In-Demand Industries and
Occupations
Youth Employment Challenges: Youth unemployment re-
Analysis of Industries Experiencing
mains a concern, with rates around 15%, highlighting the
need for targeted skill development programs. Growth
Technology: The tech sector is projected to grow with
Influencing Factors of Net tech employment projected to increase by 1.7% in

Employment Outlook 2024, focusing on software development, AI, cyberse-

curity, and data analytics. The UK tech sector’s market
Economic Growth Rates: The economy is projected to
valuation reached $1.1 trillion in the first quarter of 2024,
grow at around 1.1%, driven by strong domestic consump-
constantly outpacing the wider economy in growth.
tion and government spending on infrastructure. The es-
timated number of vacancies in the UK decreased in Au- Healthcare: Expected to grow significantly due to in-
gust to October 2024, by 35,000 in the quarter to 831,000. creasing healthcare needs; The UK’s hospitals market is
Vacancies decreased on the quarter for the 28th expected to reach $156.20 billion in 2024. This represents

55 India Skills Report 2025

a growth rate of 6.29% annually. Finance Sector: Competitive salaries for financial an-
alysts; average salaries range from USD 56,000 to USD
Renewable Energy: As the UK aims to transition to sus- 99,000 annually.
tainable energy sources, he renewable energy sector is
expected to grow significantly in the coming years, with
some forecasts predicting a CAGR of 9.50% to 10.04%
from 2023 to 2028.

Finance: The financial services sector is expanding rap-

idly due to fintech innovations; projected growth rate is
about 5%.

Skills in Demand for Jobs Required

Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber-
security protocols.

Soft Skills: Strong communication abilities, teamwork ori-

entation, problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability
are increasingly valued by employers.

Analysis of Occupations Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge related to specific in-

dustries such as healthcare regulations or financial com-
Experiencing Growth
pliance standards.
Software Developers: High demand for software engi-
neers specializing in cloud computing and cybersecurity;
Government Policies and
salaries can exceed USD 62,000 annually.
Prerequisites
Data Scientists/Analysts: Increasing reliance on data UK Skills Strategy: Aims to enhance workforce skills
analytics across sectors; salaries can range from USD through training programs and initiatives that address la-
50,000 to USD 87,000 annually. bor shortages across key sectors.

Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors Post-Brexit Immigration Policy: Introduces a points-
and nurses due to an aging population; average salaries based system that favors skilled workers; encourages ap-
for nurses range from USD 37,000 to USD 69,000 annu- plications from overseas talent with specific skills.
ally.

Financial Analysts: Strong demand in banking and fintech

Challenges for Job Seekers
sectors as the region embraces digital finance solutions. Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
Average Salaries require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
able locally.
Technology Sector: Software developers earn between
USD 50,000 to USD 87,000 annually based on speciali- Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated
zation.
in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can rates due to limited opportunities.
earn upwards of USD 124,000 per year depending on their
Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-
field.
able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
governments promote nationalization policies.

56 India Skills Report 2025

GERMANY

Job Market Overview

Economic Stability: Economic activity in Germany is ex-
pected to decline by 0.1% in 2024. High uncertainty has
been weighing on consumption and investment, and the
trade outlook has worsened as global demand for indus-
trial goods weakened. However, going forward, domestic
demand is set to pick up, driven by increases in real wag-
es. This is expected to support a recovery in GDP growth
to 0.7% in 2025 and 1.3% in 2026. The government deficit
is projected to decrease and the government debt ratio to
stabilize around 63% of GDP, supported by strong indus- Influencing Factors of
trial output and a robust services sector. Employment Outlook
Economic Growth Rates: Germany’s GDP growth rate is
Diverse Workforce: The workforce is characterized by a
projected at around 1.5%, driven by strong export perfor-
significant presence of skilled expatriates, particularly in
mance and domestic consumption.
engineering and technology sectors.

Government Policies: Initiatives such as the Skilled Work-

Technological Integration: Rapid advancements in tech-
ers Immigration Act aim to attract foreign talent to fill labor
nology are reshaping industries, leading to increased de-
shortages in key industries.
mand for tech-savvy professionals.

Technological Advancements: Automation and AI are

Employment Trends transforming sectors such as manufacturing and health-
Formal Sector Growth: The formal sector continues to care, leading to new job roles that require advanced skills.
expand, with approximately 80% of employment in for-
Global Economic Conditions: Fluctuations in global mar-
mal jobs due to government initiatives and private sector
kets can impact domestic job creation, particularly in ex-
investments. There are 46.0 mn persons in employment,
port-driven industries.
a 76.9% employment rate, 34.9 mn employees subject to
social insurance contributions.
In-Demand Industries and
Informal Sector Presence: The informal sector is less sig- Occupations
nificant compared to other regions but still exists in cer-
tain areas, particularly in hospitality and agriculture. Analysis of Industries Experiencing
Growth
Urbanization: Major urban centers like Berlin, Munich,
Technology: The tech sector is projected to grow at a rate
and Frankfurt are experiencing rapid growth, with more
of approximately 8%, focusing on software development,
job opportunities emerging across various sectors.
AI, cybersecurity, and data analytics.
Youth Employment Challenges: Youth unemployment re- Engineering: Continuous demand for engineering profes-
mains a concern, with rates around 6%, emphasizing the sionals as Germany emphasizes innovation and advanced
need for targeted skill development programs. manufacturing processes; expected growth of around 5%
annually.
57 India Skills Report 2025
Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors
and nurses due to an aging population; average salaries
for nurses range from USD 43,000 to USD 65,000 annu-
ally. Germany’s hospital market is expected to generate
US$150.20 billion in revenue in 2024. The market is ex-
pected to grow at an annual rate of 2.95% from 2024 to
2029.

Renewable Energy: As Germany aims to transition to sus-

tainable energy sources, this sector is expected to grow
by about 6% annually. Skills in Demand for Jobs Required
Technical Skills: Proficiency in programming languages
(Python, Java), data analytics tools (Tableau), AI frame-
works (TensorFlow), cloud platforms (AWS), and cyber-
security protocols.

Soft Skills: Strong communication abilities, teamwork ori-

entation, problem-solving capabilities, and adaptability
are increasingly valued by employers.

Domain-Specific Skills: Knowledge related to specific

industries such as healthcare regulations or engineering
standards.

Analysis of Occupations Government Policies and

Experiencing Growth Prerequisites
AI Specialists: High demand for AI specialists as com- Skilled Workers Immigration Act: Focuses on enhancing
panies integrate intelligent systems into their operations; manufacturing capabilities through technology adoption;
salaries can exceed USD 76,000 annually. encourages upskilling of the workforce. Also known as
Data Scientists/Analysts: Increasing reliance on data “Industrie 4.0”, focuses on leveraging digital technologies
analytics across sectors; salaries can range from USD like cyber-physical systems, cloud computing, robot-
54,000 to USD 98,000 annually. ics, and AI to significantly enhance the competitiveness
of German manufacturing, particularly within SMEs, by
Software Engineers: Continued demand for software en-
promoting R&D, implementation of smart factories, and
gineers specializing in cloud computing and cybersecuri-
digitalization across the value chain, aiming to solidify
ty; average salaries range from USD 65,000 to USD 109
Germany’s position as a global leader in advanced man-
annually.
ufacturing
Healthcare Professionals: Surge in demand for doctors
and nurses due to an aging population; average salaries Industry 4.0 Strategy: Focuses on enhancing manufac-
for nurses range from USD 43,000 to USD 65,000 annu- turing capabilities through technology adoption; encour-
ally. ages upskilling of the workforce.

Challenges for Job Seekers

Average Salaries
Skill Gaps: There is often a mismatch between available
Technology Sector: Software developers earn between
jobs and the skills possessed by job seekers; many roles
USD 65,000 to USD 109,000 annually based on special-
require specialized training that may not be readily avail-
ization.
able locally.
Engineering Sector: Competitive salaries for engineers; Regional Disparities: Job opportunities are concentrated
average salaries range from USD 59,000 to USD 98,000 in urban areas; rural regions face higher unemployment
depending on experience. rates due to limited opportunities.

Healthcare Sector: Salaries vary widely; specialists can Competition for Jobs: High competition exists for desir-
earn upwards of USD 109,000 per year depending on able roles; expatriates often compete with local talent as
their field. governments promote nationalization policies.

58 India Skills Report 2025

 KEY DRIVERS OF
SKILLS MOBILITY ACROSS
TOP 10 COUNTRIES
59 India Skills Report 2025
EMPOWERING ECONOMIES
INDIA’S SKILLS
ADVANTAGE

As the global demand for skilled talent intensifies, India

stands poised to play a crucial role in bridging the skills
gap across key regions, including the Middle East and
North Africa (MENA), Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), South-
east Asia, Australia, and Europe (Germany, France, UK).
Leveraging its large, young, and increasingly skilled
workforce, India can fulfill the growing need for special-
ized skills in these regions while fostering strategic eco-
nomic partnerships through talent mobility and workforce
collaboration. India’s expertise in fields such as mobile/
web development, AI, machine learning, data analytics,
2. Mega-projects have also contributed to the demand
cybersecurity, digital marketing, and renewable energy
for skilled workers. In Saudi Arabia, the development of
positions it as a natural partner for this year’s target re-
NEOM, a futuristic city, is expected to create numerous
gions and in-demand skills while undergoing rapid digital
job opportunities. Dubai’s expansive infrastructure pro-
transformation.
jects, including the Expo 2020 site and the Dubai Interna-
tional Airport expansion, continue to attract a diverse pool
Key Drivers of Skills Mobility in the of international talent.
Middle East and Gulf Region (Saudi
3. Demographic Factors are also influential in skills mobil-
Arabia, UAE, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait)
ity. Countries like Kuwait and Qatar are facing aging pop-
The Middle East and Gulf Region (MEGR), comprising ulations, which creates a need to attract younger, skilled
countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Ku- workers to fill labor shortages. On the other hand, while
wait, has emerged as a significant hub for global skills the region has a large youth population, many lack the
mobility due to various factors that influence the demand skills required for modern job markets, prompting gov-
for skilled talent. ernments to invest in education and training programs to
upskill the local workforce.
1. Economic Factors play a crucial role, with countries
in the region actively diversifying their economies away 4. Government Policies and Initiatives have further facil-
from oil dependency. Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, for ex- itated talent mobility. The UAE has introduced long-term
ample, seeks to create new sectors in technology, tour- residency visas and investor visas to attract and retain
ism, and renewable energy, all of which require a skilled skilled professionals. Saudi Arabia has relaxed its visa
workforce. The UAE’s push for innovation has resulted in regulations to ease the entry of foreign workers, especial-
tech hubs like Dubai Internet City and Abu Dhabi Glob- ly in specialized fields. Additionally, countries like Qatar
al Market, attracting global tech talent. The region also and Oman offer incentives such as residency permits and
offers high-paying, tax-free salaries and attractive bene- tax breaks to attract top talent in industries like technolo-
fits packages, making it a lucrative destination for skilled gy, healthcare, and finance. These efforts are further sup-
workers. Expatriates in the Gulf typically earn significantly ported by significant investments in education and train-
higher salaries than in their home countries, further driv- ing programs, including partnerships with international
ing skills mobility. universities.

60 India Skills Report 2025

5. Lifestyle and Quality of Life factors also make the re- 2. Demographic Factors also contribute to skills mobility.
gion attractive. The Middle East is generally considered Southeast Asia boasts a young population, which offers a
safe, with low crime rates and strong law enforcement, potential source of skilled labor. However, there is a skills
making it a desirable location for expatriates and their mismatch and a lack of quality education in some areas,
families. Cities like Dubai and Abu Dhabi offer world-class
presenting challenges for workforce development. Ad-
infrastructure, including modern housing, healthcare fa-
cilities, and transportation systems, enhancing the overall ditionally, the region experiences significant brain drain,
living experience. Furthermore, the region’s cultural diver- with many skilled individuals, particularly in STEM fields,
sity and cosmopolitan cities appeal to individuals seeking migrating to developed countries for better opportunities.
international experiences, with a high level of tolerance
and acceptance for different cultures. 3. Government Policies and Initiatives have played a vital
role in attracting skilled talent. Many countries in South-
east Asia have relaxed their immigration policies, making
it easier for foreign professionals to work in the region.
Initiatives like the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) aim
to facilitate the movement of skilled labor within South-
east Asia. Governments are also investing in education
and training programs to develop the local workforce and
close skill gaps.

4. Cultural Factors make Southeast Asia an attractive des-

tination for expatriates. The region’s cultural diversity and
welcoming attitude toward foreigners create a positive
environment for international talent. English proficiency is
widespread in many parts of Southeast Asia, which helps
expatriates integrate and communicate more easily in the
workforce.

Key Drivers of Skills Mobility in

Southeast Asia (Philippines, Malay-
sia, Indonesia)
Southeast Asia has become a dynamic re-
gion for global skills mobility due to various
influencing factors that create opportuni-
ties for skilled professionals.
1. Economic Factors play a significant role in this growth.
Countries like the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia
have experienced robust economic development, which
has led to the creation of new job opportunities and at-
tracted foreign investment. In particular, the rise of the
middle class has increased consumer demand, fueling
growth in industries such as retail, hospitality, and tech-
nology. The region’s burgeoning digital economy has
further heightened the demand for professionals in tech
fields, including software engineers, data scientists, and
cybersecurity experts.

61 India Skills Report 2025

Countries within Southeast Asia, such as the Philippines, skills shortages. South Africa has implemented various
are seeing growth in their BPO sector, with a projected immigration policies to encourage skilled migration, but
market value of $35 billion by 2024, generating high de- bureaucratic hurdles and delays can hinder the process.
mand for customer service and IT support roles. In Malay- The government has also invested in education and train-
sia, the rapidly expanding e-commerce and technology ing initiatives to develop a skilled workforce, although
sectors are driving demand for digital marketing, software challenges like inadequate funding and poor-quality ed-
development, and data analytics professionals. Indonesia ucation continue to persist.
is witnessing growth in e-commerce, tech-driven roles,
and renewable energy, with significant government in- 4. Political and Social Factors also affect skills mobility.

centives and infrastructure investments creating job op- Political instability and uncertainty can deter foreign in-

portunities. vestment and skilled migration, while concerns about

crime and safety have made some professionals hesitant
Regional trends such as cross-sector digitalization and to live and work in South Africa.
urbanization are further supporting skills mobility, with
rapid growth in urban centers like Metro Manila, Kuala South Africa’s evolving job market, driven by sectoral

Lumpur, and Jakarta, offering concentrated job oppor- shifts and technological advancements, is opening up

tunities. Governments are focusing on youth-oriented new opportunities. The healthcare sector is projected

skill development, addressing high youth unemployment to grow by 10%, with increased demand for healthcare

rates with targeted training programs in industries like professionals skilled in analytics and medical technology.

technology and engineering. Economic diversification is The country is also seeing a rise in demand for cyber-

also stimulating demand for specialized skills in sectors security and IT professionals, as digital transformation

like healthcare, e-commerce, and tech, creating a vibrant accelerates and cyber threats increase. The e-commerce

environment for skills mobility. sector, growing by 15%, has created roles in customer en-
gagement, e-commerce strategy, and digital marketing,
with skilled professionals, particularly from India, well-po-
Key Drivers of Skills Mobility in
sitioned to fill these gaps.
South Africa
As South Africa continues to integrate advanced technol-
South Africa presents a unique blend of ogies across industries, there is a growing need for skilled
opportunities and challenges that influ- professionals in digital and data-driven fields. Additional-

ence global skills mobility. ly, the influx of expatriates, particularly from India, is con-
tributing to a more diverse workforce and addressing the
1. Economic Factors play a central role in shaping the la-
skills gap in emerging sectors.
bor market. South Africa’s abundant natural resources,
particularly minerals and precious metals, have attracted
international investment and skilled workers. Additionally,
the country is investing in emerging industries like renew-
able energy, ICT, and biotechnology, creating new job op-
portunities for skilled professionals. However, significant
economic inequality persists, which has contributed to a
notable brain drain as skilled individuals seek better op-
portunities abroad.

2. Demographic Factors also impact skills mobility in

South Africa. The country has a large youth population,
which represents a potential source of skilled labor. How-
ever, challenges like high youth unemployment and un-
deremployment remain. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS has
further impacted the workforce, leading to reduced pro-
ductivity and contributing to skills shortages across var-
ious sectors.

3. Government Policies and Initiatives are aimed at at-

tracting skilled workers, particularly in areas with critical

62 India Skills Report 2025

Key Drivers of Skills Mobility in Aus- industries like engineering, automotive, and technology.
Automation and AI are transforming the labor market,
tralia, Germany, France, and the UK driving the need for tech professionals skilled in software
engineering, AI, and data science.
Australia
Germany’s demographic challenges are notable, with an
Australia’s economic factors make it a top destination for
aging population creating significant labor shortages. As
skilled talent. With a robust economy, the country is at-
a result, skilled immigration is vital to sustaining the econ-
tracting professionals in sectors such as healthcare, tech-
omy, and the country has become a magnet for workers
nology, renewable energy, and construction. The demand
from around the world. Its culturally diverse society and
for skilled workers is driven by high wages, excellent
open approach to immigration foster integration and di-
working conditions, and a dynamic job market. As tech-
versity in the workforce.
nology reshapes industries, there is a rising need for IT
professionals, particularly in software development, cy-
Germany’s government policies support skills mobility
bersecurity, and data science.
through initiatives like the Blue Card program, designed
to attract highly skilled workers from non-EU countries.
Australia’s demographic factors include a relatively young
Additionally, Germany’s dual education system produces
workforce but also faces challenges like youth unemploy-
a steady stream of highly skilled workers, complementing
ment and skill gaps. The country is also increasingly rely-
its skilled migration programs.
ing on skilled immigration to address labor shortages, es-
pecially in urban areas like Sydney and Melbourne, which
Education and research in Germany are globally recog-
offer more job opportunities compared to rural regions.
nized. The country is home to some of Europe’s top uni-
versities, and its emphasis on research and development,
The government policies in Australia, such as the skilled
especially in engineering and technology, creates oppor-
migration program, attract skilled professionals from
tunities for skilled professionals in academia and industry.
around the world, making it easier for qualified workers to
gain employment. The country’s emphasis on vocational
The quality of life in Germany is one of the best in Europe,
training and online learning opportunities also aids in ad-
with excellent healthcare, infrastructure, and work-life
dressing skill gaps, ensuring a steady influx of talent to
balance. Germany’s low crime rate, safety, and political
meet the growing demand.
stability make it an attractive destination for professionals
seeking long-term opportunities in a secure environment.
Education and research in Australia are highly regarded,
with top-tier universities and research institutions. Signif-
icant investments in healthcare and technology sectors France
ensure that Australia remains competitive in the global tal- France’s economic factors highlight a strong and growing
ent race. Universities in cities like Sydney and Melbourne economy, projected to expand by 2.2% in 2024, driven by
continue to attract international students who contribute consumer spending and investments in infrastructure and
to the skilled workforce post-graduation. technology. The demand for skilled workers is growing
in sectors such as AI, software development, healthcare,
Quality of life in Australia is another major draw. With a
and renewable energy. France is positioning itself as a
high standard of living, access to excellent healthcare,
leader in innovation, particularly in digital transformation,
and world-class infrastructure, Australia is an attractive
which is driving demand for tech professionals.
destination for skilled professionals. The low crime rates,
political stability, and focus on work-life balance further France’s demographics include a growing aging popula-
enhance its appeal to global talent. tion, which is increasing the need for skilled workers in
healthcare and related industries. The country’s young
Germany workforce, however, faces a high unemployment rate
Germany’s economic factors include a strong and stable (around 19%), creating a mismatch between job seekers’
economy capable of handling fluctuations in trade due to qualifications and available opportunities. Skilled immi-
geopolitical tensions as their robustness is supported by gration is essential to address these gaps, and France’s
industrial and a rich legacy of colossal output and exports, diverse society offers numerous opportunities for profes-
and an edge in technology innovation since the scientific sional integration.
revolution. The demand for skilled workers is fueled by
Germany’s leadership in innovation, particularly in Government policies in France include various visa pro-
grams aimed at attracting skilled workers, such as the

63 India Skills Report 2025

Passeport Talent and Visa Talent Entrepreneur. These which creates a gap between the skills required by em-
programs provide pathways for qualified professionals to ployers and the available workforce. To address this, the
live and work in France, particularly in sectors with high UK has increasingly relied on skilled immigration, with its
demand for talent. diverse society welcoming professionals from all over the
world.
Education and research are pillars of France’s appeal. The
country is home to some of the world’s best educational The UK’s government policies for skilled migration are
institutions, particularly in fields like engineering, medi- well-established, with programs like the Tier 2 visa allow-
cine, and business. Its investment in research and devel- ing employers to sponsor skilled workers from outside the
opment is driving innovation, creating demand for skilled EU. This initiative ensures the UK remains competitive in
researchers and scientists in a variety of fields. attracting talent across industries like technology, health-
care, and engineering.
The quality of life in France, with its excellent healthcare
system, high living standards, and emphasis on cultural Education and research in the UK are world-renowned.
enrichment, makes it a desirable place for skilled profes- The country’s top universities and research institutions
sionals. The country’s low crime rate, political stability, attract students and professionals from around the globe,
and access to world-class amenities further enhance its particularly in fields like engineering, IT, and healthcare.
attractiveness. The UK’s focus on research and development helps cre-
ate continuous demand for scientists, researchers, and
United Kingdom technologists.

The economic factors in the UK include a projected The quality of life in the UK is high, with access to ex-
growth of 1.1% in 2024, with key sectors like technolo- cellent healthcare, education, and infrastructure. The
gy, healthcare, and renewable energy driving demand for country’s low crime rate and stable political environment
skilled professionals. The country’s strong financial and make it a safe place for professionals to live and work.
technological infrastructure makes it a hub for IT special- Additionally, the UK’s emphasis on diversity and inclusion
ists, software developers, data scientists, and cybersecu- contributes to an inviting environment for skilled workers
rity experts. Digital transformation is reshaping job roles, from all over the world.
and the UK’s ability to innovate attracts global talent.

Demographically, the UK faces an aging population and

a relatively high youth unemployment rate (around 15%),

64 India Skills Report 2025

 TALENT DEMAND ACROSS
THE TOP 10 COUNTRIES
65 India Skills Report 2025
LEADING
THE FUTURE
INDIA’S VISION

India stands at a crossroads, with both immense oppor-

tunities and significant challenges as it competes with
the world’s largest economies. To fully capitalize on its
7.6% projected growth rate—one of the highest among
the top ten economies—it must address critical issues like
gender inequality, informal employment, and digital infra-
structure. By investing in education, upskilling, and formal
employment, and aligning its policies with global trends in
technology and sustainability, India can solidify its posi-
tion as a global leader in the workforce of the future.

In comparison to the world’s largest economies, India

has the potential to drive global innovation and economic
growth, but only if it takes decisive action to overcome
the challenges it faces. Through collaboration between
policymakers, academia, and industry, India can unlock
its vast human capital and shape the future of work on a
global scale.

Overview of Talent Demand Across

Industries
As demand for specialized skills continues to rise, In-

dia has the opportunity to meet these needs through its

vast talent pool, particularly in technology, healthcare,
finance, and sustainability. The roles listed here reflect
the ongoing trends and sectoral shifts across the top 10
target regions in this year’s report, which are expected to
shape the global workforce by 2025. These roles reflect
the demands of both developed and emerging markets,
addressing the need for specialized talent driven by tech-
nological advancements, economic recovery, and work-
force transformation.

1. Technology and IT
The demand for technology and IT talent is surging across
regions such as MENA, South Africa, Australia, and South-
east Asia, driven by rapid digital transformation and the
adoption of emerging technologies. In the MENA region,
the expansion of e-commerce, fintech, and smart city

66 India Skills Report 2025

initiatives is fueling the need for AI engineers, data sci- for professionals skilled in electronic health records
entists, and cybersecurity experts. South Africa, on the (EHR), healthcare IT, and clinical trial management to
other hand, is experiencing a surge in digital transforma- enhance healthcare delivery. South Africa’s healthcare
tion projects across industries, creating a strong demand sector transformation emphasizes the integration of IT
for software developers and AI specialists to modernize into health services, increasing demand for healthcare
business processes and infrastructure. Australia’s focus IT specialists and data analysts to address public health
on green and digital technology has intensified the need challenges. In Southeast Asia, growing investments in
for professionals skilled in cybersecurity, AI, and software medical infrastructure and biotechnology are driving the
development as the country invests in sustainable innova- need for healthcare IT innovators and biotech engineers
tion and infrastructure. Meanwhile, Southeast Asia’s bur- to modernize healthcare systems and improve accessibil-
geoning IT and e-commerce sectors are generating sig- ity. These trends highlight the global shift toward digitally
nificant opportunities for software developers, machine empowered and sustainable healthcare solutions, posi-
learning specialists, and data scientists, as countries like tioning skilled professionals to lead advancements in the
Indonesia and Malaysia prioritize digital economies to sector.
enhance regional competitiveness. These trends under-
score the global shift toward tech-driven growth, present- 3. E-commerce and Digital Marketing
ing ample opportunities for skilled professionals in these The rapid expansion of e-commerce and digital market-
regions. ing is creating a surge in demand for skilled profession-
als across Southeast Asia, Europe, and the MENA region.
2. Healthcare and Biotechnology Southeast Asia, experiencing one of the world’s fastest
Healthcare and biotechnology talent demand is rising e-commerce growth rates, requires e-commerce manag-
across regions such as Germany, France, the UK, Aus- ers, SEO/SEM specialists, and digital marketing strategists
tralia, South Africa, and Southeast Asia, driven by tech- to drive online retail and enhance consumer engagement.
nological advancements and evolving healthcare needs. In Europe, countries like Germany, France, and the UK are
In Europe, countries like Germany, France, and the UK are seeing a rise in online retail adoption, spurring demand
focusing on digital healthcare solutions and biotechnol- for product managers, affiliate marketing specialists, and
ogy, creating opportunities for healthcare data analysts, conversion rate optimization (CRO) experts to optimize
genomics specialists, and biotech engineers to innovate digital shopping experiences. The MENA region, bol-
patient care and medical research. Australia’s rapid adop- stered by a growing digital economy, is creating oppor-
tion of healthtech solutions has fueled demand tunities for social media managers and customer success
professionals to enhance brand visibility and customer
IN DEMAND JOBS loyalty. Factors such as increasing smartphone penetra-
tion, evolving consumer behavior, and investments in dig-
ital infrastructure are key drivers of these trends, empha-
sizing the critical role of skilled talent in shaping the future
of e-commerce and marketing strategies globally.

67 India Skills Report 2025

4. Renewable Energy and ecosystem is creating a strong demand for blockchain an-
alysts, risk managers, and financial analysts to support
Sustainability advancements in digital banking and payment solutions.
The renewable energy and sustainability sector is experi- MENA’s focus on diversifying economies and fostering fi-
encing robust growth across Australia, Europe, and South nancial innovation has spurred a need for fintech special-
Africa, driven by global commitments to environmental ists, regulatory compliance officers, and cryptocurrency
goals and the green transition. Australia, emphasizing consultants, particularly as blockchain and digital pay-
green energy projects and environmental management, ment technologies gain prominence. South Africa’s evolv-
is seeing high demand for renewable energy engineers, ing fintech landscape, marked by increasing adoption of
clean energy project managers, and environmental data mobile financial services, is driving demand for financial
analysts to support its sustainability initiatives. In Europe, analysts and blockchain experts to support this growth.
countries like Germany and France are at the forefront of Factors such as regulatory developments, technological
the green transition, requiring sustainability consultants, adoption, and shifting consumer preferences toward dig-
carbon footprint analysts, and circular economy special- ital financial solutions are shaping these talent demands
ists to lead innovations in renewable energy and resource across the regions.
optimization. Meanwhile, South Africa’s focus on renew-
able energy adoption and climate resilience is creating
opportunities for green technology specialists and envi-
ronmental policy advisors to help achieve national sus-
tainability targets. These trends are influenced by govern-
ment investments in clean energy, corporate sustainability
commitments, and growing global awareness of climate
challenges, underlining the importance of skilled talent in
advancing sustainability efforts worldwide.

6. Education and Training

The education and training sector is witnessing a surge
in demand for professionals across Southeast Asia, India,
and Australia, driven by advancements in technology and
evolving learning needs. In Southeast Asia, rapid digital
adoption in education is fueling demand for EdTech de-
velopers, digital learning facilitators, and online learning
specialists to support modernized learning environments
and virtual classrooms. India, as a global education hub,
is experiencing a rise in opportunities for trainers, curric-
ulum designers, and EdTech developers, catering to both

5. Finance and Fintech domestic and international markets, particularly in online

learning and skill development initiatives. Australia’s focus
The finance and fintech sector is expanding rapidly
on workforce development and lifelong learning has cre-
across Southeast Asia, MENA, and South Africa, driven
ated strong demand for corporate trainers, instructional
by innovation in digital payments, blockchain, and finan-
designers, and e-learning specialists to upskill profes-
cial technologies. In Southeast Asia, the booming fintech
sionals across industries. These trends are influenced by

68 India Skills Report 2025

factors such as increasing investments in EdTech, grow-
ing emphasis on remote and hybrid learning models, and
the need for continuous skill enhancement to meet the
demands of a dynamic job market.

8. Cybersecurity
The demand for cybersecurity professionals is surg-
ing across key regions like Europe, Southeast Asia, and
Australia due to increasing digitalization and the rise in
cyber threats. In Europe, countries such as Germany, the
UK, and France are experiencing heightened demand for
roles like cybersecurity analysts and network security en-
gineers to protect expanding digital platforms and critical
infrastructure. Southeast Asia’s rapid e-commerce growth
and digital transformation initiatives are driving the need
for cybersecurity consultants and incident response spe-
cialists to safeguard consumer data and ensure business
7. Manufacturing and Automation continuity. Similarly, in Australia, the widespread digitiza-
tion of operations across sectors has created a pressing
The manufacturing and automation sector is undergoing
demand for SOC analysts and cloud security architects to
significant transformation in key regions such as Germa-
address vulnerabilities and comply with evolving regulator
ny, MENA, and South Africa, creating a high demand for
frameworks. These regions are actively prioritizing cyber-
specialized talent. Germany, a global leader in manufac-
security investment, influenced by growing risks of cy-
turing and Industry 4.0 initiatives, requires a strong work-
berattacks, regulatory compliance requirements, and the
force of robotics engineers, automation specialists, and
increasing integration of cloud-based technologies.
manufacturing data analysts to support advanced digital
manufacturing and smart factory operations. In the MENA
region, countries like the UAE and Saudi Arabia are driv-
ing the adoption of automation technologies to enhance
productivity and achieve industrial diversification goals,
leading to growing demand for automation engineers and
process optimization specialists. Similarly, South Africa is
focusing on industrial transformation through automation
and robotics, creating opportunities for automation engi-
neers and supply chain analysts to modernize traditional
manufacturing processes. These trends are fueled by ad-
vancements in technologies such as robotics, IoT, and 3D
printing, alongside a global push for more efficient, sus-
tainable, and data-driven manufacturing systems.

69 India Skills Report 2025

 customer support professionals to cater to increasingly
9. Legal and Regulatory diverse and digital-savvy consumer bases. This surge in
The demand for legal and regulatory professionals is in- demand highlights the critical role of sales and customer
tensifying globally, particularly in Europe, MENA, and engagement talent in driving growth and customer loyalty
Australia, as industries adapt to evolving compliance in fast-evolving markets.
standards and data privacy requirements. In Europe,
stringent regulations like the GDPR have driven the need
for data protection officers and compliance professionals
to ensure adherence to complex legal frameworks. The
MENA region is witnessing a rise in legal advisor and con-
tract manager roles as businesses expand into interna-
tional trade and navigate diverse regulatory landscapes.
In Australia, the rapid growth of tech and digital services
has heightened demand for legal experts specializing in
technology law and intellectual property to address chal-
lenges associated with innovation and digital transforma-
tion. Across these regions, the interplay between globali-
zation, technological advancements, and evolving legal
frameworks is significantly influencing talent demand in
legal and regulatory sectors.

10. Sales and Customer

Engagement
Sales and customer engagement roles are experiencing
strong growth across Germany, the UK, France, MENA,
and Southeast Asia, fueled by advancements in technolo-
gy and the expansion of e-commerce. In Europe, tech and
e-commerce industries are driving demand for custom-
er relationship managers and sales growth specialists to
enhance user experiences and maximize revenue. Simi-
larly, the MENA region’s ongoing digital transformation
and rising e-commerce activity are generating a need for
business development managers and client success spe-
cialists to build and maintain robust customer networks.
In Southeast Asia, the rapid proliferation of IT and online
retail has intensified demand for sales enablement and

70 India Skills Report 2025

 MAPPING INDIA’S TALENT
TO THE WORLD’S NEEDS
71 India Skills Report 2025
A NEW ERA IN GLOBAL
TALENT MOBILITY

India’s strategic importance in the global labor market is

clear, as its skilled workforce continues to migrate to fill
critical gaps across sectors such as IT, healthcare, en-
gineering, and cybersecurity. By embracing global skills
mobility, investing in public infrastructure, and aligning its
educational systems with the needs of the international
job market, India can not only boost its economy through
foreign remittances but also solidify its position as a lead-
er in the future of work.

Southeast Asia: A Growing Demand At the same time, the healthcare sector is facing shortag-
for IT and Healthcare Professionals es, particularly in nursing and specialized medical roles.
Countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines Indian healthcare professionals are essential in address-
are seeing a surge in demand for skilled workers, espe- ing these gaps and contributing to the improvement of
cially in the IT and healthcare sectors. In Southeast Asia, healthcare delivery across South Africa.
the demand for IT professionals, particularly in software
development and data science, has accelerated due to Middle East: Expanding Markets
rapid digitalization and the expansion of e-commerce. and Vision 2030 Driving Skilled Mi-
Indian professionals are increasingly migrating to these
markets, with a significant 70% of Indian IT profession-
gration
als expressing interest in relocating for roles in countries The Middle East, particularly countries like Saudi Arabia,
like Indonesia and Malaysia. Additionally, Southeast Asia’s UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Kuwait, is witnessing rapid growth
healthcare systems are under pressure to address grow- in sectors such as IT, engineering, healthcare, and renew-
ing populations and an aging demographic. Indian health- able energy, spurred by ambitious development projects
care professionals, particularly nurses and medical tech- and government initiatives like Saudi Vision 2030. These
nicians, are filling gaps in countries like the Philippines, countries have seen a 25% increase in job postings for IT
where there is a notable shortage of skilled healthcare and engineering professionals, particularly in infrastruc-
workers. ture, civil, and mechanical engineering. Indian talent is
filling critical roles, especially in sectors related to con-

Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Need struction, renewable energy, and AI-driven technology.
In healthcare, Indian nurses, doctors, and technicians are
for Skilled Talent in South Africa migrating to meet the growing demands of these rapidly
In Sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa is seeing a growing developing nations. Additionally, Indian professionals in
demand for skilled workers in sectors such as engineer- cybersecurity are crucial in safeguarding the growing dig-
ing, IT, and healthcare. South Africa’s industrial transfor- ital infrastructure in the region. The strong Indian diaspora
mation, especially in renewable energy and infrastructure in the Middle East also facilitates smoother transitions for
development, has driven a 20% rise in demand for engi- Indian workers, who benefit from shared cultural ties and
neers, particularly in civil and mechanical engineering. In- language familiarity.
dian professionals with expertise in these fields are being
recruited to support the country’s infrastructure growth.

72 India Skills Report 2025

Australia: High Demand for IT, its workforce to meet the needs of international markets.
As migration trends continue to evolve, India is well-posi-
Healthcare, and Skilled Labor tioned to remain a key supplier of talent, driving innova-
Australia continues to experience a high demand for tion and economic growth across the globe.
skilled professionals, particularly in IT, healthcare, and
engineering. With the country’s aging population and on- In MENA, the demand for tech solutions in mobile devel-
going healthcare challenges, Indian healthcare profes- opment, business intelligence, and AI aligns with India’s
sionals are being recruited to fill critical roles in nursing, strengths, offering Indian talent opportunities to support
elderly care, and specialized medical fields. Similarly, sectors like e-commerce and healthcare. In Sub-Saharan
India’s large pool of skilled IT professionals, particularly Africa, India’s expertise in software development and fin-
in cybersecurity and AI, is helping to address Australia’s tech will help drive the growth of the region’s expanding
growing digitalization needs. The Australian government’s digital economy. Australia, with its focus on digital innova-
skilled migration programs, such as the Skilled Migration tion and sustainability, presents significant opportunities
Program, make it easier for Indian professionals to relo- for Indian professionals in AI, cybersecurity, and green
cate, offering both career growth opportunities and an technology. Similarly, Southeast Asia’s rapid growth in
enhanced quality of life. e-commerce and IT will benefit from India’s skills in data
analytics, machine learning, and cloud computing.

Europe: Addressing Skill Gaps in In Europe, particularly in Germany, France, and the UK,
Technology, Healthcare, and Engi- the growing demand for AI, data science, and cyberse-
neering curity professionals creates a strong demand for Indian
talent to support digital transformation across indus-
In Europe, countries like Germany, the UK, and France are
tries. With the rise of remote work, Indian professionals
facing significant skill shortages, particularly in IT, health-
are well-positioned to meet the evolving needs of global
care, and engineering. Germany, with its growing digital
markets, bridging skill gaps and driving technological ad-
economy, is experiencing a 20% increase in demand for
vancements worldwide.
IT professionals, especially in software development, AI,
and cybersecurity, with Indian talent playing a crucial role
in filling these gaps. Similarly, the UK and France have
seen a sharp rise in demand for healthcare profession-
als, driven by an aging population and ongoing healthcare
challenges. Indian medical professionals, including nurs-
es and doctors, are being recruited to meet these needs.
Additionally, engineers skilled in renewable energy, espe-
cially in solar and wind energy, are in high demand, with
India’s strong engineering workforce helping to support
Europe’s green energy transition.

2025: Can India Capitalize on

Global Talent Mobility?
As countries in Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, the
Middle East, Australia, and Europe face pressing labor
shortages, India’s skilled professionals are becoming an
indispensable part of the global workforce. As countries
in these regions undergo digital transformation and infra-
structure development, India’s expertise in IT, AI, cyberse-
curity, data science, and renewable energy makes it a key
supplier of skilled professionals. The ongoing demand for
IT, healthcare, engineering, and renewable energy pro-
fessionals underscores India’s strategic importance in ad-
dressing these gaps. With government initiatives like Skill
India and the National Education Policy (NEP) focusing on
developing a skilled labor force, India is preparing

73 India Skills Report 2025

Employment Generation & Skill De- infrastructure sectors, thereby creating entrepreneurial
pathways for youth and contributing to sustainable devel-
velopment Efforts by the Govern- opment.
ment of India
To encourage employment in rural and urban areas, the
The Government of India has prioritized employment gen-
government also backs high-impact schemes such as
eration and enhancing employability, recognizing these
the Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme
as essential drivers for the country’s socio-economic
(PMEGP), the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employ-
progress. To address employment needs, particularly in
ment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), and the Deen Day-
the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the govern-
al Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission
ment has implemented a series of substantial fiscal and
(DAY-NULM). These programs foster large-scale job cre-
policy interventions. Among these is the comprehensive
ation and self-employment opportunities in diverse sec-
Aatmanirbhar Bharat package, a transformative initiative
tors, particularly for marginalized and vulnerable popula-
aimed at making India self-reliant while boosting employ-
tions.
ment. Announced in response to the economic impact
of COVID-19, this package provides a fiscal stimulus of To support youth in attaining job-ready skills, the Minis-
over ₹27 lakh crore and incorporates a range of long-term try of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) is
schemes, programs, and policies aimed at employment actively implementing schemes like the National Appren-
creation and sustainable economic growth. ticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS), Pradhan Mantri Kau-
shal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS)
One of the cornerstone initiatives under this package is Scheme, and Craftsman Training Scheme (CTS). These
the Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY), launched programs are delivered through various Industrial Train-
on October 1, 2020, to incentivize employers to create ing Institutes (ITIs) across the country, enhancing the em-
new jobs and reinstate jobs lost during the pandemic. By ployability and entrepreneurial potential of young Indians.
January 19, 2024, this scheme had already benefited over
60.49 lakh individuals. Complementing this, the PM In parallel, flagship programs such as Make in India, Start-
Svanidhi Scheme (launched on June 1, 2020) provides up India, Stand-up India, Digital India, and Housing for All
collateral-free working capital loans to street vendors, are designed to stimulate job creation by promoting inno-
enabling them to restart their businesses impacted by the vation, digitalization, entrepreneurship, and manufactur-
pandemic. As of January 31, 2024, a total of 83.67 lakh ing excellence. The impact of these programs is expected
loans had been sanctioned under the scheme, directly to produce significant employment opportunities in the
supporting livelihoods. medium to long term through multiplier effects across in-
dustries.
Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) further strength-
ens the government’s commitment to self-employment by The promise of opportunities for India’s youth is immense.
offering collateral-free loans up to ₹10 lakh to micro and As the world faces labor shortages, especially in high-
small business enterprises. This initiative has fueled en- tech and sustainability-focused sectors, Indian profes-
trepreneurial growth, with a staggering 46.16 crore loans sionals will be instrumental in shaping the global work-
sanctioned by January 26, 2024, supporting individuals in force. By fostering talent development and promoting
starting or expanding their businesses. diversity and inclusion in workplaces across the nation,
India is well-positioned to lead in the transformation of
Additionally, the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) the global job market, ensuring its talent plays a vital role
Scheme is being implemented with an outlay of ₹1.97 lakh in building a more connected, sustainable, and resilient
crore over five years, commencing in 2021-22. The PLI future. Together, these comprehensive initiatives under-
scheme is expected to generate around 60 lakh new jobs score the Government of India’s commitment to strength-
by incentivizing production in key sectors, thereby bol- ening the nation’s workforce and boosting employment.
stering the manufacturing and industrial landscape. PM By prioritizing skill development, entrepreneurship, and
GatiShakti, another transformative initiative, focuses on self-reliance, these programs aim to lay a robust founda-
infrastructure-led growth, which is powered by seven en- tion for sustained economic growth and resilience, bene-
gines: Roads, Railways, Airports, Ports, Mass Transport, fiting millions of individuals across the country.
Waterways, and Logistics Infrastructure. The approach,
underpinned by clean energy principles, has the potential
to generate extensive job opportunities across

74 India Skills Report 2025

SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS
75 India Skills Report 2025
EMPLOYABILITY
OF INDIAN TALENT
REPORT FOR FY
2025 & BEYOND

This report analyzes the employability of

Indian graduates based on the results of
the Wheebox Global Employability Test
(GET) taken by 6.5 lakh candidates. Here
are some of the key findings:

Overall Employability
• India’s national employability rate stands at 54.81%, in-
dicating a significant pool of talent scoring above 60% on
the GET.
Employability by City
Employability by Educational • Pune tops the list with 78.32% employability, followed by
Domain Bengaluru (76.48%), Mumbai (72.45%), Delhi (70.22%),
• Information Technology (IT) graduates lead with 75% and Thrissur (72.15%).
scoring above 60%, followed closely by Computer Sci-
• Hyderabad, Guntur, and Lucknow showcase emerging
ence (CS) at 78%.
talent centers.
• Engineering graduates exhibit high employability, with
Electronics and Communication (72%), Electrical (68%), Skill Availability Across States
Mechanical (60%), and Biotech (65%) exceeding the • English language proficiency is strongest in Maharash-
benchmark. tra (67.45%), followed by Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh.

• B.E./B.Tech graduates display a high employability rate • Uttar Pradesh tops in numerical skills, followed by
(71.50%), while B.A. graduates show moderate employa- Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
bility (54%).
• Critical thinking skills are strongest in Uttar Pradesh, fol-
• MBA graduates lead employability with 78%, reflecting lowed by Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
strong alignment with management roles.
• Uttar Pradesh leads in computer skills, followed by Ker-
Employability by State ala and Maharashtra.

• Maharashtra leads with 84% employability, followed

by Delhi (78%), Karnataka (75%), and Andhra Pradesh
Employability by Age Group
(72%). • The 18-21 age group shows strong potential in Uttar
Pradesh (92.20%), Madhya Pradesh (91.15%), and Kar-
• Kerala and Uttar Pradesh maintain strong talent pools at nataka (81.89%).
71% and 70%, respectively.
• Uttar Pradesh again tops the 22-25 age group (94.29%),
• Tamil Nadu (64.06%) and Gujarat (62%) demonstrate followed by Kerala (87.47%) and Punjab (87.5%).
potential for growth.

76 India Skills Report 2025

• Gujarat leads the 26-29 age group with sustained em- of experience continues to dominate hiring intent across
ployability (78.24%), followed by Maharashtra (71.70%) industries, with Manufacturing and Automotive lead-
and Uttar Pradesh (62.50%). ing the way. Industries like Pharma & Healthcare, BFSI,
and IT also exhibit strong interest in candidates with 1-5
Gender Employability years of experience. Meanwhile, the demand for candi-
dates with 6-10 years of experience is highest in Pharma
• Male employability is slightly higher (53.47%) than fe-
& Healthcare, with notable demand also observed in the
male (46.53%).
IT and BFSI sectors. These trends reflect a strategic focus
• Top states with male employable resources include on both developing talent and tapping into experienced
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Uttar professionals to meet evolving business needs.
Pradesh.
Summary of In-Demand Skills
• Rajasthan leads in female employability, followed by Gu-
This year’s survey results reflect a clear trend toward pri-
jarat and Kerala.
oritizing foundational soft skills like ethics, collaboration,
and problem-solving, alongside key competencies like
Internship and Work Preferences digital literacy, management, and cognitive skills. As the
• A significant portion (93.22%) of users expressed workforce continues to evolve, employers are increasing-
strong interest in internships. ly looking for well-rounded candidates who can adapt to
change, communicate effectively, and contribute to the
• Tamil Nadu shows the highest preference for intern-
overall success of their teams and organizations. In-de-
ships, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, and Karnataka.
mand skills are no longer confined to technical exper-

• The preferred salary range for a starting salary is tise alone, with a strong focus on emotional intelligence,

$30,000 - $40,000 for a large portion of users. self-efficacy, and leadership abilities across industries.

• Top preferred states for work include Tamil Nadu, Ma-

harashtra, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka.

• Male preferences lean towards engineering, design, and

technical sectors.

• Female preferences favor wellness, fashion, human re-

sources, and finance sectors.

Trivia Insights
• Chrome and Mozilla Firefox are the dominant browsers
used for assessments.

• Mobile devices are increasingly used for taking assess-

ments.

• Uttar Pradesh leads in computer ownership, followed by

Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

Overall, the report provides valuable insights into the

employability landscape of India. It identifies areas of
strength and opportunities for improvement, helping
stakeholders bridge the skill gap and prepare Indian youth
for the global workforce.

Summary of Key Hiring Trends

The demand for freshers is expected to be lower than last
year across most industries, with significant variation be-
tween sectors. The demand for candidates with 1-5 years

77 India Skills Report 2025

 THE SUPPLY STORY
78 India Skills Report 2025
INSIGHTS FROM
THE GLOBAL
EMPLOYABILITY
TEST (G.E.T)

These findings in the 12th edition are a result

of the evaluation of 6.5 Lakhs candidates
who took the Wheebox Global Employabili-
ty Test (G.E.T) across academic institutions
in India and target regions globally.

OVERVIEW OF EMPLOYABILITY TRENDS

FOR 2025

India-Wide Employability Trends

• The overall employability across educational domains in
India stands at 54.81%, indicating a significant talent pool State-Level Employability
that has scored above 60% on the GET. Highlights
Domain-Specific Employability • Maharashtra leads the employability index with 84% of
test takers scoring above 60%, making it a top talent hub.
Insights
• Information Technology (IT) graduates lead employ- • Delhi showcases a formidable employability rate of
ability with 75% scoring above 60% on the Global Em- 78%, reinforcing its position as a leading contributor to
ployability Test this year, showcasing robust readiness to India’s workforce.
meet industry demands.
• Karnataka emerges as a key talent reservoir with 75%
• Computer Science (CS) graduates follow closely with employability, emphasizing its growing IT and engineering
78%, reflecting strong alignment with the skill require- sectors.
ments of tech-driven industries.
• Andhra Pradesh demonstrates high employability with
• Electronics and Communication Engineering talent ex- 72%, highlighting its robust academic frameworks.
hibits high employability, with 72% of candidates scoring
above the benchmark. • Kerala and Uttar Pradesh maintain strong talent pools
with 71% and 70% employability, respectively.
• Electrical Engineering (EEE) graduates demonstrate
competitive employability at 68%, underscoring their in- • Haryana and Telangana showcase commendable em-
dustry relevance. ployability at 68% and 63%, reflecting balanced talent
availability.
• Biotech Engineering graduates showcase emerging
strength with 65% employability. • Tamil Nadu and Gujarat demonstrate potential with em-
ployability rates of 64.06% and 62%, respectively.
• Mechanical Engineering holds steady at 60%, indicat-
ing a strong foundation for industrial roles.

79 India Skills Report 2025

 • MBA graduates lead employability with 78%, highlight-
ing their strong alignment with management and leader-
ship roles.

• B.A. graduates demonstrate moderate employability at

54%, reflecting a growing need for skill-specific develop-
ment in this domain.

• B.Com graduates showcase steady employability at

55%, indicating solid prospects in commerce and fi-
nance-related fields.

• B.Sc graduates present promising potential with 58%

employability, especially in science-driven roles.

• MCA graduates align closely with technical demands,

achieving 71% employability, demonstrating their rele-
vance to the tech sector.

• ITI graduates reflect opportunities for growth with 41%

employability, emphasizing the need for upskilling in vo-
cational domains.

• Polytechnic graduates show emerging employabil-

City-Level Employability Highlights ity trends at 29%, highlighting potential for focused
skill-building programs.
• Pune leads among cities with 78.32% employability, ce-
menting its status as a hub for skilled professionals. • B.Pharma graduates maintain strong employability at
56%, driven by the expanding healthcare and pharma-
• Bengaluru, a tech powerhouse, records 76.48% em- ceutical industries.
ployability, underscoring its position as India’s Silicon Val-
ley.

• Mumbai achieves a strong employability rate of 72.45%,

reflecting its dynamic job market.

• Delhi and Thrissur exhibit robust talent pools with

70.22% and 72.15% employability, respectively.

• Kolkata shows steady growth at 65.37%, indicating its

evolving talent landscape.

• Hyderabad, Guntur, and Lucknow boast employabili-

ty rates of 64.7%, 68.5%, and 67.8%, marking them as
emerging talent centers.

• Ahmedabad reports 60.33%, highlighting its potential

as a growing talent hub.

Program-Specific Employability
Trends
• B.E./B.Tech graduates exhibit a high employability rate
of 71.50%, reinforcing their readiness to meet industry
standards in engineering and technical domains.

80 India Skills Report 2025

Skill Availability Across States • Kerala (37.34%), Maharashtra (30.55%), and Telanga-
na (29.72%) exhibit commendable proficiency in digital
English as a Second Language (ESL) skills.

• Maharashtra leads with 67.45%, showcasing strong • Tamil Nadu (29.47%) and Karnataka (28.48%) further
proficiency in English as a second language. contribute to the pool of tech-savvy talent.

• Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh follow with 63.5% and • West Bengal (25.05%) and Gujarat (16.2%) round off
60.48%, respectively, reflecting robust linguistic capabil- the list, indicating emerging digital capabilities.
ities.

• Kerala (59.72%) and Delhi (56.89%) further strengthen Skill Availability Across Cities
the employability landscape with solid English skills.
English as a Second Language (ESL)
Haryana (58.25%), Tamil Nadu (57.18%), and Gujarat • Bengaluru and Pune lead as top cities, showcasing su-
(51.72%) exhibit commendable English proficiency. perior English proficiency.

Andhra Pradesh (50.82%) and Punjab (50.3%) round off • New Delhi, Chennai, and Hyderabad demonstrate
the top states, reflecting steady linguistic competence. strong ESL skills, reinforcing their position as talent hubs.

• Lucknow, Kolkata, Ernakulam, Noida, and Thiruvanan-

Numerical Skills
thapuram further highlight linguistic readiness among ur-
• Uttar Pradesh tops with 80.12%, emphasizing its strong
ban talent.
aptitude in numerical reasoning.

• Andhra Pradesh follows closely at 71.98%, showcasing Numerical Skills

its robust analytical capabilities. • Bengaluru, Mumbai, and New Delhi dominate numerical
skills, showcasing strong analytical capabilities.
• Madhya Pradesh (74.26%), Punjab (73.80%), and Tel-
angana (71.42%) demonstrate significant numerical ex- • Pune, Hyderabad, and Kolkata highlight significant apti-
pertise. tude, strengthening their employability landscape.

• Odisha (69.56%), Haryana (66.66%), and Karnataka • Chennai, Lucknow, Ahmedabad, and Guntur reflect
(64%) further highlight strong numerical skills. steady availability of numerically skilled talent.

• Tamil Nadu (63.77%) and Kerala (58.9%) round out the

Critical Thinking
list, showcasing a growing talent pool in numerical apti-
tude. Bengaluru, Mumbai, and New Delhi emerge as leaders in
critical thinking capabilities.
Pune, Hyderabad, and Kolkata showcase robust cogni-
Critical Thinking
tive reasoning.
• Uttar Pradesh leads with 45%, reflecting strong cogni-
tive reasoning skills. Lucknow, Guntur, Mangalore, and Udupi highlight emerg-
ing talent in critical thinking.
• Rajasthan (43%), Madhya Pradesh (42%), and Karna-
taka (40%) demonstrate significant strengths in critical
Computer Skills
thinking.
Bengaluru, Mumbai, and New Delhi top the list of cities
• Kerala (38%), West Bengal (36%), and Maharashtra with strong computer skills.
(34%) highlight emerging talent in logical reasoning.
Pune, Hyderabad, and Kolkata demonstrate significant
• Tamil Nadu (32%), Andhra Pradesh (31%), and Punjab digital readiness.
(30%) show potential for growth in critical thinking.
Chennai, Lucknow, Ahmedabad, Guntur, Udupi, and
Ghaziabad round out the list, reflecting solid tech capa-
Computer Skills
bilities in urban centers.
• Uttar Pradesh leads with 45.93%, showcasing strong
tech readiness.

81 India Skills Report 2025

State-Wise Analysis of Employable City-Wise Analysis of Employable
Resources Resources
18–21 Age Group
• Bengaluru (77.10%) and Mumbai (75.18%) lead, show-
casing early employability potential in urban centers.

• Delhi (72.75%), Lucknow (64%), and Pune (68.79%)

demonstrate steady readiness.

• Thrissur (47.87%), Hyderabad (52.34%), and Kurnool

(59.64%) highlight growing talent pools.

• Patna (40.23%) and Tiruchirappalli (27.84%) show-

case emerging trends in employability for younger indi-
viduals.

22–25 Age Group

• Uttar Pradesh again tops the list with 94.29%, show-
casing remarkable readiness in this critical age bracket.

• Kerala (87.47%), Punjab (87.5%), and Maharashtra

(82.91%) follow with strong performances.

• Andhra Pradesh (62.22%), Gujarat (60.81%), and Kar-

nataka (73.33%) reflect steady employability.

• Tamil Nadu (73.91%), West Bengal (67.35%), and Har-

yana (50.74%) highlight significant potential in this age
group.

26–29 Age Group

• Gujarat leads with 78.24%, showcasing sustained em-
ployability among experienced professionals. 26–29 Age Group
Maharashtra (71.70%) and Uttar Pradesh (62.50%) • Kerala (68.82%) and New Delhi (66.67%) lead, show-
maintain strong employability in this bracket. casing maturity and skills among experienced profession-
als.
• Kerala (47.62%), Andhra Pradesh (53.33%), and Kar-
nataka (45.33%) reflect consistent but slightly reduced • Lucknow (61%), Bengaluru (63.5%), and Trivandrum
employability. (57.1%) demonstrate strong employability.

• Haryana (45%), Delhi (42%), Tamil Nadu (40.60%), • Thrissur (55.1%), Coimbatore (42.86%), and Pune
and Odisha (39.76%) round off the top ten, indicating po- (33.33%) indicate potential for further growth.
tential for growth.
• Kozhikode (54.5%) and Gujarat (32.62%) round off the
list, showcasing steady trends among older entrants.

82 India Skills Report 2025

India-Wide Gender Employability City-Wise Analysis of Gender
Trends Employability
Top Cities with Male Employable
Resources

State-Wise Analysis of Gender

Employability
Top States with Male Employable
Resources
• Andhra Pradesh (52.96%) leads, reflecting a balanced
employability rate for males.

• Karnataka (50.37%), Maharashtra (48.68%), and Uttar

Pradesh (46.72%) showcase strong male employability
trends.

• Kerala (43.66%), Gujarat (41.61%), and Haryana

(38.24%) indicate consistent employability for men.
Top Cities with Female Employable
Resources
• Delhi (37.96%), Madhya Pradesh (29.44%), and Tamil
• Bengaluru (48.51%) and Pune (43.94%) lead, indicat-
Nadu (29.14%) round off the top ten, indicating areas for
ing strong female employability in urban hubs.
growth.
• Visakhapatnam (41.14%), Coimbatore (33.51%), and
Top States with Female Employable Mangalore (33.32%) showcase steady employability for
Resources women.

• New Delhi (32.49%), Lucknow (32.47%), and Thrissur

(31.31%) indicate growing trends.

• Hyderabad (30.66%) and Kozhikode (24.29%) high-

light areas with potential for further female workforce in-
clusion.

Internship Preferences
India-Wide Internship Preferences

83 India Skills Report 2025

Top 10 States Where Users Want to • $60,000 - $70,000 Salary Range: 3.34% of male us-
ers indicate a preference for a salary between $60,000
Avail Internships - $70,000.
• Tamil Nadu (97.46%): Highest preference for intern-
ships, reflecting strong demand for practical training. • $70,000 - $80,000 Salary Range: 6.64% of male users
prefer a salary between $70,000 - $80,000.
• Uttar Pradesh (97.39%): Similar high interest in availing
internships among users. Female Salary Preferences:
• Kerala (96.05%) and Karnataka (94.64%): Significant • $30,000 - $40,000 Salary Range: 15.86% of female
internship interest, indicating active career readiness. users prefer a salary between $30,000 - $40,000.

• Andhra Pradesh (94.34%) and Haryana (92.06%): • $40,000 - $50,000 Salary Range: 9.18% of female us-
Showcase consistent interest in availing internships to ers show a preference for the $40,000 - $50,000 range.
further their careers.
• $50,000 - $60,000 Salary Range: 9.48% of female us-
• Maharashtra (91.54%): Reflects robust demand for ers prefer a starting salary between $50,000 - $60,000.
internships.
• $60,000 - $70,000 Salary Range: 5.37% of female us-
• Gujarat (86.48%), Delhi (81.48%), and Telangana ers prefer a salary within the $60,000 - $70,000 range.
(71.43%): Indicate steady, albeit slightly lower, interest
• $70,000 - $80,000 Salary Range: 8.24% of female
levels.
users express a preference for a starting salary between
$70,000 - $80,000.
Work Preferences
India-wide Salary Preferences: Top States by Salary Preference:
• Starting Salary Range of $30,000 - $40,000: A sig- • $30,000 - $40,000 Salary Range: The states where em-
nificant portion of users, accounting for 43.23% of the ployees predominantly prefer a salary between $30,000 -
total employable population, prefer a starting salary in the $40,000 include Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maha-
$30,000 - $40,000 range. rashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Karnataka,
Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
• Salary Range of $40,000 - $50,000: 16.79% of em-
ployable users across India prefer a salary in the $40,000 • $40,000 - $50,000 Salary Range: States showing
- $50,000 range. a strong preference for the $40,000 - $50,000 salary
range include Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Gujarat, Rajasthan,
• Salary Range of $50,000 - $60,000: 16.36% of em- Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh,
ployable users indicate a preference for a starting salary Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka.
between $50,000 - $60,000.
• $50,000 - $60,000 Salary Range: The top states where
• Salary Range of $60,000 - $70,000: 8.71% of users na- employees prefer a salary in the $50,000 - $60,000 range
tionwide prefer a salary in the $60,000 - $70,000 range. are Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil
Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Madhya
• Salary Range of $70,000 - $80,000: 14.91% of us-
Pradesh, and Karnataka.
ers are inclined to a starting salary between $70,000 -
$80,000. • $60,000 - $70,000 Salary Range: Employees in Ker-
ala, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu,
Male Salary Preferences: Maharashtra, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka,
• $30,000 - $40,000 Salary Range: 27.25% of male us- and Madhya Pradesh prefer a starting salary between
ers prefer a salary within the $30,000 - $40,000 range. $60,000 - $70,000.

• $40,000 - $50,000 Salary Range: 7.56% of male users • $70,000 - $80,000 Salary Range: The states where
show a preference for the $40,000 - $50,000 range. employees most prefer a salary between $70,000 -
$80,000 include Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Ra-
• $50,000 - $60,000 Salary Range: 6.84% of male users jasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar
prefer salaries in the $50,000 - $60,000 range. Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka.

84 India Skills Report 2025

Preferred Areas and States of Work 65.99% of male users prefer the Engineering/Textile in-
dustry, pointing to significant interest in manufacturing
India-Wide Preferences and textile-related sectors.

• Preferred States for Work: The leading states for em-

Other preferences include IT - Networking (62.07%),
ployment preferences across India are Tamil Nadu, Maha-
Graphic Design/Visualizer (56.59%), Health Care/Medi-
rashtra, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka, suggesting
cine/Nursing (56.19%), and Teaching/Training (53.96%),
that these regions offer strong job opportunities and at-
reflecting a mix of technical, creative, and caregiving
tractive work environments.
roles.

Male Preferences Female Preferences

• Preferred States for Work: Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh,
• Preferred States for Work: Female candidates show a
Maharashtra, and Haryana stand out as preferred states
preference for Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Delhi, and Tamil
for male users. These states are known for their strong
Nadu. These states are recognized for their strong work-
presence in industries such as manufacturing, engineer-
place inclusion initiatives and diverse professional envi-
ing, and technical sectors, which align with male-domi-
ronments, making them attractive to female candidates.
nated career paths.

Top Industry Preferences: Top Industry Preferences:

A dominant 76.70% of male candidates prefer Engineer- • A significant 93.83% of female candidates prefer Beau-
ing Design/Production, highlighting a strong inclination ty/Personal Care/Fitness/SPA, showing a dominant in-
toward technical and design roles. terest in wellness, personal care, and lifestyle sectors.

69.03% of males are drawn to IT - Hardware, showcas- • 90.79% of females gravitate toward Fashion Design-
ing a significant interest in hardware-related technology ing/Modeling/Jewellery, underscoring a strong appeal for
sectors. creative and fashion-related industries.

68.92% of male candidates express openness to explore • 88.59% of female candidates choose Human Resourc-
a variety of industries, with an inclination towards flexibil- es, indicating a preference for people management and
ity in career choices. organizational development roles.

68.70% of males are interested in Other unspecified in- • 83.41% of females prefer Banking/Insurance, demon-
dustries, indicating diverse professional interests. strating a keen interest in finance and financial services.

85 India Skills Report 2025

79.34% of females express interest in Biotech/Research, Mozilla Firefox (3.35(96.65%):
showcasing a growing interest in research-driven indus-
Equal preference alongside Chrome, indicating trust
tries.
among users seeking security and open-source options.

Other notable preferences include Accounting/Auditing/

Other Browsers:
Tax/Financial Services (71.85%), Marketing and Product
Likely negligible usage compared to Chrome and Firefox.
Management/TeleMarketing (69.33%), and Business
Strategy/Management/Consulting (67.23%), indicating
an affinity for finance, business, and consulting roles.

Non-Binary Preferences
• Preferred States for Work: Female candidates show a
prefere

Top Industry Preferences:

• 1.32% of non-binary candidates show an interest in
Fashion Designing/Modeling/Jewellery, indicating some
engagement with the creative and fashion industries, al-
beit at a smaller scale.

• 1.26% of non-binary users prefer Marketing and Prod-

uct Management/TeleMarketing, suggesting some inter-
est in commercial and consumer-facing sectors.

• 0.83% express interest in Biotech/Research, demon-

strating a limited but present interest in science and tech-
nology-driven careers.

• 0.73% favor Banking/Insurance, indicating a small, yet

notable, interest in financial services.

• 0.56% are drawn to Business Strategy/Management/ Domain-Wise Performance

Consulting, pointing to an awareness of leadership and Highlights by State
strategic roles.
Engineering Graduates (BE/BTech)
• Other sectors with minimal preferences include Health
• Andhra Pradesh: 84.82% of engineering graduates
Care/Medicine/Nursing (0.52%), Human Resources
scored more than 60% in their domain, showcasing ro-
(0.38%), and Teaching/Training (0.21%).
bust educational outcomes.

Browser Trends • Madhya Pradesh: A remarkable 94.21% of BE/BTech

candidates excelled in their domain, reflecting a strong
India-Wide Browser Usage for
technical education foundation.
Assessments
• Kerala: 90.94% of graduates surpassed the 60% mark,
Chrome (96.65%):
indicating high-quality engineering programs.
• Dominates as the preferred browser for taking assess-
ments, reflecting its popularity due to speed, usability, • Uttar Pradesh: 93.45% of students scored above 60%,
and compatibility. underlining the state’s commitment to academic excel-
lence in engineering.
Internet Explorer (0%):
Completely unused, highlighting its decline and lack of • Tamil Nadu: 74.09% of graduates achieved this bench-
relevance in modern digital environments. mark, highlighting consistent performance.

86 India Skills Report 2025

Polytechnic Graduates M.Sc. Postgraduates
• Tamil Nadu: A stellar 94% of M.Sc. postgraduates ex-
celled in their field, indicating top-tier education quality.

• Kerala: 94.55% surpassed the 60% mark, leading in sci-

ence education excellence.

• Andhra Pradesh: 69.23% displayed strong academic

outcomes.

• Maharashtra: 66.67% of graduates exceeded the

benchmark, reflecting consistent results.

• Karnataka: 64% achieved above-average performance.

MBA Postgraduates
Kerala: A perfect 100% of MBA postgraduates scored
above 60%, leading the nation in management education.

Uttar Pradesh: 89.47% excelled, showcasing strong

business acumen among graduates.

ITI Candidates Haryana: 86.67% of postgraduates demonstrated excep-

• Gujarat: 82% of ITI candidates scored above 60%, tional management proficiency.

leading the domain with exceptional results.

Maharashtra: 83.87% displayed strong academic out-

• Andhra Pradesh: 57.14% displayed strong technical comes in the domain.

skills, reflecting consistent training standards.

Gujarat & Andhra Pradesh: 75% each showcased con-

• Kerala: 45.15% exceeded the mark, showcasing moder- sistent performance in management education.

ate performance.

• Delhi: 44.72% of candidates achieved more than 60%, B.A. Graduates

reflecting room for growth.

• Tamil Nadu: 40.84% surpassed the benchmark, indicat-

ing steady skill development.

MCA Postgraduates
• Haryana: 93% of MCA postgraduates excelled, high-

lighting top-tier technical expertise.

• Andhra Pradesh: 91.30% of graduates scored over

60%, showcasing strong programming and IT skills.

• Kerala: 85.33% displayed exceptional academic perfor-

mance in their domain.

• Gujarat: 67.23% surpassed the benchmark, reflecting

steady proficiency.

• Tamil Nadu: 66.05% demonstrated strong outcomes in

IT and programming.

87 India Skills Report 2025

BCA Graduates • Uttar Pradesh: 81.82% of graduates surpassed the
benchmark.
• Kerala: 82.17% of BCA graduates exceeded the 60%
threshold, reflecting excellence in IT education. • Karnataka: 71.43% displayed consistent outcomes.

• Andhra Pradesh: 87.27% showcased strong program- • Andhra Pradesh: 63.89% achieved steady academic
ming skills. performance.

• Uttar Pradesh: 88.64% displayed exceptional proficien-

cy in computer applications.

• Maharashtra: 65.17% demonstrated steady academic

performance.

• Delhi: 60% surpassed the benchmark, showcasing solid

IT education outcomes.

B.Com Graduates
• Karnataka: 79.17% of B.Com graduates excelled, lead-
ing in commerce education.

• Kerala: 70.63% surpassed the threshold, showcasing

strong financial and commercial training.

• Maharashtra: 62.07% displayed consistent outcomes in

commerce education.

• Delhi: 60% achieved above-average performance.

Gujarat & Andhra Pradesh: With 52.78% and 33.87%, re-
spectively, opportunities for growth are evident.

B.Sc. Graduates
• Uttar Pradesh: 88.52% of B.Sc. graduates excelled, re-
flecting strong science education.

• Kerala: 79.29% showcased exceptional academic out-

comes.

• Karnataka: 65.38% surpassed the benchmark, demon-

strating steady performance.

• Tamil Nadu: 57.89% achieved above-average results in

science.

• Andhra Pradesh: 55.56% displayed consistent out-

comes in the domain.

BBA Graduates
• Gujarat: A perfect 100% of BBA graduates excelled, re-
flecting exceptional management education.

• Kerala: 82.14% demonstrated superior academic profi-

ciency.

88 India Skills Report 2025

GLOBAL TALENT
MOBILITY
INDIA’S DECADE
OF OPPORTUNITY

India has long been recognized as a key player in the

global talent landscape. With its large, youthful population
and increasing focus on skills development, the coun-
try stands at the cusp of becoming the world’s leading
hub for talent. The India Skills Report 2025: Global Tal-
ent Mobility: India’s Decade brings to light several crucial
trends that will shape the country’s workforce and its role
in global talent mobility over the next decade. The find-
ings from this report offer a comprehensive snapshot of
India’s workforce dynamics, its gender-specific challeng-
es, internship preferences, salary expectations, and in-
dynamics is noteworthy: while male users gravitate to-
dustry-specific demands. The analysis of these trends is
ward tech-heavy, industrial roles, female users are drawn
critical to understanding how India is positioning itself as
to sectors that balance career progression with workplace
a global leader in talent supply, and what strategies must
flexibility, showcasing a clear divergence in aspirations
be adopted to further enhance its competitive edge.
and skill alignment.
The findings from the India Skills Report 2025 highlight
Intriguingly, the report also identifies a regional con-
a dynamic intersection of age, gender, region, and tech-
centration of internship interest in Southern states like
nology in shaping India’s workforce landscape, with sig-
Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This points to a well-developed
nificant implications for talent mobility and employability.
educational ecosystem in these areas, bridging the gap
The 22–25 age group, standing as the most employable,
between education and employment. Moreover, with the
reflects the peak of educational attainment and early pro-
salary aspirations leaning heavily toward the $30,000 -
fessional experience, signaling a critical period for career
$40,000 range, these regions’ focus on affordability and
development. This age group’s dominance also ties close-
skill development might lead to better workforce partici-
ly with regional trends, where states like Uttar Pradesh,
pation across all demographics, enhancing the talent pool
Gujarat, and Maharashtra shine, not only due to a robust
further.
talent pipeline but also owing to their technological readi-
ness. High computer ownership rates in these states, par-
ticularly Uttar Pradesh (100%) and Maharashtra, reinforce
the growing digital literacy that supports employment op-
portunities, making these regions prime candidates for
skill enhancement and workforce engagement.

Urban hubs like Bengaluru, Mumbai, and Lucknow further

cement their position as talent epicenters, particularly in
tech and industrial sectors. The success of cities such as
Bengaluru in fostering female employability signals a slow
but steady evolution toward gender parity, highlighting
how cities are evolving into inclusive spaces for women’s
professional growth. This regional variation in gender

89 India Skills Report 2025

Technological readiness is another key driver of India’s
Geographic Preferences for Work
workforce transformation, with widespread computer
The preferred states for work reveal an interesting re-
ownership and a strong preference for mobile-first ap-
gional landscape within India, reflecting not only the op-
proaches in assessments. This technological shift sug-
portunities available in different parts of the country but
gests that not only are traditional tools like Internet Explor-
also the cultural and industrial shifts shaping job prefer-
er and Nokia Lumia losing relevance, but the workforce
ences.
is also rapidly adapting to more advanced, user-friendly
platforms. The clear dominance of Chrome and Firefox At the India-wide level, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Ker-
further underscores the importance of ensuring digital ala, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka are the top states for
platforms are optimized for modern technologies, allow- employment. These states have established themselves
ing easy access to career development tools and foster- as key economic hubs with strong infrastructure, indus-
ing digital inclusivity. trial development, and attractive living conditions. The
growth of Tamil Nadu, known for its thriving manufactur-
Ultimately, these findings suggest that India’s workforce ing and automotive sectors, along with Maharashtra and
is evolving across multiple fronts—technologically, de- Karnataka, which are major IT and technology centers,
mographically, and regionally. The interplay between ed- highlights the increasing concentration of employment
ucation, regional readiness, gender dynamics, and tech- opportunities in South and West India. Kerala and Uttar
nological access points to a promising future for India’s Pradesh reflect a growing preference for states with di-
talent pool, with significant growth opportunities in both verse job markets and an emphasis on social develop-
emerging and established regions, provided tailored in- ment, inclusivity, and healthcare.
terventions continue to address the unique needs of each
group.

India’s emergence as a global hub for skilled talent is more

than just a statistical trend—it is a testament to the na-
tion’s commitment to nurturing a future-ready workforce
that aligns with global standards. The insights from this
year’s employability trends reveal a dynamic, evolving
landscape, positioning India as a critical player in the
global talent ecosystem. As industries worldwide face
skill shortages, the findings of the India Skills Report un-
However, the male workforce tends to favor states like Gu-
derscore the nation’s role in bridging gaps and spear-
jarat, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Haryana. These
heading innovation across sectors.
states are particularly known for their manufacturing,
engineering, and technical industries. Gujarat’s strong-
hold in the manufacturing and industrial sectors, Andhra
Pradesh’s emphasis on tech innovation, Maharashtra’s di-
verse economic base, and Haryana’s rising prominence in
engineering and manufacturing make them highly appeal-
ing for male professionals. These regions align with the
preferences for industries like Engineering Design//Pro-
duction, IT - Hardware, and Engineering/Textile, where
male candidates typically thrive.

On the other hand, female candidates prefer states like

Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Delhi, and Tamil Nadu. These
states have seen notable initiatives aimed at improving
gender inclusion and work-life balance, with Kerala and
Tamil Nadu leading in gender equality indices. The prefer-
ence for these regions reflects a broader trend of increas-
ing workplace inclusivity and opportunities for women
across diverse industries such as HR, Biotech/Research,
Banking/Insurance, and Beauty/Personal Care/Fitness/
SPA.

90 India Skills Report 2025

Impact on Talent Mobility
The findings from the India Skills Report 2025 under-
score the ongoing transformation of India’s workforce,
driven by shifting industry preferences and geographic
mobility. The report highlights key areas where gender
plays a pivotal role in shaping career choices, with male
candidates leaning toward technical, engineering, and
IT-related roles, while females increasingly gravitate to-
ward creative, human-centered industries like wellness,
fashion, and HR. The rising interest of non-binary can-
didates in diverse sectors also marks a notable trend to-
ward inclusivity and diversity in the workplace.

Furthermore, the geographic trends in preferred states for

work highlight the growing importance of regional hubs in
driving talent mobility, with states like Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu, and Karnataka leading in employment preferences
due to their industrial diversity and infrastructural advan-
tages.

These insights are critical for organizations and policy-

makers aiming to shape India’s talent strategy in the com-
ing decade. By recognizing these gender-based prefer-
ences and regional trends, companies can develop more
targeted and inclusive recruitment and development pro-
grams, fostering a workforce that is not only skilled and
diverse but also adaptable to the dynamic global talent
landscape.

Additionally, the preference for higher salaries in certain

regions suggests that businesses may need to rethink
their location strategies, especially as talent migrates to
economic hubs with greater opportunities for growth.
For example, talent migration may increase from states
like Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh to larger cities
such as Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai, where high-
er-paying jobs are more accessible.

Furthermore, the growing demand for specific salary rang-

es—particularly those above $50,000—points to a need
for enhanced skill development programs that help bridge
the gap between entry-level positions and higher-paying
technical roles. Given the global competitiveness of In-
dia’s workforce, fostering high-level skills in emerging
industries such as AI, blockchain, and cybersecurity is
crucial to ensuring the country’s continued growth as a
talent hub.

91 India Skills Report 2025

 ACADEMIA SPEAKS
92 India Skills Report 2025
 India Skills Report has been a beacon for students at Maulana Abul Kalam
University. The insights from the Global Employability Test have helped us
bridge critical skill gaps and align our curriculum with industry expectations.
We are excited about this year’s theme, Global Talent Mobility, and look for-
Partha Pratim Lahiri ward to enabling our students for global opportunities. Kudos to Wheebox
Registrar, Maulana Abul Kalam ETS for this incredible initiative!
Azad University
West Bengal

The comprehensive and forward-looking India Skills Report allows Aca-

demia to design and develop a curriculum to prepare for local and global
employment needs. The Global Employability Test enables HEIs to focus
on domain-specific skills through curriculum realignment. The test allows
Students to align their learning efforts with the global workforce’s needs Dr. Rama Komaragiri
and trends. Professor and Dean Academics
Galgotias University
Uttar Pradesh

Students at Jaypee Universities have gained a significant competitive advan-

tage through the Global Employability Test, endorsed by AICTE, which has
been instrumental in identifying the strengths and areas of improvement by
the students in the institutions of Higher Education. India Skills Report-2025’s
emphasis on Global Talent Mobility is truly transformative, and we are proud
Brigadier Sanjay Dawar to be the part of Wheebox Employability and Talent Solutions in this impactful
Retd, Head Training & Placements initiative.
JayPee Universities

With the Global Employability Test, our university has gained critical in-
sights into the skill gaps among students. ISR2025’s emphasis on Glob-
al Talent Mobility further motivates us to prepare students for a thriving
global career.
Prof. Amarendra Kumar Sandra
Registrar, Rajiv Gandhi University
of Knowledge Technologies
Andhra Pradesh

93 India Skills Report 2025

 We applaud Wheebox ETS for their commitment to enhancing employability
through ISR. The theme for ISR2025, Global Talent Mobility, underscores the
importance of equipping students with the right skills to succeed in a con-
nected world. The Global Employability Test has been revolutionary for us.
Dr. P. Mallikarjuna Reddy
Principal, SVR Engineering College
Andhra Pradesh, India

India Skills Report has helped our institution align with industry trends and
understand the evolving career interests of students. ISR2025’s focus on
Global Talent Mobility will unlock new horizons for our students, and we are
proud to be part of this journey.
Mr. Alpeshkumar Bhikabhai Patel
Principal, ITI Palanpur
Gujarat, India

Through ISR and the Global Employability Test, our students have gained
deeper insights into their strengths and opportunities for growth. The 2025
edition’s theme, Global Talent Mobility, is timely and essential, and we com-
mend Wheebox ETS for this initiative.
Ms. Mrudula Menon V.
Principal in Charge
The Cochin College
Kochi

The India Skills Report and the Global Employability Test have been piv-
otal in shaping our student outcomes. ISR 2025’s theme of Global Talent
Mobility takes it to the next level, ensuring our students are ready to thrive
anywhere in the world. By focusing on global employability, students are
trained to adapt to diverse work environments, cultures, and expecta-
Dr. P.J.S.Kumar
tions, making them highly competitive and versatile in an international job
Principal, Akkineni Nageswara
market.
Rao College
Andhra Pradesh, India

94 India Skills Report 2025

 INDIA HIRING INTENT
EARLY CAREER EDITION SURVEY 2025
TALENT DEMAND SIDE STUDY

95 India Skills Report 2025

THE
DEMAND STORY

These insights are drawn from over 1,000

corporations across 15 diverse industries,
gathered through the Early Career Edition
of the India Hiring Intent Survey 2025.
This comprehensive survey offers a for-
ward-looking perspective on talent de-
mand as we step into 2025.

Overview of Hiring Trends for 2025 freshers expected to be hired next year.

Demand for Professionals Across Indus- • In Manufacturing, the demand for candidates with 6-10
tries years of experience is projected to be at 10% of new hires
from this bracket.
• Across industries, a projected 11.1% increase in new
hires across all age groups is expected in 2025 compared • The demand for freshers is highest in the Automotive
to last year, accompanied by a 29% rise in overall hiring industry, with 21% of new hires expected to be freshers.
intent for 2025.
• The Automotive industry expects 52% of their new hires
• Across all industries, demand for talent is highest among
to be from the experience bracket of candidates with 1-5
candidates with 1-5 years of experience, with a 55.2%
years of experience.
positive hiring intent for this experience bracket.
• 20% of all new hires in the Automotive industry are ex-
• Overall, the positive hiring intent for candidates with 1-5
pected to come from the experience bracket of candi-
years of experience is expected to comprise 47% of all
dates with 6-10 years of experience.
new hires across industries.
• The demand for candidates with 6-10 years of expe-
• Among all experience brackets, the demand for freshers
rience is highest in Pharma & Healthcare, with 21.5% of
is lower than last year, with an average of 14% of all new
new hires expected to come from this experience bracket.
hires expected to be freshers from across industries.
• The demand for candidates with 1-5 years of experience
• 26% of new hires are expected to be from the experi-
is also high in the of new hires expected to come from this
ence bracket of candidates with 6-10 years of experience.
age group.
• The Manufacturing industry is driving the highest de-
• 9% of new hires in the Pharma & Healthcare industry are
mand for candidates with 1-5 years of experience, with an
expected to be freshers.
estimated 70% of new hires expected to come from this
experience bracket. • BFSI is also driving the demand for candidates with 1-5
years of experience, with 50% of new hires expected to
• The Manufacturing industry also projects the lowest de-
come from this experience bracket.
mand for freshers among all industries, with 5% of

96 India Skills Report 2025

• The BFSI also expects 20% of their new hires to be Corporate’s Most Reliable Hiring
freshers and a further 20% of new hires to be candidates
Channels
in the experience bracket of 6-10 years.
• Job portals remain the top hiring channel, preferred by
•In the IT industry, the demand is highest for candidates
37% of companies. Their efficiency in providing access
with 1-5 years of experience, with 50% of new hires ex-
to a large talent pool suggests continued investment in
pected to come from this experience bracket.
these platforms.
• 25% of new hires in the IT industry will be expected to
• Trusted by 32.5% of companies, internal referrals em-
be candidates with 6-10 years of experience, while 20%
phasize the importance of employee networks and cultur-
of new hires are expected to be freshers.
al alignment in hiring practices.

• Campus hiring is used by 10% of companies, reflecting

its importance in building a pipeline of fresh graduates for
entry-level roles.

• Social platforms account for 13% of recruitment efforts,

showing a growing trend toward engaging passive candi-
dates digitally.

• Chosen by 5% of companies, agencies and consultants

remain relevant for specialized or senior-level hires.

• With only 2.5% of companies relying on career pages,

there’s room to improve the appeal and functionality of
Use of AI for Recruitment Activities company websites for recruitment.

• Across industries, there is expected to be a 38% in-

crease in the use of AI for recruitment processes like
screening, assessments, hiring recommendations, and
interviewing.

• The demand for incorporating AI in recruitment process-

es is highest in BFSI and IT industries, with 67% using AI
for hiring recommendations in the IT industry, and 100%
of BFSI respondents using AI for interviewing.

• 33% of respondents in the IT industry are leveraging AI

for interviewing processes.

• 50% of respondents from the Manufacturing industry

leverage AI to assess candidate skills.

• In the Manufacturing and Automotive industries, 50%

of respondents state that they are not considering AI for
recruitment activities. However, 50% in the Manufactur-
ing industry consider using AI to assess candidate skills, • 75% of respondents in the BFSI industry identified cam-
while 50% in the Automotive industry consider using AI pus hiring as their primary recruitment channel, followed
for screening resumes, conducting initial interviews, and by 67% of respondents in the Automotive industry.
making hiring recommendations.
• 33% of respondents in the Manufacturing industry se-
• Across industries, the highest demand for leveraging AI lected recruitment consultants and agencies as their top
tools in the recruitment process is for conducting initial hiring channel, the highest reliance on this channel across
interviews for candidates. industries.

97 India Skills Report 2025

• 83% of respondents in both the Manufacturing and Au- • The Automotive sector leads in leveraging social media
tomotive industries identify job portals as the most effec- and networking, with 33% of respondents selecting this
tive recruitment channel, while 78% of respondents in the channel. The IT sector follows, with 22% of respondents
IT industry also rely on this channel for hiring. using social media for recruitment.

• 100% of respondents in the Manufacturing sector rely • In the Manufacturing sector, 17% of respondents rely on
on internal referrals as a key recruitment channel, the social media, while it is not a significant channel for the
highest across industries. The BFSI sector follows, with BFSI industry (0%).
50% of respondents utilizing internal referrals.
• When it comes to skills and attributes in new hires, 100%
In the IT sector, 44% of respondents prefer internal refer- of companies rate ethics as “extremely important,” em-
rals, while the Automotive industry sees 17% reliance on phasizing its indispensable role in organizational culture
this method. and decision-making.

In-demand Skills Across Industries

98 India Skills Report 2025

Industry-wise Hiring Intent Across Tier 2 cities, such as Coimbatore, Indore, and Kochi,
reflecting a growing interest in mid-tier regions.
Regions
• Another 30% of respondents plan to recruit from Tier 3
cities, such as Mysore, Visakhapatnam, and Mangalore,
showcasing some exploration into smaller talent markets.

Manufacturing
• While 33% of respondents foresee hiring in Tier 2 cities,
like Jaipur and Coimbatore, suggesting lesser emphasis
on mid-tier locations.

Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare

• 25% of respondents plan to hire in Tier 2 cities, such
as Kochi and Indore, reflecting moderate interest in these
regions.

• Only 5% of respondents foresee hiring in Tier 3 cities,

like Mangalore and Mysore, indicating limited recruitment
in smaller urban areas.

FMCG
•100% of respondents in the FMCG sector expect to focus
their hiring in Tier 2 cities, such as Indore, Coimbatore,
and Kochi, emphasizing these regions as key talent hubs.
Automotive
• Among which 67% of respondents expect hiring in Tier
2 cities, such as Indore, Pune, and Coimbatore, reflecting
growing opportunities outside metros.

• 17% of respondents plan to hire in Tier 3 cities, such as

Surat, Mysore, and Trichy, indicating a limited but present
interest in smaller urban regions.

BFSI
• While the most being 75% of respondents anticipate
hiring in Tier 2 cities, including locations like Chandigarh,
Kochi, and Jaipur, signaling strong demand in mid-tier re-
gions.

• A further 38% of respondents foresee hiring in Tier 3

cities, such as Nashik, Mangalore, and Visakhapatnam,
highlighting a balanced recruitment strategy across tiers.

GIC
• Among which, 50% of respondents plan to hire in Tier
2 cities, such as Pune and Jaipur, reflecting an additional
focus on emerging talent pools.

IT
• Among which, 60% of respondents anticipate hiring in

99 India Skills Report 2025

Hiring Demand for Freshers in 2025 of experience. In contrast, the Manufacturing industry
shows a more modest demand, with just 10% of its new
The demand for freshers across industries is expected
hires coming from this experience range.
to be lower in 2025 compared to last year. On average,
only 14% of all new hires across industries are expect-
ed to be freshers, marking a decline in fresh talent ac-
Summary of Key Hiring Trends
quisition. However, some industries are still focusing on The demand for freshers is expected to be lower than last
hiring freshers. Notably, the Automotive industry stands year across most industries, with significant variation be-
out with 21% of new hires projected to be freshers, the tween sectors. The demand for candidates with 1-5 years
highest across all sectors. In contrast, the Manufacturing of experience continues to dominate hiring intent across
industry is projected to have the lowest demand for fresh- industries, with Manufacturing and Automotive lead-
ers, with only 5% of new hires expected to come from this ing the way. Industries like Pharma & Healthcare, BFSI,
group. BFSI also places a significant focus on freshers, and IT also exhibit strong interest in candidates with 1-5
with 20% of its new hires coming from this experience years of experience. Meanwhile, the demand for candi-
bracket. Other industries like Pharma & Healthcare and IT dates with 6-10 years of experience is highest in Pharma
show moderate interest in freshers, with 9% and 20% of & Healthcare, with notable demand also observed in the
new hires expected to be freshers, respectively. IT and BFSI sectors. These trends reflect a strategic focus
on both developing talent and tapping into experienced

Demand for Candidates with 1-5 professionals to meet evolving business needs.

Years of Experience
AI Use in Recruitment Across
The demand for candidates with 1-5 years of experience
is set to be the highest across industries in 2025. Across
Industries
all sectors, 55.2% of companies have expressed positive Across industries, there is a significant anticipated in-
hiring intent for candidates in this experience bracket. In crease in the use of AI for recruitment activities in 2025,
fact, 47% of all new hires across industries are expected with a 38% rise expected in AI adoption for tasks such as
to come from the 1-5 years experience group. Industries screening, assessments, hiring recommendations, and in-
like Manufacturing, Automotive, and Pharma & Health- terviewing. This trend highlights the growing role of tech-
care have strong demands for candidates in this experi- nology in streamlining recruitment processes and improv-
ence range. Specifically, Manufacturing leads the way, ing efficiency. As companies continue to embrace AI, it is
with an impressive 70% of its new hires projected to be clear that these tools are becoming integral to recruitment
from this bracket, reflecting its high reliance on profes- strategies, helping organizations reduce bias, enhance
sionals with some experience but still in the early stages candidate matching, and automate repetitive tasks.
of their careers. The Automotive industry expects 52%
of its new hires to come from the 1-5 years experience AI in Recruitment Activities in the
group, while Pharma & Healthcare expects 54% of their BFSI and IT Industries
new hires to be from this range. BFSI also has a substantial
The demand for AI in recruitment is particularly high in
focus on this bracket, with 50% of its new hires expected
the BFSI and IT industries, with these sectors leading the
to be from candidates with 1-5 years of experience.
way in adopting AI technologies. In the IT industry, 67% of
respondents are using AI for making hiring recommenda-
Demand for Candidates with 6-10 tions, demonstrating a strong reliance on AI-driven tools
Years of Experience to match candidates with suitable roles. This is further
For candidates with 6-10 years of experience, the demand supported by the fact that 33% of IT industry respond-
is more diverse across industries. On average, 26% of ents are also leveraging AI for the interviewing process.
new hires across all industries are expected to come from Similarly, BFSI respondents are fully incorporating AI in
this experience group in 2025. The Pharma & Health- their recruitment, with 100% using AI for conducting in-
care industry has the highest demand in this experience terviews. This shows a deep integration of AI across the
bracket, with 21.5% of new hires expected to be from recruitment process in the BFSI sector, particularly in the
candidates with 6-10 years of experience. The IT industry interview stage, reflecting the industry’s focus on en-
follows, expecting 25% of new hires to come from this hancing candidate evaluation and improving the overall
experience group. BFSI also sees a significant proportion efficiency of the hiring process.
of its hiring coming from this bracket, with 20% of its new
hires expected to be from candidates with 6-10 years

100 India Skills Report 2025

AI Use in Screening, Assessments, the most common application across industries, indicating
a strong desire to automate and optimize the early stages
and Hiring Recommendations of hiring to enhance efficiency and candidate selection.
In other sectors, the use of AI for recruitment activities like As AI continues to evolve, it is likely that more industries
screening resumes, conducting assessments, and making will increase their investment in these technologies to
hiring recommendations is gaining traction. Manufactur- streamline recruitment further and improve overall hiring
ing respondents are leveraging AI to assess candidate outcomes.
skills, with 50% of them using AI for this purpose. This
indicates a trend toward using AI to evaluate candidates’ In-Demand Skills Across Industries
technical capabilities and fit for specific roles. On the oth-
The results from the Wheebox India Hiring Intent Early
er hand, Automotive respondents also show interest in AI
Career Edition Survey 2025 highlight the core skills that
for screening resumes and conducting initial interviews,
are increasingly prioritized by employers when hiring for
with 50% considering AI tools for these tasks. Additional-
various roles across industries. These skills reflect evolv-
ly, 50% of Automotive respondents are considering using
ing workplace dynamics, organizational cultures, and the
AI for making hiring recommendations, showcasing a bal-
increasing need for adaptability in a rapidly changing job
anced approach to integrating AI into multiple stages of
market.
the recruitment process.

Industries Not Fully Embracing AI Ethics: The Cornerstone of

Despite the growing trend of AI adoption, there is still a
Organizational Culture
portion of industries that are hesitant to incorporate AI Ethics stands out as the most universally valued skill, with
into their recruitment activities. Both the Manufacturing 100% of respondents rating it as “extremely important.”
and Automotive sectors report that 50% of respondents This underscores the fundamental role of ethics in shap-
are not currently considering AI for their recruitment pro- ing organizational culture, decision-making processes,
cesses. While these industries are exploring the potential and building trust both within teams and with customers.
of AI for specific tasks such as candidate skill assessment Employers are placing a strong emphasis on integrity and
in Manufacturing and resume screening in Automotive, ethical conduct, highlighting the growing importance of
they have yet to fully integrate AI into their broader re- these qualities in navigating modern workplace challeng-
cruitment strategies. es and ensuring long-term business success.

AI for Conducting Initial Interviews Collaboration: Highly Valued for

The highest demand for leveraging AI tools in recruitment Team Success
across all industries is for conducting initial interviews. The ability to work effectively with others is another cru-
This is a clear trend showing that companies are focusing cial skill, with 54% of respondents rating it as “very im-
on automating the early stages of the hiring process to portant” and 38% considering it “extremely important.”
increase efficiency and ensure consistency. By using AI This reflects the growing value placed on collaboration,
for initial interviews, organizations can handle larger vol- teamwork, and interpersonal communication in the work-
umes of applicants, reduce human biases, and streamline place. As businesses become more global and intercon-
candidate selection. This shift reflects the increasing im- nected, the need for strong collaboration skills is evident,
portance of AI in transforming recruitment into a faster allowing teams to effectively address complex issues and
and more data-driven process. drive innovation.

Summary of AI Trends in Adaptability & Problem-Solving:

Recruitment Key to Managing Change
Overall, AI adoption in recruitment is on the rise, with sec- Adaptability and problem-solving emerge as key skills
tors like BFSI and IT leading in their use of AI for a variety in today’s dynamic work environments, with 85% of re-
of recruitment activities, particularly in the areas of inter- spondents viewing these skills as either “very important”
viewing and hiring recommendations. The Manufacturing (54%) or “extremely important” (31%). This reflects the
and Automotive industries are exploring AI’s potential but increasing need for employees to navigate and thrive in
have yet to fully embrace it across all recruitment stages. environments marked by constant change and uncertain-
The use of AI for conducting initial interviews is becoming ty. Employers are looking for candidates who can respond

101 India Skills Report 2025

to challenges with innovative solutions, ensuring that or- judgments in fast-paced environments.
ganizations remain resilient in the face of evolving market
conditions. Digital Literacy & Data Fluency:
Growing Necessity in a Tech-Driven
Engagement Skills: Essential for World
Effective Communication Digital literacy and data fluency are becoming essential in
Engagement skills are another major focus, with 77% of today’s tech-driven environment, with 46% of respond-
respondents rating them as “very important.” This high- ents rating them as “important” and 31% as “extreme-
lights the crucial role that effective communication and ly important.” These skills are crucial for navigating the
emotional intelligence play in fostering strong relation- digital landscape, utilizing new technologies, and making
ships, both within teams and with clients or customers. data-driven decisions. As more industries undergo digital
Engagement skills are essential for motivating teams, transformation, employers are prioritizing candidates who
resolving conflicts, and ensuring that employees remain possess the skills to leverage digital tools and analyze
connected and committed to organizational goals. data effectively to drive business growth.

Self-Efficacy: Building Confidence

and Independence
Self-efficacy, or the ability to believe in and achieve one’s
goals, is also highly valued, with 62% of respondents
rating it as “very important” and 30% considering it “ex-
tremely important.” This emphasizes the importance of
individual confidence and independence, particularly in
environments where employees are expected to take in-
itiative and contribute proactively to their teams. Organi-
zations are looking for self-assured candidates who can
take ownership of their work and consistently perform at
a high level.

Technology Skills: A Divided Focus

Management Skills: Key to
When it comes to technology skills, opinions are some-
Leadership Success what divided. 38% of respondents rate them as “very
Management skills continue to be in demand, with 69% important,” while another 38% rate them as “important.”
of respondents rating them as “important” and 15% rating This suggests that while technology skills are important,
them as “extremely important.” The focus on management their priority may vary depending on the role and industry.
skills reflects the need for strong leadership in organiza- Roles that are more technology-focused or in tech-driven
tions, as managers play a critical role in guiding teams, sectors may require a deeper proficiency in these skills,
setting goals, and ensuring that projects are completed while other industries may place a more moderate em-
efficiently. As businesses continue to expand, effective phasis on them.
management becomes a cornerstone for achieving or-
ganizational objectives and ensuring operational success. Summary of In-Demand Skills
This year’s survey results reflect a clear trend toward pri-
Cognitive Skills: Essential for oritizing foundational soft skills like ethics, collaboration,
Critical Thinking and problem-solving, alongside key competencies like
Cognitive skills are also highly valued, with 54% of re- digital literacy, management, and cognitive skills. As the
spondents rating them as “very important” and 23% con- workforce continues to evolve, employers are increasing-
sidering them “extremely important.” These skills, which ly looking for well-rounded candidates who can adapt to
include critical thinking, analytical reasoning, and prob- change, communicate effectively, and contribute to the
lem-solving, are essential for making informed decisions overall success of their teams and organizations. In-de-
and navigating complex situations. Employers are in- mand skills are no longer confined to technical exper-
creasingly seeking candidates who can think strategical- tise alone, with a strong focus on emotional intelligence,
ly, process information effectively, and make sound self-efficacy, and leadership abilities across industries.

102 India Skills Report 2025

Regional Hiring Focus Across Tier 2 cities, including Indore, Coimbatore, and Kochi.
This is a clear indicator of how businesses in the FMCG
Industries sector are seeking to expand into growing regional mar-
The Wheebox India Hiring Intent Early Career Edition kets where consumer demand is increasing. These cities
Survey 2025 reveals regional trends that showcase how offer a mix of skilled talent and lower costs, aligning with
companies across industries are diversifying their hir- the industry’s need for operational efficiency and talent
ing strategies. Employers are increasingly expanding scalability in production, logistics, and sales.
their focus beyond metro cities to tap into talent pools in
emerging cities, indicating a broader shift in recruitment GIC Sector: Metro-Centric with
patterns driven by regional growth, talent availability, and
cost advantages.
Select Tier 2 Focus
The Global In-house Centers (GIC) sector shows a strong

Automotive Industry: Emphasis on preference for Tier 1 cities, with 100% of respondents an-
ticipating hiring in metro regions. This is consistent with
Tier 1 with Growing Interest in Tier the global trend of companies establishing or expanding
2 Cities their operations in cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad,
In the Automotive sector, 83% of respondents plan to where the tech ecosystem is robust, and business servic-
hire in Tier 1 cities, demonstrating a continued preference es are highly developed. However, 50% of respondents
for established metro regions. These cities are typical- are also planning to hire in Tier 2 cities like Pune and Jai-
ly home to well-developed infrastructure, higher talent pur, as these locations offer opportunities for cost-effec-
availability, and proximity to key industry hubs. Howev- tive recruitment and access to a growing pool of skilled
er, 67% of respondents are looking at Tier 2 cities, such professionals, especially in finance, technology, and data
as Indore, Pune, and Coimbatore, reflecting a growing analytics.
trend to explore emerging talent pools outside traditional
metros. These cities offer lower operational costs and an IT Industry: Strong in Tier 1 with
increasingly skilled workforce, making them attractive op- Expanding Interest in Tier 2 and Tier
tions for recruitment. While 17% of respondents are con-
sidering Tier 3 cities like Surat and Mysore, it’s clear that
3 Cities
smaller urban regions are seen as supplementary markets In the IT sector, 70% of respondents are prioritizing Tier 1
for niche or specialized roles. cities, recognizing the significance of tech hubs like
Bangalore, Delhi, and Hyderabad. These cities remain the

BFSI Industry: Strong Demand in mainstay for sourcing top talent, given their advanced in-
frastructure and established talent pools. However, 60%
Metro and Tier 2 Cities of respondents are also focusing on Tier 2 cities, such as
The BFSI (Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance) Indore, Coimbatore, and Kochi, where IT industry expan-
sector shows a strategic blend in regional hiring. 50% of sion is on the rise due to infrastructure development, low-
respondents anticipate hiring in Tier 1 cities, consistent er operating costs, and availability of skilled graduates.
with the sector’s historical reliance on metro regions for Notably, 30% are looking to Tier 3 cities, like Mysore and
high-demand roles. More notably, 75% of respondents Visakhapatnam, for cost-effective hiring solutions and to
are focusing on Tier 2 cities, such as Chandigarh, Kochi, tap into growing talent markets that were previously un-
and Jaipur, where demand for financial services is on the derexplored.
rise due to local economic growth and an expanding mid-
dle class. The sector is also projecting 38% of hires from Manufacturing Industry: A Balanced
Tier 3 cities, such as Visakhapatnam, to diversify talent
acquisition strategies, tapping into developing regions
Focus Across Tiers
where recruitment costs may be lower and talent availa- The Manufacturing sector has a diverse regional focus,
bility is growing. with 50% of respondents looking to hire in both Tier 1
and Tier 3 cities. This balanced approach indicates that

FMCG Sector: Focused on Tier 2 manufacturers are leveraging both well-established met-
ro locations and smaller cities where talent is available at
Cities for Expansion competitive rates. 50% of respondents are eyeing Tier
In the FMCG (Fast-Moving Consumer Goods) sector, 3 cities such as Surat and Nashik, where manufacturing
100% of respondents are focusing hiring efforts in capabilities are growing, and industrial hubs are being

103 India Skills Report 2025

developed. Only 33% are considering Tier 2 cities like
Coimbatore and Jaipur, highlighting that these regions
may not yet be a top priority for the sector.

Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare In-

dustry: Metro-Centric with Some
Interest in Tier 2 Cities
For the Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare sector, 70% of re-
spondents anticipate hiring in Tier 1 cities, signaling the
continued reliance on metro regions where the healthcare
infrastructure is well-established, and specialized talent is
concentrated. However, 25% of respondents plan to fo-
cus on Tier 2 cities like Kochi and Indore, indicating some
interest in tapping into growing healthcare and pharma-
ceutical hubs outside major metros. The sector’s limited
focus on Tier 3 cities (5%) suggests that smaller cities
may be less viable for recruitment, likely due to a lack of
specialized talent pools.

A Shifting Focus Across Regions for

Diverse Talent Pools
The Wheebox India Hiring Intent Early Career Edition
Survey 2025 highlights a clear shift towards regional
diversification in hiring, as companies expand their re-
cruitment efforts beyond traditional metro cities to tap
into emerging talent pools in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities.
While Tier 1 cities remain dominant, particularly in sec-
tors like Automotive (83%), IT (70%), Pharmaceuticals
& Healthcare (70%), and GIC (100%), there is a notable
rise in hiring across Tier 2 cities. Sectors such as BFSI
(75%), Automotive (67%), and IT (60%) are increasingly
focused on these regions, attracted by lower operational
costs, expanding skilled workforces, and local economic
growth. Tier 3 cities, while secondary, are considered for
specialized or cost-effective roles, with Automotive (17%)
and BFSI (38%) turning to these areas for niche talent.
The FMCG sector is entirely focused on Tier 2 cities, re-
flecting its need for efficient operations and access to
emerging consumer markets. In contrast, Manufactur-
ing takes a balanced approach, hiring in both Tier 1 and
Tier 3 cities to tap into industrial hubs and competitive
talent pools. This multi-tier strategy is helping industries
optimize recruitment costs, support regional growth, and
foster diverse talent acquisition across the country. By
broadening their focus to include Tier 2 and Tier 3 cit-
ies, companies not only access untapped talent but also
contribute to the development of regional economies and
build more diverse workforces with varied skills and per-
spectives.

104 India Skills Report 2025

 PARTNER SPEAKS
105 India Skills Report 2025
ALL INDIA COUNCIL FOR
TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Greetings and congratulations to the Wheebox team

for presenting the 12th edition of the India Skills Report
2025. The theme of this year’s report, ‘Global Talent Mo-
bility,’ is highly relevant in today’s interconnected world,
where talent transcends borders. It is noteworthy that
this year, approximately 5 lakh students participated in
the Global Employability Test (G.E.T), making the report
a credible and comprehensive reflection of India’s evolv-
ing talent landscape. Wheebox, in partnership with CII, Prof. TG Sitharam
AICTE, AIU, and other esteemed institutions, has consist- Chairman, AICTE
ently bridged the gap between talent supply and industry
demand through these insightful reports.

As India progresses towards achieving developed nation 10% supernumerary seats for working professionals to at-
status by 2047, as envisioned by our Hon’ble Prime Minis- tend short-term credit-based programs alongside regular
ter, equipping our youth with employable skills, technolog- students, thus fostering continuous learning and profes-
ical expertise, and global adaptability is imperative. The sional growth. To make skill enhancement more accessible,
India Skills Report 2025 highlights the need to align our AICTE has also introduced flexible programs for working
workforce with the demands of a globalized labor market professionals, with 400+ colleges now offering evening
and Industry 4.0. This edition provides crucial insights for classes tailored to their schedules and specific needs.
students, academia, industries, and policymakers, helping
AICTE has also prioritized industry-academia mobility
them navigate and prepare for the workforce challenges
through initiatives like appointing Professors of Practice
and opportunities of tomorrow.
(PoP) and launching the BHARATI program, which pro-
AICTE takes immense pride in contributing to India’s skill- motes the mobility of women PoP to strengthen knowledge
ing ecosystem. This year, we launched several key ini- exchange. Furthermore, platforms like the AICTE Intern-
tiatives aimed at empowering youth and strengthening ship Portal, with over 2 crore registered students and
employability. The AICTE Career Portal, developed in col- 75,000 companies, and the AICTE Placement Portal, fo-
laboration with Apna.co, leverages AI to provide skilling cused on providing job opportunities to students from rural
opportunities and facilitate tailored placements. Another and tribal areas, are critical in shaping the future of young
flagship program, the AICTE-EduSkills Virtual Internship graduates.
Program, created in partnership with Wadhwani Founda-
The India Skills Report 2025 serves as a benchmark for
tion, Ansys, and Midas Research and Development Cen-
stakeholders across the skilling ecosystem. By offering ac-
tre, offers over 2,00,000 virtual internships, enabling
tionable insights into the talent value chain, the report ena-
students to gain practical experience and bridge the gap
bles students, educators, industry leaders, and policymak-
between academic learning and industry needs.
ers to make informed decisions and contribute to making
Additionally, the Juniper AI-Driven Campus Centre of Ex- India the global talent capital. I am confident that this report
cellence, established in collaboration with Juniper Networks will further bolster our efforts to elevate the aspirations and
and EduSkills, is enhancing the educational infrastructure capabilities of India’s youth, ensuring their readiness for
in 500 institutions across India, equipping students with the dynamic and ever-evolving global workforce.
cutting-edge technological expertise. The Proficience Pro-
gram is another milestone, allowing institutions to allocate

106 India Skills Report 2025

ASSOCIATION OF
INDIAN UNIVERSITIES (AIU)

As the Global Skills Mobility Partner, I am delighted to

present before you the India Skills Report 2025, a signif-
icant initiative by Wheebox and ETS, which displays a
beacon of insight into the evolving skill landscape of our
nation. This report not only captures the pulse of employ-
ability trends in India but also serves as a critical roadm-
ap for academia, industry, and policymakers striving to
bridge the gap between education and employability.
Dr. Pankaj Mittal
The theme of employability, which lies at the heart of this Secretary-General, Association of Indian
report, has gained unprecedented significance in recent Universities (AIU)
years. As India moves closer to becoming a global eco-
nomic powerhouse, the onus lies on our educational insti-
tutions to produce not only knowledgeable graduates but of India’s vision for a vibrant, skilled, and globally con-
also skilled, innovative, and future-ready professionals. nected workforce. By championing the integration of
The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has further em- NEP 2020 and fostering innovative skilling initiatives, AIU
phasized the need for multidisciplinary education, experi- is shaping a future-ready generation, poised to excel on
ential learning, and skill development as integral parts of the global stage. In near future, we are also planning to
India’s academic framework—a vision that aligns seam- collaborate with NSDC, AIMA and other bodies to run skill
lessly with AIU’s initiatives. enhancement program.
The findings of the India Skills Report resonate deeply The India Skills Report provides actionable insights into
with the Association of Indian Universities’ (AIU) mission employability trends and highlights areas that require col-
to enhance the quality of higher education in India while lective attention. The data underscores the urgent need
ensuring its alignment with global standards and industry to revamp curricula, invest in upskilling and reskilling pro-
requirements. At AIU, we believe that education is not just grams, and strengthen industry-academia partnerships. It
the accumulation of knowledge but also the cultivation of also reveals the resilience and potential of India’s youth—a
skills, values, and adaptability that prepare individuals for resource that will shape our nation’s future.
the challenges of a rapidly changing world.
As we analyze the report, it is imperative that we com-
AIU has been instrumental in creating platforms and op- mit ourselves to ensuring that every graduate in India is
portunities to bridge the gap between academic learning empowered with not just a degree but also the skills and
and industry demands. By fostering collaborations be- capabilities required to thrive in a competitive global land-
tween universities, industries, and global education sys- scape. At AIU, we reaffirm our commitment to this cause,
tems, AIU has championed the integration of skills and working in synergy with stakeholders across academia,
competencies into mainstream education. Our initiatives government, and industry to drive innovation, inclusivity,
in capacity-building workshops, quality assurance, inter- and excellence in higher education.
nationalization of education, and advocacy for experien-
I congratulate Wheebox, ETS, and all contributors for pro-
tial learning methods continue to pave the way for a more
ducing such a thought-provoking and impactful report.
dynamic and skill-oriented educational ecosystem. AIU’s
Together, let us continue to nurture the immense potential
comprehensive approach to skilling, education reform, and
of India’s youth and build a workforce that is not only em-
international collaboration positions it as a cornerstone
ployable but also capable of shaping a better tomorrow.

107 India Skills Report 2025

CONFEDERATION
OF INDIAN
INDUSTRY

The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) works to create

and sustain an environment conducive to the develop-
ment of India, partnering Industry, Government and civil
society, through advisory and consultative processes.

CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and

industry-managed organization, with around 9,000 mem-
bers from the private as well as public sectors, includ-
ing SMEs and MNCs, and an indirect membership of over
365,000 enterprises from 294 national and regional sec-
toral industry bodies.
Ministry of External Affairs, NITI Aayog etc fostering pub-
For more than 125 years, CII has been engaged in shap-
lic-private partnerships, designing industry-relevant skill-
ing India’s development journey and works proactively on
ing programs, aligning skill policies with industry demands
transforming Indian Industry’s engagement in national de-
and enhancing workforce readiness and employability.
velopment. With its extensive network across the country
and the world, CII serves as a reference point for Indian CII worked closely with the government to bring about the
industry and the international business community. 1st National Policy on Skill Development in 2008 and has
engaged extensively with MSDE on the 2nd National Pol-
In the journey of India’s economic resurgence, CII facili-
icy on Skill & Entrepreneurship 2015. Based on extensive
tates the multifaceted contributions of the Indian Industry,
industry consultations, CII recommendations were incor-
charting a path towards a prosperous and sustainable fu-
porated in the Amended Apprenticeship Act 2014. CII has
ture. With this backdrop, CII has identified “Globally Com-
played a key role in the Upgradation of the 1396 Industrial
petitive India: Partnerships for Sustainable and Inclusive
Training Institutes through Public Private Partnership and
Growth” as its Theme for 2024-25, prioritizing 5 key pil-
Modular Employable Skills (MES) Scheme
lars. During this year, it would align its policy recommen-
dations, initiatives, and activities with this overarching CII worked closely with the Ministry of External Affairs
framework to facilitate strategic actions for driving India’s for implementation of Migration and Mobility Partnership
global competitiveness and growth through a robust and Agreements (MMPAs), signed by Government of India
resilient Indian Industry. with France, Germany, Japan, Portugal, and UK.

CII Centre of Excellence on Skills

Incubation of NSDC & SSCs
CII has been working since 1987 towards building a ro-
bust skill development ecosystem in India, through policy Bolstering the India Skills ecosystem, CII incubated the

advocacy and on-ground initiatives, forming a bridge be- National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) and 11

tween Industry and the youth. Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) - Beauty & Wellness, Bank-
ing, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI), Furniture &
Policy Advocacy: Fittings, Healthcare, Infrastructure Equipment, Life Sci-
CII works closely with the Stakeholders – Industry, Minis- ence, Logistics, Paint & Coatings, Green Jobs, Persons
tries (Ministry of Skill Development & Livelihood, Ministry with Disability & Tourism & Hospitality Sector Skill Council.
of Labour & Employment, Ministry of Corporate Affairs,

108 India Skills Report 2025

CII Model Career Centres Apprenticeship
As a Third-Party Aggregator (TPA), CII facilitates Apprenticeship
The CII Model Career Centres (MCCs) are Industry-led
with Industry under National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme
employment facilitation centres linking job seekers to job
(NAPS) and National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS).
providers. They provide a key talent sourcing service to
and acts as a bridge between Industry and youth seeking ap-
Industry while making social impact. MCCs provide job
prenticeship opportunities, facilitating and streamlining the entire
seekers with psychometric-based career counselling,
process for the stakeholders.
soft & employability skills and placement support.

Initially, CII had set up 3 Model Career Centres in Chennai, International Pathways
Gurugram & Mumbai now have been scaled up to 41 pan CII is India’s first and largest sending organisation under the Jap-
India on a hub and spoke model, with many in partnership anese Technical Training Intern Program (TITP). mobilizes in-
with Central or State Governments. terns & provides 6 months pre–departure training on Japanese
language & culture training, delivered by Japanese Nationals in

Since its inception, CII MCCs have imparted Ca- India. These internships have been in Internships in Manufactur-

reer Counselling and soft & employability skills to ing, Automobile Maintenance, Electronics, Caseworker and Ac-

more than 10.25 Lakh youth and provided place- commodation, Agriculture and Food Processing sectors.

ment to more than 6.8 Lakh youth. CII mobilizes trained youth and provides them 6 month Japanese
language and cultural training and thereafter, sends them to Ja-
CII Multi Skill Training Institutes pan as Technical Interns for a period of 1 to 5 years.

(MSTIs) CII has also created pathway for skilled Indian talent like Ship
Painters & Sand Blasters, Heavy Vehicle maintenance (Truck Me-
The MSTIs are based on a unique multi-corporate, mul-
chanics), Car Mechanic job roles, to Finland and Australia. CII is
ti-skilling model with an objective to impart vocational
scaling this with other countries like France, South Korea, Middle
training to local youth. MSTIs assess Industry require-
East, Germany etc
ments before training youth and provide them with em-
ployment/self-employment opportunities.
Annual Publications
They offer state-of-the-art labs to facilitate domain train- CII publishes two key annual reports on skilling and employment:
ing and assessments, practical classroom training, soft- CII Wheebox India Skills Report: Engaging 380,000+ students
skills and placement linkages as well as hostel facilities. and 150+ corporates, Report assesses employability and ex-
plores future skilling strategies and presents insights from indus-

Awarding Body try and academia.

CII has been designated as an Awarding Body under the India Taggd Decoding Jobs: Based on input from 200+ indus-

National Council of Vocational Education and Training try leaders, it examines India’s evolving job and talent landscape,

(NCVET), Government of India. highlighting best practices, challenges, and in-demand skills for

Under this initiative, CII is mapping the industry’s train- emerging roles.

ing initiatives and aligning them with the National Credit

Creating Aspirations for Skills
Framework (NCrF). This will enable candidates trained
by the industry to get credit-based certificates as per the Recognizing the need for building aspirations of the youth, CII

National Education Policy. started the Regional and National WorkSkills competition in
1987, and supporting the Ministry of Skill Dev elopement on

Industry Led Training IndiaSkills and WorldSkills Competition.

CII has partnered with Ecole hôtelière de Lausanne,

Switzerland, the worlds no 1 hospitality school to deliv- Business20 under India’s Presidency
er 18-month Swiss Professional Diploma in Hospitality
As part of Business 20 India (B20 India), CII drove the agen-
through our industry partners – Taj, ITC & Hyatt hotels,
da through the Task Force on the Future of Work, Skilling &
providing training IN and BY Industry, to ensure quality
Mobility (FoW,S&M). The task force had 12 chairs from India
training and employability. and other countries, along with 179 members from across B20
and invitee countries. Recommendations were drafted on
the three pillars of Future of Work, Skilling & Mobility, many of
CII is now scaling this in other sectors like BFSI,
which were adopted by the G20 Employment Working Groups
Animation, Manufacturing Healthcare etc. and were included in the ‘G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration’.

109 India Skills Report 2025

ASAP KERALA
IMPROVING
EMPLOYABILITY

” As Kerala advances towards a knowledge-based econ-

omy, the Department of Higher Education is dedicated to
equipping youth with the skills needed to thrive in a dy-
namic workforce. By providing pathways that align stu-
dent aspirations with industry demands, Kerala aims to
create a skilled, adaptable generation. ASAP Kerala plays
a key role by offering industry-focused skill development
programs that bridge the gap between academic learning
and practical skills. These programs help students access
quality job opportunities. Through its involvement in the Dr. R. Bindu
India Skills Report 2025, ASAP Kerala ensures educational Minister of Higher Education & Social Justice
strategies align with economic goals, fostering a skilled, Government of Kerala

employable workforce to drive Kerala’s growth. ”

ASAP Kerala - Improving
Employability empowering them to access quality employment aligned
with their career goals. The India Skills Report, which
The Additional Skill Acquisition Programme (ASAP) Kerala,
analyzes industry expectations and identifies skill gaps,
launched in 2021 under the Kerala Government’s Higher
guides educational policy. ASAP Kerala’s involvement in
Education Department, is a Public Service Undertaking
the India Skills Report 2025 reflects the Kerala Govern-
recognized by NCVET as both an Awarding Body and As-
ment’s commitment to aligning education with economic
sessment Agency. With an ISO 21001:2018 certified man-
needs. This collaboration aims to build a highly skilled,
agement system, ASAP Kerala offers industry-relevant
employable workforce, driving sustainable growth and in-
skill training to students through online platforms, schools,
novation in Kerala. Together, we can create a prosperous
colleges, and Community Skill Parks. Courses are availa-
future by harnessing the power of skilled youth.
ble in sectors like Banking, IT, Healthcare, Media, and Ag-
riculture, developed with input from industry experts and
advisory councils. Training is provided in offline, online,
ASAP Kerala’s Major Initiatives
and blended formats, in collaboration with institutions like 1. Customized Skill Training
IIT Palakkad. On-the-job training and internships are key
ASAP Kerala offers skill training for individuals selected
components, with placement opportunities offered upon
by government agencies, including programs for fisher-
course completion. Over the past decade, ASAP Kerala
women’s children, girls from low-income backgrounds,
has trained more than 2.5 lakh students, primarily from
and career break women. CSR funds from companies like
higher secondary schools, boosting their employability in
Cochin Shipyard and Federal Bank support these initia-
various sectors.
tives, including the Super 100 program for tribal students.
ASAP Kerala plays a crucial role in bridging the gap be-
2. Community Skill Parks
tween academic learning and the skills employers seek.
ASAP Kerala operates 16 Community Skill Parks offering
Its industry-focused programs are designed to enhance
specialized training in sectors like banking, IT, automotive,
students’ abilities in areas they are passionate about,
and healthcare, in collaboration with industry leaders.

110 India Skills Report 2025

3. Centres of Excellence (CoE) 2. Dual Recognition
ASAP Kerala has set up industrial-grade labs, including ASAP Kerala is the first in Kerala to earn dual recognition
AR/VR, Electric Vehicle, Drone Technology, and Paint as both an Awarding Body and Assessment Agency by
Academies, to deliver advanced training. NCVET.

4. Community Colleges 3. Best Practice in Skilling (2017)

ASAP Kerala supports D.Voc programs at AICTE-ap- ASAP was recognized by Niti Aayog as a national ‘Best
proved community colleges, offering skill training with in- Practice in Skill Development’ aligned with UN SDG Goal 4.
dustry connections and financial assistance for students.
4. ADB Award (2020)
5. Placement and Internship The Asian Development Bank honored ASAP Kerala as the
ASAP Kerala places over 2,000 students annually and ‘Best Project for Effective Gender Action Plan Implemen-
organizes “ASPIRE” placement drives. The government tation’ in India.
also designated ASAP as the nodal agency for internships
across departments. 5. FICCI Award (2022)
ASAP Kerala was recognized by FICCI for ‘Best Practic-
6. Talent Building Initiatives es in Skilling and Employability’ at the ‘Made in Kerala’
ASAP Kerala runs various initiatives like College Student Awards 2022.
Induction, Summer Quest, Placement Readiness, and
Ideathons to enhance skills and foster innovation among 6. India Skills Report (2022 & 2024)
youth.
ASAP contributed to Kerala’s top ranking in youth employ-
ability and female employability, with cities like Thiruva-
7. Curriculum Development & NSQF nanthapuram, Kochi, and Kozhikode ranked among the
Alignment top 10 for talent.

ASAP Kerala develops NSQF-aligned courses and a certi-

fication platform, with courses listed on the National Qual-
ification Register.

8. Accreditation Agency
ASAP Kerala accredits skilling agencies across the state,
ensuring quality training and assessments.

9. Aptitude Competency Assessment

ASAP Kerala developed the Kerala School Aptitude Test
(KSAT), assessing career paths for 8th and 10th-grade
students, adopted by Samagra Shiksha Kerala.

10. Nodal Agency for Skill Development

ASAP Kerala assists colleges in establishing Centres for
Skill Development and Career Planning to enhance under-
graduate outcomes in Kerala.

Achievements and Recognition

1. ISO 21001:2018
ASAP Kerala received ISO 21001:2018 certification from
IRCLASS on June 27, 2024, for meeting international
standards in educational management.

111 India Skills Report 2025

GUJARAT SKILL
DEVELOPMENT
ECOSYSTEM

Gujarat has been a leader in skill development, aligning

with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of Skill India.
In 2009, the state launched the “Kaushalya Vardhan Ken-
dra (KVK)” program, establishing over 500 skill centers
across blocks through Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs).
Over the past decade, this initiative has positively impact-
ed more than 19 lakh individuals, primarily rural women, by
promoting inclusive growth and sustainable livelihoods.
Complementing Gujarat’s efforts, national schemes like
the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), Jan
Mukhyamantri Skill Development
Shikshan Sansthan (JSS), and Deen Dayal Upadhyaya
Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDUGKY) work in synergy Initiative
with state programs, collectively driving India’s skill en- Gujarat’s Mukhyamantri Skill Development Initiative
hancement agenda. (MSDI), launched in 2022-23, unifies state skill efforts,
optimizing infrastructure to train over 5 lakh candidates
Mukhyamantri Bhavishya Lakshi annually. By coordinating across departments, MSDI of-
fers diverse programs from NSQF levels 1 to 8, skilling
Kaushal Vikas Yojana (MBKVY)
5,68,246 youth in its first year.
To equip its youth with skills for evolving job markets,
Gujarat launched the Mukhyamantri Bhavishyalakshi Kau-
”Kaushalya” the Skill University
shalya Vikas Yojana (MBKVY) in 2022-23. Offering train-
ing in 92 industry-aligned courses across sectors like Gujarat’s “Kaushalya”–The Skill University (KSU) is rede-

healthcare, IT, and green jobs, the program has trained fining education by integrating employability with learn-

over 13,154 candidates using advanced facilities and ex- ing. Established under state legislation, KSU offers over

isting infrastructure. 100 courses across six schools, including Drones and Lib-
eral Arts, enrolling 15,000+ students and certifying 9,640.
With industry partnerships, KSU ensures demand-driven
training, enhancing job prospects and economic growth.

Skilling at ITIs
Gujarat boasts 558 ITIs (288 government, 101 grant-in-aid,
and 169 self-financed), training 2.16 lakh students annual-
ly, with 30 ITIs for women and 19 for persons with disabil-
ities. The state offers 132 trades under NCVT and GCVT
patterns and leads with 85% seat utilization, enrolling
1.36 lakh trainees. Through 171 Public-Private Partnership
(PPP) ITIs, industries actively support infrastructure and
operations. Initiatives like convocation ceremonies and
English exams for ITI students enable Class 12th equiva-
lence, with 47,485 candidates registered for the program.

112 India Skills Report 2025

These efforts elevate vocational training, aligning educa-
Gujarat Apex Training Institutes
tion with industry demands and enhancing employability.
(GATI)
Under the Gujarat Apex Training Institutes (GATI) project,
4 Centers of Excellence and 8 Institutes of Training of
Trainers (iToTs) are being established to offer technology
training and develop skilled trainers, with a focus on mar-
ket-driven courses and teacher development.

Mukhyamantri Apprenticeship
Yojana
The Mukhyamantri Apprenticeship Yojana trains youth in
industrial environments, with over 32,000 establishments
registered in Gujarat. In FY 2022-23, 1,21,710 apprentices
were engaged, and industries received financial incen-
tives beyond the National Apprenticeship schemes..
Mini ITIs
Gujarat is establishing Mini ITIs in collaboration with in-
dustries within GIDC estates to offer industry-relevant
training and enhance local employment opportunities.
These Mini ITIs will train youth in trades aligned with local
industries, with support from industries providing equip-
ment and expertise. The government will facilitate land
allocation and construction, ensuring practical training for
improved employability in local sectors.

Project Sankalp
Project Sankalp in Gujarat promotes an industry-driven
Mega ITIs skill development ecosystem, encouraging partnerships
Gujarat is developing 41 Mega ITIs as Nodal centers to between industry associations and GSDM. The program
offer advanced training in emerging technologies. These offers demand-based training in manufacturing and ser-
ITIs will feature sector-specific Centers of Excellence, vice sectors, providing financial incentives for recruitment,
providing demand-based courses, faculty development, training, and stipends. It aims to create employment op-
and industry collaboration, with companies like Nokia, portunities by aligning training with National Skills Quali-
Siemens, and L&T already on board. fications Framework (NSQF) and company-specific roles.
As of now, 3,100 candidates have been trained under this
initiative.

“SAKSHAM” KVK 2.0

Gujarat pioneered skill development with the “Kaushalya
Vardhan Kendra (KVK)” in 2009, later revamped as “Sak-
sham”-KVK 2.0. This initiative offers short-term training in
NSQF levels 1-3, focusing on diverse beneficiary groups
like women, PwD, transgender community, and senior cit-
izens. To date, around 2,100 candidates have been trained
under Saksham.

113 India Skills Report 2025

ANDHRA
PRADESH
This section highlights the various achievements of the
Andhra Pradesh State Skill Development Corporation
(APSSDC) along with various other initiatives to upskill
and expand possibilities for jobs among the youth in India.

Training & Placements:

• Over 27.72 lakh beneficiaries have been trained
since 2014

• Academic Schemes - Trained 22.55 lakh students

Nara Lokesh
• Unemployed Youth - Trained 5.17 lakh approx unem- Minister for Human Resources Development of
ployed youth of the state Andhra Pradesh
• Job Melas/ Fairs - Facilitated 2.79 lakh candidates with
placements

Vision labor market. This initiative aims to cover approximately

To develop a holistic framework that nurtures the talent 1.6 crore households, evaluating the skill levels of a popu-
of Andhra Pradesh (AP) youth, aligning with the evolving lation of 3.54 crore across various sectors. Utilizing meth-
industrial landscape and fulfilling the skilled manpower odologies such as household and industry surveys, the
needs of all stakeholders in the state. census will inform effective policies for skill development.
The NAIPUNYAM portal will manage the census, employ-
Objectives ing AI-based skill profiling and adaptive assessments to
• Brand Development: Establish an aspirational brand for enhance accuracy.
skilling, enhancing recognition of AP youth at national and
To promote participation, a multichannel approach is be-
global levels.
ing utilized, including door-to-door enumeration through
• Credit Transferability: Implement systems that ensure existing government programs and support from educa-
multi-entry and exit options in skill development pro- tional institutions. Individuals can also self-enumerate via
grams. a user-friendly web and mobile application. The pilot
• Technology-Enhanced Learning: Promote hands-on census has commenced in the Mangalagiri Assembly
learning experiences supported by technology, along with Constituency, involving 734 enumerators and aiming to
lifelong learning opportunities. complete the process by October 30, 2024. The initiative
will be closely monitored at various levels to ensure its
• International Mobility: Facilitate opportunities for youth
success, ultimately striving to align workforce skills with
to gain international experience.
industry requirements in Andhra Pradesh.
• Future Planning: Create a comprehensive blueprint for
AP Skill Vision 2030
Other Achievements and Highlights
Skill Census: A. AP Skill Cascade Initiatives
The Government of Andhra Pradesh has launched a Skill
• Skill Colleges: One Skill College per Parliamentary Con-
Census to assess existing skill sets and identify gaps in the
stituency (26 skill colleges) offering high-end courses for

114 India Skills Report 2025

graduates. So far, 4,904 candidates trained, and 3,174 C. Central Government Skill Development
placed with an 64.72% placement record. Initiatives
• Skill Hubs: 192 Skill Hubs across 175 Assembly Con- Implementation of flagship skill development schemes
stituencies offering training catering to the local industri- from various GOI departments, including:• Pradhan Mantri
al demand. So far, 24,989 candidates trained and 10,147 Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
placed.
• Pradhan Mantri Vishwakarma (PM Vishwakarma)
• Skill Spokes: Training centers operated by industries
• Skill Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness for Liveli-
within their premises offering customized training lead-
hood Promotion (SANKALP)
ing to captive placements. So far, 17,802 candidates have
been trained, and 16,969 placed with 95.32% placements. • Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) Key Highlights (Central Gov-
ernment)

Key Highlights (AP Skill Cascade) • A total of 205,714 candidates trained under various cen-
• Industry Partnerships: Established an industry partner tral government-sponsored schemes.
for each institute to enhance placement support.

• In-House Training: Developed internal training capabili-

D. Skill Universe Application
ties, including infrastructure and human resources.
A comprehensive web portal serving as a one-stop solu-
• Stakeholder Collaboration: Fostering collaboration
tion for aspirants and industries, featuring real-time ana-
with various stakeholder departments.
lytics on skill training and employment opportunities.
• Wide Beneficiary Coverage: Training programs cater to
school dropouts, SLLC graduates, and postgraduates. Key Highlights (Skill Universe Application)
• Global Collaborations: Partnerships with the Govern-
• Single Platform: Consolidation of all skill initiatives in the
ment of India (GOI) and international agencies for over-
state.
seas placements.
• Lifecycle Management: Ensures tracking of the student
B. Academic Initiatives lifecycle.
• CM Skill Excellence Centres in 100 Engg. Colleges
• Innovative Technology: Features like facial recognition
• Employability Skill Centres in 498 Degree Colleges attendance and digital certificates.

Key Highlights (Academic) • Departmental Convergence: Integration with line de-

partments for enhanced coordination.
• Blended Training Modes: Combination of online and of-
fline training. • Mapping and Tracking: Continuous placement tracking
• Industry Certification: Courses in emerging technolo- and industry-aspirant mapping.
gies.
• GOI Integration: Seamless integration with GOI portals
• Soft Skills Development: Focused on employability
such as Skill India and Apprenticeship programs.
skills, life skills, and soft skills.

• Extensive Coordinator Network: A vast network of in-

house coordinators and trainers for effective program im-
plementation.

• Student Impact: 22,55,716 students trained through ac-

ademic programs.

• Industry Collaborations: Partnerships with organiza-

tions like Dassault Systems, UiPath Academy, Samsung
PRISM, Oracle Academy, C-DAC, Microsoft-SAP Labs,
AWS Academy, and Wadhwani Foundation.

115 India Skills Report 2025

TRIPURA
The state of Tripura has demonstrated a visionary ap-
proach to skilling and employability through a series
of groundbreaking initiatives aimed at empowering its
youth and fostering economic diversification. At the fore-
front is the Mukhya Mantri Dakshyata Unnayan Prakalpa
(MMDUP), launched in 2023-24 with an outlay of ₹50
crores over five years. This ambitious program leverages
public-private partnerships to provide advanced, mar-
ket-demand-based skill training, upgrade the capabilities
of workers in traditional sectors, and facilitate internation-
al placements. A major highlight is the establishment of a development through its Directorate of Skill Development
Drone Technology Centre at Tripura Institute of Technol- (DSD), which works to align training with market needs
ogy (TIT), Narsingarh, equipping youth with future-ready and improve employability. A unique initiative under the
skills in drone operation, maintenance, and design. DSD involves career guidance for female students in 983
schools, providing them with tools to navigate opportu-
In a significant stride, the state unveiled the Tripura Skill
nities in higher education, competitive exams, and skill
and Entrepreneurship Policy 2024, aimed at positioning
training. These efforts underscore Tripura’s commitment
Tripura as the skilling hub of Northeast India. The poli-
to fostering an inclusive and informed workforce.
cy focuses on empowering individuals aged 15-45, with
a strong emphasis on gender balance in non-tradition- Recognizing the importance of IT and digital skills, Tripu-
al sectors. It addresses critical challenges such as low ra has made significant advancements in education and
vocational training coverage and high unemployment training infrastructure. Institutions like Tripura University,
by aligning training programs with industry demands in NIELIT Agartala, and NIT Tripura collectively contribute to
priority sectors like rubber, bamboo, logistics, and green over 1,770 annual intakes, offering diverse courses such
jobs. The policy also aims to establish five Centres of Ex- as M.Tech, MCA, BCA, and specialized diplomas. The
cellence, improve labor market information systems, and state has further bolstered digital literacy through capac-
encourage inclusivity, particularly in women’s workforce ity-building initiatives under the Digital India mission. This
participation. Importantly, it adopts a dynamic approach, includes advanced e-Governance training for policymak-
with provisions for periodic revisions every five years to ers and state officials, ensuring effective implementation
remain responsive to industry trends and technological of technology-driven solutions.
advancements. Tripura’s holistic approach extends to creating economic
Tripura’s collaboration with NASSCOM, formalized opportunities by targeting high-growth sectors such as
through an MoU, integrates the Future Skills Prime pro- tourism, bamboo, and rubber processing. With policies
gram into the state’s academic curriculum, offering spe- aligned to national programs like “Make in India” and “At-
cialized training in artificial intelligence, machine learning, manirbhar Bharat,” the state is fostering inclusive growth
blockchain, and other emerging technologies. This initia- and positioning itself as a model for workforce transfor-
tive aligns with the Ministry of Electronics and Information mation. Tripura’s progressive skilling ecosystem not only
addresses the current market demands but also prepares
Technology’s vision to digitally empower the workforce
its youth to excel in future-ready industries, solidifying its
and prepare them for global opportunities.
role as a strategic partner in India’s journey toward eco-
The state has also prioritized comprehensive skill nomic empowerment.

116 India Skills Report 2025

APPENDIX
The structured survey format ensured robust data collec-
tion, capturing both qualitative and quantitative insights.
By analyzing demographic factors such as age, gender,
and region, the study ensured that the results were re-
flective of the broader student population, thus prevent-
Survey Methodology and Data ing any potential bias in the findings.
Collection
The India Skills Report 2025 integrates two complemen- India Hiring Intent Survey - Early
tary studies: the Wheebox Global Employability Test Career Edition 2025
(G.E.T) and the India Hiring Intent Survey - Early Career
The India Hiring Intent Survey - Early Career Edition
Edition 2025. Together, these studies provide a compre-
2025 focused on the hiring trends and preferences of
hensive analysis of employability trends and hiring inten-
more than 1,000 corporate entities spanning 15 diverse
tions within India’s dynamic labor market.
industries. This survey was conducted between Sep-
tember and November 2024, leveraging online platforms
Wheebox Global Employability Test to gather comprehensive responses from industry lead-
(G.E.T) ers and human resources professionals across multiple
The Wheebox Global Employability Test (G.E.T) serves sectors. The survey aimed to provide forward-looking in-
as a tool for assessing the employability of young individ- sights into hiring expectations for 2025, capturing both
uals in India, with a focus on evaluating their prepared- quantitative and qualitative data related to hiring patterns,
ness for the evolving job market. The G.E.T was conduct- recruitment strategies, and talent demand.
ed as an extensive online skill evaluation, engaging over
The survey was a collaborative initiative between Taggd
650,000 students from diverse educational backgrounds
and PeopleStrong, ensuring a diverse and representative
across India and select regions globally. The survey was
sample of respondents from various industries. The sur-
designed to capture a wide range of demographic and
vey covered key topics such as:
skill-related data, which were analyzed to generate valua-
ble insights on employability levels. Industry-Specific Hiring Trends: Assessing recruitment
needs across multiple sectors, including Automotive, IT,
To ensure accuracy and representativeness, statistical
BFSI, Pharmaceuticals, and others.
methodologies were applied to ensure unbiased results
and prevent data polarization. The evaluation included a Regional Hiring Intent: Understanding the regional focus
range of parameters, such as: of employers, including hiring in Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
• Educational Domains: Identifying the specific fields of cities.
study that align with employability.
Experience Bracket Focus: Gaining insights into pre-
Skill-Oriented Employability: Assessing the technical ferred experience levels (Freshers, 1-5 years, 6-10 years)
and non-technical skills necessary for the workforce. for recruitment.

State-Specific Employability: Highlighting the top-per- Emerging Skills Demand: Identifying in-demand skills
forming states in terms of employability readiness. and competencies that employers expect from early-ca-
reer professionals.
City-Specific Employability: Ranking cities based on em-
ployability prospects. The survey methodology involved extensive data clean-
ing and statistical analysis to ensure high-quality, relia-
Gender-Specific Employability: Understanding employ- ble results. Responses were anonymized and aggregated
ability trends across different genders. to adhere to national and international privacy regula-
tions, maintaining confidentiality and the integrity of the
Expected Salary Ranges: Gaining insight into salary ex-
data collection process. The results provide a clear pic-
pectations across various sectors.
ture of the evolving recruitment landscape in India, offer-
Interest in Internship Opportunities: Gauging the de- ing organizations valuable insights into the talent demand
mand for internships and work experience. and workforce expectations for 2025.

Psychometric Evaluations: Evaluating personality traits

and cognitive abilities.

117 India Skills Report 2025

Data Analysis and Reporting resources include additional context, visual aids, and
detailed data sets designed to provide clarity and further
The combined insights from the GET and the India Hiring
elucidate the findings of the ISR. Visual representations of
Intent Survey were analyzed using advanced statistical
trends, comparisons, and regional variations have been
techniques, ensuring a robust and comprehensive report.
strategically placed to allow you to better interpret and in-
By blending quantitative data from large-scale surveys with
ternalize the key takeaways from the report.
qualitative insights, the report provides a nuanced under-
standing of both employability and hiring trends in India.
3. Reader’s Discretion
In summary, the India Skills Report 2025 offers an in-depth These resources are available at your discretion, allowing
analysis of India’s current and future talent landscape, built you to explore them as needed. While the ISR is designed
on a foundation of rigorous data collection and analysis to be accessible and concise in its main content, we un-
that adheres to relevant regulations. The insights from this derstand that some readers may wish to dive deeper into
report aim to facilitate informed decision-making among certain aspects of the research. The inclusion of these
employers, educators, and policymakers, helping to shape supplementary materials does not disrupt the report’s flow
the future of India’s workforce. but provides an avenue for those seeking more in-depth
insights and additional details. You are free to engage with
Thank you for your continued interest in the India Skills
these resources as you see fit, enabling you to tailor your
Report 2025. We trust the findings and insights presented
experience based on your specific interests and needs.
in this report will contribute to your understanding of the
current hiring trends and employability challenges in India. 4. Comprehensive Documentation
The appended materials in the report include a compre-
Invitation to Explore Additional hensive set of raw data sets, technical specifications,

Resources survey instruments, reference links, and sources. These

documents provide further transparency into the research
Dear Readers,
process and methodologies, ensuring the rigor and relia-
In our ongoing commitment to transparency and providing bility of the findings presented. Whether you are looking
comprehensive information, we are pleased to invite you for the exact survey questionnaires used, specific statisti-
to explore the extensive resources accompanying the In- cal methods applied, or access to the original data, these
dia Skills Report (ISR). This report represents a significant resources are designed to give you all the tools needed to
effort to provide actionable insights into India’s talent land- evaluate and verify the findings of the ISR independently.
scape, and we believe that further exploration of the mate-
rials behind it will offer you a deeper understanding of the 5. Research Methodology Transparency
research methodologies, findings, and analysis. For those interested in the methodology behind the data
collection, we have included detailed documentation on
The following key points outline the materials available to
the survey design, sampling techniques, statistical anal-
help you verify and expand upon the research conducted
yses, and data validation procedures. This ensures that
for the ISR, ensuring you have a thorough understanding of
the report’s conclusions are based on sound, well-support-
the data and insights provided:
ed data and aligns with best practices in research transpar-
ency and integrity.
1. Extended Information
We encourage you to delve deeper into the specific details We trust that these additional resources will provide val-
and supporting data sets featured throughout the report. uable context and help you gain a deeper, more nuanced
These supplementary materials provide an expanded view understanding of the India Skills Report 2025. Should you
of the ISR’s findings, offering a more granular breakdown wish to explore any specific areas of the report further,
of the data, trends, and analyses. This extended informa- these materials will guide you in your investigation.
tion will help you gain a clearer and more comprehensive
understanding of the report’s key insights, especially when Thank you once again for your interest in the India Skills
it comes to industry-specific trends, regional differences, Report 2025. We hope that these supplementary resourc-
and skills gaps. es empower you to make informed decisions based on the
insights shared and contribute to advancing discussions on
2. Enhanced Understanding India’s workforce development and future growth.
To enrich your experience and enhance your understand-
ing of the report’s primary content, we have included a Sincerely,
variety of supplementary resources throughout. These India Skills Report 2025 Team

118 India Skills Report 2025

 India Skills Report
2025 Team

Praveen Dwivedi Amit Mathur Rishabh Lakhotia

SVP Government Business VP Prod Innovation GM Brand & Digital Sales
Wheebox ETS Wheebox ETS Wheebox ETS

Muskan Gupta Kabir Krishna Kamakshi Pant

AM - Intellectual Property Deputy Director - Skill Development Chief Business Officer
Wheebox ETS & Livelihood, Confederation Taggd
of Indian Industry

119 India Skills Report 2025

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omy-hotel-business https://plane.com/salaries/data-analyst/philippines/
for-employees
https://www.imarcgroup.com/south-east-asia-digi-
tal-marketing-market https://www.ram.com.my/pressrele ase/?pr view -
id=6733#:~:text=RAM%20Ratings%20maintains%20
https://www.adb.org/news/slower-inflation-high- its%20projection,after%20a%20turbulent%20few%20
er-investment-and-consumption-suppor t-philip- years.
pine-growth-through-2024-2025#:~:text=In%20its%20
Asian%20Development%20Outlook%20(ADO)%20Sep- https://en.vietnamplus.vn/malaysias-2025-budget-aims-
tember,inflation%20and%20interest%20rates%2C%20 for-balance-of-finance-growth-post300850.vnp
the%20report%20said.
https://theedgemalaysia.com/node/726187
https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/econo-
my/919526/fresh-grads-push-ph-unemployment-rate- https://www.incor p.asia/malaysia/blogs/infor ma-
to-2-38m-in-july-2024-psa/story/#:~:text=Fresh%20 tion-and-communication-technology/
grads%20push%20PH%20unemployment%20to%20
2.38M%20in%20July%202024%20%E2%80%94%20 https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/it-services/malay-
PSA,-By%20TED%20CORDERO&text=The%20num- sia
ber%20of%20unemployed%20Filipinos,3.1%25%20job-
lessness%20rate%20in%20June. https://ycpsolidiance.com/lp/malaysia-healthcare-mar-
ket-research
https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/06/10/pr-
24211-philippines-imf-staff-concludes-visit https://www.giiresearch.com/report/moi1549773-malay-
sia-e-commerce-market-share-analysis-industry.html
https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employ-
ment-and-growth/technology-jobs-and-the-future-of-work https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/software/malaysia

123 India Skills Report 2025

h t t p s : / / w w w. a p u . e d u . m y / o u r - c o u r s e s / p o s t - https://tradingeconomics.com/malaysia/wages-in-man-
graduate-studies/mastersdatascience#:~:tex- ufacturing#:~:text=Docs%20%7C%20Features%20
t=%E2%80%9CThe%20number%20of%20jobs%20 %7C%20Developer,3998.00
r e q u i r i n g , b y % 2 0 2 7. 9 % 2 0 p e r c e n t % 2 0 b y % 2 0
2026.%E2%80%9D&text=%E2%80%9CMalaysia’s%20
big%20data%20analytics%20market,US$1.9b%20 https://www.timedoctor.com/blog/average-salary-in-ma-
by % 2 0 2 0 2 5. % E 2 % 8 0 % 9 D & tex t = j o b s % 2 0 i n % 2 0 laysia/#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20average%20sal-
this%20sector.%22 ary,best%20option%20for%20your%20business?
https://www.glassdoor.co.in/Salaries/kuala-lumpur-ma-
https://opengovasia.com/2024/09/21/investments-pav- laysia-information-technology-salary-SRCH_IL.0,21_
ing-the-way-for-malaysias-digital-economy/ IM1100_KO22,44.htm?countryRedirect=true

https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/ https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/IDN
peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/bulletins/
uklabourmarket/november2024#:~:text=The%20UK%20 https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/in-
employment%20rate%20for,in%20July%20to%20Sep- donesia-digital-economy#:~:text=The%20country’s%20
tember%202024. rapid%20internet%20penetration,share%20of%20digi-
tal%20services%20revenue.
https://www.comptia.org/content/research/state-of-the-
tech-workforce-uk-2024 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/
bitstreams/cc726cd9-b6bc-4ee0-aa3a-13bd50639101/
https://www.statista.com/outlook/hmo/hospitals/unit- content
ed-kingdom
https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/coun-
https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/ tries/idn/indonesia/youth-unemployment-rate#:~:tex-
united-kingdom-renewable-energy-market#:~:tex- t=Indonesia%20youth%20unemployment%20rate%20
t=UK%20Renewable%20Energy%20Market%20Anal- for,a%200.97%25%20decline%20from%202020.
ysis%20The%20United,of%2010.04%%20during%20
the%20forecast%20period%20(2023%2D2028). https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/indo-
nesia-digital-economy#:~:text=Projected%20Digital%20
https://365datascience.com/career-advice/data-sci- Economy%20Growth:%20Indonesia’s%20digital%20
ence-salaries-around-the-world/ economy,by%20Google%2C%20Temasek%2C%20
and%20Bain%20&%20Company.&text=Digital%20pay-
https://cmdrecruitment.com/average-salary-uk-vs-us/ ments%20in%20Indonesia%20experienced%20an%20
increase,expected%20to%20grow%20by%2015%%20
https://www.glassdoor.co.in/Salaries/london-unit- in%202025.
ed-kingdom-financial-analyst-salary-SRCH_IL.0,21_
IM1035_KO22,39.htm https://www.statista.com/outlook/emo/ecommerce/indo-
nesia
https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-brief-
ings/sn05871/#:~:text=In%20July%20to%20Septem- https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/it-services/indo-
ber%202024,less%20than%20the%20previous%20 nesia
year.
https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1149023/health-
https://www.techuk.org/resource/techuk-growth-plan. care-spending-forecast-in-indonesia#:~:text=Ex-
html#:~:text=techUK’s%20own%20members%20em- penditure%20on%20healthcare%20in%20Indone-
ploy%201.1,%241.1%20trillion%20in%20Q1%202024. sia%202000%2D2040&tex t=The%20cur rent%20
healthcare%20spending%20in,countries%20like%20
https://www.timechamp.io/blogs/what-is-the-aver- Myanmar%20and%20Cambodia.
age-salary-in-malaysia-factors-affecting/#:~:text=Ma-
laysia%20has%20increased%20the%20national,aver- https://www.climate-transparency.org/wp-content/up-

age%20salaries%20across%20different%20industries: loads/2024/01/Implementation-Check-Renewable-Ener-
gy-Development-in-Indonesia-2024.pdf

124 India Skills Report 2025

https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/digital-advertis- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325835462_
ing/indonesia Automation_and_employment_The_case_of_South_Afri-
ca#:~:text=Findings%20suggest%20that%20the%20
https://arc.dev/salaries/software-engineers-in-indonesia occupations,risk%20level%20(horizontal%20axes).

https://www.timedoctor.com/blog/average-salary-in-in- https://tradingeconomics.com/south-africa/mining-pro-
donesia/ duction#:~:tex t=Mining%20production%20in%20
South%20Africa%20increased%204.70%20percent%20
https://www.livetecs.com/blog/average-salary-in-indo- in%20September,percent%20in%20April%20of%20
nesia-2024/#:~:text=typical%20agricultural%20work- 2020.
er.-,Location,certain%20high%20price%20for%20labor. https://www.mar ketrese archfuture.com/repor ts/
south-africa-ict-market-21664#:~:text=South%20Afri-
https://www.timecamp.com/average-salary/indone- ca%20ICT%20Market%20Overview,ICT%20market%20
sia/#:~:text=Average%20Wages&text=As%20of%20re- in%20South%20Africa.
cent%20reports%2C%20the,at%20the%20present%20
exchange%20rate). https://www.statista.com/outlook/hmo/hospitals/
south-africa
https://www.glassdoor.com.au/Salaries/indonesia-doc-
tors-salary-SRCH_IL.0,9_IN113_KO10,17.htm https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/
southern-africa-renewable-energy-market#:~:tex-
https://www.herbertsmithfreehills.com/notes/employ- t=The%20Department%20of%20Energy%20of,Down-
ment/2024-posts/inside-the-constitutional-court-rul- load%20PDF
ing-on-the-job-creation-law#:~:text=Changes%20
were%20requested%20to%20at,of%20the%20Job%20 https://plane.com/salaries/data-analyst/south-africa
Creation%20Law.
https://za.talent.com/salary?job=mining+engineer
https://tradingeconomics.com/indonesia/unemploy-
ment-rate#:~:text=Unemployment%20Rate%20in%20 h t t p s : / / w w w. g l a s s d o o r. c o . i n / S a l a r i e s / j o h a n n e s-
Indonesia%20decreased,the%20third%20quarter%20 burg-south-africa-mining-engineer-salary-SRCH_
of%202023. IL.0,25_IM1023_KO26,41.htm?countryRedirect=true

https://www.grandviewresearch.com/horizon/outlook/ https://www.statista.com/outlook/hmo/hospitals/
healthcare-analytics-market/south-africa south-africa

https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/ https://za.indeed.com/career/information-technolo-
south-africa-digital-economy#:~:text=The%20antici- gy-specialist/salaries
pated%20annual%20growth%20rate,of%20around%20
12%25%20through%202025. https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/it-services/
south-africa
https://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=17266#:~:text=South%20
Africa%2C%20like%20many%20countries,the%20 https://www.timechamp.io/blogs/what-is-the-aver-
first%20quarter%20of%202024. age-salary-in-south-africa-outsourcing-trends/#:~:tex-
t=For%20medical%20specialists%2C%20the%20aver-
https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/ age,the%20healthcare%20system%20is%20high.
emea/africa-economic-outlook.html
https://mkp ar t y.org.za/national-develop-
https://www.stateofthenation.gov.za/priorities/grow- m e n t- p l a n - n d p -2 0 3 0 / # : ~ : tex t =T h e % 2 0 N D P % 2 0
ing-the-economy-and-jobs#:~:text=SONA%202024%20 2030%20outlines%20several,coefficient%20from%20
HIGHLIGHTS&tex t=Through%20the%20Presiden- 0.69%20to%200.6.
tial%20Employment%20Stimulus,have%20been%20
placed%2023%2C000%20schools. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/nation-
al-accounts/australian-national-accounts-national-in-
come-expenditure-and-product/latest-release

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 https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/
h t t p s : / / w w w. a b s . g o v. a u / s t a t i s t i c s / l a b o u r / e m - australia-construction-market/market-size#:~:tex-
p l oym e nt- and - une m pl oy m e n t/l abo u r-fo rce - aus - t=The%20Australia%20Construction%20Market%20
tralia/latest-rele ase#:~:tex t=Key%20statistics&- size%20is%20estimated,of%205%%20during%20
text=employment%20increased%20to%20 the%20forecast%20period%20(2024%2D2029).&tex-
14%2C541%2C200.,worked%20increased%20to%20 t=According%20to%20the%20construction%20indus-
1%2C971%20million. try%20statistics%20for,employment%20in%20the%20
industry%20increased%20by%207.3%.
https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employ-
ment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia/lat- https://tradingeconomics.com/germany/youth-unem-
est-release#:~:text=In%20trend%20terms%2C%20 ployment-rate
in%20October%202024:%20*,*%20youth%20unem-
ployment%20rate%20decreased%20to%209.3%. https://www.statista.com/statistics/460482/it-in-
dustry-revenue-by-segment-germany/#:~:text=Rev-
h t t p s : / / w w w. j o b s a n d s k i l l s . g o v. a u / # : ~ : t e x - enue%20of%20 the%20IT%20industr y%20in%20
t=2024%2D25%20Work%20Plan,workforce%2C%20 Germany%202005%2D2025%2C%20by%20segment&-
skills%20and%20training%20needs. text=In%202023%2C%20the%20IT%20services,fore-
cast%20for%202024%20and%202025.
https://www.ibisworld.com/au/industry/health-servic-
es/1760/ h t t p s : / / w w w. d a r w i n r e c r u i t m e n t . c o m / e n g i n e e r-
ing-sector-growth-shaping-hiring-and-job-opportu-
https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/it-services/aus- nities-in-2024-and-beyond/#:~:text=Engineering%20
tralia Sector%20Growth:%20Shaping%20Hiring%20and%20
Job%20Opportunities%20in%202024%20and%20Be-
https://www.energy.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-08/ yond&text=The%20industry%2C%20encompassing%20
australian_energy_update_2024.pdf construction%2C%20infrastructure,on%20career%20
development%20and%20hiring.
h t t p s : / / w w w. g l o b e n e w s w i r e . c o m / n e w s - r e -
lease/2024/09/17/2947318/28124/en/Australia-Con- https://www.gtai.de/en/invest/industr ies/he al th-
struction-Industry-Report-2024-Substantial-Invest- care-market-germany
ments-in-Infrastructure-are-Anticipated-to-Support-Fu-
ture-Expansion-with-Over-660-Major-Public-Pro- https://www.statista.com/outlook/io/energy/renewa-
jects-Underway.html ble-energy/germany

https://www.seek.com.au/career-advice/role/health-pro- https://alcor-bpo.com/ai-engineer-salary-by-coun-
fessional/salary t r y-2 0 2 3 / # : ~ : tex t = G e r m a ny, c o n s t i t u te s % 2 0
$52K%2D96K%20annually.
https://www.seek.com.au/career-advice/role/data-ana-
lyst/salary https://365datascience.com/career-advice/data-sci-
ence-salaries-around-the-world/
https://www.seek.com.au/career-advice/role/soft-
ware-developer/salary https://www.instarem.com/blog/average-salary-in-ger-
many/
https://www.seek.com.au/career-advice/role/construc-
tion-manager/salary https://www.statista.com/outlook/hmo/hospitals/germa-
ny
https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-sur-
veillance-eu-economies/germany/economic-fore- https://economy-finance.ec.europ a.eu/econom -
cast-germany_en ic-surveillance-eu-economies/france/economic-fore-
cast-france_en#:~:text=Real%20GDP%20is%20expect-
h t t p s : / / w w w. d e s t a t i s . d e / E N / T h e m e s / L a b o u r/ L a - ed%20to,and%20a%20high%20savings%20rate.
bour-Market/Employment/_node.html

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https://eures.europa.eu/living-and-working/labour-mar- https://www.forbesindia.com/article/explainers/top-10-
ket-information/labour-market-information-france_en largest-economies-in-the-world/86159/1

https://www.worldeconomics.com/Informal-Economy/ https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2014/09/top-10-com-
France.aspx petitive-economies-middle-east-north-africa/

https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/youth-un- https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/REO/MECA
employment-rate.html#:~:text=Definition,youth%20la-
bour%20force%20by%20gender. https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-
jobs-report-2023/
https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-pol-
i cy/ e c o n o m i c - d i p l o m a cy- fo re i g n - t r a d e / p ro m o t- https://link.springer.com/journal/41027
ing-france-s-attractiveness/france-relance-recov-
ery-plan-building-the-france-of-2030/#:~:text=1%20 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cit y/bengalu-
January%202021.-,Cohesion,digital%20technology%20 ru/it-exports-expected-to-grow-33-in-fy24/article-
and%20educational%20innovation. show/107767901.cms

https://straitsresearch.com/report/industry-4.0-market/ https://www.statista.com/statistics/719128/india-value-
france#:~:text=The%20France%20Industry%204.0%20 of-export-revenue-in-it-bpm-sector/
market,in%20manufacturing%20to%20stimulate%20
growth. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ind

https://www.statista.com/outlook/hmo/hospitals/france https://tradingeconomics.com/india/exports
https://www.statista.com/outlook/io/energy/renewa-
ble-energy/france h t t p s : / / p i b . g ov. i n / P re s s Re l e a s e P a g e . a s px-
?PRID=2033324
https://wttc.org/news-article/frances-travel-and-tour-
ism-broke-all-records-last-year-wttc-research-re- https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/in-
veals#:~:text=The%20sector%20is%20set%20to%20 dia-s-exports-contract-9-3-in-aug-to-34-7-bn-amid-
support%202.93MN,76%2C000%20jobs%20com- weak-global-demand-124091700706_1.html
pared%20to%20its%20highest%20point.&text=This%20
burgeoning%20sector%20is%20also%20projected%20 https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/renewable-energy
to,workforce%2C%20representing%20one%20in%20
every%2010%20workers. h t t p s : / / p i b . g ov. i n / P re s s N o t e D e t a i l s . a s px ? M o d -
uleId=3&NoteId=153238&reg=3&lang=1
https://plane.com/salaries/software-engineer/france

https://www.glassdoor.co.in/Salaries/paris-france-da-
ta-scientist-salary-SRCH_IL.0,12_IM1080_KO13,27.htm

https://www.physiciansweekly.com/how-do-us-physi-
cian-salaries-compare-with-those-abroad/

https://www.renewableinstitute.org/renewable-en-
erg y-sa l a r i e s / # : ~ : tex t= G B P :% 20 4 5 % 2C 0 0 0 %20
%E2%80%93%2080%2C000%20%E2%94%82%20
EUR,business%20goals%20and%20encourage%20
growth.

https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-brief-
ings/sn02784/

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