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Overview of Immunology-1

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17 views88 pages

Overview of Immunology-1

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adorionhovy4
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• Thucydides - Observed individuals developing

immunity during the plague in Athens, Greece.


• 1000 A.D. - China practiced immunization
derived by by inhaling dried powders derived
from the crusts of smallpox lesions
• 15th CENTURY - powdered smallpox “crusts”
were inserted with a pin into the skin.

• LOUIS PASTEUR - FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY


⚬ First attenuated vaccine
⚬ Attenuation - to make a pathogen less
virulent, it takes place through heat, aging,
or chemical means.
• ELIE METCHNIKOFF – FATHER OF NATURAL
IMMUNITY
⚬ Theory of cellular immunity
⚬ Phagocytosis
The study of the body’s immune system in resisting A collection of organs/tissues that operate to
infectious diseases/disorders. provide the body with its own defense mechanism

Study of a host’s reactions when foreign


substances are introduced into the body

the state or quality of being resistant to a the ability of a molecule to induce a specific
particular infectious disease or pathogen humoral or cellular immune response
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Cells of the immune system consist of lymphocytes,
specialized cells that capture and display microbial
antigen, and effector cells that eliminate microbes
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T CELL DIFFERENTIATION
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Could be causative agents/pathogens
Foreign bodies
Organ transplants
• UNBROKEN SKIN & MUCOSAL MEMBRANE
⚬ Keratinization - Self renewal of the skin’s epithelial cells to provide a protective
upper layer
• SECRETIONS
⚬ Mucus - traps microbes that cause respiratory infections and is expelled by
coughing or sneezing
⚬ Sebum and Sweat - protective substances produced by the sebaceous glands to
eliminate microbes keeping the skin pH at 5.6
⚬ Cerumen (Earwax) - protects the ear canal from microbes
⚬ Stool - to eliminate gastrointestinal pathogens
• SECRETIONS
⚬ pH of Stomach and Vagina to avoid potential microorganisms
￭ Lactic acid of the vagina keeps the pH at 5.0
⚬ Tears and Saliva - contains Lysozyme which can kill certain gram positive
bacteria
• NATURAL IMMUNITY (INBORN/INNATE)
⚬ A nonspecific mechanism that occurs once microorganisms penetrate the first line
of defense.
⚬ Sentinel cells (Macrophages/Dendritic cells) - Detects microbial pathogens to
the site of infection and reunites with Neutrophils to engulf these pathogens.
• To reduce the leukocyte extravasation in the inflammation process, antibody
therapy is used. For example, Antibodies ICAM-1 protect the tissues from necrosis in
burn patients.
• Anti-inflammatory drugs such as Corticosteroids, cholesterol derivatives include
prednisone, prednisolone & methylprednisone, which decreases the numbers and
immune system activity such as leukocyte migration, phagocytosis, chemotaxis, etc.
• NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) example ibuprofen, Aspirin,
Naproxen used as pain relievers and to treat inflammation.
• Acute Phase Reactants - Groups of glycoproteins that are the first responders in
cases of inflammatory reactions.
• Complement - are the major humoral (fluid) component of natural immunity.
• Interferon - is a family of proteins produced rapidly by many cells in response to viral
infection; it blocks the replication of virus in other cells.
• Opsonins - Protein coating of microorganisms to make them more susceptible to
phagocytosis.
• PAMP’s and PRR’s (Pathogen-Associated
Molecular Patterns and Pattern Recognition
Receptors )
⚬ molecules associated with groups of
pathogens that are recognized by cells of
the innate immune system.
• PAMP’s have three groups present
1. Secreted PRRs are molecules that circulate in
blood and lymph; circulating proteins bind to
PAMPs on the surface of many pathogens.This
interaction triggers the complement cascade,
leading to the opsonization of the pathogen and
its speedy phagocytosis
• PAMP’s have three groups present
2. Phagocytosis receptors are cell surface
receptors that bind the pathogen, initiating a
signal leading to the release of effector molecules
(ex. cytokines). Macrophages have cell surface
receptors that recognize PAMPs containing
mannose
• PAMP’s have three groups present
3. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a set of
transmembrane receptors that recognize
different types of PAMPs.TLRs are found on
macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells.
Ex.
• TLR-1 binds to PEPTIDOGLYCAN layer of
Gram Positive bacteria
• TLR-2 binds to LIPOPEPTIDE layer of Gram
negative bacteria
• Adaptive Immunity / Acquired Immunity - Is when the microorganism overwhelms
the body’s natural defense.
• Antigen - substances that allow the body to adapt, recognize and respond to a specific
stimulus.
• HUMORAL IMMUNITY - Mediated by the formation of ANTIBODIES
⚬ Active Immunity
￭ Two types:
⚬ 1. Active Natural - Acquired from NATURAL exposure to disease/foreign
substance.
⚬ 2. Active Artificial - Mostly through vaccinations which is effective for
stimulating memory and antibody production.
• HUMORAL IMMUNITY - Mediated by the formation of ANTIBODIES
⚬ Passive Immunity
￭ Two types:
⚬ 1. Passive Natural - This is done mostly by transfer from mother
to fetus (in vivo) of antbodies in the placenta and colostrum after
weeks/months after birth.
⚬ 2. Passive Artificial - achieved by the infusion of serum or
plasma containing high concentrations of antibody or
lymphocytes from an actively immunized individual.
• CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY - Lymphocytes are the unique bearers of
immunologic specificity, which depends on their antigen receptors
• Cell-mediated immunity is moderated by the link between T lymphocytes and
phagocytic cells.
• B cell - Produces antibodies and responds to native antigenic determinants
• T cell - Responds to antigens presented by APC’s in the MHC
• CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY - Lymphocytes are the unique bearers of
immunologic specificity, which depends on their antigen receptors

• CYTOKINES - non specific soluble small proteins that act as chemical messengers
in the immune system, regulating and mediating inflammatory and immune
responses.
• INTERLEUKINS - Chemical mediators that act between Leukocytes.
A. SPLEEN
B. THYMUS
C. LYMPH NODE
D. MALT
A. SPLEEN
B. THYMUS
C. LYMPH NODE
D. MALT
A. DISCOVERY OF RABIES VIRUS
B. OBSERVING THE STEPS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
C. FIRST ATTENUATED VACCINE
D. EXPLAINING THE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY
A. DISCOVERY OF RABIES VIRUS
B. OBSERVING THE STEPS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
C. FIRST ATTENUATED VACCINE
D. EXPLAINING THE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY
A. EOSINOPHILS
B. NEUTROPHILS
C. MONOCYTES
D. BASOPHILS
A. EOSINOPHILS
B. NEUTROPHILS
C. MONOCYTES
D. BASOPHILS
A. T HELPER CELLS
B. T CYTOTOXIC CELLS
C. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
D. B CELLS
A. T HELPER CELLS
B. T CYTOTOXIC CELLS
C. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
D. B CELLS
A. ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL
B. ACTIVE NATURAL
C. PASSIVE NATURAL
D. PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL
A. ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL
B. ACTIVE NATURAL
C. PASSIVE NATURAL
D. PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL
A. NK CELLS
B. T CYTOTOXIC CELLS
C. T HELPER CELLS
D. IL-7
A. NK CELLS
B. T CYTOTOXIC CELLS
C. T HELPER CELLS
D. IL-7
A. INTERLEUKINS
B. GLYCOPROTEINS
C. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
D. RED MARROW
A. INTERLEUKINS
B. GLYCOPROTEINS
C. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
D. RED MARROW
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