‫وزارة التعلين العالي و البحث العلوي‬

‫الوركس الجاهعي هرسلي عبد هللا تيبازة‬

‫هعهد العلىم اإلقتصاديت و التجاريت و علىم التسيير‬
‫شعبت العلىم التجاريت‬

‫هطبىعت بيداغىجيت في هقياش‪:‬‬

‫شعبت ‪ :‬العلىم التجاريت‬

‫هستىي ‪ :‬األولً دكتىراه‬

‫إعذاد د‪ .‬رضوان مختاري‬

‫الرتبة ‪:‬أستار محاضر‪ -‬ب‪-‬‬

‫السنة الجامعية‬
‫‪0202 -0220‬‬
 In the Name of ALLAH, the Most
Gracious, the Most Merciful

All praise and thanks are due to HIM alone, and

blessings and peace be upon the prophet

Muhammad, the last of his messengers and

prophets, his family, Companions and all those who

follow in his footsteps till the end of the time.

1
 Allah says : « Allah will raise those who have believed among you
and those who were given knowledge, by degrees » 1

Surely, seeking knowledge is the best activity in which we should spend

the most precious of our time and money this is why Allah holds the
acquisition of knowledge and the people of knowledge in high esteem.

Main introduction :

The most imperative challenges facing human being today is how to organize
his situations moreover through the fundamental technological changes in all
human functions and activities, and in supporting and implementing the
organization's strategic plans , mainly by the end - era of safe job concept
implementing shift changes in organizational structures, reduction of
employment due to technology and the orientation to the knowledge economy
and customer service , that marked as the knowledge-based economy , where
the use of knowledge to create goods and services. In particular, it refers to a
high portion of skilled workers in the economy of a locality, country, or the
world, and the idea that most jobs require specialized skills.
Thus , learning English and being able to speak about all meaningful sciences as
well as helping each other in such an understanding climate ; so far English is a
complex language , the street every day spoken differs from the type of English

1
The holly Quran Book : Al-Mujadalah 58 :11.

2
we hear on TV, in the workplace, as well as in the newspapers, on television or
radio news.
Deliberately , in today’s technology-oriented world, we see a increasing need to
build better communication models and reach out to the entire world mainly by
the importance in communication that has given rise to a new, international
language, that is, International English.

3
 OUTLINES

Main Introduction.................................................................................................... 1
Part One:Maketing :Definition ,types and function ……………………….4
Part Two: English Basic Syntax......................................................................... 9
Part Three:Practical Usage of English Grammar…………………………24
Conclution ………………………………………………………..…………..……………54
References..………………………………………...……………..……………………….57
Table of content……...……………………………………………..……………………62

4
 Part One:
Maketing :
Definition ,types
and function

5
Introduction :
The marketing concept has been widely used by companies all over the world in the
present age, but the situation was not the same earlier. As per this concept, it is said
that for an organisation to satisfy the objectives of the organisation, the needs and
wants of the customer should be satisfied. This theory was first mentioned in Adam
Smith’s book ―The Wealth of Nations‖ in 1776 but came into widespread use only
200 years later.
Therefore, marketing can be said as a process of acquiring customers and maintaining
relations with them and at the same time matching needs and wants with the services
or product offered by the organisation, which ensures that the organisation will
become profitable.
Marketing and relationship-building
Marketing is the process of getting the right goods or services or ideas to the right
people at the right place, time, and price, using the right promotion techniques and
utilizing the appropriate people to provide the customer service associated with those
goods, services, or ideas. This concept is referred to as the ―right‖ principle and is the
basis of all marketing strategy. We can say that marketing is finding out the needs
and wants of potential buyers (whether organizations or consumers) and then
providing goods and services that meet or exceed the expectations of those buyers.
Marketing is about creating exchanges. An exchange takes place when two parties
give something of value to each other to satisfy their respective needs or wants. In a
typical exchange, a consumer trades money for a good or service. In some exchanges,
nonmonetary things are exchanged, such as when a person who volunteers for the
company charity receives a T-shirt in exchange for time spent. One common
misconception is that some people see no difference between marketing and sales.
They are two different things that are both part of a company’s strategy. Sales
incorporates actually selling the company’s products or service to its customers,
while marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to
customers so that the product or service sells.

6
To encourage exchanges, marketers follow the ―right‖ principle. If a local Avon
representative doesn’t have the right lipstick for a potential customer when the
customer wants it, at the right price, the potential customer will not exchange money
for a new lipstick from Avon. Think about the last exchange (purchase) you made:
What if the price had been 30 percent higher? What if the store or other source had
been less accessible? Would you have bought anything? The ―right‖ principle tells us
that marketers control many factors that determine marketing success.
Most successful organizations have adopted the marketing concept. The marketing
concept is based on the ―right‖ principle. The marketing concept is the use of
marketing data to focus on the needs and wants of customers in order to develop
marketing strategies that not only satisfy the needs of the customers but also the
accomplish the goals of the organization. An organization uses the marketing concept
when it identifies the buyer’s needs and then produces the goods, services, or ideas
that will satisfy them (using the ―right‖ principle). The marketing concept is oriented
toward pleasing customers (be those customers organizations or consumers) by
offering value. Specifically, the marketing concept involves the following:
Focusing on the needs and wants of the customers so the organization can distinguish
its product(s) from competitors’ offerings. Products can be goods, services, or ideas.
Integrating all of the organization’s activities, including production and promotion, to
satisfy these wants and needs
Achieving long-term goals for the organization by satisfying customer wants and
needs legally and responsibly
Today, companies of every size in all industries are applying the marketing concept.
Enterprise Rent-A-Car found that its customers didn’t want to have to drive to its
offices. Therefore, Enterprise began delivering vehicles to customers’ homes or
places of work. Disney found that some of its patrons really disliked waiting in lines.
In response, Disney began offering FastPass at a premium price, which allows
patrons to avoid standing in long lines waiting for attractions. One important key to
understanding the marketing concept is to know that using the marketing concept

7
means the product is created after market research is used to identify the needs and
wants of the customers. Products are not just created by production departments and
then marketing departments are expected to identify ways to sell them based on the
research. An organization that truly utilizes the marketing concept uses the data about
potential customers from the very inception of the product to create the best good,
service, or idea possible, as well as other marketing strategies to support it.
Customer Value
Customer value is the ratio of benefits for the customer (organization or consumer) to
the sacrifice necessary to obtain those benefits. The customer determines the value of
both the benefits and the sacrifices. Creating customer value is a core business
strategy of many successful firms. Customer value is rooted in the belief that price is
not the only thing that matters. A business that focuses on the cost of production and
price to the customer will be managed as though it were providing a commodity
differentiated only by price. In contrast, businesses that provide customer value
believe that many customers will pay a premium for superior customer service or
accept fewer services for a value price. It is important not to base value on price
(instead of service or quality) because customers who only value price will buy from
the competition as soon as a competitor can offer a lower price. It is much better to
use marketing strategies based on customer relationships and service, which are
harder for the competition to replicate. Southwest Airlines doesn’t offer assigned
seats, meals, or in-flight movies. Instead the budget carrier delivers what it promises:
on-time departures. In ―service value‖ surveys, Southwest routinely beats the full-
service airlines such as American Airlines, which actually provide passengers with
luxuries such as movies and food on selected long-haul flights.
Customer Satisfaction
Customer satisfaction is a theme stressed throughout this text. Customer satisfaction
is the customer’s feeling that a product has met or exceeded expectations.
Expectations are often the result of communication, especially promotion. Utilizing
marketing research to identify specific expectations and then crafting marketing

8
strategy to meet or exceed those expectations is a major contributor to success for an
organization. Lexus consistently wins awards for its outstanding customer
satisfaction. JD Powers surveys car owners two years after they make their purchase.
Its Customer Satisfaction Survey is made up of four measures that each describe an
element of overall ownership satisfaction at two years: vehicle quality/ reliability,
vehicle appeal, ownership costs, and service satisfaction from a dealer. Lexus
continues to lead the industry and has been America’s top-ranked vehicle for five
years in a row.
Relationship marketing
Relationship marketing is a strategy that focuses on forging long-term partnerships
with customers. Companies build relationships with customers by offering value and
providing customer satisfaction. Once relationships are built with customers,
customers tend to continue to purchase from the same company, even if the prices of
the competitors are less or if the competition offers sales promotions or incentives.
Customers (both organizations and consumers) tend to buy products from suppliers
whom they trust and feel a kinship with, regardless of offerings of unknown
competitors. Companies benefit from repeat sales and referrals that lead to increases
in sales, market share, and profits. Costs fall because it is less expensive to serve
existing customers than to attract new ones. Focusing on customer retention can be a
winning tactic; studies show that increasing customer retention rates by 5 percent
increases profits by anywhere from 25 to 95 percent.2
Customers also benefit from stable relationships with suppliers. Business buyers have
found that partnerships with their suppliers are essential to producing high-quality
products while cutting costs. Customers remain loyal to firms that provide them
greater value and satisfaction than they expect from competing firms.
Frequent-buyer clubs are an excellent way to build long-term relationships. All major
airlines have frequent-flyer programs. After you fly a certain number of miles, you
become eligible for a free ticket. Now, cruise lines, hotels, car rental agencies, credit-
card companies, and even mortgage companies give away ―airline miles‖ with

9
purchases. Consumers patronize the airline and its partners because they want the free
tickets. Thus, the program helps to create a long-term relationship with (and ongoing
benefits for) the customer. Southwest Airlines carries its loyalty program a bit further
than most. Members get birthday cards, and some even get profiled in the airline’s in-
flight magazine!

10
 .

Part Two:
English Basic Syntax

11
Introduction :
This chapter offers students wide and adequate range of syntaxes through texts
comprehension , and mainly adapting his reading skills toward the full
assimilate of English semantics .
For such a matter, the students, read divert topic especially those linked to
nowadays new Information and Communication Technology involved in the
print media learning process, that is called the E-learning .

English Basic Syntax

Hello dears .

I wish you are fine , good and in a good mood and all your family .

Today we are going to talk about english language basics before writing ,
because when writing in a foreign language it is important to know and to
review the order of the words in the sentences we make.

Many times we translate directly from our native language and we do not notice
that the order of elements is not necessarily the same.

One of the main differences between the Romance and the Germanic languages
is based on the versatility of the former in the order of the words in the
sentence. Declinations allow a wide range of syntactic structures, whereas in
English.
for instance, subjects and verbs should be closed together or otherwise it would
be impossible to understand the sentences.

12
We are going to distinguish the following sections:

• Basic Syntactic Order

• Questions
• Adverbs

1- BASIC SYNTACTIC ORDER:

That is the most common. It is employed in affirmative and negative sentences.

SIMPLE One Conjugated SENTENCE Verb :

SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENTS
I am (not) very happy
B) SUBJECT + AUXILIARY VERB + VERB + COMPLEMENTS
I have (not) been in England before
COMPOUND SENTENCE :
SUBJECT+VERB+COMPLEMENTS+CONJUNC.+SUBJEC+VERB+COMPLEMENTS
You are the student whose exam was lost last year

Now , give 03 examples in your style as A and B

- S+V+C+C+S+V+C
- S+V+C+C+S+V+C
- S+V+C+C+S+V+C

2- QUESTIONS:
An inversion in the syntactic structure shows the interrogative aspect of the
sentence.

13
SIMPLE SENTENCE One Conjugated Verb :
A) VERB + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENTS
Am I (not) very happy ?
B) AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENTS
Have I (not) been in England ?
C) INT. PRONOUN+AUXILIARY VERB + SUBJECT + VERB + PREP?
What are you waiting for?

And now use your mind to write 03 different examples like A , B and C
-Aux V+S+V+C
-INT PR+AUX V+S+V+PREP
-Aux V+S+V+C

COMPOUND SENTENCE
A)VERB+SUBJECT+COMPLEMENTS+CONJUNC.+SUBJEC+VERB+ COMPLEMENTS
Are you the student whose exam was lost last year ?

And now this is your turne to give 03 exapmles as A

-V+S+C+C+S+V+C
- V+S+C+C+S+V+C
- V+S+C+C+S+V+C

3- INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS ;
There are 04 categories :

14
SUJECT: WHO , WHAT , WHICH
ADVERB: WHEN , WHY ,HOW
OBJECT : WHICH ,WHOM (WHO)
POSSESSIVE : WHOSE

You can make now your own sentences

-WHO
-WHEN
-WHOM

EXPRESSIONS WITH INVERTED ORDER :

SO, NEITHER, NOR

A) REMARKS:
• Inverted Expressions

SO + AUX.+ SUBJECT (when you agree with something)

So do I
So did I
So had I

Ex. ‘I went to the British Museum when I was in England’

‘So did I’

Give 03 examples like the one before

-

15
-
-

NEITHER or NOR + AUX.+ SUBJECT (when you agree with something)

Neither do I
Nor did my parents
Neither should she

Ex. ‘Some of my friends had never gone before’ ‘Neither had mine ’

Now give 03 examples as the last one

16
 Part Three:
Practical Usage
of
English Grammar

17
Introduction :
This chapter provides students with grammar courses adequate to learn basic
skills appropriate to assimilate English language. The revision of basic tools –
An important matter of great necessity to learn and develop the adequate skills
for English language .
Grammar necessity :
Grammar skills are useful in every aspect of life from education to management
and social life to employment opportunities. They are equally important at
home where students learn their grammatical patterns from their parents and
family. Grammar skills are important to be an effective leader.
Communication skills are crucial to effectively give direction and provide
assurance of leading ability. Grammatical competence was a part of
communicative competence, to obtain effective communication people should
pay attention to grammar.
Thus , grammar is very important because it helps enhance accuracy , this means
grammar rules can help learners develop a habit of thinking logically and clearly
and will become more accurate when using language. Proper use of grammar is
a sign of respect, both for speakers and listeners. For speakers, speaking clearly
means they take time to polish themselves with a good impression from the
listeners.
Subsequently a person with a poor grammar skill can form negative impression
on the first-time meeting and this may last for a long time. For listeners, a proper
use of grammar shows that their thought is concerned. Speakers do not want
them to waste time trying to figure out what they are saying.
For such a matter, our students, read Grammar lessons, followed with exercises
to practice their basic skills starting by the first sentence-building unite which is
the verb :
So what is a verb?

18
An e-learning class sample:
Hello dears .
I wish you are fine , good and in a good shape an all your family .
Today we are going to talk about the magic effect of the verb in the sentence , so
:

The verb :
A verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or question in English. Moreover
the verb signals an action, an occurrence, or a state of being whether mental,
physical, or mechanical, verbs always express activity.
In fact, you can’t have a sentence or a question without a verb! That’s how
important these “action” parts of speech are.
Types of Verbs:
How many types of verbs are there? In addition to the main categories of
physical verbs, mental verbs, and state of being verbs, there are several other
types of verbs. In fact, there are more than ten different types of verbs that are
grouped by function.
List of all Verb Types:
Physical Verbs:
Physical verbs are action verbs. They describe specific physical actions. If you
can create a motion with your body or use a tool to complete an action, the word
you use to describe it is most likely a physical verb.

Physical Verb Examples

The physical verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.
Let’s run to the corner and back.

19
 I hear the train coming.
Call me when you’re finished with class.

NOW IS YOUR TURN TO GIVE 03 EXAMPLES

-act
-move
-stretch

Mental Verbs –
Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as discovering,
understanding, thinking, or planning. In general, a mental verb refers to a
cognitive state.

Mental Verb Examples

The mental verb examples in the following sentences are in easy identification.

I know the answer.

She recognized me from across the room.
Do you believe everything people tell you?
GIVE 03 EXAMPLES
-think
-guess
-see
States of Being Verbs

20
Also known as linking verbs, state of being verbs describe conditions or
situations that exist. State of being verbs are inactive since no action is being
performed. These verbs are usually complemented by adjectives.

States of Being Verb Examples

The state of being verbs in the following sentences are in bold for easy
identification.

I am a student.
We are circus performers.
Please is quiet.

USE YOU OWN EXAMPLES IN 03 SENTENCES

-is
-are
-be

Action Verbs
Action verbs express specific actions, and are used any time you want to show
action or discuss someone doing something.

Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs are action verbs that always express doable activities. These
verbs always have direct objects, meaning someone or something receives the
action of the verb.

21
Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary verbs are also known as helping verbs, and are used together with a
main verb to show the verb’s tense or to form a question or negative.

Stative Verbs
Stative verbs can be recognized because they express a state rather than an
action. They typically relate to thoughts, emotions, relationships, senses, states
of being, and measurements.

Modal Verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are used to express abilities, possibilities,
permissions, and obligations.

Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs aren’t single words; instead, they are combinations of words that
are used together to take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.

Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are verbs that don’t take on the regular –d, -ed, or -ied spelling
patterns of the past simple (V2) or past participle (V3). Many of the irregular V2
and V3 forms are the same, such as: cut – cut, had – had, let – let, hurt – hurt, fed-
fed, sold-sold

Irregular Verb Examples

Irregular verbs are also known as strong verbs. Here are nine that are used more
often than the rest. These nine irregular verb examples also happen to be among
the most commonly used words in the English language. They are:

22
 Go Get Say See Think Make Take Come Know

The following list of examples show how irregular verbs are used in sentences.
Some sentences contain more than one example.

Go get your brother. It’s time to eat dinner.

→ In this example, all three irregular verbs (go, get, and eat) are in base form.

I want to build a sand castle like the one we built last year.
→ In this example, the irregular verb build is in base form. The irregular verb
built is the

past simple form of “build”. When you look at the complete list of examples,
you’ll notice that built is also the past participle of the irregular verb “build”.

He bet me that I couldn’t run five miles without stopping. I proved him wrong;
I ran seven miles before I had to catch my breath.
→ In this example, bet is a past simple form. When you look at the complete
list, you will see that all three forms of “bet” are the same. Next, in the same
sentence, the irregular verb run is in base form. In the next sentence, ran is the
past simple form of “run” and had is the past simple form of “have.” Meanwhile,
catch is base form.

I awoke to find that a spider had bitten me. Although the wound didn’t bleed, it
itched terribly.

23
 → In this example, the irregular verb awoke is the past simple form of
“awake.” Bitten is past participle form of “bite” and bleed is base form.
Let’s drink some of this lemonade. I drank some yesterday and found it
delicious.
→ In this example, the irregular verb drink is in base form. Drank is the past
simple form of “drink,” and found is the past simple form of “find.”

For more examples, read the complete list of irregular verbs in the English
language.

Activity:
Fill the blank spaces with the appropriate irregular verb.
My dog jumped out of the swimming pool and _____________ himself, causing
water to spray everywhere. (shake, shook, shaken)
You should have ______________ Trish’s face when she got her surprise. (saw, had
seen, seen)
We _____________ the whole day lounging on the beach. (spend, spent, had
spend)
Let’s _____________ a hike on Saturday. (take, took, taken)
My brother Mike ______________ his stinky socks on the coffee table. (leave, left,
leaving)
This is the ninth time that pitcher has _____________ a foul ball (throw, threw,
thrown)
The water balloon _____________ when it hit its target. (burst, busted, broken)
Jesse intentionally ______________ gum in Jeff’s hair. (stick, stuck, sticky)

24
tenses in English :
The Present Simple

Uses of the Present Simple

The present simple is used to express:

A. Habitual, repeated or permanent actions especially with adverbs of frequency:
often, usually, sometimes, seldom, rarely, always, occasionally, never.

Examples:
Pupils usually go to school in time.
Birds fly, and fish swim.
My son plays all the morning and sleeps in the afternoon.
B. Eternal truths and facts; i.e., actions for all time.

Examples:
Water boils at 100°C.
Air contains oxygen and nitrogen.
1. Honesty is the best policy.
C. Planned future actions.

Examples:
1. I start work next week.
2. Next Monday is my birthday.
3. The Hegira Day falls on Wednesday next year.
D. Past related as present or historic present

Examples:

25
 1. Rachid tells me that your brothers are abroad.
2. Peter says he will come.
3. In 1830, France occupies Algeria.

A) The Present Continuous

Uses of the Present Continuous

The present continuous is used to express:
A. An action happening at the moment of speaking.

Examples:
1. Be quiet! I am trying to hear what the man is saying.
2. Please be quiet! The babies are sleeping.
3. Somebody is knocking at the door. Please see who it is.

B. An action happening about this time but not necessarily at the moment of
speaking.

Examples
1. He is teaching English and learning Spanish.
2. I am reading a novel by Dickens.
3. They are building a block of flats over there.
C. Existing arrangements, plans, or programmes for the future.

Examples:
1. My uncle is returning to France next week.
2. Are you coming to the party on Monday?
3. I am going to the theatre tonight.
D. Characteristic habits in combination with some frequency adverbs such as always,
constantly, for ever, all the time … etc.

26
Examples:
1. My younger brother is constantly getting himself into trouble.
2. She is always quarrelling with her husband.
3. Her daughters are all the time visiting her.

B) The present Perfect Tense

Uses of the Present Perfect Tense

The present Perfect Tense is used to express:
A. Actions occurring at an unspecified time in the past.

Examples:
1. The police have arrested the suspect.
2. Have you passed your driving test?
3. I have read Hard Times.
B. Actions occurring in the recent past.

Examples:
1. She has gone out.
2. He has recently arrived.
3. I have already passed my driving test.
C. Actions beginning in the past, and still continuing.

Examples:
1. I have always walked to work.
2. She has lived in London since last October.
3. He has never seen a dinosaur.

D. Actions beginning in the past and finishing at the moment of speaking.

27
Examples:
1. I haven’t seen you for a long time (but I see you now).
2. The room hasn’t been cleaned for months (but we’re cleaning it now).
3. It has been very cold lately, but it’s getting warmer).

C) The Past Simple Tense

Uses of the Past Simple Tense

The Past Simple Tense is used to express:
A. An action completed at a definite time in the past with a time expression.

Examples:
1. I met him yesterday.
2. We visited Timgad last week.
3. I saw him two minutes ago.
B. An action which took place at a definite time even though this time is not mentioned.

Examples:
1. The train was ten minutes late.
2. He sold his car in the market.
3. I slept soundly.
C. An action whose time is not mentioned, but which occupied a period of time now
terminated, or occurred in a period of time now terminated.

Examples:
1. We lived in Algiers for a long time.
2. She taught in this school for five years.
3. My grand father once met Emir Abdelkader.
D. An action which expresses a past habit.

28
Examples:
1. He always carried an umbrella.
2. They never drank wine.
3. Jane wore glasses as a child.

D) The Past Continuous Tense

Uses of the Past Continuous Tense

The Past Continuous Tense is used to express:
A. An action in continuity in the past.

Examples:
1. I was working all night.
2. The telephone was ringing, and someone was knocking at the door.
3. Between two and four, she was doing the shopping and walking the dog.
B. An action in progress or continuity at a certain time in the past.

Examples:
1. I was having a bath when the telephone rang.
2. The headmaster came in while the teacher was explaining the lesson.
3. Peter caught the train just as it was leaving.
C. An action which began before something else happened in the past and continued after it.

Examples:
1. Six years ago, I was working in the bank.
2. At this time yesterday, they were playing tennis.
3. Laura was talking to him at 9.30.
D. A past arrangement for future in the past.

29
Examples:
1. We were having dinner with the Benhennis the following day.
2. Ahmed was going to London that summer.
3. We were busy packing, for we were leaving that night.

E) The Simple Future Tense

Uses of the Simple Future Tense

The Simple Future Tense is used to express:
A. Determination, certainty and scheduled events.

Examples:
1. I will pass this exam.
2. The wedding will take place tomorrow.
3. We shall cut taxes.
B. Predictions, opinions, assumptions and speculations about the future.

Examples:
1. I’ll be twenty next month.
2. It will rain tomorrow.
3. I think Algeria will win.
D. Volition, willingness, intention and insistence.

Examples:
1. Will you help me?
2. Shall I do the washing up for you?
3. Shall we go to the cinema tonight?
D. Hopes and expectations.

30
Examples:
1. I hope she will get the job.
2. Perhaps he will change his mind.
3. I expect that I shall be back on Monday.

Have a look at the time line, it might help you understand when to use which tense.
As there is a similarity between past, present and future tenses, there are just a few
rules to keep in mind.

If you know how to use the present progressive correctly to express present actions,
you will as well be able to use the past progressive correctly to express past actions.

31
 Graphic Comparison

Legend

 action that takes place once, never or several times

 actions that happen one after another
 actions that suddenly take place
moment in time

 action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that
moment

period of time  actions taking place at the same time

 action taking place before a certain moment in time

 puts emphasis on the result
Result

 action taking place before a certain moment in time

Course /  puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action
Duration

32
33
 2-Articles
Basically, English has two articles: the and a/an. They are either definite or indefinite
(specific or unspecific). They combine to a noun to indicate the type of reference
being made by the noun. ―The‖ is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; ―a/an‖
is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns.

The definite article is the.

The indefinite article is a / an.

For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book. If I say, "Let's
read a book," I mean any book rather than a specific book.
IV-1-2-The indefinite article « a »or « an »:

The article a / an is used before singular countable nouns

·The article a / an is used when we don't specify the things or people we are talking
about; the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group.

o I met a friend. (it means any friend)

o I work in a factory in New York.
o I borrowed a pencil from a passenger sitting next to me.
o My daughter really wants a dog for her birthday." This refers to any dog. We
don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog yet.

NB. The indefinite article a is used before a consonant sound:

o a pilot
o a teacher.
o a dog.
o a university (Although 'university' starts with the vowel 'u', it is not
pronounced as such. It is pronounced as a consonant sound /ju:.niv3:.si.ti/)

34
 The indefinite article an is used before a vowel sound:

o an engineer.
o an elephant.
o an athlete

-The definite article « the »

1. The is used with singular, plural, countable, or uncountable nouns

2. It's used when the speaker talks about a specific object that both the person
speaking and the listener know.

o The car over there is fast.

o The president of the United States is giving a speech tonight.

3. When we speak of something or someone for the first time we use a or an, the next
time we repeat that object we use the definite article the.
( with things that hace been already mentioned)

o I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms.
o I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.

4. It is used to show that there is only one :

o The moon/ the sun/ the earth …..

o The sun rose at 6:17 this morning.
o You can go anywhere in the world.
o Clouds drifted across the sky.

35
5. Before names of rivers, oceans and seas

o the Nile, the Pacific…

6. before points on the globe:

o the Equator, the North Pole

7. before geographical areas:

o the Middle East, the West, the north , the northeast….

8. deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas,groups of islands , canals:

o the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula, the
Sewiss canal

9. Use the before superlatives and ordinal numbers.

o This is the highest building in New York.

o She read the last chapter of her new book first.
o You are the tallest person in our class.
o This is the third time I have called you today.

10. Use the with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people.

o The French enjoy cheese.

o The elderly require special attention.

36
o She has given a lot of money to the poor

11. Use the with decades

o He was born in the seventies.

12. Use the with countries that have plural names

o I have never been to the Netherlands.

o Do you know anyone who lives in the Philippines?
13. Use the with countries that include the words "republic", "kingdom", or "states"
in their names.

o She is visiting the United States.

o James is from the Republic of Ireland.

14. Use the with the names of famous buildings, works of art, museums, or
monuments.

o We went to the Louvre and saw the Mona Lisa.

o I would like to visit the Eiffel Tower.
o I saw King Lear at the Globe.

15. Use the with the names of families, but not with the names of individuals.

o We're having dinner with the Smiths tonight.

o The Browns are going to the play with us.

No article

37
1. Do not use the (an article) before:

names of most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia;

names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami
names of streets: Washington Blvd., Main St.
names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of lakes
like the Great Lakes
names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of mountains
like the Andes or the Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn
names of continents (Asia, Europe)
names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains like
the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands

For example
o He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier.
o They live in Northern British Columbia.
o They climbed Mount Everest. 2. we do not normally use an article with plurals and
uncountable nouns to talk about things in general.:
o He writes books.
o She likes sweets.
o Do you like jazz music?
o She ate bread with butter in the morning.
-Some common types of nouns that don't take an article are

Some common types of nouns that don't take an article are :

Names of languages and nationalities: Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian

(unless you are referring to the population of the nation: "The Spanish are

38
known for their warm hospitality.")

Names of sport: volleyball, hockey, baseball

Names of academic subjects: mathematics, biology, history, computer science

Do not use the with the names of meals: Lunch, breakfast

Do not use the with people's names: john, Mohamed…

Do not use the with professions: engineering.

- Exercise
Fill in the gaps with the appropriate article (a / the)
Dear Uncle Josh, We’re on holiday in ……..…. London. ……..….…. weather’s great
for sightseeing……….….... sun’s shining. We met ………….….… Watsons here.
They saw …… British Museum and ……………..National Gallery. We visited
…….. Hyde Park and went on ………………... boat trip on ……..….. Thames to
………………...Tower Bridge. Yesterday we visited ……. ………….…Buckingham
Palace hoping to see…////….….......
Queen. Unfortunately, …..…………... Queen Elizabeth II wasn’t at ……...…..….
home at the time. After dinner I’m going with …………..… Mrs Watson to
……..….…. Harrods to do some shopping there.Tomorrow we’re visiting
……………….….. Tower of London and ……………... London Eye.
That’s all for now.
Love, Tina

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 3- PREPOSITIONS
at / on / in
In / at / on expressing time

Study the following examples:

- They arrived at 8 o’clock.

- They came on Tuesday.
- They went in November .
- We left in 2004.

We use the preposition at for the time of day : ( at 6 o’clock – at twelve o’clock – at
dinner – at tea time – at night – at the same time – at the weekend ….) .

- I rarely go out at night.

- Shall we go for a picnic at the weekend?
- She is busy working at the moment.
- The two boys arrived home at the same time.

We use the preposition on for days and dates: ( on Sunday / on Sundays – on January
2001 – on my birthday… )

- We’ll visit her on Friday.

- My friend plays football on Thursday.
- Father goes to market on Fridays ( every Friday).

We use the preposition in for longer periods ( months / years / seasons):

( in October – in 1802 – in the 20 th century – in the past – in the future…)

40
 - I’m going shopping; I’ll be back in an hour.
- It often snows in January.

In / at / on used for place.

Study the following examples:

- They live in Algeria.

- Please, wait for me at the bus-stop.
- My house is on the right of the town-hall.
-
We use the preposition in for something generally big enough to be all around a
person: ( in a street – in a town – in a country – in a building or other large place ) in
a row – in a queue – in a street – in a picture – in the world …

- The man in this photograph is my father.

- Have you seen the article in the newspaper?
We use at to show a position, a house or an address, a village or a town on a journey:
at the back – at 13 , Backer Street – at the supermarket.
- Simon was at the bus-stop.
- They live at 23, Bolton street.
- We stopped at a small village near Bejaïa.

We use on to say that something or somebody is on the right – on the left – on the
groundfloor – on a list.
- Our flat is on the second floor of the building.
- We stopped at a small village on the way to Algiers.

EXERCISE 1
Put in at , on or in where necessary.

41
1. I’ll see you …………… Friday.
2. What are you doing …………… Saturday ?
3. What are you doing ………………the weekend ?
4. They often go out …………… the evenings .
5. They often go out …………… Sunday evening.
6. Do you work …………… Wednesdays ?
7. We usually have a holiday …………… the summer.
8. Sarah got married …………… 2003.
9. Her cousin got married …………… March 2002.

42
 4- ADJECTIVES

Study these examples :

- My father doesn’t drive quickly.

- My father is a careful driver ; he drives carefully.
-
Quickly and carefully are adverbs.
Careful is an adjective.

Adjective: quiet – quick – bad – angry.

Adverb: quietly – quickly – badly – angrily.
Many adverbs are made from an adjective + ly

Adjectives tell us about a noun. We use them before nouns and sometimes after
verbs.

- Father is a careful driver.

- You look unhappy.
-
ADVERBS
tell us about a verb . they tell us how somebody does something.

- Father drives carefully.

- It rained heavily last night.
Compare these sentences :

- Ann speaks perfect English .( her English is perfect )

( adjective + noun )

43
 - Ann speaks English perfectly. ( she speaks perfectly)
( verb + adverb )

NOTE / good and well .

Good is an adjective . the adverb is well.

- Her English is good . / She speaks English well.

- Father is a good driver / He drives his car well.

EXERCISE 1

Put in the right word:

1. The driver of the car was ……………….injured. ( serious / seriously)

2. The driver of the car had ……………….injuries. ( serious / seriously)
3. She is ……………….sad about losing her job. ( terrible / terribly)
4. She fell and hurt herself quite ………………. . ( bad / badly)
5. He looked at me ……………….when I interrupted him. ( angry / angrily)
6. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very ………( quick / quickly)
7. I cooked this meal ….for you, so I hope you like it. ( special / specially)
8. Do you usually feel ……….before examinations ? ( nervous / nervously)
9. I’d like to buy a car but it’s ……………….impossible for me at the moment.
( financial / financially)
10.Everything was very quiet. There was ……………….silence .
( complete / completely)

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EXERCISE 2

Put in good or well:

1. I play tennis but I’m not very ………………. .
2. Your exam results were very ………………. .
3. You did very ……………….in your exams.
4. The weather was very ……………….while we were on holiday.
5. I didn’t sleep very ……………….last night.
6. How are you ? Are you ……………….?
7. George speaks German very ………………. .
8. His German is very ………………. .
9. Our new business is going very ……………….at the moment.
10.I like your jacket .It looks ……………….on you.

4-1 Comparatives and Suprlatives

1-The rules to form comparatives and superlatives:

A-The Comparatives are used to compare between two sides (people, things...)

Rules:

1-short adjective+ er + than (short adjective is less than two syllables) (e.g. 1
meter is shorter than 2 meters)
2-more+ long adjective +than (e.g.10 £ is more expensive than 5£)
3-as +adjective (both short and long) + as (e.g. girls are as good as boys)
4-less + adjective (both short and long) + than (e.g. 20 years old is less old than
25 years old)
-Short adjectives

45
 Comparative : Adjective + er + than
Superlative : the + Adjective + est

1-One syllable adjective ending in a silent 'e' — nice

Comparative — add 'r' — nicer Superlative — add 'st' — the nicest

2. One syllable adjective ending in one vowel and one consonant — big

Comparative — the consonant is doubled and 'er' is added —bigger

Superlative — the consonant is doubled and 'est' is added— the biggest

3. One syllable adjective ending in more than one consonant or more than a
vowel —high,cheap
Comparative — 'er' is added — higher, cheaper
Superlative — 'est is added — the highest, the cheapest

4. A two syllable adjective ending in 'y' — happy

Comparative — 'y' becomes 'i' and 'er' is added — happier
Superlative — 'y' becomes 'i' and 'est' is added — the happiest

5. Tow syllable or more adjectives without 'y' at the end — exciting

Comparative — more/less + the adjective + than — more exciting than
Superlative — the + most + adjective - the most exciting
-Long adjectives
Comparative more / less + Adjective + than
Superlative the + most/ least + Adjective

46
 Positive Form ―equality‖ Use the positive form of the adjective if the
comparison contains one of the following expressions:
as + adjective + as

Not as + adjective + as / not so+ adjective + as.

Example: For the British, no subject is as important as that of education.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

good better The best
bad worse The worst
far farther farthest
many more most
little less The least

Exceptions:

NB.1: y changes into ier to form the comparative of adjectives ending in y

Easy easier than
Funny funnier than
NB.2: For adjectives with one vowel +one consonant, we double the
consonant, and we add er of the comparison
Bigger - hotter - thinner

Now let’s practice!

- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjectives in parenthesis:

47
 1. Earth is ……………………….(far) from the Sun than Venus.
2. Saturn has the ………. …………………. (beautiful) rings.
3. Uranus is ………………….. (close) to Jupiter than Neptune.
4. Venus is the ……………………... (bright) planet., but the Sun is
……………(bright) than Venus.
5. Mount Everest is the …………………. (high) mountain on Earth.
6. Olympus Mons on Mars is …………………… (high) than Mount Everest.
7. Saturn is ………………….. (light) than Jupiter.
8. Earth is ……………………………… (Colorful) than Uranus
5- ADVERBS ( frequency / manner )

5-1. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY:

Study the following examples:
- The little girls are always playing dolls.
- You can sometimes park your car here.
- My uncle comes to see us often.
- Pupils go to school every morning.
- Once a year we celebrate Aïd El Adha.

Adverbs of frequency are: always – usually – never – ever – hardly ever – often –
twice – once – continually – rarely – seldom – sometimes …
They are generally placed in the middle ( before the main verb and the auxiliary ):
are always playing …..
can sometimes park …..
The adverbs ( continually – frequently – once – twice – often – repeatedly …) can
also be placed at the end ( after the verb and object) or beginning ( before the subject
):
- Father walks to work frequently.
- Repeatedly, the pupils made the same mistake.

48
Adverbial expressions of frequency ( every day – once a month – twice a day …) are
placed at the end or beginning.
- Pupils go to school every morning.
- Once a year we celebrate Aïd El Adha.
NOTE:
Never is used with affirmative verbs. It means ―at no time‖
- He has never been to Japan.

Ever is used in interrogative sentences. It means “at any time”

- Has he ever visited Italy ?
not + ever = never
- He hasn’t ever visited the Sahara = he has never visited the Sahara.
5-2. ADVERBS OF MANNER:
Study the examples:
- Warda sang beautifully.
- They speak English perfectly.
- His father drives carefully.
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens .kindly – easily – well – happily –
fast – carefully – secretly – beautifully – reluctantly – foolishly – badly – are adverbs
of manner.
Adverbs of manner are usually at the end ( after the verb and object ). They are
before the verb if the object is long.
- The teacher carefully picked up all the exam papers scattered over the floor.

EXERCISE 1:

Place the adverb of manner in its correct position.

1. ( beautifully) The chorus sang that evening.

49
 The chorus sang beautifully that evening.

2. ( carefully) Mr Harrison prepared his speech.……………………………….

3. ( fast) Does your teacher speak ? ………………………………

4. ( slowly) They mixed the soft white flour and the warm milk.
………………………………………………………………. .

5. ( angrily) The mother addressed her son.…………………………….. .

8 - CONDITIONAL

English can express 3 important ideas with if.

1.Type 1
if + present simple, future simple

eg : If you work hard, you will succeed.

If it is fine, we’ll go for a walk.

If you succeed, you will go to university.

(= something will happen if a certain condition is fulfilled).

2.Type 2
if + past simple, present conditional
eg : If he ate all the meat, he would be ill.
If I were you, I would stay at home.

50
 If I had a lot of money, I would travel abroad.

(= probable result of a certain condition that we suppose or imagine).

The if-clause names an action that is not taking place at this moment, but we can
imagine the probable result. We include here all the unreal ifs, like:
If you were a fish, the cat would eat you. (but you are not a fish !)

3.Type 3
if + past perfect, conditional perfect
eg : He would have come if you had called him.
If you had gone to the meeting, you would have met my uncle.
If I had got up earlier, I would have caught the train.

(3 type – sentences are impossible ideas because we know the condition was not
fulfilled, but we like to imagine the result if …)
So we have:
Type 1: probable condition.
Type 2: unlikely or improbable condition.
Type 3: impossible condition.

EXERCISE 1
Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
1. If the oil prices increased, Algeria (make) …………… money.
2. If he had taken a Taxi, he (not be) …………… late.
3. If I had not taken the job, I (regret) ……………. It.
4. If I (receive) my salary today, I (buy) ………………. a new TV set.
5. If she had done her homework, the teacher (not punish) …………her.
6. If you had done well at maths, you (succeed)…………in your exam.

51
 7. If I knew your address, I (visit) …………………..you.
8. If I had a lot of money, I (buy)……………………a new car.
9. If they saw the match, they (enjoy) ………………….it.
10.If it had rained heavily, I (stay) ………………………at home.

9- Tag questions

A- Special construction in English :

It is a statement followed by a mini-question. We use tag questions to ask for
confirmation. They mean something like: "Is that right?" or "Do you agree?" They
are very common in English. We can add question tags like isn't it?, can
you? or didn't they? to a statement to make it into a question. Question tags are more
common in speaking than writing.

We often use question tags when we expect the listener to agree with our statement.
In this case, when the statement is positive, we use a negative question tag.

She's a doctor, isn't she?

Yesterday was so much fun, wasn't it?

If the statement is negative, we use a positive question tag.

He isn't here, is he?

The trains are never on time, are they?
Nobody has called for me, have they?

If we are sure or almost sure that the listener will confirm that our statement is
correct, we say the question tag with a falling intonation. If we are a bit less sure, we
say the question tag with a rising intonation.

B- Formation

If there is an auxiliary verb in the statement, we use it to form the question tag.

52
I don't need to finish this today, do I?
James is working on that, isn't he?
Your parents have retired, haven't they?
The phone didn't ring, did it?
It was raining that day, wasn't it?
Your mum hadn't met him before, had she?

Sometimes there is no auxiliary verb already in the statement. For example, when:...
the verb in the statement is present simple or past simple and is positive. Here we
use don't, doesn't or didn't:

Jenni eats cheese, doesn't she?

I said that already, didn't I?

... the verb in the statement is to be in the present simple or past simple. In this case
we use to be to make the question tag:

The bus stop's over there, isn't it?

None of those customers were happy, were they?

... the verb in the statement is a modal verb. Here we use the modal verb to make the
question tag:

They could hear me, couldn't they?

You won't tell anyone, will you?

If the main verb or auxiliary verb in the statement is am, the positive question tag
is am I? but the negative question tag is usually aren't I?:

I'm never on time, am I?

I'm going to get an email with the details, aren't I?

G- Mixed Examples of Tag Questions

53
 Here is a list of examples of tag questions in different contexts. Notice that some are
"normal" and others seem to break all the rules:

 But you don't really love her, do you?

 This'll work, won't it?

 Oh you think so, do you?

 Well, I couldn't help it, could I?

 But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you?

 We'd never have known, would we?

 Oh you do, do you?

 The weather's bad, isn't it?

 You won't be late, will you?

 Nobody knows, do they?

 You never come on time, do you?

 You couldn't help me, could you?

 You think you're clever, do you?

 So you don't think I can do it, don't you? (British English)

 Shut up, will you!

 She can hardly love him after all that, can she?

 Nothing will happen, will it?

-Complete the sentences with the correct question tags.

is n 't h e
1. Mr McGuinness is from Ireland, ?

2. The car isn't in the garage, ?

3. You are John, ?

54
4. She went to the library yesterday, ?

5. He didn't recognize me, ?

6. Cars pollute the environment, ?

7. Mr. Pritchard has been to Scotland recently, ?

8. The trip is very expensive, ?

9. He won't tell her, ?

10.Hugh had a red car,

12-Modals

A) The meaning :

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs) like can, will, could, shall,
must, would, might, and should.

They add meaning to the main verb in a sentence by expressing possibility, ability,
permission, or obligation. You must turn in your assignment on time. He might be the
love of my life.
B) Expressing Ability

« I can speak English »

In the sentence, the word « can » is used to show ability or possibility.
I can speak English, means that I have the possibility or ability to speak English.
« You can use my pen »
In the sentence, the word « can » means that you have the permission to use my
pen.
The UN Security Council is able to make decisions is / can
The UN General Assembly is not able to make decisions / can’t

55
 C) Present ability/ inability

She can speak Spanish very well /She is able to speak Spanish very well.
She can’t speak Spanish / She is not able to speak Spanish.

D) Past ability/ inability

It can be replaced by managed to and could not respectively

Martin Luther King was able to gather millions of Americans in march in 1963.
The League of nations was not able to settle disputes

E) Future ability/ inability

Citizens will be able to change the law if they continue demonstrating in the street
The UN General Secretary will not be able to do anything if the two sides refuse to
negotiate
F) Expressing Purpose

-Purpose with to, in order to and so as to (to express a personal purpose)

Use to , so as to, and in order to to express purpose in the affirmative form.

Examples:
He is looking for a part time job to save some pocket money.
She wakes up early in order to be on time to work.
They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife
I study hard in order to pass my exam successfully.
Use so as not to and in order not to to express purpose in the negative form.

Examples:
They woke up early in order not to be late.
She exercises regularly so as not to get fat.

56
 He helped the new policewoman so as not to fail in her first mission.
G) Purpose with so that

You can also express purpose with so that. In this case you generally need to use a
modal.
Examples:
He turned down the music so that he wouldn't disturb the neighbors.
He got a visa so that he can travel to the USA.
He decided to stay in England for a while so that he could practice his English.
H) Purpose with for

Purpose can be also expressed by using for (For + -ing) is used to talk about the use
of an
object, what it is used for). For may be followed by a noun or a verb + ing.
Examples:
I stopped there for a chat.
This mop is for cleaning the floor.
Schools are for learning

Let’s this time, go over the common everyday modals and look at some examples.
Here, we will see the communicative functions of these special verbs.

CAN shows ability: Beth can dance very well.

CAN shows permission: Can I use your car?
CAN shows possibility: Driving in heavy rain can cause an accident.
COULD expresses possibility: The roof could collapse if they don’t do repairs.
MAY expresses permission: May I borrow your umbrella?
MIGHT conveys possibility: I might move to Vietnam next year.
SHOULD is used for giving advice: You should revise the intro to your essay.

57
OUGHT TO is used to offer logical conclusion: After driving all day, you ought to be
tired.
MUST expresses strong obligation: You must be at the train station at 3PM to meet
the guests.
HAVE TO expresses strong obligation: You have to come on time if you don’t want
to miss the bus.
WILL is used to state a promise: I will stop eating sugary and salty foods.
SHALL expresses suggestion as used in the first person: Shall I pour you a cup of
green tea?
WOULD shows habits in the past: He would visit his mom every Friday before she
died.
WOULD is used for a polite request: Would you close the windows, please?
Modals may be overwhelming and difficult to remember at first, but the more you
practice the more you’re going to use them properly. Try to observe English
sentences in books you read, radio programs, TV shows, or English native speakers
talking, you can actually see that modal verbs are used all the time.

The more you’re exposed to the English language, the easier it will be for you to use
modals naturally in your conversations

58
Conclusion:
Primarily, it is hight time to emphasis on marketing since it is highly present in
global journalism operations : journalists who perform a more complex type of press
and who use English every day should improve their writing skills by gaining greater
familiarity with, and putting into use more frequently, certain journalistic terms and
initials/acronyms in the English language.
Occasionally with the increasingly need in journalism and mainly e-press , there
should a leading to the recognition of the requirement for improved English
communication skills that has been growing among journalism professionals ,
showing another horrible need for analysis is a chief point to consider in English for
Specific Purposes (ESP ) courses for syllabus design and materials development, as
too many experiences shows that finance and banking professionals are among the
group with increasing demands for using specific English in their workplaces at first .
Even the suggested courses in this paper are designed to develop Marketing 1 st year
doctorat students’ skills in writing, reading, listening and speaking , but the content
remains as well supposed to make learners familiar with some cultural aspects of
English speaking countries and improve their level aiming to lead them beyond what
they have learnt during the previous years.
Thus regarding arguments for that saying ''more than a century ago, English was
needed for national survival, today it is needed for economic survival ― and this
statement implies that English is crucial in the process of economic development''.
So , In this competitive state of press institutions, an organization requires some
competitive advantage to sustain , as a matter of fact : reader satisfaction can be
considered as an important factor for success and developing it .
Consequently, the time devoted to English courses is not sufficient to fully develop
learners’ abilities in the foreign language, teachers try to encourage students to make
extra readings outside the classroom. Additionally, press students should become
aware of the importance of learning English for their future careers.

59
 REFERENCES:

Books:
 The Holly Quoran Book.
 Ceramella, N.; Lee, E. & Day J. (2008), Cambridge English for the Student's Book with Audio CD. Cambridge:
CUP.
 Branston, G. & Stafford, R. (2010). The student’s book. London: Routledge.
 Evans, H. (2000) Essential English f, Editors and Writers. London: Random House.
 Hicks, W. (2013). English. London: Routledge.
 Mascull, B. (1995). Key words in the media. Bedfordshire (UK): Harper Collins.
 Keen, A. (2007). The Cult of the Amateur: How Today's Internet is Killing Our Culture.Crown Business.
 Kirkpatrick, D. (2010). The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World. Simon
& Schuster.
 Sifry, M. L. (2011). WikiLeaks and the Age of Transparency. Berkeley, California: Counterpoint.
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Table of contents
Main Introduction............................................................................................................ ......................... 1
List of tables …………………………………………………….………………………………………2
OUTLINES……………………………….…………………….……………………………………….3
Part One: Maketing :History ,Definition and function …………………………...………………......4
Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 5
Marketing and relationship-building........................................................................................................ 5
Customer Value…………………………………………....................................................................... 6
Customer Satisfaction………………........................................................................................................7
Relationship marketing………..................................................................................................................7
Part Two: English Basic Syntax................................................................................................................9
Introduction………..................................................................................................................................10
A. English Basic Syntax.................................................................................................................10
1- BASIC SYNTACTIC ORDER……..……………………………………………………………….11

62
Part Three:Practical Usage of English Grammar……………………………………………………..14
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….15
Grammar necessity ................................................................................................................................15
An e-learning class sample ………………………………………………………………………….......15
The verb …………………………………………………………………………………………...……21
Tenses in English :……………………………………………………………………………………...21
The Present Simple.................................................................................................................................21
The Present Continuous…………………………………………………………………………………22
The present Perfect Tense……………………………………………………………………………....23
The Past Simple Tense…………………………………………………………………………………24
The Past Continuous Tense…………………………………………………………………………….25
The Simple Future Tense..........................................................................................................................26
Articles..................................................................................................................... .................................29
PREPOSITIONS ....................................................................................................................................35
ADJECTIVES ................................................................................................................. ........................38
Comparatives and Suprlatives ……...…………………………………………………………………...40
ADVERBS( frequency / manner )……………………………………….……………………...............43
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY……………………………………………………………………….....43
ADVERBS OF MANNER………………………………………………………………………………44
CONDITIONAL ……………………………………………………………………..………………..45
Tag questions ...………………………… ……………………………………………..…………..…...47
Modals ……………………………………………………………………………….………………….50
The meaning …………………………………………………………………………………………….51
Expressing Ability……… ………………………………………………………………………………51
Present ability/ inability… ………………………………………………………………………………51
Past ability/ inability…… ……………………………………………………………………………….51
Future ability/ inability………………………………………………………………………………......51
Expressing Purpose………………………………………………………………………………………52
Purpose with SO THAT …………………………………………………………………………………52
Purpose with FOR ……………………………………………………………………………………….52
Conclution ……………………………………………………………………………..…………..…….54
References..……………………………………………………………...……………..………………..57
Table of content……...…………………………………………………………………..………………62

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