Scribd
Upload
15 views11 pages

22-Curve Sketching - 241024 - 101119

Uploaded by

yigitsevinc2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
15 views11 pages

22-Curve Sketching - 241024 - 101119

Uploaded by

yigitsevinc2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Curve Sketching

For sketching a curve of f (x):


I determine the domain
I find the y -intercept f (0) and the x-intercepts f (x) = 0
I find vertical asymptotes x = a, that is:
lim− = ±∞ or lim+ = ±∞
x→a x→a
I find horizontal asymptotes y = L, that is:
lim = L or lim = L
x→∞ x→−∞
I find intervals of increase f 0 (x)
> 0 and decrease f 0 (x) < 0
I find local maxima and minima
I determine concavity on intervals and points of inflection
I f 00 (x) > 0 concave upward
I f 00 (x) < 0 concave downward
I inflections points where f 00 (x) changes the sign
Curve Sketching

For local minima and maxima:


I find critical numbers c
I then the first First Derivative Test:
I f 0 changes from + to − at c =⇒ maximum
I f 0 changes from − to + at c =⇒ minimum
I Second Derivative Test:
I f 00 (c) < 0 =⇒ maximum
I f 00 (c) > 0 =⇒ minimum
I f 00 (c) = 0 =⇒ use First Derivative Test

Then sketch the curve:


I draw asymptotes as thin dashed lines
I mark intercepts, local extrema and inflection points
I draw the curve taking into account:
I increase / decrease, concavity and asymptotes
Curve Sketching
2x 2
Sketch the curve of f (x) = x 2 −1
.

The domain is {x | x 6= ±1}, that is, (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)

We have f (0) = 0 and f (x) = 0 ⇐⇒ x = 0

The vertical asymptotes are x = −1 and x =1


lim = ∞ lim = − ∞ lim = − ∞ lim = ∞
x→−1− x→−1+ x→1− x→1+

The horizontal asymptotes are y =2


lim f (x) = 2 lim f (x) = 2
x→∞ x→−∞
Curve Sketching
2x 2
Sketch the curve of f (x) = x 2 −1
.

The derivative is:


4x(x 2 − 1) − 2x 2 (2x) −4x
f 0 (x) = = 2
(x 2 − 1)2 (x − 1)2
Thus
I increasing (f 0 (x) > 0) on (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, 0)
I decreasing on (f 0 (x) < 0) on (0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)

The critical numbers are x =0 (since f 0 (0) = 0)


I f 0 (x) changes from + to − at 0 =⇒ local maximum (0, 0)
Curve Sketching
2x 2
Sketch the curve of f (x) = x 2 −1
.

−4x
f 0 (x) =
(x 2 − 1)2
The second derivative is:
−4(x 2 − 1)2 − (−4x) · 2(x 2 − 1) · 2x
f 00 (x) =
(x 2 − 1)4
−4(x 2 − 1) + 16x 2 12x 2 + 4
= =
(x 2 − 1)3 (x 2 − 1)3
12x 2 + 4 > 0 for all x
00
f (x) > 0 ⇐⇒ (x 2 − 1)3 > 0 ⇐⇒ x 2 − 1 > 0 ⇐⇒ |x| > 1
I concave upward on (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞)
I concave downward on (−1, 1)
I inflection points: none (−1 and 1 not in the domain)
Curve Sketching
2x 2
Sketch the curve of f (x) = x 2 −1
.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x

-1

-2

-3
Slant Asymptotes
Asymptotes that are neither horizontal nor vertical:
If
lim [f (x) − (mx + b)] = 0
x→∞
or
lim [f (x) − (mx + b)] = 0
x→−∞

the the line y = mx + b is called slant asymptote.


y

0 x

Note that the distance between curve and line approaches 0.


Slant Asymptotes
x3
Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2x 2 +1
.
The domain is (−∞, ∞)
The f (0) = 0 and f (x) = 0 ⇐⇒ x = 0
Vertical asymptotes: none. Horizontal asymptotes: none
Slant asymptotes: y = 12 x since
x3
 3
2x − x(2x 2 + 1)
  
x
lim − = lim
x→∞ 2x 2 + 1 2 x→∞ 2(2x 2 + 1)
 
−x
= lim =0
x→∞ 2(2x 2 + 1)
Slant Asymptotes
x3
Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2x 2 +1
.
3x 2 (2x 2 + 1) − x 3 (4x) 2x 4 + 3x 2 x 2 (2x 2 + 3)
f 0 (x) = = =
(2x 2 + 1)2 (2x 2 + 1)2 (2x 2 + 1)2
Thus f 0 (x) > 0 for all x 6= 0. Hence increasing on (−∞, ∞).
Local minima, maxima: none (since f 0 does not change sign)
We have 2x(2x 2 − 3)
f 00 (x) = −
(2x 2 + 1)3
f 00 (x) = 0 ⇐⇒
p
Thus x = 0 or x = ± 3/2
Interval
p f 00 (x) p
px < − 3/2 + concave up on (−∞,p − 3/2)
− 3/2 <px < 0 - concave down on (−p 3/2, 0)
0< x < 3/2 + concave up on (0, p3/2)
concave up down ( 3/2, ∞)
p
3/2 < x -
q q q q
Inflection points: (− 2 , − 8 2 ), (0, 0) and ( 2 , 8 32 )
3 3 3 3 3
Slant Asymptotes
x3
Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2x 2 +1
.
I x- and y -intercept: (0, 0)
q q q q
I inflection points: (− 32 , − 83 32 ), (0, 0) and ( 32 , 38 32 )
I slant asymptote: y = 12 x
y

-2 -1 0 1 2 x

-1
Slant Asymptotes
x3
Sketch the graph of f (x) = 2x 2 +1
.
I increasing on (−∞, ∞) and f 0 (0) = 0
p p
I concave up on (−∞, − 3/2) and (0, 3/2)
concave down on (− 3/2, 0) and ( 3/2, ∞)
p p
I

-2 -1 0 1 2 x

-1

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy